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diff --git a/old/8bwlf10ha.htm b/old/8bwlf10ha.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..24eaff2 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/8bwlf10ha.htm @@ -0,0 +1,22411 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"> +<html> +<head> + <title>Beowulf</title> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"> + <style type="text/css"> + <!-- + body { margin: 0; padding: 0 15em 0 0; + background: white; color: black; + font-family: "Arial Unicode MS", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Grande", Arial, Lucida, Tahoma, sans-serif;} + hr { width: 20%; } + a:link { color: black; text-decoration: none; } + a:visited { color: black; text-decoration: none; } + a:hover { color: #F93; } + a.lineno { float: left; text-align: right; margin-left: 1em; } + a.lineno:hover { color: black; } + a.nref { float: right; margin-right: 6em; } + a.glentry { font-weight: bold; } + a.glentry:hover { color: black; } + div.line { margin-left: 4em; } + div.lcite { margin-left: 8em; } + div.content { padding: 0 .5em;} + div.toc { position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; width: 15em; height: 100%; + background: #e0e8dd;} + @media screen { + body>div.toc { position: fixed; } + } + div.toc h4 { margin: 0; padding: 0; text-align: center; + color: white; background: #336633; + font: bold 110% Arial, Verdana, sans-seri; } + div.toc ul {margin-left: 0; padding: 0 1em;} + div.toc ul li {list-style-type: none; + font: bold 100% Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; } + div.toc ul ul li { font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal; } + div.toc ul ul li.runin { display: inline; } + div#titlepage { text-align: center; } + --> + </style> + <!-- Now a hack to work around Explorer's non-compliant behavior --> + <!--[if IE]> + <style type="text/css"> + body ( overflow-y: hidden; } + div.content { height: 100%; overflow: auto; + </style> + <![endif]--> +</head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +Project Gutenberg's Beowulf, by James A. Harrison and Robert Sharp, eds. + +Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the +copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing +this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook. + +This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project +Gutenberg file. Please do not remove it. Do not change or edit the +header without written permission. + +Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the +eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is +important information about your specific rights and restrictions in +how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** + + +Title: Beowulf + +Author: James A. Harrison and Robert Sharp, eds. + +Release Date: January, 2006 [EBook #9701] +[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] +[This file was first posted on October 12, 2003] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BEOWULF *** + + + + +Produced by Karl Hagen and PG Distributed Proofreaders + + + + + +</pre> + +<div class="toc"> +<!-- Added for the HTML version; not in original text --> +<h4>Contents</h4> +<ul> + <li>Preface + <ul> + <li><a href="#pgintro">PG Preface</a></li> + <li><a href="#titlepage">Title Page</a></li> + <li><a href="#intro4">Preface to the 4th ed.</a></li> + <li><a href="#intro3">Note to the 3rd ed.</a></li> + <li><a href="#intro2">Note to the 2nd ed.</a></li> + <li><a href="#intron1">Note I.</a></li> + <li><a href="#intron2">Note II.</a></li> + <li><a href="#argument">Argument</a></li> + </ul> + </li> + <li><a href="#poemtop">Beowulf</a> + <ul> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittI">I</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittII">II</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittIII">III</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittIV">IV</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittV">V</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittVI">VI</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittVII">VII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittVIII">VIII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittIX">IX</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittX">X</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXI">XI</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXII">XII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXIII">XIII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXIV">XIV</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXV">XV</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXVI">XVI</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXVII">XVII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXVIII">XVIII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXIX">XIX</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXX">XX</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXI">XXI</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXII">XXII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXIII">XXIII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXIV">XXIV</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXV">XXV</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXVI">XXVI</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXVII">XXVII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXVIII">XXVIII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXIX">XXIX</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXX">XXX</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXXI">XXXI</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXXII">XXXII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXXIII">XXXIII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXXIV">XXXIV</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXXV">XXXV</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXXVI">XXXVI</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXXVII">XXXVII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXXVIII">XXXVIII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXXIX">XXXIX</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXL">XL</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXLI">XLI</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXLII">XLII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXLIII">XLIII</a></li> + </ul> + </li> + <li><a href="#finnsburg">The Fight at Finnsburh</a></li> + <li><a href="#names">List of Names</a></li> + <li><a href="#notes">Notes</a></li> + <li><a href="#glossary" title="Words beginning with ge- or other verbal prefixes are listed under the root word.">Glossary</a> + <ul> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossA">A</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossAl">Ā</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossAE"></A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossAEl">Ǣ</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossB">B</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossC">C</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossD">D</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossE">E</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossEl">Ē</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossEA">EA</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossEAl">ĒA</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossEO">EO</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossEOl">ĒO</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossF">F</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossG">G</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossH">H</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossI">I</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossIl">Ī</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossIO">IO</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossL">L</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossM">M</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossN">N</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossO">O</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossOl">Ō</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossP">P</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossR">R</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossS">S</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossT">T</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossTH">Þ</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossU">U</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossUl">Ū</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossW">W</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossY">Y</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossYl">Ȳ</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossFin">Finnsburh</a></li> + </ul> + </li> + <li><a href="#corr">Corrections</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="content"> +<div id="front"> +<a name="pgintro"></a><h3>Preface to the Project Gutenberg Edition of Beowulf</h3> + +<p>This text is a revised and corrected version of the fourth edition of +Harrison and Sharp in its entirety. It comes in two basic versions. The +base version (available in 8-bit (Latin-1) text and HTML) presents the +original text as printed. It preserves the source-text's idiosyncratic use +of accented vowels with the exception of y-circumflex (ŷ), which is +replaced by y-acute (ý) to fit within the Latin-1 character set. +Manifestly unintentional errors in the text have been corrected. In +general, this has only been done when the text is internally inconsistent +(e.g., a quotation in the glossary does not match the main text). Forms +that represent deliberate editorial choice have not been altered, even +where they appear wrong. (For example, some of the markings of vowel length +do not reflect current scholarly consensus.) Where an uncorrected problem +may confuse the reader, I have inserted a note explaining the difficulty, +signed KTH. A complete list of the changes made is appended at the end of +the file. In order to make the text more useful to modern readers, I have +also produced a revised edition, available in Unicode (UTF-8) and HTML. +<b>The file you are reading is this revised version</b>. Notes from the +source text that indicate changes adopted in later editions have been +incorporated directly into the text and apparatus. Further, long vowels are +indicated with macrons, as is the common practice of most modern editions. +Finally, the quantity of some words has been altered to the values currently +accepted as correct. Quantities have not been changed when the difference +is a matter of editorial interpretation (e.g., gst vs. gǣst in l. 102, +etc.) A list of these altered quantities appears at the end of the list of +corrections. Your browser must support the Unicode character set to use +this file. To tell if your browser supports the necessary characters, check +the table of vowel equivalents below. If you see any empty boxes or +question marks in the "revised" columns, you should use the basic +version.</p> + +<h4>Explanation of the Vowel Accenting</h4> + +<p>In general, Harrison and Sharp use circumflex accents over vowels to mark +long vowels. For ash, however, the actual character 'æ' represents the long +vowel. Short ash is rendered with a-umlaut (ä). The long diphthongs (ēo, +ēa, etc.) are indicated with an acute accent over the +<em>second</em> vowel (eó, eá, etc.).</p> + +<p>Vowel Equivalents in Different Versions:</p> +<table> +<tr><td>Orig.</td><td>Revised</td><td>Orig.</td><td>Revised</td></tr> +<tr><td>ä</td><td>æ</td><td>Ô</td><td>Ō</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ä</td><td>Æ</td><td>û</td><td>ū</td></tr> +<tr><td>æ</td><td>ǣ</td><td>Û</td><td>Ū</td></tr> +<tr><td>Æ</td><td>Ǣ</td><td>ý</td><td>ȳ</td></tr> +<tr><td>â</td><td>ā</td><td>Ý</td><td>Ȳ</td></tr> +<tr><td>Â</td><td>Ā</td><td>eá</td><td>ēa</td></tr> +<tr><td>ê</td><td>ē</td><td>Eá</td><td>Ēa</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ê</td><td>Ē</td><td>eó</td><td>ēo</td></tr> +<tr><td>î</td><td>ī</td><td>Eó</td><td>Ēo</td></tr> +<tr><td>Î</td><td>Ī</td><td>ié</td><td>īe</td></tr> +<tr><td>ô</td><td>ō</td><td>ió</td><td>īo</td></tr> +</table> +<hr> +<div id="titlepage"> +<a name="titlepage"></a><h1>I. BĒOWULF:</h1> + +<p><i>AN ANGLO-SAXON POEM</i>.</p> + +<h2>II. THE FIGHT AT FINNSBURH:</h2> + +<p><i>A FRAGMENT</i>.</p> + +<p>WITH TEXT AND GLOSSARY ON THE</p> +<p>BASIS OF M. HEYNE.</p> + +<p>EDITED, CORRECTED, AND ENLARGED, BY</p> + +<p>JAMES A. HARRISON, LL.D., LITT. D.,</p> + +<p>PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH AND MODERN LANGUAGES,</p> +<p>WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY,</p> + +<p>AND</p> + +<p>ROBERT SHARP (PH.D. LIPS.),</p> + +<p>PROFESSOR OF GREEK AND ENGLISH,</p> +<p>TULANE UNIVERSITY OF LOUISIANA.</p> + +<p>FOURTH EDITION. REVISED, WITH NOTES.</p> + +<p>GINN & COMPANY</p> + +<p>BOSTON—NEW YORK—CHICAGO—LONDON</p> +<hr> +<p>Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1883, by</p> +<p>JAMES ALBERT HARRISON AND ROBERT SHARP</p> +<p>in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.</p> +<hr> +<p>DEDICATED</p> + +<p>TO</p> +<p>PROFESSOR F. A. MARCH,</p> +<p>OF LAFAYETTE COLLEGE, PA.,</p> +<p>AND</p> +<p>FREDERICK J. FURNIVALL, ESQ.</p> +<p>FOUNDER OF THE "NEW SHAKSPERE SOCIETY,"</p> +<p>THE "CHAUCER SOCIETY," ETC., ETC.</p> +</div> +<hr> + +<a name="intro4"></a><h3>PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION.</h3> + +<p>The favor with which the successive editions of "Bēowulf" have been +received during the past thirteen years emboldens the editors to +continue the work of revision in a fourth issue, the most noticeable +feature of which is a considerable body of explanatory Notes, now for +the first time added. These Notes mainly concern themselves with new +textual readings, with here and there grammatical, geographical, and +archological points that seemed worthy of explanation. Parallelisms +and parallel passages are constantly compared, with the view of making +the poem illustrate and explain itself. A few emendations and textual +changes are suggested by the editors with all possible diffidence; +numerous corrections have been made in the Glossary and List of Names; +and the valuable parts of former Appendices have been embodied in the +Notes.</p> + +<p>For the Notes, the editors are much indebted to the various German +periodicals mentioned on page 116, to the recent publications of +Professors Earle and J. L. Hall, to Mr. S. A. Brooke, and to the +Heyne-Socin edition of "Bēowulf." No change has been made in the +system of accentuation, though a few errors in quantity have been +corrected. The editors are looking forward to an eventual fifth +edition, in which an entirely new text will be presented.</p> + +<p>October, 1893.</p> + + +<a name="intro3"></a><h3>NOTE TO THE THIRD EDITION.</h3> + +<p>This third edition of the American issue of Bēowulf will, the editors +hope, be found more accurate and useful than either of the preceding +editions. Further corrections in text and glossary have been made, and +some additional new readings and suggestions will be found in two +brief appendices at the back of the book. Students of the metrical +system of Bēowulf will find ample material for their studies in +Sievers' exhaustive essay on that subject (Beitrge, X. 209-314).</p> + +<p>Socin's edition of Heyne's Bēowulf (called the fifth edition) has been +utilized to some extent in this edition, though it unfortunately came +too late to be freely used. While it repeats many of the omissions and +inaccuracies of Heyne's fourth edition, it contains much that is +valuable to the student, particularly in the notes and commentary. +Students of the poem, which has been subjected to much searching +criticism during the last decade, will also derive especial help from +the contributions of Sievers and Kluge on difficult questions +appertaining to it. Wlker's new edition (in the Grein +<i>Bibliothek</i>) is of the highest value, however one may dissent +from particular textual views laid down in the 'Berichtigter Text.' +Paul and Braune's Beitrge contain a varied miscellany of hints, +corrections, and suggestions principally embodying the views of Kluge, +Cosijn, Sievers, and Bugge, some of the more important of which are +found in the appendices to the present and the preceding edition. +Holder and Zupitza, Sarrazin and Hermann Mller (Kiel, 1883), Heinzel +(Anzeiger f.d. Alterthum, X.), Gering (Zacher's Zeitschrift, XII.), +Brenner (Eng. Studien, IX.), and the contributors to Anglia, have +assisted materially in the textual and metrical interpretation of the +poem.</p> + +<p>The subject of Anglo-Saxon quantity has been discussed in several able +essays by Sievers, Sweet, Ten Brink (Anzeiger, f.d. Alterthum, V.), +Kluge (Beitrge, XI.), and others; but so much is uncertain in this +field that the editors have left undisturbed the marking of vowels +found in the text of their original edition, while indicating in the +appendices the now accepted views of scholars on the quantity of the +personal pronouns (<b>mē, wē, þū, þē, gē, hē</b>); the adverb +<b>nū</b>, etc. Perhaps it would be best to banish absolutely all +attempts at marking quantities except in cases where the Ms. has them +marked.</p> + +<p>An approximately complete Bibliography of Bēowulf literature will be +found in Wlker's <i>Grundriss</i> and in Garnett's translation of the +poem.</p> + +<p>JAMES A. HARRISON,</p> + +<p>ROBERT SHARP.</p> + +<p>WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY, +LEXINGTON, VA., May, 1888.</p> + +<a name="intro2"></a><h3>NOTE TO THE SECOND REVISED EDITION.</h3> + +<p>The editors feel so encouraged at the kind reception accorded their +edition of Bēowulf (1883), that, in spite of its many shortcomings, +they have determined to prepare a second revised edition of the book, +and thus endeavor to extend its sphere of usefulness. About twenty +errors had, notwithstanding a vigilant proof-reading, crept into the +text,—errors in single letters, accents, and punctuation. These have +been corrected, and it is hoped that the text has been rendered +generally accurate and trustworthy. In the List of Names one or two +corrections have been made, and in the Glossary numerous mistakes in +gender, classification, and translation, apparently unavoidable in a +first edition, have been rectified. Wherever these mistakes concern +<i>single</i> letters, or occupy very small space, they have been +corrected in the plates; where they are longer, and the expense of +correcting them in the plates would have been very great, the editors +have thought it best to include them in an Appendix of Corrections and +Additions, which will be found at the back of the book. Students are +accordingly referred to this Appendix for important longer corrections +and additions. It is believed that the value of the book has been much +enhanced by an Appendix of Recent Readings, based on late criticisms +and essays from the pens of Sievers, Kluge, Cosijn, Holder, Wlker, +and Sweet. A perplexed student, in turning to these suggested +readings, will often find great help in unravelling obscure or corrupt +passages.</p> + +<p>The objectionable ä and æ, for the short and the long diphthong, have +been retained in the revised edition, owing to the impossibility of +removing them without entirely recasting the plates.</p> + +<p>In conclusion, the editors would acknowledge their great indebtedness +to the friends and critics whose remarks and criticisms have +materially aided in the correction of the text,—particularly to +Profs. C.P.G. Scott, Baskervill, Price, and J.M. Hart; to Prof. J.W. +Bright; and to the authorities of Cornell University, for the loan of +periodicals necessary to the completeness of the revision. While the +second revised edition still contains much that might be improved, the +editors cannot but hope that it is an advance on its predecessor, and +that it will continue its work of extending the study of Old English +throughout the land.</p> + +<p>JUNE, 1885.</p> + +<a name="intron1"></a><h3>NOTE I.</h3> + +<p>The present work, carefully edited from Heyne's fourth edition, +(Paderborn, 1879), is designed primarily for college classes in +Anglo-Saxon, rather than for independent investigators or for seekers +after a restored or ideal text. The need of an American edition of +"Bēowulf" has long been felt, as, hitherto, students have had either +to send to Germany for a text, or secure, with great trouble, one of +the scarce and expensive English editions. Heyne's first edition came +out in 1863, and was followed in 1867 and 1873 by a second and a third +edition, all three having essentially the same text.</p> + +<p>So many important contributions to the "Bēowulf" literature were, +however, made between 1873 and 1879 that Heyne found it necessary to +put forth a new edition (1879). In this new, last edition, the text +was subjected to a careful revision, and was fortified by the views, +contributions, and criticisms of other zealous scholars. In it the +collation of the unique "Bēowulf" Ms. (Vitellius A. 15: Cottonian Mss. +of the British Museum), as made by E. Klbing in Herrig's +<i>Archiv</i> (Bd. 56; 1876), was followed wherever the present +condition of the Ms. had to be discussed; and the researches of Bugge, +Bieger, and others, on single passages, were made use of. The +discussion of the metrical structure of the poem, as occurring in the +second and third editions, was omitted in the fourth, owing to the +many controversies in which the subject is still involved. The present +editor has thought it best to do the same, though, happily, the +subject of Old English <i>Metrik</i> is undergoing a steady +illumination through the labors of Schipper and others.</p> + +<p>Some errors and misplaced accents in Heyne's text have been corrected +in the present edition, in which, as in the general revision of the +text, the editor has been most kindly aided by Prof. J.M. Garnett, +late Principal of St. John's College, Maryland.</p> + +<p>In the preparation of the present school edition it has been thought +best to omit Heyne's notes, as they concern themselves principally +with conjectural emendations, substitutions of one reading for +another, and discussions of the condition of the Ms. Until Wlker's +text and the photographic fac-simile of the original Ms. are in the +hands of all scholars, it will be better not to introduce such matters +in the school room, where they would puzzle without instructing.</p> + +<p>For convenience of reference, the editor has added a head-line to each +"fit" of the poem, with a view to facilitate a knowledge of its +episodes.</p> + +<p>WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY, +LEXINGTON, VA., June, 1882.</p> + +<a name="intron2"></a><h3>NOTE II.</h3> + +<p>The editors now have the pleasure of presenting to the public a +complete text and a tolerably complete glossary of "Bēowulf." The +edition is the first published in America, and the first of its +special kind presented to the English public, and it is the initial +volume of a "Library of Anglo-Saxon Poetry," to be edited under the +same auspices and with the coperation of distinguished scholars in +this country. Among these scholars may be mentioned Professors F.A. +March of Lafayette College, T.K. Price of Columbia College, and W.M. +Baskervill of Vanderbilt University.</p> + +<p>In the preparation of the Glossary the editors found it necessary to +abandon a literal and exact translation of Heyne for several reasons, +and among others from the fact that Heyne seems to be wrong in the +translation of some of his illustrative quotations, and even +translates the same passage in two or three different ways under +different headings. The orthography of his glossary differs +considerably from the orthography of his text. He fails to +discriminate with due nicety the meanings of many of the words in his +vocabulary, while criticism more recent than his latest edition (1879) +has illustrated or overthrown several of his renderings. The +references were found to be incorrect in innumerable instances, and +had to be verified in every individual case so far as this was +possible, a few only, which resisted all efforts at verification, +having to be indicated by an interrogation point (?). The references +are exceedingly numerous, and the labor of verifying them was +naturally great. To many passages in the Glossary, where Heyne's +translation could not be trusted with entire certainty, the editors +have added other translations of phrases and sentences or of special +words; and in this they have been aided by a careful study of the text +and a comparison and utilization of the views of Kemble and Professor +J.M. Garnett (who takes Grein for his foundation). Many new references +have been added; and the various passages in which Heyne fails to +indicate whether a given verb is weak or strong, or fails to point out +the number, etc., of the illustrative form, have been corrected and +made to harmonize with the general plan of the work. Numerous +misprints in the glossary have also been corrected, and a brief +glossary to the Finnsburh-fragment, prepared by Dr. Wm. Hand Browne, +and supplemented and adapted by the editor-in-chief, has been added.</p> + +<p>The editors think that they may without immodesty put forth for +themselves something more than the claim of being re-translators of a +translation: the present edition is, so far as they were able to make +it so, an adaptation, correction, and extension of the work of the +great German scholar to whose loving appreciation of the Anglo-Saxon +epic all students of Old English owe a debt of gratitude. While +following his usually sure and cautious guidance, and in the main +appropriating his results, they have thought it best to deviate from +him in the manner above indicated, whenever it seemed that he was +wrong. The careful reader will notice at once the marks of +interrogation which point out these deviations, or which introduce a +point of view illustrative of, or supplementary to, the one given by +the German editor. No doubt the editors are wrong themselves in many +places,—"Bēowulf" is a most difficult poem,—but their view may at +least be defended by a reference to the original text, which they have +faithfully and constantly consulted.</p> + +<p>A good many cognate Modern English words have been introduced here and +there in the Glossary with a view to illustration, and other addenda +will be found between brackets and parenthetical marks.</p> + +<p>It is hoped that the present edition of the most famous of Old English +poems will do something to promote a valuable and interesting study.</p> + +<p> +JAMES A. HARRISON, +<i>Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Va</i>.</p> + +<p>ROBERT SHARP, +<i>University of Louisiana, New Orleans</i>.</p> + +<p>April, 1883.</p> + +<p>The responsibility of the editors is as follows: H. is responsible for +the Text, and for the Glossary from <b>hrīnan</b> on; S. for the List +of Names, and for the Glossary as far as <b>hrīnan.</b></p> +<hr> +<a name="argument"></a><h3>ARGUMENT.</h3> + +<p>The only national [Anglo-Saxon] epic which has been preserved entire +is Bēowulf. Its argument is briefly as follows:—The poem opens with a +few verses in praise of the Danish Kings, especially Scild, the son of +Sceaf. His death is related, and his descendants briefly traced down +to Hroðgar. Hroðgar, elated with his prosperity and success in war, +builds a magnificent hall, which he calls Heorot. In this hall Hroðgar +and his retainers live in joy and festivity, until a malignant fiend, +called Grendel, jealous of their happiness, carries off by night +thirty of Hroðgar's men, and devours them in his moorland retreat. +These ravages go on for twelve years. Bēowulf, a thane of Hygelac, +King of the Goths, hearing of Hroðgar's calamities, sails from Sweden +with fourteen warriors—to help him. They reach the Danish coast in +safety; and, after an animated parley with Hroðgar's coastguard, who +at first takes them for pirates, they are allowed to proceed to the +royal hall, where they are well received by Hroðgar. A banquet ensues, +during which Bēowulf is taunted by the envious Hunferhð about his +swimming-match with Breca, King of the Brondings. Bēowulf gives the +true account of the contest, and silences Hunferhð. At night-fall the +King departs, leaving Bēowulf in charge of the hall. Grendel soon +breaks in, seizes and devours one of Bēowulf's companions; is attacked +by Bēowulf, and, after losing an arm, which is torn off by Bēowulf, +escapes to the fens. The joy of Hroðgar and the Danes, and their +festivities, are described, various episodes are introduced, and +Bēowulf and his companions receive splendid gifts. The next night +Grendel's mother revenges her son by carrying off AEschere, the friend +and councillor of Hroðgar, during the absence of Bēowulf. Hroðgar +appeals to Bēowulf for vengeance, and describes the haunts of Grendel +and his mother. They all proceed thither; the scenery of the lake, and +the monsters that dwell in it, are described. Bēowulf plunges into the +water, and attacks Grendel's mother in her dwelling at the bottom of +the lake. He at length overcomes her, and cuts off her head, together +with that of Grendel, and brings the heads to Hroðgar. He then takes +leave of Hroðgar, sails back to Sweden, and relates his adventures to +Hygelac. Here the first half of the poem ends. The second begins with +the accession of Bēowulf to the throne, after the fall of Hygelac and +his son Heardred. He rules prosperously for fifty years, till a +dragon, brooding over a hidden treasure, begins to ravage the country, +and destroys Bēowulf's palace with fire. Bēowulf sets out in quest of +its hiding-place, with twelve men. Having a presentiment of his +approaching end, he pauses and recalls to mind his past life and +exploits. He then takes leave of his followers, one by one, and +advances alone to attack the dragon. Unable, from the heat, to enter +the cavern, he shouts aloud, and the dragon comes forth. The dragon's +scaly hide is proof against Bēowulf's sword, and he is reduced to +great straits. Then Wiglaf, one of his followers, advances to help +him. Wiglaf's shield is consumed by the dragon's fiery breath, and he +is compelled to seek shelter under Bēowulf's shield of iron. Bēowulf's +sword snaps asunder, and he is seized by the dragon. Wiglaf stabs the +dragon from underneath, and Bēowulf cuts it in two with his dagger. +Feeling that his end is near, he bids Wiglaf bring out the treasures +from the cavern, that he may see them before he dies. Wiglaf enters +the dragon's den, which is described, returns to Bēowulf, and receives +his last commands. Bēowulf dies, and Wiglaf bitterly reproaches his +companions for their cowardice. The disastrous consequences of +Bēowulf's death are then foretold, and the poem ends with his +funeral.—H. Sweet, in Warton's <i>History of English Poetry</i>, Vol. +II. (ed. 1871). Cf. also Ten Brink's <i>History of English +Literature</i>.</p> +</div> +<div class="poem"> +<a name="poemtop"></a><h1>BĒOWULF.</h1> + +<div class="fitt"> +<div><a name="fittI"></a><h2>I. THE PASSING OF SCYLD.</h2></div> + +<a name="li1"></a><a class="nref" href="#note1">†</a><div class="line">Hwt! wē Gār-Dena in geār-dagum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2"></a>þēod-cyninga þrym gefrūnon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3"></a>hū þā ðelingas ellen fremedon.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note4">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li4"></a>Oft Scyld Scēfing sceaðena þrēatum,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li5">5</a><div class="line">monegum mǣgðum meodo-setla oftēah.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note6">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li6"></a>Egsode eorl, syððan ǣrest wearð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li7"></a>fēa-sceaft funden: hē þs frōfre gebād,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li8"></a>wēox under wolcnum, weorð-myndum ðāh,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li9"></a>oð þt him ǣghwylc þāra ymb-sittendra</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li10">10</a><div class="line">ofer hron-rāde hȳran scolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li11"></a>gomban gyldan: þt ws gōd cyning!</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li12"></a>þǣm eafera ws fter cenned</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li13"></a>geong in geardum, þone god sende</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li14"></a>folce tō frōfre; fyren-þearfe ongeat,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note15">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li15">15</a><div class="line">þt hīe ǣr drugon aldor-<i>lē</i>ase</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li16"></a>lange hwīle. Him þs līf-frēa,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li17"></a>wuldres wealdend, worold-āre forgeaf;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note18">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li18"></a>Bēowulf ws brēme (blǣd wīde sprang),</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note19">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li19"></a>Scyldes eafera Scede-landum in.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li20">20</a><div class="line">Swā sceal <i>geong gu</i>ma, gōde gewyrcean,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note21">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li21"></a>fromum feoh-giftum on fder <i>wi</i>ne,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note22">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li22"></a>þt hine on ylde eft gewunigen</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li23"></a>wil-gesīðas, þonne wīg cume,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li24"></a>lēode gelǣsten: lof-dǣdum sceal</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li25">25</a><div class="line">in mǣgða gehwǣre man geþēon.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note26">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li26"></a>Him þā Scyld gewāt tō gescp-hwīle</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li27"></a>fela-hrōr fēran on frēan wǣre;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li28"></a>hī hyne þā tbǣron tō brimes faroðe.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li29"></a>swǣse gesīðas, swā hē selfa bd,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li30">30</a><div class="line">þenden wordum wēold wine Scyldinga,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note31">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li31"></a>lēof land-fruma lange āhte.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note32">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li32"></a>Þǣr t hȳðe stōd hringed-stefna,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li33"></a>īsig and ūtfūs, ðelinges fr;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note34">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li34"></a>ā-lēdon þā lēofne þēoden,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note35">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li35">35</a><div class="line">bēaga bryttan on bearm scipes,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li36"></a>mǣrne be mste. Þǣr ws mādma fela,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li37"></a>of feor-wegum frtwa gelǣded:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li38"></a>ne hȳrde ic cȳmlīcor cēol gegyrwan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li39"></a>hilde-wǣpnum and heaðo-wǣdum,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li40">40</a><div class="line">billum and byrnum; him on bearme lg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li41"></a>mādma mnigo, þā him mid scoldon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li42"></a>on flōdes ǣht feor gewītan.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li43"></a>Nalas hī hine lǣssan lācum tēodan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li44"></a>þēod-gestrēonum, þonne þā dydon,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li45">45</a><div class="line">þē hine t frumsceafte forð onsendon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li46"></a>ǣnne ofer ȳðe umbor wesende:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li47"></a>þā gȳt hīe him āsetton segen <i>gy</i>ldenne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li48"></a>hēah ofer hēafod, lēton holm beran,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note49">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li49"></a>gēafon on gār-secg: him ws geōmor sefa,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li50">50</a><div class="line">murnende mōd. Men ne cunnon</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note51">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li51"></a>secgan tō soðe sele-rǣdende,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li52"></a>hleð under heofenum, hwā þǣm hlste onfēng.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittII"></a><h2>II. THE HALL HEOROT.</h2> + +<a class="nref" href="#note53">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li53"></a>Þā ws on burgum Bēowulf Scyldinga,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li54"></a>lēof lēod-cyning, longe þrāge</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li55">55</a><div class="line">folcum gefrǣge (fder ellor hwearf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li56"></a>aldor of earde), oð þt him eft onwōc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li57"></a>hēah Healfdene; hēold þenden lifde,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note58">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li58"></a>gamol and gūð-rēow, glde Scyldingas.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li59"></a>Þǣm fēower bearn forð-gerīmed</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note60">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li60">60</a><div class="line">in worold wōcun, weoroda rǣswan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li61"></a>Heorogār and Hrōðgār and Hālga til;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note62">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li62"></a>hȳrde ic, þat Elan cwēn <i>Ongenþēowes ws</i></div> +<div class="line"><a name="li63"></a>Heaðoscilfinges heals-gebedde.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li64"></a>Þā ws Hrōðgāre here-spēd gyfen,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li65">65</a><div class="line">wīges weorð-mynd, þt him his wine-māgas</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li66"></a>georne hȳrdon, oð þt sēo geogoð gewēox,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li67"></a>mago-driht micel. Him on mōd bearn,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note68">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li68"></a>þt heal-reced hātan wolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li69"></a>medo-rn micel men gewyrcean,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note70">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li70">70</a><div class="line">þone yldo bearn ǣfre gefrūnon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li71"></a>and þǣr on innan eall gedǣlan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li72"></a>geongum and ealdum, swylc him god sealde,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note73">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li73"></a>būton folc-scare and feorum gumena.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li74"></a>Þā ic wīde gefrgn weorc gebannan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li75">75</a><div class="line">manigre mǣgðe geond þisne middan-geard,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li76"></a>folc-stede frtwan. Him on fyrste gelomp</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li77"></a>ǣdre mid yldum, þt hit wearð eal gearo,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note78">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li78"></a>heal-rna mǣst; scōp him Heort naman,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li79"></a>sē þe his wordes geweald wīde hfde.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li80">80</a><div class="line">Hē bēot ne ālēh, bēagas dǣlde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li81"></a>sinc t symle. Sele hlīfade</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li82"></a>hēah and horn-gēap: heaðo-wylma bād,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li83"></a>lāðan līges; ne ws hit lenge þā gēn</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note84">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li84"></a>þt se ecg-hete āðum-swerian</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li85">85</a><div class="line">fter wl-nīðe wcnan scolde.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li86"></a>Þā se ellen-gǣst earfoðlīce</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li87"></a>þrāge geþolode, sē þe in þȳstrum bād,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note88">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li88"></a>þt hē dōgora gehwām drēam gehȳrde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li89"></a>hlūdne in healle; þǣr ws hearpan swēg,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note90">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li90">90</a><div class="line">swutol sang scopes. Sgde sē þe cūðe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li91"></a>frum-sceaft fīra feorran reccan,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note92">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li92"></a>cwð þt se lmihtiga eorðan worh<i>te</i>,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li93"></a>wlite-beorhtne wang, swā wter bebūgeð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li94"></a>gesette sige-hrēðig sunnan and mōnan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li95">95</a><div class="line">lēoman tō lēohte land-būendum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li96"></a>and gefrtwade foldan scēatas</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li97"></a>leomum and lēafum; līf ēac gesceōp</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li98"></a>cynna gehwylcum, þāra þe cwice hwyrfað.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li99"></a>Swā þā driht-guman drēamum lifdon</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note100">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li100">100</a><div class="line">ēadiglīce, oð þt ān ongan</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note101">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li101"></a>fyrene fremman, fēond on helle:</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note102">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li102"></a>ws se grimma gst Grendel hāten,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note103">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li103"></a>mǣre mearc-stapa, sē þe mōras hēold,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li104"></a>fen and fsten; fīfel-cynnes eard</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note105">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li105">105</a><div class="line">won-sǣlig wer weardode hwīle,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note106">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li106"></a>siððan him scyppend forscrifen hfde.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li107"></a>In Caines cynne þone cwealm gewrc,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note108">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li108"></a>ēce drihten, þs þe hē Ābel slōg;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li109"></a>ne gefeah hē þǣre fǣhðe, ac hē hine feor forwrc,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li110">110</a><div class="line">metod for þȳ māne man-cynne fram.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li111"></a>Þanon untȳdras ealle onwōcon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li112"></a>eotenas and ylfe and orcnēas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li113"></a>swylce gīgantas, þā wið gode wunnon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li114"></a>lange þrāge; hē him þs lēan forgeald.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittIII"></a><h2>III. GRENDEL'S VISITS.</h2> + +<a class="lineno" name="li115">115</a><div class="line">Gewāt þā nēosian, syððan niht becōm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li116"></a>hēan hūses, hū hit Hring-Dene</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li117"></a>fter bēor-þege gebūn hfdon.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li118"></a>Fand þā þǣr inne ðelinga gedriht</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note119">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li119"></a>swefan fter symble; sorge ne cūðon,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note120">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li120">120</a><div class="line">won-sceaft wera. Wiht unhǣlo</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li121"></a>grim and grǣdig gearo sōna ws,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li122"></a>rēoc and rēðe, and on rste genam</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li123"></a>þrītig þegna: þanon eft gewāt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li124"></a>hūðe hrēmig tō hām faran,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li125">125</a><div class="line">mid þǣre wl-fylle wīca nēosan.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li126"></a>Þā ws on ūhtan mid ǣr-dge</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li127"></a>Grendles gūð-crft gumum undyrne:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li128"></a>þā ws fter wiste wōp up āhafen,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li129"></a>micel morgen-swēg. Mǣre þēoden,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li130">130</a><div class="line">ðeling ǣr-gōd, unblīðe st,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note131">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li131"></a>þolode þrȳð-swȳð, þegn-sorge drēah,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li132"></a>syððan hīe þs lāðan lāst scēawedon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li133"></a>wergan gāstes; ws þt gewin tō strang,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li134"></a>lāð and longsum. Ns hit lengra fyrst,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li135">135</a><div class="line">ac ymb āne niht eft gefremede</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li136"></a>morð-beala māre and nō mearn fore</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li137"></a>fǣhðe and fyrene; ws tō fst on þām.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li138"></a>Þā ws ēað-fynde, þē him elles hwǣr</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li139"></a>gerūmlīcor rste <i>sōhte</i>,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li140">140</a><div class="line">bed fter būrum, þā him gebēacnod ws,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li141"></a>gesgd sōðlīce sweotolan tācne</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note142">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li142"></a>heal-þegnes hete; hēold hine syððan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li143"></a>fyr and fstor, sē þǣm fēonde twand.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note144">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li144"></a>Swā rīxode and wið rihte wan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li145">145</a><div class="line">āna wið eallum, oð þt īdel stōd</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note146">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li146"></a>hūsa sēlest. Ws sēo hwīl micel:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li147"></a>twelf wintra tīd torn geþolode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li148"></a>wine Scyldinga, wēana gehwelcne,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note149">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li149"></a>sīdra sorga; forþām <i>syððan</i> wearð</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li150">150</a><div class="line">ylda bearnum undyrne cūð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li151"></a>gyddum geōmore, þtte Grendel wan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li152"></a>hwīle wið Hrōðgār;— hete-nīðas wg,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li153"></a>fyrene and fǣhðe fela missēra,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note154">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li154"></a>singāle sce, sibbe ne wolde</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li155">155</a><div class="line">wið manna hwone mgenes Deniga</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li156"></a>feorh-bealo feorran, fēo þingian,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li157"></a>nē þǣr nǣnig witena wēnan þorfte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li158"></a>beorhtre bōte tō banan folmum;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note159">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li159"></a><i>atol</i> ǣglǣca ēhtende ws,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li160">160</a><div class="line">deorc dēað-scūa duguðe and geogoðe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li161"></a>seomade and syrede. Sin-nihte hēold</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li162"></a>mistige mōras; men ne cunnon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li163"></a>hwyder hel-rūnan hwyrftum scrīðað.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li164"></a>Swā fela fyrena fēond man-cynnes,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li165">165</a><div class="line">atol ān-gengea, oft gefremede</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li166"></a>heardra hȳnða; Heorot eardode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li167"></a>sinc-fāge sel sweartum nihtum</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note168">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li168"></a>(nō hē þone gif-stōl grētan mōste,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note169">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li169"></a>māððum for metode, nē his myne wisse);</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li170">170</a><div class="line">þt ws wrǣc micel wine Scyldinga,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li171"></a>mōdes brecða. Monig-oft gest</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li172"></a>rīce tō rūne; rǣd eahtedon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li173"></a>hwt swīð-ferhðum sēlest wǣre</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note174">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li174"></a>wið fǣr-gryrum tō gefremmanne.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note175">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li175">175</a><div class="line">Hwīlum hīe gehēton t hrg-trafum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li176"></a>wīg-weorðunga, wordum bǣdon,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note177">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li177"></a>þt him gāst-bona gēoce gefremede</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li178"></a>wið þēod-þrēaum. Swylc ws þēaw hyra,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li179"></a>hǣðenra hyht; helle gemundon</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li180">180</a><div class="line">in mōd-sefan, metod hīe ne cūðon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li181"></a>dǣda dēmend, ne wiston hīe drihten god,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li182"></a>nē hīe hūru heofena helm herian ne cūðon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li183"></a>wuldres waldend. Wā bið þǣm þe sceal</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li184"></a>þurh slīðne nīð sāwle bescūfan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li185">185</a><div class="line">in fȳres fðm, frōfre ne wēnan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li186"></a>wihte gewendan; wēl bið þǣm þe mōt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li187"></a>fter dēað-dge drihten sēcean</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li188"></a>and tō fder fðmum freoðo wilnian.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittIV"></a><h2>IV. HYGELAC'S THANE.</h2> + +<a class="nref" href="#note189">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li189"></a>Swā þā mǣl-ceare maga Healfdenes</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note190">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li190">190</a><div class="line">singāla sēað; ne mihte snotor hleð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li191"></a>wēan onwendan: ws þt gewin tō swȳð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li192"></a>lāð and longsum, þē on þā lēode becōm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li193"></a>nȳd-wracu nīð-grim, niht-bealwa mǣst.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note194">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li194"></a>Þt fram hām gefrgn Higelāces þegn,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li195">195</a><div class="line">gōd mid Gēatum, Grendles dǣda:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li196"></a>sē ws mon-cynnes mgenes strengest</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note197">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li197"></a>on þǣm dge þysses līfes,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li198"></a>ðele and ēacen. Hēt him ȳð-lidan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li199"></a>gōdne gegyrwan; cwð hē gūð-cyning</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note200">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li200">200</a><div class="line">ofer swan-rāde sēcean wolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li201"></a>mǣrne þēoden, þā him ws manna þearf.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li202"></a>Þone sīð-ft him snotere ceorlas</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note203">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li203"></a>lȳt-hwōn lōgon, þēah hē him lēof wǣre;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note204">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li204"></a>hwetton higerōfne, hǣl scēawedon.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li205">205</a><div class="line">Hfde se gōda Gēata lēoda</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li206"></a>cempan gecorone, þāra þe hē cēnoste</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note207">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li207"></a>findan mihte; fīftȳna sum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li208"></a>sund-wudu sōhte; secg wīsade,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li209"></a>lagu-crftig mon, land-gemyrcu.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li210">210</a><div class="line">Fyrst forð gewāt: flota ws on ȳðum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li211"></a>bāt under beorge. Beornas gearwe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li212"></a>on stefn stigon; strēamas wundon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li213"></a>sund wið sande; secgas bǣron</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li214"></a>on bearm nacan beorhte frtwe,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li215">215</a><div class="line">gūð-searo geatolīc; guman ūt scufon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li216"></a>weras on wil-sīð wudu bundenne.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note217">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li217"></a>Gewāt þā ofer wǣg-holm winde gefȳsed</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note218">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li218"></a>flota fāmig-heals fugle gelīcost,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note219">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li219"></a>oð þt ymb ān-tīd ōðres dōgores</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li220">220</a><div class="line">wunden-stefna gewaden hfde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li221"></a>þt þā līðende land gesāwon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li222"></a>brim-clifu blīcan, beorgas stēape,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li223"></a>sīde sǣ-nssas: þā ws sund liden,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note224">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li224"></a>eoletes t ende. Þanon up hraðe</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li225">225</a><div class="line">Wedera lēode on wang stigon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li226"></a>sǣ-wudu sǣldon (syrcan hrysedon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li227"></a>gūð-gewǣdo); gode þancedon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li228"></a>þs þe him ȳð-lāde ēaðe wurdon.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note229">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li229"></a>Þā of wealle geseah weard Scildinga,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li230">230</a><div class="line">sē þe holm-clifu healdan scolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li231"></a>beran ofer bolcan beorhte randas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li232"></a>fyrd-searu fūslīcu; hine fyrwyt brc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li233"></a>mōd-gehygdum, hwt þā men wǣron.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li234"></a>Gewāt him þā tō waroðe wicge rīdan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li235">235</a><div class="line">þegn Hrōðgāres, þrymmum cwehte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li236"></a>mgen-wudu mundum, meðel-wordum frgn:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li237"></a>"Hwt syndon gē searo-hbbendra</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li238"></a>"byrnum werede, þē þus brontne cēol</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note239">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li239"></a>"ofer lagu-strǣte lǣdan cwōmon,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note240">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li240">240</a><div class="line">"hider ofer holmas <i>helmas bǣron</i>?</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li241"></a>"Ic ws ende-sǣta, ǣg-wearde hēold,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li242"></a>"þt on land Dena lāðra nǣnig</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li243"></a>"mid scip-herge sceððan ne meahte.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li244"></a>"Nō hēr cūðlīcor cuman ongunnon</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note245">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li245">245</a><div class="line">"lind-hbbende; nē gē lēafnes-word</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li246"></a>"gūð-fremmendra gearwe ne wisson,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li247"></a>"māga gemēdu. Nǣfre ic māran geseah</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li248"></a>"eorla ofer eorðan, þonne is ēower sum,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note249">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li249"></a>"secg on searwum; nis þt seld-guma</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note250">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li250">250</a><div class="line">"wǣpnum geweorðad, nfne him his wlite lēoge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li251"></a>"ǣnlīc an-sȳn. Nū ic ēower sceal</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note252">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li252"></a>"frum-cyn witan, ǣr gē fyr heonan</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note253">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li253"></a>"lēase scēaweras on land Dena</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li254"></a>"furður fēran. Nū gē feor-būend,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li255">255</a><div class="line">"mere-līðende, mīnne gehȳrað</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note256">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li256"></a>"ān-fealdne geþōht: ofost is sēlest</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li257"></a>"tō gecȳðanne, hwanan ēowre cyme syndon."</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittV"></a><h2>V. THE ERRAND.</h2> + +<a class="nref" href="#note258">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li258"></a>Him se yldesta andswarode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li259"></a>werodes wīsa, word-hord onlēac:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li260">260</a><div class="line">"Wē synt gum-cynnes Gēata lēode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li261"></a>"and Higelāces heorð-genēatas.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li262"></a>"Ws mīn fder folcum gecȳðed,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li263"></a>"ðele ord-fruma Ecgþēow hāten;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li264"></a>"gebād wintra worn, ǣr hē on weg hwurfe,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li265">265</a><div class="line">"gamol of geardum; hine gearwe geman</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li266"></a>"witena wēl-hwylc wīde geond eorðan.—</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li267"></a>"Wē þurh holdne hige hlāford þinne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li268"></a>"sunu Healfdenes, sēcean cwōmon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li269"></a>"lēod-gebyrgean: wes þū ūs lārena gōd!</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li270">270</a><div class="line">"Habbað wē tō þǣm mǣran micel ǣrende</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li271"></a>"Deniga frēan; ne sceal þǣr dyrne sum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li272"></a>"wesan, þs ic wēne. Þū wāst, gif hit is,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note273">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li273"></a>"swā wē sōðlice secgan hȳrdon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li274"></a>"þt mid Scyldingum sceaða ic nāt hwylc,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note275">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li275">275</a><div class="line">"dēogol dǣd-hata, deorcum nihtum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li276"></a>"ēaweð þurh egsan uncūðne nīð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li277"></a>"hȳnðu and hrā-fyl. Ic þs Hrōðgār mg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li278"></a>"þurh rūmne sefan rǣd gelǣran,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li279"></a>"hū hē frōd and gōd fēond oferswȳðeð,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note280">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li280">280</a><div class="line">"gyf him ed-wendan ǣfre scolde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li281"></a>"bealuwa bisigu, bōt eft cuman</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li282"></a>"and þā cear-wylmas cōlran wurðað;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li283"></a>"oððe ā syððan earfoð-þrāge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li284"></a>"þrēa-nȳd þolað, þenden þǣr wunað</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li285">285</a><div class="line">"on hēah-stede hūsa sēlest."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li286"></a>Weard maðelode, þǣr on wicge st</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note287">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li287"></a>ombeht unforht: "Ǣghwðres sceal</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li288"></a>"scearp scyld-wiga gescād witan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li289"></a>"worda and worca, sē þe wēl þenceð.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li290">290</a><div class="line">"Ic þt gehȳre, þt þis is hold weorod</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li291"></a>"frēan Scyldinga. Gewītað forð beran</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note292">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li292"></a>"wǣpen and gewǣdu, ic ēow wīsige:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li293"></a>"swylce ic magu-þegnas mīne hāte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li294"></a>"wið fēonda gehwone flotan ēowerne,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li295">295</a><div class="line">"nīw-tyrwedne nacan on sande</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li296"></a>"ārum healdan, oð þt eft byreð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li297"></a>"ofer lagu-strēamas lēofne mannan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li298"></a>"wudu wunden-hals tō Weder-mearce.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note299">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li299"></a>"Gūð-fremmendra swylcum gifeðe bið,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li300">300</a><div class="line">"þt þone hilde-rǣs hāl gedīgeð."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li301"></a>Gewiton him þā fēran (flota stille bād,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li302"></a>seomode on sāle sīd-fðmed scyp,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note303">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li303"></a>on ancre fst); eofor-līc scionon</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note304">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li304"></a>ofer hlēor-beran gehroden golde</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note305">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li305">305</a><div class="line">fāh and fȳr-heard, ferh wearde hēold.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li306"></a>Gūðmōde grummon, guman ōnetton,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li307"></a>sigon tsomne, oð þt hȳ sl timbred</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li308"></a>geatolīc and gold-fāh ongytan mihton;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li309"></a>þt ws fore-mǣrost fold-būendum</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li310">310</a><div class="line">receda under roderum, on þǣm se rīca bād;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note311">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li311"></a>līxte se lēoma ofer landa fela.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li312"></a>Him þā hilde-dēor hof mōdigra</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li313"></a>torht getǣhte, þt hīe him tō mihton</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li314"></a>gegnum gangan; gūð-beorna sum</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li315">315</a><div class="line">wicg gewende, word fter cwð:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li316"></a>"Mǣl is mē tō fēran; fder alwalda</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li317"></a>"mid ār-stafum ēowic gehealde</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note318">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li318"></a>"sīða gesunde! ic tō sǣ wille,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li319"></a>"wið wrāð werod wearde healdan."</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittVI"></a><h2>VI. BĒOWULF'S SPEECH.</h2> + +<a class="nref" href="#note320">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li320">320</a><div class="line">Strǣt ws stān-fāh, stīg wīsode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li321"></a>gumum tgdere. Gūð-byrne scān</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note322">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li322"></a>heard hond-locen, hring-īren scīr</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li323"></a>song in searwum, þā hīe tō sele furðum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li324"></a>in hyra gryre-geatwum gangan cwōmon.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note325">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li325">325</a><div class="line">Setton sǣ-mēðe sīde scyldas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li326"></a>rondas regn-hearde wið þs recedes weal,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li327"></a>bugon þā tō bence; byrnan hringdon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li328"></a>gūð-searo gumena; gāras stōdon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li329"></a>sǣ-manna searo, samod tgdere,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li330">330</a><div class="line">sc-holt ufan grǣg: ws se īren-þrēat</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li331"></a>wǣpnum gewurðad. Þā þǣr wlonc hleð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li332"></a>ōret-mecgas fter ðelum frgn:</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note333">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li333"></a>"Hwanon ferigeað gē fǣtte scyldas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li334"></a>"grǣge syrcan and grīm-helmas,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li335">335</a><div class="line">"here-sceafta hēap?— Ic eom Hrōðgāres</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note336">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li336"></a>"ār and ombiht. Ne seah ic el-þēodige</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li337"></a>"þus manige men mōdiglīcran.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note338">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li338"></a>"Wēn' ic þt gē for wlenco, nalles for wrc-sīðum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li339"></a>"ac for hige-þrymmum Hrōðgār sōhton."</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li340">340</a><div class="line">Him þā ellen-rōf andswarode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li341"></a>wlanc Wedera lēod word fter sprc,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li342"></a>heard under helme: "Wē synt Higelāces</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note343">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li343"></a>"bēod-genēatas; Bēowulf is mīn nama.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note344">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li344"></a>"Wille ic āsecgan suna Healfdenes,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li345">345</a><div class="line">"mǣrum þēodne mīn ǣrende,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li346"></a>"aldre þīnum, gif hē ūs geunnan wile,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li347"></a>"þt wē hine swā gōdne grētan mōton."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li348"></a>Wulfgār maðelode (þt ws Wendla lēod,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li349"></a>ws his mōd-sefa manegum gecȳðed,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li350">350</a><div class="line">wīg and wīs-dōm): "ic þs wine Deniga,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li351"></a>"frēan Scildinga frīnan wille,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li352"></a>"bēaga bryttan, swā þū bēna eart,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note353">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li353"></a>"þēoden mǣrne ymb þīnne sīð ;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li354"></a>"and þē þā andsware ǣdre gecȳðan,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li355">355</a><div class="line">"þē mē se gōda āgifan þenceð."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li356"></a>Hwearf þā hrdlīce, þǣr Hrōðgār st,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note357">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li357"></a>eald and unhār mid his eorla gedriht;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note358">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li358"></a>ēode ellen-rōf, þt hē for eaxlum gestōd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li359"></a>Deniga frēan, cūðe hē duguðe þēaw.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li360">360</a><div class="line">Wulfgār maðelode tō his wine-drihtne:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li361"></a>"Hēr syndon geferede feorran cumene</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li362"></a>"ofer geofenes begang Gēata lēode:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li363"></a>"þone yldestan ōret-mecgas</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li364"></a>"Bēowulf nemnað. Hȳ bēnan synt,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li365">365</a><div class="line">"þt hīe, þēoden mīn, wið þē mōton</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li366"></a>"wordum wrixlan; nō þū him wearne getēoh,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note367">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li367"></a>"þīnra gegn-cwida gldnian, Hrōðgār!</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li368"></a>"Hȳ on wīg-geatwum wyrðe þinceað</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note369">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li369"></a>"eorla gehtlan; hūru se aldor dēah,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li370">370</a><div class="line">"sē þǣm heaðo-rincum hider wīsade."</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittVII"></a><h2>VII. HROTHGAR'S WELCOME.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li371"></a>Hrōðgār maðelode, helm Scyldinga:</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note372">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li372"></a>"Ic hine cūðe cniht-wesende.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note373">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li373"></a>"Ws his eald-fder Ecgþēo hāten,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li374"></a>"þǣm tō hām forgeaf Hrēðel Gēata</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li375">375</a><div class="line">"āngan dōhtor; is his eafora nū</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li376"></a>"heard hēr cumen, sōhte holdne wine.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li377"></a>"þonne sgdon þt sǣ-līðende,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note378">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li378"></a>"þā þe gif-sceattas Gēata fyredon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li379"></a>"þyder tō þance, þt hē þrīttiges</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note380">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li380">380</a><div class="line">"manna mgen-crft on his mund-grīpe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li381"></a>"heaðo-rōf hbbe. Hine hālig god</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li382"></a>"for ār-stafum us onsende,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li383"></a>"tō West-Denum, þs ic wēn hbbe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li384"></a>"wið Grendles gryre: ic þǣm gōdan sceal</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li385">385</a><div class="line">"for his mōd-þrce mādmas bēodan.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note386">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li386"></a>"Bēo þū on ofeste, hāt <i>hig</i> in gān,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note387">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li387"></a>"sēon sibbe-gedriht samod tgdere;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li388"></a>"gesaga him ēac wordum, þt hīe sint wil-cuman</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li389"></a>"Deniga lēodum." Þā <i>wið duru healle</i></div> +<a class="lineno" name="li390">390</a><div class="line"><i>Wulfgār ēode</i>, word inne ābēad:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li391"></a>"Ēow hēt secgan sige-drihten mīn,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li392"></a>"aldor Ēast-Dena, þt hē ēower ðelu can</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li393"></a>"and gē him syndon ofer sǣ-wylmas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li394"></a>"heard-hicgende, hider wil-cuman.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li395">395</a><div class="line">"Nū gē mōton gangan in ēowrum guð-geatawum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li396"></a>"under here-grīman, Hrōðgār gesēon;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li397"></a>"lǣtað hilde-bord hēr onbidian,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li398"></a>"wudu wl-sceaftas, worda geþinges."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li399"></a>Ārās þā se rīca, ymb hine rinc manig,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li400">400</a><div class="line">þrȳðlīc þegna hēap; sume þǣr bidon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li401"></a>heaðo-rēaf hēoldon, swā him se hearda bebēad.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li402"></a>Snyredon tsomne, þā secg wīsode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li403"></a>under Heorotes hrōf; <i>hyge-rōf ēode</i>,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note404">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li404"></a>heard under helme, þt hē on heoðe gestōd.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note405">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li405">405</a><div class="line">Bēowulf maðelode (on him byrne scān,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li406"></a>searo-net sēowed smiðes or-þancum):</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note407">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li407"></a>"Wes þū Hrōðgār hāl! ic eom Higelāces</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li408"></a>"mǣg and mago-þegn; hbbe ic mǣrða fela</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li409"></a>"ongunnen on geogoðe. Mē wearð Grendles þing</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li410">410</a><div class="line">"on mīnre ēðel-tyrf undyrne cūð:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li411"></a>"secgað sǣ-līðend, þt þes sele stande,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li412"></a>"reced sēlesta, rinca gehwylcum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li413"></a>"īdel and unnyt, siððan ǣfen-lēoht</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note414">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li414"></a>"under heofenes hādor beholen weorðeð.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li415">415</a><div class="line">"Þā mē þt gelǣrdon lēode mīne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li416"></a>"þā sēlestan, snotere ceorlas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li417"></a>"þēoden Hrōðgār, þt ic þē sōhte;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li418"></a>"forþan hīe mgenes crft mīnne cūðon:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li419"></a>"selfe ofersāwon, þā ic of searwum cwōm,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note420">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li420">420</a><div class="line">"fāh from fēondum, þǣr ic fīfe geband,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li421"></a>"ȳðde eotena cyn, and on ȳðum slōg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li422"></a>"niceras nihtes, nearo-þearfe drēah,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li423"></a>"wrc Wedera nīð (wēan āhsodon)</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li424"></a>"forgrand gramum; and nū wið Grendel sceal,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note425">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li425">425</a><div class="line">"wið þām āglǣcan, āna gehegan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li426"></a>"þing wið þyrse. Ic þē nū þā,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li427"></a>"brego Beorht-Dena, biddan wille,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li428"></a>"eodor Scyldinga, ānre bēne;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li429"></a>"þt þū mē ne forwyrne, wīgendra hlēo,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li430">430</a><div class="line">"frēo-wine folca, nū ic þus feorran cōm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li431"></a>"þt ic mōte āna and mīnra eorla gedryht,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li432"></a>"þes hearda hēap, Heorot fǣlsian.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li433"></a>"Hbbe ic ēac geāhsod, þt se ǣglǣca</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li434"></a>"for his won-hȳdum wǣpna ne rēceð;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li435">435</a><div class="line">"ic þt þonne forhicge, swā mē Higelāc sīe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li436"></a>"mīn mon-drihten, mōdes blīðe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li437"></a>"þt ic sweord bere oððe sīdne scyld</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li438"></a>"geolo-rand tō gūðe; ac ic mid grāpe sceal</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li439"></a>"fōn wið fēonde and ymb feorh sacan,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li440">440</a><div class="line">"lāð wið lāðum; þǣr gelȳfan sceal</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note441">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li441"></a>"dryhtnes dōme sē þe hine dēað nimeð.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li442"></a>"Wēn' ic þt hē wille, gif hē wealdan mōt,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note443">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li443"></a>"in þǣm gūð-sele Gēatena lēode</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note444">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li444"></a>"etan unforhte, swā hē oft dyde</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li445">445</a><div class="line">"mgen Hrēðmanna. Nā þū mīnne þearft</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note446">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li446"></a>"hafalan hȳdan, ac hē mē habban wile</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note447">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li447"></a>"drēore fāhne, gif mec dēað nimeð;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li448"></a>"byreð blōdig wl, byrgean þenceð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li449"></a>"eteð ān-genga unmurnlīce,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li450">450</a><div class="line">"mearcað mōr-hopu: nō þū ymb mīnes ne þearft</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note451">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li451"></a>"līces feorme leng sorgian.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note452">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li452"></a>"Onsend Higelāce, gif mec hild nime,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li453"></a>"beadu-scrūda betst, þt mīne brēost wereð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li454"></a>"hrgla sēlest; þt is Hrēðlan lāf,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note455">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li455">455</a><div class="line">"Wēlandes geweorc. Gǣð ā Wyrd swā hīo scel!"</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittVIII"></a><h2>VIII. HROTHGAR TELLS OF GRENDEL.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li456"></a>Hrōðgār maðelode, helm Scyldinga:</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note457">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li457"></a>"for <i>were</i>-fyhtum þū, wine mīn Bēowulf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li458"></a>"and for ār-stafum ūsic sōhtest.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li459"></a>"Geslōh þin fder fǣhðe mǣste,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li460">460</a><div class="line">"wearð hē Heaðolāfe tō hand-bonan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li461"></a>"mid Wilfingum; þā hine Wedera cyn</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li462"></a>"for here-brōgan habban ne mihte.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li463"></a>"Þanon hē gesōhte Sūð-Dena folc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li464"></a>"ofer ȳða gewealc, Ār-Scyldinga;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li465">465</a><div class="line">"þā ic furðum wēold folce Deninga,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li466"></a>"and on geogoðe hēold gimme-rīce</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li467"></a>"hord-burh hleða: þā ws Heregār dēad,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li468"></a>"mīn yldra mǣg unlifigende,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li469"></a>"bearn Healfdenes. Sē ws betera þonne ic!</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li470">470</a><div class="line">"Siððan þā fǣhðe fēo þingode;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li471"></a>"sende ic Wylfingum ofer wteres hrycg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li472"></a>"ealde mādmas: hē mē āðas swōr.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li473"></a>"Sorh is mē tō secganne on sefan mīnum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li474"></a>"gumena ǣngum, hwt mē Grendel hafað</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li475">475</a><div class="line">"hȳnðo on Heorote mid his hete-þancum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li476"></a>"fǣr-nīða gefremed. Is mīn flet-werod,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li477"></a>"wīg-hēap gewanod; hīe Wyrd forswēop</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li478"></a>"on Grendles gryre. God ēaðe mg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li479"></a>"þone dol-scaðan dǣda getwǣfan!</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note480">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li480">480</a><div class="line">"Ful oft gebēotedon bēore druncne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li481"></a>"ofer ealo-wǣge ōret-mecgas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li482"></a>"þt hīe in bēor-sele bīdan woldon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li483"></a>"Grendles gūðe mid gryrum ecga.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li484"></a>"Þonne ws þēos medo-heal on morgen-tīd,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li485">485</a><div class="line">"driht-sele drēor-fāh, þonne dg līxte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li486"></a>"eal benc-þelu blōde bestȳmed,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li487"></a>"heall heoru-drēore: āhte ic holdra þȳ lǣs,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note488">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li488"></a>"dēorre duguðe, þē þā dēað fornam.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note489">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li489"></a>"Site nū tō symle and onsǣl meoto,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li490">490</a><div class="line">"sige-hrēð secgum, swā þīn sefa hwette!"</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li491"></a>Þā ws Gēat-mcgum geador tsomne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li492"></a>on bēor-sele benc gerȳmed;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li493"></a>þǣr swīð-ferhðe sittan ēodon</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note494">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li494"></a>þrȳðum dealle. Þegn nytte behēold,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li495">495</a><div class="line">sē þe on handa br hroden ealo-wǣge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li496"></a>scencte scīr wered. Scop hwīlum sang</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li497"></a>hādor on Heorote; þǣr ws hleða drēam,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li498"></a>duguð unlȳtel Dena and Wedera.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittIX"></a><h2>IX. HUNFERTH OBJECTS TO BĒOWULF.</h2> + +<a class="nref" href="#note499">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li499"></a>Unferð maðelode, Ecglāfes bearn,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li500">500</a><div class="line">þē t fōtum st frēan Scyldinga;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note501">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li501"></a>onband beadu-rūne (ws him Bēowulfes sīð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li502"></a>mōdges mere-faran, micel f-þunca,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li503"></a>forþon þe hē ne ūðe, þt ǣnig ōðer man</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note504">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li504"></a>ǣfre mǣrða þon mā middan-geardes</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li505">505</a><div class="line">gehēdde under heofenum þonne hē sylfa):</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note506">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li506"></a>"Eart þū sē Bēowulf, sē þe wið Brecan wunne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li507"></a>"on sīdne sǣ ymb sund flite,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li508"></a>"þǣr git for wlence wada cunnedon</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note509">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li509"></a>"and for dol-gilpe on dēop wter</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li510">510</a><div class="line">"aldrum nēðdon? Nē inc ǣnig mon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li511"></a>"nē lēof nē lāð, belēan mihte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li512"></a>"sorh-fullne sīð; þā git on sund rēon,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note513">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li513"></a>"þǣr git ēagor-strēam earmum þehton,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li514"></a>"mǣton mere-strǣta, mundum brugdon,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li515">515</a><div class="line">"glidon ofer gār-secg; geofon ȳðum wēol,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li516"></a>"wintres wylme. Git on wteres ǣht</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li517"></a>"seofon niht swuncon; hē þē t sunde oferflāt,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li518"></a>"hfde māre mgen. Þā hine on morgen-tīd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li519"></a>"on Heaðo-rǣmas holm up tbr,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li520">520</a><div class="line">"þonon hē gesōhte swǣsne ēðel</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li521"></a>"lēof his lēodum lond Brondinga,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li522"></a>"freoðo-burh fgere, þǣr hē folc āhte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li523"></a>"burg and bēagas. Bēot eal wið þē</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note524">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li524"></a>"sunu Bēanstānes sōðe gelǣste.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note525">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li525">525</a><div class="line">"Þonne wēne ic tō þē wyrsan geþinges,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li526"></a>"þēah þū heaðo-rǣsa gehwǣr dohte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li527"></a>"grimre gūðe, gif þū Grendles dearst</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li528"></a>"niht-longne fyrst nēan bīdan!"</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li529"></a>Bēowulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþēowes:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li530">530</a><div class="line">"Hwt! þū worn fela, wine mīn Unferð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li531"></a>"bēore druncen ymb Brecan sprǣce,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li532"></a>"sgdest from his sīðe! Sōð ic talige,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li533"></a>"þt ic mere-strengo māran āhte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li534"></a>"earfeðo on ȳðum, þonne ǣnig ōðer man.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li535">535</a><div class="line">"Wit þt gecwǣdon cniht-wesende</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li536"></a>"and gebēotedon (wǣron bēgen þā gīt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li537"></a>"on geogoð-feore) þt wit on gār-secg ūt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li538"></a>"aldrum nēðdon; and þt gefndon swā.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li539"></a>"Hfdon swurd nacod, þā wit on sund rēon,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li540">540</a><div class="line">"heard on handa, wit unc wið hron-fixas</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li541"></a>"werian þōhton. Nō hē wiht fram mē</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li542"></a>"flōd-ȳðum feor flēotan meahte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li543"></a>"hraðor on holme, nō ic fram him wolde.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li544"></a>"Þā wit tsomne on sǣ wǣron</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note545">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li545">545</a><div class="line">"fīf nihta fyrst, oð þt unc flōd tōdrāf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li546"></a>"wado weallende, wedera cealdost,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li547"></a>"nīpende niht and norðan wind</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li548"></a>"heaðo-grim andhwearf; hrēo wǣron ȳða,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li549"></a>"Ws mere-fixa mōd onhrēred:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li550">550</a><div class="line">"þǣr mē wið lāðum līc-syrce mīn,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li551"></a>"heard hond-locen, helpe gefremede;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li552"></a>"beado-hrgl brōden on brēostum lg,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li553"></a>"golde gegyrwed. Mē tō grunde tēah</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li554"></a>"fāh fēond-scaða, fste hfde</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li555">555</a><div class="line">"grim on grāpe: hwðre mē gyfeðe wearð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li556"></a>"þt ic āglǣcan orde gerǣhte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li557"></a>"hilde-bille; heaðo-rǣs fornam</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li558"></a>"mihtig mere-dēor þurh mīne hand.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittX"></a><h2>X. BĒOWULF'S CONTEST WITH BRECA.—THE FEAST.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li559"></a>"Swā mec gelōme lāð-getēonan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li560">560</a><div class="line">"þrēatedon þearle. Ic him þēnode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li561"></a>"dēoran sweorde, swā hit gedēfe ws;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li562"></a>"ns hīe þǣre fylle gefēan hfdon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li563"></a>"mān-fordǣdlan, þt hīe mē þēgon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li564"></a>"symbel ymb-sǣton sǣ-grunde nēah,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li565">565</a><div class="line">"ac on mergenne mēcum wunde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li566"></a>"be ȳð-lāfe uppe lǣgon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li567"></a>"sweordum āswefede, þt syððan nā</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li568"></a>"ymb brontne ford brim-līðende</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li569"></a>"lāde ne letton. Lēoht ēastan cōm,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li570">570</a><div class="line">"beorht bēacen godes; brimu swaðredon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li571"></a>"þt ic sǣ-nssas gesēon mihte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li572"></a>"windige weallas. Wyrd oft nereð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li573"></a>"unfǣgne eorl, ðonne his ellen dēah!</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note574">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li574"></a>"Hwðere mē gesǣlde, þt ic mid sweorde ofslōh</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li575">575</a><div class="line">"niceras nigene. Nō ic on niht gefrgn</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li576"></a>"under heofones hwealf heardran feohtan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li577"></a>"nē on ēg-strēamum earmran mannan;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li578"></a>"hwðere ic fāra feng fēore gedīgde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li579"></a>"siðes wērig. Þā mec sǣ oðbr,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li580">580</a><div class="line">"flōd fter faroðe, on Finna land,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li581"></a>"wadu weallendu. Nō ic wiht fram þē</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li582"></a>"swylcra searo-nīða secgan hȳrde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li583"></a>"billa brōgan: Breca nǣfre gīt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li584"></a>"t heaðo-lāce, nē gehwðer incer</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li585">585</a><div class="line">"swā dēorlīce dǣd gefremede</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note586">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li586"></a>"fāgum sweordum . . . . . . .</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li587"></a>". . . . . . . nō ic þs gylpe;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li588"></a>"þēah þū þīnum brōðrum tō banan wurde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li589"></a>"hēafod-mǣgum; þs þū in helle scealt</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li590">590</a><div class="line">"werhðo drēogan, þēah þīn wit duge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li591"></a>"Secge ic þē tō sōðe, sunu Ecglāfes,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li592"></a>"þt nǣfre Grendel swā fela gryra gefremede,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li593"></a>"atol ǣglǣca ealdre þīnum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li594"></a>"hȳnðo on Heorote, gif þīn hige wǣre,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li595">595</a><div class="line">"sefa swā searo-grim, swā þū self talast.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li596"></a>"Ac hē hafað onfunden, þt hē þā fǣhðe ne þearf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li597"></a>"atole ecg-þrce ēower lēode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li598"></a>"swīðe onsittan, Sige-Scyldinga;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note599">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li599"></a>"nymeð nȳd-bāde, nǣnegum ārað</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li600">600</a><div class="line">"lēode Deniga, ac hē <i>on</i> lust wīgeð,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note601">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li601"></a>"swefeð ond sendeð, secce ne wēneð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li602"></a>"tō Gār-Denum. Ac him Gēata sceal</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li603"></a>"eafoð and ellen ungeāra nū</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li604"></a>"gūðe gebēodan. Gǣð eft sē þe mōt</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li605">605</a><div class="line">"tō medo mōdig, siððan morgen-lēoht</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li606"></a>"ofer ylda bearn ōðres dōgores,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li607"></a>"sunne swegl-wered sūðan scīneð!"</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li608"></a>Þā ws on sālum sinces brytta</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li609"></a>gamol-feax and gūð-rōf, gēoce gelȳfde</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li610">610</a><div class="line">brego Beorht-Dena; gehȳrde on Bēowulfe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li611"></a>folces hyrde fst-rǣdne geþōht.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note612">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li612"></a>Þǣr ws hleða hleahtor; hlyn swynsode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li613"></a>word wǣron wynsume. Ēode Wealhþēow forð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li614"></a>cwēn Hrōðgāres, cynna gemyndig,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li615">615</a><div class="line">grētte gold-hroden guman on healle,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li616"></a>and þā frēolīc wīf ful gesealde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li617"></a>ǣrest Ēast-Dena ēðel-wearde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li618"></a>bd hine blīðne t þǣre bēor-þege,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li619"></a>lēodum lēofne; hē on lust geþeah</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note620">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li620">620</a><div class="line">symbel and sele-ful, sige-rōf kyning.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li621"></a>Ymb-ēode þā ides Helminga</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note622">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li622"></a>duguðe and geogoðe dǣl ǣghwylcne;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note623">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li623"></a>sinc-fato sealde, oð þt sǣl ālamp,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li624"></a>þt hīo Bēowulfe, bēag-hroden cwēn,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li625">625</a><div class="line">mōde geþungen, medo-ful tbr;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li626"></a>grētte Gēata lēod, gode þancode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li627"></a>wīs-fst wordum, þs þe hire se willa gelamp,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li628"></a>þt hēo on ǣnigne eorl gelȳfde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li629"></a>fyrena frōfre. Hē þt ful geþeah,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li630">630</a><div class="line">wl-rēow wiga t Wealhþēon,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note631">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li631"></a>and þā gyddode gūðe gefȳsed,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li632"></a>Bēowulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþēowes:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li633"></a>"Ic þt hogode, þā ic on holm gestāh,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li634"></a>"sǣ-bāt gest mid mīnra secga gedriht,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li635">635</a><div class="line">"þt ic ānunga ēowra lēoda</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li636"></a>"willan geworhte, oððe on wl crunge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li637"></a>"fēond-grāpum fst. Ic gefremman sceal</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li638"></a>"eorlīc ellen, oððe ende-dg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li639"></a>"on þisse meodu-healle mīnne gebīdan."</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li640">640</a><div class="line">Þām wīfe þā word wēl līcodon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li641"></a>gilp-cwide Gēates; ēode gold-hroden</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li642"></a>frēolīcu folc-cwēn tō hire frēan sittan.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li643"></a>Þā ws eft swā ǣr inne on healle</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li644"></a>þrȳð-word sprecen, þēod on sǣlum,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li645">645</a><div class="line">sige-folca swēg, oð þt semninga</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li646"></a>sunu Healfdenes sēcean wolde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li647"></a>ǣfen-rste; wiste <i>t</i> þǣm āhlǣcan</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note648">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li648"></a>tō þǣm hēah-sele hilde geþinged,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li649"></a>siððan hīe sunnan lēoht gesēon <i>ne</i> meahton,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note650">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li650">650</a><div class="line">oððe nīpende niht ofer ealle,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note651">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li651"></a>scadu-helma gesceapu scrīðan cwōman,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li652"></a>wan under wolcnum. Werod eall ārās.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li653"></a>Grētte þā <i>giddum</i> guma ōðerne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li654"></a>Hrōðgār Bēowulf, and him hǣl ābēad,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li655">655</a><div class="line">wīn-rnes geweald and þt word ācwð:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li656"></a>"Nǣfre ic ǣnegum men ǣr ālȳfde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li657"></a>"siððan ic hond and rond hebban mihte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li658"></a>"þrȳð-rn Dena būton þē nū þā.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note659">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li659"></a>"Hafa nū and geheald hūsa sēlest;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li660">660</a><div class="line">"gemyne mǣrðo, mgen-ellen cȳð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li661"></a>"waca wið wrāðum! Ne bið þē wilna gād,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li662"></a>"gif þū þt ellen-weorc aldre gedīgest."</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXI"></a><h2>XI. THE WATCH FOR GRENDEL.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li663"></a>Þā him Hrōðgār gewāt mid his hleða gedryht,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li664"></a>eodur Scyldinga ūt of healle;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li665">665</a><div class="line">wolde wīg-fruma Wealhþēo sēcan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li666"></a>cwēn tō gebeddan Hfde kyninga wuldor</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li667"></a>Grendle tō-gēanes, swā guman gefrungon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li668"></a>sele-weard āseted, sundor-nytte behēold</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li669"></a>ymb aldor Dena, eoton weard ābēad;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li670">670</a><div class="line">hūru Gēata lēod georne truwode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li671"></a>mōdgan mgnes, metodes hyldo.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li672"></a>Þā hē him of dyde īsern-byrnan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li673"></a>helm of hafelan, sealde his hyrsted sweord,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li674"></a>īrena cyst ombiht-þegne,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li675">675</a><div class="line">and gehealdan hēt hilde-geatwe.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li676"></a>Gesprc þā se gōda gylp-worda sum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li677"></a>Bēowulf Gēata, ǣr hē on bed stige:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li678"></a>"Nō ic mē an here-wǣsmum hnāgran talige</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li679"></a>"gūð-geweorca, þonne Grendel hine;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li680">680</a><div class="line">"forþan ic hine sweorde swebban nelle,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note681">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li681"></a>"aldre benēotan, þēah ic eal mǣge.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note682">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li682"></a>"Nāt hē þāra gōda, þt hē mē on-gēan slēa,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li683"></a>"rand gehēawe, þēah þe hē rōf sīe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li684"></a>"nīð-geweorca; ac wit on niht sculon</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li685">685</a><div class="line">"secge ofersittan, gif hē gesēcean dear</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li686"></a>"wīg ofer wǣpen, and siððan wītig god</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li687"></a>"on swā hwðere hond hālig dryhten</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li688"></a>"mǣrðo dēme, swā him gemet þince."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li689"></a>Hylde hine þā heaðo-dēor, hlēor-bolster onfēng</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li690">690</a><div class="line">eorles andwlitan; and hine ymb monig</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li691"></a>snellīc sǣ-rinc sele-reste gebēah.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li692"></a>Nǣnig heora þōhte þt hē þanon scolde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li693"></a>eft eard-lufan ǣfre gesēcean,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li694"></a>folc oððe frēo-burh, þǣr hē āfēded ws,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note695">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li695">695</a><div class="line">ac hīe hfdon gefrūnen, þt hīe ǣr tō fela micles</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li696"></a>in þǣm wīn-sele wl-dēað fornam,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li697"></a>Denigea lēode. Ac him dryhten forgeaf</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note698">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li698"></a>wīg-spēda gewiofu, Wedera lēodum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li699"></a>frōfor and fultum, þt hīe fēond heora</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li700">700</a><div class="line">þurh ānes crft ealle ofercōmon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li701"></a>selfes mihtum: sōð is gecȳðed,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li702"></a>þt mihtig god manna cynnes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li703"></a>wēold wīde-ferhð. Cōm on wanre niht</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li704"></a>scrīðan sceadu-genga. Scēotend swǣfon,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li705">705</a><div class="line">þā þt horn-reced healdan scoldon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li706"></a>ealle būton ānum. Þt ws yldum cūð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li707"></a>þt hīe ne mōste, þā metod nolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li708"></a>se syn-scaða under sceadu bregdan;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li709"></a>ac hē wccende wrāðum on andan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li710">710</a><div class="line">bād bolgen-mōd beadwa geþinges.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXII"></a><h2>XII. GRENDEL'S RAID.</h2> + +<a class="nref" href="#note711">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li711"></a>Þā cōm of mōre under mist-hleoðum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li712"></a>Grendel gongan, godes yrre br.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li713"></a>Mynte se mān-scaða manna cynnes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li714"></a>sumne besyrwan in sele þām hēan;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li715">715</a><div class="line">wōd under wolcnum, tō þs þe hē wīn-reced,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li716"></a>gold-sele gumena, gearwost wisse</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note717">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li717"></a>fǣttum fāhne. Ne ws þt forma sīð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li718"></a>þt hē Hrōðgāres hām gesōhte:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li719"></a>nǣfre hē on aldor-dagum ǣr nē siððan</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note720">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li720">720</a><div class="line">heardran hle, heal-þegnas fand!</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li721"></a>Cōm þā tō recede rinc sīðian</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li722"></a>drēamum bedǣled. Duru sōna onarn</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note723">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li723"></a>fȳr-bendum fst, syððan hē hire folmum hrān;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li724"></a>onbrd þā bealo-hȳdig, þā <i>hē</i> ābolgen ws,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li725">725</a><div class="line">recedes mūðan. Raðe fter þon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li726"></a>on fāgne flōr fēond treddode,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note727">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li727"></a>ēode yrre-mōd; him of ēagum stōd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li728"></a>līge gelīcost lēoht unfǣger.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li729"></a>Geseah hē in recede rinca manige,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li730">730</a><div class="line">swefan sibbe-gedriht samod tgdere,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li731"></a>mago-rinca hēap: þā his mōd āhlōg,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li732"></a>mynte þt hē gedǣlde, ǣr þon dg cwōme,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li733"></a>atol āglǣca, ānra gehwylces</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li734"></a>līf wið līce, þā him ālumpen ws</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li735">735</a><div class="line">wist-fylle wēn. Ne ws þt wyrd þā gēn,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li736"></a>þt hē mā mōste manna cynnes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li737"></a>þicgean ofer þā niht. Þrȳð-swȳð behēold</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li738"></a>mǣg Higelāces, hū se mān-scaða</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li739"></a>under fǣr-gripum gefaran wolde.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li740">740</a><div class="line">Nē þt se āglǣca yldan þōhte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li741"></a>ac hē gefēng hraðe forman siðe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li742"></a>slǣpendne rinc, slāt unwearnum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li743"></a>bāt bān-locan, blōd ēdrum dranc,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li744"></a>syn-snǣdum swealh: sōna hfde</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li745">745</a><div class="line">unlyfigendes eal gefeormod</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li746"></a>fēt and folma. Forð nēar tstōp,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li747"></a>nam þā mid handa hige-þīhtigne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li748"></a>rinc on rste; rǣhte ongēan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li749"></a>fēond mid folme, hē onfēng hraðe</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li750">750</a><div class="line">inwit-þancum and wið earm gest.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li751"></a>Sōna þt onfunde fyrena hyrde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li752"></a>þt hē ne mētte middan-geardes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li753"></a>eorðan scēata on elran men</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li754"></a>mund-gripe māran: hē on mōde wearð</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li755">755</a><div class="line">forht on ferhðe, nō þȳ ǣr fram meahte;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li756"></a>hyge ws him hin-fūs, wolde on heolster flēon,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note757">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li757"></a>sēcan dēofla gedrg: ne ws his drohtoð þǣr,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li758"></a>swylce hē on ealder-dagum ǣr gemētte.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note759">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li759"></a>Gemunde þā se gōda mǣg Higelāces</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li760">760</a><div class="line">ǣfen-sprǣce, up-lang āstōd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li761"></a>and him fste wiðfēng. Fingras burston;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note762">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li762"></a>eoten ws ūt-weard, eorl furður stōp.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li763"></a>Mynte se mǣra, þǣr hē meahte swā,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li764"></a>wīdre gewindan and on weg þanon</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li765">765</a><div class="line">flēon on fen-hopu; wiste his fingra geweald</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li766"></a>on grames grāpum. Þt ws gēocor sīð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li767"></a>þt se hearm-scaða tō Heorute ātēah:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li768"></a>dryht-sele dynede, Denum eallum wearð,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note769">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li769"></a>ceaster-būendum, cēnra gehwylcum,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note770">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li770">770</a><div class="line">eorlum ealu-scerwen. Yrre wǣron bēgen,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note771">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li771"></a>rēðe rēn-weardas. Reced hlynsode;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li772"></a>þā ws wundor micel, þt se wīn-sele</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li773"></a>wiðhfde heaðo-dēorum, þt hē on hrūsan ne fēol,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li774"></a>fǣger fold-bold; ac hē þs fste ws</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li775">775</a><div class="line">innan and ūtan īren-bendum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li776"></a>searo-þoncum besmiðod. Þǣr fram sylle ābēag</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li777"></a>medu-benc monig mīne gefrǣge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li778"></a>golde geregnad, þǣr þā graman wunnon;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li779"></a>þs ne wēndon ǣr witan Scyldinga,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li780">780</a><div class="line">þt hit ā mid gemete manna ǣnig</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li781"></a>betlīc and bān-fāg tōbrecan meahte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li782"></a>listum tōlūcan, nymðe līges fðm</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li783"></a>swulge on swaðule. Swēg up āstāg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li784"></a>nīwe geneahhe; Norð-Denum stōd</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li785">785</a><div class="line">atelīc egesa ānra gehwylcum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li786"></a>þāra þe of wealle wōp gehȳrdon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li787"></a>gryre-lēoð galan godes andsacan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li788"></a>sige-lēasne sang, sār wānigean</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li789"></a>helle hftan. Hēold hine tō fste</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li790">790</a><div class="line">sē þe manna ws mgene strengest</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li791"></a>on þǣm dge þysses līfes.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXIII"></a><h2>XIII. BĒOWULF TEARS OFF GRENDEL'S ARM.</h2> + +<a class="nref" href="#note792">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li792"></a>Nolde eorla hlēo ǣnige þinga</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li793"></a>þone cwealm-cuman cwicne forlǣtan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li794"></a>nē his līf-dagas lēoda ǣnigum</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li795">795</a><div class="line">nytte tealde. Þǣr genehost brgd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li796"></a>eorl Bēowulfes ealde lāfe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li797"></a>wolde frēa-drihtnes feorh ealgian</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li798"></a>mǣres þēodnes, þǣr hīe meahton swā;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li799"></a>hīe þt ne wiston, þā hīe gewin drugon,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li800">800</a><div class="line">heard-hicgende hilde-mecgas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li801"></a>and on healfa gehwone hēawan þōhton,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li802"></a>sāwle sēcan, <i>þt</i> þone syn-scaðan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li803"></a>ǣnig ofer eorðan īrenna cyst,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li804"></a>gūð-billa nān grētan nolde;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li805">805</a><div class="line">ac hē sige-wǣpnum forsworen hfde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li806"></a>ecga gehwylcre. Scolde his aldor-gedāl</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li807"></a>on þǣm dge þysses līfes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li808"></a>earmlīc wurðan and se ellor-gāst</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li809"></a>on fēonda geweald feor sīðian.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li810">810</a><div class="line">Þā þt onfunde sē þe fela ǣror</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note811">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li811"></a>mōdes myrðe manna cynne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li812"></a>fyrene gefremede (hē <i>ws</i> fāg wið god)</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li813"></a>þt him se līc-homa lǣstan nolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li814"></a>ac hine se mōdega mǣg Hygelāces</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li815">815</a><div class="line">hfde be honda; ws gehwðer ōðrum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li816"></a>lifigende lāð. Līc-sār gebād</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li817"></a>atol ǣglǣca, him on eaxle wearð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li818"></a>syn-dolh sweotol, seonowe onsprungon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li819"></a>burston bān-locan. Bēowulfe wearð</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li820">820</a><div class="line">gūð-hrēð gyfeðe; scolde Grendel þonan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li821"></a>feorh-sēoc flēon under fen-hleoðu,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li822"></a>sēcean wyn-lēas wīc; wiste þē geornor,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li823"></a>þt his aldres ws ende gegongen,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li824"></a>dōgera dg-rīm. Denum eallum wearð</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li825">825</a><div class="line">fter þām wl-rǣse willa gelumpen.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li826"></a>Hfde þā gefǣlsod, sē þe ǣr feorran cōm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li827"></a>snotor and swȳð-ferhð sele Hrōðgāres,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li828"></a>genered wið nīðe. Niht-weorce gefeh,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li829"></a>ellen-mǣrðum; hfde Ēast-Denum</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li830">830</a><div class="line">Gēat-mecga lēod gilp gelǣsted,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li831"></a>swylce oncȳððe ealle gebētte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li832"></a>inwid-sorge, þē hīe ǣr drugon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li833"></a>and for þrēa-nȳdum þolian scoldon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li834"></a>torn unlȳtel. Þt ws tācen sweotol,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li835">835</a><div class="line">syððan hilde-dēor hond ālegde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li836"></a>earm and eaxle (þǣr ws eal geador</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li837"></a>Grendles grāpe) under gēapne hr<i>ōf</i>.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXIV"></a><h2>XIV. THE JOY AT HEOROT.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li838"></a>Þā ws on morgen mīne gefrǣge</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li839"></a>ymb þā gif-healle gūð-rinc monig:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li840">840</a><div class="line">fērdon folc-togan feorran and nēan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li841"></a>geond wīd-wegas wundor scēawian,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li842"></a>lāðes lāstas. Nō his līf-gedāl</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li843"></a>sārlīc þūhte secga ǣnegum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li844"></a>þāra þe tīr-lēases trode scēawode,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li845">845</a><div class="line">hū hē wērig-mōd on weg þanon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li846"></a>nīða ofercumen, on nicera mere</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li847"></a>fǣge and geflȳmed feorh-lāstas br.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li848"></a>Þǣr ws on blōde brim weallende,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li849"></a>atol ȳða geswing eal gemenged</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note850">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li850">850</a><div class="line">hātan heolfre, heoro-drēore wēol;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li851"></a>dēað-fǣge dēog, siððan drēama lēas</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li852"></a>in fen-freoðo feorh ālegde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li853"></a>hǣðene sāwle, þǣr him hel onfēng.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li854"></a>Þanon eft gewiton eald-gesīðas,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li855">855</a><div class="line">swylce geong manig of gomen-wāðe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li856"></a>fram mere mōdge, mēarum rīdan,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note857">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li857"></a>beornas on blancum. Þǣr ws Bēowulfes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li858"></a>mǣrðo mǣned; monig oft gecwð,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note859">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li859"></a>þtte sūð nē norð be sǣm tweonum</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li860">860</a><div class="line">ofer eormen-grund ōðer nǣnig</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li861"></a>under swegles begong sēlra nǣre</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li862"></a>rond-hbbendra, rīces wyrðra.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li863"></a>Nē hīe hūru wine-drihten wiht ne lōgon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li864"></a>gldne Hrōðgār, ac þt ws gōd cyning.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note865">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li865">865</a><div class="line">Hwīlum heaðo-rōfe hlēapan lēton,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li866"></a>on geflīt faran fealwe mēaras,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li867"></a>þǣr him fold-wegas fgere þūhton,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note868">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li868"></a>cystum cūðe; hwīlum cyninges þegn,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li869"></a>guma gilp-hlden gidda gemyndig,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li870">870</a><div class="line">sē þe eal-fela eald-gesegena</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note871">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li871"></a>worn gemunde, word ōðer fand</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note872">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li872"></a>sōðe gebunden: secg eft ongan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li873"></a>sīð Bēowulfes snyttrum styrian</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li874"></a>and on spēd wrecan spel gerāde,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li875">875</a><div class="line">wordum wrixlan, wēl-hwylc gecwð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li876"></a>þt hē fram Sigemunde secgan hȳrde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li877"></a>ellen-dǣdum, uncūðes fela,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note878">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li878"></a>Wlsinges gewin, wīde sīðas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li879"></a>þāra þe gumena bearn gearwe ne wiston,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li880">880</a><div class="line">fǣhðe and fyrene, būton Fitela mid hine,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li881"></a>þonne hē swylces hwt secgan wolde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li882"></a>ēam his nefan, swā hīe ā wǣron</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li883"></a>t nīða gehwām nȳd-gesteallan:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li884"></a>hfdon eal-fela eotena cynnes</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li885">885</a><div class="line">sweordum gesǣged. Sigemunde gesprong</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li886"></a>fter dēað-dge dōm unlȳtel,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li887"></a>syððan wīges heard wyrm ācwealde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li888"></a>hordes hyrde; hē under hārne stān,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li889"></a>ðelinges bearn, āna genēðde</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li890">890</a><div class="line">frēcne dǣde; ne ws him Fitela mid.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li891"></a>Hwðre him gesǣlde, þt þt swurd þurhwōd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li892"></a>wrǣtlīcne wyrm, þt hit on wealle tstōd,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li893"></a>dryhtlīc īren; draca morðre swealt.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note894">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li894"></a>Hfde āglǣca elne gegongen,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note895">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li895">895</a><div class="line">þt hē bēah-hordes brūcan mōste</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li896"></a>selfes dōme: sǣ-bāt gehlōd,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li897"></a>br on bearm scipes beorhte frtwa,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note898">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li898"></a>Wlses eafera; wyrm hāt gemealt.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li899"></a>Sē ws wreccena wīde mǣrost</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li900">900</a><div class="line">ofer wer-þēode, wīgendra hlēo</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note901">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li901"></a>ellen-dǣdum: hē þs āron þāh.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note902">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li902"></a>Siððan Heremōdes hild sweðrode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li903"></a>eafoð and ellen. Hē mid eotenum wearð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li904"></a>on fēonda geweald forð forlācen,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li905">905</a><div class="line">snūde forsended. Hine sorh-wylmas</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note906">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li906"></a>lemede tō lange, hē his lēodum wearð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li907"></a>eallum ðelingum tō aldor-ceare;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li908"></a>swylce oft bemearn ǣrran mǣlum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li909"></a>swīð-ferhðes sīð snotor ceorl monig,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li910">910</a><div class="line">sē þe him bealwa tō bōte gelȳfde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li911"></a>þt þt þēodnes bearn geþēon scolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li912"></a>fder-ðelum onfōn, folc gehealdan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li913"></a>hord and hlēo-burh, hleða rīce,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li914"></a>ēðel Scyldinga. Hē þǣr eallum wearð,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li915">915</a><div class="line">mǣg Higelāces manna cynne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li916"></a>frēondum gefgra; hine fyren onwōd.</div> + +<a class="nref" href="#note917">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li917"></a>Hwīlum flītende fealwe strǣte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li918"></a>mēarum mǣton. Þā ws morgen-lēoht</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li919"></a>scofen and scynded. Ēode scealc monig</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li920">920</a><div class="line">swīð-hicgende tō sele þām hēan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li921"></a>searo-wundor sēon, swylce self cyning,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li922"></a>of brȳd-būre bēah-horda weard,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li923"></a>tryddode tīr-fst getrume micle,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li924"></a>cystum gecȳðed, and his cwēn mid him</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note925">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li925">925</a><div class="line">medo-stīg gemt mgða hōse.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXV"></a><h2>XV. HROTHGAR'S GRATULATION.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li926"></a>Hrōðgār maðelode (hē tō healle gēong,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note927">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li927"></a>stōd on stapole, geseah stēapne hrōf</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li928"></a>golde fāhne and Grendles hond):</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li929"></a>"þisse ansȳne al-wealdan þanc</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li930">930</a><div class="line">"lungre gelimpe! Fela ic lāðes gebād,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note931">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li931"></a>"grynna t Grendle: ā mg god wyrcan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li932"></a>"wunder fter wundre, wuldres hyrde!</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li933"></a>"Þt ws ungeāra, þt ic ǣnigra mē</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li934"></a>"wēana ne wēnde tō wīdan feore</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li935">935</a><div class="line">"bōte gebīdan þonne blōde fāh</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li936"></a>"hūsa sēlest heoro-drēorig stōd;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note937">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li937"></a>"wēa wīd-scofen witena gehwylcne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li938"></a>"þāra þe ne wēndon, þt hīe wīde-ferhð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li939"></a>"lēoda land-geweorc lāðum beweredon</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note940">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li940">940</a><div class="line">"scuccum and scinnum. Nū scealc hafað</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li941"></a>"þurh drihtnes miht dǣd gefremede,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li942"></a>"þē wē ealle ǣr ne meahton</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li943"></a>"snyttrum besyrwan. Hwt! þt secgan mg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li944"></a>"efne swā hwylc mgða, swā þone magan cende</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li945">945</a><div class="line">"fter gum-cynnum, gyf hēo gȳt lyfað,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li946"></a>"þt hyre eald-metod ēste wǣre</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li947"></a>"bearn-gebyrdo. Nū ic Bēowulf</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li948"></a>"þec, secg betsta, mē for sunu wylle</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li949"></a>"frēogan on ferhðe; heald forð tela</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li950">950</a><div class="line">"nīwe sibbe. Ne bið þē nǣnigra gād</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li951"></a>"worolde wilna, þē ic geweald hbbe.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li952"></a>"Ful-oft ic for lǣssan lēan teohhode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li953"></a>"hord-weorðunge hnāhran rince,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li954"></a>"sǣmran t scce. Þū þē self hafast</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li955">955</a><div class="line">"dǣdum gefremed, þt þīn <i>dōm</i> lyfað</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li956"></a>"āwa tō aldre. Alwalda þec</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li957"></a>"gōde forgylde, swā hē nū gȳt dyde!"</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li958"></a>Bēowulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþēowes:</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note959">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li959"></a>"Wē þt ellen-weorc ēstum miclum,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li960">960</a><div class="line">"feohtan fremedon, frēcne genēðdon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li961"></a>"eafoð uncūðes; ūðe ic swīðor,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li962"></a>"þt þū hinc selfne gesēon mōste,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note963">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li963"></a>"fēond on frtewum fyl-wērigne!</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li964"></a>"Ic hine hrdlīce heardan clammum</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li965">965</a><div class="line">"on wl-bedde wrīðan þōhte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li966"></a>"þt hē for mund-gripe mīnum scolde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li967"></a>"licgean līf-bysig, būtan his līc swice;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li968"></a>"ic hine ne mihte, þā metod nolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li969"></a>"ganges getwǣman, nō ic him þs georne tfealh,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li970">970</a><div class="line">"feorh-genīðlan; ws tō fore-mihtig</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li971"></a>"fēond on fēðe. Hwðere hē his folme forlēt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li972"></a>"tō līf-wraðe lāst weardian,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li973"></a>"earm and eaxle; nō þǣr ǣnige swā þēah</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li974"></a>"fēa-sceaft guma frōfre gebohte:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li975">975</a><div class="line">"nō þȳ leng leofað lāð-getēona</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note976">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li976"></a>"synnum geswenced, ac hyne sār hafað</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li977"></a>"in nȳd-gripe nearwe befongen,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li978"></a>"balwon bendum: þǣr ābīdan sceal</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li979"></a>"maga māne fāh miclan dōmes,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li980">980</a><div class="line">"hū him scīr metod scrīfan wille."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li981"></a>Þā ws swīgra secg, sunu Ecglāfes,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li982"></a>on gylp-sprǣce gūð-geweorca,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li983"></a>siððan ðelingas eorles crfte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li984"></a>ofer hēahne hrōf hand scēawedon,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li985">985</a><div class="line">fēondes fingras, foran ǣghwylc;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note986">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li986"></a>ws stēde ngla gehwylc, stȳle gelīcost,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note987">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li987"></a>hǣðenes hand-sporu hilde-rinces</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note988">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li988"></a>egle unhēoru; ǣg-hwylc gecwð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li989"></a>þt him heardra nān hrīnan wolde</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li990">990</a><div class="line">īren ǣr-gōd, þt þs āhlǣcan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li991"></a>blōdge beadu-folme onberan wolde.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXVI"></a><h2>XVI. THE BANQUET AND THE GIFTS.</h2> + +<a class="nref" href="#note992">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li992"></a>Þā ws hāten hreðe Heort innan-weard</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li993"></a>folmum gefrtwod: fela þǣra ws</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li994"></a>wera and wīfa, þē þt wīn-reced,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note995">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li995">995</a><div class="line">gest-sele gyredon. Gold-fāg scinon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li996"></a>web fter wāgum, wundor-sīona fela</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note997">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li997"></a>secga gehwylcum þāra þe on swylc starað</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note998">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li998"></a>Ws þt beorhte bold tōbrocen swīðe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li999"></a>eal inne-weard īren-bendum fst,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1000">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1000">1000</a><div class="line">heorras tōhlidene; hrōf āna gens</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1001"></a>ealles ansund, þā se āglǣca</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1002"></a>fyren-dǣdum fāg on flēam gewand,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1003"></a>aldres or-wēna. Nō þt ȳðe byð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1004"></a>tō beflēonne (fremme sē þe wille!)</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1005">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1005">1005</a><div class="line">ac gesacan sceal sāwl-berendra</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1006"></a>nȳde genȳdde niðða bearna</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1007"></a>grund-būendra gearwe stōwe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1008"></a>þǣr his līc-homa leger-bedde fst</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1009">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1009"></a>swefeð fter symle. Þā ws sǣl and mǣl,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1010">1010</a><div class="line">þt tō healle gang Healfdenes sunu;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1011"></a>wolde self cyning symbel þicgan.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1012">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1012"></a>Ne gefrgen ic þā mǣgðe māran weorode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1013"></a>ymb hyra sinc-gyfan sēl gebǣran.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1014">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1014"></a>Bugon þā tō bence blǣd-āgende,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1015">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1015">1015</a><div class="line">fylle gefǣgon. Fgere geþǣgon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1016"></a>medo-ful manig māgas þāra</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1017"></a>swīð-hicgende on sele þām hēan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1018"></a>Hrōðgār and Hrōðulf. Heorot innan ws</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1019"></a>frēondum āfylled; nalles fācen-stafas</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1020">1020</a><div class="line">Þēod-Scyldingas þenden fremedon.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1021"></a>Forgeaf þā Bēowulfe bearn Healfdenes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1022"></a>segen gyldenne sigores tō lēane,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1023"></a>hroden hilte-cumbor, helm and byrnan;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1024">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1024"></a>mǣre māððum-sweord manige gesāwon</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1025">1025</a><div class="line">beforan beorn beran. Bēowulf geþah</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1026"></a>ful on flette; nō hē þǣre feoh-gyfte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1027"></a>for scēotendum scamigan þorfte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1028"></a>ne gefrgn ic frēondlīcor fēower mādmas</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1029"></a>golde gegyrede gum-manna fela</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1030">1030</a><div class="line">in ealo-bence ōðrum gesellan.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1031"></a>Ymb þs helmes hrōf hēafod-beorge</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1032"></a>wīrum bewunden walan ūtan hēold,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1033"></a>þt him fēla lāfe frēcne ne meahton</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1034">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1034"></a>scūr-heard sceððan, þonne scyld-freca</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1035">1035</a><div class="line">ongēan gramum gangan scolde.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1036"></a>Heht þā eorla hlēo eahta mēaras,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1037"></a>fǣted-hlēore, on flet tēon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1038"></a>in under eoderas; þāra ānum stōd</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1039">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1039"></a>sadol searwum fāh since gewurðad,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1040">1040</a><div class="line">þt ws hilde-setl hēah-cyninges,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1041"></a>þonne sweorda gelāc sunu Healfdenes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1042"></a>efnan wolde; nǣfre on ōre lg</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1043">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1043"></a>wīd-cūðes wīg, þonne walu fēollon.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1044">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1044"></a>And þā Bēowulfe bēga gehwðres</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1045">1045</a><div class="line">eodor Ingwina onweald getēah,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1046"></a>wicga and wǣpna; hēt hine wēl brūcan.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1047"></a>Swā manlīce mǣre þēoden,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1048"></a>hord-weard hleða heaðo-rǣsas geald</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1049"></a>mēarum and mādmum, swā hȳ nǣfre man lyhð,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1050">1050</a><div class="line">sē þe secgan wile sōð fter rihte.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXVII"></a><h2>XVII. SONG OF HROTHGAR'S POET—THE LAY OF HNAEF AND HENGEST.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li1051"></a>Þā gȳt ǣghwylcum eorla drihten</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1052"></a>þāra þe mid Bēowulfe brim-lāde tēah,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1053"></a>on þǣre medu-bence māððum gesealde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1054"></a>yrfe-lāfe, and þone ǣnne heht</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1055">1055</a><div class="line">golde forgyldan, þone þe Grendel ǣr</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1056"></a>māne ācwealde, swā hē hyra mā wolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1057"></a>nefne him wītig god wyrd forstōde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1058"></a>and þs mannes mōd: metod eallum wēold</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1059"></a>gumena cynnes, swā hē nū gīt dēð;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1060">1060</a><div class="line">forþan bið andgit ǣghwǣr sēlest,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1061"></a>ferhðes fore-þanc! fela sceal gebīdan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1062"></a>lēofes and lāðes, sē þe longe hēr</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1063"></a>on þyssum win-dagum worolde brūceð.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1064"></a>Þǣr ws sang and swēg samod tgdere</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1065">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1065">1065</a><div class="line">fore Healfdenes hilde-wīsan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1066"></a>gomen-wudu grēted, gid oft wrecen,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1067"></a>þonne heal-gamen Hrōðgāres scop</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1068"></a>fter medo-bence mǣnan scolde</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1069">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1069"></a>Finnes eaferum, þā hīe se fǣr begeat:</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1070">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1070">1070</a><div class="line">"Hleð Healfdenes, Hnf Scyldinga,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1071"></a>"in Fr..es wle feallan scolde.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1072"></a>"Nē hūru Hildeburh herian þorfte</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1073">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1073"></a>"Eotena trēowe: unsynnum wearð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1074"></a>"beloren lēofum t þām lind-plegan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1075">1075</a><div class="line">"bearnum and brōðrum; hīe on gebyrd hruron</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1076"></a>"gāre wunde; þt ws geōmuru ides.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1077"></a>"Nalles hōlinga Hōces dōhtor</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1078"></a>"meotod-sceaft bemearn, syððan morgen cōm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1079"></a>"þā hēo under swegle gesēon meahte</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1080">1080</a><div class="line">"morðor-bealo māga, þǣr hēo ǣr mǣste hēold</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1081"></a>"worolde wynne: wīg ealle fornam</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1082"></a>"Finnes þegnas, nemne fēaum ānum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1083"></a>"þt hē ne mehte on þǣm meðel-stede</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1084">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1084"></a>"wīg Hengeste wiht gefeohtan,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1085">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1085">1085</a><div class="line">"nē þā wēa-lāfe wīge forþringan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1086"></a>"þōodnes þegne; ac hig him geþingo budon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1087"></a>"þt hīe him ōðer flet eal gerȳmdon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1088"></a>"healle and hēah-setl, þt hīe healfre geweald</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1089"></a>"wið Eotena bearn āgan mōston,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1090">1090</a><div class="line">"and t feoh-gyftum Folcwaldan sunu</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1091"></a>"dōgra gehwylce Dene weorðode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1092"></a>"Hengestes hēap hringum wenede,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1093"></a>"efne swā swīðe sinc-gestrēonum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1094"></a>"fǣttan goldes, swā hē Frēsena cyn</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1095">1095</a><div class="line">"on bēor-sele byldan wolde.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1096"></a>"Þā hīe getruwedon on twā healfa</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1097"></a>"fste frioðu-wǣre; Fin Hengeste</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1098">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1098"></a>"elne unflitme āðum benemde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1099"></a>"þt hē þā wēa-lāfe weotena dōme</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1100">1100</a><div class="line">"ārum heolde, þt þǣr ǣnig mon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1101"></a>"wordum nē worcum wǣre ne brǣce,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1102"></a>"nē þurh inwit-searo ǣfre gemǣnden,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1103"></a>"þēah hīe hira bēag-gyfan banan folgedon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1104"></a>"þēoden-lēase, þā him swā geþearfod ws:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1105">1105</a><div class="line">"gyf þonne Frȳsna hwylc frēcnan sprǣce</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1106">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1106"></a>"þs morðor-hetes myndgiend wǣre,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1107"></a>"þonne hit sweordes ecg syððan scolde.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1108">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1108"></a>"Āð ws gefned and icge gold</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1109"></a>"āhfen of horde. Here-Scyldinga</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1110">1110</a><div class="line">"betst beado-rinca ws on bǣl gearu;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1111"></a>"t þǣm āde ws ēð-gesȳne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1112"></a>"swāt-fāh syrce, swȳn eal-gylden,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1113"></a>"eofer īren-heard, ðeling manig</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1114"></a>"wundum āwyrded; sume on wle crungon.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1115">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1115">1115</a><div class="line">"Hēt þā Hildeburh t Hnfes āde</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1116">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1116"></a>"hire selfre sunu sweoloðe befstan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1117"></a>"bān-fatu brnan and on bǣl dōn.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1118"></a>"Earme on eaxle ides gnornode,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1119">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1119"></a>"geōmrode giddum; gūð-rinc āstāh.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1120">1120</a><div class="line">"Wand tō wolcnum wl-fȳra mǣst,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1121"></a>"hlynode for hlāwe; hafelan multon,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1122">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1122"></a>"ben-geato burston, þonne blōd tspranc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1123"></a>"lāð-bite līces. Līg ealle forswealg,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1124"></a>"gǣsta gīfrost, þāra þe þǣr gūð fornam</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1125">1125</a><div class="line">"bēga folces; ws hira blǣd scacen.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXVIII"></a><h2>XVIII. THE GLEEMAN'S TALE IS ENDED.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li1126"></a>"Gewiton him þā wīgend wīca nēosian,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1127"></a>"frēondum befeallen Frȳsland gesēon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1128"></a>"hāmas and hēa-burh. Hengest þā gȳt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1129"></a>"wl-fāgne winter wunode mid Finne</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1130">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1130">1130</a><div class="line">"<i>ealles</i> unhlitme; eard gemunde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1131"></a>"þēah þe hē <i>ne</i> meahte on mere drīfan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1132"></a>"hringed-stefnan; holm storme wēol,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1133"></a>"won wið winde; winter ȳðe belēac</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1134"></a>"īs-gebinde oð þt ōðer cōm</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1135">1135</a><div class="line">"geār in geardas, swā nū gȳt dēð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1136"></a>"þā þe syngales sēle bewitiað,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1137">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1137"></a>"wuldor-torhtan weder. Þā ws winter scacen,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1138"></a>"fger foldan bearm; fundode wrecca,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1139"></a>"gist of geardum; hē tō gyrn-wrce</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1140">1140</a><div class="line">"swīðor þōhte, þonne tō sǣ-lāde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1141"></a>"gif hē torn-gemōt þurhtēon mihte,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1142">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1142"></a>"þt hē Eotena bearn inne gemunde.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1143">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1143"></a>"Swā hē ne forwyrnde worold-rǣdenne,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1144">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1144"></a>"þonne him Hūnlāfing hilde-lēoman,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1145">1145</a><div class="line">"billa sēlest, on bearm dyde:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1146"></a>"þs wǣron mid Eotenum ecge cūðe.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1147"></a>"Swylce ferhð-frecan Fin eft begeat</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1148"></a>"sweord-bealo slīðen t his selfes hām,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1149"></a>"siððan grimne gripe Gūðlaf ond Ōslāf</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1150">1150</a><div class="line">"fter sǣ-siðe sorge mǣndon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1151"></a>"twiton wēana dǣl; ne meahte wǣfre mōd</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1152">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1152"></a>"forhabban in hreðre. Þā ws heal hroden</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1153"></a>"fēonda fēorum, swilce Fin slgen,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1154"></a>"cyning on corðre, and sēo cwēn numen.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1155">1155</a><div class="line">"Scēotend Scyldinga tō scypum feredon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1156"></a>"eal in-gesteald eorð-cyninges,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1157"></a>"swylce hīe t Finnes hām findan meahton</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1158"></a>"sigla searo-gimma. Hīe on sǣ-lāde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1159"></a>"drihtlīce wīf tō Denum feredon,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1160">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1160">1160</a><div class="line">"lǣddon tō lēodum." Lēoð ws āsungen,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1161"></a>glēo-mannes gyd. Gamen eft āstāh,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1162">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1162"></a>beorhtode benc-swēg, byrelas sealdon</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1163">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1163"></a>wīn of wunder-fatum. Þā cwōm Wealhþēo forð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1164"></a>gān under gyldnum bēage, þǣr þā gōdan twēgen</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1165">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1165">1165</a><div class="line">sǣton suhter-gefderan; þā gȳt ws hiera sib tgdere</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1166"></a>ǣghwylc ōðrum trȳwe. Swylce þǣr Unferð þyle</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1167">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1167"></a>t fōtum st frēan Scyldinga: gehwylc hiora his ferhðe trēowde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1168"></a>þt hē hfde mōd micel, þēah þe hē his māgum nǣre</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1169"></a>ārfst t ecga gelācum. Sprc þā ides Scyldinga:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1170">1170</a><div class="line">"Onfōh þissum fulle, frēo-drihten mīn,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1171"></a>"sinces brytta; þū on sǣlum wes,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1172"></a>"gold-wine gumena, and tō Gēatum sprec</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1173"></a>"mildum wordum! Swā sceal man dōn.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1174"></a>"Bēo wið Gēatas gld, geofena gemyndig;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1175">1175</a><div class="line">"nēan and feorran þū nū <i>friðu</i> hafast.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1176"></a>"Mē man sgde, þt þū þē for sunu wolde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1177"></a>"here-rinc habban. Heorot is gefǣlsod,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1178"></a>"bēah-sele beorhta; brūc þenden þū mōte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1179"></a>"manigra mēda and þīnum māgum lǣf</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1180">1180</a><div class="line">"folc and rīce, þonne þū forð scyle</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1181"></a>"metod-sceaft sēon. Ic mīnne can</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1182"></a>"gldne Hrōðulf, þt hē þā geogoðe wile</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1183"></a>"ārum healdan, gyf þū ǣr þonne hē,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1184"></a>"wine Scildinga, worold oflǣtest;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1185">1185</a><div class="line">"wēne ic, þt hē mid gōde gyldan wille</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1186"></a>"uncran eaferan, gif hē þt eal gemon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1187"></a>"hwt wit tō willan and tō worð-myndum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1188"></a>"umbor wesendum ǣr ārna gefremedon."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1189"></a>Hwearf þā bī bence, þǣr hyre byre wǣron,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1190">1190</a><div class="line">Hrēðrīc and Hrōðmund, and hleða bearn,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1191">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1191"></a>giogoð tgdere; þǣr se gōda st</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1192">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1192"></a>Bēowulf Gēata be þǣm gebrōðrum twǣm.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXIX"></a><h2>XIX. BĒOWULF'S JEWELLED COLLAR. THE HEROES REST.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li1193"></a>Him ws ful boren and frēond-laðu</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1194">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1194"></a>wordum bewgned and wunden gold</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1195">1195</a><div class="line">ēstum geēawed, earm-hrēade twā,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1196">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1196"></a>hrgl and hringas, heals-bēaga mǣst</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1197"></a>þāra þe ic on foldan gefrgen hbbe.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1198"></a>Nǣnigne ic under swegle sēlran hȳrde</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1199">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1199"></a>hord-māððum hleða, syððan Hāma twg</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1200">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1200">1200</a><div class="line">tō þǣre byrhtan byrig Brōsinga mene,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1201"></a>sigle and sinc-ft, searo-nīðas fealh</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1202">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1202"></a>Eormenrīces, gecēas ēcne rǣd.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1203"></a>Þone hring hfde Higelāc Gēata,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1204"></a>nefa Swertinges, nȳhstan sīðe,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1205">1205</a><div class="line">siððan hē under segne sinc ealgode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1206"></a>wl-rēaf werede; hyne Wyrd fornam,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1207"></a>syððan hē for wlenco wēan āhsode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1208"></a>fǣhðe tō Frȳsum; hē þā frtwe wg,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1209"></a>eorclan-stānas ofer ȳða ful,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1210">1210</a><div class="line">rīce þēoden, hē under rande gecranc;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1211">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1211"></a>gehwearf þā in Francna fðm feorh cyninges,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1212"></a>brēost-gewǣdu and se bēah somod:</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1213">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1213"></a>wyrsan wīg-frecan wl rēafedon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1214"></a>fter gūð-sceare, Gēata lēode</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1215">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1215">1215</a><div class="line">hreā-wīc hēoldon. Heal swēge onfēng.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1216"></a>Wealhþēo maðelode, hēo fore þǣm werede sprc:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1217"></a>"Brūc þisses bēages, Bēowulf, lēofa</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1218"></a>"hyse, mid hǣle, and þisses hrgles nēot</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1219"></a>"þēod-gestrēona, and geþēoh tela,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1220">1220</a><div class="line">"cen þec mid crfte and þyssum cnyhtum wes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1221"></a>"lāra līðe! ic þē þs lēan geman.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1222"></a>"Hafast þū gefēred, þt þē feor and nēah</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1223"></a>"ealne wīde-ferhð weras ehtigað,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1224"></a>"efne swā sīde swā sǣ bebūgeð</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1225">1225</a><div class="line">"windige weallas. Wes, þenden þū lifige,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1226"></a>"ðeling ēadig! ic þē an tela</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1227">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1227"></a>"sinc-gestrēona. Bēo þū suna mīnum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1228"></a>"dǣdum gedēfe drēam healdende!</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1229">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1229"></a>"Hēr is ǣghwylc eorl ōðrum getrȳwe,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1230">1230</a><div class="line">"mōdes milde, man-drihtne hold,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1231"></a>"þegnas syndon geþwǣre, þēod eal gearo:</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1232">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1232"></a>"druncne dryht-guman, dōð swā ic bidde!"</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1233"></a>Ēode þā tō setle. Þǣr ws symbla cyst,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1234"></a>druncon wīn weras: wyrd ne cūðon,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1235">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1235">1235</a><div class="line">geō-sceaft grimme, swā hit āgangen wearð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1236"></a>eorla manegum, syððan ǣfen cwōm</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1237"></a>and him Hrōðgār gewāt tō hofe sīnum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1238"></a>rīce tō rste. Reced weardode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1239"></a>unrīm eorla, swā hīe oft ǣr dydon:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1240">1240</a><div class="line">benc-þelu beredon, hit geond-brǣded wearð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1241"></a>beddum and bolstrum. Bēor-scealca sum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1242"></a>fūs and fǣge flet-rste gebēag.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1243"></a>Setton him tō hēafdum hilde-randas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1244"></a>bord-wudu beorhtan; þǣr on bence ws</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1245">1245</a><div class="line">ofer ðelinge ȳð-gesēne</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1246">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1246"></a>heaðo-stēapa helm, hringed byrne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1247"></a>þrec-wudu þrymlīc. Ws þēaw hyra,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1248">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1248"></a>þt hīe oft wǣron an wīg gearwe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1249"></a>gē t hām gē on herge, gē gehwðer þāra</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1250">1250</a><div class="line">efne swylce mǣla, swylce hira man-dryhtne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1251"></a>þearf gesǣlde; ws sēo þēod tilu.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXX"></a><h2>XX. GRENDEL'S MOTHER ATTACKS THE RING-DANES.</h2> + +<a class="nref" href="#note1252">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1252"></a>Sigon þā tō slǣpe. Sum sāre angeald</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1253"></a>ǣfen-rste, swā him ful-oft gelamp,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1254">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1254"></a>siððan gold-sele Grendel warode,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1255">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1255">1255</a><div class="line">unriht fnde, oð þt ende becwōm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1256"></a>swylt fter synnum. Þt gesȳne wearð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1257"></a>wīd-cūð werum, þtte wrecend þā gȳt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1258"></a>lifde fter lāðum, lange þrāge</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1259">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1259"></a>fter gūð-ceare; Grendles mōdor,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1260">1260</a><div class="line">ides āglǣc-wīf yrmðe gemunde,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1261">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1261"></a>sē þe wter-egesan wunian scolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1262"></a>cealde strēamas, siððan Cain wearð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1263"></a>tō ecg-banan āngan brēðer,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1264"></a>fderen-mǣge; hē þā fāg gewāt,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1265">1265</a><div class="line">morðre gemearcod man-drēam flēon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1266"></a>wēsten warode. Þanon wōc fela</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1267"></a>geōsceaft-gāsta; ws þǣra Grendel sum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1268"></a>heoro-wearh hetelīc, sē t Heorote fand</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1269"></a>wccendne wer wīges bīdan,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1270">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1270">1270</a><div class="line">þǣr him āglǣca t-grǣpe wearð;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1271"></a>hwðre hē gemunde mgenes strenge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1272"></a>gim-fste gife, þē him god sealde,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1273">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1273"></a>and him tō anwaldan āre gelȳfde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1274"></a>frōfre and fultum: þȳ hē þone fēond ofercwōm,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1275">1275</a><div class="line">gehnǣgde helle gāst: þā hē hēan gewāt,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1276"></a>drēame bedǣled dēað-wīc sēon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1277"></a>man-cynnes fēond. And his mōdor þā gȳt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1278"></a>gīfre and galg-mōd gegān wolde</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1279">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1279"></a>sorh-fulne sīð, suna dēað wrecan.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1280">1280</a><div class="line">Cōm þā tō Heorote, þǣr Hring-Dene</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1281">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1281"></a>geond þt sld swǣfun. Þā þǣr sōna wearð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1282"></a>ed-hwyrft eorlum, siððan inne fealh</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1283"></a>Grendles mōdor; ws se gryre lǣssa</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1284"></a>efne swā micle, swā bið mgða crft,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1285">1285</a><div class="line">wīg-gryre wīfes be wǣpned-men,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1286">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1286"></a>þonne heoru bunden, hamere geþuren,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1287"></a>sweord swāte fāh swīn ofer helme,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1288"></a>ecgum dyhtig andweard scireð.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1289"></a>Þā ws on healle heard-ecg togen,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1290">1290</a><div class="line">sweord ofer setlum, sīd-rand manig</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1291"></a>hafen handa fst; helm ne gemunde,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1292">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1292"></a>byrnan sīde, þe hine se brōga angeat.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1293"></a>Hēo ws on ofste, wolde ūt þanon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1294"></a>fēore beorgan, þā hēo onfunden ws;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1295">1295</a><div class="line">hraðe hēo ðelinga ānne hfde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1296"></a>fste befangen, þā hēo tō fenne gang;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1297"></a>sē ws Hrōðgāre hleða lēofost</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1298">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1298"></a>on gesīðes hād be sǣm tweonum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1299"></a>rīce rand-wiga, þone þe hēo on rste ābrēat,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1300">1300</a><div class="line">blǣd-fstne beorn. Ns Bēowulf þǣr,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1301">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1301"></a>ac ws ōðer in ǣr geteohhod</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1302"></a>fter māððum-gife mǣrum Gēate.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1303">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1303"></a>Hrēam wearð on Heorote. Hēo under heolfre genam</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1304"></a>cūðe folme; cearu ws genīwod</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1305">1305</a><div class="line">geworden in wīcum: ne ws þt gewrixle til,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1306"></a>þt hīe on bā healfa bicgan scoldon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1307"></a>frēonda fēorum. Þā ws frōd cyning,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1308"></a>hār hilde-rinc, on hrēon mōde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1309"></a>syððan hē aldor-þegn unlyfigendne,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1310">1310</a><div class="line">þone dēorestan dēadne wisse.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1311"></a>Hraðe ws tō būre Bēowulf fetod,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1312"></a>sigor-ēadig secg. Samod ǣr-dge</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1313"></a>ēode eorla sum, ðele cempa</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1314"></a>self mid gesīðum, þǣr se snottra bād,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1315">1315</a><div class="line">hwðre him al-walda ǣfre wille</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1316"></a>fter wēa-spelle wyrpe gefremman.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1317"></a>Gang þā fter flōre fyrd-wyrðe man</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1318"></a>mid his hand-scale (heal-wudu dynede)</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1319">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1319"></a>þt hē þone wīsan wordum hnǣgde</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1320">1320</a><div class="line">frēan Ingwina; frgn gif him wǣre</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1321">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1321"></a>fter nēod-laðu niht getǣse.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXI"></a><h2>XXI. SORROW AT HEOROT: AESCHERE'S DEATH</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li1322"></a>Hrōðgār maðelode, helm Scildinga:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1323"></a>"Ne frīn þū fter sǣlum! Sorh is genīwod</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1324"></a>"Denigea lēodum. Dēad is sc-here,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1325">1325</a><div class="line">"Yrmenlāfes yldra brōðor,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1326"></a>"mīn rūn-wita and mīn rǣd-bora,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1327"></a>"eaxl-gestealla, þonne wē on orlege</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1328"></a>"hafelan weredon, þonne hniton fēðan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1329"></a>"eoferas cnysedan; swylc scolde eorl wesan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1330">1330</a><div class="line">"<i>ðeling</i> ǣr-gōd, swylc sc-here ws.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1331"></a>"Wearð him on Heorote tō hand-banan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1332"></a>"wl-gǣst wǣfre; ic ne wāt hwder</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1333"></a>"atol ǣse wlanc eft-sīðas tēah,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1334">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1334"></a>"fylle gefrǣgnod. Hēo þā fǣhðe wrc,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1335">1335</a><div class="line">"þē þū gystran niht Grendel cwealdest</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1336"></a>"þurh hǣstne hād heardum clammum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1337"></a>"forþan hē tō lange lēode mīne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1338"></a>"wanode and wyrde. Hē t wīge gecrang</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1339"></a>"ealdres scyldig, and nū ōðer cwōm</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1340">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1340">1340</a><div class="line">"mihtig mān-scaða, wolde hyre mǣg wrecan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1341"></a>"gē feor hafað fǣhðe gestǣled,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1342"></a>"þs þe þincean mg þegne monegum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1343"></a>"sē þe fter sinc-gyfan on sefan grēoteð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1344"></a>"hreðer-bealo hearde; nū sēo hand ligeð,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1345">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1345">1345</a><div class="line">"sē þe ēow wēl-hwylcra wilna dohte.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1346">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1346"></a>"Ic þt lond-būend lēode mīne</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1347">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1347"></a>"sele-rǣdende secgan hȳrde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1348"></a>"þt hīe gesāwon swylce twēgen</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1349"></a>"micle mearc-stapan mōras healdan,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1350">1350</a><div class="line">"ellor-gǣstas: þǣra ōðer ws,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1351">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1351"></a>"þs þe hīe gewislīcost gewitan meahton,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1352">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1352"></a>"idese onlīcnes, ōðer earm-sceapen</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1353"></a>"on weres wstmum wrc-lāstas trd,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1354"></a>"nfne hē ws māra þonne ǣnig man ōðer,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1355">1355</a><div class="line">"þone on geār-dagum Grendel nemdon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1356"></a>"fold-būende: nō hīe fder cunnon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1357"></a>"hwðer him ǣnig ws ǣr ācenned</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1358"></a>"dyrnra gāsta. Hīe dȳgel lond</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1359"></a>"warigeað, wulf-hleoðu, windige nssas,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1360">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1360">1360</a><div class="line">"frēcne fen-gelād, þǣr fyrgen-strēam</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1361"></a>"under nssa genipu niðer gewīteð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1362"></a>"flōd under foldan; nis þt feor heonon</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1363">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1363"></a>"mīl-gemearces, þt se mere standeð,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1364">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1364"></a>"ofer þǣm hongiað hrīmge bearwas,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1365">1365</a><div class="line">"wudu wyrtum fst, wter oferhelmað.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1366">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1366"></a>"Þǣr mg nihta gehwǣm nīð-wundor sēon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1367"></a>"fȳr on flōde; nō þs frōd leofað</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1368"></a>"gumena bearna, þt þone grund wite;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1369"></a>"þēah þe hǣð-stapa hundum geswenced,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1370">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1370">1370</a><div class="line">"heorot hornum trum holt-wudu sēce,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1371">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1371"></a>"feorran geflȳmed, ǣr hē feorh seleð,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1372">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1372"></a>"aldor on ōfre, ǣr hē in wille,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1373">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1373"></a>"hafelan <i>hȳdan</i>. Nis þt hēoru stōw:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1374"></a>"þonon ȳð-geblond up āstīgeð</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1375">1375</a><div class="line">"won tō wolcnum, þonne wind styreð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1376"></a>"lāð gewidru, oð þt lyft drysmað,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1377"></a>"roderas rēotað. Nū is rǣd gelang</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1378"></a>"eft t þē ānum! Eard gīt ne const,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1379"></a>"frēcne stōwe, þǣr þū findan miht</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1380">1380</a><div class="line">"sinnigne secg: sēc gif þū dyrre!</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1381"></a>"Ic þē þā fǣhðe fēo lēanige,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1382"></a>"eald-gestrēonum, swā ic ǣr dyde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1383"></a>"wundnum golde, gyf þū on weg cymest."</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXII"></a><h2>XXII. BĒOWULF SEEKS THE MONSTER IN THE HAUNTS OF THE NIXIES.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li1384"></a>Bēowulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþēowes:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1385">1385</a><div class="line">"Ne sorga, snotor guma! sēlre bið ǣghwǣm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1386"></a>"þt hē his frēond wrece, þonne hē fela murne;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1387"></a>"ūre ǣghwylc sceal ende gebīdan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1388"></a>"worolde līfes; wyrce sē þe mōte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1389"></a>"dōmes ǣr dēaðe! þt bið driht-guman</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1390">1390</a><div class="line">"unlifgendum fter sēlest.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1391">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1391"></a>"Ārīs, rīces weard; uton hraðe fēran,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1392"></a>"Grendles māgan gang scēawigan!</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1393"></a>"Ic hit þē gehāte: nō hē on helm losað,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1394"></a>"nē on foldan fðm, nē on fyrgen-holt,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1395">1395</a><div class="line">"nē on gyfenes grund, gā þǣr hē wille.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1396"></a>"Þȳs dōgor þū geþyld hafa</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1397"></a>"wēana gehwylces, swā ic þē wēne tō!"</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1398"></a>Āhlēop þā se gomela, gode þancode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1399"></a>mihtigan drihtne, þs se man gesprc.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1400">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1400">1400</a><div class="line">Þā ws Hrōðgāre hors gebǣted,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1401"></a>wicg wunden-feax. Wīsa fengel</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1402">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1402"></a>geatolīc gengde; gum-fēða stōp</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1403"></a>lind-hbbendra. Lāstas wǣron</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1404"></a>fter wald-swaðum wīde gesȳne,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1405">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1405">1405</a><div class="line">gang ofer grundas; gegnum fōr <i>þā</i></div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1406"></a>ofer myrcan mōr, mago-þegna br</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1407"></a>þone sēlestan sāwol-lēasne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1408"></a>þāra þe mid Hrōðgāre hām eahtode.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1409"></a>Ofer-ēode þā ðelinga bearn</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1410">1410</a><div class="line">stēap stān-hliðo, stīge nearwe,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1411">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1411"></a>enge ān-paðas, un-cūð gelād,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1412"></a>neowle nssas, nicor-hūsa fela;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1413"></a>hē fēara sum beforan gengde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1414"></a>wīsra monna, wong scēawian,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1415">1415</a><div class="line">oð þt hē fǣringa fyrgen-bēamas</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1416"></a>ofer hārne stān hleonian funde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1417"></a>wyn-lēasne wudu; wter under stōd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1418"></a>drēorig and gedrēfed. Denum eallum ws,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1419"></a>winum Scyldinga, weorce on mōde,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1420">1420</a><div class="line">tō geþolianne þegne monegum,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1421">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1421"></a>oncȳð eorla gehwǣm, syððan sc-heres</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1422"></a>on þām holm-clife hafelan mētton.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1423"></a>Flōd blōde wēol (folc tō sǣgon)</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1424"></a>hātan heolfre. Horn stundum song</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1425">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1425">1425</a><div class="line">fūslīc <i>fyrd</i>-lēoð. Fēða eal gest;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1426"></a>gesāwon þā fter wtere wyrm-cynnes fela,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1427"></a>sellīce sǣ-dracan sund cunnian,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1428">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1428"></a>swylce on ns-hleoðum nicras licgean,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1429"></a>þā on undern-mǣl oft bewitigað</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1430">1430</a><div class="line">sorh-fulne sīð on segl-rāde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1431"></a>wyrmas and wil-dēor; hīe on weg hruron</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1432"></a>bitere and gebolgne, bearhtm ongeāton,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1433"></a>gūð-horn galan. Sumne Gēata lēod</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1434"></a>of flān-bogan fēores getwǣfde,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1435">1435</a><div class="line">ȳð-gewinnes, þt him on aldre stōd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1436"></a>here-strǣl hearda; hē on holme ws</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1437"></a>sundes þē sǣnra, þē hyne swylt fornam.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1438"></a>Hrðe wearð on ȳðum mid eofer-sprēotum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1439"></a>heoro-hōcyhtum hearde genearwod,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1440">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1440">1440</a><div class="line">nīða genǣged and on ns togen</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1441">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1441"></a>wundorlīc wǣg-bora; weras scēawedon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1442"></a>gryrelīcne gist. Gyrede hine Bēowulf</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1443"></a>eorl-gewǣdum, nalles for ealdre mearn:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1444"></a>scolde here-byrne hondum gebrōden,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1445">1445</a><div class="line">sīd and searo-fāh, sund cunnian,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1446"></a>sēo þe bān-cofan beorgan cūðe,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1447">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1447"></a>þt him hilde-grāp hreðre ne mihte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1448"></a>eorres inwit-feng, aldre gesceððan;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1449"></a>ac se hwīta helm hafelan werede,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1450">1450</a><div class="line">sē þe mere-grundas mengan scolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1451"></a>sēcan sund-gebland since geweorðad,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1452"></a>befongen frēa-wrāsnum, swā hine fyrn-dagum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1453"></a>worhte wǣpna smið, wundrum tēode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1454"></a>besette swīn-līcum, þt hine syððan nō</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1455">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1455">1455</a><div class="line">brond nē beado-mēcas bītan ne meahton.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1456"></a>Ns þt þonne mǣtost mgen-fultuma,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1457">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1457"></a>þt him on þearfe lāh þyle Hrōðgāres;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1458">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1458"></a>ws þǣm hft-mēce Hrunting nama,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1459">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1459"></a>þt ws ān foran eald-gestrēona;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1460">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1460">1460</a><div class="line">ecg ws īren āter-tēarum fāh,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1461"></a>āhyrded heaðo-swāte; nǣfre hit t hilde ne swāc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1462"></a>manna ǣngum þāra þe hit mid mundum bewand,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1463"></a>sē þe gryre-sīðas gegān dorste,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1464"></a>folc-stede fāra; ns þt forma sīð,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1465">1465</a><div class="line">þt hit ellen-weorc fnan scolde.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1466"></a>Hūru ne gemunde mago Ecglāfes</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1467">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1467"></a>eafoðes crftig, þt hē ǣr gesprc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1468"></a>wīne druncen, þā hē þs wǣpnes onlāh</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1469"></a>sēlran sweord-frecan: selfa ne dorste</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1470">1470</a><div class="line">under ȳða gewin aldre genēðan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1471"></a>driht-scype drēogan; þǣr hē dōme forlēas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1472"></a>ellen-mǣrðum. Ne ws þǣm ōðrum swā,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1473"></a>syððan hē hine tō gūðe gegyred hfde.</div> +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXIII"></a><h2>XXIII. THE BATTLE WITH THE WATER-DRAKE.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li1474"></a>Bēowulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþēowes:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1475">1475</a><div class="line">"geþenc nū, se mǣra maga Healfdenes,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1476"></a>"snottra fengel, nū ic eom sīðes fūs,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1477"></a>"gold-wine gumena, hwt wit geō sprǣcon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1478"></a>"gif ic t þearfe þīnre scolde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1479"></a>"aldre linnan, þt þū mē ā wǣre</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1480">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1480">1480</a><div class="line">"forð-gewitenum on fder stǣle;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1481"></a>"wes þū mund-bora mīnum mago-þegnum,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1482">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1482"></a>"hond-gesellum, gif mec hild nime:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1483"></a>"swylce þū þā mādmas, þē þū mē sealdest,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1484"></a>"Hrōðgār lēofa, Higelāce onsend.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1485">1485</a><div class="line">"Mg þonne on þǣm golde ongitan Gēata dryhten,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1486"></a>"gesēon sunu Hrēðles, þonne hē on þt sinc starað,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1487">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1487"></a>"þt ic gum-cystum gōdne funde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1488"></a>"bēaga bryttan, brēac þonne mōste.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1489"></a>"And þū Unferð lǣt ealde lāfe,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1490">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1490">1490</a><div class="line">"wrǣtlīc wǣg-sweord wīd-cūðne man</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1491"></a>"heard-ecg habban; ic mē mid Hruntinge</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1492"></a>"dōm gewyrce, oððe mec dēað nimeð."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1493"></a>fter þǣm wordum Weder-Gēata lēod</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1494"></a>efste mid elne, nalas andsware</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1495">1495</a><div class="line">bīdan wolde; brim-wylm onfēng</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1496"></a>hilde-rince. Þā ws hwīl dges,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1497"></a>ǣr hē þone grund-wong ongytan mehte.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1498"></a>Sōna þt onfunde, sē þe flōda begong</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1499"></a>heoro-gīfre behēold hund missēra,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1500">1500</a><div class="line">grim and grǣdig, þt þǣr gumena sum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1501"></a>l-wihta eard ufan cunnode.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1502"></a>Grāp þā tōgēanes, gūð-rinc gefēng</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1503"></a>atolan clommum; nō þȳ ǣr in gescōd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1504"></a>hālan līce: hring ūtan ymb-bearh,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1505">1505</a><div class="line">þt hēo þone fyrd-hom þurh-fōn ne mihte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1506"></a>locene leoðo-syrcan lāðan fingrum.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1507">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1507"></a>Br þā sēo brim-wylf, þā hēo tō botme cōm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1508"></a>hringa þengel tō hofe sīnum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1509"></a>swā hē ne mihte nō (hē þs mōdig ws)</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1510">1510</a><div class="line">wǣpna gewealdan, ac hine wundra þs fela</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1511"></a>swencte on sunde, sǣ-dēor monig</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1512"></a>hilde-tūxum here-syrcan brc,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1513"></a>ēhton āglǣcan. Þā se eorl ongeat,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1514">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1514"></a>þt hē <i>in</i> nið-sele nāt-hwylcum ws,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1515">1515</a><div class="line">þǣr him nǣnig wter wihte ne sceðede,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1516"></a>nē him for hrōf-sele hrīnan ne mehte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1517"></a>fǣr-gripe flōdes: fȳr-lēoht geseah,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1518"></a>blācne lēoman beorhte scīnan.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1519"></a>Ongeat þā se gōda grund-wyrgenne,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1520">1520</a><div class="line">mere-wīf mihtig; mgen-rǣs forgeaf</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1521"></a>hilde-bille, hond swenge ne oftēah,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1522"></a>þt hire on hafelan hring-mǣl āgōl</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1523"></a>grǣdig gūð-lēoð. Þā se gist onfand,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1524"></a>þt se beado-lēoma bītan nolde,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1525">1525</a><div class="line">aldre sceððan, ac sēo ecg geswāc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1526"></a>þēodne t þearfe: þolode ǣr fela</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1527"></a>hond-gemōta, helm oft gescr,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1528"></a>fǣges fyrd-hrgl: þt ws forma sīð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1529"></a>dēorum māðme, þt his dōm ālg.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1530">1530</a><div class="line">Eft ws ān-rǣd, nalas elnes lt,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1531"></a>mǣrða gemyndig mǣg Hygelāces;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1532"></a>wearp þā wunden-mǣl wrǣttum gebunden</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1533"></a>yrre ōretta, þt hit on eorðan lg,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1534"></a>stīð and stȳl-ecg; strenge getruwode,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1535">1535</a><div class="line">mund-gripe mgenes. Swā sceal man dōn,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1536"></a>þonne hē t gūðe gegān þenceð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1537"></a>longsumne lof, nā ymb his līf cearað.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1538">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1538"></a>Gefēng þā be eaxle (nalas for fǣhðe mearn)</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1539"></a>Gūð-Gēata lēod Grendles mōdor;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1540">1540</a><div class="line">brgd þā beadwe heard, þā hē gebolgen ws,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1541"></a>feorh-genīðlan, þt hēo on flet gebēah.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1542"></a>Hēo him eft hraðe and-lēan forgeald</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1543">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1543"></a>grimman grāpum and him tōgēanes fēng;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1544"></a>oferwearp þā wērig-mōd wigena strengest,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1545">1545</a><div class="line">fēðe-cempa, þt hē on fylle wearð.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1546">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1546"></a>Ofst þā þone sele-gyst and hyre seaxe getēah,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1547"></a>brād <i>and</i> brūn-ecg wolde hire bearn wrecan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1548"></a>āngan eaferan. Him on eaxle lg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1549"></a>brēost-net brōden; þt gebearh fēore,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1550">1550</a><div class="line">wið ord and wið ecge ingang forstōd.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1551"></a>Hfde þā forsīðod sunu Ecgþēowes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1552"></a>under gynne grund, Gēata cempa,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1553"></a>nemne him heaðo-byrne helpe gefremede,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1554"></a>here-net hearde, and hālig god</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1555">1555</a><div class="line">gewēold wīg-sigor, wītig drihten;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1556"></a>rodera rǣdend hit on ryht gescēd,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1557">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1557"></a>ȳðelīce syððan hē eft āstōd.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXIV"></a><h2>XXIV. BĒOWULF SLAYS THE SPRITE.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li1558"></a>Geseah þā on searwum sige-ēadig bil,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1559"></a>eald sweord eotenisc ecgum þȳhtig,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1560">1560</a><div class="line">wigena weorð-mynd: þt <i>ws</i> wǣpna cyst,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1561"></a>būton hit ws māre þonne ǣnig mon ōðer</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1562"></a>tō beadu-lāce tberan meahte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1563"></a>gōd and geatolīc gīganta geweorc.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1564"></a>Hē gefēng þā fetel-hilt, freca Scildinga,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1565">1565</a><div class="line">hrēoh and heoro-grim hring-mǣl gebrgd,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1566"></a>aldres orwēna, yrringa slōh,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1567"></a>þt hire wið halse heard grāpode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1568"></a>bān-hringas brc, bil eal þurh-wōd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1569"></a>fǣgne flǣsc-homan, hēo on flet gecrong;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1570">1570</a><div class="line">sweord ws swātig, secg weorce gefeh.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1571"></a>Līxte se lēoma, lēoht inne stōd,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1572"></a>efne swā of hefene hādre scīneð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1573"></a>rodores candel. Hē fter recede wlāt,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1574"></a>hwearf þā be wealle, wǣpen hafenade</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1575">1575</a><div class="line">heard be hiltum Higelāces þegn,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1576"></a>yrre and ān-rǣd. Ns sēo ecg fracod</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1577"></a>hilde-rince, ac hē hraðe wolde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1578"></a>Grendle forgyldan gūð-rǣsa fela</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1579"></a>þāra þe hē geworhte tō West-Denum</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1580">1580</a><div class="line">oftor micle þonne on ǣnne sīð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1581"></a>þonne hē Hrōðgāres heorð-genēatas</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1582"></a>slōh on sweofote, slǣpende frt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1583"></a>folces Denigea fȳf-tȳne men</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1584">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1584"></a>and ōðer swylc ūt of-ferede,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1585">1585</a><div class="line">lāðlīcu lāc. Hē him þs lēan forgeald,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1586"></a>rēðe cempa, tō þs þe hē on rste geseah</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1587"></a>gūð-wērigne Grendel licgan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1588"></a>aldor-lēasne, swā him ǣr gescōd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1589"></a>hild t Heorote; hrā wīde sprong,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1590">1590</a><div class="line">syððan hē fter dēaðe drepe þrowade,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1591"></a>heoro-sweng heardne, and hine þā hēafde becearf,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1592">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1592"></a>Sōna þt gesāwon snottre ceorlas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1593"></a>þā þe mid Hrōðgāre on holm wliton,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1594"></a>þt ws ȳð-geblond eal gemenged,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1595">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1595">1595</a><div class="line">brim blōde fāh: blonden-feaxe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1596"></a>gomele ymb gōdne ongeador sprǣcon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1597"></a>þt hig þs ðelinges eft ne wēndon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1598"></a>þt hē sige-hrēðig sēcean cōme</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1599">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1599"></a>mǣrne þēoden; þā þs monige gewearð,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1600">1600</a><div class="line">þt hine sēo brim-wylf ābroten hfde.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1601"></a>Þā cōm nōn dges. Ns ofgēafon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1602"></a>hwate Scyldingas; gewāt him hām þonon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1603"></a>gold-wine gumena. Gistas sētan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1604"></a>mōdes sēoce, and on mere staredon,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1605">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1605">1605</a><div class="line">wiston and ne wēndon, þt hīe heora wine-drihten</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1606"></a>selfne gesāwon. Þā þt sweord ongan</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1607">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1607"></a>fter heaðo-swāte hilde-gicelum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1608"></a>wīg-bil wanian; þt ws wundra sum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1609"></a>þt hit eal gemealt īse gelīcost,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1610">1610</a><div class="line">þonne forstes bend fder onlǣteð,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1611">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1611"></a>onwindeð wl-rāpas, sē þe geweald hafað</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1612"></a>sǣla and mǣla; þt is sōð metod.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1613"></a>Ne nom hē in þǣm wīcum, Weder-Gēata lēod,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1614"></a>māðm-ǣhta mā, þēh hē þǣr monige geseah,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1615">1615</a><div class="line">būton þone hafelan and þā hilt somod,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1616"></a>since fāge; sweord ǣr gemealt,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1617"></a>forbarn brōden mǣl: ws þt blōd tō þs hāt,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1618"></a>ǣttren ellor-gǣst, sē þǣr inne swealt.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1619"></a>Sōna ws on sunde, sē þe ǣr t scce gebād</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1620">1620</a><div class="line">wīg-hryre wrāðra, wter up þurh-dēaf;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1621"></a>wǣron ȳð-gebland eal gefǣlsod,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1622">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1622"></a>ēacne eardas, þā se ellor-gāst</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1623"></a>oflēt līf-dagas and þās lǣnan gesceaft.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1624"></a>Cōm þā tō lande lid-manna helm</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1625">1625</a><div class="line">swīð-mōd swymman, sǣ-lāce gefeah,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1626"></a>mgen-byrðenne þāra þe hē him mid hfde.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1627"></a>Ēodon him þā tōgēanes, gode þancodon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1628"></a>þrȳðlīc þegna hēap, þēodnes gefēgon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1629"></a>þs þe hī hyne gesundne gesēon mōston.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1630">1630</a><div class="line">Þā ws of þǣm hrōran helm and byrne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1631"></a>lungre ālȳsed: lagu drūsade,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1632"></a>wter under wolcnum, wl-drēore fāg.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1633"></a>Fērdon forð þonon fēðe-lāstum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1634"></a>ferhðum fgne, fold-weg mǣton,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1635">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1635">1635</a><div class="line">cūðe strǣte; cyning-balde men</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1636"></a>from þǣm holm-clife hafelan bǣron</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1637"></a>earfoðlīce heora ǣghwðrum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1638"></a>fela-mōdigra: fēower scoldon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1639"></a>on ðm wl-stenge weorcum geferian</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1640">1640</a><div class="line">tō þǣm gold-sele Grendles hēafod,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1641"></a>oð þt semninga tō sele cōmon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1642"></a>frome fyrd-hwate fēower-tȳne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1643"></a>Gēata gongan; gum-dryhten mid</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1644"></a>mōdig on gemonge meodo-wongas trd.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1645">1645</a><div class="line">Þā cōm in gān ealdor þegna,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1646"></a>dǣd-cēne mon dōme gewurðad,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1647"></a>hle hilde-dēor. Hrōðgār grētan:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1648"></a>Þā ws be feaxe on flet boren</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1649"></a>Grendles hēafod, þǣr guman druncon,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1650">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1650">1650</a><div class="line">egeslīc for eorlum and þǣre idese mid:</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1651">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1651"></a>wlite-sēon wrǣtlīc weras onsāwon.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXV"></a><h2>XXV. HROTHGAR'S GRATITUDE: HE DISCOURSES.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li1652"></a>Bēowulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþēowes:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1653"></a>"Hwt! wē þē þās sǣ-lāc, sunu Healfdenes,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1654"></a>"lēod Scyldinga, lustum brōhton,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1655">1655</a><div class="line">"tīres tō tācne, þē þū hēr tō lōcast.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1656"></a>"Ic þt unsōfte ealdre gedīgde:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1657"></a>"wigge under wtere weorc genēðde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1658"></a>"earfoðlīce, t-rihte ws</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1659"></a>"gūð getwǣfed, nymðe mec god scylde.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1660">1660</a><div class="line">"Ne meahte ic t hilde mid Hruntinge</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1661"></a>"wiht gewyrcan, þēah þt wǣpen duge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1662"></a>"ac mē geūðe ylda waldend,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1663"></a>"þt ic on wāge geseah wlitig hangian</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1664">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1664"></a>"eald sweord ēacen (oftost wīsode</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1665">1665</a><div class="line">"winigea lēasum) þt ic þȳ wǣpne gebrǣ.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1666"></a>"Ofslōh þā t þǣre scce (þā mē sǣl āgeald)</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1667"></a>"hūses hyrdas. Þā þt hilde-bil</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1668"></a>"forbarn, brogden mǣl, swā þt blōd gesprang,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1669"></a>"hātost heaðo-swāta: ic þt hilt þanan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1670">1670</a><div class="line">"fēondum tferede; fyren-dǣda wrc,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1671"></a>"dēað-cwealm Denigea, swā hit gedēfe ws.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1672"></a>"Ic hit þē þonne gehāte, þt þū on Heorote mōst</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1673"></a>"sorh-lēas swefan mid þīnra secga gedryht,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1674"></a>"and þegna gehwylc þīnra lēoda,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1675">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1675">1675</a><div class="line">"duguðe and iogoðe, þt þū him ondrǣdan ne þearft,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1676"></a>"þēoden Scyldinga, on þā healfe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1677"></a>"aldor-bealu eorlum, swā þū ǣr dydest."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1678"></a>Þā ws gylden hilt gamelum rince.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1679"></a>hārum hild-fruman, on hand gyfen,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1680">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1680">1680</a><div class="line">enta ǣr-geweorc, hit on ǣht gehwearf</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1681"></a>fter dēofla hryre Denigea frēan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1682"></a>wundor-smiða geweorc, and þā þās worold ofgeaf</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1683"></a>grom-heort guma, godes andsaca,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1684"></a>morðres scyldig, and his mōdor ēac;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1685">1685</a><div class="line">on geweald gehwearf worold-cyninga</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1686"></a>þǣm sēlestan be sǣm twēonum</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1687">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1687"></a>þāra þe on Sceden-igge sceattas dǣlde.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1688"></a>Hrōðgār maðelode, hylt scēawode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1689"></a>ealde lāfe, on þǣm ws ōr writen</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1690">1690</a><div class="line">fyrn-gewinnes: syððan flōd ofslōh,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1691"></a>gifen gēotende, gīganta cyn,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1692"></a>frēcne gefērdon: þt ws fremde þēod</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1693"></a>ēcean dryhtne, him þs ende-lēan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1694"></a>þurh wteres wylm waldend sealde.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1695">1695</a><div class="line">Swā ws on þǣm scennum scīran goldes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1696"></a>þurh rūn-stafas rihte gemearcod,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1697"></a>geseted and gesǣd, hwām þt sweord geworht,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1698"></a>īrena cyst ǣrest wǣre,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1699"></a>wreoðen-hilt and wyrm-fāh. þā se wīsa sprc</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1700">1700</a><div class="line">sunu Healfdenes (swīgedon ealle):</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1701"></a>"Þt lā mg secgan, sē þe sōð and riht</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1702"></a>"fremeð on folce, (feor eal gemon</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1703">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1703"></a>"eald ēðel-weard), þt þes eorl wǣre</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1704"></a>"geboren betera! Blǣd is ārǣred</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1705">1705</a><div class="line">"geond wīd-wegas, wine mīn Bēowulf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1706"></a>"þīn ofer þēoda gehwylce. Eal þū hit geþyldum healdest,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1707"></a>"mgen mid mōdes snyttrum. Ic þē sceal mīne gelǣstan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1708"></a>"frēode, swā wit furðum sprǣcon; þū scealt tō frōfre weorðan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1709"></a>"eal lang-twidig lēodum þīnum,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1710">1710</a><div class="line">"hleðum tō helpe. Ne wearð Heremōd swā</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1711"></a>"eaforum Ecgwelan, Ār-Scyldingum;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1712"></a>"ne gewēox hē him tō willan, ac tō wl-fealle</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1713"></a>"and tō dēað-cwalum Deniga lēodum;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1714"></a>"brēat bolgen-mōd bēod-genēatas,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1715">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1715">1715</a><div class="line">"eaxl-gesteallan, oð þt hē āna hwearf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1716"></a>"mǣre þēoden. mon-drēamum from:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1717"></a>"þēah þe hine mihtig god mgenes wynnum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1718"></a>"eafeðum stēpte, ofer ealle men</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1719"></a>"forð gefremede, hwðere him on ferhðe grēow</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1720">1720</a><div class="line">"brēost-hord blōd-rēow: nallas bēagas geaf</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1721"></a>"Denum fter dōme; drēam-lēas gebād,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1722"></a>"þt hē þs gewinnes weorc þrowade,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1723">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1723"></a>"lēod-bealo longsum. Þū þē lǣr be þon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1724"></a>"gum-cyste ongit! ic þis gid be þē</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1725">1725</a><div class="line">"āwrc wintrum frōd. Wundor is tō secganne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1726"></a>"hū mihtig god manna cynne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1727"></a>"þurh sīdne sefan snyttru bryttað,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1728"></a>"eard and eorl-scipe, hē āh ealra geweald.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1729">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1729"></a>"Hwīlum hē on lufan lǣteð hworfan</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1730">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1730">1730</a><div class="line">"monnes mōd-geþonc mǣran cynnes,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1731"></a>"seleð him on ēðle eorðan wynne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1732"></a>"tō healdanne hlēo-burh wera,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1733"></a>"gedēð him swā gewealdene worolde dǣlas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1734"></a>"sīde rīce, þt hē his selfa ne mg</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1735">1735</a><div class="line">"for his un-snyttrum ende geþencean;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1736"></a>"wunað hē on wiste, nō hine wiht dweleð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1737"></a>"ādl nē yldo, nē him inwit-sorh</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1738"></a>"on sefan sweorceð, nē gesacu ōhwǣr,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1739"></a>"ecg-hete ēoweð, ac him eal worold</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1740">1740</a><div class="line">"wendeð on willan; hē þt wyrse ne con,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1741">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1741"></a>"oð þt him on innan ofer-hygda dǣl</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1742"></a>"weaxeð and wridað, þonne se weard swefeð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1743"></a>"sāwele hyrde: bið se slǣp tō fst,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1744"></a>"bisgum gebunden, bona swīðe nēah,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1745">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1745">1745</a><div class="line">"sē þe of flān-bogan fyrenum scēoteð.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXVI"></a><h2>XXVI. THE DISCOURSE IS ENDED.—BĒOWULF PREPARES TO LEAVE.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li1746"></a>"Þonne bið on hreðre under helm drepen</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1747"></a>"biteran strǣle: him bebeorgan ne con</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1748">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1748"></a>"wom wundor-bebodum wergan gāstes;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1749"></a>"þinceð him tō lȳtel, þt hē tō lange hēold,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1750">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1750">1750</a><div class="line">"gȳtsað grom-hȳdig, nallas on gylp seleð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1751"></a>"fǣtte bēagas and hē þā forð-gesceaft</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1752"></a>"forgyteð and forgȳmeð, þs þe him ǣr god sealde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1753"></a>"wuldres waldend, weorð-mynda dǣl.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1754"></a>"Hit on ende-stf eft gelimpeð,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1755">1755</a><div class="line">"þt se līc-homa lǣne gedrēoseð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1756"></a>"fǣge gefealleð; fēhð ōðer tō,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1757"></a>"sē þe unmurnlīce mādmas dǣleð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1758"></a>"eorles ǣr-gestrēon, egesan ne gȳmeð.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1759"></a>"Bebeorh þē þone bealo-nīð, Bēowulf lēofa,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1760">1760</a><div class="line">"secg <i>se</i> betsta, and þē þt sēlre gecēos,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1761"></a>"ēce rǣdas; oferhȳda ne gȳm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1762"></a>"mǣre cempa! Nū is þīnes mgnes blǣd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1763"></a>"āne hwīle; eft sōna bið,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1764"></a>"þt þec ādl oððe ecg eafoðes getwǣfeð,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1765">1765</a><div class="line">"oððe fȳres feng oððe flōdes wylm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1766"></a>"oððe gripe mēces oððe gāres fliht,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1767">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1767"></a>"oððe atol yldo, oððe ēagena bearhtm</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1768"></a>"forsiteð and forsworceð; semninga bið,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1769"></a>"þt þec, dryht-guma, dēað oferswȳðeð.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1770">1770</a><div class="line">"Swā ic Hring-Dena hund missēra</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1771"></a>"wēold under wolcnum, and hig wigge belēac</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1772"></a>"manigum mǣgða geond þysne middan-geard,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1773"></a>"scum and ecgum, þt ic mē ǣnigne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1774"></a>"under swegles begong gesacan ne tealde.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1775">1775</a><div class="line">"Hwt! mē þs on ēðle edwenden cwōm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1776"></a>"gyrn fter gomene, seoððan Grendel wearð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1777"></a>"eald-gewinna, in-genga mīn:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1778"></a>"ic þǣre sōcne singāles wg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1779"></a>"mōd-ceare micle. Þs sig metode þanc,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1780">1780</a><div class="line">"ēcean drihtne, þs þe ic on aldre gebād,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1781"></a>"þt ic on þone hafelan heoro-drēorigne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1782"></a>"ofer eald gewin ēagum starige!</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1783"></a>"Gā nū tō setle, symbel-wynne drēoh</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1784">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1784"></a>"wīgge weorðad: unc sceal worn fela</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1785">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1785">1785</a><div class="line">"māðma gemǣnra, siððan morgen bið."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1786"></a>Gēat ws gld-mōd, gēong sōna tō,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1787"></a>setles nēosan, swā se snottra heht.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1788"></a>Þā ws eft swā ǣr ellen-rōfum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1789"></a>flet-sittendum fgere gereorded</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1790">1790</a><div class="line">nīowan stefne. Niht-helm geswearc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1791"></a>deorc ofer dryht-gumum. Duguð eal ārās;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1792"></a>wolde blonden-feax beddes nēosan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1793"></a>gamela Scylding. Gēat ungemetes wēl,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1794">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1794"></a>rōfne rand-wigan restan lyste:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1795">1795</a><div class="line">sōna him sele-þegn sīðes wērgum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1796"></a>feorran-cundum forð wīsade,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1797"></a>se for andrysnum ealle beweotede</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1798"></a>þegnes þearfe, swylce þȳ dōgore</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1799"></a>hēaðo-līðende habban scoldon.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1800">1800</a><div class="line">Reste hine þā rūm-heort; reced hlīfade</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1801"></a>gēap and gold-fāh, gst inne swf,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1802">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1802"></a>oð þt hrefn blaca heofones wynne</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1803">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1803"></a>blīð-heort bodode. Þā cōm beorht <i>sunne</i></div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1804"></a>scacan <i>ofer grundas</i>; scaðan ōnetton,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1805">1805</a><div class="line">wǣron ðelingas eft tō lēodum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1806"></a>fūse tō farenne, wolde feor þanon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1807"></a>cuma collen-ferhð cēoles nēosan.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1808">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1808"></a>Heht þā se hearda Hrunting beran,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1809"></a>sunu Ecglāfes, heht his sweord niman,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1810">1810</a><div class="line">lēoflīc īren; sgde him þs lēanes þanc,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1811"></a>cwð hē þone gūð-wine gōdne tealde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1812"></a>wīg-crftigne, nales wordum lōg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1813"></a>mēces ecge: þt ws mōdig secg.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1814"></a>And þā sīð-frome searwum gearwe</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1815">1815</a><div class="line">wīgend wǣron, ēode weorð Denum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1816"></a>ðeling tō yppan, þǣr se ōðer ws</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1817"></a>hle hilde-dēor, Hrōðgār grētte.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXVII"></a><h2>XXVII. THE PARTING WORDS.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li1818"></a>Bēowulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþēowes:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1819"></a>"Nū wē sǣ-līðend secgan wyllað</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1820">1820</a><div class="line">"feorran cumene, þt wē fundiað</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1821"></a>"Higelāc sēcan. Wǣron hēr tela</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1822"></a>"willum bewenede; þū ūs wēl dohtest.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1823">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1823"></a>"Gif ic þonne on eorðan ōwihte mg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1824"></a>"þīnre mōd-lufan māran tilian,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1825">1825</a><div class="line">"gumena dryhten, þonne ic gȳt dyde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1826"></a>"gūð-geweorca ic bēo gearo sōna.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1827"></a>"Gif ic þt gefricge ofer flōda begang,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1828"></a>"þt þec ymbe-sittend egesan þȳwað,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1829"></a>"swā þec hetende hwīlum dydon,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1830">1830</a><div class="line">"ic þē þūsenda þegna bringe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1831"></a>"hleða tō helpe. Ic on Higelāce wāt,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1832">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1832"></a>"Gēata dryhten, þēah þe hē geong sȳ,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1833"></a>"folces hyrde, þt hē mec fremman wile</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1834"></a>"wordum and worcum, þt ic þē wēl herige,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1835">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1835">1835</a><div class="line">"and þē tō gēoce gār-holt bere</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1836"></a>"mgenes fultum, þǣr þē bið manna þearf;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1837"></a>"gif him þonne Hrēðrīc tō hofum Gēata</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1838"></a>"geþingeð, þēodnes bearn, hē mg þǣr fela</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1839"></a>"frēonda findan: feor-cȳððe bēoð</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1840">1840</a><div class="line">"sēlran gesōhte þǣm þe him selfa dēah."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1841"></a>Hrōðgār maðelode him on andsware:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1842"></a>"Þē þā word-cwydas wittig drihten</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1843"></a>"on sefan sende! ne hȳrde ic snotorlīcor</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1844"></a>"on swā geongum feore guman þingian:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1845">1845</a><div class="line">"þū eart mgenes strang and on mōde frōd,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1846"></a>"wīs word-cwida. Wēn ic talige,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1847"></a>"gif þt gegangeð, þt þe gār nymeð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1848"></a>"hild heoru-grimme Hrēðles eaferan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1849"></a>"ādl oððe īren ealdor þīnne,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1850">1850</a><div class="line">"folces hyrde, and þū þīn feorh hafast,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1851"></a>"þt þe Sǣ-Gēatas sēlran nbben</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1852"></a>"tō gecēosenne cyning ǣnigne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1853"></a>"hord-weard hleða, gif þū healdan wylt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1854"></a>"māga rīce. Mē þīn mōd-sefa</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1855">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1855">1855</a><div class="line">"līcað leng swā wēl, lēofa Bēowulf:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1856"></a>"hafast þū gefēred, þt þām folcum sceal,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1857"></a>"Gēata lēodum and Gār-Denum</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1858">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1858"></a>"sib gemǣnum and sacu restan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1859"></a>"inwit-nīðas, þē hīe ǣr drugon;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1860">1860</a><div class="line">"wesan, þenden ic wealde wīdan rīces,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1861"></a>"māðmas gemǣne, manig ōðerne</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1862">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1862"></a>"gōdum gegrētan ofer ganotes bð;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1863">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1863"></a>"sceal hring-naca ofer hēaðu bringan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1864"></a>"lāc and luf-tācen. Ic þā lēode wāt</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1865">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1865">1865</a><div class="line">"gē wið fēond gē wið frēond fste geworhte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1866"></a>"ǣghws untǣle ealde wīsan."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1867"></a>Þā gīt him eorla hlēo inne gesealde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1868"></a>mago Healfdenes māðmas twelfe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1869"></a>hēt hine mid þǣm lācum lēode swǣse</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1870">1870</a><div class="line">sēcean on gesyntum, snūde eft cuman.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1871"></a>Gecyste þā cyning ðelum gōd,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1872"></a>þēoden Scildinga, þegen betstan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1873"></a>and be healse genam; hruron him tēaras,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1874"></a>blonden-feaxum: him ws bēga wēn,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1875">1875</a><div class="line">ealdum infrōdum, ōðres swīðor,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1876">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1876"></a>þt hī seoððan gesēon mōston</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1877"></a>mōdige on meðle. Ws him se man tō þon lēof,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1878"></a>þt hē þone brēost-wylm forberan ne mehte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1879"></a>ac him on hreðre hyge-bendum fst</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1880">1880</a><div class="line">fter dēorum men dyrne langað</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1881">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1881"></a>beorn wið blōde. Him Bēowulf þanan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1882"></a>gūð-rinc gold-wlanc grs-moldan trd,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1883"></a>since hrēmig: sǣ-genga bād</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1884"></a>āgend-frēan, sē þe on ancre rād.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1885">1885</a><div class="line">Þā ws on gange gifu Hrōðgāres</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1886"></a>oft gehted: þt ws ān cyning</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1887">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1887"></a>ǣghws orleahtre, oð þt hine yldo benam</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1888"></a>mgenes wynnum, sē þe oft manegum scōd.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXVIII"></a><h2>XXVIII. BĒOWULF RETURNS TO GEATLAND.—THE QUEENS HYGD AND THRYTHO.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li1889"></a>Cwōm þā tō flōde fela-mōdigra</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1890">1890</a><div class="line">hg-stealdra <i>hēap</i>; hring-net bǣron,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1891"></a>locene leoðo-syrcan. Land-weard onfand</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1892"></a>eft-sīð eorla, swā hē ǣr dyde;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1893"></a>nō hē mid hearme of hlīðes nosan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1894"></a>gs<i>tas</i> grētte, ac him tōgēanes rād;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1895">1895</a><div class="line">cwð þt wilcuman Wedera lēodum</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1896">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1896"></a>scawan scīr-hame tō scipe fōron.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1897">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1897"></a>Þā ws on sande sǣ-gēap naca</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1898"></a>hladen here-wǣdum, hringed-stefna</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1899"></a>mēarum and māðmum: mst hlīfade</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1900">1900</a><div class="line">ofer Hrōðgāres hord-gestrēonum.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1901"></a>Hē þǣm bāt-wearde bunden golde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1902"></a>swurd gesealde, þt hē syððan ws</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1903"></a>on meodu-bence māðme þȳ weorðra,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1904">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1904"></a>yrfe-lāfe. Gewāt him on <i>ȳð</i>-nacan,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1905">1905</a><div class="line">drēfan dēop wter, Dena land ofgeaf.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1906"></a>Þā ws be mste mere-hrgla sum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1907"></a>segl sāle fst. Sund-wudu þunede,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1908"></a>nō þǣr wēg-flotan wind ofer ȳðum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1909"></a>sīðes getwǣfde; sǣ-genga fōr,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1910">1910</a><div class="line">flēat fāmig-heals forð ofer ȳðe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1911"></a>bunden-stefna ofer brim-strēamas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1912"></a>þt hīe Gēata clifu ongitan meahton,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1913">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1913"></a>cūðe nssas. Cēol up geþrang,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1914">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1914"></a>lyft-geswenced on lande stōd.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1915">1915</a><div class="line">Hraðe ws t holme hȳð-weard gearo,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1916">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1916"></a>sē þe ǣr lange tīd, lēofra manna</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1917"></a>fūs, t faroðe feor wlātode;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1918"></a>sǣlde tō sande sīd-fðme scip</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1919"></a>oncer-bendum fst, þȳ lǣs hym ȳða þrym</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1920">1920</a><div class="line">wudu wynsuman forwrecan meahte.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1921"></a>Hēt þā up beran ðelinga gestrēon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1922"></a>frtwe and fǣt-gold; ns him feor þanon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1923"></a>tō gesēcanne sinces bryttan:</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1924">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1924"></a>Higelāc Hrēðling þǣr t hām wunað,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1925">1925</a><div class="line">selfa mid gesīðum sǣ-wealle nēah;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1926"></a>bold ws betlīc, brego-rōf cyning,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1927">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1927"></a>hēa <i>on</i> healle, Hygd swīðe geong,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1928"></a>wīs, wēl-þungen, þēah þe wintra lȳt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1929"></a>under burh-locan gebiden hbbe</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1930">1930</a><div class="line">Hreðes dōhtor: ns hīo hnāh swā þēah,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1931"></a>nē tō gnēað gifa Gēata lēodum,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1932">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1932"></a>māðm-gestrēona. Mod Þrȳðo wg,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1933">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1933"></a>fremu folces cwēn, firen ondrysne:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1934"></a>nǣnig þt dorste dēor genēðan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1935">1935</a><div class="line">swǣsra gesīða, nefne sin-frēa,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1936">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1936"></a>þt hire an dges ēagum starede;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1937"></a>ac him wl-bende weotode tealde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1938"></a>hand-gewriðene: hraðe seoððan ws</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1939"></a>fter mund-gripe mēce geþinged,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1940">1940</a><div class="line">þt hit sceaðen-mǣl scȳran mōste,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1941"></a>cwealm-bealu cȳðan. Ne bið swylc cwēnlīc þēaw</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1942"></a>idese tō efnanne, þēah þe hīo ǣnlīcu sȳ,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1943">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1943"></a>þtte freoðu-webbe fēores onsce</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1944"></a>fter līge-torne lēofne mannan.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1945">1945</a><div class="line">Hūru þt onhōhsnode Heminges mǣg;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1946"></a>ealo drincende ōðer sǣdan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1947"></a>þt hīo lēod-bealewa lǣs gefremede,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1948"></a>inwit-nīða, syððan ǣrest wearð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1949"></a>gyfen gold-hroden geongum cempan,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1950">1950</a><div class="line">ðelum dīore, syððan hīo Offan flet</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1951"></a>ofer fealone flōd be fder lāre</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1952"></a>sīðe gesōhte, þǣr hīo syððan wēl</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1953"></a>in gum-stōle, gōde mǣre,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1954"></a>līf-gesceafta lifigende brēac,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1955">1955</a><div class="line">hīold hēah-lufan wið hleða brego,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1956"></a>ealles mon-cynnes mīne gefrǣge</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1957"></a>þone sēlestan bī sǣm twēonum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1958"></a>eormen-cynnes; forþām Offa ws</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1959"></a>geofum and gūðum gār-cēne man,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1960">1960</a><div class="line">wīde geweorðod; wīsdōme hēold</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1961"></a>ēðel sīnne, þonon Ēomǣr wōc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1962"></a>hleðum tō helpe, Heminges mǣg,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1963"></a>nefa Gārmundes, nīða crftig.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXIX"></a><h2>XXIX. HIS ARRIVAL. HYGELAC'S RECEPTION.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li1964"></a>Gewāt him þā se hearda mid his hond-scole</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1965">1965</a><div class="line">sylf fter sande sǣ-wong tredan,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1966">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1966"></a>wīde waroðas. Woruld-candel scān,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1967"></a>sigel sūðan fūs: hī sīð drugon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1968"></a>elne geēodon, tō þs þe eorla hlēo,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1969">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1969"></a>bonan Ongenþēowes burgum on innan,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1970">1970</a><div class="line">geongne gūð-cyning gōdne gefrūnon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1971"></a>hringas dǣlan. Higelāce ws</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1972"></a>sīð Bēowulfes snūde gecȳðed,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1973"></a>þt þǣr on worðig wīgendra hlēo,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1974"></a>lind-gestealla lifigende cwōm,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1975">1975</a><div class="line">heaðo-lāces hāl tō hofe gongan.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1976"></a>Hraðe ws gerȳmed, swā se rīca bebēad,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1977"></a>fēðe-gestum flet innan-weard.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1978"></a>Gest þā wið sylfne, sē þā scce gens,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1979"></a>mǣg wið mǣge, syððan man-dryhten</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1980">1980</a><div class="line">þurh hlēoðor-cwyde holdne gegrētte</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1981">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1981"></a>mēaglum wordum. Meodu-scencum</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1982">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1982"></a>hwearf geond þt reced Hreðes dōhtor:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1983"></a>lufode þā lēode, līð-wǣge br</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1984">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1984"></a>hǣlum tō handa. Higelāc ongan</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1985">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1985">1985</a><div class="line">sīnne geseldan in sele þām hēan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1986"></a>fgre fricgean, hyne fyrwet brc,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1987"></a>hwylce Sǣ-Gēata sīðas wǣron:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1988"></a>"Hū lomp ēow on lāde, lēofa Bīowulf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1989"></a>"þā þū fǣringa feorr gehogodest,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1990">1990</a><div class="line">"scce sēcean ofer sealt wter,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1991"></a>"hilde tō Hiorote? Ac þū Hrōðgāre</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1992"></a>"wīd-cūðne wēan wihte gebēttest,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1993"></a>"mǣrum þēodne? Ic þs mōd-ceare</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1994">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1994"></a>"sorh-wylmum sēað, sīðe ne truwode</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1995">1995</a><div class="line">"lēofes mannes; ic þē lange bd,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1996"></a>"þt þū þone wl-gǣst wihte ne grētte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1997"></a>"lēte Sūð-Dene sylfe geweorðan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1998"></a>"gūðe wið Grendel. Gode ic þanc secge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1999"></a>"þs þe ic þē gesundne gesēon mōste."</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2000">2000</a><div class="line">Bīowulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþīowes:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2001"></a>"Þt is undyrne, dryhten Higelāc,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2002"></a>"<i>mǣre</i> gemēting monegum fīra,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2003"></a>"hwylc <i>orleg</i>-hwīl uncer Grendles</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2004"></a>"wearð on þām wange, þǣr hē worna fela</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2005">2005</a><div class="line">"Sige-Scildingum sorge gefremede,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2006"></a>"yrmðe tō aldre; ic þt eal gewrc,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2007"></a>"swā ne gylpan þearf Grendeles māga</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2008"></a>"<i>ǣnig</i> ofer eorðan ūht-hlem þone,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2009"></a>"sē þe lengest leofað lāðan cynnes,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2010">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2010">2010</a><div class="line">"fe<i>nne</i> bifongen. Ic þǣr furðum cwōm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2011"></a>"tō þām hring-sele Hrōðgār grētan:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2012"></a>"sōna mē se mǣra mago Healfdenes,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2013"></a>"syððan hē mōd-sefan mīnne cūðe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2014"></a>"wið his sylfes sunu setl getǣhte.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2015">2015</a><div class="line">"Weorod ws on wynne; ne seah ic wīdan feorh</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2016"></a>"under heofenes hwealf heal-sittendra</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2017"></a>"medu-drēam māran. Hwīlum mǣru cwēn,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2018"></a>"friðu-sibb folca flet eall geond-hwearf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2019"></a>"bǣdde byre geonge; oft hīo bēah-wriðan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2020">2020</a><div class="line">"secge <i>sealde</i>, ǣr hīo tō setle gēong.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2021"></a>"Hwīlum for duguðe dōhtor Hrōðgāres</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2022">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2022"></a>"eorlum on ende ealu-wǣge br,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2023"></a>"þā ic Frēaware flet-sittende</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2024"></a>"nemnan hȳrde, þǣr hīo ngled sinc</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2025">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2025">2025</a><div class="line">"hleðum sealde: sīo gehāten <i>ws</i>,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2026"></a>"geong gold-hroden, gladum suna Frōdan;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2027">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2027"></a>"hafað þs geworden wine Scyldinga</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2028"></a>"rīces hyrde and þt rǣd talað,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2029"></a>"þt hē mid þȳ wīfe wl-fǣhða dǣl,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2030">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2030">2030</a><div class="line">"scca gesette. Oft <i>nō</i> seldan hwǣr</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2031"></a>"fter lēod-hryre lȳtle hwīle</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2032"></a>"bon-gār būgeð, þēah sēo brȳd duge!</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXX"></a><h2>XXX. BĒOWULF'S STORY OF THE SLAYINGS.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li2033"></a>"Mg þs þonne ofþyncan þēoden Heaðobeardna</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2034"></a>"and þegna gehwām þāra lēoda,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2035">2035</a><div class="line">"þonne hē mid fǣmnan on flett gǣð,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2036">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2036"></a>"dryht-bearn Dena duguða biwenede:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2037"></a>"on him gladiað gomelra lāfe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2038"></a>"heard and hring-mǣl, Heaðobeardna gestrēon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2039"></a>"þenden hīe þām wǣpnum wealdan mōston,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2040">2040</a><div class="line">"oð þt hīe forlǣddan tō þām lind-plegan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2041"></a>"swǣse gesīðas ond hyra sylfra feorh.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2042">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2042"></a>"Þonne cwið t bēore, sē þe bēah gesyhð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2043"></a>"eald sc-wiga, sē þe eall geman</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2044"></a>"gār-cwealm gumena (him bið grim <i>se</i>fa),</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2045">2045</a><div class="line">"onginneð geōmor-mōd geong<i>ne</i> cempan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2046"></a>"þurh hreðra gehygd higes cunnian,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2047"></a>"wīg-bealu weccean and þt word ācwyð:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2048"></a>"'Meaht þū, mīn wine, mēce gecnāwan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2049"></a>"'þone þin fder tō gefeohte br</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2050">2050</a><div class="line">"'under here-grīman hindeman sīðe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2051"></a>"'dȳre īren, þǣr hyne Dene slōgon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2052"></a>"'wēoldon wl-stōwe, syððan wiðer-gyld lg,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2053"></a>"'fter hleða hryre, hwate Scyldungas?</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2054"></a>"'Nu hēr þāra banena byre nāt-hwylces,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2055">2055</a><div class="line">"'frtwum hrēmig on flet gǣð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2056"></a>"'morðres gylpeð and þone māððum byreð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2057"></a>"'þone þe þū mid rihte rǣdan sceoldest!'"</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2058"></a>"Manað swā and myndgað mǣla gehwylce</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2059"></a>"sārum wordum, oð þt sǣl cymeð,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2060">2060</a><div class="line">"þt se fǣmnan þegn fore fder dǣdum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2061"></a>"fter billes bite blōd-fāg swefeð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2062"></a>"ealdres scyldig; him se ōðer þonan</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2063">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2063"></a>"losað <i>li</i>figende, con him land geare.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2064"></a>"Þonne bīoð brocene on bā healfe</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2065">2065</a><div class="line">"āð-sweord eorla; <i>syð</i>ðan Ingelde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2066"></a>"weallað wl-nīðas and him wīf-lufan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2067"></a>"fter cear-wlmum cōlran weorðað.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2068">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2068"></a>"Þȳ ic Heaðobeardna hyldo ne telge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2069"></a>"dryht-sibbe dǣl Denum unfǣcne,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2070">2070</a><div class="line">"frēond-scipe fstne. Ic sceal forð sprecan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2071"></a>"gēn ymbe Grendel, þt þū geare cunne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2072"></a>"sinces brytta, tō hwan syððan wearð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2073"></a>"hond-rǣs hleða. Syððan heofones gim</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2074"></a>"glād ofer grundas, gst yrre cwōm,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2075">2075</a><div class="line">"eatol ǣfen-grom, ūser nēosan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2076"></a>"þǣr wē gesunde sl weardodon;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2077"></a>"þǣr ws Hondscīo hild onsǣge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2078"></a>"feorh-bealu fǣgum, hē fyrmest lg,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2079"></a>"gyrded cempa; him Grendel wearð,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2080">2080</a><div class="line">"mǣrum magu-þegne tō mūð-bonan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2081"></a>"lēofes mannes līc eall forswealg.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2082"></a>"Nō þȳ ǣr ūt þā gēn īdel-hende</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2083"></a>"bona blōdig-tōð bealewa gemyndig,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2084"></a>"of þām gold-sele gongan wolde,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2085">2085</a><div class="line">"ac hē mgnes rōf mīn costode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2086"></a>"grāpode gearo-folm. Glōf hangode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2087"></a>"sīd and syllīc searo-bendum fst,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2088"></a>"sīo ws orþoncum eall gegyrwed</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2089"></a>"dēofles crftum and dracan fellum:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2090">2090</a><div class="line">"hē mec þǣr on innan unsynnigne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2091"></a>"dīor dǣd-fruma, gedōn wolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2092"></a>"manigra sumne: hyt ne mihte swā,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2093"></a>"syððan ic on yrre upp-riht āstōd.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2094"></a>"Tō lang ys tō reccenne, hū ic þām lēod-sceaðan</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2095">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2095">2095</a><div class="line">"yfla gehwylces ond-lēan forgeald;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2096"></a>"þǣr ic, þēoden mīn, þīne lēode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2097"></a>"weorðode weorcum. Hē on weg losade,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2098"></a>"lȳtle hwīle līf-wynna brēac;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2099"></a>"hwðre him sīo swīðre swaðe weardade</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2100">2100</a><div class="line">"hand on Hiorte and hē hēan þonan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2101"></a>"mōdes geōmor mere-grund gefēoll.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2102"></a>"Mē þone wl-rǣs wine Scildunga</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2103"></a>"fǣttan golde fela lēanode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2104"></a>"manegum māðmum, syððan mergen cōm</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2105">2105</a><div class="line">"and wē tō symble geseten hfdon.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2106"></a>"Þǣr ws gidd and glēo; gomela Scilding</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2107"></a>"fela fricgende feorran rehte;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2108"></a>"hwīlum hilde-dēor hearpan wynne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2109"></a>"gomen-wudu grētte; hwīlum gyd āwrc</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2110">2110</a><div class="line">"sōð and sārlīc; hwīlum syllīc spell</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2111"></a>"rehte fter rihte rūm-heort cyning.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2112"></a>"Hwīlum eft ongan eldo gebunden,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2113"></a>"gomel gūð-wiga gioguðe cwīðan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2114"></a>"hilde-strengo; hreðer inne wēoll,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2115">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2115">2115</a><div class="line">"þonne hē wintrum frōd worn gemunde.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2116"></a>"Swā wē þǣr inne andlangne dg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2117"></a>"nīode nāman, oð þt niht becwōm</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2118"></a>"ōðer tō yldum. Þā ws eft hraðe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2119"></a>"gearo gyrn-wrce Grendeles mōdor,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2120">2120</a><div class="line">"sīðode sorh-full; sunu dēað fornam,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2121"></a>"wīg-hete Wedra. Wīf unhȳre</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2122"></a>"hyre bearn gewrc, beorn ācwealde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2123"></a>"ellenlīce; þǣr ws sc-here,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2124"></a>"frōdan fyrn-witan, feorh ūðgenge;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2125">2125</a><div class="line">"nōðer hȳ hine ne mōston, syððan mergen cwōm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2126"></a>"dēað-wērigne Denia lēode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2127"></a>"bronde forbrnan, nē on bǣl hladan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2128"></a>"lēofne mannan: hīo þt līc tbr</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2129">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2129"></a>"fēondes fð<i>mum</i> <i>un</i>der firgen-strēam.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2130">2130</a><div class="line">"Þt ws Hrōðgāre hrēowa tornost</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2131"></a>"þāra þe lēod-fruman lange begeāte;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2132">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2132"></a>"þā se þēoden mec þīne līfe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2133"></a>"healsode hrēoh-mōd, þt ic on holma geþring</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2134"></a>"eorl-scipe efnde, ealdre genēðde,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2135">2135</a><div class="line">"mǣrðo fremede: hē mē mēde gehēt.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2136"></a>"Ic þā þs wlmes, þē is wīde cūð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2137"></a>"grimne gryrelīcne grund-hyrde fond.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2138"></a>"Þǣr unc hwīle ws hand gemǣne;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2139"></a>"holm heolfre wēoll and ic hēafde becearf</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2140">2140</a><div class="line">"in þām <i>grund</i>-sele Grendeles mōdor</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2141"></a>"ēacnum ecgum, unsōfte þonan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2142"></a>"feorh oðferede; ns ic fǣge þā gȳt,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2143"></a>"ac mē eorla hlēo eft gesealde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2144"></a>"māðma menigeo, maga Healfdenes.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXXI"></a><h2>XXXI. HE GIVES PRESENTS TO HYGELAC. HYGELAC REWARDS HIM. HYGELAC'S DEATH. BĒOWULF REIGNS.</h2> + +<a class="lineno" name="li2145">2145</a><div class="line">"Swā se þēod-kyning þēawum lyfde;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2146"></a>"nealles ic þām lēanum forloren hfde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2147"></a>"mgnes mēde, ac hē mē <i>māðm</i>as geaf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2148"></a>"sunu Healfdenes, on <i>sīn</i>ne sylfes dōm;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2149"></a>"þā ic þē, beorn-cyning, bringan wylle,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2150">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2150">2150</a><div class="line">"ēstum geȳwan. Gēn is eall t þē</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2151">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2151"></a>"lissa gelong: ic lȳt hafo</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2152"></a>"hēafod-māga, nefne Hygelāc þec!"</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2153">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2153"></a>Hēt þā in beran eafor, hēafod-segn,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2154"></a>heaðo-stēapne helm, hāre byrnan,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2155">2155</a><div class="line">gūð-sweord geatolīc, gyd fter wrc:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2156"></a>"Mē þis hilde-sceorp Hrōðgār sealde,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2157">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2157"></a>"snotra fengel, sume worde hēt,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2158">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2158"></a>"þt ic his ǣrest þē eft gesgde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2159"></a>"cwð þt hyt hfde Hiorogār cyning,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2160">2160</a><div class="line">"lēod Scyldunga lange hwīle:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2161"></a>"nō þȳ ǣr suna sīnum syllan wolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2162"></a>"hwatum Heorowearde, þēah hē him hold wǣre,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2163"></a>"brēost-gewǣdu. Brūc ealles well!"</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2164"></a>Hȳrde ic þt þām frtwum fēower mēaras</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2165">2165</a><div class="line">lungre gelīce lāst weardode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2166"></a>ppel-fealuwe; hē him ēst getēah</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2167"></a>mēara and māðma. Swā sceal mǣg dōn,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2168"></a>nealles inwit-net ōðrum bregdan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2169"></a>dyrnum crfte dēað rēn<i>ian</i></div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2170">2170</a><div class="line">hond-gesteallan. Hygelāce ws,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2171"></a>nīða heardum, nefa swȳðe hold</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2172"></a>and gehwðer ōðrum hrōðra gemyndig.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2173"></a>Hȳrde ic þt hē þone heals-bēah Hygde gesealde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2174"></a>wrǣtlīcne wundur-māððum, þone þe him Wealhþēo geaf,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2175">2175</a><div class="line">þēodnes dōhtor, þrīo wicg somod</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2176"></a>swancor and sadol-beorht; hyre syððan ws</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2177"></a>fter bēah-þege brēost geweorðod.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2178"></a>Swā bealdode bearn Ecgþēowes,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2179"></a>guma gūðum cūð, gōdum dǣdum,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2180">2180</a><div class="line">drēah fter dōme, nealles druncne slōg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2181"></a>heorð-genēatas; ns him hrēoh sefa,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2182"></a>ac hē man-cynnes mǣste crfte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2183"></a>gin-fstan gife, þē him god sealde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2184"></a>hēold hilde-dēor. Hēan ws lange,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2185">2185</a><div class="line">swā hyne Gēata bearn gōdne ne tealdon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2186"></a>nē hyne on medo-bence micles wyrðne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2187"></a>drihten wereda gedōn wolde;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2188">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2188"></a>swȳðe <i>oft</i> <i>sg</i>don, þt hē slēac wǣre,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2189"></a>ðeling unfrom: edwenden cwōm</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2190">2190</a><div class="line">tīr-ēadigum menn torna gehwylces.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2191"></a>Hēt þā eorla hlēo in gefetian,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2192"></a>heaðo-rōf cyning, Hrēðles lāfe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2193"></a>golde gegyrede; ns mid Gēatum þā</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2194"></a>sinc-māððum sēlra on sweordes hād;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2195">2195</a><div class="line">þt hē on Bīowulfes bearm ālegde,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2196">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2196"></a>and him gesealde seofan þūsendo,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2197"></a>bold and brego-stōl. Him ws bām samod</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2198"></a>on þām lēod-scipe lond gecynde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2199"></a>eard ēðel-riht, ōðrum swīðor</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2200">2200</a><div class="line">sīde rīce, þām þǣr sēlra ws.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2201"></a>Eft þt geīode ufaran dōgrum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2202"></a>hilde-hlmmum, syððan Hygelāc lg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2203"></a>and Heardrēde hilde-mēceas</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2204"></a>under bord-hrēoðan tō bonan wurdon,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2205">2205</a><div class="line">þā hyne gesōhtan on sige-þēode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2206"></a>hearde hilde-frecan, Heaðo-Scilfingas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2207"></a>nīða genǣgdan nefan Hererīces.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2208"></a>Syððan Bēowulfe brāde rīce</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2209"></a>on hand gehwearf: hē gehēold tela</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2210">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2210">2210</a><div class="line">fīftig wintru (ws þā frōd cyning,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2211">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2211"></a>eald ēðel-weard), oð þt ān ongan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2212"></a>deorcum nihtum draca rīcsian,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2213">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2213"></a>sē þe on hēare hǣðe hord beweotode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2214"></a>stān-beorh stēapne: stīg under lg,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2215">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2215">2215</a><div class="line">eldum uncūð. Þǣr on innan gīong</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2216">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2216"></a>niða nāt-hwylces nēode gefēng</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2217"></a>hǣðnum horde hond . d . . geþ . . hwylc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2218"></a>since fāhne, hē þt syððan . . . . .</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2219"></a>. . . þ . . . lð . þ . . l . g</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2220">2220</a><div class="line">slǣpende be fȳre, fyrena hyrde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2221"></a>þēofes crfte, þt sie . . . . ðioð . . . . .</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2222"></a>. idh . folc-beorn, þt hē gebolgen ws.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXXII"></a><h2>XXXII. THE FIRE-DRAKE. THE HOARD.</h2> + +<a class="nref" href="#note2223">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2223"></a>Nealles mid geweoldum wyrm-horda . . . crft</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2224">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2224"></a><i>sōhte</i> sylfes willum, sē þe him <i>sā</i>re gesceōd,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2225">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2225">2225</a><div class="line">ac for þrēa-nēdlan þ<i>ēow</i> nāt-hwylces</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2226"></a>hleða bearna hete-swengeas flēah,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2227">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2227"></a><i>for</i> <i>ofer</i>-þear<i>fe</i> and þǣr inne fealh</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2228"></a>secg syn-bysig. Sōna in þā tīde</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2229">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2229"></a>þt . . . . . þām gyste . . . . br . g . stōd,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2230">2230</a><div class="line">hwðre earm-sceapen . . . . . . .</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2231"></a>. . ð . . . sceapen o . . . . i r . . e se fǣs begeat,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2232">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2232"></a>sinc-ft <i>geseah</i>: þǣr ws swylcra fela</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2233">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2233"></a>in þām eorð-<i>scr</i>fe ǣr-gestrēona,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2234"></a>swā hȳ on geār-dagum gumena nāt-hwylc</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2235">2235</a><div class="line">eormen-lāfe ðelan cynnes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2236"></a>þanc-hycgende þǣr gehȳdde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2237"></a>dēore māðmas. Ealle hīe dēað fornam</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2238"></a>ǣrran mǣlum, and se ān þā gēn</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2239"></a>lēoda duguðe, sē þǣr lengest hwearf,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2240">2240</a><div class="line">weard wine-geōmor wīscte þs yldan,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2241">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2241"></a>þt hē lȳtel fc long-gestrēona</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2242"></a>brūcan mōste. Beorh eal gearo</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2243"></a>wunode on wonge wter-ȳðum nēah,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2244"></a>nīwe be nsse nearo-crftum fst:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2245">2245</a><div class="line">þǣr on innan br eorl-gestrēona</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2246">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2246"></a>hringa hyrde hard-fyrdne dǣl</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2247">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2247"></a>fǣttan goldes, fēa worda cwð:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2248"></a>"Heald þū nū, hrūse, nū hleð ne mōston,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2249"></a>"eorla ǣhte. Hwt! hit ǣr on þē</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2250">2250</a><div class="line">"gōde begeāton; gūð-dēað fornam,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2251"></a>"feorh-bealo frēcne fȳra gehwylcne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2252"></a>"lēoda mīnra, þāra þe þis <i>līf</i> ofgeaf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2253"></a>"gesāwon sele-drēam. Nāh hwā sweord wege</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2254">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2254"></a>"oððe fe<i>tige</i> fǣted wǣge,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2255">2255</a><div class="line">"drync-ft dēore: dug<i>uð</i> ellor scōc.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2256"></a>"Sceal se hearda helm <i>hyr</i>sted golde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2257"></a>"fǣtum befeallen: feormiend swefað,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2258"></a>"þā þe beado-grīman bȳwan sceoldon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2259"></a>"gē swylce sēo here-pād, sīo t hilde gebād</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2260">2260</a><div class="line">"ofer borda gebrc bite īrena,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2261">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2261"></a>"brosnað fter beorne. Ne mg byrnan hring</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2262"></a>"fter wīg-fruman wīde fēran</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2263">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2263"></a>"hleðum be healfe; ns hearpan wyn,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2264">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2264"></a>"gomen glēo-bēames, nē gōd hafoc</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2265">2265</a><div class="line">"geond sl swingeð, nē se swifta mearh</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2266"></a>"burh-stede bēateð. Bealo-cwealm hafað</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2267"></a>"fela feorh-cynna feorr onsended!"</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2268"></a>Swā giōmor-mōd giohðo mǣnde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2269"></a>ān fter eallum unblīðe hwēop,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2270">2270</a><div class="line">dges and nihtes, oð þt dēaðes wylm</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2271"></a>hrān t heortan. Hord-wynne fond</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2272"></a>eald ūht-sceaða opene standan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2273"></a>sē þe byrnende biorgas sēceð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2274"></a>nacod nīð-draca, nihtes flēogeð</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2275">2275</a><div class="line">fȳre befangen; hyne fold-būend</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2276">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2276"></a><i>wīde</i> <i>gesāw</i>on. Hē gē<i>wuni</i>an sceall</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2277">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2277"></a>hlāw <i>under</i> hrūsan, þǣr hē hǣðen gold</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2278"></a>warað wintrum frōd; ne byð him wihte þē sēl.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2279"></a>Swā se þēod-sceaða þrēo hund wintra</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2280">2280</a><div class="line">hēold on hrūsan hord-rna sum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2281"></a>ēacen-crftig, oð þt hyne ān ābealh</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2282"></a>mon on mōde: man-dryhtne br</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2283"></a>fǣted wǣge, frioðo-wǣre bd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2284"></a>hlāford sīnne. Þā ws hord rāsod,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2285">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2285">2285</a><div class="line">onboren bēaga hord, bēne getīðad</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2286"></a>fēa-sceaftum men. Frēa scēawode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2287"></a>fīra fyrn-geweorc forman sīðe.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2288"></a>Þā se wyrm onwōc, wrōht ws genīwad;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2289"></a>stonc þā fter stāne, stearc-heort onfand</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2290">2290</a><div class="line">fēondes fōt-lāst; hē tō forð gestōp,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2291"></a>dyrnan crfte, dracan hēafde nēah.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2292"></a>Swā mg unfǣge ēaðe gedīgan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2293"></a>wēan and wrc-sīð, sē þe waldendes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2294"></a>hyldo gehealdeð. Hord-weard sōhte</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2295">2295</a><div class="line">georne fter grunde, wolde guman findan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2296"></a>þone þe him on sweofote sāre getēode:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2297"></a>hāt and hrēoh-mōd hlǣw oft ymbe hwearf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2298"></a>ealne ūtan-weardne; nē þǣr ǣnig mon</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2299">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2299"></a><i>ws</i> on þǣre wēstenne. Hwðre hilde gefeh,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2300">2300</a><div class="line">bea<i>do</i>-weorces: hwīlum on beorh thwearf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2301"></a>sinc-ft sōhte; hē þt sōna onfand,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2302"></a>þt hfde gumena sum goldes gefandod</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2303"></a>hēah-gestrēona. Hord-weard onbād</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2304"></a>earfoðlīce, oð þt ǣfen cwōm;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2305">2305</a><div class="line">ws þā gebolgen beorges hyrde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2306"></a>wolde se lāða līge forgyldan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2307"></a>drinc-ft dȳre. Þā ws dg sceacen</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2308"></a>wyrme on willan, nō on wealle leng</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2309"></a>bīdan wolde, ac mid bǣle fōr,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2310">2310</a><div class="line">fȳre gefȳsed. Ws se fruma egeslīc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2311"></a>lēodum on lande, swā hyt lungre wearð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2312"></a>on hyra sinc-gifan sāre geendod.</div> +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXXIII"></a><h2>XXXIII. BEOWULF RESOLVES TO KILL THE FIRE-DRAKE.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li2313"></a>Þā se gst ongan glēdum spīwan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2314"></a>beorht hofu brnan; bryne-lēoma stōd</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2315">2315</a><div class="line">eldum on andan; nō þǣr āht cwices</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2316"></a>lāð lyft-floga lǣfan wolde.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2317"></a>Ws þs wyrmes wīg wīde gesȳne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2318"></a>nearo-fāges nīð nēan and feorran,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2319"></a>hū se gūð-sceaða Gēata lēode</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2320">2320</a><div class="line">hatode and hȳnde: hord eft gescēat,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2321"></a>dryht-sele dyrnne ǣr dges hwīle.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2322"></a>Hfde land-wara līge befangen,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2323"></a>bǣle and bronde; beorges getruwode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2324"></a>wīges and wealles: him sēo wēn gelēah.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2325">2325</a><div class="line">Þā ws Bīowulfe brōga gecȳðed</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2326">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2326"></a>snūde tō sōðe, þt his sylfes him</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2327"></a>bolda sēlest bryne-wylmum mealt,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2328"></a>gif-stōl Gēata. Þt þām gōdan ws</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2329"></a>hrēow on hreðre, hyge-sorga mǣst:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2330">2330</a><div class="line">wēnde se wīsa, þt hē wealdende,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2331"></a>ofer ealde riht, ēcean dryhtne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2332"></a>bitre gebulge: brēost innan wēoll</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2333"></a>þēostrum geþoncum, swā him geþȳwe ne ws.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2334"></a>Hfde līg-draca lēoda fsten,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2335">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2335">2335</a><div class="line">ēa-lond ūtan, eorð-weard þone</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2336"></a>glēdum forgrunden. Him þs gūð-cyning,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2337"></a>Wedera þīoden, wrce leornode.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2338"></a>Heht him þā gewyrcean wīgendra hlēo</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2339"></a>eall-īrenne, eorla dryhten</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2340">2340</a><div class="line">wīg-bord wrǣtlīc; wisse hē gearwe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2341"></a>þt him holt-wudu he<i>lpan</i> ne meahte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2342"></a>lind wið līge. Sceolde lǣn-daga</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2343"></a>ðeling ǣr-gōd ende gebīdan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2344"></a>worulde līfes and se wyrm somod;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2345">2345</a><div class="line">þēah þe hord-welan hēolde lange.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2346">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2346"></a>Oferhogode þā hringa fengel,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2347"></a>þt hē þone wīd-flogan weorode gesōhte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2348"></a>sīdan herge; nō hē him þā scce ondrēd,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2349"></a>nē him þs wyrmes wīg for wiht dyde,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2350">2350</a><div class="line">eafoð and ellen; forþon hē ǣr fela</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2351"></a>nearo nēðende nīða gedīgde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2352"></a>hilde-hlemma, syððan hē Hrōðgāres,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2353"></a>sigor-ēadig secg, sele fǣlsode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2354"></a>and t gūðe forgrāp Grendeles mǣgum,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2355">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2355">2355</a><div class="line">lāðan cynnes. Nō þt lǣsest ws</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2356"></a>hond-gemota, þǣr mon Hygelāc slōh,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2357"></a>syððan Gēata cyning gūðe rǣsum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2358"></a>frēa-wine folces Frēslondum on,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2359"></a>Hrēðles eafora hioro-dryncum swealt,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2360">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2360">2360</a><div class="line">bille gebēaten; þonan Bīowulf cōm</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2361"></a>sylfes crfte, sund-nytte drēah;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2362">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2362"></a>hfde him on earme ... XXX</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2363"></a>hilde-geatwa, þā hē tō holme <i>st</i>āg.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2364">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2364"></a>Nealles Hetware hrēmge þorfton</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2365">2365</a><div class="line">fēðe-wīges, þē him foran ongēan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2366"></a>linde bǣron: lȳt eft becwōm</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2367"></a>fram þām hild-frecan hāmes nīosan.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2368">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2368"></a>Oferswam þā sioleða bigong sunu Ecgþēowes,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2369"></a>earm ān-haga eft tō lēodum,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2370">2370</a><div class="line">þǣr him Hygd gebēad hord and rīce,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2371"></a>bēagas and brego-stōl: bearne ne truwode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2372"></a>þt hē wið l-fylcum ēðel-stōlas</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2373"></a>healdan cūðe, þā ws Hygelāc dēad.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2374"></a>Nō þȳ ǣr fēa-sceafte findan meahton</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2375">2375</a><div class="line">t þām ðelinge ǣnige þinga,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2376"></a>þt hē Heardrēde hlāford wǣre,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2377"></a>oððe þone cyne-dōm cīosan wolde;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2378"></a>hwðre hē him on folce frēond-lārum hēold,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2379"></a>ēstum mid āre, oð þt hē yldra wearð,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2380">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2380">2380</a><div class="line">Weder-Gēatum wēold. Hyne wrc-mcgas</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2381"></a>ofer sǣ sōhtan, suna Ōhteres:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2382"></a>hfdon hȳ forhealden helm Scylfinga,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2383"></a>þone sēlestan sǣ-cyninga,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2384">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2384"></a>þāra þe in Swīo-rīce sinc brytnade,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2385">2385</a><div class="line">mǣrne þēoden. Him þt tō mearce wearð;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2386">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2386"></a>hē þǣr orfeorme feorh-wunde hlēat</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2387"></a>sweordes swengum, sunu Hygelāces;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2388"></a>and him eft gewāt Ongenþīowes bearn</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2389"></a>hāmes nīosan, syððan Heardrēd lg;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2390">2390</a><div class="line">lēt þone brego-stōl Bīowulf healdan,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2391">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2391"></a>Gēatum wealdan: þt ws gōd cyning.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXXIV"></a><h2>XXXIV. RETROSPECT OF BĒOWULF.—STRIFE BETWEEN SWEONAS AND GEATAS.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li2392"></a>Sē þs lēod-hryres lēan gemunde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2393"></a>uferan dōgrum, Ēadgilse wearð</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2394">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2394"></a>fēa-sceaftum fēond. Folce gestepte</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2395">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2395">2395</a><div class="line">ofer sǣ sīde sunu Ōhteres</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2396"></a>wigum and wǣpnum: hē gewrc syððan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2397"></a>cealdum cear-sīðum, cyning ealdre binēat.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2398"></a>Swā hē nīða gehwane genesen hfde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2399"></a>slīðra geslyhta, sunu Ecgþīowes,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2400">2400</a><div class="line">ellen-weorca, oð þone ānne dg,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2401"></a>þē hē wið þām wyrme gewegan sceolde.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2402">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2402"></a>Gewāt þā twelfa sum torne gebolgen</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2403"></a>dryhten Gēata dracan scēawian;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2404"></a>hfde þā gefrūnen, hwanan sīo fǣhð ārās,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2405">2405</a><div class="line">bealo-nīð biorna; him tō bearme cwōm</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2406"></a>māððum-ft mǣre þurh þs meldan hond,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2407"></a>Sē ws on þām þrēate þreotteoða secg,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2408"></a>sē þs orleges ōr onstealde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2409"></a>hft hyge-giōmor, sceolde hēan þonon</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2410">2410</a><div class="line">wong wīsian: hē ofer willan gīong</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2411"></a>tō þs þe hē eorð-sele ānne wisse,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2412"></a>hlǣw under hrūsan holm-wylme nēh,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2413"></a>ȳð-gewinne, sē ws innan full</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2414"></a>wrǣtta and wīra: weard unhīore,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2415">2415</a><div class="line">gearo gūð-freca, gold-māðmas hēold,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2416"></a>eald under eorðan; ns þt ȳðe cēap,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2417"></a>tō gegangenne gumena ǣnigum.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2418"></a>Gest þā on nsse nīð-heard cyning,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2419"></a>þenden hǣlo ābēad heorð-genēatum</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2420">2420</a><div class="line">gold-wine Gēata: him ws geōmor sefa,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2421"></a>wǣfre and wl-fūs, Wyrd ungemete nēah,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2422"></a>sē þone gomelan grētan sceolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2423"></a>sēcean sāwle hord, sundur gedǣlan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2424"></a>līf wið līce: nō þon lange ws</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2425">2425</a><div class="line">feorh ðelinges flǣsce bewunden.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2426"></a>Bīowulf maðelade, bearn Ecgþēowes:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2427"></a>"Fela ic on giogoðe guð-rǣsa gens,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2428"></a>"orleg-hwīla: ic þt eall gemon.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2429"></a>"Ic ws syfan-wintre, þā mec sinca baldor,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2430">2430</a><div class="line">"frēa-wine folca t mīnum fder genam,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2431"></a>"hēold mec and hfde Hrēðel cyning,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2432"></a>"geaf mē sinc and symbel, sibbe gemunde;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2433"></a>"ns ic him tō līfe lāðra ōwihte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2434"></a>"beorn in burgum, þonne his bearna hwylc,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2435">2435</a><div class="line">"Herebeald and Hðcyn, oððe Hygelāc mīn.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2436"></a>"Ws þām yldestan ungedēfelīce</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2437">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2437"></a>"mǣges dǣdum morðor-bed strēd,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2438"></a>"syððan hyne Hðcyn of horn-bogan,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2439">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2439"></a>"his frēa-wine flāne geswencte,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2440">2440</a><div class="line">"miste mercelses and his mǣg ofscēt,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2441"></a>"brōðor ōðerne, blōdigan gāre:</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2442">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2442"></a>"þt ws feoh-lēas gefeoht, fyrenum gesyngad</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2443"></a>"hreðre hyge-mēðe; sceolde hwðre swā þēah</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2444"></a>"ðeling unwrecen ealdres linnan.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2445">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2445">2445</a><div class="line">"Swā bið geōmorlīc gomelum ceorle</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2446"></a>"tō gebīdanne, þt his byre rīde</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2447">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2447"></a>"giong on galgan, þonne hē gyd wrece,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2448"></a>"sārigne sang, þonne his sunu hangað</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2449">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2449"></a>"hrefne tō hrōðre and hē him helpe ne mg,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2450">2450</a><div class="line">"eald and in-frōd, ǣnige gefremman.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2451"></a>"Symble bið gemyndgad morna gehwylce</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2452"></a>"eaforan ellor-sīð; ōðres ne gȳmeð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2453"></a>"tō gebīdanne burgum on innan</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2454">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2454"></a>"yrfe-weardes, þonne se ān hafað</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2455">2455</a><div class="line">"þurh dēaðes nȳd dǣda gefondad.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2456"></a>"Gesyhð sorh-cearig on his suna būre</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2457"></a>"wīn-sele wēstne, wind-gereste,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2458">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2458"></a>"rēote berofene; rīdend swefað</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2459"></a>"hleð in hoðman; nis þǣr hearpan swēg,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2460">2460</a><div class="line">"gomen in geardum, swylce þǣr iū wǣron.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXXV"></a><h2>XXXV. MEMORIES OF PAST TIME.—THE FEUD WITH THE FIRE-DRAKE.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li2461"></a>"Gewīteð þonne on sealman, sorh-lēoð gleð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2462"></a>"ān fter ānum: þūhte him eall tō rūm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2463"></a>"wongas and wīc-stede. Swā Wedra helm</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2464"></a>"fter Herebealde heortan sorge</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2465">2465</a><div class="line">"weallende wg, wihte ne meahte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2466"></a>"on þām feorh-bonan fǣhðe gebētan:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2467"></a>"nō þȳ ǣr hē þone heaðo-rinc hatian ne meahte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2468"></a>"lāðum dǣdum, þēah him lēof ne ws.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2469"></a>"Hē þā mid þǣre sorge, þē him sīo sār belamp,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2470">2470</a><div class="line">"gum-drēam ofgeaf, godes lēoht gecēas;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2471"></a>"eaferum lǣfde, swā dēð ēadig mon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2472"></a>"lond and lēod-byrig, þā hē of līfe gewāt.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2473"></a>"Þā ws synn and sacu Swēona and Gēata,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2474">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2474"></a>"ofer wīd wter wrōht gemǣne,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2475">2475</a><div class="line">"here-nīð hearda, syððan Hrēðel swealt,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2476"></a>"oððe him Ongenþēowes eaferan wǣran</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2477">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2477"></a>"frome fyrd-hwate, frēode ne woldon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2478"></a>"ofer heafo healdan, ac ymb Hrēosna-beorh</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2479"></a>"eatolne inwit-scear oft gefremedon.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2480">2480</a><div class="line">"Þt mǣg-wine mīne gewrǣcan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2481"></a>"fǣhðe and fyrene, swā hyt gefrǣge ws,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2482"></a>"þēah þe ōðer hit ealdre gebohte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2483"></a>"heardan cēape: Hðcynne wearð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2484"></a>"Gēata dryhtne, gūð onsǣge.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2485">2485</a><div class="line">"Þā ic on morgne gefrgn mǣg ōðerne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2486"></a>"billes ecgum on bonan stǣlan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2487"></a>"þǣr Ongenþēow Eofores nīosade:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2488"></a>"gūð-helm tōglād, gomela Scylfing</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2489">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2489"></a>"hrēas <i>heoro</i>-blāc; hond gemunde</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2490">2490</a><div class="line">"fǣhðo genōge, feorh-sweng ne oftēah.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2491"></a>"Ic him þā māðmas, þē hē mē sealde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2492"></a>"geald t gūðe, swā mē gifeðe ws,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2493"></a>"lēohtan sweorde: hē mē lond forgeaf,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2494">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2494"></a>"eard ēðel-wyn. Ns him ǣnig þearf,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2495">2495</a><div class="line">"þt hē tō Gifðum oððe tō Gār-Denum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2496"></a>"oððe in Swīo-rīce sēcean þurfe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2497"></a>"wyrsan wīg-frecan, weorðe gecȳpan;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2498"></a>"symle ic him on fēðan beforan wolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2499"></a>"āna on orde, and swā tō aldre sceall</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2500">2500</a><div class="line">"scce fremman, þenden þis sweord þolað,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2501"></a>"þt mec ǣr and sīð oft gelǣste,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2502">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2502"></a>"syððan ic for dugeðum Dghrefne wearð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2503"></a>"tō hand-bonan, Hūga cempan:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2504"></a>"nalles hē þā frtwe Frēs-cyninge,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2505">2505</a><div class="line">"brēost-weorðunge bringan mōste,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2506"></a>"ac in campe gecrong cumbles hyrde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2507"></a>"ðeling on elne. Ne ws ecg bona,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2508"></a>"ac him hilde-grāp heortan wylmas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2509"></a>"bān-hūs gebrc. Nū sceall billes ecg,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2510">2510</a><div class="line">"hond and heard sweord ymb hord wīgan."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2511"></a>Bēowulf maðelode, bēot-wordum sprc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2512"></a>nīehstan sīðe: "Ic genēðde fela</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2513"></a>"gūða on geogoðe; gȳt ic wylle,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2514"></a>"frōd folces weard, fǣhðe sēcan,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2515">2515</a><div class="line">"mǣrðum fremman, gif mec se mān-sceaða</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2516"></a>"of eorð-sele ūt gesēceð!"</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2517"></a>Gegrētte þā gumena gehwylcne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2518"></a>hwate helm-berend hindeman sīðe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2519"></a>swǣse gesīðas: "Nolde ic sweord beran,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2520">2520</a><div class="line">"wǣpen tō wyrme, gif ic wiste hū</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2521"></a>"wið þām āglǣcean elles meahte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2522"></a>"gylpe wiðgrīpan, swā ic giō wið Grendle dyde;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2523"></a>"ac ic þǣr heaðu-fȳres hātes wēne,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2524">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2524"></a>"rēðes and-hāttres: forþon ic mē on hafu</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2525">2525</a><div class="line">"bord and byrnan. Nelle ic beorges weard</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2526">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2526"></a>"oferflēon fōtes trem, <i>fēond</i> <i>unhȳre</i>,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2527"></a>"ac unc sceal weorðan t wealle, swā unc Wyrd getēoð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2528"></a>"metod manna gehws. Ic eom on mōde from,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2529"></a>"þt ic wið þone gūð-flogan gylp ofersitte.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2530">2530</a><div class="line">"Gebīde gē on beorge byrnum werede,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2531"></a>"secgas on searwum, hwðer sēl mǣge</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2532"></a>"fter wl-rǣse wunde gedȳgan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2533"></a>"uncer twēga. Nis þt ēower sīð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2534"></a>"nē gemet mannes, nefne mīn ānes,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2535">2535</a><div class="line">"þt hē wið āglǣcean eofoðo dǣle,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2536"></a>"eorl-scype efne. Ic mid elne sceall</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2537"></a>"gold gegangan oððe gūð nimeð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2538"></a>"feorh-bealu frēcne, frēan ēowerne!"</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2539"></a>Ārās þā bī ronde rōf ōretta,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2540">2540</a><div class="line">heard under helm, hioro-sercean br</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2541"></a>under stān-cleofu, strengo getruwode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2542"></a>ānes mannes: ne bið swylc earges sīð.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2543"></a>Geseah þā be wealle, sē þe worna fela,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2544"></a>gum-cystum gōd, gūða gedīgde,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2545">2545</a><div class="line">hilde-hlemma, þonne hnitan fēðan,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2546">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2546"></a>(stōd on stān-bogan) strēam ūt þonan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2547"></a>brecan of beorge; ws þǣre burnan wlm</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2548"></a>heaðo-fȳrum hāt: ne meahte horde nēah</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2549"></a>unbyrnende ǣnige hwīle</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2550">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2550">2550</a><div class="line">dēop gedȳgan for dracan lēge.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2551"></a>Lēt þā of brēostum, þā hē gebolgen ws,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2552"></a>Weder-Gēata lēod word ūt faran,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2553"></a>stearc-heort styrmde; stefn in becōm</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2554"></a>heaðo-torht hlynnan under hārne stān.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2555">2555</a><div class="line">Hete ws onhrēred, hord-weard oncnīow</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2556"></a>mannes reorde; ns þǣr māra fyrst,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2557"></a>frēode tō friclan. From ǣrest cwōm</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2558"></a>oruð āglǣcean ūt of stāne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2559"></a>hāt hilde-swāt; hrūse dynede.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2560">2560</a><div class="line">Biorn under beorge bord-rand onswāf</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2561"></a>wið þām gryre-gieste, Gēata dryhten:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2562"></a>þā ws hring-bogan heorte gefȳsed</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2563"></a>scce tō sēceanne. Sweord ǣr gebrǣ</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2564"></a>gōd gūð-cyning gomele lāfe,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2565">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2565">2565</a><div class="line">ecgum unglēaw, ǣghwðrum ws</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2566"></a>bealo-hycgendra brōga fram ōðrum.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2567"></a>Stīð-mōd gestōd wið stēapne rond</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2568"></a>winia bealdor, þā se wyrm gebēah</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2569"></a>snūde tōsomne: hē on searwum bād.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2570">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2570">2570</a><div class="line">Gewāt þā byrnende gebogen scrīðan tō,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2571"></a>gescīfe scyndan. Scyld wēl gebearg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2572"></a>līfe and līce lǣssan hwīle</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2573"></a>mǣrum þēodne, þonne his myne sōhte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2574"></a>þǣr hē þȳ fyrste forman dōgore</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2575">2575</a><div class="line">wealdan mōste, swā him Wyrd ne gescrāf</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2576"></a>hrēð t hilde. Hond up ābrd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2577"></a>Gēata dryhten, gryre-fāhne slōh</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2578"></a>incge lāfe, þt sīo ecg gewāc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2579"></a>brūn on bāne, bāt unswīðor,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2580">2580</a><div class="line">þonne his þīod-cyning þearfe hfde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2581"></a>bysigum gebǣded. Þā ws beorges weard</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2582"></a>fter heaðu-swenge on hrēoum mōde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2583"></a>wearp wl-fȳre, wīde sprungon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2584"></a>hilde-lēoman: hrēð-sigora ne gealp</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2585">2585</a><div class="line">gold-wine Gēata, gūð-bill geswāc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2586"></a>nacod t nīðe, swā hyt nō sceolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2587"></a>īren ǣr-gōd. Ne ws þt ēðe sīð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2588"></a>þt se mǣra maga Ecgþēowes</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2589">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2589"></a>grund-wong þone ofgyfan wolde;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2590">2590</a><div class="line">sceolde <i>wyrmes</i> willan wīc eardian</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2591"></a>elles hwergen, swā sceal ǣghwylc mon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2592"></a>ālǣtan lǣn-dagas. Ns þā long tō þon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2593"></a>þt þā āglǣcean hȳ eft gemētton.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2594"></a>Hyrte hyne hord-weard, hreðer ǣðme wēoll,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2595">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2595">2595</a><div class="line">nīwan stefne: nearo þrowode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2596"></a>fȳre befongen sē þe ǣr folce wēold.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2597"></a>Nealles him on hēape hand-gesteallan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2598"></a>ðelinga bearn ymbe gestōdon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2599"></a>hilde-cystum, ac hȳ on holt bugon,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2600">2600</a><div class="line">ealdre burgan. Hiora in ānum wēoll</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2601"></a>sefa wið sorgum: sibb ǣfre ne mg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2602"></a>wiht onwendan, þām þe wēl þenceð.</div> +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXXVI"></a><h2>XXXVI. WIGLAF HELPS BĒOWULF IN THE FEUD</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li2603"></a>Wīglāf ws hāten Wēoxstānes sunu,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2604">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2604"></a>lēoflīc lind-wiga, lēod Scylfinga,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2605">2605</a><div class="line">mǣg lfheres: geseah his mon-dryhten</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2606"></a>under here-grīman hāt þrowian.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2607">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2607"></a>Gemunde þā þā āre, þē hē him ǣr forgeaf</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2608"></a>wīc-stede weligne Wǣgmundinga,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2609">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2609"></a>folc-rihta gehwylc, swā his fder āhte;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2610">2610</a><div class="line">ne mihte þā forhabban, hond rond gefēng,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2611"></a>geolwe linde, gomel swyrd getēah,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2612"></a>þt ws mid eldum Ēanmundes lāf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2613"></a>suna Ōhteres, þām t scce wearð</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2614">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2614"></a>wracu wine-lēasum Wēohstānes bana</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2615">2615</a><div class="line">mēces ecgum, and his māgum tbr</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2616"></a>brūn-fāgne helm, hringde byrnan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2617"></a>eald sweord eotonisc, þt him Onela forgeaf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2618"></a>his gdelinges gūð-gewǣdu,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2619"></a>fyrd-searo fūslīc: nō ymbe þā fǣhðe sprc,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2620">2620</a><div class="line">þēah þe hē his brōðor bearn ābredwade.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2621"></a>Hē frtwe gehēold fela missēra,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2622"></a>bill and byrnan, oð þt his byre mihte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2623"></a>eorl-scipe efnan, swā his ǣr-fder;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2624"></a>geaf him þā mid Gēatum gūð-gewǣda</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2625">2625</a><div class="line">ǣghws unrīm; þā hē of ealdre gewāt,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2626"></a>frōd on forð-weg. Þā ws forma sīð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2627"></a>geongan cempan, þt hē gūðe rǣs</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2628"></a>mid his frēo-dryhtne fremman sceolde;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2629"></a>ne gemealt him se mōd-sefa, nē his mǣges lāf</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2630">2630</a><div class="line">gewāc t wīge: þt se wyrm onfand,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2631"></a>syððan hīe tōgdre gegān hfdon.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2632"></a>Wīglāf maðelode word-rihta fela,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2633"></a>sgde gesīðum, him ws sefa geōmor:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2634"></a>"Ic þt mǣl geman, þǣr wē medu þēgun,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2635">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2635">2635</a><div class="line">"þonne wē gehēton ūssum hlāforde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2636"></a>"in bīor-sele, þē ūs þās bēagas geaf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2637"></a>"þt wē him þā gūð-geatwa gyldan woldon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2638"></a>"gif him þyslīcu þearf gelumpe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2639"></a>"helmas and heard sweord: þē hē ūsic on herge gecēas</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2640">2640</a><div class="line">"tō þyssum sīð-fate sylfes willum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2641"></a>"onmunde ūsic mǣrða and mē þās māðmas geaf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2642"></a>"þē hē ūsic gār-wīgend gōde tealde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2643"></a>"hwate helm-berend, þēah þe hlāford ūs</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2644"></a>"þis ellen-weorc āna āþōhte</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2645">2645</a><div class="line">"tō gefremmanne, folces hyrde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2646"></a>"forþām hē manna mǣst mǣrða gefremede,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2647"></a>"dǣda dollīcra. Nū is sē dg cumen,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2648"></a>"þt ūre man-dryhten mgenes behōfað</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2649">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2649"></a>"gōdra gūð-rinca: wutun gangan tō,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2650">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2650">2650</a><div class="line">"helpan hild-fruman, þenden hyt sȳ,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2651"></a>"glēd-egesa grim! God wāt on mec,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2652"></a>"þt mē is micle lēofre, þt mīnne līc-haman</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2653"></a>"mid mīnne gold-gyfan glēd fðmie.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2654"></a>"Ne þynceð mē gerysne, þt wē rondas beren</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2655">2655</a><div class="line">"eft tō earde, nemne wē ǣror mǣgen</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2656">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2656"></a>"fāne gefyllan, feorh ealgian</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2657"></a>"Wedra þīodnes. Ic wāt geare,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2658"></a>"þt nǣron eald-gewyrht, þt hē āna scyle</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2659"></a>"Gēata duguðe gnorn þrowian,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2660">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2660">2660</a><div class="line">"gesīgan t scce: sceal ūrum þt sweord and helm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2661"></a>"byrne and byrdu-scrūd bām gemǣne."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2662"></a>Wōd þā þurh þone wl-rēc, wīg-heafolan br</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2663"></a>frēan on fultum, fēa worda cwð:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2664"></a>"Lēofa Bīowulf, lǣst eall tela,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2665">2665</a><div class="line">"swā þū on geoguð-fēore geāra gecwǣde,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2666">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2666"></a>"þt þū ne ālǣte be þē lifigendum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2667"></a>"dōm gedrēosan: scealt nū dǣdum rōf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2668"></a>"ðeling ān-hȳdig, ealle mgene</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2669"></a>"feorh ealgian; ic þē fullǣstu!"</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2670">2670</a><div class="line">fter þām wordum wyrm yrre cwōm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2671"></a>atol inwit-gst ōðre sīðe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2672"></a>fȳr-wylmum fāh fīonda nīosan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2673"></a>lāðra manna; līg-ȳðum forborn</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2674"></a>bord wið ronde: byrne ne meahte</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2675">2675</a><div class="line">geongum gār-wigan gēoce gefremman:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2676"></a>ac se maga geonga under his mǣges scyld</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2677"></a>elne geēode, þā his āgen w<i>s</i></div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2678"></a>glēdum forgrunden. Þā gēn gūð-cyning</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2679"></a>m<i>ǣrða</i> gemunde, mgen-strengo,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2680">2680</a><div class="line">slōh hilde-bille, þt hyt on heafolan stōd</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2681">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2681"></a>nīðe genȳded: Ngling forbrst,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2682"></a>geswāc t scce sweord Bīowulfes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2683"></a>gomol and grǣg-mǣl. Him þt gifeðe ne ws,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2684"></a>þt him īrenna ecge mihton</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2685">2685</a><div class="line">helpan t hilde; ws sīo hond tō strong,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2686"></a>sē þe mēca gehwane mīne gefrǣge</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2687">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2687"></a>swenge ofersōhte, þonne hē tō scce br</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2688">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2688"></a>wǣpen wundrum heard, ns him wihte þē sēl.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2689"></a>Þā ws þēod-sceaða þriddan sīðe,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2690">2690</a><div class="line">frēcne fȳr-draca fǣhða gemyndig,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2691"></a>rǣsde on þone rōfan, þā him rūm āgeald,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2692"></a>hāt and heaðo-grim, heals ealne ymbefēng</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2693"></a>biteran bānum; hē geblōdegod wearð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2694"></a>sāwul-drīore; swāt ȳðum wēoll.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXXVII"></a><h2>XXXVII. BĒOWULF WOUNDED TO DEATH.</h2> + +<a class="lineno" name="li2695">2695</a><div class="line">Þā ic t þearfe <i>gefrgn</i> þēod-cyninges</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2696"></a>and-longne eorl ellen cȳðan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2697"></a>crft and cēnðu, swā him gecynde ws;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2698">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2698"></a>ne hēdde hē þs heafolan, ac sīo hand gebarn</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2699"></a>mōdiges mannes, þǣr hē his mǣges healp,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2700">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2700">2700</a><div class="line">þt hē þone nīð-gst nioðor hwēne slōh,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2701"></a>secg on searwum, þt þt sweord gedēaf</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2702">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2702"></a>fāh and fǣted, þt þt fȳr ongon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2703"></a>sweðrian syððan. Þā gēn sylf cyning</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2704">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2704"></a>gewēold his gewitte, wll-seaxe gebrǣ,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2705">2705</a><div class="line">biter and beadu-scearp, þt hē on byrnan wg:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2706"></a>forwrāt Wedra helm wyrm on middan.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2707">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2707"></a>Fēond gefyldan (ferh ellen wrc),</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2708"></a>and hī hyne þā bēgen ābroten hfdon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2709"></a>sib-ðelingas: swylc sceolde secg wesan,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2710">2710</a><div class="line">þegn t þearfe. Þt þām þēodne ws</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2711"></a>sīðast sīge-hwīle sylfes dǣdum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2712"></a>worlde geweorces. Þā sīo wund ongon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2713"></a>þē him se eorð-draca ǣr geworhte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2714"></a>swelan and swellan. Hē þt sōna onfand,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2715">2715</a><div class="line">þt him on brēostum bealo-nīð wēoll,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2716"></a>attor on innan. Þā se ðeling gīong,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2717"></a>þt hē bī wealle, wīs-hycgende,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2718"></a>gest on sesse; seah on enta geweorc,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2719"></a>hū þā stān-bogan stapulum fste</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2720">2720</a><div class="line">ēce eorð-reced innan hēoldon.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2721"></a>Hyne þā mid handa heoro-drēorigne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2722"></a>þēoden mǣrne þegn ungemete till,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2723"></a>wine-dryhten his wtere gelafede,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2724"></a>hilde-sdne and his helm onspēon.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2725">2725</a><div class="line">Bīowulf maðelode, hē ofer benne sprc,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2726"></a>wunde wl-blēate (wisse hē gearwe,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2727">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2727"></a>þt hē dg-hwīla gedrogen hfde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2728"></a>eorðan wynne; þā ws eall sceacen</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2729"></a>dōgor-gerīmes, dēað ungemete nēah):</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2730">2730</a><div class="line">"Nū ic suna mīnum syllan wolde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2731"></a>"gūð-gewǣdu, þǣr mē gifeðe swā</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2732"></a>"ǣnig yrfe-weard fter wurde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2733"></a>"līce gelenge. Ic þās lēode hēold</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2734"></a>"fīftig wintra: ns se folc-cyning</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2735">2735</a><div class="line">"ymbe-sittendra ǣnig þāra,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2736"></a>"þē mec gūð-winum grētan dorste,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2737"></a>"egesan þēon. Ic on earde bād</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2738"></a>"mǣl-gesceafta, hēold mīn tela,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2739"></a>"ne sōhte searo-nīðas, nē mē swōr fela</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2740">2740</a><div class="line">"āða on unriht. Ic þs ealles mg,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2741"></a>"feorh-bennum sēoc, gefēan habban:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2742"></a>"forþām mē wītan ne þearf waldend fīra</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2743"></a>"morðor-bealo māga, þonne mīn sceaceð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2744"></a>"līf of līce. Nū þū lungre</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2745">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2745">2745</a><div class="line">"geong, hord scēawian under hārne stān,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2746"></a>"Wīglāf lēofa, nū se wyrm ligeð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2747"></a>"swefeð sāre wund, since berēafod.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2748"></a>"Bīo nū on ofoste, þt ic ǣr-welan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2749"></a>"gold-ǣht ongite, gearo scēawige</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2750">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2750">2750</a><div class="line">"swegle searo-gimmas, þt ic þȳ sēft mǣge</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2751"></a>"fter māððum-welan mīn ālǣtan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2752"></a>"līf and lēod-scipe, þone ic longe hēold."</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXXVIII"></a><h2>XXXVIII. THE JEWEL-HOARD. THE PASSING OF BEOWULF.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li2753"></a>Þā ic snūde gefrgn sunu Wīhstānes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2754"></a>fter word-cwydum wundum dryhtne</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2755">2755</a><div class="line">hȳran heaðo-sīocum, hring-net beran,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2756"></a>brogdne beadu-sercean under beorges hrōf.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2757"></a>Geseah þā sige-hrēðig, þā hē bī sesse gēong,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2758"></a>mago-þegn mōdig māððum-sigla fela,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2759"></a>gold glitinian grunde getenge,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2760">2760</a><div class="line">wundur on wealle and þs wyrmes denn,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2761"></a>ealdes ūht-flogan, orcas stondan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2762"></a>fyrn-manna fatu feormend-lēase,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2763"></a>hyrstum behrorene: þǣr ws helm monig,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2764"></a>eald and ōmig, earm-bēaga fela,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2765">2765</a><div class="line">searwum gesǣled. Sinc ēaðe mg,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2766"></a>gold on grunde, gum<i>ena</i> cynnes</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2767">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2767"></a>gehwone ofer-hīgian, hȳde sē þe wylle!</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2768"></a>Swylce hē siomian geseah segn eall-gylden</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2769"></a>hēah ofer horde, hond-wundra mǣst,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2770">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2770">2770</a><div class="line">gelocen leoðo-crftum: of þām lēoma stōd,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2771"></a>þt hē þone grund-wong ongitan meahte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2772"></a>wrǣte giond-wlītan. Ns þs wyrmes þǣr</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2773"></a>onsȳn ǣnig, ac hyne ecg fornam.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2774"></a>Þā ic on hlǣwe gefrgn hord rēafian,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2775">2775</a><div class="line">eald enta geweorc ānne mannan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2776"></a>him on bearm hladan bunan and discas</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2777"></a>sylfes dōme, segn ēac genom,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2778">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2778"></a>bēacna beorhtost; bill ǣr-gescōd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2779"></a>(ecg ws īren) eald-hlāfordes</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2780">2780</a><div class="line">þām þāra māðma mund-bora ws</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2781"></a>longe hwīle, līg-egesan wg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2782"></a>hātne for horde, hioro-weallende,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2783"></a>middel-nihtum, oð þt hē morðre swealt.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2784"></a>Ār ws on ofoste eft-sīðes georn,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2785">2785</a><div class="line">frtwum gefyrðred: hyne fyrwet brc,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2786"></a>hwðer collen-ferð cwicne gemētte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2787"></a>in þām wong-stede Wedra þēoden,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2788"></a>ellen-sīocne, þǣr hē hine ǣr forlēt.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2789"></a>Hē þā mid þām māðmum mǣrne þīoden,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2790">2790</a><div class="line">dryhten sīnne drīorigne fand</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2791">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2791"></a>ealdres t ende: hē hine eft ongon</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2792">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2792"></a>wteres weorpan, oð þt wordes ord</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2793"></a>brēost-hord þurhbrc. <i>Bēowulf maðelode</i>,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2794"></a>gomel on giohðe (gold scēawode):</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2795">2795</a><div class="line">"Ic þāra frtwa frēan ealles þanc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2796"></a>"wuldur-cyninge wordum secge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2797"></a>"ēcum dryhtne, þē ic hēr on starie,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2798"></a>"þs þe ic mōste mīnum lēodum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2799"></a>"ǣr swylt-dge swylc gestrȳnan.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2800">2800</a><div class="line">"Nū ic on māðma hord mīne bebohte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2801"></a>"frōde feorh-lege, fremmað gē nū</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2802"></a>"lēoda þearfe; ne mg ic hēr leng wesan.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2803"></a>"Hātað heaðo-mǣre hlǣw gewyrcean,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2804"></a>"beorhtne fter bǣle t brimes nosan;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2805">2805</a><div class="line">"se scel tō gemyndum mīnum lēodum</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2806">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2806"></a>"hēah hlīfian on Hrones nsse,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2807"></a>"þt hit sǣ-līðend syððan hātan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2808"></a>"Bīowulfes biorh, þā þe brentingas</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2809"></a>"ofer flōda genipu feorran drīfað."</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2810">2810</a><div class="line">Dyde him of healse hring gyldenne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2811"></a>þīoden þrīst-hȳdig, þegne gesealde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2812"></a>geongum gār-wigan, gold-fāhne helm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2813"></a>bēah and byrnan, hēt hyne brūcan well:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2814"></a>"Þū eart ende-lāf ūsses cynnes,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2815">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2815">2815</a><div class="line">"Wǣgmundinga; ealle Wyrd forswēof,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2816"></a>"mīne māgas tō metod-sceafte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2817"></a>"eorlas on elne: ic him fter sceal."</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2818">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2818"></a>Þt ws þām gomelan gingeste word</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2819"></a>brēost-gehygdum, ǣr hē bǣl cure,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2820">2820</a><div class="line">hāte heaðo-wylmas: him of hreðre gewāt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2821"></a>sāwol sēcean sōð-fstra dōm.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXXIX"></a><h2>XXXIX. THE COWARD-THANES.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li2822"></a>Þā ws gegongen guman unfrōdum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2823"></a>earfoðlīce, þt hē on eorðan geseah</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2824"></a>þone lēofestan līfes t ende</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2825">2825</a><div class="line">blēate gebǣran. Bona swylce lg,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2826"></a>egeslīc eorð-draca, ealdre berēafod,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2827"></a>bealwe gebǣded: bēah-hordum leng</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2828"></a>wyrm wōh-bogen wealdan ne mōste,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2829"></a>ac him īrenna ecga fornāmon,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2830">2830</a><div class="line">hearde heaðo-scearpe homera lāfe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2831"></a>þt se wīd-floga wundum stille</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2832"></a>hrēas on hrūsan hord-rne nēah,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2833"></a>nalles fter lyfte lācende hwearf</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2834"></a>middel-nihtum, māðm-ǣhta wlonc</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2835">2835</a><div class="line">ansȳn ȳwde: ac hē eorðan gefēoll</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2836"></a>for þs hild-fruman hond-geweorce.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2837">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2837"></a>Hūru þt on lande lȳt manna þāh</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2838"></a>mgen-āgendra mīne gefrǣge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2839"></a>þēah þe hē dǣda gehws dyrstig wǣre,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2840">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2840">2840</a><div class="line">þt hē wið attor-sceaðan oreðe gerǣsde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2841"></a>oððe hring-sele hondum styrede,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2842"></a>gif hē wccende weard onfunde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2843"></a>būan on beorge. Bīowulfe wearð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2844"></a>dryht-māðma dǣl dēaðe forgolden;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2845">2845</a><div class="line">hfde ǣghwðer ende gefēred</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2846"></a>lǣnan līfes. Ns þā lang tō þon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2847"></a>þt þā hild-latan holt ofgēfan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2848"></a>tȳdre trēow-logan tȳne tsomne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2849"></a>þā ne dorston ǣr dareðum lācan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2850">2850</a><div class="line">on hyra man-dryhtnes miclan þearfe;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2851"></a>ac hȳ scamiende scyldas bǣran,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2852"></a>gūð-gewǣdu, þǣr se gomela lg:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2853"></a>wlitan on Wīglāf. Hē gewērgad st,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2854"></a>fēðe-cempa frēan eaxlum nēah,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2855">2855</a><div class="line">wehte hyne wtre; him wiht ne spēow;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2856"></a>ne meahte hē on eorðan, þēah hē ūðe wēl,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2857"></a>on þām frum-gāre feorh gehealdan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2858"></a>nē þs wealdendes <i>willan</i> wiht oncirran;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2859">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2859"></a>wolde dōm godes dǣdum rǣdan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2860">2860</a><div class="line">gumena gehwylcum, swā hē nū gēn dēð.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2861">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2861"></a>Þā ws t þām geongan grim andswaru</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2862"></a>ēð-begēte þām þe ǣr his elne forlēas.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2863"></a>Wīglāf maðelode, Wēohstānes sunu,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2864"></a>secg sārig-ferð seah on unlēofe:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2865">2865</a><div class="line">"Þt lā mg secgan, sē þe wyle sōð sprecan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2866"></a>"þt se mon-dryhten, se ēow þā māðmas geaf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2867"></a>"ēored-geatwe, þē gē þǣr on standað,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2868"></a>"þonne hē on ealu-bence oft gesealde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2869"></a>"heal-sittendum helm and byrnan,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2870">2870</a><div class="line">"þēoden his þegnum, swylce hē þrȳðlīcost</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2871">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2871"></a>"ōhwǣr feor oððe nēah findan meahte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2872"></a>"þt hē gēnunga gūð-gewǣdu</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2873">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2873"></a>"wrāðe forwurpe. Þā hyne wīg beget,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2874">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2874"></a>"nealles folc-cyning fyrd-gesteallum</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2875">2875</a><div class="line">"gylpan þorfte; hwðre him god ūðe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2876"></a>"sigora waldend, þt hē hyne sylfne gewrc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2877"></a>"āna mid ecge, þā him ws elnes þearf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2878"></a>"Ic him līf-wraðe lȳtle meahte</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2879">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2879"></a>"tgifan t gūðe and ongan swā þēah</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2880">2880</a><div class="line">"ofer mīn gemet mǣges helpan:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2881"></a>"symle ws þȳ sǣmra, þonne ic sweorde drep</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2882"></a>"ferhð-genīðlan, fȳr unswīðor</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2883"></a>"wēoll of gewitte. Wergendra tō lȳt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2884"></a>"þrong ymbe þēoden, þā hyne sīo þrāg becwōm.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2885">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2885">2885</a><div class="line">"Nū sceal sinc-þego and swyrd-gifu</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2886">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2886"></a>"eall ēðel-wyn ēowrum cynne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2887"></a>"lufen ālicgean: lond-rihtes mōt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2888"></a>"þǣre mǣg-burge monna ǣghwylc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2889"></a>"īdel hweorfan, syððan ðelingas</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2890">2890</a><div class="line">"feorran gefricgean flēam ēowerne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2891"></a>"dōm-lēasan dǣd. Dēað bið sēlla</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2892">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2892"></a>"eorla gehwylcum þonne edwīt-līf!"</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXL"></a><h2>XL. THE SOLDIER'S DIRGE AND PROPHECY.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li2893"></a>Heht þā þt heaðo-weorc tō hagan bīodan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2894"></a>up ofer ēg-clif, þǣr þt eorl-weorod</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2895">2895</a><div class="line">morgen-longne dg mōd-giōmor st,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2896"></a>bord-hbbende, bēga on wēnum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2897"></a>ende-dōgores and eft-cymes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2898"></a>lēofes monnes. Lȳt swīgode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2899"></a>nīwra spella, sē þe ns gerād,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2900">2900</a><div class="line">ac hē sōðlīce sgde ofer ealle;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2901">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2901"></a>"Nū is wil-geofa Wedra lēoda,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2902"></a>"dryhten Gēata dēað-bedde fst,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2903"></a>"wunað wl-reste wyrmes dǣdum;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2904"></a>"him on efn ligeð ealdor-gewinna,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2905">2905</a><div class="line">"siex-bennum sēoc: sweorde ne meahte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2906"></a>"on þām āglǣcean ǣnige þinga</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2907"></a>"wunde gewyrcean. Wīglāf siteð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2908"></a>"ofer Bīowulfe, byre Wīhstānes,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2909"></a>"eorl ofer ōðrum unlifigendum,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2910">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2910">2910</a><div class="line">"healdeð hige-mēðum hēafod-wearde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2911"></a>"lēofes and lāðes. Nū ys lēodum wēn</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2912"></a>"orleg-hwīle, syððan underne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2913"></a>"Froncum and Frȳsum fyll cyninges</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2914"></a>"wīde weorðeð. Ws sīo wrōht scepen</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2915">2915</a><div class="line">"heard wið Hūgas, syððan Higelāc cwōm</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2916"></a>"faran flot-herge on Frēsna land,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2917"></a>"þǣr hyne Hetware hilde gehnǣgdon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2918"></a>"elne geēodon mid ofer-mgene,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2919"></a>"þt se byrn-wiga būgan sceolde,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2920">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2920">2920</a><div class="line">"fēoll on fēðan: nalles frtwe geaf</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2921"></a>"ealdor dugoðe; ūs ws ā syððan</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2922">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2922"></a>"Merewīoinga milts ungyfeðe.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2923"></a>"Nē ic tō Swēo-þēode sibbe oððe trēowe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2924"></a>"wihte ne wēne; ac ws wīde cūð,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2925">2925</a><div class="line">"þtte Ongenþīo ealdre besnyðede</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2926"></a>"Hðcyn Hrēðling wið Hrefna-wudu,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2927"></a>"þā for on-mēdlan ǣrest gesōhton</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2928"></a>"Gēata lēode Gūð-scilfingas.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2929"></a>"Sōna him se frōda fder Ōhtheres,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2930">2930</a><div class="line">"eald and eges-full ond-slyht āgeaf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2931"></a>"ābrēot brim-wīsan, brȳd āhēorde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2932"></a>"gomela īo-meowlan golde berofene,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2933"></a>"Onelan mōdor and Ōhtheres,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2934"></a>"and þā folgode feorh-genīðlan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2935">2935</a><div class="line">"oð þt hī oðēodon earfoðlīce</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2936"></a>"in Hrefnes-holt hlāford-lēase.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2937"></a>"Best þā sin-herge sweorda lāfe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2938"></a>"wundum wērge, wēan oft gehēt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2939"></a>"earmre teohhe andlonge niht:</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2940">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2940">2940</a><div class="line">"cwð hē on mergenne mēces ecgum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2941"></a>"gētan wolde, sume on galg-trēowum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2942"></a>"<i>fuglum</i> tō gamene. Frōfor eft gelamp</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2943"></a>"sārig-mōdum somod ǣr-dge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2944"></a>"syððan hīe Hygelāces horn and bȳman</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2945">2945</a><div class="line">"gealdor ongeāton. Þā se gōda cōm</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2946"></a>"lēoda dugoðe on lāst faran.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXLI"></a><h2>XLI. HE TELLS OF THE SWEDES AND THE GEATAS</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li2947"></a>"Ws sīo swāt-swaðu Swēona and Gēata,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2948"></a>"wl-rǣs wera wīde gesȳne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2949"></a>"hū þā folc mid him fǣhðe tōwehton.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2950">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2950">2950</a><div class="line">"Gewāt him þā se gōda mid his gdelingum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2951"></a>"frōd fela geōmor fsten sēcean,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2952"></a>"eorl Ongenþīo ufor oncirde;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2953"></a>"hfde Higelāces hilde gefrūnen,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2954"></a>"wlonces wīg-crft, wiðres ne truwode,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2955">2955</a><div class="line">"þt hē sǣ-mannum onsacan mihte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2956"></a>"hēaðo-līðendum hord forstandan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2957"></a>"bearn and brȳde; bēah eft þonan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2958"></a>"eald under eorð-weall. Þā ws ǣht boden</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2959">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2959"></a>"Swēona lēodum, segn Higelāce.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2960">2960</a><div class="line">"Freoðo-wong þone forð oferēodon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2961"></a>"syððan Hrēðlingas tō hagan þrungon.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2962"></a>"Þǣr wearð Ongenþīo ecgum sweorda,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2963"></a>"blonden-fexa on bīd wrecen,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2964"></a>"þt se þēod-cyning þafian sceolde</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2965">2965</a><div class="line">"Eofores ānne dōm: hyne yrringa</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2966"></a>"Wulf Wonrēding wǣpne gerǣhte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2967"></a>"þt him for swenge swāt ǣdrum sprong</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2968"></a>"forð under fexe. Ns hē forht swā þēh,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2969"></a>"gomela Scilfing, ac forgeald hraðe</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2970">2970</a><div class="line">"wyrsan wrixle wl-hlem þone,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2971"></a>"syððan þēod-cyning þyder oncirde:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2972"></a>"ne meahte se snella sunu Wonrēdes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2973"></a>"ealdum ceorle ond-slyht giofan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2974"></a>"ac hē him on hēafde helm ǣr gescer,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2975">2975</a><div class="line">"þt hē blōde fāh būgan sceolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2976"></a>"fēoll on foldan; ns hē fǣge þā gīt,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2977">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2977"></a>"ac hē hyne gewyrpte, þēah þe him wund hrīne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2978"></a>"Lēt se hearda Higelāces þegn</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2979"></a>"brādne mēce, þā his brōðor lg,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2980">2980</a><div class="line">"eald sweord eotonisc, entiscne helm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2981"></a>"brecan ofer bord-weal: þā gebēah cyning,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2982"></a>"folces hyrde, ws in feorh dropen.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2983"></a>"Þā wǣron monige, þē his mǣg wriðon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2984"></a>"ricone ārǣrdon, þā him gerȳmed wearð,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2985">2985</a><div class="line">"þt hīe wl-stōwe wealdan mōston.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2986"></a>"Þenden rēafode rinc ōðerne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2987"></a>"nam on Ongenþīo īren-byrnan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2988"></a>"heard swyrd hilted and his helm somod;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2989">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2989"></a>"hāres hyrste Higelāce br.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2990">2990</a><div class="line">"Hē þ<i>ām</i> frtwum fēng and him fgre gehēt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2991"></a>"lēana <i>fore</i> lēodum and gelǣste swā:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2992"></a>"geald þone gūð-rǣs Gēata dryhten,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2993"></a>"Hrēðles eafora, þā hē tō hām becōm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2994"></a>"Jofore and Wulfe mid ofer-māðmum,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2995">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2995">2995</a><div class="line">"sealde hiora gehwðrum hund þūsenda</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2996"></a>"landes and locenra bēaga; ne þorfte him þā lēan oðwītan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2997"></a>"mon on middan-gearde, syððan hīe þā mǣrða geslōgon;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2998"></a>"and þā Jofore forgeaf āngan dōhtor,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2999"></a>"hām-weorðunge, hyldo tō wedde.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3000">3000</a><div class="line">"Þt ys sīo fǣhðo and se fēond-scipe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3001"></a>"wl-nīð wera, þs þe ic <i>wēn</i> hafo,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3002"></a>"þē ūs sēceað tō Swēona lēode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3003"></a>"syððan hīe gefricgeað frēan ūserne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3004"></a>"ealdor-lēasne, þone þe ǣr gehēold</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3005">3005</a><div class="line">"wið hettendum hord and rīce,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3006">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3006"></a>"fter hleða hryre hwate Scylfingas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3007"></a>"folc-rǣd fremede oððe furður gēn</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3008">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3008"></a>"eorl-scipe efnde. Nū is ofost betost,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3009"></a>"þt wē þēod-cyning þǣr scēawian</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3010">3010</a><div class="line">"and þone gebringan, þē ūs bēagas geaf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3011"></a>"on ād-fre. Ne scel ānes hwt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3012"></a>"meltan mid þām mōdigan, ac þǣr is māðma hord.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3013"></a>"gold unrīme grimme gecēa<i>po</i>d</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3014"></a>"and nū t sīðestan sylfes fēore</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3015">3015</a><div class="line">"bēagas <i>geboh</i>te; þā sceal brond fretan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3016"></a>"ǣled þeccean, nalles eorl wegan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3017"></a>"māððum tō gemyndum, nē mgð scȳne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3018"></a>"habban on healse hring-weorðunge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3019"></a>"ac sceall geōmor-mōd golde berēafod</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3020">3020</a><div class="line">"oft nalles ǣne el-land tredan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3021"></a>"nū se here-wīsa hleahtor ālegde,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3022">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3022"></a>"gamen and glēo-drēam. Forþon sceall gār wesan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3023"></a>"monig morgen-ceald mundum bewunden,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3024"></a>"hfen on handa, nalles hearpan swēg</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3025">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li3025">3025</a><div class="line">"wīgend weccean, ac se wonna hrefn</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3026"></a>"fūs ofer fǣgum, fela reordian,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3027"></a>"earne secgan, hū him t ǣte spēow,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3028"></a>"þenden hē wið wulf wl rēafode."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3029"></a>Swā se secg hwata secgende ws</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3030">3030</a><div class="line">lāðra spella; hē ne lēag fela</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3031"></a>wyrda nē worda. Weorod eall ārās,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3032"></a>ēodon unblīðe under Earna ns</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3033">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3033"></a>wollen-tēare wundur scēawian.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3034"></a>Fundon þā on sande sāwul-lēasne</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3035">3035</a><div class="line">hlim-bed healdan, þone þe him hringas geaf</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3036"></a>ǣrran mǣlum: þā ws ende-dg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3037"></a>gōdum gegongen, þt se gūð-cyning,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3038"></a>Wedra þēoden, wundor-dēaðe swealt.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3039">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3039"></a>Ǣr hī gesēgan syllīcran wiht,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3040">3040</a><div class="line">wyrm on wonge wiðer-rhtes þǣr</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3041"></a>lāðne licgean: ws se lēg-draca,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3042">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3042"></a>grimlīc gry<i>re-gst</i>, glēdum beswǣled,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3043"></a>sē ws fīftiges fōt-gemearces.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3044">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3044"></a>lang on legere, lyft-wynne hēold</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3045">3045</a><div class="line">nihtes hwīlum, nyðer eft gewāt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3046"></a>dennes nīosian; ws þā dēaðe fst,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3047"></a>hfde eorð-scrafa ende genyttod.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3048"></a>Him big stōdan bunan and orcas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3049"></a>discas lāgon and dȳre swyrd,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3050">3050</a><div class="line">ōmige þurh-etone, swā hīe wið eorðan fðm</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3051"></a>þūsend wintra þǣr eardodon:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3052"></a>þonne ws þt yrfe ēacen-crftig,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3053">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3053"></a>iū-monna gold galdre bewunden,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3054"></a>þt þām hring-sele hrīnan ne mōste</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3055">3055</a><div class="line">gumena ǣnig, nefne god sylfa,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3056"></a>sigora sōð-cyning, sealde þām þe hē wolde</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3057">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3057"></a>(hē is manna gehyld) hord openian,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3058"></a>efne swā hwylcum manna, swā him gemet þūhte.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXLII"></a><h2>XLII. WĪGLAF SPEAKS. THE BUILDING OF THE BALE-FIRE.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li3059"></a>Þā ws gesȳne, þt se sīð ne þāh</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3060">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li3060">3060</a><div class="line">þām þe unrihte inne gehȳdde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3061"></a>wrǣte under wealle. Weard ǣr ofslōh</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3062"></a>fēara sumne; þā sīo fǣhð gewearð</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3063">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3063"></a>gewrecen wrāðlīce. Wundur hwār, þonne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3064"></a>eorl ellen-rōf ende gefēre</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3065">3065</a><div class="line">līf-gesceafta, þonne leng ne mg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3066"></a>mon mid his <i>mā</i>gum medu-seld būan.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3067"></a>Swā ws Bīowulfe, þā hē biorges weard</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3068"></a>sōhte, searo-nīðas: seolfa ne cūðe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3069"></a>þurh hwt his worulde gedāl weorðan sceolde;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3070">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li3070">3070</a><div class="line">swā hit oð dōmes dg dīope benemdon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3071"></a>þēodnas mǣre, þā þt þǣr dydon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3072"></a>þt se secg wǣre synnum scildig,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3073">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3073"></a>hergum geheaðerod, hell-bendum fst,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3074">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3074"></a>wommum gewītnad, sē þone wong strāde.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3075">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li3075">3075</a><div class="line">Ns hē gold-hwt: gearwor hfde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3076"></a>āgendes ēst ǣr gescēawod.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3077"></a>Wīglāf maðelode, Wīhstānes sunu:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3078"></a>"Oft sceall eorl monig ānes willan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3079"></a>"wrǣc ādrēogan, swā ūs geworden is.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3080">3080</a><div class="line">"Ne meahton wē gelǣran lēofne þēoden,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3081"></a>"rīces hyrde rǣd ǣnigne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3082"></a>"þt hē ne grētte gold-weard þone,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3083"></a>"lēte hyne licgean, þǣr hē longe ws,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3084"></a>"wīcum wunian oð woruld-ende.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3085">3085</a><div class="line">"Hēoldon hēah gesceap: hord ys gescēawod,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3086">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3086"></a>"grimme gegongen; ws þt gifeðe tō swīð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3087"></a>"þē þone <i>þēoden</i> þyder ontyhte.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3088"></a>"Ic ws þǣr inne and þt eall geond-seh,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3089"></a>"recedes geatwa, þā mē gerȳmed ws,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3090">3090</a><div class="line">"nealles swǣslīce sīð ālȳfed</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3091"></a>"inn under eorð-weall. Ic on ofoste gefēng</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3092"></a>"micle mid mundum mgen-byrðenne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3093"></a>"hord-gestrēona, hider ūt tbr</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3094"></a>"cyninge mīnum: cwico ws þā gēna,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3095">3095</a><div class="line">"wīs and gewittig; worn eall gesprc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3096"></a>"gomol on gehðo and ēowic grētan hēt,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3097">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3097"></a>"bd þt gē geworhton fter wines dǣdum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3098"></a>"in bǣl-stede beorh þone hēan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3099"></a>"micelne and mǣrne, swā hē manna ws</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3100">3100</a><div class="line">"wīgend weorð-fullost wīde geond eorðan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3101"></a>"þenden hē burh-welan brūcan mōste.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3102"></a>"Uton nū efstan ōðre <i>sīðe</i></div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3103"></a>"sēon and sēcean searo-geþrc,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3104"></a>"wundur under wealle! ic ēow wīsige,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3105">3105</a><div class="line">"þt gē genōge nēan scēawiað</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3106">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3106"></a>"bēagas and brād gold. Sīe sīo bǣr gearo</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3107"></a>"ǣdre gefned, þonne wē ūt cymen,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3108"></a>"and þonne geferian frēan ūserne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3109"></a>"lēofne mannan, þǣr hē longe sceal</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3110">3110</a><div class="line">"on þs waldendes wǣre geþolian."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3111"></a>Hēt þā gebēodan byre Wīhstānes,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3112"></a>hle hilde-dīor, hleða monegum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3113"></a>bold-āgendra, þt hīe bǣl-wudu</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3114">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3114"></a>feorran feredon, folc-āgende</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3115">3115</a><div class="line">gōdum tōgēnes: "Nū sceal glēd fretan</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3116">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3116"></a>"(weaxan wonna lēg) wigena strengel,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3117"></a>"þone þe oft gebād īsern-scūre,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3118"></a>"þonne strǣla storm, strengum gebǣded,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3119"></a>"scōc ofer scild-weall, sceft nytte hēold,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3120">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li3120">3120</a><div class="line">"feðer-gearwum fūs flāne full-ēode."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3121"></a>Hūru se snotra sunu Wīhstānes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3122"></a>ācīgde of corðre cyninges þegnas</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3123"></a>syfone <i>tōsom</i>ne þā sēlestan,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3124">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3124"></a>ēode eahta sum under inwit-hrōf;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3125">3125</a><div class="line">hilde-rinc sum on handa br</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3126"></a>ǣled-lēoman, sē þe on orde gēong.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3127"></a>Ns þā on hlytme, hwā þt hord strude,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3128"></a>syððan or-wearde ǣnigne dǣl</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3129"></a>secgas gesēgon on sele wunian,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3130">3130</a><div class="line">lǣne licgan: lȳt ǣnig mearn,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3131"></a>þt hī ofostlice ūt geferedon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3132"></a>dȳre māðmas; dracan ēc scufun,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3133"></a>wyrm ofer weall-clif, lēton wǣg niman,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3134"></a>flōd fðmian frtwa hyrde.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3135">3135</a><div class="line">Þǣr ws wunden gold on wǣn hladen,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3136">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3136"></a>ǣghws unrīm, ðeling boren,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3137"></a>hār hilde-<i>rinc</i> tō Hrones nsse.</div> +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXLIII"></a><h2>XLIII. BĒOWULF'S FUNERAL PYRE.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li3138"></a>Him þā gegiredan Gēata lēode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3139"></a>ād on eorðan un-wāclīcne,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3140">3140</a><div class="line">helmum behongen, hilde-bordum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3141"></a>beorhtum byrnum, swā hē bēna ws;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3142"></a>ālegdon þā tō-middes mǣrne þēoden</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3143"></a>hleð hīofende, hlāford lēofne.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3144"></a>Ongunnon þā on beorge bǣl-fȳra mǣst</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3145">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li3145">3145</a><div class="line">wīgend weccan: wudu-rēc āstāh</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3146">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3146"></a>sweart ofer swioðole, swōgende lēg,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3147">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3147"></a>wōpe bewunden (wind-blond gelg)</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3148"></a>oð þt hē þā bān-hūs gebrocen hfde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3149"></a>hāt on hreðre. Higum unrōte</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3150">3150</a><div class="line">mōd-ceare mǣndon mon-dryhtnes cwealm;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3151">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3151"></a>swylce giōmor-gyd lat . <sup>con</sup> meowle</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3152"></a>. . . . . wunden heorde . . .</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3153"></a>serg (?) cearig sǣlde geneahhe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3154"></a>þt hīo hyre . . . . gas hearde</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3155">3155</a><div class="line">. . . . . ede wlfylla wonn . .</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3156"></a>hildes egesan hyðo</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3157"></a>haf mid heofon rēce swealh (?)</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3158"></a>Geworhton þā Wedra lēode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3159"></a>hlǣw on hlīðe, sē ws hēah and brād,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3160">3160</a><div class="line">wǣg-līðendum wīde gesȳne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3161"></a>and betimbredon on tȳn dagum</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3162">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3162"></a>beadu-rōfes bēcn: bronda be<i>tost</i></div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3163"></a>wealle beworhton, swā hyt weorðlīcost</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3164"></a>fore-snotre men findan mihton.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3165">3165</a><div class="line">Hī on beorg dydon bēg and siglu,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3166"></a>eall swylce hyrsta, swylce on horde ǣr</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3167"></a>nīð-hȳdige men genumen hfdon;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3168"></a>forlēton eorla gestrēon eorðan healdan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3169"></a>gold on grēote, þǣr hit nū gēn lifað</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3170">3170</a><div class="line">eldum swā unnyt, swā hit <i>ǣror</i> ws.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3171">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3171"></a>Þā ymbe hlǣw riodan hilde-dēore,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3172"></a>ðelinga bearn ealra twelfa,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3173">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3173"></a>woldon <i>ceare</i> cwīðan, kyning mǣnan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3174"></a>word-gyd wrecan and ymb wer sprecan,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3175">3175</a><div class="line">eahtodan eorl-scipe and his ellen-weorc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3176"></a>duguðum dēmdon, swā hit ge-<i>dēfe</i> bið,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3177"></a>þt mon his wine-dryhten wordum herge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3178"></a>ferhðum frēoge, þonne hē forð scile</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3179"></a>of līc-haman <i>lǣne</i> weorðan.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3180">3180</a><div class="line">Swā begnornodon Gēata lēode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3181"></a>hlāfordes <em>hry</em>re, heorð-genēatas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3182"></a>cwǣdon þt hē wǣre woruld-cyning</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3183">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3183"></a>mannum mildust and mon-þwǣrust,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3184">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3184"></a>lēodum līðost and lof-geornost.</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div id="back"> +<h1>APPENDIX</h1> + +<a class="nref" href="#finnotes">†</a><h2><a name="finnsburg"></a>THE ATTACK IN FINNSBURG.<a href="#li1069" title="See v. 1069 seqq.">‡</a></h2> + +<a class="nref" href="#finnote1">†</a><div class="line"><a name="finli1"></a>". . . . . . . . . . . ns byrnað nǣfre."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli2"></a>Hleoðrode þā heaðo-geong cyning:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli3"></a>"Ne þis ne dagað ēastan, ne hēr draca ne flēogeð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli4"></a>"ne hēr þisse healle hornas ne byrnað,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#finnote5">†</a><a name="finli5" class="lineno">5</a><div class="line">"ac fēr forð berað fugelas singað,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli6"></a>"gylleð grǣg-hama, gūð-wudu hlynneð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli7"></a>"scyld scefte oncwyð. Nū scȳneð þes mōna</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli8"></a>"waðol under wolcnum; nū ārīsað wēa-dǣda,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli9"></a>"þē þisne folces nīð fremman willað.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="finli10">10</a><div class="line">"Ac onwacnigeað nū, wīgend mīne,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#finnote11">†</a><div class="line"><a name="finli11"></a>"hebbað ēowre handa, hicgeað on ellen,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli12"></a>"winnað on orde, wesað on mōde!"</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli13"></a>Þā ārās monig gold-hladen þegn, gyrde hine his swurde;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli14"></a>þā tō dura ēodon drihtlīce cempan,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#finnote15">†</a><a class="lineno" name="finli15">15</a><div class="line">Sigeferð and Eaha, hyra sweord getugon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli16"></a>and t ōðrum durum Ordlāf and Gūðlāf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli17"></a>and Hengest sylf; hwearf him on lāste.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#finnote18">†</a><div class="line"><a name="finli18"></a>Þā gīt Gārulf Gūðere styrode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli19"></a>þt hīe swā frēolīc feorh forman sīðe</div> +<a class="lineno" name="finli20">20</a><div class="line">tō þǣre healle durum hyrsta ne bǣran,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli21"></a>nū hyt nīða heard ānyman wolde:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli22"></a>ac hē frgn ofer eal undearninga,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli23"></a>dēor-mōd hleð, hwā þā duru hēolde.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli24"></a>"Sigeferð is mīn nama (cwð hē), ic eom Secgena lēod,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="finli25">25</a><div class="line">"wrecca wīde cūð. Fela ic wēana gebād,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli26"></a>"heardra hilda; þē is gȳt hēr witod,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#finnote27">†</a><div class="line"><a name="finli27"></a>"swðer þū sylf tō mē sēcean wylle."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli28"></a>Þā ws on wealle wl-slihta gehlyn,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#finnote29">†</a><div class="line"><a name="finli29"></a>sceolde cēlod bord cēnum on handa</div> +<a class="nref" href="#finnote30">†</a><a class="lineno" name="finli30">30</a><div class="line">bān-helm berstan. Buruh-þelu dynede,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli31"></a>oð þt t þǣre gūðe Gārulf gecrang,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli32"></a>ealra ǣrest eorð-būendra,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli33"></a>Gūðlāfes sunu; ymbe hine gōdra fela.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#finnote34">†</a><div class="line"><a name="finli34"></a>Hwearf flacra hrǣw hrfn, wandrode</div> +<a class="lineno" name="finli35">35</a><div class="line">sweart and sealo-brūn; swurd-lēoma stōd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli36"></a>swylce eal Finns-buruh fȳrenu wǣre.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli37"></a>Ne gefrgn ic nǣfre wurðlīcor t wera hilde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli38"></a>sixtig sige-beorna sēl gebǣran,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli39"></a>ne nǣfre swānas swētne medo sēl forgyldan,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="finli40">40</a><div class="line">þonne Hnfe guldon his hg-stealdas.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli41"></a>Hig fuhton fīf dagas, swā hyra nān ne fēol</div> +<a class="nref" href="#finnote43">†</a><div class="line"><a name="finli42"></a>driht-gesīða, ac hig þā duru hēoldon.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli43"></a>Þā gewāt him wund hleð on wg gangan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli44"></a>sǣde þt his byrne ābrocen wǣre,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#finnote45">†</a><a class="lineno" name="finli45">45</a><div class="line">here-sceorpum hrōr, and ēac ws his helm þyrl.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli56"></a>Þā hine sōna frgn folces hyrde,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#finnote47">†</a><div class="line"><a name="finli47"></a>hū þā wīgend hyra wunda genǣson</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli48"></a>oððe hwðer þǣra hyssa . . . . . . .</div> + +<h2>LIST OF NAMES; NOTES; AND GLOSSARY.</h2> + +<p>ABBREVIATIONS</p> +<table> +<tr><td>m.:</td><td>masculine.</td></tr> +<tr><td>f.:</td><td>feminine.</td></tr> +<tr><td>n.:</td><td>neuter.</td></tr> +<tr><td>nom., gen.:</td><td>nominative, genitive, etc.</td></tr> +<tr><td>w.:</td><td>weak.</td></tr> +<tr><td>w. v.:</td><td>weak verb.</td></tr> +<tr><td>st.:</td><td>strong.</td></tr> +<tr><td>st. v.:</td><td>strong verb.</td></tr> +<tr><td>I., II., III.:</td><td>first, second, third person.</td></tr> +<tr><td>comp.:</td><td>compound.</td></tr> +<tr><td>imper.:</td><td>imperative.</td></tr> +<tr><td>w.:</td><td>with.</td></tr> +<tr><td>instr.:</td><td>instrumental.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. and Goth.:</td><td>Gothic.</td></tr> +<tr><td>O.N.:</td><td>Old Norse.</td></tr> +<tr><td>O.S.:</td><td>Old Saxon.</td></tr> +<tr><td>O.H.G.:</td><td>Old High German.</td></tr> +<tr><td>M.H.G.:</td><td>Middle High German.</td></tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr><td>The vowel</td><td> = <i>a</i> in <i>glad</i></td><td>}</td></tr> +<tr><td>The diphthong</td><td>ǣ = <i>a</i> in <i>hair</i></td><td>}</td><td>approximately.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>The names Leo, Bugge, Rieger, etc., refer to authors of emendations.</p> + +<p>Words beginning with <b>ge-</b> will be found under their root-word.</p> + +<p>Obvious abbreviations, like subj., etc., are not included in this list.</p> + + +<a name="names"></a><h2>LIST OF NAMES.</h2> + +<p><b>Ābel</b>, Cain's brother, <a href="#li108">108</a>.</p> + +<p><b>lf-here</b> (gen. lf-heres, <a href="#li2605">2605</a>), a kinsman of Wīglāf's, <a href="#li2605">2605</a>.</p> + +<p><b>sc-here</b>, confidential adviser of King Hrōðgār (<a href="#li1326">1326</a>), older brother +of Yrmenlāf (<a href="#li1325">1325</a>), killed by Grendel's mother, <a href="#li1295">1295</a>, <a href="#li1324">1324</a>, <a href="#li2123">2123</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Bān-stān</b>, father of Breca, <a href="#li524">524</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Bēo-wulf</b>, son of Scyld, king of the Danes, <a href="#li18">18</a>, <a href="#li19">19</a>. After the death +of his father, he succeeds to the throne of the Scyldings, <a href="#li53">53</a>. His son is +Healfdene, <a href="#li57">57</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Bēo-wulf</b> (Bīowulf, <a href="#li1988">1988</a>, <a href="#li2390">2390</a>; gen. Bēowulfes, <a href="#li857">857</a>, etc., Bīowulfes, +<a href="#li2195">2195</a>, <a href="#li2808">2808</a>, etc.; dat. Bēowulfe, <a href="#li610">610</a>, etc., Bīowulfe, <a href="#li2325">2325</a>, <a href="#li2843">2843</a>), of the +race of the Gēatas. His father is the Wǣgmunding Ecgþēow (<a href="#li263">263</a>, etc.); his +mother a daughter of Hrēðel, king of the Gēatas (<a href="#li374">374</a>), at whose court he is +brought up after his seventh year with Hrēðel's sons, Herebeald, Hðcyn, +and Hygelāc, <a href="#li2429">2429</a> ff. In his youth lazy and unapt (<a href="#li2184">2184</a> f., <a href="#li2188">2188</a> f.); as +man he attains in the gripe of his hand the strength of thirty men, <a href="#li379">379</a>. +Hence his victories in his combats with bare hands (<a href="#li711">711</a> ff., <a href="#li2502">2502</a> ff.), +while fate denies him the victory in the battle with swords, <a href="#li2683">2683</a> f. His +swimming-match with Breca in his youth, <a href="#li506">506</a> ff. Goes with fourteen Gēatas +to the assistance of the Danish king, Hrōðgār, against Grendel, <a href="#li198">198</a> ff. His +combat with Grendel, and his victory, <a href="#li711">711</a> ff., <a href="#li819">819</a> ff. He is, in +consequence, presented with rich gifts by Hrōðgār, <a href="#li1021">1021</a> ff. His combat with +Grendel's mother, <a href="#li1442">1442</a> ff. Having again received gifts, he leaves Hrōðgār +(<a href="#li1818">1818-1888</a>), and returns to Hygelāc, <a href="#li1964">1964</a> ff.—After Hygelāc's last battle +and death, he flees alone across the sea, <a href="#li2360">2360</a> f. In this battle he crushes +Dghrefn, one of the Hūgas, to death, <a href="#li2502">2502</a> f. He rejects at the same time +Hygelāc's kingdom and the hand of his widow (<a href="#li2370">2370</a> ff.), but carries on the +government as guardian of the young Heardrēd, son of Hygelāc, <a href="#li2378">2378</a> ff. +After Heardrēd's death, the kingdom falls to Bēowulf, <a href="#li2208">2208</a>, +<a href="#li2390">2390</a>.—Afterwards, on an expedition to avenge the murdered Heardrēd, he +kills the Scylfing, Ēadgils (<a href="#li2397">2397</a>), and probably conquers his country. +—His fight with the drake, <a href="#li2539">2539</a> ff. His death, <a href="#li2818">2818</a>. His burial, <a href="#li3135">3135</a> ff.</p> + +<p><b>Breca</b> (acc. Brecan, <a href="#li506">506</a>, <a href="#li531">531</a>), son of Bēanstān, <a href="#li524">524</a>. Chief of the +Brondings, <a href="#li521">521</a>. His swimming-match with Bēowulf, <a href="#li506">506</a> ff.</p> + +<p><b>Brondingas</b> (gen. Brondinga, <a href="#li521">521</a>), Breca, their chief, <a href="#li521">521</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Brōsinga mene</b>, corrupted from, or according to Mllenhoff, written +by mistake for, Breosinga mene (O.N., Brisinga men, cf. Haupts Zeitschr. +XII. 304), collar, which the Brisingas once possessed.</p> + +<p><b>Cain</b> (gen. Caines, <a href="#li107">107</a>): descended from him are Grendel and his kin, +<a href="#li107">107</a>, <a href="#li1262">1262</a> ff.</p> + +<p><b>Dg-hrefn</b> (dat. Dghrefne, <a href="#li2502">2502</a>), a warrior of the Hūgas, who, +according to <a href="#li2504">2504-5</a>, compared with <a href="#li1203">1203</a>, and with <a href="#li1208">1208</a>, seems to have been +the slayer of King Hygelāc, in his battle against the allied Franks, +Frisians, and Hūgas. Is crushed to death by Bēowulf in a hand-to-hand +combat, <a href="#li2502">2502</a> ff.</p> + +<p><b>Dene</b> (gen. Dena, <a href="#li242">242</a>, etc., Denia, <a href="#li2126">2126</a>, Deniga, <a href="#li271">271</a>, etc.; dat. +Denum, <a href="#li768">768</a>, etc.), as subjects of Scyld and his descendants, they are also +called Scyldings; and after the first king of the East Danes, Ing +(Runenlied, <a href="#li22">22</a>), Ing-wine, <a href="#li1045">1045</a>, <a href="#li1320">1320</a>. They are also once called Hrēðmen, +<a href="#li445">445</a>. On account of their renowned warlike character, they bore the names +Gār-Dene, <a href="#li1">1</a>, <a href="#li1857">1857</a>, Hring-Dene (Armor-Danes), <a href="#li116">116</a>, <a href="#li1280">1280</a>, Beorht-Dene, <a href="#li427">427</a>, +<a href="#li610">610</a>. The great extent of this people is indicated by their names from the +four quarters of the heavens: Ēast-Dene, <a href="#li392">392</a>, <a href="#li617">617</a>, etc., West-Dene, <a href="#li383">383</a>, +<a href="#li1579">1579</a>, Sūð-Dene, <a href="#li463">463</a>, Norð-Dene, <a href="#li784">784</a>.—Their dwelling-place "in +Scedelandum," <a href="#li19">19</a>, "on Scedenigge," <a href="#li1687">1687</a>, "be sǣm twēonum," <a href="#li1686">1686</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ecg-lāf</b> (gen. Ecglāfes, <a href="#li499">499</a>), Hunferð's father, <a href="#li499">499</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ecg-þēow</b> (nom. Ecgþēow, <a href="#li263">263</a>, Ecgþēo, <a href="#li373">373</a>; gen. Ecgþēowes, <a href="#li529">529</a>, etc., +Ecgþīowes, <a href="#li2000">2000</a>), a far-famed hero of the Gēatas, of the house of the +Wǣgmundings. Bēowulf is the son of Ecgþēow, by the only daughter of Hrēðel, +king of the Gēatas, <a href="#li262">262</a>, etc. Among the Wylfings, he has slain Heaðolāf +(<a href="#li460">460</a>), and in consequence he goes over the sea to the Danes (<a href="#li463">463</a>), whose +king, Hrōðgār, by means of gold, finishes the strife for him, <a href="#li470">470</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ecg-wela</b> (gen. Ecg-welan, <a href="#li1711">1711</a>). The Scyldings are called his +descendants, <a href="#li1711">1711</a>. Grein considers him the founder of the older dynasty of +Danish kings, which closes with Heremōd. See <b>Heremōd</b>.</p> + +<p><b>Elan</b>, daughter of Healfdene, king of the Danes, (?) <a href="#li62">62</a>. According to +the restored text, she is the wife of Ongenþēow, the Scylfing, <a href="#li62">62</a>, <a href="#li63">63</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Earna-ns</b>, the Eagle Cape in the land of the Gēatas, where occurred +Bēowulf's fight with the drake, <a href="#li3032">3032</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ēadgils</b> (dat. Ēadgilse, <a href="#li2393">2393</a>), son of Ōhthere, and grandson of +Ongenþēow, the Scylfing, <a href="#li2393">2393</a>. His older brother is</p> + +<p><b>Ēanmund</b> (gen. Ēanmundes, <a href="#li2612">2612</a>). What is said about both in our poem +(<a href="#li2201">2201-2207</a>, <a href="#li2380">2380-2397</a>, <a href="#li2612">2612-2620</a>) is obscure, but the following may be +conjectured:—</p> + +<p>The sons of Ōhthere, Ēanmund and Ēadgils, have rebelled against their +father (<a href="#li2382">2382</a>), and must, in consequence, depart with their followers from +Swīorīce, <a href="#li2205">2205-6</a>, <a href="#li2380">2380</a>. They come into the country of the Gēatas to +Heardrēd (<a href="#li2380">2380</a>), but whether with friendly or hostile intent is not stated; +but, according to <a href="#li2203">2203</a> f., we are to presume that they came against +Heardrēd with designs of conquest. At a banquet (on feorme; or feorme, MS.) +Heardrēd falls, probably through treachery, by the hand of one of the +brothers, <a href="#li2386">2386</a>, <a href="#li2207">2207</a>. The murderer must have been Ēanmund, to whom, +according to <a href="#li2613">2613</a>, "in battle the revenge of Wēohstān brings death." +Wēohstān takes revenge for his murdered king, and exercises upon Ēanmund's +body the booty-right, and robs it of helm, breastplate, and sword +(<a href="#li2616">2616-17</a>), which the slain man had received as gifts from his uncle, Onela, +<a href="#li2617">2617-18</a>. But Wēohstān does not speak willingly of this fight, although he +has slain Onela's brother's son, <a href="#li2619">2619-20</a>.—After Heardrēd's and Ēanmund's +death, the descendant of Ongenþēow, Ēadgils, returns to his home, <a href="#li2388">2388</a>. He +must give way before Bēowulf, who has, since Heardrēd's death, ascended the +throne of the Gēatas, <a href="#li2390">2390</a>. But Bēowulf remembers it against him in after +days, and the old feud breaks out anew, <a href="#li2392">2392-94</a>. Ēadgils makes an invasion +into the land of the Gēatas (<a href="#li2394">2394-95</a>), during which he falls at the hands +of Bēowulf, <a href="#li2397">2397</a>. The latter must have then obtained the sovereignty over +the Swēonas (<a href="#li3005">3005-6</a>, where only the version, Scylfingas, can give a +satisfactory sense).</p> + +<p><b>Eofor</b> (gen. Eofores, <a href="#li2487">2487</a>, <a href="#li2965">2965</a>; dat. Jofore, <a href="#li2994">2994</a>, <a href="#li2998">2998</a>), one of +the Gēatas, son of Wonrēd and brother of Wulf (<a href="#li2965">2965</a>, <a href="#li2979">2979</a>), kills the +Swedish king, Ongenþēow (<a href="#li2487">2487</a> ff., <a href="#li2978">2978-82</a>), for which he receives from +King Hygelāc, along with other gifts, his only daughter in marriage, +<a href="#li2994">2994-99</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Eormen-rīc</b> (gen. Eormenrīces, <a href="#li1202">1202</a>), king of the Goths (cf. about +him, W. Grimm, Deutsche Heldensage, p. 2, ff.). Hāma has wrested the +Brōsinga mene from him, <a href="#li1202">1202</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Eomǣr</b>, son of Offa and Þrȳðo (cf. Þrȳðo), <a href="#li1961">1961</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Eotenas</b> (gen. pl. Eotena, <a href="#li1073">1073</a>, <a href="#li1089">1089</a>, <a href="#li1142">1142</a>; dat. Eotenum, <a href="#li1146">1146</a>), the +subjects of Finn, the North Frisians: distinguished from <b>eoton</b>, +<i>giant</i>. Vid <b>eoton</b>. Cf. Bugge, Beit., xii. 37; Earle, Beowulf +in Prose, pp. 146, 198.</p> + +<p><b>Finn</b> (gen. Finnes, <a href="#li1069">1069</a>, etc.; dat. Finne, <a href="#li1129">1129</a>), son of Folcwalda +(<a href="#li1090">1090</a>), king of the North Frisians, i.e. of the Eotenas, husband of +Hildeburg, a daughter of Hōc, <a href="#li1072">1072</a>, <a href="#li1077">1077</a>. He is the hero of the inserted +poem on the Attack in Finnsburg, the obscure incidents of which are, +perhaps, as follows: In Finn's castle, Finnsburg, situated in Jutland +(<a href="#li1126">1126-28</a>), the Hōcing, Hnf, a relative—perhaps a brother—of Hildeburg is +spending some time as guest. Hnf, who is a liegeman of the Danish king, +Healfdene, has sixty men with him (Finnsburg, <a href="#li38">38</a>). These are treacherously +attacked one night by Finn's men, <a href="#li1073">1073</a>. For five days they hold the doors +of their lodging-place without losing one of their number (Finnsburg, <a href="#li41">41</a>, +<a href="#li42">42</a>). Then, however, Hnf is slain (<a href="#li1071">1071</a>), and the Dane, Hengest, who was +among Hnf's followers, assumes the command of the beleaguered band. But on +the attacking side the fight has brought terrible losses to Finn's men. +Their numbers are diminished (<a href="#li1081">1081</a> f.), and Hildeburg bemoans a son and a +brother among the fallen (<a href="#li1074">1074</a> f., cf. <a href="#li1116">1116</a>, <a href="#li1119">1119</a>). Therefore the Frisians +offer the Danes peace (<a href="#li1086">1086</a>) under the conditions mentioned (<a href="#li1087">1087-1095</a>), +and it is confirmed with oaths (<a href="#li1097">1097</a>), and money is given by Finn in +propitiation (<a href="#li1108">1108</a>). Now all who have survived the battle go together to +Friesland, the homo proper of Finn, and here Hengest remains during the +winter, prevented by ice and storms from returning home (Grein). But in +spring the feud breaks out anew. Gūðlāf and Oslāf avenge Hnf's fall, +probably after they have brought help from home (<a href="#li1150">1150</a>). In the battle, the +hall is filled with the corpses of the enemy. Finn himself is killed, and +the queen is captured and carried away, along with the booty, to the land +of the Danes, <a href="#li1147">1147-1160</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Finna land.</b> Bēowulf reaches it in his swimming-race with Breca, <a href="#li580">580</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fitela</b>, the son and nephew of the Wlsing, Sigemund, and his +companion in arms, <a href="#li876">876-890</a>. (Sigemund had begotten Fitela by his sister, +Signȳ. Cf. more at length Leo on Bēowulf, p. 38 ff., where an extract from +the legend of the Walsungs is given.)</p> + +<p><b>Folc-walda</b> (gen. Folc-waldan, <a href="#li1090">1090</a>), Finn's father, <a href="#li1090">1090</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Francan</b> (gen. Francna, <a href="#li1211">1211</a>; dat. Froncum, <a href="#li2913">2913</a>). King Hygelāc fell +on an expedition against the allied Franks, Frisians, and Hūgas, <a href="#li1211">1211</a>, +<a href="#li2917">2917</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Frēsan, Frȳsan</b> (gen. Frēsena, <a href="#li1094">1094</a>, Frȳsna, <a href="#li1105">1105</a>, Frēsna, +<a href="#li2916">2916</a>: dat. Frȳsum, <a href="#li1208">1208</a>, <a href="#li2913">2913</a>). To be distinguished, are: 1) North +Frisians, whose king is Finn, <a href="#li1069">1069</a> ff.; 2) West Frisians, in alliance with +the Franks and Hūgas, in the war against whom Hygelāc falls, <a href="#li1208">1208</a>, <a href="#li2916">2916</a>. +The country of the former is called Frȳsland, <a href="#li1127">1127</a>; that of the latter, +Frēsna land, <a href="#li2916">2916</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fr..es wl</b> (in Fr..es wle, <a href="#li1071">1071</a>), mutilated proper name.</p> + +<p><b>Frēawaru</b>, daughter of the Danish king, Hrōðgār; given in marriage to +Ingeld, the son of the Heaðobeard king, Frōda, in order to end a war +between the Danes and the Heaðobeardnas, <a href="#li2023">2023</a> ff., <a href="#li2065">2065</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Frōda</b> (gen. Frōdan), father of Ingeld, the husband of Frēaware, +<a href="#li2026">2026</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Gārmund</b> (gen. Gārmundes, <a href="#li1963">1963</a>) father of Offa. His grandson is +Ēomǣr, <a href="#li1961">1961-63</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Gēatas</b> (gen. Gēata, <a href="#li205">205</a>, etc.; dat. Gēatum, <a href="#li195">195</a>, etc.), a tribe in +Southern Scandinavia, to which the hero of this poem belongs; also called +Wedergēatas, <a href="#li1493">1493</a>, <a href="#li2552">2552</a>; or, Wederas, <a href="#li225">225</a>, <a href="#li423">423</a>, etc.; Gūðgēatas, <a href="#li1539">1539</a>; +Sǣgēatas, <a href="#li1851">1851</a>, <a href="#li1987">1987</a>. Their kings named in this poem are: Hrēðel; Hðcyn, +second son of Hrēðel; Hygelāc, the brother of Hðcyn; Heardrēd, son of +Hygelāc; then Bēowulf.</p> + +<p><b>Gifðas</b> (dat. Gifðum, <a href="#li2495">2495</a>), Gepidǣ, mentioned in connection with +Danes and Swedes, <a href="#li2495">2495</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Grendel</b>, a fen-spirit (<a href="#li102">102-3</a>) of Cain's race, <a href="#li107">107</a>, <a href="#li111">111</a>, <a href="#li1262">1262</a>, <a href="#li1267">1267</a>. +He breaks every night into Hrōðgār's hall and carries off thirty warriors, +<a href="#li115">115</a> ff., <a href="#li1583">1583</a>ff. He continues this for twelve years, till Bēowulf fights +with him (<a href="#li147">147</a>, <a href="#li711">711</a> ff.), and gives him a mortal wound, in that he tears out +one of his arms (<a href="#li817">817</a>), which is hung up as a trophy in the roof of Heorot, +<a href="#li837">837</a>. Grendel's mother wishes to avenge her son, and the following night +breaks into the hall and carries off schere, <a href="#li1295">1295</a>. Bēowulf seeks for and +finds her home in the fen-lake (<a href="#li1493">1493</a> ff.), fights with her (<a href="#li1498">1498</a> ff.), and +kills her (<a href="#li1567">1567</a>); and cuts off the head of Grendel, who lay there dead +(<a href="#li1589">1589</a>), and brings it to Hrōðgār, <a href="#li1648">1648</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Gūð-lāf</b> and Oslāf, Danish warriors under Hnf, whose death they +avenge on Finn, <a href="#li1149">1149</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hālga</b>, with the surname, <i>til</i>, the younger brother of the +Danish king, Hrōðgār, <a href="#li61">61</a>. His son is Hrōðulf, <a href="#li1018">1018</a>, <a href="#li1165">1165</a>, <a href="#li1182">1182</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hāma</b> wrests the <i>Brōsinga mene</i> from Eormenrīc, <a href="#li1199">1199</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hreð</b> (gen. Hreðes, <a href="#li1982">1982</a>), father of Hygd, the wife of Hygelāc, +<a href="#li1930">1930</a>, <a href="#li1982">1982</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hðcyn</b> (dat. Hðcynne, <a href="#li2483">2483</a>), second son of Hrēðel, king of the +Gēatas, <a href="#li2435">2435</a>. Kills his oldest brother, Herebeald, accidentally, with an +arrow, <a href="#li2438">2438</a> ff. After Hrēðel's death, he obtains the kingdom, <a href="#li2475">2475</a>, <a href="#li2483">2483</a>. +He falls at Ravenswood, in the battle against the Swedish king, Ongenþēow, +<a href="#li2925">2925</a>. His successor is his younger brother, Hygelāc, <a href="#li2944">2944</a> ff., <a href="#li2992">2992</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Helmingas</b> (gen. Helminga, <a href="#li621">621</a>). From them comes Wealhþēow, Hrōðgār's +wife, <a href="#li621">621</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Heming</b> (gen. Heminges, <a href="#li1945">1945</a>, <a href="#li1962">1962</a>). Offa is called Heminges mǣg, +<a href="#li1945">1945</a>; Ēomǣr, <a href="#li1962">1962</a>. According to Bachlechner (Pfeiffer's Germania, I., p. +458), Heming is the son of the sister of Gārmund, Offa's father.</p> + +<p><b>Hengest</b> (gen. Hengestes, <a href="#li1092">1092</a>; dat. Hengeste, <a href="#li1084">1084</a>): about him and +his relations to Hnf and Finn, see <b>Finn</b>.</p> + +<p><b>Here-beald</b> (dat. Herebealde, <a href="#li2464">2464</a>), the oldest son of Hrēðel, king +of the Gēatas (<a href="#li2435">2435</a>), accidentally killed with an arrow by his younger +brother, Hðcyn, <a href="#li2440">2440</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Here-mōd</b> (gen. Heremōdes, <a href="#li902">902</a>), king of the Danes, not belonging to +the Scylding dynasty, but, according to Grein, immediately preceding it; +is, on account of his unprecedented cruelty, driven out, <a href="#li902">902</a> ff., <a href="#li1710">1710</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Here-rīc</b> (gen. Hererīces, <a href="#li2207">2207</a>) Heardrēd is called Hererīces nefa, +<a href="#li2207">2207</a>. Nothing further is known of him.</p> + +<p><b>Het-ware</b> or Franks, in alliance with the Frisians and the Hūgas, +conquer Hygelāc, king of the Gēatas, <a href="#li2355">2355</a>, <a href="#li2364">2364</a> ff., <a href="#li2917">2917</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Healf-dene</b> (gen. Healfdenes, <a href="#li189">189</a>, etc.), son of Bēowulf, the +Scylding (<a href="#li57">57</a>); rules the Danes long and gloriously (<a href="#li57">57</a> f.); has three sons, +Heorogār, Hrōðgār, and Hālga (<a href="#li61">61</a>), and a daughter, Elan, who, according to +the renewed text of the passage, was married to the Scylfing, Ongenþēow, +<a href="#li62">62</a>, <a href="#li63">63</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Heard-rēd</b> (dat. Heardrēde, <a href="#li2203">2203</a>, <a href="#li2376">2376</a>), son of Hygelāc, king of the +Gēatas, and Hygd. After his father's death, while still under age, he +obtains the throne (<a href="#li2371">2371</a>, <a href="#li2376">2376</a>, <a href="#li2379">2379</a>); wherefore Bēowulf, as nephew of +Heardrēd's father, acts as guardian to the youth till he becomes older, +<a href="#li2378">2378</a>. He is slain by Ōhthere's sons, <a href="#li2386">2386</a>. This murder Bēowulf avenges on +Ēadgils, <a href="#li2396">2396-97</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Heaðo-beardnas</b> (gen. -beardna, <a href="#li2033">2033</a>, <a href="#li2038">2038</a>, <a href="#li2068">2068</a>), the tribe of the +Lombards. Their king, Frōda, has fallen in a war with the Danes, <a href="#li2029">2029</a>, +<a href="#li2051">2051</a>. In order to end the feud, King Hrōðgār has given his daughter, +Frēawaru, as wife to the young Ingeld, the son of Frōda, a marriage that +does not result happily; for Ingeld, though he long defers it on account of +his love for his wife, nevertheless takes revenge for his father, <a href="#li2021">2021-2070</a> +(Wīdsīð, 45-49).</p> + +<p><b>Heaðo-lāf</b> (dat. Heaðo-lāfe, <a href="#li460">460</a>), a Wylfingish warrior. Ecgþēow, +Bēowulf's father, kills him, <a href="#li460">460</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Heaðo-rǣmas</b> reached by B. in the swimming-race with Bēowulf, <a href="#li519">519</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Heoro-gār</b> (nom. <a href="#li61">61</a>; Heregār, <a href="#li467">467</a>; Hiorogār, <a href="#li2159">2159</a>), son of Healfdene, +and older brother of Hrōðgār, <a href="#li61">61</a>. His death is mentioned, <a href="#li467">467</a>. He has a +son, Heoroweard, <a href="#li2162">2162</a>. His coat of mail Bēowulf has received from Hrōðgār +(<a href="#li2156">2156</a>), and presents it to Hygelāc, <a href="#li2158">2158</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Heoro-weard</b> (dat. Heorowearde, <a href="#li2162">2162</a>), Heorogār's son, <a href="#li2161">2161-62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Heort</b>, <a href="#li78">78</a>. Heorot, <a href="#li166">166</a> (gen. Heorotes, <a href="#li403">403</a>; dat. Heorote, <a href="#li475">475</a>, +Heorute, <a href="#li767">767</a>, Hiorte, <a href="#li2100">2100</a>). Hrōðgār's throne-room and banqueting hall and +assembly-room for his liegemen, built by him with unusual splendor, <a href="#li69">69</a>, <a href="#li78">78</a>. +In it occurs Bēowulf's fight with Grendel, <a href="#li720">720</a> ff. The hall receives its +name from the stag's antlers, of which the one-half crowns the eastern +gable, the other half the western.</p> + +<p><b>Hildeburh</b>, daughter of Hōc, relative of the Danish leader, Hnf, +consort of the Frisian king, Finn. After the fall of the latter, she +becomes a captive of the Danes, <a href="#li1072">1072</a>, <a href="#li1077">1077</a>, <a href="#li1159">1159</a>. See also under +<b>Finn</b>.</p> + +<p><b>Hnf</b> (gen. Hnfes, <a href="#li1115">1115</a>), a <b>Hōcing</b> (Wīdsīð, 29), the Danish +King Healfdene's general, <a href="#li1070">1070</a> ff. For his fight with Finn, his death and +burial, see under <b>Finn</b>.</p> + +<p><b>Hond-scīo</b>, warrior of the Gēatas: dat. <a href="#li2077">2077</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hōc</b> (gen. Hōces, <a href="#li1077">1077</a>), father of Hildeburh, <a href="#li1077">1077</a>; probably also of +Hnf (Wīdsīð, 29).</p> + +<p><b>Hrēðel</b> (gen. Hrēðles, <a href="#li1486">1486</a>), son of Swerting, <a href="#li1204">1204</a>. King of the +Gēatas, <a href="#li374">374</a>. He has, besides, a daughter, who is married to Ecgþēow, and +has borne him Bēowulf, (<a href="#li374">374</a>), three sons, Herebeald, Hðcyn, and Hygelāc, +<a href="#li2435">2435</a>. The eldest of these is accidentally killed by the second, <a href="#li2440">2440</a>. On +account of this inexpiable deed, Hrēðel becomes melancholy (<a href="#li2443">2443</a>), and +dies, <a href="#li2475">2475</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hrēðla</b> (gen. Hrēðlan, MS. Hrǣdlan, <a href="#li454">454</a>), the same as Hrēðel (cf. +Mllenhoff in Haupts Zeitschrift, 12, 260), the former owner of Bēowulf's +coat of mail, <a href="#li454">454</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hrēðling</b>, son of Hrēðel, Hygelāc: nom. sg. <a href="#li1924">1924</a>; nom. pl., the +subjects of Hygelāc, the Geats, <a href="#li2961">2961</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hrēð-men</b> (gen. Hrēð-manna, <a href="#li445">445</a>), the Danes are so called, <a href="#li445">445</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hrēð-rīc</b>, son of Hrōðgār, <a href="#li1190">1190</a>, <a href="#li1837">1837</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hrefna-wudu</b>, <a href="#li2926">2926</a>, or Hrefnes-holt, <a href="#li2936">2936</a>, the thicket near which +the Swedish king, Ongenþēow, slew Hðcyn, king of the Gēatas, in battle.</p> + +<p><b>Hrēosna-beorh</b>, promontory in the land of the Gēatas, near +which Ongenþēow's sons, Ōhthere and Onela, had made repeated robbing +incursions into the country after Hrēðel's death. These were the immediate +cause of the war in which Hrēðel's son, King Hcyn, fell, <a href="#li2478">2478</a> ff.</p> + +<p><b>Hrōð-gār</b> (gen. Hrōðgāres, <a href="#li235">235</a>, etc.; dat. Hrōðgāre, <a href="#li64">64</a>, etc.), of +the dynasty of the Scyldings; the second of the three sons of King +Healfdene, <a href="#li61">61</a>. After the death of his elder brother, Heorogār, he assumes +the government of the Danes, <a href="#li465">465</a>, <a href="#li467">467</a> (yet it is not certain whether +Heorogār was king of the Danes before Hrōðgār, or whether his death +occurred while his father, Healfdene, was still alive). His consort is +Wealhþēow (<a href="#li613">613</a>), of the stock of the Helmings (<a href="#li621">621</a>), who has borne him two +sons, Hrēðrīc and Hrōðmund (<a href="#li1190">1190</a>), and a daughter, Frēaware (<a href="#li2023">2023</a>), who has +been given in marriage to the king of the Heaðobeardnas, Ingeld. His +throne-room (<a href="#li78">78</a> ff.), which has been built at great cost (<a href="#li74">74</a> ff.), is +visited every night by Grendel (<a href="#li102">102</a>, <a href="#li115">115</a>), who, along with his mother, is +slain by Bēowulf (<a href="#li711">711</a> ff., <a href="#li1493">1493</a> ff). Hrōðgār's rich gifts to Bēowulf, in +consequence, <a href="#li1021">1021</a>, <a href="#li1818">1818</a>; he is praised as being generous, <a href="#li71">71</a> ff., <a href="#li80">80</a>, <a href="#li1028">1028</a> +ff., <a href="#li1868">1868</a> ff.; as being brave, <a href="#li1041">1041</a> ff., <a href="#li1771">1771</a> ff.; and wise, <a href="#li1699">1699</a>, +<a href="#li1725">1725</a>.—Other information about Hrōðgār's reign for the most part only +suggested: his expiation of the murder which Ecgþēow, Bēowulf's father, +committed upon Heaðolāf, <a href="#li460">460</a>, <a href="#li470">470</a>; his war with the Heaðobeardnas; his +adjustment of it by giving his daughter, Frēaware, in marriage to their +king, Ingeld; evil results of this marriage, <a href="#li2021">2021-2070</a>.—Treachery of his +brother's son, Hrōðulf, intimated, <a href="#li1165">1165-1166</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hrōð-mund</b>, Hrōðgār's son, <a href="#li1190">1190</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hrōð-ulf</b>, probably a son of Hālga, the younger brother of King +Hrōðgār, <a href="#li1018">1018</a>, <a href="#li1182">1182</a>. Wealhþēow expresses the hope (<a href="#li1182">1182</a>) that, in case of +the early death of Hrōðgār, Hrōð-ulf would prove a good guardian to +Hrōðgār's young son, who would succeed to the government; a hope which +seems not to have been accomplished, since it appears from <a href="#li1165">1165</a>, <a href="#li1166">1166</a> that +Hrōð-ulf has abused his trust towards Hrōðgār.</p> + +<p><b>Hrones-ns</b> (dat. -nsse, <a href="#li2806">2806</a>, <a href="#li3137">3137</a>), a promontory on the coast of +the country of the Gēatas, visible from afar. Here is Bēowulf's +grave-mound, <a href="#li2806">2806</a>, <a href="#li3137">3137</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hrunting</b> (dat. Hruntinge, <a href="#li1660">1660</a>), Hunferð's sword, is so called, +<a href="#li1458">1458</a>, <a href="#li1660">1660</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hūgas</b> (gen. Hūga, <a href="#li2503">2503</a>), Hygelāc wars against them allied with the +Franks and Frisians, and falls, <a href="#li2195">2195</a> ff. One of their heroes is called +Dghrefn, whom Bēowulf slays, <a href="#li2503">2503</a>.</p> + +<p><b>[H]ūn-ferð</b>, the son of Ecglāf, þyle of King Hrōðgār. As such, he has +his place near the throne of the king, <a href="#li499">499</a>, <a href="#li500">500</a>, <a href="#li1167">1167</a>. He lends his sword, +Hrunting, to Bēowulf for his battle with Grendel's mother, <a href="#li1456">1456</a> f. +According to <a href="#li588">588</a>, <a href="#li1168">1168</a>, he slew his brothers. Since his name is always +alliterated with vowels, it is probable that the original form was, as +Rieger (Zachers Ztschr., <a href="#li3">3</a>, <a href="#li414">414</a>) conjectures, Unferð.</p> + +<p><b>Hūn-lāfing</b>, name of a costly sword, which Finn presents to Hengest, +<a href="#li1144">1144</a>. See <a href="#note1144">Note</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hygd</b> (dat. Hygde, <a href="#li2173">2173</a>), daughter of Hreð, <a href="#li1930">1930</a>; consort of +Hygelāc, king of the Gēatas, <a href="#li1927">1927</a>; her son, Heardrēd, <a href="#li2203">2203</a>, etc.—Her +noble, womanly character is emphasized, <a href="#li1927">1927</a> ff.</p> + +<p><b>Hyge-lāc</b> (gen. Hige-lāces, <a href="#li194">194</a>, etc., Hygelāces, <a href="#li2387">2387</a>; dat. +Higelāce, <a href="#li452">452</a>, Hygelāce, <a href="#li2170">2170</a>), king of the Gēatas, <a href="#li1203">1203</a>, etc. His +grandfather is Swerting, <a href="#li1204">1204</a>; his father, Hrēðel, <a href="#li1486">1486</a>, <a href="#li1848">1848</a>; his older +brothers, Herebeald and Hðcyn, <a href="#li2435">2435</a>; his sister's son, Bēowulf, <a href="#li374">374</a>, <a href="#li375">375</a>. +After his brother, Hðcyn, is killed by Ongenþēow, he undertakes the +government (<a href="#li2992">2992</a> in connection with the preceding from <a href="#li2937">2937</a> on). To Eofor +he gives, as reward for slaying Ongenþēow, his only daughter in marriage, +<a href="#li2998">2998</a>. But much later, at the time of the return of Bēowulf from his +expedition to Hrōðgār, we see him married to the very young Hygd, the +daughter of Hreð, <a href="#li1930">1930</a>. The latter seems, then, to have been his second +wife. Their son is Heardrēd, <a href="#li2203">2203</a>, <a href="#li2376">2376</a>, <a href="#li2387">2387</a>.—Hygelāc falls during an +expedition against the Franks, Frisians, and Hūgas, <a href="#li1206">1206</a>, <a href="#li1211">1211</a>, <a href="#li2356">2356-59</a>, +<a href="#li2916">2916-17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ingeld</b> (dat. Ingelde, <a href="#li2065">2065</a>), son of Frōda, the Heaðobeard chief, who +fell in a battle with the Danes, <a href="#li2051">2051</a> ff. in order to end the war, Ingeld +is married to Frēawaru, daughter of the Danish king, Hrōðgār, <a href="#li2025">2025-30</a>. Yet +his love for his young wife can make him forget only for a short while his +desire to avenge his father. He finally carries it out, excited thereto by +the repeated admonitions of an old warrior, <a href="#li2042">2042-70</a> (Wīdsīð, 45-59).</p> + +<p><b>Ing-wine</b> (gen. Ingwina, <a href="#li1045">1045</a>, <a href="#li1320">1320</a>), friends of Ing, the first king +of the East Danes. The Danes are so called, <a href="#li1045">1045</a>, <a href="#li1320">1320</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Mere-wīoingas</b> (gen. Mere-wīoinga, +<a href="#li2922">2922</a>), as name of the Franks, +<a href="#li2922">2922</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ngling</b>, the name of Bēowulf's sword, <a href="#li2681">2681</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Offa</b> (gen. Offan, <a href="#li1950">1950</a>), king of the Angles (Wīdsīð, 35), the son of +Gārmund, <a href="#li1963">1963</a>; married (<a href="#li1950">1950</a>) to Þrȳðo (<a href="#li1932">1932</a>), a beautiful but cruel woman, +of unfeminine spirit (<a href="#li1932">1932</a> ff.), by whom he has a son, Ēomǣr, <a href="#li1961">1961</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ōht-here</b> (gen. Ōhtheres, <a href="#li2929">2929</a>, <a href="#li2933">2933</a>; Ōhteres, <a href="#li2381">2381</a>, <a href="#li2393">2393</a>, <a href="#li2395">2395</a>, +<a href="#li2613">2613</a>), son of Ongenþēow, king of the Swedes, <a href="#li2929">2929</a>. His sons are Ēanmund +(<a href="#li2612">2612</a>) and Ēadgils, <a href="#li2393">2393</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Onela</b> (gen. Onelan, <a href="#li2933">2933</a>), Ōhthere's brother, <a href="#li2617">2617</a>, <a href="#li2933">2933</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ongen-þēow</b> (nom. -þēow, <a href="#li2487">2487</a>, -þīo, <a href="#li2952">2952</a>; gen. -þēowes, <a href="#li2476">2476</a>, +-þīowes, <a href="#li2388">2388</a>; dat. -þīo, <a href="#li2987">2987</a>), of the dynasty of the Scylfings; king of +the Swedes, <a href="#li2384">2384</a>. His wife is, perhaps, Elan, daughter of the Danish king, +Healfdene (<a href="#li62">62</a>), and mother of two sons, Onela and Ōhthere, <a href="#li2933">2933</a>. She is +taken prisoner by Hðcyn, king of the Gēatas, on an expedition into Sweden, +which he undertakes on account of her sons' plundering raids into his +country, <a href="#li2480">2480</a> ff. She is set free by Ongenþēow (<a href="#li2931">2931</a>), who kills Hðcyn, +<a href="#li2925">2925</a>, and encloses the Gēatas, now deprived of their leader, in the +Ravenswood (<a href="#li2937">2937</a> ff.), till they are freed by Hygelāc, <a href="#li2944">2944</a>. A battle then +follows, which is unfavorable to Ongenþēow's army. Ongenþēow himself, +attacked by the brothers, Wulf and Eofor, is slain by the latter, <a href="#li2487">2487</a> ff., +<a href="#li2962">2962</a> ff.</p> + +<p><b>Ōs-lāf</b>, a warrior of Hnf's, who avenges on Finn his leader's death, +<a href="#li1149">1149</a> f.</p> + +<p><b>Scede-land</b>, <a href="#li19">19</a>. Sceden-īg (dat. Sceden-īgge, <a href="#li1687">1687</a>), O.N., Scān-ey, +the most southern portion of the Scandinavian peninsula, belonging to the +Danish kingdom, and, in the above-mentioned passages of our poem, a +designation of the whole Danish kingdom.</p> + +<p><b>Scēf</b> or <b>Scēaf</b>. See <a href="#note4">Note</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Scēfing</b>, the son (?) of Scēf, or Scēaf, reputed father of Scyld, <a href="#li4">4</a>. +See <a href="#note4">Note</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Scyld</b> (gen. Scyldes, <a href="#li19">19</a>), a Scēfing. <a href="#li4">4</a>. His son is Bēowulf, <a href="#li18">18</a>, <a href="#li53">53</a>: +his grandson, Healfdene, <a href="#li57">57</a>; his great-grandson, Hrōðgār, who had two +brothers and a sister, <a href="#li59">59</a> ff.—Scyld dies, <a href="#li26">26</a>; his body, upon a decorated +ship, is given over to the sea (<a href="#li32">32</a> ff.), just as he, when a child, drifted +alone, upon a ship, to the land of the Danes, <a href="#li43">43</a> ff. After him his +descendants bear his name.</p> + +<p><b>Scyldingas</b> (Scyldungas, <a href="#li2053">2053</a>; gen. Scyldinga, <a href="#li53">53</a>, etc., Scyldunga, +<a href="#li2102">2102</a>, <a href="#li2160">2160</a>; dat. Scyldingum, <a href="#li274">274</a>, etc.), a name which is extended also to +the Danes, who are ruled by the Scyldings, <a href="#li53">53</a>, etc. They are also called +Ār-Scyldingas, <a href="#li464">464</a>; Sige-Scyldingas, <a href="#li598">598</a>, <a href="#li2005">2005</a>; Þēod-Scyldingas, <a href="#li1020">1020</a>; +Here-Scyldingas, <a href="#li1109">1109</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Scylfingas</b>, a Swedish royal family, whose relationship seems to +extend to the Gēatas, since Wīglāf, the son of Wīhstān, who in another +place, as a kinsman of Bēowulf, is called a Wǣgmunding (<a href="#li2815">2815</a>), is also +called lēod Scylfinga, <a href="#li2604">2604</a>. The family connections are perhaps as +follows:—</p> + +<pre> + Scylf. + | + ------------------------ + Wǣgmund. ....... + | | +------------------ ---------- +Ecgþēow. Wēohstān. Ongenþēow. + | | | +-------- -------- --------------- +Bēowulf. Wīglāf. Onela. Ōhthere. + | + ----------------- + Ēaumund. Ēadgils. +</pre> + +<p>The Scylfings are also called Heaðo-Scilfingas, <a href="#li63">63</a>, Gūð-Scylfingas, <a href="#li2928">2928</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sige-mund</b> (dat. -munde, <a href="#li876">876</a>, <a href="#li885">885</a>), the son of Wls, <a href="#li878">878</a>, <a href="#li898">898</a>. His +(son and ) nephew is Fitela, <a href="#li880">880</a>, <a href="#li882">882</a>. His fight with the drake, <a href="#li887">887</a> ff.</p> + +<p><b>Swerting</b> (gen. Swertinges, <a href="#li1204">1204</a>), Hygelāc's grandfather, and +Hrēðel's father, <a href="#li1204">1204</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Swēon</b> (gen. Swēona, <a href="#li2473">2473</a>, <a href="#li2947">2947</a>, <a href="#li3002">3002</a>), also Swēo-þēod, <a href="#li2923">2923</a>. The +dynasty of the Scylfings rules over them, <a href="#li2382">2382</a>, <a href="#li2925">2925</a>. Their realm is called +Swīorice, <a href="#li2384">2384</a>, <a href="#li2496">2496</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Þrȳðo</b>, consort of the Angle king, Offa, <a href="#li1932">1932</a>, <a href="#li1950">1950</a>. Mother of Ēomǣr, +<a href="#li1961">1961</a>, notorious on account of her cruel, unfeminine character, <a href="#li1932">1932</a> ff. She +is mentioned as the opposite to the mild, dignified Hygd, the queen of the +Gēatas.</p> + +<p><b>Wls</b> (gen. Wlses, <a href="#li898">898</a>), father of Sigemund, <a href="#li878">878</a>, <a href="#li898">898</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Wǣg-mundingas</b> (gen. Wǣgmundinga, <a href="#li2608">2608</a>, <a href="#li2815">2815</a>). The Wǣgmundings are on +one side, Wīhstān and his son Wīglāf; on the other side, Ecgþēow and his +son Bēowulf (<a href="#li2608">2608</a>, <a href="#li2815">2815</a>). See under <b>Scylfingas</b>.</p> + +<p><b>Wederas</b> (gen. Wedera, <a href="#li225">225</a>, <a href="#li423">423</a>, <a href="#li498">498</a>, etc.), or Weder-gēatas. See +<b>Gēatas</b>.</p> + +<p><b>Wēland</b> (gen. Wēlandes, <a href="#li455">455</a>), the maker of Bēowulf's coat of mail, +<a href="#li455">455</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Wendlas</b> (gen. Wendla, <a href="#li348">348</a>): their chief is Wulfgār. See +<b>Wulfgār</b>. The Wendlas are, according to Grundtvig and Bugge, the +inhabitants of Vendill, the most northern part of Jutland, between Limfjord +and the sea.</p> + +<p><b>Wealh-þēow</b> (<a href="#li613">613</a>, Wealh-þēo, <a href="#li665">665</a>, <a href="#li1163">1163</a>), the consort of King Hrōðgār, +of the stock of the Helmings, <a href="#li621">621</a>. Her sons are Hrēðrīc and Hrōðmund, <a href="#li1190">1190</a>; +her daughter, Frēawaru, <a href="#li2023">2023</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Wēoh-stān</b> (gen. Wēox-stānes, <a href="#li2603">2603</a>, Wēoh-stānes, <a href="#li2863">2863</a>, Wih-stānes, +<a href="#li2753">2753</a>, <a href="#li2908">2908</a>, etc.), a Wǣgmunding (<a href="#li2608">2608</a>), father of Wīglāf, <a href="#li2603">2603</a>. In what +relationship to him lfhere, mentioned <a href="#li2605">2605</a>, stands, is not +clear.—Wēohstān is the slayer of Ēanmund (<a href="#li2612">2612</a>), in that, as it seems, he +takes revenge for his murdered king, Heardrēd. See +<b>Ēanmund</b>.</p> + +<p><b>Wīg-lāf</b>, Wēohstān's son, <a href="#li2603">2603</a>, etc., a Wǣgmunding, <a href="#li2815">2815</a>, and so also +a Scylfing, <a href="#li2604">2604</a>; a kinsman of lfhere, <a href="#li2605">2605</a>. For his relationship to +Bēowulf, see the genealogical table under <b>Scylfingas</b>.—He supports +Bēowulf in his fight with the drake, <a href="#li2605">2605</a> ff., <a href="#li2662">2662</a> ff. The hero gives him, +before his death, his ring, his helm, and his coat of mail, <a href="#li2810">2810</a> ff.</p> + +<p><b>Won-rēd</b> (gen. Wonrēdes, <a href="#li2972">2972</a>), father of Wulf and Eofor, <a href="#li2966">2966</a>, +<a href="#li2979">2979</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Wulf</b> (dat. Wulfe, <a href="#li2994">2994</a>), one of the Gēatas, Wonrēd's son. He fights +in the battle between the armies of Hygelāc and Ongenþēow with Ongenþēow +himself, and gives him a wound (<a href="#li2966">2966</a>), whereupon Ongenþēow, by a stroke of +his sword, disables him, <a href="#li2975">2975</a>. Eofor avenges his brother's fall by dealing +Ongenþēow a mortal blow, <a href="#li2978">2978</a> ff.</p> + +<p><b>Wulf-gār</b>, chief of the Wendlas, <a href="#li348">348</a>, lives at Hrōðgār's court, and +is his "ār and ombiht," <a href="#li335">335</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Wylfingas</b> (dat. Wylfingum, <a href="#li461">461</a>). Ecgþēow has slain Heoðolāf, a +warrior of this tribe, <a href="#li460">460</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Yrmen-lāf</b>, younger brother of schere, <a href="#li1325">1325</a>.</p> + +<hr> + +<p>ABBREVIATIONS.</p> +<table> +<tr><td align="right">B.: </td><td>Bugge.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Br.: </td><td>S.A. Brooke, Hist. of Early Eng. Lit.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">C.: </td><td>Cosijn.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">E.: </td><td>Earle, Deeds of Beowulf in Prose.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">G.: </td><td>Garnett, Translation of Beowulf</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Gr.: </td><td>Grein.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">H.: </td><td>Heyne.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Ha.: </td><td>Hall, Translation of Beowulf.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">H.-So.: </td><td>Heyne-Socin, 5th ed.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Ho.: </td><td>Holder.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">K.: </td><td>Kemble.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Kl.: </td><td>Kluge.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Mllenh.: </td><td>Mllenhoff.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">R.: </td><td>Rieger.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">S.: </td><td>Sievers.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Sw.: </td><td>Sweet, Anglo-Saxon Reader, 6th ed.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Ten Br.: </td><td>Ten Brink.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Th.: </td><td>Thorpe.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Z.: </td><td>Zupitza.</td></tr> +</table> +<p>PERIODICALS.</p> +<table> +<tr><td align="right">Ang.: </td><td>Anglia.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Beit.: </td><td>Paul und Branne's Beitrge.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Eng. Stud.: </td><td>Englische Studien.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Germ.: </td><td>Germania.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Haupts Zeitschr.: </td><td>Haupts Zeitschrift, etc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Mod. Lang. Notes: </td><td>Modern Language Notes.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Tidskr.: </td><td>Tidskrift for Philologi.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Zachers Zeitschr.: </td><td>Zachers Zeitschrift, etc.</td></tr> +</table> + +<a name="notes"></a><h2>NOTES.</h2> + +<p><a name="note1"></a>l. 1. <b>hwt</b>: for this interjectional formula opening a poem, cf. +<cite>Andreas, Daniel, Juliana, Exodus, Fata Apost., Dream of the Rood</cite>, +and the "Listenith lordinges!" of mediaeval lays.—E. Cf. Chaucer, +Prologue, ed. Morris, l. 853:</p> +<div class="line">"Sin I shal beginne the game,</div> +<div class="line"><i>What</i>, welcome be the cut, a Goddes name!"</div> + +<p><b>wē ... gefrūnon</b> is a variant on the usual epic formulǣ <b>ic +gefrgn</b> (<a href="#li74">l. 74</a>) and <b>mīne gefrǣge</b> (<a href="#li777">l. 777</a>). <cite>Exodus, Daniel, +Phoenix</cite>, etc., open with the same formula.</p> + +<p>l. 1. "<b>Gār</b> was the javelin, armed with two of which the warrior went +into battle, and which he threw over the 'shield-wall.' It was +barbed."—Br. 124. Cf. <cite>Maldon</cite>, l. 296; <cite>Judith</cite>, l. 224; +<cite>Gnom. Verses</cite>, l. 22; etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note4"></a>l. 4. "Scild of the Sheaf, not 'Scyld the son of Scaf'; for it is too +inconsistent, even in myth, to give a patronymic to a foundling. According +to the original form of the story, Scēaf was the foundling; he had come +ashore with a sheaf of corn, and from that was named. This form of the +story is preserved in Ethelwerd and in William of Malmesbury. But here the +foundling is Scyld, and we must suppose he was picked up with the sheaf, +and hence his cognomen."—E., p. 105. Cf. the accounts of Romulus and +Remus, of Moses, of Cyrus, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note6"></a>l. 6. <b>egsian</b> is also used in an active sense (not in the Gloss.), = +<i>to terrify</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note15"></a>l. 15. S. suggests <b>þā</b> (<i>which</i>) for <b>þt</b>, as object of +<b>drēogan</b>; and for <b>aldor-lēase</b>, Gr. suggested +<b>aldor-ceare</b>.—<i>Beit</i>. ix. 136.</p> + +<p>S. translates: "For God had seen the dire need which the rulerless ones +before endured."</p> + +<p><a name="note18"></a>l. 18. "Beowulf (that is, Beaw of the Anglo-Saxon genealogists, not our +Beowulf, who was a Geat, not a Dane), 'the son of Scyld in Scedeland.' This +is our ancestral myth,—the story of the first culture-hero of the North; +'the patriarch,' as Rydberg calls him, 'of the royal families of Sweden, +Denmark, Angeln, Saxland, and England.'"—Br., p. 78. Cf. <cite>A.-S. +Chron.</cite> an. 855.</p> + +<p>H.-So. omits parenthetic marks, and reads (after S., <i>Beit.</i> ix. 135) +<b>eaferan</b>; cf. <cite>Fata Apost.</cite>: <b>lof wīde sprang þēodnes þegna</b>.</p> + +<p>"The name <i>Bēowulf</i> means literally 'Bee-wolf,' wolf or +ravager of the bees, = bear. Cf. <i>beorn</i>, 'hero,' originally 'bear,' +and <i>bēohata</i>, 'warrior,' in Cǣdmon, literally 'bee-hater' or +'persecutor,' and hence identical in meaning with +<i>bēowulf</i>."—Sw.</p> +<p>Cf.</p> +<div class="line">"Arcite and Palamon,</div> +<div class="line">That foughten <i>breme</i>, as it were bores two."</div> +<div class="lcite">—Chaucer, <cite>Knightes Tale</cite>, l. 841, ed. Morris.</div> + +<p>Cf. M. Mller, <cite>Science of Lang.</cite>, Sec. Series, pp. 217, 218; and +Hunt's <cite>Daniel</cite>, 104.</p> + +<p><a name="note19"></a>l. 19. Cf. <a href="#li1866">l. 1866</a>, where <b>Scedenig</b> is used, = <i>Scania</i>, in +Sweden(?).</p> + +<p><a name="note21"></a>l. 21. <b>wine</b> is pl.; cf. its apposition <b>wil-gesīðas</b> below. +H.-So. compares <cite>Hliand</cite>, 1017, for language almost identical with +<a href="#li20">ll. 20</a>, <a href="#li21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note22"></a>l. 22. <b>on ylde</b>: cf.</p> +<div class="line">"<i>In elde</i> is bothe wisdom and usage."</div> +<div class="lcite">—Chaucer, <cite>Knightes Tale</cite>, l. 1590, ed. Morris.</div> + +<p><a name="note26"></a>l. 26. Reflexive objects often pleonastically accompany verbs of motion; +cf. <a href="#li234">ll. 234</a>, <a href="#li301">301</a>, <a href="#li1964">1964</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note31"></a>l. 31. The object of <b>āhte</b> is probably <b>geweald</b>, to be supplied +from <b>wordum wēold</b> of <a href="#li30">l. 30</a>.—H.-So.</p> + +<p>R., Kl., and B. all hold conflicting views of this passage: <cite>Beit.</cite> +xii. 80, ix. 188; <cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> iii. 382, etc. Kl. suggests +<b>lǣndagas</b> for <b>lange</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note32"></a>l. 32. "<b>hringed-stefna</b> is sometimes translated 'with curved prow,' +but it means, I think, that in the prow were fastened rings through which +the cables were passed that tied it to the shore."—Br., p. 26. Cf. <a href="#li1132">ll. +1132</a>, <a href="#li1898">1898</a>. <b>Hring-horni</b> was the mythic ship of the Edda. See +Toller-Bosworth for three different views; and cf. <b>wunden-stefna</b> (<a href="#li220">l. +220</a>), <b>hring-naca</b> (<a href="#li1863">l. 1863</a>).</p> + +<p><a name="note34"></a>ll. 34-52. Cf. the burial of Haki on a funeral-pyre ship, <cite>Inglinga +Saga;</cite> the burial of Balder, Sinfitli, Arthur, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note35"></a>l. 35. "And this [their joy in the sea] is all the plainer from the number +of names given to the ship-names which speak their pride and affection. It +is the AEtheling's vessel, the Floater, the Wave-swimmer, the Ring-sterned, +the Keel, the Well-bound wood, the Sea-wood, the Sea-ganger, the Sea-broad +ship, the Wide-bosomed, the Prow-curved, the Wood of the curved neck, the +Foam-throated floater that flew like a bird."—Br., p. 168.</p> + +<p><a name="note49"></a>l. 49. "We know from Scandinavian graves ... that the illustrious dead were +buried ... in ships, with their bows to sea-ward; that they were however +not sent to sea, but were either burnt in that position, or mounded over +with earth."—E. See Du Chaillu, <cite>The Viking Age</cite>, xix.</p> + +<p><a name="note51"></a>l. 51. (1) <b>sele-rǣdende</b> (K., S., C.); (2) <b>sēle-rǣdenne</b> (H.); +(3) <b>sele-rǣdende</b> (H.-So.). Cf. <a href="li1347">l. 1347</a>; and see Ha.</p> + +<p>l. 51. E. compares with this canto Tennyson's "Passing of Arthur" and the +legendary burial-journey of St. James of Campostella, an. 800.</p> + +<p><a name="note53"></a>l. 53. The poem proper begins with this, "There was once upon a time," the +first 52 lines being a prelude. Eleven of the "fitts," or cantos, begin +with the monosyllable <b>þā</b>, four with the verb <b>gewītan</b>, nine +with the formula <b>Hrōðgār</b> (Bēowulf, Unferð) <b>maðelode</b>, +twenty-four with monosyllables in general (<b>him, swā, sē, hwt, þā, heht, +ws, mg, cwōm, strǣt</b>).</p> + +<p><a name="note58"></a>l. 58. <b>gamel.</b> "The ... characteristics of the poetry are the use of +archaic forms and words, such as <b>mec</b> for <b>m</b>, the possessive +<b>sn, gamol, dgor, swt</b> for <b>eald, dǣg, bld</b>, etc., after they +had become obsolete in the prose language, and the use of special compounds +and phrases, such as <b>hildenǣdre</b> (<i>war-adder</i>) for 'arrow,' +gold-gifa (<i>gold-giver</i>) for 'king,' ... <b>goldwine gumena</b> +(<i>goldfriend of men, distributor of gold to men</i>) for 'king,'" +etc.—Sw. Other poetic words are <b>ides, ielde</b> (<i>men</i>), etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note60"></a>l. 60. H.-So. reads <b>rǣswa</b> (referring to <b>Heorogār</b> alone), +and places a point (with the Ms.) after <b>Heorogār</b> instead of after +<b>rǣswa.</b> Cf. l. 469; see B., <cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> iv. 193.</p> + +<p><a name="note62"></a>l. 62. <b>Elan</b> here (OHG. <i>Elana, Ellena, Elena, Elina, Alyan</i>) is +thought by B. (<cite>Tidskr.</cite> viii. 43) to be a remnant of the masc. name +<b>Onela</b>, and he reads: <b>[On-]elan ewēn, Heaðoscilfingas(=es) +healsgebedda.</b></p> + +<p><a name="note68"></a>l. 68. For <b>hē</b>, omitted here, cf. <a href="#li300">l. 300</a>. Pronouns are occasionally +thus omitted in subord. clauses.—Sw.</p> + +<p><a name="note70"></a>l. 70. <b>þone</b>, here = <b>þonne</b>, <i>than</i>, and <b>micel = +māre?</b> The passage, by a slight change, might be made to read, +<b>medo-rn micle mā gewyrcean,—þone</b> = <i>by much larger than</i>,—in +which <b>þone (þonne)</b> would come in naturally.</p> + +<p><a name="note73"></a>l. 73. <b>folc-scare.</b> Add <i>folk-share</i> to the meanings in the +Gloss.; and cf. gūð-scearu.</p> + +<p><a name="note74"></a>l. 74. <b>ic wide gefrgn:</b> an epic formula very frequent in poetry, = +<i>men said.</i> Cf. <cite>Judith</cite>, ll. 7, 246; <cite>Phoenix</cite>, l. 1; and +the parallel (noun) formula, <b>mīne gefrǣge</b>, <a href="#li777">ll. 777</a>, <a href="#li838">838</a>, <a href="#li1956">1956</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note78"></a>ll. 78-83. "The hall was a rectangular, high-roofed, wooden building, its +long sides facing north and south. The two gables, at either end, had +stag-horns on their points, curving forwards, and these, as well as the +ridge of the roof, were probably covered with shining metal, and glittered +bravely in the sun."—Br., p. 32.</p> + +<p><a name="note84"></a>l. 84. <i>Son-in-law and father-in-law;</i> B., a so-called <i>dvanda</i> +compound. Cf. <a href="#li1164">l. 1164</a>, where a similar compound means <i>uncle and +nephew;</i> and <b>Wīdsīð's suhtorfǣdran</b>, used of the same persons.</p> + +<p><a name="note88"></a>l. 88. "The word <b>drēam</b> conveys the buzz and hum of social happiness, +and more particularly the sound of music and singing."—E. Cf. <a href="#li3021">l. 3021</a>; and +<cite>Judith</cite>, l. 350; <cite>Wanderer</cite>, l. 79, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note90"></a>ll. 90-99. There is a suspicious similarity between this passage and the +lines attributed by Bede to Cǣdmon:</p> +<div class="line"><b>Nū wē sculan herian heofonrices Weard</b>, etc.</div> +<div class="lcite">—Sw., p. 47.</div> + +<p>ll. 90-98 are probably the interpolation of a Christian scribe.</p> + +<p><a name="note92"></a>ll. 92-97. "The first of these Christian elements [in <cite>Bēowulf</cite>] is +the sense of a fairer, softer world than that in which the Northern +warriors lived.... Another Christian passage (<a href="#li107">ll. 107</a>, <a href="#li1262">1262</a>) derives all +the demons, eotens, elves, and dreadful sea-beasts from the race of Cain. +The folly of sacrificing to the heathen gods is spoken of (<a href="#li175">l. 175</a>).... The +other point is the belief in immortality (<a href="#li1202">ll. 1202</a>, <a href="#li1761">1761</a>)."—Br. 71.</p> + +<p><a name="note100"></a>l. 100. Cf. <a href="#li2211">l. 2211</a>, where the third dragon of the poem is introduced in +the same words. Beowulf is the forerunner of that other national +dragon-slayer, St. George.</p> + +<p>l. 100. <b>onginnan</b> in <cite>Bēowulf</cite> is treated like verbs of motion +and modal auxiliaries, and takes the object inf. without <b>tō</b>; cf. ll. +<a href="#li872">872</a>, <a href="#li1606">1606</a>, <a href="#li1984">1984</a>, <a href="#li244">244</a>. Cf. <i>gan</i> (= <i>did</i>) in Mid. Eng.: +<i>gan</i> espye (Chaucer, <cite>Knightes Tale</cite>, l. 254, ed. Morris).</p> + +<p><a name="note101"></a>l. 101. B. and H.-So. read, <b>fēond on healle</b>; cf. l. +<a href="#li142">142</a>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii.</p> + +<p>ll. 101-151. "Grimm connects [<b>Grendel</b>] with the Anglo-Saxon +<b>grindel</b> (<i>a bolt</i> or <i>bar</i>).... It carries with it the +notion of the bolts and bars of hell, and hence <i>a fiend.</i> ... +Ettmller was the first ... to connect the name with <b>grindan</b>, <i>to +grind, to crush to pieces, to utterly destroy.</i> <b>Grendel</b> is then +<i>the tearer, the destroyer</i>."—Br., p. 83.</p> + +<p><a name="note102"></a>l. 102. <b>gst</b> = <i>stranger</i> (Ha.); cf. <a href="#li1139">ll. 1139</a>, <a href="#li1442">1442</a>, <a href="#li2313">2313</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note103"></a>l. 103. See Ha., p. 4.</p> + +<p><a name="note105"></a>l. 105 MS. and Ho. read <b>won-sǣli</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note106"></a>l. 106. "The perfect and pluperfect are often expressed, as in Modern +English, by <b>hǣfð</b> and <b>hǣfde</b> with the past participle."—Sw. +Cf. <a href="#li433">ll. 433</a>, <a href="#li408">408</a>, <a href="#li940">940</a>, <a href="#li205">205</a> (p. p. inflected in the last two cases), etc.</p> + +<p>l. 106. S. destroys period here, reads <b>in Caines</b>, etc., and puts +<b>þone ... drihten</b> in parenthesis.</p> + +<p><a name="note108"></a>l. 108. <b>þs þe</b> = <i>because</i>, especially after verbs of thanking +(cf. <a href="#li228">ll. 228</a>, <a href="#li627">627</a>, <a href="#li1780">1780</a>, <a href="#li2798">2798</a>); <i>according as</i> (<a href="#li1351">l. 1351</a>).</p> + +<p>l. 108. The def. article is omitted with <b>Drihten</b> (<i>Lord</i>) and +<b>Deofol</b> (<i>devil</i>; cf. <a href="#li2089">l. 2089</a>), as it is, generally, sparingly +employed in poetry; cf. <b>tō sǣ</b> (<a href="#li318">l. 318</a>), <b>ofer sǣ</b> (<a href="#li2381">l. 2381</a>), +<b>on lande</b> (<a href="#li2311">l. 2311</a>), <b>tō rste</b> (<a href="#li1238">l. 1238</a>), <b>on wicge</b> (l. +<a href="#li286">286</a>), etc., etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note119"></a>l. 119. <b>weras</b> (S., H.-So.); <b>wera</b> (K., Th.).—<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. +137.</p> + +<p><a name="note120"></a>l. 120. <b>unfǣlo</b> = <i>uncanny</i> (R.).</p> + +<p><a name="note131"></a>l. 131. E. translates, <i>majestic rage;</i> adopting Gr.'s view that +<b>swyð</b> is = Icel. <b>sviði</b>, <i>a burn</i> or <i>burning</i>. Cf. +<a href="#li737">l. 737</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note142"></a>l. 142. B. supposes <b>heal-þegnes</b> to be corrupted from +<b>helþegnes</b>; cf. <a href="#li101">l. 101</a>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 80. See <b>Gūðlāc</b>, l. +1042.</p> + +<p><a name="note144"></a>l. 144. See Ha., p. 6, for S.'s rearrangement.</p> + +<p><a name="note146"></a>l. 146. S. destroys period after <b>sēlest</b>, puts <b>ws ... micel</b> in +parenthesis, and inserts a colon after <b>tīd</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note149"></a>l. 149. B. reads <b>sārcwidum</b> for <b>syððan</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note154"></a>l. 154. B. takes <b>sibbe</b> for accus. obj. of <b>wolde</b>, and places a +comma after <b>Deniga</b>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 82.</p> + +<p><a name="note159"></a>l. 159. R. suggests <b>ac se</b> for <b>atol</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note168"></a>l. 168. H.-So. plausibly conjectures this parenthesis to be a late +insertion, as, at <a href="#li180">ll. 180-181</a>, the Danes also are said to be heathen. +Another commentator considers the throne under a "spell of enchantment," +and therefore it could not be touched.</p> + +<p><a name="note169"></a>l. 169. <b>nē ... wisse</b>: <i>nor had he desire to do so</i> (W.). See Ha., p. 7, +for other suggestions.</p> + +<p>l. 169. <b>myne wisse</b> occurs in <cite>Wanderer</cite>, <a href="#li27">l. 27</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note174"></a>l. 174. The gerundial inf. with <b>tō</b> expresses purpose, defines a noun +or adjective, or, with the verb <b>be</b>, expresses duty or necessity +passively; cf. <a href="#li257">ll. 257</a>, <a href="#li473">473</a>, <a href="#li1004">1004</a>, <a href="#li1420">1420</a>, <a href="#li1806">1806</a>, etc. Cf. <b>tō</b> + inf. at +<a href="#li316">ll. 316</a>, <a href="#li2557">2557</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note175"></a>ll. 175-188. E. regards this passage as dating the time and place of the +poem relatively to the times of heathenism. Cf. the opening lines, <i>In +days of yore</i>, etc., as if the story, even then, were very old.</p> + +<p><a name="note177"></a>l. 177. <b>gāst-bona</b> is regarded by Ettmller and G. Stephens +(<cite>Thunor</cite>, p. 54) as an epithet of Thor (= <i>giant-killer</i>), a +kenning for Thunor or Thor, meaning both <i>man</i> and <i>monster</i>.—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note189"></a>l. 189. Cf. <a href="#li1993">l. 1993</a>, where similar language is used. H.-So. takes both +<b>mōd-ceare</b> and <b>mǣl-ceare</b> as accus., others as instr.</p> + +<p><a name="note190"></a>ll. 190, 1994. <b>sēað</b>: for this use of <b>sēoðan</b> cf. Bede, +<cite>Eccles. Hist.</cite>, ed. Miller, p. 128, where p. p. <b>soden</b> is thus +used.</p> + +<p><a name="note194"></a>l. 194. <b>fram hām</b> = <i>in his home</i> (S., H.-So.); but <b>fram +hām</b> may be for <b>fram him</b> (<i>from them</i>, i.e. <i>his +people</i>, or <i>from Hrothgar's</i>). Cf. Ha., p. 8.</p> + +<p><a name="note197"></a>l. 197. Cf. <a href="#li791">ll. 791</a>, <a href="#li807">807</a>, for this fixed phrase.</p> + +<p><a name="note200"></a>l. 200. See <cite>Andreas, Elene</cite>, and <cite>Juliana</cite> for <b>swan-rād</b> +(<i>= sea</i>). "The swan is said to breed wild now no further away than +the North of Sweden." —E. Cf. <b>ganotes bð</b>, <a href="#li1862">l. 1862</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note203"></a>l. 203. Concessive clauses with <b>þēah, þēah þe, þēah ... eal</b>, vary +with subj. and ind., according as fact or contingency is dominant in the +mind; cf. <a href="#li526">ll. 526</a>, <a href="#li1168">1168</a>, <a href="#li2032">2032</a>, etc. (subj.), 1103, 1614 (ind.). Cf. <b>gif, +nefne.</b></p> + +<p><a name="note204"></a>l. 204. <b>hǣl</b>, an OE. word found in Wlker's Glossaries in various +forms, = <i>augury, omen, divination</i>, etc. Cf. <b>hǣlsere</b>, +<i>augur</i>; <b>hǣl</b>, <i>omen;</i> <b>hǣlsung</b>, <i>augurium</i>, +<b>hǣlsian</b>, etc. Cf. Tac., <cite>Germania</cite>, 10.</p> + +<p><a name="note207"></a>l. 207. C. adds "= <i>impetrare</i>" to the other meanings of findan given +in the Gloss.</p> + +<p><a name="note217"></a>l. 217. Cf. <a href="#li1910">l. 1910</a>; and <cite>Andreas</cite>, <a href="#li993">l. 993</a>.—E. E. compares Byron's</p> +<div class="line">"And fast and falcon-like the vessel flew,"</div> +<div class="lcite">—<cite>Corsair</cite>, i. 17.</div> + +<p>and Scott's</p> +<div class="line">"Merrily, merrily bounds the bark."</div> +<div class="lcite">—<cite>Lord of the Isles</cite>, iv. 7.</div> + +<p><a name="note218"></a>l. 218. Cf.</p> +<div class="line">"The fomy stedes on the golden brydel</div> +<div class="line">Gnawinge."</div> +<div class="lcite">—Chaucer, <cite>Knightes Tale</cite>, <a href="#li1648">l. 1648</a>, ed. Morris.</div> + +<p>l 218. MS. and Ho. read <b>fāmi-heals</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note219"></a>l. 219. Does <b>ān-tīd</b> mean <i>hour</i> (Th.), or <i>corresponding +hour</i> = <b>ānd-tīd</b> (H.-So.), or <i>in due time</i> (E.), or <i>after +a time</i>, when <b>ōþres</b>, etc., would be adv. gen.? See C., +<cite>Beit.</cite> viii. 568.</p> + +<p><a name="note224"></a>l. 224. <b>eoletes</b> may = (1) <i>voyage</i>; (2) <i>toil, labor</i>; (3) +<i>hurried journey;</i> but <i>sea</i> or <i>fjord</i> appears preferable.</p> + +<p><a name="note229"></a>ll. 229-257. "The scenery ... is laid on the coast of the North Sea and the +Kattegat, the first act of the poem among the Danes in Seeland, the second +among the Geats in South Sweden."—Br., p. 15.</p> + +<p><a name="note239"></a>l. 239. "A shoal of simple terms express in <cite>Bēowulf</cite> the earliest +sea-thoughts of the English.... The simplest term is <b>Sǣ</b>.... To this +they added <b>Wǣter, Flod, Stream, Lagu, Mere, Holm, Grund, Heathu, Sund, +Brim, Garsecg, Eagor, Geofon, Fifel, Hron-rad, Swan-rad, Segl-rad, +Ganotes-bǣð</b>."—Br., p. 163-166.</p> + +<p>l. 239. "The infinitive is often used in poetry after a verb of motion +where we should use the present participle."—Sw. Cf. <a href="#li711">ll. 711</a>, <a href="#li721">721</a>, <a href="#li1163">1163</a> +1803, 268, etc. Cf. German <i>spazieren fahren reiten</i>, etc., and +similar constructions in French, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note240"></a>l. 240, W. reads <b>hringed-stefnan</b> for <b>helmas bǣron</b>. B. inserts +(?) after <b>holmas</b> and begins a new line at the middle of the verse. +S. omits B.'s "on the wall."</p> + +<p><a name="note245"></a>l. 245. Double and triple negatives strengthen each other and do not +produce an affirmative in A.-S. or M. E. The neg. is often prefixed to +several emphatic words in the sentence, and readily contracts with vowels, +and <b>h</b> or <b>w</b>; cf. <a href="#li863">ll. 863</a>, <a href="#li182">182</a>, <a href="#li2125">2125</a>, <a href="#li1509">1509</a>, <a href="#li575">575</a>, <a href="#li583">583</a>, <a href="#li3016">3016</a>, +etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note249"></a>l. 249. <b>seld-guma</b> = <i>man-at-arms in another's house</i> (Wood); = +<i>low-ranking fellow</i> (Ha.); <b>stubenhocker</b>, <i>stay-at-home</i> +(Gr.), Scott's "carpet knight," <cite>Marmion</cite>, i. 5.</p> + +<p><a name="note250"></a>l. 250. <b>nfne</b> (<b>nefne, nemne</b>) usually takes the subj., = +<i>unless</i>; cf. <a href="#li1057">ll. 1057</a>, <a href="#li3055">3055</a>, <a href="#li1553">1553</a>. For ind., = <i>except</i>, see l. +<a href="#li1354">1354</a>. Cf. <b>būtan, gif, þēah</b>.</p> + +<p>l. 250. For a remarkable account of armor and weapons in <cite>Bēowulf</cite>, +see S. A. Brooke, <cite>Hist. of Early Eng. Lit.</cite> For general "Old Teutonic +Life in Bēowulf," see J. A. Harrison, <cite>Overland Monthly</cite>.</p> + +<p><a name="note252"></a>l. 252. <b>ǣr</b> as a conj. generally has subj., as here; cf. <a href="#li264">ll. 264</a>, +<a href="#li677">677</a>, <a href="#li2819">2819</a>, <a href="#li732">732</a>. For ind., cf. <a href="#li2020">l. 2020</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note253"></a>l. 253. <b>lēas</b> = <i>loose</i>, <i>roving</i>. Ettmller corrected to +<b>lēase</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note256"></a>l. 256. This proverb (<b>ofest</b>, etc.) occurs in <cite>Exod.</cite> (Hunt), l. +293.</p> + +<p><a name="note258"></a>l. 258. An "elder" may be a very young man; hence <b>yldesta</b>, = +<i>eminent</i>, may be used of Beowulf. Cf. <cite>Laws of AElfred</cite>, C. 17: +<b>Nā þt ǣlc eald sȳ, ac þt hē eald sȳ on wīsdōme</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note273"></a>l. 273. Verbs of hearing and seeing are often followed by acc. with inf.; +cf. <a href="#li229">ll. 229</a>, <a href="#li1024">1024</a>, <a href="#li729">729</a>, <a href="#li1517">1517</a>, etc. Cf. German construction with <i>sehen, +horen</i>, etc., French construction with <i>voir, entendre</i>, etc., and +the classical constructions.</p> + +<p><a name="note275"></a>l. 275. <b>dǣd-hata</b> = <i>instigator</i>. Kl. reads <b>dǣd-hwata</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note280"></a>l. 280. <b>ed-wendan</b>, n. (B.; cf. 1775), = <b>edwenden</b>, limited by +<b>bisigu</b>. So ten Br. = <cite>Tidskr.</cite> viii. 291.</p> + +<p><a name="note287"></a>l. 287. "Each is denoted ... also by the strengthened forms <b>ǽghwðer +(ǽgðer), ghwðer</b>, etc. This prefixed <b>ǽ, e</b> corresponds to +the Goth, <i>aiw</i>, OHG. <i>eo</i>, <i>io</i>, and is umlauted from +<b></b>, <b></b> by the <b>i</b> of the <b>gi</b> which originally +followed."—Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 190.</p> + +<p><a name="note292"></a>l. 292. "All through the middle ages suits of armour are called +'weeds.'"—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note299"></a>l. 299. MS. reads <b>gōd-fremmendra</b>. So H.-So.</p> + +<p><a name="note303"></a>l. 303. "An English warrior went into battle with a boar-crested helmet, +and a round linden shield, with a byrnie of ringmail ... with two javelins +or a single ashen spear some eight or ten feet long, with a long two-edged +sword naked or held in an ornamental scabbard.... In his belt was a short, +heavy, one-edged sword, or rather a long knife, called the seax ... used for +close quarters."—Br., p. 121.</p> + +<p>l. 303. For other references to the boar-crest, cf. <a href="#li1112">ll. 1112</a>, <a href="#li1287">1287</a>, <a href="#li1454">1454</a>; +Grimm, <cite>Myth.</cite> 195; Tacitus, <cite>Germania</cite>, 45. "It was the symbol +of their [the Baltic AEstii's] goddess, and they had great faith in it as a +preservative from hard knocks."—E. See the print in the illus. ed. of +Green's <cite>Short History</cite>, Harper & Bros.</p> + +<p>l. 303. "See Kemble, <cite>Saxons in England</cite>, chapter on heathendom, and +Grimm's <cite>Teutonic Mythology</cite>, chapter on Freyr, for the connection +these and other writers establish between the Boar-sign and the golden boar +which Freyr rode, and his worship."—Br., p. 128. Cf. <cite>Elene</cite>, l. 50.</p> + +<p><a name="note304"></a>l. 304. Gering proposes <b>hlēor-bergan</b> = <i>cheek-protectors</i>; cf. +<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 26. "A bronze disk found at land in Sweden +represents two warriors in helmets with boars as their crests, and +cheek-guards under; these are the <b>hlēor-bergan</b>."—E. Cf. +<b>hauberk</b>, with its diminutive <b>habergeon</b>, < A.-S. +<b>heals</b>, <i>neck</i> + <b>beorgan</b>, <i>to cover</i> or +<i>protect</i>; and <b>harbor</b>, < A.-S. <b>here</b>, <i>army</i> + +<b>beorgan</b>, id.—<cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> xii. 123. Cf. +<b>cinberge</b>, Hunt's <cite>Exod.</cite> l. 175.</p> + +<p><a name="note305"></a>l. 305. For <b>ferh wearde</b> and <b>gūðmōde grummon</b>, B. and ten Br. +read <b>ferh-wearde</b> (<a href="#li305">l. 305</a>) and <b>gūðmōdgum men</b> (<a href="#li306">l. 306</a>), = +<i>the boar-images ... guarded the lives of the warlike men</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note311"></a>l. 311. <b>lēoma</b>: cf. Chaucer, <cite>Nonne Preestes Tale</cite>, l. 110, ed. +Morris:</p> +<div class="line">"To dremen in here dremes</div> +<div class="line">Of armes, and of fyr with rede <i>lemes</i>."</div> + +<p><a name="note318"></a>l. 318. On the double gender of <b>sǣ</b>, cf. Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. +147; and note the omitted article at <a href="#li2381">ll. 2381</a>, <a href="#li318">318</a>, <a href="#li544">544</a>, with the peculiar +tmesis of <i>between</i> at <a href="#li859">ll. 859</a>, <a href="#li1298">1298</a>, <a href="#li1686">1686</a>, <a href="#li1957">1957</a>. So <cite>Cǣdmon</cite>, l. +163 (Thorpe), <cite>Exod.</cite> l. 562 (Hunt), etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note320"></a>l. 320. Cf. <a href="#li924">l. 924</a>; and <cite>Andreas</cite>, l. 987, where almost the same words +occur. "Here we have manifestly before our eye one of those ancient +causeways, which are among the oldest visible institutions of +civilization." —E.</p> + +<p><a name="note322"></a>l. 322. S. inserts comma after <b>scīr</b>, and makes <b>hring-īren</b> (= +<i>ring-mail</i>) parallel with <b>gūð-byrne</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note325"></a>l. 325. Cf. <a href="#li397">l. 397</a>. "The deposit of weapons outside before entering a house +was the rule at all periods.... In provincial Swedish almost everywhere a +church porch is called <b>vkenhus</b>,... i.e. <i>weapon-house</i>, +because the worshippers deposited their arms there before they entered the +house."—E., after G. Stephens.</p> + +<p><a name="note333"></a>l. 333. Cf. Dryden's "mingled metal <i>damask'd</i> o'er with gold."—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note336"></a>l. 336. "<b>ǣl-, el-</b>, kindred with Goth. <i>aljis</i>, other, e.g. in +<b>ǣlþodig, elþodig</b>, foreign."—Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 47.</p> + +<p>l. 336. Cf. <a href="#li673">l. 673</a> for the functions of an <b>ombiht-þegn</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note338"></a>l. 338. Ho. marks <b>wrc-</b> and its group long.</p> + +<p><a name="note343"></a>l. 343. Cf. <a href="#li1714">l. 1714</a> for the same <b>bēod-genēatas</b>,—"the predecessor +title to that of the Knights of the Table Round."—E. Cf. <cite>Andreas</cite> +(K.), l. 2177.</p> + +<p><a name="note344"></a>l. 344. The future is sometimes expressed by <b>willan</b> + inf., +generally with some idea of volition involved; cf. <a href="#li351">ll. 351</a>, <a href="#li427">427</a>, etc. Cf. +the use of <b>willan</b> as principal vb. (with omitted inf.) at <a href="#li318">ll. 318</a>, +<a href="#li1372">1372</a>, <a href="#li543">543</a>, <a href="#li1056">1056</a>; and <b>sculan</b>, <a href="#li1784">ll. 1784</a>, <a href="#li2817">2817</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note353"></a>l. 353. <b>sīð</b> here, and at <a href="#li501">l. 501</a>, probably means <i>arrival</i>. E. +translates the former by <i>visit</i>, the latter by <i>adventure</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note357"></a>l. 357. <b>unhār</b> = <i>hairless, bald</i> (Gr., etc.).</p> + +<p><a name="note358"></a>l. 358. <b>ēode</b> is only one of four or five preterits of <b>gān +(gongan, gangan, gengan</b>), viz. <b>gēong</b> (<b>gīong</b>: <a href="#li926">ll. 926</a>, +<a href="#li2410">2410</a>, etc.), <b>gang</b> (<a href="#li1296">l. 1296</a>, etc.), <b>gengde</b> (<a href="#li1402">ll. 1402</a>, <a href="#li1413">1413</a>). +Sievers, p. 217, apparently remarks that <b>ēode</b> is "probably used only +in prose." (?!). Cf. <b>geng</b>, <cite>Gen.</cite> ll. 626, 834; <cite>Exod.</cite> +(Hunt) l. 102.</p> + +<p><a name="note367"></a>l. 367. The MS. and H.-So. read with Gr. and B. <b>gldman Hrōðgār</b>, +abandoning Thorkelin's <b>gldnian</b>. There is a glass. <b>hilaris +gldman.</b>—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 84; same as <b>gld</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note369"></a>l. 369. <b>dugan</b> is a "preterit-present" verb, with new wk. preterit, +like <b>sculan, durran, magan</b>, etc. For various inflections, see ll. +<a href="#li573">573</a>, <a href="#li590">590</a>, <a href="#li1822">1822</a>, <a href="#li526">526</a>. Cf. <i>do</i> in "that will <i>do</i>"; +<i>doughty</i>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note372"></a>l. 372. Cf. <a href="#li535">l. 535</a> for a similar use; and <a href="#li1220">l. 1220</a>. Bede, <cite>Eccles. +Hist.</cite>, ed. Miller, uses the same expression several times. "Here, and +in all other places where <b>cniht</b> occurs in this poem, it seems to +carry that technical sense which it bore in the military hierarchy [of a +noble youth placed out and learning the elements of the art of war in the +service of a qualified warrior, to whom he is, in a military sense, a +servant], before it bloomed out in the full sense of <i>knight</i>."—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note373"></a>l. 373. E. remarks of the hyphened <b>eald-fder</b>, "hyphens are risky +toys to play with in fixing texts of pre-hyphenial antiquity"; +<b>eald-fder</b> could only = <i>grandfather</i>. <b>eald</b> here can +only mean <i>honored</i>, and the hyphen is unnecessary. Cf. "old fellow," +"my old man," etc.; and Ger. <i>alt-vater</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note378"></a>l. 378. Th. and B. propose <b>Gēatum</b>, as presents from the Danish to +the Geatish king.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii.</p> + +<p><a name="note380"></a>l. 380. <b>hbbe</b>. The subj. is used in indirect narration and question, +wish and command, purpose, result, and hypothetical comparison with +<b>swelce</b> = <i>as if</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note386"></a>ll. 386, 387. Ten Br. emends to read: "Hurry, bid the kinsman-throng go +into the hall together."</p> + +<p><a name="note387"></a>l. 387. <b>sibbe-gedriht</b>, for Beowulf's friends, occurs also at <a href="#li730">l. 730</a>. +It is subject-acc. to <b>sēon</b>. Cf. <a href="#li347">ll. 347</a>, <a href="#li365">365</a>, and Hunt's +<cite>Exod.</cite> l. 214.</p> + +<p><a name="note404"></a>l. 404. "Here, as in the later Icelandic halls, Beowulf saw Hrothgar +enthroned on a high seat at the east end of the hall. The seat is sacred. +It has a supernatural quality. Grendel, the fiend, cannot approach +it."—Br., p. 34. Cf. <a href="#li168">l. 168</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note405"></a>l. 405. "At Benty Grange, in Derbyshire, an Anglo-Saxon barrow, opened in +1848, contained a coat of mail. 'The iron chain work consists of a large +number of links of two kinds attached to each other by small rings half an +inch in diameter; one kind flat and lozenge-shaped ... the others all of +one kind, but of different lengths.'"—Br., p. 126.</p> + +<p><a name="note407"></a>l. 407. <b>Wes</b> ... <b>hāl</b>: this ancient Teutonic greeting +afterwards grew into <b>wassail</b>. Cf. Skeat's <cite>Luke</cite>, i. 28; +<cite>Andreas</cite> (K.), 1827; Layamon, l. 14309, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note414"></a>l. 414. "The distinction between <b>wesan</b> and <b>weorðan</b> [in +passive relations] is not very clearly defined, but <b>wesan</b> appears to +indicate a state, <b>weorðan</b> generally an action."—Sw. Cf. Mod. German +<i>werden</i> and <i>sein</i> in similar relations.</p> + +<p><a name="note414"></a>l. 414. Gr. translates <b>hādor</b> by <i>receptaculum</i>; cf. Gering, +<cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> xii. 124. Toller-Bosw. ignores Gr.'s suggestion.</p> + +<p><a name="note420"></a>ll. 420, 421. B. reads: <b>þǣr ic</b> (<i>on</i>) <b>fīfelgeban</b> (= +<i>ocean</i>) <b>ȳðde eotena cyn</b>. Ten Br. reads: <b>þǣr ic fīfelgeban +ȳðde, eotena hām</b>. Ha. suggests <b>fīfelgeband</b> = +<i>monster-band</i>, without further changes.</p> + +<p>l. 420. R. reads <b>þǣra</b> = <i>of them</i>, for <b>þǣr</b>.—<cite>Zachers +Zeitschr.</cite> iii. 399; <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 367.</p> + +<p>l. 420. "<b>niht</b> has a gen., <b>nihtes</b>, used for the most part only +adverbially, and almost certainly to be regarded as masculine."—Cook's +Sievers' Gram., p. 158.</p> + +<p><a name="note425"></a>l. 425. Cf. also <a href="#li435">ll. 435</a>, <a href="#li635">635</a>, <a href="#li2345">2345</a>, for other examples of Beowulf's +determination to fight single-handed.</p> + +<p><a name="note441"></a>l. 441. <b>þe hine</b> = <i>whom</i>, as at <a href="#li1292">l. 1292</a>, etc. The indeclinable +<b>þe</b> is often thus combined with personal pronouns, = relative, and is +sometimes separated from them by a considerable interval.—Sw.</p> + +<p><a name="note443"></a>l. 443. The MS. has <b>Geotena</b>. B. and Fahlbeck, says H.-So., do not +consider the <b>Gēatas</b>, but the Jutes, as the inhabitants of Swedish +West-Gothland. Alfred translates <b>Juti</b> by <b>Gēatas</b>, but +<i>Jutland</i> by <i>Gotland</i>. In the laws they are called +<b>Guti</b>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 1, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note444"></a>l. 444. B., Gr., and Ha. make <b>unforhte</b> an adv. = <i>fearlessly</i>, +modifying <b>etan</b>. Kl. reads <b>anforhte</b> = <i>timid</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note446"></a>l. 446. Cf. <a href="#li2910">l. 2910</a>. Th. translates: <i>thou wilt not need my head to +hide</i> (i.e. <i>bury</i>). Simrock supposes a dead-watch or lyke-wake to +be meant. Wood, <i>thou wilt not have to bury so much as my head!</i> +H.-So. supposes <b>hēafod-weard</b>, <i>a guard of honor</i>, such as +sovereigns or presumptive rulers had, to be meant by <b>hafalan hȳdan</b>; +hence, <i>you need not give me any guard</i>, etc. Cf. Schmid, <cite>Gesetze +der A.</cite>, 370-372.</p> + +<p><a name="note447"></a>l. 447. S. places a colon after <b>nimeð</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note451"></a>l. 451. H.-So., Ha., and B. (<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 87) agree essentially in translating +<b>feorme</b>, <i>food</i>. R. translates <i>consumption of my corpse. Maintenance, +support</i>, seems preferable to either.</p> + +<p><a name="note452"></a>l. 452. Rnning (after Grimm) personifies Hild.—<cite>Beovulfs Kvadet</cite>, +l. 59. Hildr is the name of one of the Scandinavian Walkyries, or battle-maidens, who transport the spirits of the slain to Walhalla. Cf. Kent's +<cite>Elene</cite>, l. 18, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note455"></a>l. 455. "The war-smiths, especially as forgers of the sword, were garmented +with legend, and made into divine personages. Of these Weland +is the type, husband of a swan maiden, and afterwards almost a god."— +Br., p. 120. Cf. A. J. C. Hare's account of "Wayland Smith's sword with +which Henry II. was knighted," and which hung in Westminster Abbey +to a late date.—<cite>Walks in London</cite>, ii. 228.</p> + +<p>l. 455. This is the <b>ǣlces mannes wyrd</b> of Boethius (Sw., p. 44) and +the <b>wyrd bið swīðost</b> of Gnomic Verses, 5. There are about a dozen +references to it in <cite>Bēowulf</cite>.</p> + +<p>l. 455. E. compares the fatalism of this concluding hemistich with the +Christian tone of <a href="#li685">l. 685</a> <i>seq.</i></p> + +<p><a name="note457"></a>ll. 457, 458. B. reads <b>wǣre-ryhtum</b> ( = <i>from the obligations of +clientage</i>).</p> + +<p><a name="note480"></a>l. 480. Cf. <a href="#li1231">l. 1231</a>, where the same sense, "flown with wine," occurs.</p> + +<p><a name="note488"></a>l. 488. "The <b>duguð</b>, the mature and ripe warriors, the aristocracy of +the nation, are the support of the throne."—E. The M. E. form of the word, +<i>douth</i>, occurs often. Associated with <b>geogoð</b>, <a href="#li160">ll. 160</a> and <a href="#li622">622</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note489"></a>l. 489. Kl. omits comma after <b>meoto</b> and reads (with B.) +<b>sige-hrēð-secgum</b>, = <i>disclose thy thought to the +victor-heroes</i>. Others, as Krner, convert <b>meoto</b> into an +imperative and divide <b>on sǣl</b> = <i>think upon happiness</i>. But cf. +<b>onband beadu-rūne</b>, <a href="#li501">l. 501</a>. B. supposes <b>onsǣl meoto</b> =<i>speak +courteous words</i>. <cite>Tidskr.</cite> viii. 292; <cite>Haupts Zeitschr.</cite> xi. 411; +<cite>Eng. Stud.</cite> ii. 251.</p> + +<p>l. 489. Cf. the invitation at <a href="#li1783">l. 1783</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note494"></a>l. 494. Cf. Grimm's <cite>Andreas</cite>, l. 1097, for <b>deal</b>, =<i>proud, +elated, exulting</i>; <cite>Phoenix</cite> (Bright), l. 266.</p> + +<p><a name="note499"></a>l. 499. MS. has <b>Hunferð</b>, but the alliteration requires +<b>Unferð</b>, as at <a href="#li499">ll. 499</a>, <a href="#li1166">1166</a>, <a href="#li1489">1489</a>; and cf. <a href="#li1542">ll. 1542</a>, <a href="#li2095">2095</a>, <a href="#li2930">2930</a>. See +<i>List of Names</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note501"></a>l. 501. <b>sīð</b> = <i>arrival</i> (?); cf. <a href="#li353">l. 353</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note504"></a>l. 504. <b>þon mā</b> = <i>the more</i> (?), may be added to the references +under <b>þon</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note506"></a>l. 506. E. compares the taunt of Eliab to David, I Sam. xvii. 28.</p> + +<p><a name="note509"></a>l. 509. <b>dol-gilp</b> = <i>idle boasting</i>. The second definition in +the Gloss. is wrong.</p> + +<p><a name="note513"></a>l. 513. "Eagor-stream might possibly be translated the stream of Eagor, the +awful terror-striking stormy sea in which the terrible [Scandinavian] giant +dwelt, and through which he acted."—Br., p. 164. He remarks, "The English +term <i>eagre</i> still survives in provincial dialect for the tide-wave or +bore on rivers. Dryden uses it in his <cite>Threnod. Angust.</cite> 'But like an +<i>eagre</i> rode in triumph o'er the tide.' Yet we must be cautious," etc. +Cf. Fox's <cite>Boethius</cite>, ll. 20, 236; Thorpe's <cite>Cǣdmon</cite>, 69, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note524"></a>l. 524. Krger and B. read <b>Bānstānes</b>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 573.</p> + +<p><a name="note525"></a>l. 525. R. reads <b>wyrsan</b> (= <b>wyrses:</b> cf. Mod. Gr. <i>guten +Muthes</i>) <b>geþinges</b>; but H.-So. shows that the MS. <b>wyrsan ... +þingea = wyrsena þinga</b>, <i>can stand</i>; cf. gen. pl. <b>banan</b>, +<cite>Christ</cite>, l. 66, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note545"></a>l. 545 <i>seq.</i> "Five nights Beowulf and Breca kept together, not +swimming, but sailing in open boats (to swim the seas is to sail the seas), +then storm drove them asunder ... Breca is afterwards chief of the +Brondings, a tribe mentioned in <cite>Wīdsth</cite>. The story seems legendary, +not mythical."—Br., pp. 60, 61.</p> + +<p><a name="note574"></a>ll. 574-578. B. suggests <b>swā þǣr for hwðere</b>, = <i>so there it +befell me</i>. But the word at <a href="#li574">l. 574</a> seems = <i>however</i>, and at <a href="#li578">l. 578</a> += <i>yet</i>; cf. <a href="#li891">l. 891</a>; see S.; <cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 138; <cite>Tidskr.</cite> +viii. 48; <cite>Zacher</cite>, iii. 387, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note586"></a>l. 586. Gr. and Grundt. read <b>fāgum sweordum (no ic þs fela gylpe!</b>), +supplying <b>fela</b> and blending the broken half-lines into one. Ho. and +Kl. supply <b>geflites</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note599"></a>l. 599. E. translates <b>nȳd-bāde</b> by <i>blackmail</i>; adding "<b>nēd +bād</b>, <i>toll</i>; <b>nēd bādere</b>, <i>tolltaker</i>."—Land Charters, +Gloss, v.</p> + +<p><a name="note601"></a>l. 601. MS. has <b>ond</b> = <i>and</i> in three places only (<a href="#li601">601</a>, <a href="#li1149">1149</a>, +<a href="#li2041">2041</a>); elsewhere it uses the symbol 7 = <i>and</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note612"></a>l. 612. <i>seq.</i> Cf. the drinking ceremony at <a href="#li1025">l. 1025</a>. "The royal lady +offers the cup to Beowulf, not in his turn where he sate among the rest, +but after it has gone the round; her approach to Beowulf is an act +apart."—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note620"></a>l. 620. "The [loving] cup which went the round of the company and was +tasted by all," like the Oriel and other college anniversary cups.—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note622"></a>l. 622. Cf. <a href="#li160">ll. 160</a>, <a href="#li1191">1191</a>, for the respective places of young and old.</p> + +<p><a name="note623"></a>l. 623. Cf. the circlet of gold worn by Wealhþēow at <a href="#li1164">l. 1164</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note631"></a>l. 631. <b>gyddode</b>. Cf. Chaucer, <cite>Prol.</cite> l. 237 (ed. Morris):</p> +<div class="line">"Of <i>yeddynges</i> he bar utterly the prys."</div> +<p>Cf. <i>giddy</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note648"></a>l. 648. Kl. suggests a period after <b>geþinged</b>, especially as B. +(<cite>Tidskr.</cite> viii. 57) has shown that <b>oþþe</b> is sometimes = +<b>ond</b>. Th. supplies <b>ne</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note650"></a>l. 650. <b>oþþe</b> here and at <a href="#li2476">ll. 2476</a>, <a href="#li3007">3007</a>, probably = <i>and</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note651"></a>l. 651. Cf. 704, where <b>sceadu-genga</b> (the <i>night-ganger</i> of +<cite>Leechdoms</cite>, ii. 344) is applied to the demon.—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note659"></a>l. 659. Cf. <a href="#li2431">l. 2431</a> for same formula, "to have and to hold" of the Marriage +Service.—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note681"></a>l. 681. B. considers <b>þēah ... eal</b> a precursor of Mod. Eng. +<i>although</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note682"></a>l. 682. <b>gōdra</b> = <i>advantages in battle</i> (Gr.), +<i>battle-skill</i> (Ha.), <i>skill in war</i> (H.-So.). Might not +<b>nāt</b> be changed to <b>nah = ne + āh</b> (cf. <a href="#li2253">l. 2253</a>), thus +justifying the translation <i>ability</i> (?) —<i>he has not the ability +to</i>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note695"></a>l. 695. Kl. reads <b>hiera</b>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 189. B. omits <b>hīe</b> +as occurring in the previous hemistich.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 89.</p> + +<p><a name="note698"></a>l. 698. "Here Destiny is a web of cloth."—E., who compares the Greek +Clotho, "spinster of fate." Women are also called "weavers of peace," as l. +<a href="#li1943">1943</a>. Cf. Kent's <cite>Elene</cite>, l. 88; <cite>Wīdsīð</cite>, l. 6, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note711"></a>l. 711. B. translates <b>þā</b> by <i>when</i> and connects with the +preceding sentences, thus rejecting the ordinary canto-division at <a href="#li711">l. 711</a>. +He objects to the use of <b>cōm</b> as principal vb. at <a href="#li703">ll. 703</a>, <a href="#li711">711</a>, and +721. (<cite>Beit</cite>, xii.)</p> + +<p>l. 711. "Perhaps the Gnomic verse which tells of Thyrs, the giant, is +written with Grendel in the writer's mind,—<b>þyrs sceal on fenne gewunian +āna inuan lande</b>, <i>the giant shall dwell in the fen, alone in the +land</i> (Sweet's Read., p. 187)."—Br. p. 36.</p> + +<p><a name="note717"></a>l. 717. Dietrich, in <cite>Haupt.</cite> xi. 419, quotes from AElfric, <cite>Hom.</cite> +ii. 498: <b>hē beworhte þā bigelsas mid gyldenum lǣfrum</b>, <i>he covered +the arches with gold-leaf</i>,—a Roman custom derived from Carthage. Cf. +Mod. Eng. <i>oriel</i> = <i>aureolum</i>, a gilded room.—E. (quoting +Skeat). Cf. <a href="#li2257">ll. 2257</a>, <a href="#li1097">1097</a>, <a href="#li2247">2247</a>, <a href="#li2103">2103</a>, <a href="#li2702">2702</a>, <a href="#li2283">2283</a>, <a href="#li333">333</a>, <a href="#li1751">1751</a>, for various +uses of gold-sheets.</p> + +<p><a name="note720"></a>l. 720. B. and ten Br. suggest <i>hell-thane</i> (Grendel) for +<b>heal-þegnas</b>, and make <b>hle</b> refer to Beowulf. Cf. <a href="#li142">l. 142</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note723"></a>l. 723. Z. reads <b>[ge]hrān</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note727"></a>l. 727. For this use of <b>standan</b>, cf. <a href="#li2314">ll. 2314</a>, <a href="#li2770">2770</a>; and Vergil, +<cite>Ecl.</cite> ii. 26:</p> +<div class="line">"Cum placidum ventis <i>staret</i> mare."</div> + +<p><a name="note757"></a>l. 757. <b>gedrg</b>. <i>Tumult</i> is one of the meanings of this word. +Here, appar. = <i>occupation, lair</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note759"></a>l. 759. R. reads <b>mōdega</b> for <b>gōda</b>, "because the attribute +cannot be separated from the word modified unless the two alliterate."</p> + +<p><a name="note762"></a>l. 762. Cf. <cite>Andreas</cite>, l. 1537, for a similar use of <b>ūt</b> = +<i>off</i>.—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note769"></a>l. 769. The foreign words in <cite>Bēowulf</cite> (as <b>ceaster</b>-here) are +not numerous; others are (aside from proper names like <i>Cain, Abel</i>, +etc.) <b>dēofol (diabolus), candel</b> (<a href="#li1573">l. 1573</a>), <b>ancor</b> (<a href="#li303">l. 303</a>), +<b>scrīfan (for- ge-), segn</b> (<a href="#li47">l. 47</a>), <b>gīgant</b> (<a href="#li113">l. 113</a>), +<b>mīl-</b> (<a href="#li1363">l. 1363</a>), <b>strǣt</b> (<a href="#li320">l. 320</a>), <b>ombeht</b> (<a href="#li287">l. 287</a>), +<b>gim</b> (<a href="#li2073">l. 2073</a>), etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note770"></a>l. 770. MS. reads <b>cerwen</b>, a word conceived by B. and others to be +part of a fem. compd.: <b>-scerwen</b> like <b>-wenden</b> in +<b>ed-wenden</b>, <b>-rǣden</b>, etc. (cf. <b>meodu-scerpen</b> in +<cite>Andreas</cite>, l. 1528); emended to <b>-scerwen</b>, <i>a great scare +under the figure of a mishap at a drinking-bout</i>; one might compare +<b>bescerwan</b>, <i>to deprive</i>, from <b>bescyrian</b> (Grein, i. 93), +hence <b>ealu-seerwen</b> would = <i>a sudden taking away, deprivation, of +the beer</i>.—H.-So., p. 93. See B., <cite>Tidskr.</cite> viii. 292.</p> + +<p><a name="note771"></a>l. 771. Ten Br. reads <b>rēðe, rēnhearde</b>, = <i>raging, exceeding +bold</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note792"></a>l. 792. Instrumental adverbial phrases like <b>ǣnige þinga, nǣnige +þinga</b> (<i>not at all</i>), <b>hūru þinga</b> (<i>especially</i>) are +not infrequent. See Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 178; March, <cite>A.-S. +Gram.</cite>, p. 182.</p> + +<p><a name="note811"></a>l. 811. <b>myrðe</b>. E. translates <i>in wanton mood</i>. Toller-Bosw. +does not recognize <i>sorrow</i> as one of the meanings of this word.</p> + +<p><a name="note850"></a>ll. 850, 851. S. reads <b>dēop</b> for <b>dēog</b> and erases semicolon after <b>wēol</b>, = +<i>the death-stained deep welled with sword-gore</i>; cf. <a href="#li1424">l. 1424</a>. B. reads +<b>dēað-fǣges dēop</b>, etc., = <i>the deep welled with the doomed one's +gore</i>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 89.</p> + +<p><a name="note857"></a>l. 857. The meaning of <b>blaneum</b> is partly explained by <b>fealwe +mēaras</b> below, <a href="#li866">l. 866</a>. Cf. Layamon's "and leop on his <i>blancke" = +steed</i>, l. 23900; Kent's <cite>Elene</cite>, l. 1185.</p> + +<p><a name="note859"></a>l. 859. Krner, <cite>Eng. Stud.</cite> i. 482, regards the oft-recurring <b>be +sǣm twēonum</b> as a mere formula = <i>on earth</i>; cf. <a href="#li1298">ll. 1298</a>, <a href="#li1686">1686</a>. +<b>twēone</b> is part of the separable prep. <i>between</i>; see +<b>be-</b>. Cf. Baskerville's <cite>Andreas</cite>, l. 558.</p> + +<p><a name="note865"></a>l. 865. Cf. <cite>Voyage of Ōhthere and Wulfstān</cite> for an account of funeral +horse-racing, Sweet's Read., p. 22.</p> + +<p><a name="note868"></a>l. 868. See Ha., p. 31, for a variant translation.</p> + +<p><a name="note871"></a>l. 871 <i>seq.</i> R. considers this a technical description of improvised +alliterative verse, suggested by and wrought out on the spur of the moment.</p> + +<p><a name="note872"></a>l. 872. R. and B. propose <b>secg[an]</b>, = <i>rehearse</i>, for +<b>secg</b>, which suits the verbs in the next two lines.</p> + +<p><a name="note878"></a>ll. 878-98. "It pleases me to think that it is in English literature we +possess the first sketch of that mighty saga [the Volsunga Saga = +<b>Wlsinges gewin</b>] which has for so many centuries engaged all the +arts, and at last in the hands of Wagner the art of music."—Br., p. 63. +Cf. <cite>Nibelung. Lied</cite>, l. 739.</p> + +<p><a name="note894"></a>l. 894. Intransitive verbs, as <b>gān, weorðan</b>, sometimes take +<b>habban</b>, "to indicate independent action."—Sw. Cf. <b>hafað ... +geworden</b>, <a href="#li2027">l. 2027</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note895"></a>l. 895. "<b>brūcan</b> (<i>enjoy</i>) always has the genitive."—Sw.; cf. +<a href="#li895">l. 895</a>; acc., gen., instr., dat., according to March, <cite>A.-S. Gram.</cite>, +p. 151.</p> + +<p><a name="note898"></a>l. 898. Scherer proposes <b>hāte</b>, = <i>from heat</i>, instr. of +<b>hāt</b>, <i>heat</i>; cf. <a href="#li2606">l. 2606</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note901"></a>l. 901. <b>hē þs āron þāh</b> = <i>he throve in honor</i> (B.). Ten Br. +inserts comma after <b>þāh</b>, making <b>siððan</b> introduce a depend. +clause.—<cite>Beit.</cite> viii. 568. Cf. <b>weorð-myndum þāh</b>, <a href="#li8">l. 8</a>; ll. +<a href="#li1155">1155</a>, <a href="#li1243">1243</a>.—H.-So.</p> + +<p><a name="note902"></a>l. 902. <b>Heremōdes</b> is considered by Heinzel to be a mere epithet = +<i>the valiant</i>; which would refer the whole passage to Sigmund +(Sigfrid), the <b>eotenas</b>, <a href="#li903">l. 903</a>, being the Nibelungen. This, says +H.-So., gets rid of the contradiction between the good "Heremōd" here and +the bad one, <a href="#li1710">l. 1710</a> <i>seq.</i>—B. however holds fast to +Heremōd.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 41. <b>on fēonda geweald</b>, <a href="#li904">l. 904</a>,—<i>into +the hands of devils</i>, says B.; cf. <a href="#li809">ll. 809</a>, <a href="#li1721">1721</a>, <a href="#li2267">2267</a>; <cite>Christ</cite>, +l. 1416; <cite>Andreas</cite>, l. 1621; for <b>hine fyren onwōd</b>, cf. +<cite>Gen.</cite> l. 2579; Hunt's <cite>Dan.</cite> 17: <b>hīe wlenco anwōd</b>.</p> + +<p>l. 902 <i>seq.</i> "Heremōd's shame is contrasted with the glory of +Sigemund, and with the prudence, patience, generosity, and gentleness of +Beowulf as a chieftain."—Br., p. 66.</p> + +<p><a name="note906"></a>l. 906. MS. has <b>lemede</b>. Toller-Bosw. corrects to <b>lemedon</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note917"></a>l. 917. Cf. Hunt's <cite>Exod.</cite>, l. 170, for similar language.</p> + +<p><a name="note925"></a>l. 925. <b>hōs</b>, G. <b>hansa</b>, <i>company</i>, "the word from which +the mercantile association of the 'Hanseatic' towns took their +designation."—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note927"></a>l. 927. <b>on staþole</b> = <i>on the floor</i> (B., Rask, ten +Br.).—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 90.</p> + +<p>l. 927. May not <b>stēapne</b> here = <i>bright</i>, from its being +immediately followed by <b>golde fāhne</b>? Cf. Chaucer's "his eyen +<i>stepe</i>," <cite>Prol.</cite> l. 201 (ed. Morris); Cockayne's <cite>Ste. +Marherete</cite>, pp. 9, 108; <cite>St. Kath.</cite>, l. 1647.</p> + +<p><a name="note931"></a>l. 931. <b>grynna</b> may be for <b>gyrnna</b> (= <i>sorrows</i>), gen. +plu. of <b>gyrn</b>, as suggested by one commentator.</p> + +<p><a name="note937"></a>l. 937. B. (<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 90) makes <b>gehwylcne</b> object of +<b>wīd-scofen (hfde)</b>. Gr. makes <b>wēa</b> nom. absolute.</p> + +<p><a name="note940"></a>l. 940. <b>scuccum</b>: cf. G. <b>scheuche, scheusal</b>; Prov. Eng. +<i>old-shock</i>; perhaps the pop. interjection <i>O shucks!</i> (!)</p> + +<p><a name="note959"></a>l. 959. H. explains <b>wē</b> as a "plur. of majesty," which Bēowulf throws +off at <a href="#li964">l. 964</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note963"></a>l. 963. <b>fēond þone frtgan</b> (B. <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 90).</p> + +<p><a name="note976"></a>l. 976. <b>synnum</b>. "Most abstract words in the poetry have a very wide +range of meanings, diverging widely from the prose usage, <b>synn</b>, for +instance, means simply <i>injury, mischief, hatred</i>, and the prose +meaning <i>sin</i> is only a secondary one; <b>hata</b> in poetry is not +only <i>hater</i>, but <i>persecutor, enemy</i>, just as <b>nīð</b> is both +<i>hatred</i> and <i>violence, strength</i>; <b>heard</b> is <i>sharp</i> +as well as <i>hard</i>."—Sw.</p> + +<p><a name="note986"></a>l. 986. S. places <b>ws</b> at end of <a href="#li985">l. 985</a> and reads <b>stīðra +ngla</b>, omitting <b>gehwylc</b> and the commas after that and after +<b>scēawedon</b>. <cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 138; <b>stēdra</b> (H.-So.); +<b>hand-sporu</b> (H.-So.) at <a href="#li987">l. 987</a>.</p> + +<p>l. 986. Miller (<cite>Anglia</cite>, xii. 3) corrects to <b>ǣghwylene</b>, in +apposition to <b>fingras</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note987"></a>l. 987. <b>hand-sporu</b>. See <cite>Anglia</cite>, vii. 176, for a discussion of +the intrusion of <b>u</b> into the nom. of <b>n</b>-stems.</p> + +<p><a name="note988"></a>l. 988. Cf. <a href="#li2121">ll. 2121</a>, <a href="#li2414">2414</a>, for similar use of <b>unhēoru = ungeheuer</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note992"></a>l. 992. B. suggests <b>hēatimbred</b> for <b>hāten</b>, and +<b>gefrtwon</b> for <b>-od</b>; Kl., <b>hroden</b> (<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 189).</p> + +<p><a name="note995"></a>l. 995, 996. Gold-embroidered tapestries seem to be meant by <b>web</b> = +<i>aurifrisium</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note997"></a>l. 997. After <b>þāra þe</b> = <i>of those that</i>, the depend, vb. often +takes sg. for pl.; cf. <a href="#li844">ll. 844</a>, <a href="#li1462">1462</a>, <a href="#li2384">2384</a>, <a href="#li2736">2736</a>.—Sw.; Dietrich.</p> + +<p><a name="note998"></a>l. 998. "Metathesis of <b>l</b> takes place in <b>seld</b> for <b>setl, +bold</b> for <b>botl</b>," etc.—Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 96. Cf. Eng. +proper names, <i>Bootle, Battle</i>field, etc.—Skeat, <i>Principles</i>, +i. 250.</p> + +<p><a name="note1000"></a>l. 1000. <b>heorras</b>: cf. Chaucer, <cite>Prol.</cite> (ed. Morris) l. 550:</p> +<div class="line">"Ther was no dore that he nolde heve of <i>harre</i>."</div> + +<p><a name="note1005"></a>ll. 1005-1007. See <cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> iii. 391, and <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. +368, for R.'s and B.'s views of this difficult passage.</p> + +<p><a name="note1009"></a>l. 1009. Cf. <a href="#li1612">l. 1612</a> for <b>sǣl and mǣl</b>, surviving still in E. Anglia +in "mind your <i>seals and meals</i>," = <i>times and occasions</i>, i.e. +have your wits about you.—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note1012"></a>ll. 1012, 1013. Cf. <a href="#li753">ll. 753</a>, <a href="#li754">754</a> for two similar comparatives used in +conjunction.</p> + +<p><a name="note1014"></a>l. 1014. Cf. <a href="#li327">l. 327</a> for similar language.</p> + +<p><a name="note1015"></a>ll. 1015, 1016. H.-So. puts these two lines in parentheses (<b>fylle ... +þāra</b>). Cf. B., <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 91.</p> + +<p><a name="note1024"></a>l. 1024. One of the many famous swords spoken of in the poem. See +<b>Hrunting</b>, <a href="#li1458">ll. 1458</a>, <a href="#li1660">1660</a>; <b>Hūnlāfing</b>, <a href="#li1144">l. 1144</a>, etc. Cf. +Excalibur, Roland's sword, the Nibelung Balmung, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1034"></a>l. 1034. <b>scūr-heard</b>. For an ingenious explanation of this disputed +word see Professor Pearce's article in <cite>Mod. Lang. Notes</cite>, Nov. 1, +1892, and ensuing discussion.</p> + +<p><a name="note1039"></a>l. 1039. <b>eoderas</b> is of doubtful meaning. H. and Toller-Bosw. regard +the word here = <i>enclosure, palings of the court</i>. Cf. <cite>Cǣdmon</cite>, +ll. 2439, 2481. The passage throws interesting light on horses and their +trappings</p> + +<p><a name="note1043"></a>l. 1043. Grundt. emends <b>wīg</b> to <b>wicg</b>, = <i>charger</i>; and E. +quotes Tacitus, <cite>Germania</cite>, 7.</p> + +<p><a name="note1044"></a>l. 1044. "Power over each and both"; cf. "all and some," "one and all."</p> + +<p>For <b>Ingwin</b>, see <i>List of Names</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1065"></a>l. 1065. Gr. contends that <b>fore</b> here = <b>de</b>, <i>concerning, +about</i> (Ebert's <cite>Jahrb.</cite>, 1862, p. 269).</p> + +<p><a name="note1069"></a>l. 1069. H.-So. supplies <b>fram</b> after <b>eaferum</b>, to govern it, = +<i>concerning</i> (?). Cf. <cite>Fight at Finnsburg</cite>, Appendix.</p> + +<p><a name="note1070"></a>l. 1070. For the numerous names of the Danes, "bright-" "spear-" "east-" +"west-" "ring-" Danes, see these words.</p> + +<p><a name="note1073"></a>l. 1073. <b>Eotenas</b> = <i>Finn's people, the Frisians</i>; cf. <a href="#li1089">ll. 1089</a>, +<a href="#li1142">1142</a>, <a href="#li1146">1146</a>, etc., and <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 37. Why they are so called is not +known.</p> + +<p><a name="note1084"></a>l. 1084. R. proposes <b>wiht Hengeste wið gefeohtan</b> (<cite>Zachers +Zeitschr.</cite> iii. 394). Kl., <b>wið H. wiht gefeohtan</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1085"></a>ll. 1085 and 1099. <b>wēa-lāf</b> occurs in Wulfstan, <cite>Hom.</cite> 133, ed. +Napier.—E. Cf. <b>daroða lāf</b>, <cite>Brunanb.</cite>, l. 54; <b>ādes +lāfe</b>, <cite>Phoenix</cite>, 272 (Bright), etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1098"></a>l. 1098. <b>elne unflitme</b> = <i>so dass der eid (der inhalt des eides) +nicht streitig war</i>.—B., <cite>Beit.</cite> iii. 30. But cf. 1130, where +Hengist and Finn are again brought into juxtaposition and the expression +<b>ealles (?) unhlitme</b> occurs.</p> + +<p><a name="note1106"></a>l. 1106. The pres. part. + <b>be</b>, as <b>myndgiend wǣre</b> here, is +comparatively rare in original A.-S. literature, but occurs abundantly in +translations from the Latin. The periphrasis is generally meaningless. Cf. +<a href="#li3029">l. 3029</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1108"></a>l. 1108. Krner suggests <b>ecge</b>, = <i>sword</i>, in reference to a +supposed old German custom of placing ornaments, etc., on the point of a +sword or spear (<cite>Eng. Stud.</cite> i. 495). Singer, <b>ince-gold</b> = +<i>bright gold</i>; B., <b>andīege</b> = Goth, <i>andaugjo, evidently</i>. +Cf. <b>incge lāfe</b>, <a href="#li2578">l. 2578</a>. Possibly: and <b>inge</b> (= <i>young +men</i>) <b>gold āhōfon of horde</b>. For <b>inge</b>, cf. Hunt's +<cite>Exod.</cite> l. 190.</p> + +<p><a name="note1115"></a>ll. 1115-1120. R. proposes (<b>hēt þā ...) bānfatu brnan ond on bǣl dōn, +earme on eaxe</b> = <i>to place the arms in the ashes</i>, reading +<b>gūðrēc</b> = <i>battle-reek</i>, for <b>-rinc</b> (<cite>Zachers +Zeitschr.</cite> iii. 395). B., Sarrazin (<cite>Beit.</cite> xi. 530), Lichtenfeld +(<cite>Haupts Zeitschr.</cite> xvi. 330), C., etc., propose various emendations. +See H.-So., p. 97, and <cite>Beit.</cite> viii. 568. For <b>gðrinc āstāh</b>, +cf. Old Norse, <i>stiga bl</i>, "ascend the bale-fire."</p> + +<p><a name="note1116"></a>l. 1116. <b>sweoloðe</b>. "On Dartmoor the burning of the furze up the +hillsides to let new grass grow, is called <i>zwayling</i>."—E. Cf. +<i>sultry</i>, G. <i>schwl</i>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1119"></a>l. 1119. Cf. <b>wudu-rēc āstāh</b>, <a href="#li3145">l. 3145</a>; and <cite>Exod.</cite> (Hunt), l. +450: <b>wǣlmist āstāh</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1122"></a>l. 1122. <b>tspranc</b> = <i>burst forth, arose</i> (omitted from the +Gloss.), < <b>t + springan</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1130"></a>l. 1130. R. and Gr. read <b>elne unflitme</b>, = <i>loyally and without +contest</i>, as at <a href="#li1098">l. 1098</a>. Cf. Ha., p. 39; H.-So., p. 97.</p> + +<p><a name="note1137"></a>l. 1137. <b>scacen</b> = <i>gone</i>; cf. <a href="#li1125">ll. 1125</a>, <a href="#li2307">2307</a>, <a href="#li2728">2728</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1142"></a>l. 1142. "The sons of the Eotenas" (B., <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 31, who +conjectures a gap after 1142).</p> + +<p><a name="note1144"></a>l. 1144. B. separates thus: <b>Hūn Lāfing</b>, = <i>Hūn placed the sword +Lāfing</i>, etc.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 32; cf. R., <cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> +iii. 396. Heinzel and Homburg make other conjectures (Herrig's +<cite>Archiv</cite>, 72, 374, etc.).</p> + +<p><a name="note1143"></a>l. 1143. B., H.-So., and Mller read: <b>worod rǣdenne, þonne him Hūn +Lāfing</b>, = <i>military brotherhood, when Hūn laid upon his breast</i> +(the sword) <i>Lāfing</i>. There is a sword <i>Laufi, Lvi</i> in the Norse +sagas; but swords, armor, etc., are often called the <i>leaving</i> +(<b>lāf</b>) of files, hammers, etc., especially a precious heirloom; cf. +<a href="#li454">ll. 454</a>, <a href="#li1033">1033</a>, <a href="#li2830">2830</a>, <a href="#li2037">2037</a>, <a href="#li2629">2629</a>, <a href="#li796">796</a>, etc., etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1152"></a>l. 1152. <b>roden</b> = <i>reddened</i> (B., <cite>Tidskr.</cite> viii. 295).</p> + +<p><a name="note1160"></a>l. 1160. For <a href="#li1069">ll. 1069-1160</a>, containing the Finn episode, cf. Mller, +<cite>Alteng. Volksepos</cite>, 69, 86, 94; Heinzel, <cite>Anz. f. dtsch. +Altert.</cite>, 10, 226; B., <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 29-37. Cf. <cite>Wīdsīð</cite>, l. +33, etc.</p> + +<p>ll. 1160, 1161. <b>lēoð</b> (<b>lied</b> = <i>song, lay</i>) and <b>gyd</b> +here appear synonyms.</p> + +<p><a name="note1162"></a>ll. 1162-1165. "Behind the wars and tribal wanderings, behind the +contentions of the great, we watch in this poem the steady, continuous life +of home, the passions and thoughts of men, the way they talked and moved +and sang and drank and lived and loved among one another and for one +another."—Br., p. 18.</p> + +<p><a name="note1163"></a>l. 1163. Cf. <i>wonderwork</i>. So <i>wonder-death, wonder-bidding, +wonder-treasure, -smith, -sight</i>, etc. at <a href="#li1748">ll. 1748</a>, <a href="#li3038">3038</a>, <a href="#li2174">2174</a>, <a href="#li1682">1682</a>, +<a href="#li996">996</a>, etc. Cf. the German use of the same intensive, = <i>wondrous</i>, in +<i>wunder-schn</i>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1165"></a>l. 1165. <b>þā gȳt</b> points to some future event when "each" was not +"true to other," undeveloped in this poem, <b>suhtor-gefderan</b> = +Hrōðgār and Hrōðulf, <a href="#li1018">l. 1018</a>. Cf. <b>āðum-swerian</b>, <a href="#li84">l. 84</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1167"></a>l. 1167 almost repeats <a href="#li500">l. 500</a>, <b>t fōtum</b>, etc., where Unferð is first +introduced.</p> + +<p><a name="note1191"></a>l. 1191. E. sees in this passage separate seats for youth and middle-aged +men, as in English college halls, chapels, convocations, and churches +still.</p> + +<p><a name="note1192"></a>l. 1192. <b>ymbutan</b>, <i>round about</i>, is sometimes thus separated: +<b>ymb hīe ūtan</b>; cf. <cite>Voyage of Ōhthere</cite>, etc. (Sw.), p. 18, l. +34, etc.; <cite>Bēowulf</cite>, <a href="#li859">ll. 859</a>, <a href="#li1686">1686</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1194"></a>l. 1194. <b>bewgned</b>, a ἃπαξ λεγόμενον, tr. <i>offered</i> by +Th. Probably a p. p. <b>wgen</b>, made into a vb. by <b>-ian</b>, like +<i>own, drown</i>, etc. Cf. <b>hafenian</b> ( < <b>hafen</b>, < +<b>hebban</b>), etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1196"></a>l. 1196. E. takes the expression to mean "mantle and its rings or +broaches." "Rail" long survived in Mid. Eng. (<cite>Piers Plow.</cite>, etc.).</p> + +<p>l. 1196. This necklace was afterwards given by Beowulf to Hygd, <a href="#li2173">ll. 2173</a>, +<a href="#li2174">2174</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1199"></a>ll. 1199-1215. From the obscure hints in the passage, a part of the poem +may be approximately dated,—if Hygelāc is the <i>Chochi-laicus</i> of +Gregory of Tours, <cite>Hist. Francorum</cite>, iii. 3,—about A.D. 512-20.</p> + +<p><a name="note1200"></a>l. 1200. The <b>Breosinga men</b> (Icel. <i>Brisinga men</i>) is the +necklace of the goddess Freya; cf. <cite>Elder Edda, Hamarshemt.</cite> Hāma +stole the necklace from the Gothic King Eormenrīc; cf. <cite>Traveller's +Song</cite>, ll. 8, 18, 88, 111. The comparison of the two necklaces leads the +poet to anticipate Hygelāc's history,—a suggestion of the poem's mosaic +construction.</p> + +<p>l. 1200. For <b>Brōsinga mene</b>, cf. B., <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 72. C. +suggests <b>flēah</b>, = <i>fled</i>, for <b>fealh</b>, placing semicolon +after <b>byrig</b>, and making <b>hē</b> subject of <b>flēah</b> and +<b>gecēas</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1202"></a>l. 1202. B. conjectures <b>gecēas ēcne rǣd</b> to mean <i>he became a pious +man and at death went to heaven</i>. Heime (Hāma) in the +<cite>Thidrekssaga</cite> goes into a cloister = to choose the better part (?). +Cf. H.-So., p. 98. But cf. Hrōðgār's language to Beowulf, <a href="#li1760">ll. 1760</a>, <a href="#li1761">1761</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1211"></a>l. 1211. S. proposes <b>feoh</b>, = <i>property</i>, for <b>feorh</b>, +which would be a parallel for <b>brēost-gewǣdu ... bēah</b> below.</p> + +<p><a name="note1213"></a>l. 1213. E. remarks that in the <cite>Laws of Cnut</cite>, i. 26, the devil is called +<b>se wōdfreca werewulf</b>, <i>the ravening werwolf</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1215"></a>l. 1215. C. proposes <b>heals-bēge onfēng</b>. <cite>Beit.</cite> viii. 570. For +<b>hreā-</b> Kl. suggests <b>hrǣ-</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1227"></a>l. 1227. The son referred to is, according to Ettmller, the one that +reigns after Hrōðgār.</p> + +<p><a name="note1229"></a>l. 1229. Kl. suggests <b>sī</b>, = <i>be</i>, for <i>is</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1232"></a>l. 1232. S. gives <i>wine-elated</i> as the meaning of +<b>druncne</b>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 139; Kl. <cite>ibid.</cite> 189, 194. But cf. +<cite>Judith</cite>, ll. 67, 107.</p> + +<p><a name="note1235"></a>l. 1235. Cf. <a href="#li119">l. 119</a> for similarity of language.</p> + +<p>l. 1235. Kl. proposes <b>gea-sceaft</b>; but cf. <a href="#li1267">l. 1267</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1246"></a>l. 1246. Ring armor was common in the Middle Ages. E. points out the +numerous forms of <b>byrne</b> in cognate languages,—Gothic, Icelandic, +OHG., Slavonic, O. Irish, Romance, etc. Du Chaillu, <cite>The Viking Age</cite>, +i. 126. Cf. Murray's <cite>Dict.</cite> s. v.</p> + +<p><a name="note1248"></a>l. 1248. <b>ānwīg-gearwe</b> = <i>ready for single combat</i> (C.); but cf. +Ha. p. 43; <cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 210, 282.</p> + +<p><a name="note1252"></a>l. 1252. Some consider this <i>fitt</i> the beginning of Part (or Lay) II. +of the original epic, if not a separate work in itself.</p> + +<p><a name="note1254"></a>l. 1254. K., W., and Ho. read <b>farode</b> = <i>wasted;</i> Kolbing reads +<b>furode</b>; but cf. <b>wēsten warode</b>, <a href="#li1266">l. 1266</a>. MS. has <b>warode</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1255"></a>ll. 1255-1258. This passage is a good illustration of the constant +parallelism of word and phrase characteristic of A.-S. poetry, and is +quoted by Sw. The changes are rung on <b>ende</b> and <b>swylt</b>, on +<b>gesȳne</b> and <b>wīdcūð</b>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1259"></a>l. 1259. "That this story of Grendel's mother was originally a separate lay +from the first seems to be suggested by the fact that the monsters are +described over again, and many new details added, such as would be inserted +by a new singer who wished to enhance and adorn the original tale."—Br., +p. 41.</p> + +<p>l. 1259. Cf. <a href="#li107">l. 107</a>, which also points to the ancestry of murderers and +monsters and their descent from "Cain."</p> + +<p><a name="note1261"></a>l. 1261. The MS. has <b>sē þe</b>, m.; changed by some to <b>seo þe</b>. At +<a href="#li1393">ll. 1393</a>, <a href="#li1395">1395</a>, <a href="#li1498">1498</a>, Grendel's mother is referred to as m.; at <a href="#li1293">ll. 1293</a>, +<a href="#li1505">1505</a>, <a href="#li1541">1541-1546</a>, etc., as f., the uncertain pronoun designating a creature +female in certain aspects, but masculine in demonic strength and +savageness.—H.-So.; Sw. p. 202. Cf. the masc. epithets at <a href="#li1380">ll. 1380</a>, <a href="#li2137">2137</a>, +etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1270"></a>l. 1270. <b>āglǣca</b> = <i>Grendel</i>, though possibly referring to +Beowulf, as at <a href="#li1513">l. 1513</a>.—Sw.</p> + +<p><a name="note1273"></a>l. 1273. "It is not certain whether <b>anwalda</b> stands for +<b>onwealda</b>, or whether it should be read <b>ānwealda</b>, = <i>only +ruler</i>.—Sw.</p> + +<p><a name="note1279"></a>l. 1279. The MS. has <b>sunu þeod wrecan</b>, which R. changes to <b>sunu +þēod-wrecan</b>, <b>þēod-</b> = <i>monstrous</i>; but why not regard +<b>þēod</b> as opposition to <b>sunu</b>, = <i>her son, the prince?</i> See +Sweet's Reader, and Krner's discussion, <cite>Eng. Stud.</cite> i. 500.</p> + +<p><a name="note1281"></a>l. 1281. Ten Br. suggests (for <b>sōna</b>) <b>sāra</b> = <i>return of +sorrows.</i></p> + +<p><a name="note1286"></a>l. 1286. "<b>geþuren</b> (twice so written in MSS.) stands for +<b>geþren</b>, <i>forged</i>, and is an isolated p. p."—Cook's Sievers' +Gram., 209. But see Toller-Bosw. for examples; Sw., Gloss.; March, p. 100, +etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1292"></a>ll. 1292. <b>þe hine</b> = <i>whom;</i> cf. <a href="#li441">ll. 441</a>, <a href="#li1437">1437</a>, <a href="#li1292">1292</a>; +<cite>Hēliand</cite>, l. 1308.</p> + +<p><a name="note1298"></a>l. 1298. <b>be sǣm tweonum</b>; cf. <a href="#li1192">l. 1192</a>; Hunt's <cite>Exod.</cite> l. 442; +and Mod. Eng. "to <i>us</i>-ward, etc.—Earle's <cite>Philol.</cite>, p. 449. Cf. +note, l. 1192.</p> + +<p><a name="note1301"></a>l. 1301. C. proposes <b>ōðer him rn</b> = <i>another apartment was +assigned him</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1303"></a>l. 1303. B. conjectures <b>under hrōf genam</b>; but Ha., p. 45, shows this +to be unnecessary, <b>under</b> also meaning <i>in</i>, as <i>in</i> (or +<i>under</i>) these circumstances.</p> + +<p><a name="note1319"></a>l. 1319. E. and Sw. suggest <b>nǣgde</b> or <b>nēgde</b>, <i>accosted</i>, +< <b>nēgan</b> = Mid. Ger. <i>nēhwian</i>, pr. p. <i>nēhwiandans, +approach</i>. For <b>hnǣgan</b>, <i>press down, vanquish</i>, see <a href="#li1275">ll. 1275</a>, +<a href="#li1440">1440</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1321"></a>l. 1321. C. suggests <b>nēad-lāðum</b> for <b>nēod-laðu</b>, <i>after +crushing hostility</i>; but cf. <b>frēond-laðu</b>, <a href="#li1193">l. 1193</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1334"></a>l. 1334. K. and ten Br. conjecture <b>gefgnod</b> = <i>rejoicing in her +fill</i>, a parallel to <b>ǣse wlanc</b>, <a href="#li1333">l. 1333</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1340"></a>l. 1340. B. translates: "and she has executed a deed of blood-vengeance of +far-reaching consequence."—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 93.</p> + +<p><a name="note1345"></a>l. 1345. B. reads <b>gēo</b> for <b>ēow</b> (<cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> iv. +205).</p> + +<p><a name="note1346"></a>ll. 1346-1377. "This is a fine piece of folk-lore in the oldest extant +form.... The authorities for the story are the rustics (<a href="#li1346">ll. 1346</a>, <a href="#li1356">1356</a>)." +—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note1347"></a>l. 1347. Cf. <b>sele-rǣdende</b> at <a href="#li51">l. 51</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1351"></a>l. 1351. "The <b>ge</b> [of <b>gewitan</b>] may be merely a scribal +error,—a repetition (dittography) of the preceding <b>ge</b> of +<b>gewislīcost</b>."—Sw.</p> + +<p><a name="note1352"></a>l. 1352. <b>ides</b>, like <b>fīras</b>, <i>men</i>, etc., is a poetic word +supposed by Grimm to have been applied, like Gr. νύμφη, to +superhuman or semi-divine women.</p> + +<p><a name="note1360"></a>ll. 1360-1495 <i>seq.</i> E. compares this Dantesque tarn and scenery with +the poetical accounts of <cite>AEneid</cite>, vii. 563; <cite>Lucretius</cite>, vi. 739, +etc.</p> + +<p>l. 1360. <b>firgenstrēam</b> occurs also in the <cite>Phoenix</cite> (Bright, p. +168) l. 100; <cite>Andreas</cite>, ll. 779, 3144 (K.); <cite>Gnomic Verses</cite>, l. +47, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1363"></a>l. 1363. The genitive is often thus used to denote measure = by or in +miles; cf. <a href="#li3043">l. 3043</a>; and contrast with partitive gen. at <a href="#li207">l. 207</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1364"></a>l. 1364. The MS. reads <b>hrinde</b> = <b>hrīnende</b> (?), which Gr. +adopts; K. and Th. read <b>hrinde-bearwas; hringde</b>, <i>encircling</i> +(Sarrazin, <cite>Beit.</cite> xi. 163); <b>hrīmge</b> = <i>frosty</i> (Sw.); +<i>with frost-whiting covered</i> (Ha.). See Morris, <cite>Blickling Hom.</cite>, +Preface, vi., vii.</p> + +<p>l. 1364. Cf. <b>Ruin, hrīmige edoras behrofene</b>, <i>rimy, roofless +halls</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1366"></a>l. 1366. <b>nīðwundor</b> may = <b>nið-</b> (as in <b>nið-sele</b>, +<i>q. v.</i>) <b>wundor</b>, <i>wonder of the deep</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1368"></a>l. 1368. The personal pronoun is sometimes omitted in subordinate and even +independent clauses; cf. <b>wite</b> here; and Hunt's <cite>Exod.</cite>, l. 319.</p> + +<p><a name="note1370"></a>l. 1370. <b>hornum</b>. Such "datives of manner or respect" are not +infrequent with adj.</p> + +<p><a name="note1371"></a>l. 1371. "<b>seleð</b> is not dependent on <b>ǣr</b>, for in that case it +would be in the subjunctive, but <b>ǣr</b> is simply an adverb, correlative +with the conjunction <b>ǣr</b> in the next line: 'he will (sooner) give up +his life, before he will,' etc."—Sw.</p> + +<p><a name="note1372"></a>l. 1372. Cf. <a href="#li318">ll. 318</a> and <a href="#li543">543</a> for <b>willan</b> with similar omitted inf.</p> + +<p><a name="note1373"></a>l. 1373. <b>heafola</b> is found only in poetry.—Sw. It occurs thirteen or +fourteen times in this poem. Cf. the poetic <b>gamol, swāt</b> (<a href="#li2694">l. 2694</a>), +etc., for <b>eald, blōd</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1391"></a>l. 1391. <b>uton</b>: hortatory subj. of <b>wītan</b>, <i>go</i>, = <i>let +us go;</i> cf. French <i>allons</i>, Lat. <i>eamus</i>, Ital. +<i>andiamo</i>, etc. + inf. Cf. <a href="#li2649">ll. 2649</a>, <a href="#li3102">3102</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1400"></a>l. 1400. H. is dat. of person indirectly affected, = advantage.</p> + +<p><a name="note1402"></a>l. 1402. <b>geatolīc</b> probably = <i>in his equipments</i>, as B. +suggests (<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 83), comparing <b>searolīc</b>.</p> + +<p>ll. 1402, 1413 reproduce the wk. form of the pret. of <b>gān</b> (Goth, +<i>gaggida</i>). Cf. <cite>Andreas</cite>, l. 1096, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1405"></a>l. 1405. S. (<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 140) supplies [<b>þǣr hēo</b>] <b>gegnum +fōr</b>; B. (<cite>ibid.</cite> xii. 14) suggests <b>hwǣr hēo</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1411"></a>l. 1411. B., Gr., and E. take <b>ān-paðas</b> = paths wide enough for only +one, like Norwegian <i>einstig</i>; cf. <b>stīge nearwe</b>, just above. +<i>Trail</i> is the meaning. Cf. <b>enge ānpaðas, uncūð gelād</b>, +<cite>Exod.</cite> (Hunt), l. 58.</p> + +<p><a name="note1421"></a>l. 1421. Cf. <b>oncȳð</b>, <a href="#li831">l. 831</a>. The whole passage (<a href="#li1411">ll. 1411-1442</a>) is +replete with suggestions of walrus-hunting, seal-fishing, harpooning of +sea-animals (<a href="#li1438">l. 1438</a>), etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1425"></a>l. 1425. E. quotes from the 8th cent. Corpus Gloss., "<i>Falanx</i> foeða."</p> + +<p><a name="note1428"></a>l. 1428. For other mention of <b>nicors</b>, cf. <a href="#li422">ll. 422</a>, <a href="#li575">575</a>, <a href="#li846">846</a>. E. +remarks, "it survives in the phrase 'Old Nick' ... a word of high +authority ... Icel. <i>nykr</i>, water-goblin, Dan. <i>nk, nisse</i>, Swed. +<i>ncken</i>, G. <i>nix, nixe</i>, etc." See Skeat, <cite>Nick.</cite></p> + +<p><a name="note1440"></a>l. 1440. Sw. reads <b>gehnǣged</b>, <i>prostrated</i>, and regards +<b>nīða</b> as gen. pl. "used instrumentally," = <i>by force.</i></p> + +<p><a name="note1441"></a>l. 1441. <b>-bora</b> = <i>bearer, stirrer;</i> occurs in other compds., as +<b>mund-, rǣd-, wǣg-bora</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1447"></a>l. 1447. <b>him</b> = <i>for him</i>, a remoter dative of reference.—Sw.</p> + +<p><a name="note1455"></a>l. 1455. Gr. reads <b>brondne</b>, = <i>flaming</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1457"></a>l. 1457. <b>lēon</b> is the inf. of <b>lāh</b>; cf. <b>onlāh</b> (< +<b>onlēon</b>) at <a href="#li1468">l. 1468</a>. <b>līhan</b> was formerly given as the inf.; cf. +<b>lǣne</b> = <b>lǣhne</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1458"></a>l. 1458. Cf. the similar dat. of possession as used in Latin.</p> + +<p>l. 1458. H.-So. compares the Icelandic saga account of Grettir's battle +with the giant in the cave. <b>hft-mēce</b> may be = Icel. <i>heptisax</i> +(<cite>Anglia</cite>, iii. 83), "hip-knife."</p> + +<p><a name="note1459"></a>l. 1459. "The sense seems to be 'pre-eminent among the old treasures.' ... +But possibly <b>foran</b> is here a prep. with the gen.: 'one before the +old treasures.'".—Sw. For other examples of <b>foran</b>, cf. <a href="#li985">ll. 985</a>, +<a href="#li2365">2365</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1460"></a>l. 1460. <b>āter-tēarum</b> = <i>poison-drops</i> (C., <cite>Beit.</cite> viii. +571; S., <cite>ibid.</cite> xi. 359).</p> + +<p><a name="note1467"></a>l. 1467. <b>þt</b>, comp. relative, = <i>that which</i>; "we testify +<i>that</i> we do know."</p> + +<p><a name="note1480"></a>l. 1480. <b>forð-gewitenum</b> is in appos. <b>to me</b>, = <i>mihi +defuncto</i>.—M. Callaway, <cite>Am. Journ. of Philol.</cite>, October, 1889.</p> + +<p><a name="note1482"></a>l. 1482. <b>nime</b>. Conditional clauses of doubt or future contingency +take <b>gif</b> or <b>būton</b> with subj.; cf. <a href="#li452">ll. 452</a>, <a href="#li594">594</a>; of fact or +certainty, the ind.; cf. <a href="#li442">ll. 442</a>, <a href="#li447">447</a>, <a href="#li527">527</a>, <a href="#li662">662</a>, etc. For <b>būton</b>, cf. +<a href="#li967">ll. 967</a>, <a href="#li1561">1561</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1487"></a>l. 1487. "<b>findan</b> sometimes has a preterit <b>funde</b> in W. S. +after the manner of the weak preterits."—Cook's Sievers' Cram., p, 210.</p> + +<p><a name="note1490"></a>l. 1490. Kl. reads <b>wl-sweord</b>, = <i>battle-sword</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1507"></a>l. 1507. "This cave under the sea seems to be another of those natural +phenomena of which the writer had personal knowledge (<a href="#li2135">ll. 2135</a>, <a href="#li2277">2277</a>), and +which was introduced by him into the mythical tale to give it a local +color. There are many places of this kind. Their entrance is under the +lowest level of the tide."—Br., p. 45.</p> + +<p><a name="note1514"></a>l. 1514. B. (<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 362) explains <b>niðsele, hrōfsele</b> as +<i>roof-covered hall in the deep</i>; cf. Grettir Saga (<cite>Anglia</cite>, iii. +83).</p> + +<p><a name="note1538"></a>l. 1538. Sw., R., and ten Br. suggest <b>feaxe</b> for <b>eaxle</b>, = +<i>seized by the hair</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1543"></a>l. 1543. <b>and-lēan</b> (R.); cf. <a href="#li2095">l. 2095</a>. The MS. has <b>hand-lēan</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1546"></a>l. 1546. Sw. and S. read <b>seax</b>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 140.</p> + +<p><a name="note1557"></a>l. 1557. H.-So. omits comma and places semicolon after <b>ȳðelīce</b>; Sw. +and S. place comma after <b>gescēd</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1584"></a>l. 1584. <b>ōðer swylc</b> = <i>another fifteen</i> (Sw.); = <i>fully as +many</i> (Ha.).</p> + +<p><a name="note1592"></a>ll. 1592-1613 <i>seq.</i> Cf. <cite>Anglia</cite>, iii; 84 (Grettir Saga).</p> + +<p><a name="note1595"></a>l. 1595. <b>blondenfeax</b> = <i>grizzly-haired</i> (Bright, Reader, p. +258); cf. <cite>Brunanb.</cite>, l. 45 (Bright).</p> + +<p><a name="note1599"></a>l. 1599. <b>gewearð</b>, impers. vb., = <i>agree, decide = many agreed upon +this, that</i>, etc. (Ha., p. 55; cf. <a href="#li2025">ll. 2025-2027</a>, 1997; B., <cite>Beit.</cite> +xii. 97).</p> + +<p><a name="note1605"></a>l. 1605. C. supposes <b>wiston</b> = <b>wīscton</b> = +<i>wished</i>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> viii. 571.</p> + +<p><a name="note1607"></a>l. 1607. <b>brōden mǣl</b> is now regarded as a comp. noun, = <i>inlaid or +damascened sword</i>.—W., Ho.</p> + +<p><a name="note1611"></a>l. 1611. <b>wl-rāpas</b> = <i>water-ropes = bands of frost</i> (<a href="#li1610">l. 1610</a>) +(?). Possibly the Prov. Eng. <b>weele</b>, <i>whirlpool</i>. Cf. +<b>wǣl</b>, <i>gurges</i>, Wright, Voc., <cite>Gnom. Verses</cite>, l. 39.—E.</p> + +<p>l. 1611. wǣgrāpas (Sw.) = <i>wave-bands</i> (Ha.).</p> + +<p><a name="note1622"></a>l. 1622. B. suggests <b>eatna = eotena, eardas</b>, <i>haunts of the +giants</i> (Northumbr. <b>ea</b> for <b>eo</b>).</p> + +<p><a name="note1635"></a>l. 1635. <b>cyning-holde</b> (B., <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 369); cf. <a href="#li290">l. 290</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1650"></a>l. 1650. H., Gr., and Ettmller understand <b>idese</b> to refer to the +queen.</p> + +<p><a name="note1651"></a>l. 1651. Cf. <cite>Anglia</cite>, iii. 74, <cite>Beit.</cite> xi. 167, for coincidences +with the Grettir Saga (13th cent.).</p> + +<p><a name="note1664"></a>l. 1664. B. proposes <b>eotenise ... ste</b> for <b>ēacen ... oftost</b>, +omitting brackets (<cite>Zackers Zeitschr.</cite> iv. 206). G. translates +<i>mighty ... often</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1675"></a>l. 1675. <b>ondrǣdan</b>. "In late texts the final <b>n</b> of the +preposition <b>on</b> is frequently lost when it occurs in a compound word +or stereotyped phrase, and the prefix then appears as <b>a: abtan, amang, +aweg, aright, adr'ǣdan</b>."—Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 98.</p> + +<p><a name="note1680"></a>ll. 1680-1682. Giants and their work are also referred to at <a href="#li113">ll. 113</a>, <a href="#li455">455</a>, +<a href="#li1563">1563</a>, <a href="#li1691">1691</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1680"></a>l. 1680. Cf. <b>ceastra ... orðanc enta geweorc</b>, <cite>Gnomic Verses</cite>, +l. 2; Sweet's Reader, p. 186.</p> + +<p><a name="note1687"></a>ll. 1687-1697. "In this description of the writing on the sword, we see the +process of transition from heathen magic to the notions of Christian +times .... The history of the flood and of the giants ... were substitutes +for names of heathen gods, and magic spells for victory."—E. Cf. +Mohammedan usage.</p> + +<p><a name="note1703"></a>ll. 1703, 1704. <b>þt þē eorl nǣre geboren betera</b> (B., <cite>Tidskr.</cite> +8, 52).</p> + +<p><a name="note1715"></a>l. 1715. <b>āna hwearf</b> = <i>he died solitary and alone</i> (B., +<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 38); = <i>lonely</i> (Ha.); = <i>alone</i> (G.).</p> + +<p><a name="note1723"></a>l. 1723. <b>lēod-bealo longsum</b> = <i>eternal hell-torment</i> (B., +<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 38, who compares <cite>Ps. Cott.</cite> 57, <b>līf +longsum</b>).</p> + +<p><a name="note1729"></a>l. 1729. E. translates <b>on lufan</b>, <i>towards possession</i>; Ha., +<i>to possessions</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1730"></a>l. 1730. <b>mōdgeþonc</b>, like <b>lig, sǣ, segn, niht</b>, etc., is of +double gender (m., n. in the case of <b>mōdgeþ</b>.).</p> + +<p><a name="note1741"></a>l. 1741. The doctrine of nemesis following close on ὓβρις, or +overweening pride, is here very clearly enunciated. The only protector +against the things that "assault and hurt" the soul is the "Bishop and +Shepherd of our souls" (<a href="#li1743">l. 1743</a>).</p> + +<p><a name="note1745"></a>l. 1745 appears dimly to fore-shadow the office of the evil archer Loki, +who in the Scandinavian mythology shoots Balder with a mistletoe twig. The +language closely resembles that of Psalm 64.</p> + +<p><a name="note1748"></a>l. 1748. Kl. regards <b>wom = wō(u)m</b>; cf. <b>wōh-bogen</b>, <a href="#li2828">l. 2828</a>. +See Gloss., p. 295, under <b>wam</b>. Contrast the construction of +<b>bebeorgan</b> a few lines below (<a href="#li1759">l. 1759</a>), where the dat. and acc. are +associated.</p> + +<p>l. 1748. See Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 167, for declension of <b>wōh</b>, +<i>wrong</i> = gen. <b>wōs</b> or <b>wōges</b>, dat. <b>wō(u)m</b>, etc.; +pl. gen. <b>wōra</b>, dat. <b>wō(u)m</b>, etc.; and cf. declension of +<b>hēah, hrēoh, rūh</b>, etc.</p> + +<p>l. 1748. <b>wergan gāstes</b>; cf. <cite>Blickl. Hom.</cite> vii.; +<cite>Andreas</cite>, <a href="#li1171">l. 1171</a>. "<i>Auld Wearie</i> is used in Scotland, or was +used a few years ago, ... to mean the devil."—E. Bede's <cite>Eccles. +Hist.</cite> contains (naturally) many examples of the expression = devil.</p> + +<p><a name="note1750"></a>l. 1750. <b>on gyld</b> = <i>in reward</i> (B. <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 95); Ha. +translates <i>boastfully</i>; G., <i>for boasting</i>; Gr., <i>to incite to +boastfulness</i>. Cf. <cite>Christ</cite>, l. 818.</p> + +<p><a name="note1767"></a>l. 1767. E. thinks this an allusion to the widespread superstition of the +evil eye (<i>mal occhio, mauvais ǣil</i>). Cf. Vergil, <cite>Ecl.</cite> iii. +103. He remarks that Pius IX., Gambetta, and President Carnot were charged +by their enemies with possessing this weapon.</p> + +<p><a name="note1784"></a>l. 1784. <b>wigge geweorðad</b> (MS. <b>wigge weorðad</b>) is C.'s +conjecture; cf. <cite>Elene</cite>, l. 150. So G., <i>honored in war</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1785"></a>l. 1785. The future generally implied in the present of <b>bēon</b> is +plainly seen in this line; cf. <a href="#li1826">ll. 1826</a>, <a href="#li661">661</a>, <a href="#li1830">1830</a>, <a href="#li1763">1763</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1794"></a>l. 1794. Some impers. vbs. take acc. (as here, <b>Geat</b>) of the person +affected; others (as <b>þyncan</b>) take the dat. of the person, as at ll. +<a href="#li688">688</a>, <a href="#li1749">1749</a>, etc. Cf. verbs of dreaming, being ashamed, desiring, +etc.—March, A.-S. Gram., p. 145.</p> + +<p><a name="note1802"></a>l. 1802. E. remarks that the <b>blaca hrefn</b> here is a bird of good +omen, as opposed to <b>se wonna hrefn</b> of <a href="#li3025">l. 3025</a>. The raven, wolf, and +eagle are the regular epic accompaniments of battle and carnage. Cf. ll. +<a href="#li3025">3025-3028</a>; <cite>Maldon</cite>, 106; <cite>Judith</cite>, 205-210, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1803"></a>l. 1803. S. emends to read: "then came the light, going bright after +darkness: the warriors," etc. Cf. Ho., p. 41, l. 23. G. puts period before +"the warriors." For <b>ōnettan</b>, cf. Sw.'s Gloss, and Bright's Read., +Gloss.</p> + +<p><a name="note1808"></a>ll. 1808-1810. Mllenh. and Grundt. refer <b>se hearda</b> to Beowulf, +correct <b>sunu</b> (MS.) to <b>suna Ecglāfes</b> (i.e. Unferth); +[<i>he</i>] (Beo.) <i>thanked him</i> (Un.) <i>for the loan</i>. Cf. ll. +<a href="#li344">344</a>, <a href="#li581">581</a>, <a href="#li1915">1915</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1823"></a>ll. 1823-1840. "Beowulf departing pledges his services to Hroðgar, to be +what afterwards in the mature language of chivalry was called his 'true +knight'"—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note1832"></a>l. 1832. Kl. corrects to <b>dryhtne</b>, in appos. with <b>Higelāce</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1835"></a>l. 1835 <b>gār-holt</b> more properly means <i>spear-shaft</i>; cf. +<b>sc-holt</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1855"></a>l. 1855. <b>sēl</b> = <i>better</i> (Grundt.; B., <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 96), +instead of MS. <b>wēl</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1855"></a>ll. 1855-1866. "An ideal picture of international amity according to the +experience and doctrine of the eighth century."—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note1858"></a>l. 1858. S. and Kl. correct to <b>gemǣne</b>, agreeing with +<b>sib</b>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 140, 190.</p> + +<p><a name="note1862"></a>l. 1862. "The gannet is a great diver, plunging down into the sea from a +considerable height, such as forty feet."—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note1863"></a>l. 1863. Kl. suggests <b>heafu</b>, = <i>seas</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1865"></a>l. 1865. B. proposes <b>geþōhte</b>, = <i>with firm thought</i>, for +<b>geworhte</b>; cf. <a href="#li611">l. 611</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1876"></a>l. 1876. <b>gesēon</b> = <i>see again</i> (Kl., <cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 190). S. +and B. insert <b>nā</b> to modify <b>gesēon</b> and explain Hrōðgār's +tears. Ha. and G. follow Heyne's text. Cf. <a href="#li567">l. 567</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1881"></a>l. 1881. Is <b>beorn</b> here = <b>bearn</b> (<b>be-arn</b>?) of <a href="#li67">l. 67</a>? or +more likely = <b>born</b>, <b>barn</b>, = <i>burned?</i>—S., Th.</p> + +<p><a name="note1887"></a>l. 1887. <b>orleahtre</b> is a ἃπαξ λεγόμενον. E. compares +Tennyson's "blameless" king. Cf. also <a href="#li2015">ll. 2015</a>, <a href="#li2145">2145</a>; and the <b>gōd +cyning</b> of <a href="#li11">l. 11</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1896"></a>l. 1896. <b>scaðan</b> = <i>warriors</i> (cf. <a href="#li1804">l. 1804</a>) has been proposed by +C.; but cf. <a href="#li253">l. 253</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1897"></a>l. 1897. The boat had been left, at <a href="#li294">ll. 294-302</a>, in the keeping of +Hrōðgār's men; at <a href="#li1901">l. 1901</a> the <b>bāt-weard</b> is specially honored by +Beowulf with a sword and becomes a "sworded squire."—E. This circumstance +appears to weld the poem together. Cf. also the speed of the journey home +with <b>ymb ān-tīd ōþres dōgores</b> of <a href="#li219">l. 219</a>, and the similarity of +language in both passages (<b>fāmig-heals</b>, <b>clifu</b>, <b>nssas</b>, +<b>sǣlde</b>, <b>brim</b>, etc.).—The nautical terms in Beowulf would form +an interesting study.</p> + +<p><a name="note1904"></a>l. 1904. R. proposes, <b>gewāt him on naca</b>, = <i>the vessel set +out</i>, <b>on</b> alliterating as at <a href="#li2524">l. 2524</a> (<cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> +iii. 402). B. reads <b>on nacan</b>, but inserts irrelevant matter +(<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 97).</p> + +<p><a name="note1913"></a>l. 1913. Cf. the same use of <b>cēol</b>, = <i>ship</i>, in the <cite>A.-S. +Chron.</cite>, ed. Earle-Plummer; <cite>Gnomic Verses</cite>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1914"></a>l. 1914. S. inserts <b>þt hē</b> before <b>on lande</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1916"></a>l. 1916. B. makes <b>lēofra manna</b> depend on <b>wlātode</b>, = <i>looked +for the dear men ready at the coast</i> (<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 97).</p> + +<p><a name="note1924"></a>l. 1924. Gr., W., and Ho. propose <b>wunade</b>, = <i>remained;</i> but cf. +<a href="#li1929">l. 1929</a>. S. conceives <a href="#li1924">ll. 1924</a>, <a href="#li1925">1925</a> as "direct speech" (<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. +141).</p> + +<p><a name="note1927"></a>l. 1927 <i>seq.</i> "The women of Beowulf are of the fine northern type; +trusted and loved by their husbands and by the nobles and people; generous, +gentle, and holding their place with dignity."—Br., p. 67. Thrytho is the +exception, <a href="#li1932">l. 1932</a> <i>seq.</i></p> + +<p><a name="note1933"></a>l. 1933. C. suggests <b>frēcnu</b>, = <i>dangerous, bold</i>, for Thrytho +could not be called "excellent." G. writes "Modthrytho" as her name. The +womanly Hygd seems purposely here contrasted with the terrible Thrytho, +just as, at <a href="#li902">l. 902</a> <i>seq.</i>, Sigemund and Heremōd are contrasted. For +Thrytho, etc., cf. Gr., <cite>Jahrb. fr rom. u. eng. Lit.</cite> iv. 279; +Mllenhoff, <cite>Haupts Zeitschr.</cite> xiv. 216; Matthew Paris; Suchier, +<cite>Beit.</cite> iv. 500-521; R. <cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> iii. 402; B., +<cite>ibid.</cite> iv. 206; Krner, <cite>Eng. Stud.</cite> i. 489-492; H.-So., p. 106.</p> + +<p><a name="note1932"></a>l. 1932-1963. K. first pointed out the connection between the historical +Offa, King of Mercia, and his wife Cwendrida, and the Offa and Þrȳðo (Gr.'s +<i>Drida</i> of the <i>Vita Offǣ Secundi</i>) of the present passage. The +tale is told of her, not of Hygd.</p> + +<p><a name="note1936"></a>l. 1936. Suchier proposes <b>andǣges</b>, = <i>eye to eye</i>; Leo proposes +<b>āndǣges</b>, = <i>the whole day</i>; G., <i>by day</i>. No change is +necessary if <b>an</b> be taken to govqern <b>hire</b>, = <i>on her</i>, and +<b>dges</b> be explained (like <b>nihtes</b>, etc.) as a genitive of time, += <i>by day</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1943"></a>l. 1943. R. and Suchier propose <b>onsēce</b>, = <i>seek, require</i>; but cf. 2955.</p> + +<p><a name="note1966"></a>l. 1966. Cf. the <i>heofoncandel</i> of <cite>Exod.</cite> l. 115 (Hunt). Shak.'s 'night's +candles.'</p> + +<p><a name="note1969"></a>l. 1969. Cf. <a href="#li2487">l. 2487</a> <i>seq.</i> for the actual slayer of Ongenþēow, i.e. Eofor, +to whom Hygelāc gave his only daughter as a reward, <a href="#li2998">l. 2998</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1981"></a>l. 1981. <b>meodu-scencum</b> = <i>with mead-pourers</i> or <i>mead-cups</i> (G., +Ha.); <i>draught or cup of mead</i> (Toller-Bosw.).</p> + +<p><a name="note1982"></a>l. 1982. K., Th., W., H. supply <b>[heal-]reced</b>; Holler [hēa-].</p> + +<p><a name="note1984"></a>l. 1984. B. defends the MS., reading <b>hǣ nū</b> (for <b>hǣðnū</b>), which he +regards as = Heinir, the inhabitants of the Jutish "heaths" (<b>hǣð</b>). Cf. +H.-So., p. 107; <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 9.</p> + +<p><a name="note1985"></a>l. 1985. <b>sīnne</b>. "In poetry there is a reflexive possessive of the third +person, <b>sīn</b> (declined like <b>mīn</b>). It is used not only as a true reflexive, +but also as a non-reflexive (= Lat. <i>ejus</i>)"—Sw.; Cook's Sievers' Gram., +p. 185. Cf. <a href="#li1508">ll. 1508</a>, <a href="#li1961">1961</a>, <a href="#li2284">2284</a>, <a href="#li2790">2790</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1994"></a>l. 1994. Cf. <a href="#li190">l. 190</a> for a similar use of <b>sēað</b>; cf. to "glow" with emotion, +"boil" with indignation, "burn" with anger, etc. <b>weallan</b> is often +so used; cf. <a href="#li2332">ll. 2332</a>, <a href="#li2066">2066</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note2010"></a>l. 2010. B. proposes <b>fācne</b>, = <i>in treachery</i>, for <b>fenne</b>. Cf. <cite>Juliana</cite>, +l. 350; <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 97.</p> + +<p><a name="note2022"></a>l. 2022. Food of specific sorts is rarely, if at all, mentioned in the poem. +Drink, on the other hand, occurs in its primitive varieties,—<i>ale</i> (as +here: <b>ealu-wǣg</b>), <i>mead, beer, wine, līð</i> (cider? Goth. <i>leiþus</i>, Prov. Ger. +<i>leit-</i> in <i>leit-haus</i>, ale-house), etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note2025"></a>l. 2025. Kl. proposes <b>is</b> for <b>ws</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2027"></a>l. 2027. Cf. <a href="#li1599">l. 1599</a> for a similar use of <b>weorðan</b>, = <i>agree, be pleased +with</i> (Ha.); <i>appear</i> (Sw., Reader, 6th ed.).</p> + +<p><a name="note2030"></a>ll. 2030, 2031. Ten Br. proposes: <b>oft seldan</b> ( = <i>gave</i>) <b>wǣre fter +lēod-hryre: lȳtle hwīle bongār būgeð, þēah sēo brȳd duge</b> = +<i>oft has a treaty been given after the fall of a prince: but little while the +murder-spear resteth, however excellent the bride be.</i> Cf. Kl., <cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 190; +B., <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 369; R., <cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> in. 404; Ha., p. 69; G., p. 62.</p> + +<p><a name="note2036"></a>l. 2036. Cf. Kl, <cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 191; R., <cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> iii. 404.</p> + +<p><a name="note2042"></a>l. 2042. For <b>bēah</b> B. reads <b>bā</b>, = <i>both</i>, i.e. Freaware and the Dane.</p> + +<p><a name="note2063"></a>l. 2063. Thorkelin and Conybeare propose <b>wīgende</b>, = <i>fighting</i>, for +<b>lifigende</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2068"></a>l. 2068. W.'s edition begins section xxx. (not marked in the MS.) with +this line. Section xxxix. (xxxviii. in copies A and B, xxxix. in Thorkelin) +is not so designated in the MS., though <b>þā</b> (at <a href="#li2822">l. 2822</a>) is written with +capitals and xl. begins at <a href="#li2893">l. 2893</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2095"></a>l. 2095. Cf. <a href="#li1542">l. 1542</a>, and note.</p> + +<p><a name="note2115"></a>l. 2115 <i>seq.</i> B. restores thus:</p> +<div class="line"> Þǣr on innan gīong</div> +<div class="line">niðða nāthwylc, nēode tō gefēng</div> +<div class="line">hǣðnum horde; hond tgenam</div> +<div class="line">seleful since fāh; nē hē þt syððan āgeaf,</div> +<div class="line">þēah þe hē slǣpende besyrede hyrde</div> +<div class="line">þēofes crfte: þt se þīoden onfand,</div> +<div class="line">bȳ-folc beorna, þt hē gebolgen ws.</div> +<div class="lcite">—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 99; <cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> iv. 210.</div> + +<p><a name="note2129"></a>l. 2129. B. proposes <b>fǣrunga</b>, = <i>suddenly</i>, for Gr.'s reading in the +text.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 98.</p> + +<p><a name="note2132"></a>l. 2132. MS. has <b>þine life</b>, which Leo translates <i>by thy leave</i> (= ON. +<i>leyfi</i>); B., <i>by thy life</i>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 369.</p> + +<p><a name="note2150"></a>l. 2150. B. renders <b>gēn</b>, etc., by "now I serve thee alone again as my +gracious king" (<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 99).</p> + +<p><a name="note2151"></a>l. 2151. The forms <b>hafu [hafo], hafast, hafað</b>, are poetic archaisms.—Sw.</p> + +<p><a name="note2153"></a>l. 2153. Kl. proposes <b>ealdor</b>, = <i>prince</i>, for <b>eafor</b>. W. proposes the +compd. <b>eafor-hēafodsegn</b>, = <i>helm</i>; cf. <a href="#li1245">l. 1245</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2157"></a>l. 2157. The wk. form of the adj. is frequent in the vocative, especially +when postponed: "Beowulf <b>lēofa</b>," <a href="#li1759">l. 1759</a>. So, often, in poetry in nom.: +<b>wudu selesta</b>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note2158"></a>l. 2158. <b>ǣrest</b> is possibly the verbal subs. from <b>ārīsan</b>, <i>to arise, = +arising, origin</i>. R. suggested <b>ǣrist</b>, <i>arising, origin</i>. Cf. Bede, <cite>Eccles. +Hist.</cite>, ed. Miller, where the word is spelt as above, but = (as usual) <i>resurrection</i>. +See Sweet, Reader, p. 211; E.-Plummer's <cite>Chronicle</cite>, p. 302, +etc. The MS. has <b>est</b>. See Ha., p. 73; S., <cite>Beit.</cite> x. 222; and cf. <a href="#li2166">l. 2166</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2188"></a>l. 2188. Gr., W., H. supply <b>[wēn]don</b>, = <i>weened</i>, instead of Th.'s +<b>[oft sg]don</b>.</p> + +<p>l. 2188. The "slack" Beowulf, like the sluggish Brutus, ultimately +reveals his true character, and is presented with a historic sword of honor. +It is "laid on his breast" (<a href="#li2195">l. 2195</a>) as Hun laid Lāfing on Hengest's +breast, <a href="#li1145">l. 1145</a>.</p> + +<p>l. 2188. "The boy was at first slothful, and the Geats thought him an +unwarlike prince, and long despised him. Then, like many a lazy third +son in the folk tales, a change came, he suddenly showed wonderful daring +and was passionate for adventure."—Br., p. 22.</p> + +<p><a name="note2196"></a>l. 2196. "Seven of thousands, manor and lordship" (Ha.). Kl., <cite>Beit.</cite> +ix. 191, thinks with Ettm. that <b>þūsendo</b> means a hide of land (see +Schmid, <cite>Ges. der Angl</cite>, 610), Bede's <b>familia</b> = 1/2 sq. meter; <b>seofan</b> +being used (like <b>hund</b>, <a href="#li2995">l. 2995</a>) only for the alliteration.</p> + +<p>l. 2196. "A vast Honour of 7000 hides, a mansion, and a judgment-seat" +[throne].—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note2210"></a>l. 2210. MS. has the more correct <b>wintra</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2211"></a>l. 2211. Cf. similar language about the dragon at <a href="#li100">l. 100</a>. Beowulf's +"jubilee" is fitly solemnized by his third and last dragon-fight.</p> + +<p><a name="note2213"></a>l. 2213. B. proposes <b>sē þe on hearge hǣðen hord beweotode</b>; +cf. Ha., p. 75.</p> + +<p><a name="note2215"></a>l. 2215. "The dragon lies round the treasures in a cave, as Fafnir, like +a Python, lay coiled over his hoard. So constant was this habit among +the dragons that gold is called Worms' bed, Fafnir's couch, Worms' bed-fire. +Even in India, the cobras ... are guardians of treasure."—Br., +p. 50.</p> + +<p><a name="note2216"></a>l. 2216. <b>nēode</b>. E. translates <i>deftly</i>; Ha., <i>with ardor</i>. H.-So. reads +<b>nēode</b>, = <i>with desire, greedily</i>, instr. of <b>nēod</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2223"></a>l. 2223. E. begins his "Part Third" at this point as he begins "Part +Second" at <a href="#li1252">l. 1252</a>, each dragon-fight forming part of a trilogy.</p> + +<p><a name="note2224"></a>ll. 2224, 2225. B. proposes: <b>nealles mid gewealdum wyrmes +weard gst sylfes willum.</b>—<cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> iv. 211; <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 100.</p> + +<p><a name="note2225"></a>l. 2225. For <b>þēow</b> read <b>þegn</b>.—K. and Z.</p> + +<p><a name="note2227"></a>l. 2227. For <b>ofer-þearfe</b> read <b>ǣrnes þearfa</b>.—Z.</p> + +<p><a name="note2229"></a>ll. 2229-2231. B. proposes:</p> +<div class="line">secg synbysig sōna onwlātode,</div> +<div class="line">þēah þām gyste gryrebrōga stōd,</div> +<div class="line">hwðre earmsceapen innganges þearfa</div> +<div class="line">. . . . . . . . . .</div> +<div class="line">fēasceapen, þā hyne se fǣr begeat.</div> +<div class="lcite">—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 101. Cf. Ha., p. 69.</div> + +<p><a name="note2232"></a>l. 2232. W. suggests <b>seah</b> or <b>seīr</b> for <b>geseah</b>, and Gr. suggests +<b>searolīc</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2233"></a>l. 2233. Z. surmises <b>eorð-hūse</b> (for <b>-scrfe</b>).</p> + +<p><a name="note2241"></a>l. 2241. B. proposes <b>lǣn-gestrēona</b>, = <i>transitory</i>, etc.; Th., R. propose +<b>leng</b> (= <i>longer</i>) <b>gestrēona</b>; S. accepts the text but translates "the +long accumulating treasure."</p> + +<p><a name="note2246"></a>l. 2246. B. proposed (1) <b>hard-fyndne</b>, = <i>hard to find</i>; (2) <b>hord-wynne +dǣl</b>,—<i>a deal of treasure-joy</i> (cf. <a href="#li2271">l. 2271</a>).—<cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> +iv. 211; <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 102.</p> + +<p><a name="note2247"></a>l. 2247. <b>fecword</b> = <i>banning words</i> (?) MS. has <b>fec</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2254"></a>l. 2254. Others read <b>feor-[mie]</b>, = <i>furbish</i>, for <b>fetige</b>: <i>I own not one +who may</i>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note2261"></a>l. 2261. The Danes themselves were sometimes called the "Ring-Danes," += clad in ringed (or a ring of) armor, or possessing rings. Cf. +<a href="#li116">ll. 116</a>, <a href="#li1280">1280</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2263"></a>l. 2263. Koeppel suggests <b>nis</b> for <b>ns</b>.</p> + +<p>The editors are much indebted to E. Koeppel (in <cite>Eng. Stud.</cite> xiii. 3) +for numerous corrections in text and glossary.</p> + +<p><a name="note2264"></a>l. 2264. Note the early reference to hawking. Minstrelsy (<b>hearpan +wyn</b>), saga-telling, racing, swimming, harpooning of sea-animals, feasting, +and the bestowal of jewels, swords, and rings, are the other amusements +most frequent in <cite>Bēowulf</cite>.</p> + +<p>l. 2264. Cf. <cite>Maldon</cite>, ll. 8, 9, for a reference to hawking.</p> + +<p><a name="note2276"></a>l. 2276. Z. suggests <b>swȳðe ondrǣdað</b>; Ho. puts <b>gesēcean</b> for Gr.'s +<b>gewunian</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2277"></a>l. 2277. Z. and K. read: <b>hord on hrūsan</b>. "Three hundred winters," +at <a href="#li2279">l. 2279</a>, is probably conventional for "a long time," like <b>hund +missēra, </b> <a href="#li1499">l. 1499</a>; <b>hund þūsenda</b>, <a href="#li2995">l. 2995</a>; <b>þrītig</b> (of Beowulf's +strength), <a href="#li379">l. 379</a>; <b>þrītig</b> (of the men slain by Grendel), <a href="#li123">l. 123</a>; <b>seofan +þūsendo</b>, <a href="#li2196">l. 2196</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note2285"></a>l. 2285. B. objects to <b>hord</b> as repeated in <a href="#li2284">ll. 2284</a>, <a href="#li2285">2285</a>; but cf. Ha., +p. 77. C. prefers <b>sum</b> to <b>hord</b>. <b>onboren</b> = <i>inminutus</i>; cf. B., <cite>Beit.</cite> +xii. 102.</p> + +<p>l. 2285. <b>onberan</b> is found also at line 991, = <i>carry off</i>, with <b>on-</b> = E. +<i>un—(un-bind, -loose, -tie</i>, etc.), G. <i>ent-</i>. The negro still pronounces +<i>on-do</i>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note2299"></a>l. 2299. Cf. H.-So., p. 112, for a defense of the text as it stands. B. +proposes "nor was there any man in that desert who rejoiced in conflict," +etc. So ten Br.</p> + +<p><a name="note2326"></a>l. 2326. B. and ten Br,. propose <b>hām</b>, = <i>home</i>, for him.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 103.</p> + +<p><a name="note2335"></a>l. 2335. E. translates <b>ēalond utan</b> by <i>the sea-board front, the water-washed +land on the (its) outside</i>. See B., <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 1, 5.</p> + +<p><a name="note2346"></a>l. 2346. Cf. <a href="#li425">l. 425</a>, where Beowulf resolves to fight the dragon single-handed. +E. compares <cite>Guy of Warwick</cite>, ll. 49, 376.</p> + +<p><a name="note2355"></a>l. 2355. Ten Br. proposes <b>laðan cynne</b> as apposition to <b>mǣgum</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2360"></a>l. 2360. Cf. Beowulf's other swimming-feat with Breca, <a href="#li506">ll. 506</a> <i>seq.</i></p> + +<p><a name="note2362"></a>l. 2362. Gr. inserts <b>āna</b>, = <i>lone-going</i>, before xxx.: approved by B.; +and Krger, <cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 575. Cf. <a href="#li379">l. 379</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2362"></a>l. 2362. "Beowulf has the strength of thirty men in the original tale. +Here, then, the new inventor makes him carry off thirty coats of mail."—Br., +p. 48.</p> + +<p><a name="note2364"></a>l. 2364. <b>Hetware</b> = Chattuarii, a nation allied against Hygelāc in his +Frisian expedition; cf. <a href="#li1208">ll. 1208</a> <i>seq.</i>, 2917, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note2368"></a>l. 2368. B. proposes <i>quiet sea</i> as trans, of <b>sioleða bigong</b>, and compares +Goth. <i>anasilan</i>, to be still; Swed. dial, <i>sil</i>, still water between +waterfalls.—<cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> iv. 214.</p> + +<p><a name="note2380"></a>l. 2380. <b>hyne</b>—Heardrēd; so <b>him</b>, <a href="#li2358">l. 2358</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2384"></a>l. 2384. E. calls attention to <b>Swīo-rīce</b> as identical with the modern +<i>Sverige</i> = Sweden; cf. <a href="#li2496">l. 2496</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2386"></a>l. 2386. Gr. reads <b>on feorme</b>, = <i>at the banquet</i>; cf. Mller, <cite>Alteng. +Volksepos</cite>, 111, who reads <b>(f)or feorme</b>. The MS. has <b>or</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2391"></a>l. 2391. Cf. <a href="#li11">l. 11</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2394"></a>l. 2394. B., Gr., and Mūllenh. understand <a href="#li2393">ll. 2393-2397</a> to mean that +Ēadgils, Ōhthere's son, driven from Sweden, returns later, supported by +Beowulf, takes the life of his uncle Onela, and probably becomes himself +O.'s successor and king of Sweden. For another view see H.-So., p. 115. +MS. has <b>freond</b> (<a href="#li2394">l. 2394</a>), which Leo, etc., change to <b>fēond</b>. G. translates +<i>friend</i>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 13; <cite>Anzeiger f. d. Altert.</cite> iii. 177.</p> + +<p><a name="note2395"></a>l. 2395. Ēadgils is Ōhthere's son; cf. <a href="#li2381">l. 2381</a>; Onela is Ōhthere's +brother; cf. <a href="#li2933">ll. 2933</a>, <a href="#li2617">2617</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2402"></a>l. 2402. "Twelfsome"; cf. "fifteensome" at <a href="#li207">l. 207</a>, etc. As <cite>Bēowulf</cite> +is essentially <i>the</i> Epic of Philanthropy, of the true love of man, as distinguished +from the ordinary love-epic, the number twelve in this passage +may be reminiscent of another Friend of Man and another Twelve. In +each case all but one desert the hero.</p> + +<p><a name="note2437"></a>l. 2437. R. proposes <b>stȳred</b>, = <i>ordered, decreed</i>, for <b>strēd</b>.—<cite>Zachers +Zeitschr.</cite> iii. 409.</p> + +<p><a name="note2439"></a>l. 2439. B. corrects to <b>frēo-wine</b> = <i>noble friend</i>, asking, "How can +Herebeald be called Hðcyn's <b>frēa-wine</b> [MS.], <i>lord?</i>"</p> + +<p><a name="note2442"></a>l. 2442. <b>feohlēas gefeoht</b>, "a homicide which cannot be atoned for +by money—in this case an unintentional fratricide."—Sw.</p> + +<p><a name="note2445"></a>l. 2445. See Ha., pp. 82, 83, for a discussion of <a href="#li2445">ll. 2445-2463</a>. Cf. G., +p. 75.</p> + +<p><a name="note2447"></a>l. 2447. MS. reads <b>wrece</b>, justified by B. (<cite>Tidskr.</cite> viii. 56). W. conceives +<b>wrece</b> as optative or hortative, and places a colon before <b>þonne</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2449"></a>l. 2449. For <b>helpan</b> read <b>helpe</b>.—K., Th., S. (<cite>Zeitschr. f. D. Phil.</cite> +xxi. 3, 357).</p> + +<p><a name="note2454"></a>ll. 2454-2455. (1) Mllenh. (<cite>Haupts Zeitschr.</cite> xiv. 232) proposes:</p> +<div class="line"> þonne se ān hafað</div> +<div class="line">þurh dǣda nȳd dēaðes gefandod.</div> +<p>(2) B. proposes:</p> +<div class="line">þurh dǣda nīð dēaðes gefondad.</div> +<div class="lcite">—<cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> iv. 215.</div> + +<p><a name="note2458"></a>l. 2458. Cf. <b>scēotend</b>, pl., <a href="#li704">ll. 704</a>, <a href="#li1155">1155</a>, like <b>rīdend</b>. Cf. <cite>Judith</cite>, l. 305, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note2474"></a>l. 2474. Th. considers the "wide water" here as the Mlar lake, the +boundary between Swedes and Goths.</p> + +<p><a name="note2477"></a>l. 2477. On <b>oþþe</b> = <i>and</i>, cf. B., <cite>Tidskr.</cite> viii. 57. See Ha., p. 83.</p> + +<p><a name="note2489"></a>l. 2489. B. proposes <b>hrēa-blāc</b> for Gr.'s <b>heoro-</b>.—<cite>Tikskr.</cite> viii. 297.</p> + +<p><a name="note2494"></a>l. 2494. S. suggests <b>ēðel-wynne</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2502"></a>l. 2502. E. translates <b>for dugeðum</b>, <i>of my prowess</i>; so Ettmller.</p> + +<p><a name="note2520"></a>ll. 2520-2522. Gr. and S. translate, "if I knew how else I might combat +the monster's boastfulness."—Ha., p. 85.</p> + +<p><a name="note2524"></a>l. 2524. <b>and-hāttres</b> is H.'s invention. Gr. reads <b>oreðes and attres</b>, +<i>blast and venom</i>. Cf. <b>oruð</b>, <a href="#li2558">l. 2558</a>, and <a href="#li2840">l. 2840</a> (where <b>attor-</b> also +occurs).</p> + +<p><a name="note2526"></a>l. 2526. E. quotes <b>flēon fōtes trym</b> from <cite>Maldon</cite>, l. 247.</p> + +<p><a name="note2546"></a>l. 2546. Gr., H.-So., and Ho. read <b>standan stān-bogan</b> (for <b>stōd on +stān-bogan</b>) depending on <b>geseah</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2550"></a>l. 2550. Grundt. and B. propose <b>dēor</b>, <i>brave one</i>, i.e. Beowulf, for <b>dēop</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2565"></a>L. 2565. MS. has <b>ungleaw</b> (K., Th.), <b>unglaw</b> (Grundt.). B. proposes +<b>unslāw</b>, = <i>sharp</i>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 104. So H.-So., Ha., p. 86.</p> + +<p><a name="note2570"></a>ll. 2570, 2571. (1) May not <b>gescīfe</b> (MS. <b>to gscipe</b>) = German <i>schief</i>, +"crooked," "bent," "aslant," and hence be a parallel to <b>gebogen</b>, <i>bent, +coiled?</i> cf. <a href="#li2568">l. 2568</a>, þā se wyrm gebēah snūde tōsomne, and <a href="#li2828">l. 2828</a>. +Coiled serpents spring more powerfully for the coiling. (2) Or perhaps +destroy comma after <b>tō</b> and read <b>gescpe</b>, = <i>his fate</i>; cf. <a href="#li26">l. 26</a>: <b>him þā +Scyld gewāt tō gescp-hwīle</b>. G. appar. adopts this reading, p. 78.</p> + +<p><a name="note2589"></a>l. 2589. <b>grund-wong</b> = <i>the field</i>, not <i>the earth</i> (so B.); H.-So., <i>cave</i>, +as at <a href="#li2771">l. 2771</a>. So Ha., p. 87.</p> + +<p><a name="note2595"></a>l. 2595. S. proposes colon after <b>stefne</b>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 141.</p> + +<p><a name="note2604"></a>l. 2604. Mllenh. explains <b>lēod Scylfinga</b> in <cite>Anzeiger f. d. Altert.</cite> +iii. 176-178.</p> + +<p><a name="note2607"></a>l. 2607. <b>āre</b> = <i>possessions, holding</i> (Kl., <cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 192; Ha., p. 88).</p> + +<p><a name="note2609"></a>l. 2609. <b>folcrihta</b>. Add "folk-right" to the meanings in the Gloss.; +and cf. <b>ēðel-, land-riht, word-riht.</b></p> + +<p><a name="note2614"></a>l. 2614. H.-So. reads with Gr. <b>wrǣccan winelēasum Wēohstān +bana</b>, = <i>whom, a friendless exile, W. had slain</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2635"></a>ll. 2635-61. E. quotes Tacitus, <cite>Germania</cite>, xiv.: "turpe comitatui virtutem +principis non adaequare." Beowulf had been deserted by his +<i>comitatus</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2643"></a>l. 2643. B. proposes <b>ūser</b>.—<cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> iv. 216.</p> + +<p><a name="note2649"></a>l. 2649. <b>wutun</b>; <a href="#li3102">l. 3102</a>, <b>uton</b> = pres. subj. pl. 1st person of <b>wītan</b>, +<i>to go</i>, used like Mod. Eng. <i>let us</i> + inf., Lat. <i>eamus</i>, Ital. <i>andiamo</i>, Fr. +<i>allons</i>; M. E. (<cite>Layamon</cite>) <i>uten</i>. Cf. Psa. ii. 3, etc. March, <cite>A.-S. Gram.</cite>, +pp. 104, 196.</p> + +<p><a name="note2650"></a>l. 2650. B. suggests <b>hāt</b> for <b>hyt</b>,.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 105.</p> + +<p><a name="note2656"></a>l. 2656. <b>fāne</b> = fāh-ne; cf. <b>fāra</b> = <b>fāh-ra</b>, <a href="#li578">l. 578</a>; so <b>hēanne</b> (MS.) += <b>hēah-ne</b>, etc., <a href="#li984">l. 984</a>. See Cook's Sievers' Gram.</p> + +<p><a name="note2660"></a>ll. 2660, 2661. Why not read <b>beadu-scrūd</b>, as at <a href="#li453">l. 453</a>, = <i>battle-shirt?</i> +B. and R. suppose two half-verses omitted between <b>byrdu-scrūd</b> and +<b>bām gemǣne</b>. B. reads <b>bȳwdu</b>, = <i>handsome</i>, etc. Gr. suggests <b>unc +nū</b>, = <i>to us two now</i>, for <b>ūrum</b>; and K. and Grundt. read <b>bēon gemǣne</b> +for <b>bām</b>, etc. This makes sense. Cf. Ha., p. 89.</p> + +<p><a name="note2666"></a>l. 2666. Cf. the dat. absolute without preposition.</p> + +<p><a name="note2681"></a>l. 2681. <b>Ngling</b>; cf. <b>Hrunting, Lāfing</b>, and other famous <b>wundor-smiða +geweorc</b> of the poem.</p> + +<p><a name="note2687"></a>l. 2687. B. changes <b>þonne</b> into <b>þone</b> (rel. pro.) = <i>which</i>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 105.</p> + +<p><a name="note2688"></a>l. 2688. B. supports the MS. reading, <b>wundum</b>.</p> + +<p>l. 2688. Cf. <a href="#li2278">l. 2278</a> for similar language.</p> + +<p><a name="note2698"></a>l. 2698. B. (<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 105) renders: "he did not heed the head of the +dragon (which Beowulf with his sword had struck without effect), but he +struck the dragon somewhat further down." Cf. Saxo, vi. p. 272.</p> + +<p>l. 2698. Cf. the language used at <a href="#li446">ll. 446</a> and <a href="#li1373">1373</a>, where <b>hafelan</b> also +occurs; and <b>hȳdan</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2700"></a>l. 2700. <b>hwēne</b>; cf. Lowl. Sc. <i>wheen</i>, a number; Chaucer's <i>woon</i>, +number.</p> + +<p><a name="note2702"></a>l. 2702. S. proposes <b>þā</b> (for <b>þt</b>) <b>þt fȳr</b>, etc., = <i>when the fire began</i>, +etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note2704"></a>l. 2704. "The (<b>hup</b>)<b>-seax</b> has often been found in Saxon graves on +the hip of the skeleton."—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note2707"></a>l. 2707. Kl. proposes: <b>feorh ealne wrc</b>, = <i>drove out all the life</i>; cf. +<cite>Gen.</cite> l. 1385.—<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 192. S. suggests <b>gefylde</b>,—<i>he felled the foe</i>, etc.—<cite>Ibid.</cite> +Parentheses seem unnecessary.</p> + +<p><a name="note2727"></a>l. 2727. <b>dg-hwīl</b> = <i>time allotted, lifetime</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2745"></a>l. 2745, 2745. Ho. removes <b>geong</b> from the beginning of <a href="#li2745">l. 2745</a> and +places it at the end of <a href="#li2744">l. 2744</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2750"></a>l. 2750. R. proposes <b>sigle searogimmas</b>, as at <a href="#li1158">l. 1158</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2767"></a>l. 2767. (1) B. proposes doubtfully <b>oferhīgean</b> or <b>oferhīgan</b>, = +Goth, <i>ufarhauhjan</i>, p. p. <i>ufarhauhids</i> (Gr. τυφωθείς) = <i>exceed in value</i>.—<cite>Tidskr.</cite> +viii. 60. (2) Kl. proposes <b>oferhȳdian</b>, = <i>to make arrogant, +infatuate</i>; cf. <b>oferhȳd</b>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 192.</p> + +<p><a name="note2770"></a>l. 2770. <b>gelocen leoðocrftum</b> = (1) <i>spell-bound</i> (Th., Arnold, E.); +(2) <i>wrought with hand-craft</i> (G.); (3) <i>meshed, linked together</i> (H., Ho.); +cf. <cite>Elene</cite>, ll. 1251, 522.</p> + +<p><a name="note2778"></a>l. 2778. B. considers <b>bill ... ealdhlāfordes</b> as Beowulf's short +sword, with which he killed the dragon, <a href="#li2704">l. 2704</a> (<cite>Tidskr.</cite> viii. 299). R. +proposes <b>ealdhlāforde</b>. Mllenh. understands <b>ealdhlāford</b> to mean +the former possessor of the hoard. W. agrees to this, but conceives +<b>ǣrgescōd</b> as a compd. = <b>ǣre calceatus</b>, <i>sheathed in brass</i>. Ha. translates +<b>ǣrgescōd</b> as vb. and adv.</p> + +<p><a name="note2791"></a>l. 2791. Cf. <a href="#li224">l. 224</a>, <b>eoletes t ende; landes t ende</b>, <cite>Exod.</cite> (Hunt).</p> + +<p><a name="note2792"></a>l. 2792. MS. reads <b>wteres weorpan</b>, which R. would change to +<b>wtere sweorfan</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2806"></a>l. 2806. "Men saw from its height the whales tumbling in the waves, +and called it Whale's Ness (<b>Hrones-nǣs</b>)."—Br. p. 28. Cf. <a href="#li3137">l. 3137</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2815"></a>l. 2815. Wīglāf was the next of kin, the last of the race, and hence the +recipient of Beowulf's kingly insignia. There is a possible play on the +word <b>lāf</b> (Wīg-<i>lāf</i>, ende-<i>lāf</i>).</p> + +<p><a name="note2818"></a>l. 2818. <b>gingeste word</b>; cf. <i>novissima verba</i>, and Ger. <i>jngst</i>, lately.</p> + +<p><a name="note2837"></a>l. 2837. E. translates <b>on lande</b>, <i>in the world</i>, comparing <i>on līfe, on +worulde</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2840"></a>l. 2840. <b>gerǣsde</b> = pret. of <b>gerǣsan</b> (omitted from the Gloss.), same +as <b>rǣsan</b>; cf. <a href="#li2691">l. 2691</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2859"></a>l. 2859. B. proposes <b>dēað ārǣdan</b>, = <i>determine death</i>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. +106.</p> + +<p><a name="note2861"></a>l. 2861. Change <b>geongum</b> to <b>geongan</b> as a scribal error (?), but cf. +Lichtenheld, <cite>Haupts Zeitschr.</cite> xvi. 353-355.</p> + +<p><a name="note2871"></a>l. 2871. S. and W. propose <b>ōwēr</b>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 142.</p> + +<p><a name="note2873"></a>l. 2873. S. punctuates: <b>wrāðe forwurpe, þā</b>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note2874"></a>l. 2874. H.-So. begins a new sentence with <b>nealles</b>, ending the preceding +one with <b>beget</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2879"></a>l. 2879. <b>tgifan</b> = <i>to render, to afford</i>; omitted in Gloss.</p> + +<p><a name="note2885"></a>ll. 2885-2892. "This passage ... equals the passage in Tacitus which +describes the tie of chief to companion and companion to chief among the +Germans, and which recounts the shame that fell on those who survived +their lord."—Br., p. 56.</p> + +<p><a name="note2886"></a>l. 2886. <b>cyn</b> thus has the meaning of <i>gens</i> or clan, just as in many +Oriental towns all are of one blood. E. compares Tacitus, <cite>Germania</cite>, +7; and cf. "kith and kin."</p> + +<p><a name="note2892"></a>l. 2892. Death is preferable to dishonor. Cf. Kemble, <cite>Saxons</cite>, i. 235.</p> + +<p><a name="note2901"></a>l. 2901. The ἄγγελος begins his ἀγγελία here.</p> + +<p><a name="note2910"></a>l. 2910. S. proposes <b>higemēðe</b>, <i>sad of soul;</i> cf. <a href="#li2853">ll. 2853</a> and <a href="#li2864">2864</a> +(<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 142). B. considers <b>higemēðum</b> a dat. or instr. pl. of an abstract +in <b>-u</b> (<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 106). H. makes it a dat. pl. = <i>for the dead</i>. For +<b>heafod-wearde</b>, etc., cf. note on <a href="#li446">l. 446</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2920"></a>l. 2920-2921. B. explains "he could not this time, as usual, give jewels +to his followers."—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 106.</p> + +<p><a name="note2922"></a>l. 2922. The Merovingian or Frankish race.</p> + +<p><a name="note2940"></a>l. 2940 <i>seq.</i> B. conjectures:</p> +<div class="line">cwð hīe on mergenne mēces ecgum</div> +<div class="line">gētan wolde, sumon galgtreowu</div> +<div class="line">āhēawan on holte ond hīe āhōan on þā</div> +<div class="line">fuglum tō gamene.</div> +<div class="lcite">—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 107, 372.</div> +<p>Cf. S., <cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 143. <b>gētan</b> = <i>cause blood to be shed.</i></p> + +<p><a name="note2950"></a>l. 2950. B. proposes <b>gomela</b> for <b>gōda</b>; "a surprising epithet for a +Geat to apply to the 'terrible' Ongentheow."—Ha. p. 99. But "good" +does not necessarily mean "morally excellent," as a "good" hater, a +"good" fighter.</p> + +<p><a name="note2959"></a>l. 2959. See H.-So. for an explanatory quotation from Paulus Diaconus, +etc. B., K., and Th. read <b>segn Higelāces</b>, = H.'s banner uplifted +began to pursue the Swede-men.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 108. S. suggests <b>sǣce</b>, = +<i>pursuit</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2977"></a>l. 2977. <b>gewyrpton</b>: this vb. is also used reflexively in <cite>Exod.</cite> (Hunt), +l. 130: <b>wyrpton hīe wērige</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2989"></a>l. 2989. <b>br</b> is Grundt.'s reading, after the MS. "The surviving victor +is the heir of the slaughtered foe."—H.-So. Cf. <cite>Hildebrands Lied</cite>, +ll. 61, 62.</p> + +<p><a name="note2995"></a>l. 2995. "A hundred of thousands in land and rings" (Ha., p. 100). +Cf. <a href="#li2196">ll. 2196</a>, <a href="#li3051">3051</a>. Cf. B., <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 20, who quotes Saxo's <i>bis senas +gentes</i> and remarks: "Hrolf Kraki, who rewards his follower, for the +slaying of the foreign king, with jewels, rich lands, and his only daughter's +hand, answers to the Jutish king Hygelāc, who rewards his liegeman, for +the slaying of Ongenthēow, with jewels, enormous estates, and <i>his</i> only +daughter's hand."</p> + +<p><a name="note3006"></a>l. 3006. H.-So. suggests <b>Scilfingas</b> for <b>Scyldingas</b>, because, at <a href="#li2397">l. 2397</a>, +Beowulf kills the Scylfing Ēadgils and probably acquires his lands. Thus +<a href="#li3002">ll. 3002</a>, <a href="#li3005">3005</a>, <a href="#li3006">3006</a>, would indicate that, after Beowulf's death, the Swedes +desired to shake off his hated yoke. Mllenh., however, regards <a href="#li3006">l. 3006</a> +as a thoughtless repetition of <a href="#li2053">l. 2053</a>.—<cite>Haupts Zeitschr.</cite> xiv. 239.</p> + +<p><a name="note3008"></a>l. 3008. Cf. the same proverb at <a href="#li256">l. 256</a>; and <cite>Exod.</cite> (Hunt.) l. 293.</p> + +<p><a name="note3022"></a>l. 3022. E. quotes:</p> +<div class="line">"Thai token an harp <i>gle and game</i></div> +<div class="line">And maked a lai and yaf it name."</div> +<div class="lcite">—<cite>Weber</cite>, l. 358.</div> + +<p>and from Percy, "The word <i>glee</i>, which peculiarly denoted their art (the +minstrels'), continues still in our own language ... it is to this day used +in a musical sense, and applied to a peculiar piece of composition."</p> + +<p><a name="note3025"></a>l. 3025. "This is a finer use than usual of the common poetic attendants +of a battle, the wolf, the eagle, and the raven. The three are here like +three Valkyrie, talking of all that they have done."—Br., p. 57.</p> + +<p><a name="note3033"></a>l. 3033. Cf. Hunt's <cite>Dan.</cite> l. 731, for similar language.</p> + +<p><a name="note3039"></a>l. 3039. B. supplies a supposed gap here:</p> +<div class="line">[banan ēac fundon bennum sēocne</div> +<div class="line">(nē) ǣr hī þǣm gesēgan syllīcran wiht]</div> +<div class="line">wyrm on wonge...</div> +<div class="lcite">—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 372.</div> + +<p>Cf. Ha., p. 102. W. and Ho. insert [<b>þǣr</b>] before <b>gesēgan</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note3042"></a>l. 3042. Cf. <a href="#li2561">l. 2561</a>, where <b>gryre-giest</b> occurs as an epithet of the +dragon. B. proposes <b>gry</b>[<b>re-fāh</b>].</p> + +<p><a name="note3044"></a>l. 3044. <b>lyft-wynne</b>, <i>in the pride of the air</i>, E.; <i>to rejoice in the air</i>, +Ha.</p> + +<p><a name="note3057"></a>l. 3057. (1) He (God) is men's hope; (2) he is the heroes' hope; +(3) <b>gehyld</b> = the secret place of enchanters; cf. <b>hēlsmanna gehyld</b>, +Gr.'s reading, after A.-S. <b>hǣlsere</b>, haruspex, augur.</p> + +<p><a name="note3060"></a>l. 3060. B. suggests <b>gehȳðde</b>, = <i>plundered</i> (i.e. by the thief), for +<b>gehȳdde</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note3063"></a>ll. 3063-3066. (1) B. suggests <b>wundur [dēaðe] hwār þonne eorl +ellenrof ende gefēre</b> = <i>let a brave man then somewhere meet his end by +wondrous venture</i>, etc.—<cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> iv. 241; cf. <a href="#li3038">l. 3038</a>. (2) S. +supposes an indirect question introduced by <b>hwār</b> and dependent upon +<b>wundur</b>, = <i>a mystery is it when it happens that the hero is to die, if he +is no longer to linger among his people</i>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 143. (3) Mllenh. +suggests: <i>is it to be wondered at that a man should die when he can no +longer live?</i>—<cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> xiv. 241. (4) Possibly thus:</p> +<div class="line"> Wundrað hwt þonne,</div> +<div class="line">eorl ellen-rōf, ende gefēre</div> +<div class="line">līf-gesceafta, þonne leng ne mg (etc.),</div> +<p>in which <b>hwt</b> would = <b>þurh hwt</b> at <a href="#li3069">l. 3069</a>, and <b>eorl</b> would be subject +of the conjectural vb. <b>wundrað</b>: "the valiant earl wondereth then +through what he shall attain his life's end, when he no longer may live. + ... So Bēowulf knew not (wondered how) through what <i>his</i> end +should come," etc. W. and Ho. join <b>þonne</b> to the next line. Or, for +<b>hwār</b> read <b>wǣre</b>: <b>Wundur wǣre þonne</b> (= <b>gif</b>), etc., = "would it +be any wonder if a brave man," etc., which is virtually Mllenhoff's.</p> + +<p><a name="note3053"></a>l. 3053. <b>galdre bewunden</b>, <i>spell-bound</i>, throws light on <a href="#li2770">l. 2770</a>, <b>gelocen +leoðo-crftum</b>. The "accursed" gold of legend is often dragon-guarded +and placed under a spell. Even human ashes (as Shakespeare's) +are thus banned. <a href="#li3047">ll. 3047-3058</a> recall the so-called "Treasury of Atreus."</p> + +<p><a name="note3070"></a>l. 3070. H.-So. begins a new line with <b>swā</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note3073"></a>l. 3073. <b>herh, hearh</b>, <i>temple</i>, is conjectured by E. to survive in <i>Harrow. +Temple, barrow</i>, etc., have thus been raised to proper names. Cf. <b>Bīowulfes +biorh</b> of <a href="#li2808">l. 2808</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note3074"></a>l. 3074. H.-So. has <b>strude</b>, = <i>ravage</i>, and compares <a href="#li3127">l. 3127</a>. MS. has +<b>strade</b>. S. suggests <b>stride</b>, = <i>tread</i>.</p> + +<p>l. 3074. H.-So. omits <b>strādan</b>, = <i>tread, stride over</i>, from the Gloss., +referring <a href="#li3174">ll. 3174</a> and <a href="#li3074">3074</a> to <b>strūdan</b>, q. v.</p> + +<p><a name="note3075"></a>l. 3075. S. proposes: <b>ns hē goldhwtes gearwor hfde</b>, etc., = +<i>Beowulf had not before seen the greedy possessor's favor</i>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 143. +B. reads, <b>goldhwte gearwor hfde</b>, etc., making <b>goldhwte</b> modify +<b>ēst</b>, = <i>golden favor</i>; but see <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 373, for B.'s later view.</p> + +<p><a name="note3086"></a>l. 3086-3087. B. translates, "that which (i.e. the treasure) drew the +king thither was granted indeed, but it overwhelmed us."—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 109.</p> + +<p><a name="note3097"></a>l. 3097. B. and S. propose <b>fter wine dēadum</b>, = <i>in memory of the +dead friend</i>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 144.</p> + +<p><a name="note3106"></a>l. 3106. The <b>brād gold</b> here possibly includes the <b>iū-monna gold</b> of +<a href="#li3053">l. 3053</a> and the <b>wunden gold</b> of <a href="#li3135">l. 3135</a>. E. translates <b>brād</b> by <i>bullion</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note3114"></a>l. 3114. B. supposes <b>folc-āgende</b> to be dat. sg. to <b>gōdum</b>, referring +to Beowulf.</p> + +<p><a name="note3116"></a>l. 3116. C. considers <b>weaxan</b>, = Lat. <i>vescor</i>, to devour, as a parallel +to <b>fretan</b>, and discards parentheses.—<cite>Beit.</cite> viii. 573.</p> + +<p><a name="note3120"></a>l. 3120. <b>fūs</b> = <i>furnished with</i>; a meaning which must be added to +those in the Gloss.</p> + +<p><a name="note3124"></a>ll. 3124-3125. S. proposes:</p> +<div class="line">ēode eahta sum under inwit-hrōf</div> +<div class="line">hilderinca: sum on handa br, etc.</div> +<div class="lcite">—<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 144.</div> + +<p><a name="note3136"></a>l. 3136. H.-So. corrects (after B.) to <b>ðeling<i>c</i></b>, the MS. having <i>e</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note3145"></a>l. 3145. "It was their [the Icelanders'] belief that the higher the smoke +rose in the air the more glorious would the burnt man be in heaven."— +<cite>Ynglinga Saga</cite>, 10 (quoted by E.). Cf. the funeral pyre of Herakles.</p> + +<p><a name="note3146"></a>l. 3146-3147. B. conjectures:</p> +<div class="line"> ... swōgende lēc</div> +<div class="line">wōpe bewunden windblonda lēg</div> +<p>(<b>lēc</b> from <b>lācan</b>, see Gloss.).—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 110. Why not <b>windblonda lāc</b>?</p> + +<p><a name="note3147"></a>l. 3147. Mllenhoff rejected <b>wind-blond gelg</b> because a great fire +raises rather than "lays" the wind; hence B., as above, = "swoughing +sported the flame wound with the howling of wind-currents."</p> + +<p><a name="note3151"></a>l. 3151 <i>seq.</i> B. restores conjecturally:</p> +<div class="line">swylce giōmor-gyd sio geō-meowle</div> +<div class="line">[fter Bēowulfe] bunden-heorde</div> +<div class="line">[song] sorg-cearig, sǣde geneahhe,</div> +<div class="line">þt hīo hyre [hearm-]dagas hearde on [dr]ēde,</div> +<div class="line">wlfylla worn, [w]īgendes egesan,</div> +<div class="line">hȳ[n]ðo ond hftnȳd, hēof on rīce wealg.</div> +<div class="lcite">—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 100.</div> + +<p>Here <b>geō-meowle</b> = <i>old woman</i> or <i>widow;</i> <b>bunden-heorde</b> = <i>with +bound locks;</i> <b>hēof</b> = <i>lamentation;</i> cf. <a href="#li3143">l. 3143</a>. <b>on rīce wealg</b> is less +preferable than the MS. reading, <b>heofon rēce swealg</b> = <i>heaven swallowed +the smoke</i>.—H.-So. B. thinks Beowulf's widow (<b>geōmeowle</b>) +was probably Hygd; cf. <a href="#li2370">ll. 2370</a>, <a href="#li3017">3017-3021</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note3162"></a>l. 3162. H.-So. reads (with MS.) <b>bronda be lāfe</b>, for <b>betost</b>, and +omits colon after <b>bēcn</b>. So B., <cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> iv. 224.</p> + +<p><a name="note3171"></a>l. 3171. E. quotes Gibbon's accounts of the burial of Attila when the +"chosen squadrons of the Hun, wheeling round in measured evolutions, +chanted a funeral song to the memory of a hero."</p> + +<p><a name="note3173"></a>ll. 3173-3174. B. proposes:</p> +<div class="line">woldon gēn cwīðan [ond] kyning</div> +<div class="line">wordgyd wrecan ond ymb wēl sprecan.</div> +<div class="lcite">—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 112.</div> + +<p><a name="note3183"></a>l. 3183. Z., K., Th. read <b>manna</b> for <b>mannum</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note3184"></a>l. 3184. "It is the English ideal of a hero as it was conceived by an +Englishman some twelve hundred years ago."—Br., p. 18.</p> + +<h3>NOTES TO THE FIGHT AT FINNSBURG.</h3> + +<p><a name="finnotes"></a>The original MS. of this fragment has vanished, but a copy had been made +and printed by Hickes in his <cite>Thesaurus Linguarum Septentrionalium</cite>, +i. 192. The original was written on a single sheet attached to a codex of +homilies in the Lambeth Library. Mller, <cite>Alteng. Epos</cite>, p. 65, places +the fragment in the Finn episode, between <a href="#li1146">ll. 1146</a> and <a href="#li1147">1147</a>. Bugge +(<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 20) makes it illustrate the conflict in which Hnf fell, +<i>i.e.</i> as described in <cite>Bēowulf</cite> as antecedent to the events +there given. Heinzel (<cite>Anzeiger f. d. Altert.</cite>), however, calls +attention to the fact that Hengest in the fragment is called <b>cyning</b>, +whereas in <cite>Bēowulf</cite>, <a href="#li1086">l. 1086</a>, he is called <b>þegn</b>. See H.-So., +p. 125.</p> + +<p>"The <cite>Fight at Finnsburg</cite> and the lays from which our <cite>Bēowulf</cite> +was composed were, as it seems to me, sung among the English who dwelt in +the north of Denmark and the south of Sweden, and whose tribal name was the +Jutes or Goths."—Br., p. 101.</p> + +<p><a name="finnote1"></a>l. 1. R. supposes [<b>hor</b>]<b>nas</b>, and conjectures such an +introductory conversation as follows: "Is it dawning in the east, or is a +fiery dragon flying about, or are the turrets of some castle burning?" +questions which the king negatives in the same order. Then comes the +positive declaration, "rather they are warriors marching whose armor gleams +in the moonlight." —<cite>Alt- und Angels. Lesebuch</cite>, 1861. Heinzel and B. +conjecture, [<b>beorhtor hor</b>]<b>nas byrnað nǣfre</b>. So. +G.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 22; <cite>Anzeiger f. d. Altert.</cite> x. 229.</p> + +<p><a name="finnote5"></a>l. 5. B. conjectures <b>fugelas</b> to mean <i>arrows</i>, and supplies:</p> +<div class="line">ac hēr forð berað [fyrdsearu rincas,</div> +<div class="line">flacre flānbogan], fugelas singað.</div> + +<p>He compares Saxo, p. 95, <i>cristatis galeis hastisque sonantibus +instant</i>, as explanatory of <a href="finli6">l. 6</a>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 22. But see Brooke, +<cite>Early Eng. Literature</cite>, who supposes <b>fugelas</b> = <i>raven</i> +and <i>eagle</i>, while <b>grǣg-hama</b> is = <i>wulf</i> (the "grey-coated +one"), the ordinary accompaniers of battle.</p> + +<p><a name="finnote11"></a>l. 11. <b>hicgeað</b>, etc.: cf. <cite>Maldon</cite>, l. 5; <cite>Exod.</cite> l. 218.</p> + +<p><a name="finnote15"></a>l. 15. Cf. B. (<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 25), etc., and Saxo, p. 101, for l. 13.</p> + +<p><a name="finnote18"></a>ll. 18-21. H.-So. remarks: "If, according to Mller and Bugge, Gārulf is +one of the attackers, one of Finn's men, this does not harmonize with his +character as Gūðlāf's son (<a href="finli33">l. 33</a>), who (<a href="finli16">l. 16</a>, and <cite>Bēowulf</cite>, <a href="li1149">l. 1149</a>) +is a Dane, therefore one of Finn's antagonists." B. (<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 25) +conjectures:</p> +<div class="line">þā gȳt Gūðdene Gārulf styrode,</div> +<div class="line">þt hē swā frēolīc feorh forman sīðe</div> +<div class="line">tō þǣre healle durum hyrsta ne bǣre,</div> +<div class="line">nū hīe nīða heard ānyman wolde;</div> +<p>in which <b>Gūðdene</b> is the same as Sigeferð, <a href="finli24">l. 24</a>; <b>hē</b> (<a href="finli22">l. 22</a>) +refers to <b>Gārulf</b>; and <b>hīe</b> (<a href="finli21">l. 21</a>) to <b>hyrsta</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="finnote27"></a>l. 27. <b>swðer</b> = <i>either</i> (bad or good, life or death).—H.-So.</p> + +<p><a name="finnote29"></a>l. 29. <b>cēlod</b>: meaning doubtful; cf. <cite>Maldon</cite>, l. 283. G. +renders "curved board"; Sw. suggests "round"? "hollow"?</p> + +<p><a name="finnote30"></a>l. 30. B. suggests <b>bār-helm</b>, = <i>boar-helm.</i> Cf. Saxo, p. +96.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 26.</p> + +<p><a name="finnote34"></a>l. 34. B. conjectures: (1) <b>hwearf flacra hrǣw hrfen, wandrode</b>; (2) +<b>hwearf flacra hrǣw hrfen fram ōðrum</b> = <i>flew from one corpse to +another</i>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 27.</p> + +<p><a name="finnote43"></a>l. 43. B. supposes <b>wund hleð</b> to be a Dane, <b>folces hyrde</b> to +be Hnf, in opposition to Holtzmann (<cite>Germania</cite>, viii. 494), who +supposes the wounded man to be a Frisian, and <b>folces hyrde</b> to be +their king, Finn.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 28.</p> + +<p><a name="finnote45"></a>l. 45. B. adopts Th.'s reading <b>heresceorp unhrōr</b> = <i>equipments +useless</i>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 28.</p> + +<p><a name="finnote47"></a>l. 47. "Though wounded, they had retained their strength and activity in +battle."—B., <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 28.</p> + + +<a name="glossary"></a><h2>GLOSSARY</h2> + +<p><b><a name="glossA">A</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glac">ac</a>, conj. denoting contrariety: hence 1) <i>but</i> (like +N.H.G. sondern), <a href="#li109">109</a>, <a href="#li135">135</a>, <a href="#li339">339</a>, etc.—2) <i>but</i> (N.H.G. aber), +<i>nevertheless</i>, <a href="#li602">602</a>, <a href="#li697">697</a>, etc.—3) in direct questions: nonne, +numquid, <a href="#li1991">1991</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glaglǣca">āglǣca, āhlǣca, ǣglǣca, -cea</a>, w. m. (cf. Goth, aglo, +<i>trouble</i>, O.N. agi, <i>terror</i>, + lāc, <i>gift, sport: = +misery, vexation, = bringer of trouble</i>; hence): 1) <i>evil spirit, +demon, a demon-like being</i>; of Grendel, <a href="#li159">159</a>, <a href="#li433">433</a>, <a href="#li593">593</a>, etc.; of the +drake, <a href="#li2535">2535</a>, <a href="#li2906">2906</a>, etc.—2) <i>great hero, mighty warrior</i>; of +Sigemund, <a href="#li894">894</a>; of Bēowulf: gen. sg. āglǣcan(?), <a href="#li1513">1513</a>; of Bēowulf and +the drake: nom. pl. þā āglǣcean, <a href="#li2593">2593</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glaglǣcwīf">āglǣc-wīf</a>, st. n., <i>demon, devil, in the form of a woman</i>; +of Grendel's mother, <a href="#li1260">1260</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glaldor">aldor</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glealdor">ealdor</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glalwealda">al-wealda</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glealwealda">eal-w.</a></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glambiht">am-biht</a> (from and-b., Goth, and-baht-s), st. m., <i>servant, +man-servant</i>: nom. sg. ombeht, of the coast-guard, <a href="#li287">287</a>; ombiht, of +Wulfgār, <a href="#li336">336</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glambihtthegn">ambiht-þegn</a> (from ambiht n. officium and þegn, which see), +<i>servant, man-servant</i>: dat. sg. ombiht-þegne, of Bēowulf's +servant, <a href="#li674">674</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glan">an</a>, prep, with the dat., <i>on, in, with respect to</i>, <a href="#li678">678</a>; +<i>with, among, at, upon</i> (position after the governed word), <a href="#li1936">1936</a>; +with the acc., <a href="#li1248">1248</a>. Elsewhere on, which see.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glancor">ancor</a>, st. m., <i>anchor</i>: dat. sg. ancre, <a href="#li303">303</a>, <a href="#li1884">1884</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glancorbend">ancor-bend</a>, m. (?) f. (?), <i>anchor-cable</i>: dat. pl. +oncer-bendum, <a href="#li1919">1919</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gland">and</a>, conj. (<b>ond</b> is usual form; for example, <a href="#li601">601</a>, <a href="#li1149">1149</a>, +<a href="#li2041">2041</a>), and <a href="#li33">33</a>, <a href="#li39">39</a>, <a href="#li40">40</a>, etc. (See Appendix.)</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glanda">anda</a>, w. m., <i>excitement, vexation, horror</i>: dat. wrāðum +on andan, <a href="#li709">709</a>, <a href="#li2315">2315</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glandgit">and-git</a>, st. n., <i>insight, understanding</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1060">1060</a>. +See <a class="glentry" href="#glgitan">gitan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glandhātor">and-hātor</a>, st. m. n., <i>heat coming against one</i>: gen. sg. +rēðes and-hāttres, <a href="#li2524">2524</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glandlang">and-lang, -long</a>, adj., <i>very long.</i> hence 1) <i>at whole +length, raised up high</i>: acc. andlongne eorl, <a href="#li2696">2696</a> (cf. Bugge upon +this point, Zachers Ztschr., 4, 217).—2) <i>continual, entire</i>; +andlangne dg, <a href="#li2116">2116</a>, <i>the whole day</i>; andlonge niht, <a href="#li2939">2939</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glandlēan">and-lēan</a>, st. n., <i>reward, payment in full</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li1542">1542</a>, <a href="#li2095">2095</a> (hand-, hond-lean, MS.).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glandrisno">and-risno</a>, st. f. (see rīsan, surgere, decere), <i>that which +is to be observed, that which is proper, etiquette</i>: dat. pl. for +andrysnum, <i>according to etiquette</i>, <a href="#li1797">1797</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glandsaca">and-saca</a>, w. m., <i>adversary</i>: godes andsaca (Grendel), <a href="#li787">787</a>, <a href="#li1683">1683</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glandslyht">and-slyht</a>, st. m., <i>blow in return</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li2930">2930</a>, <a href="#li2973">2973</a> +(MS. both times hond-slyht).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glandswaru">and-swaru</a>, st. f., <i>act of accosting</i>: 1) to persons +coming up, <i>an address</i>, <a href="#li2861">2861</a>.—2) in reply to something said, +<i>an answer</i>, <a href="#li354">354</a>, <a href="#li1494">1494</a>, <a href="#li1841">1841</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glandweard">and-weard</a>, adj., <i>present, existing</i>: acc. sg. n. swīn +ofer helme and-weard (<i>the image of the boar, which stands on his +helm</i>), <a href="#li1288">1288</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glandwlita">and-wlita</a>, w. m., <i>countenance</i>: acc. sg. -an, <a href="#li690">690</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glansund">an-sund</a>, adj., <i>entirely unharmed</i>: nom. sg. m., <a href="#li1001">1001</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glansȳn">an-sȳn</a>, f., <i>the state of being seen</i>: hence 1) <i>the +exterior, the form</i>, <a href="#li251">251</a>: ansȳn ȳwde, <i>showed his form</i>, i.e. +appeared, <a href="#li2835">2835</a>.—2) <i>aspect, appearance</i>, <a href="#li929">929</a>; on-sȳn, <a href="#li2773">2773</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glanwalda">an-walda</a>, w. m., <i>He who rules over all, God</i>, <a href="#li1273">1273</a>. See +Note.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glatelīc">atelīc</a>, adj., <i>terrible, dreadful</i>: atelīc egesa, <a href="#li785">785</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glatol">atol</a>, adj. (also eatol, <a href="#li2075">2075</a>, etc.), <i>hostile, frightful, +cruel</i>: of Grendel, <a href="#li159">159</a>, <a href="#li165">165</a>, <a href="#li593">593</a>, <a href="#li2075">2075</a>, etc.; of Grendel's +mother's hands (dat. pl. atolan), <a href="#li1503">1503</a>; of the undulation of the +waves, <a href="#li849">849</a>; of battle, <a href="#li597">597</a>, <a href="#li2479">2479</a>.—cf. O.N. atall, fortis, strenuus.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glattor">attor</a>, st. n., <i>poison</i>, here of the poison of the dragon's +bite: nom., <a href="#li2716">2716</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glattorsceatha">attor-sceaða</a>, w. m., <i>poisonous enemy, of the poisonous +dragon</i>: gen. sg. -sceaðan, <a href="#li2840">2840</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glāwa">āwa</a>, adv. (certainly not the dative, but a reduplicated form of +ā, which see), <i>ever</i>: āwa tō aldre, <i>fōr ever and ever</i>, +<a href="#li956">956</a>.</p> + +<p><b><a name="glossAl">Ā</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glā">ā</a>, adv. (Goth, iv, acc. from aiv-s aevum), <i>ever, +always</i>, <a href="#li455">455</a>, <a href="#li882">882</a>, <a href="#li931">931</a>, <a href="#li1479">1479</a>: ā syððan, <i>ever afterwards, ever, +ever after</i>, <a href="#li283">283</a>, <a href="#li2921">2921</a>.—<i>ever</i>, <a href="#li780">780</a>.—Comp. nā.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glād">ād</a> st. m. <i>funeral pile</i>: acc. sg. ād, <a href="#li3139">3139</a>; dat. sg. āde, +<a href="#li1111">1111</a>, <a href="#li1115">1115</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glādfaru">ād-faru</a>, st. f., <i>way to the funeral pile</i>, dat. sg. on +ād-fre, <a href="#li3011">3011</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glādl">ādl</a>, st. f. <i>sickness</i>, <a href="#li1737">1737</a>, <a href="#li1764">1764</a>, <a href="#li1849">1849</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glāth">āð</a>, st. m., <i>oath in general</i>, <a href="#li2740">2740</a>; <i>oath of +allegiance</i>, <a href="#li472">472</a> (?); <i>oath of reconciliation of two warring +peoples</i>, <a href="#li1098">1098</a>, <a href="#li1108">1108</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glāthsweord">āð-sweord</a>, st. n., <i>the solemn taking of an oath, the +swearing of an oath</i>: nom. pl., <a href="#li2065">2065</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsweord">sweord</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glāthumswerian">āðum-swerian</a>, m. pl., <i>son-in-law and father-in-law</i>: dat. +pl., <a href="#li84">84</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glāgan">āgan</a>, verb, pret. and pres., <i>to have, to possess</i>, w. +acc.: III. prs. sg. āh, <a href="#li1728">1728</a>; inf. āgan, <a href="#li1089">1089</a>; prt. āhte, <a href="#li487">487</a>, <a href="#li522">522</a>, +<a href="#li533">533</a>; with object, geweald, to be supplied, <a href="#li31">31</a>. Form contracted with +the negative: prs. sg. I. nāh hwā sweord wege (<i>I have no one to +wield the sword</i>), <a href="#li2253">2253</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glāgen">āgen</a>, adj., <i>own, peculiar</i>, <a href="#li2677">2677</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glāgend">āgend</a> (prs. part. of āgan), <i>possessor, owner, lord</i>: gen. +sg. āgendes, <i>of God</i>, <a href="#li3076">3076</a>.—Compounds: blǣd-, bold-, folc-, +mgen-āgend.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glāgendfrēa">āgend-frēa</a>, w. m., <i>owner, lord</i>: gen. sg. āgend-frēan, +<a href="#li1884">1884</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glāhsian">āhsian</a>, ge-<b>āhsian</b>, w. v.: 1) <i>to examine, to find out +by inquiring</i>: pret. part. ge-āhsod, <a href="#li433">433</a>.—2) <i>to experience, to +endure</i>: pret. āhsode, <a href="#li1207">1207</a>; pl. āhsodon, <a href="#li423">423</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glāht">āht</a>, st. n. (contracted from ā-wiht, which see), <i>something, +anything</i>: āht cwices, <a href="#li2315">2315</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glān">ān</a>, num. The meaning of this word betrays its apparent +demonstrative character: 1) <i>this, that</i>, <a href="#li2411">2411</a>, of the hall in +the earth mentioned before; similarly, <a href="#li100">100</a> (of Grendel; already +mentioned), cf. also <a href="#li2775">2775</a>.—2) <i>one</i>, a particular one among +many, a single one, in numerical sense: ymb āne niht (<i>the next +night</i>), <a href="#li135">135</a>; þurh ānes crft, <a href="#li700">700</a>; þāra ānum, <a href="#li1038">1038</a>; ān fter ānum, +<i>one for the other</i> (Hrēðel for Herebeald), <a href="#li2462">2462</a>: similarly, ān +fter eallum, <a href="#li2269">2269</a>; ānes hwt, <i>some single thing, a part</i>, <a href="#li3011">3011</a>; +se ān lēoda duguðe, <i>the one of the heroes of the people</i>, <a href="#li2238">2238</a>; +ānes willan, <i>for the sake of a single one</i>, <a href="#li3078">3078</a>, etc.—Hence, +again, 3) <i>alone, distinguished</i>, <a href="#li1459">1459</a>, <a href="#li1886">1886</a>.—4) <i>a</i>, in +the sense of an indefinite article: ān ... fēond, <a href="#li100">100</a>; gen. sg. ānre +bēne (or to No.2[?]), <a href="#li428">428</a>; ān ... draca, 2211—5) gen. pl. ānra, in +connection with a pronoun, <i>single</i>; ānra gehwylces, <i>every +single one</i>, <a href="#li733">733</a>; ānra gehwylcum, <a href="#li785">785</a>. Similarly, the dat. pl. in +this sense: nemne fēaum ānum, <i>except a few single ones</i>, +<a href="#li1082">1082</a>.—6) solus, <i>alone</i>: in the strong form, <a href="#li1378">1378</a>, <a href="#li2965">2965</a>; in the +weak form, <a href="#li145">145</a>, <a href="#li425">425</a>, <a href="#li431">431</a>, <a href="#li889">889</a>, etc.; with the gen., āna Gēata duguðe, +<i>alone of the warriors of the Gēatas</i>, <a href="#li2658">2658</a>.—7) solitarius, +<i>alone, lonely</i>, see <a class="glentry" href="#glǣn">ǣn</a>.—Comp. nān.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glānfeald">ān-feald</a>, adj., <i>simple, plain, without reserve</i>: acc. sg. +ānfealdne geþōht, <i>simple opinion</i>, <a href="#li256">256</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glāngenga">ān-genga, -gengea</a>, w. m., <i>he who goes alone</i>, of Grendel, +<a href="#li165">165</a>, <a href="#li449">449</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glānhaga">ān-haga</a>, w. m., <i>he who stands alone</i>, solitarius, <a href="#li2369">2369</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glānhȳdig">ān-hȳdig</a>, adj. (like the O.N. ein-rād-r, <i>of one +resolve</i>, i.e. of firm resolve), <i>of one opinion</i>, i.e. firm, +brave, decided, <a href="#li2668">2668</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glānga">ānga</a>, adj. (only in the weak form), <i>single, only</i>: acc. +sg. āngan dōhtor, <a href="#li375">375</a>, <a href="#li2998">2998</a>; āngan eaferan, <a href="#li1548">1548</a>; dat. sg. āngan +brēðer, <a href="#li1263">1263</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glānpth">ān-pð</a>, st. m., <i>lonely way, path</i>: acc. pl. ānpaðas, +<a href="#li1411">1411</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glānrǣd">ān-rǣd</a>, adj. (cf. under ān-hȳdig), <i>of firm resolution, +resolved</i>, <a href="#li1530">1530</a>, <a href="#li1576">1576</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glāntīd">ān-tīd</a>, st. f., <i>one time</i>, i.e. the same time, ymb ān-tīd +ōðres dōgores, <i>about the same time the second day</i> (they sailed +twenty-four hours), <a href="#li219">219</a>.—ān stands as in ān-mod, O.H.G. ein-muoti, +<i>harmonious, of the same disposition</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glānunga">ānunga</a>, adv., <i>throughout, entirely, wholly</i>, <a href="#li635">635</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glār">ār</a>, st. m., <i>ambassador, messenger</i>, <a href="#li336">336</a>, <a href="#li2784">2784</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glār">ār</a>, st. f., 1) <i>honor, dignity</i>: ārum healdan, <i>to hold +in honor</i>, <a href="#li296">296</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1100">1100</a>, <a href="#li1183">1183</a>.—2) <i>favor, grace, +support</i>: acc. sg. āre, <a href="#li1273">1273</a>, <a href="#li2607">2607</a>; dat. sg. āre, <a href="#li2379">2379</a>; gen. pl. +hwt ... ārna, <a href="#li1188">1188</a>.—Comp. worold-ār; also written ǣr.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glārfst">ār-fst</a>, adj., <i>honorable, upright</i>, <a href="#li1169">1169</a>; of Hunferð +(with reference to <a href="#li588">588</a>). See <a class="glentry" href="#glfst">fst</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glārian">ārian</a>, w. v., (<i>to be gracious</i>), <i>to spare</i>: III. sg. prs. +w. dat. nǣnegum ārað; of Grendel, <a href="#li599">599</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glārstf">ār-stf</a>, st. m.,(elementum honoris), <i>grace, favor</i>: dat. +pl. mid ārstafum, <a href="#li317">317</a>.—<i>Help, support</i>: dat. pl. for ār-stafum, +<i>to the assistance</i>, <a href="#li382">382</a>, <a href="#li458">458</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glstf">stf</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glātertēar">āter-tēar</a>, m., <i>poisonous drop</i>: dat. pl. īren āter-tēarum +fāh (steel which is dipped in poison or in poisonous sap of plants), +<a href="#li1460">1460</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossAE"></a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthele">ðele</a>, adj., <i>noble</i>: nom. sg., of Bēowulf, <a href="#li198">198</a>, <a href="#li1313">1313</a>; of +Bēowulf's father, <a href="#li263">263</a>, where it can be understood as well in a moral +as in a genealogical sense; the latter prevails decidedly in the gen. +sg. ðelan cynnes, <a href="#li2235">2235</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltheling">ðeling</a>, st. m., <i>nobleman, man of noble descent</i>, +especially the appellation of a man of royal birth; so of the kings of +the Danes, <a href="#li3">3</a>; of Scyld, <a href="#li33">33</a>; of Hrōðgār, <a href="#li130">130</a>; of Sigemund, <a href="#li889">889</a>; of +Bēowulf, <a href="#li1226">1226</a>, <a href="#li1245">1245</a>, <a href="#li1597">1597</a>, <a href="#li1816">1816</a>, <a href="#li2189">2189</a>, <a href="#li2343">2343</a>, <a href="#li2375">2375</a>, <a href="#li2425">2425</a>, <a href="#li2716">2716</a>, <a href="#li3136">3136</a>; +perhaps also of Dghrefn, <a href="#li2507">2507</a>;—then, in a broader sense, also +denoting other noble-born men: schere, <a href="#li1295">1295</a>; Hrōðgār's courtiers, +<a href="#li118">118</a>, <a href="#li983">983</a>; Heremōd's courtiers, <a href="#li907">907</a>; Hengest's warriors, <a href="#li1113">1113</a>; +Bēowulf's retinue, <a href="#li1805">1805</a>, <a href="#li1921">1921</a>, <a href="#li3172">3172</a>; noble-born in general, <a href="#li2889">2889</a>. +—Comp. sib-ðeling.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthelu">ðelu</a>, st. n., only in the pl., <i>noble descent, nobility</i>, +in the sense of noble lineage: acc. pl. ðelu, <a href="#li392">392</a>; dat. pl. cyning +ðelum gōd, <i>the king, of noble birth</i>, <a href="#li1871">1871</a>; ðelum dīore, +<i>worthy on account of noble lineage</i>, <a href="#li1950">1950</a>; ðelum (hǣleþum, +MS.), <a href="#li332">332</a>.—Comp. fder-ðelu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfnan">fnan</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to perform, to carry out, to +accomplish</i>: inf. ellen-weorc fnan, <i>to do a heroic deed</i>, <a href="#li1465">1465</a>; +pret. unriht fnde, <i>perpetrated wrong</i>, <a href="#li1255">1255</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgefnan">fnan</a>, 1) <i>to carry out, to do, to accomplish</i>: pret. +pl. þt gefndon swā, <i>so carried that out</i>, <a href="#li538">538</a>; pret. part. āð +ws gefned, <i>the oath was sworn</i>, <a href="#li1108">1108</a>.—2) <i>get ready, +prepare</i>: pret. part. gefned, <a href="#li3107">3107</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glefnan">efnan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfter">fter</a> (comparative of af, Ags. of, which see; hence it +expresses the idea of <i>forth, away, from, back</i>), a) adv., +<i>thereupon, afterwards</i>, <a href="#li12">12</a>, <a href="#li341">341</a>, <a href="#li1390">1390</a>, <a href="#li2155">2155</a>.—ic him fter +sceal, <i>I shall go after them</i>, <a href="#li2817">2817</a>; in word fter cwð, <a href="#li315">315</a>, +the sense seems to be, <i>spoke back, having turned</i>; b) prep. w. +dat., 1) (temporal) <i>after</i>, <a href="#li119">119</a>, <a href="#li128">128</a>, <a href="#li187">187</a>, <a href="#li825">825</a>, <a href="#li1939">1939</a>, etc.; +fter beorne, <i>after the</i> (death of) <i>the hero</i>, <a href="#li2261">2261</a>, so +<a href="#li2262">2262</a>; fter māððum-welan, <i>after</i> (obtaining) <i>the +treasure</i>, <a href="#li2751">2751</a>.—2) (causal) as proceeding from something, +denoting result and purpose, hence, <i>in consequence of, conformably +to</i>: fter rihte, <i>in accordance with right</i>, <a href="#li1050">1050</a>, <a href="#li2111">2111</a>; +fter faroðe, <i>with the current</i>, <a href="#li580">580</a>; so <a href="#li1321">1321</a>, <a href="#li1721">1721</a>, <a href="#li1944">1944</a>, <a href="#li2180">2180</a>, +etc., fter heaðo-swāte, <i>in consequence of the blood of battle</i>, +<a href="#li1607">1607</a>; fter wlnīðe, <i>in consequence of mortal enmity</i>, <a href="#li85">85</a>; <i>in +accordance with, on account of, after, about</i>: fter ðelum +(hǣleþum, MS.)frgn, <i>asked about the descent</i>, <a href="#li332">332</a>; ne frīn þū +fter sǣlum, <i>ask not after my welfare</i>, <a href="#li1323">1323</a>; fter sincgyfan +grēoteð, <i>weeps for the giver of treasure</i>, <a href="#li1343">1343</a>; him fter +dēorum men dyrne langað, <i>longs in secret for the dear man</i>, +<a href="#li1880">1880</a>; ān fter ānum, <i>one for the other</i>, <a href="#li2462">2462</a>, etc.—3) (local), +<i>along</i>: fter gumcynnum, <i>throughout the races of men, among +men</i>, <a href="#li945">945</a>; sōhte bed fter būrum, <i>sought a bed among the rooms +of the castle</i> (the castle was fortified, the hall was not), <a href="#li140">140</a>; +fter recede wlāt, <i>looked along the hall</i>, <a href="#li1573">1573</a>; stone fter +stāne, <i>smelt along the rocks</i>, <a href="#li2289">2289</a>; fter lyfte, <i>along the +air through the air</i>, <a href="#li2833">2833</a>; similarly, <a href="#li996">996</a>, <a href="#li1068">1068</a>, <a href="#li1317">1317</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfthunca">f-þunca</a>, w. m., <i>anger, chagrin, vexatious affair</i>: nom., +<a href="#li502">502</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgehtan">htan</a>, w. v., <i>to prize, to speak in praise of</i>: pret. +part. gehted, <a href="#li1866">1866</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgehtla">htla</a>, w. m., or <b>ge-htle</b>, w. f., <i>a speaking of +with praise, high esteem</i>: gen. sg. hȳ ... wyrðe þinceað +eorla gehtlan, <i>seem worthy of the high esteem of the +noble-born</i>, <a href="#li369">369</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glglǣcea">glǣcea</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glaglǣcea">āglǣcea</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllfylce">l-fylce</a> (from l-, Goth. ali-s, ἄλλος, and fylce, +O.N. fylki, collective form from folc), st. n., <i>other folk, hostile +army</i>: dat. pl. wið lfylcum, <a href="#li2372">2372</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllmihtig">l-mihtig</a> (for eal-m.), adj., <i>almighty</i>: nom. sg. m., of +the weak form, se l-mihtiga, <a href="#li92">92</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllwiht">l-wiht</a>, st. m., <i>being of another species, monster</i>: gen. +pl. l-wihta eard, of the dwelling-place of Grendel's kindred, <a href="#li1501">1501</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glppelfealu">ppel-fealu</a>, adj., <i>dappled sorrel</i>, or +<i>apple-yellow</i>: nom. pl. ppel-fealuwe mēaras, <i>apple-yellow +steeds</i>, <a href="#li2166">2166</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrn">rn</a>, st. n., <i>house</i>, in the compounds heal-, hord-, +medo-, þrȳð-, win-rn.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsc">sc</a>, st. m., <i>ash</i> (does not occur in Bēowulf in this +sense), <i>lance, spear</i>, because the shaft consists of ash wood: +dat. pl. (quā instr.) scum and ecgum, <i>with spears and swords</i>, +<a href="#li1773">1773</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscholt">sc-holt</a>, st. n., <i>ash wood, ashen shaft</i>: nom. pl. +sc-holt ufan grǣg, <i>the ashen shafts gray above</i> (spears with +iron points), <a href="#li330">330</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscwiga">sc-wiga</a>, w. m., <i>spear-fighter, warrior armed with the +spear</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2043">2043</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glt">t</a>, prep. w. dat., with the fundamental meaning of nearness to +something, hence 1) local, a) <i>with, near, at, on, in</i> (rest): t +hȳðe, in <i>harbor</i>, <a href="#li32">32</a>; t symle, <i>at the meal</i>, <a href="#li81">81</a>, t āde, +<i>on the funeral-pile</i>, <a href="#li1111">1111</a>, <a href="#li1115">1115</a>; t þē ānum, <i>with thee +alone</i>, <a href="#li1378">1378</a>; t wīge, <i>in the fight</i>, <a href="#li1338">1338</a>; t hilde, <a href="#li1660">1660</a>, +<a href="#li2682">2682</a>; t ǣte, <i>in eating</i>, <a href="#li3027">3027</a>, etc. b) <i>to, towards, at, +on</i> (motion to): dēaðes wylm hrān t heortan, <i>seized upon the +heart</i>, <a href="#li2271">2271</a>; gehēton t hrgtrafum, <i>vowed at</i> (or <i>to</i>) +<i>the temples of the gods</i>, <a href="#li175">175</a>. c) with verbs of taking away, +<i>away from</i> (as starting from near an object): geþeah þt ful t +Wealhþēon, <i>took the cup from W</i>., <a href="#li630">630</a>; fela ic gebād grynna t +Grendle, <i>from Grendel</i>, <a href="#li931">931</a>; t mīnum fder genam, <i>took me +from my father to himself</i>, <a href="#li2430">2430</a>.—2) temporal, <i>at, in, at the +time of</i>: t frumsceafte, <i>in the beginning</i>, <a href="#li45">45</a>; t ende, +<i>at an end</i>, <a href="#li224">224</a>; fand sīnne dryhten ealdres t ende, <i>at the +end of life, dying</i>, <a href="#li2791">2791</a>; similarly, <a href="#li2823">2823</a>; t feohgyftum, <i>in +giving gifts</i>, <a href="#li1090">1090</a>; t sīðestan, <i>finally</i>, <a href="#li3014">3014</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltgrǣpe">t-grǣpe</a>, adj., <i>laying hold of</i>, prehendens, <a href="#li1270">1270</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltrihte">t-rihte</a>, adv., <i>almost</i>, <a href="#li1658">1658</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossAEl">Ǣ</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣdre">ǣdre, ēdre</a>, st. f., <i>aqueduct, canal</i> (not in Bēow.), + <i>vein</i> (not in Bēow.), <i>stream, violent pouring forth</i>: + dat. pl. swāt ǣdrum sprong, <i>the blood sprang in streams</i>, <a href="#li2967">2967</a>; + blōd ēdrum dranc, <i>drank the blood in streams</i>(?), <a href="#li743">743</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣdre2">ǣdre</a>, adv., <i>hastily, directly, immediately</i>, <a href="#li77">77</a>, <a href="#li354">354</a>, +<a href="#li3107">3107</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣthm">ǣðm</a>, st. m., <i>breath, gasp, snort</i>: instr. sg. hreðer ǣðme +wēoll, <i>the breast</i> (of the drake) <i>heaved with snorting</i>, +<a href="#li2594">2594</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣfen">ǣfen</a>, st. m., <i>evening</i>, <a href="#li1236">1236</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣfengram">ǣfen-gram</a>, adj., <i>hostile at evening, night-enemy</i>: nom. +sg. m. ǣfen-grom, of Grendel, <a href="#li2075">2075</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣfenlēoht">ǣfen-lēoht</a>, st. n., <i>evening-light</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li413">413</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣfenrst">ǣfen-rst</a>, st. f., <i>evening-rest</i>: acc. sg. -rste, <a href="#li647">647</a>, +<a href="#li1253">1253</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣfensprǣc">ǣfen-sprǣc</a>, st. f., <i>evening-talk</i>: acc. sg. +gemunde ...ǣfen-sprǣce, <i>thought about what he had spoken in the +evening</i>, <a href="#li760">760</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣfre">ǣfre</a>, adv., <i>ever, at any time</i>, <a href="#li70">70</a>, <a href="#li280">280</a>, <a href="#li504">504</a>, <a href="#li693">693</a>, etc.: +in negative sentences, ǣfre ne, <i>never</i>, <a href="#li2601">2601</a>.—Comp. nǣfre.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣghwā">ǣg-hwā</a> (O.H.G. ēo-ga-hwr), pron., <i>every, each</i>: dat. sg. +ǣghwǣm, <a href="#li1385">1385</a>. The gen. sg. in adverbial sense, <i>in all, throughout, +thoroughly</i>: ǣghws untǣle, <i>thoroughly blameless</i>, <a href="#li1866">1866</a>; +ǣghws unrīm, <i>entirely innumerable quantity</i>, i.e. an enormous +multitude, <a href="#li2625">2625</a>, <a href="#li3136">3136</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣghwther">ǣg-hwðer</a> (O.H.G. ēo-ga-hwdar): 1) <i>each</i> (of two): nom. +sg. hfde ǣghwðer ende gefēred, <i>each of the two</i> (Bēowulf and +the drake) <i>had reached the end</i>, <a href="#li2845">2845</a>; dat. sg. ǣghwðrum ws +brōga fram ōðrum, <i>to each of the two</i> (Bēowulf and the drake) +<i>was fear of the other</i>, <a href="#li2565">2565</a>; gen. sg. ǣghwðres ... worda and +worca, <a href="#li287">287</a>.—2) <i>each</i> (of several): dat. sg. heora ǣghwðrum, +<a href="#li1637">1637</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣghwǣr">ǣg-hwǣr</a>, adv., <i>everywhere</i>, <a href="#li1060">1060</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣghwilc">ǣg-hwilc</a> (O.H.G. ēo-gi-hwlih), pron., unusquisque, +<i>every</i> (one): 1) used as an adj.: acc. sg. m. dǣl ǣghwylcne, +<a href="#li622">622</a>.—2) as substantive, a) with the partitive genitive: nom. sg. +ǣg-hwylc, <a href="#li9">9</a>, <a href="#li2888">2888</a>; dat. sg. ǣghwylcum, <a href="#li1051">1051</a>. b) without gen.: nom. sg. +ǣghwylc, <a href="#li985">985</a>, <a href="#li988">988</a>; (ws) ǣghwylc ōðrum trȳwe, <i>each one</i> (of two) +<i>true to the other</i>, <a href="#li1166">1166</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣgweard">ǣg-weard</a>, st. f., <i>watch on the sea shore</i>: acc. sg. +ǣg-wearde, <a href="#li241">241</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣht">ǣht</a> (abstract form from āgan, denoting the state of +possessing), st. f.: 1) <i>possession, power</i>: acc. sg. on flōdes +ǣht, <a href="#li42">42</a>; on wteres ǣht, <i>into the power of the water</i>, <a href="#li516">516</a>; on +ǣht gehwearf Denigea frēan, <i>passed over into the possession of a +Danish master</i>, <a href="#li1680">1680</a>.—2) <i>property, possessions, goods</i>: acc. +pl. ǣhte, <a href="#li2249">2249</a>.—Comp. māðm-, gold-ǣht.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣht">ǣht</a> (O.H.G. āhta), st. f., <i>pursuit</i>: nom. þā ws ǣht +boden Swēona lēodum, segn Higelāce, <i>then was pursuit offered to the +people of the Swēonas, (their) banner to Hygelāc</i> (i.e. the banner +of the Swedes, taken during their flight, fell into the hands of +Hygelāc), <a href="#li2958">2958</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣled">ǣled</a> (Old Sax. eld, O.N. edl-r), st. m., <i>fire</i>, <a href="#li3016">3016</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣledlēoma">ǣled-lēoma</a>, w. m., <i>(fire-light), torch</i>: acc. sg. lēoman, +<a href="#li3126">3126</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gllēoma">lēoma</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣn">ǣn</a> (oblique form of ān), num., <i>one</i>: acc. sg. m. þone ǣnne +þone..., <i>the one whom</i>..., <a href="#li1054">1054</a>; oftor micle þonne on ǣnne sīð, +<i>much oftener than one time</i>, <a href="#li1580">1580</a>; forð onsendon ǣnne, <i>sent him +forth alone</i>, <a href="#li46">46</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣne">ǣne</a>, adv., <i>once</i>: oft nalles ǣne, <a href="#li3020">3020</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣnig">ǣnig</a>, pron., <i>one, any one</i>, <a href="#li474">474</a>, <a href="#li503">503</a>, <a href="#li510">510</a>, <a href="#li534">534</a>, etc.: +instr. sg. nolde ... 0nige þinga, <i>would in no way, not at all</i>, +<a href="#li792">792</a>; lȳt ǣnig mearn, <i>little did any one sorrow</i> (i.e. no one), +<a href="#li3130">3130</a>.—With the article: ns se folccyning ... ǣnig, <i>no people's +king</i>, <a href="#li2735">2735</a>.—Comp. nǣnig.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣnlīc">ǣn-līc</a>, adj., <i>alone, excellent, distinguished</i>: ǣnlīc +ansȳn, <i>distinguished appearance</i>, <a href="#li251">251</a>; þēah þe hīo ǣnlīcu sȳ, +<i>though she be beautiful</i>, <a href="#li1942">1942</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣr">ǣr</a> (comparative form, from ā): 1) adv., <i>sooner, before, +beforehand</i>, <a href="#li15">15</a>, <a href="#li656">656</a>, <a href="#li695">695</a>, <a href="#li758">758</a>, etc., <i>for a long time</i>, <a href="#li2596">2596</a>; +eft swā ǣr, <i>again as formerly</i>, <a href="#li643">643</a>; ǣr nē siððan, <i>neither +sooner nor later</i>, <a href="#li719">719</a>; ǣr and sīð, <i>sooner and later</i> (all +times), <a href="#li2501">2501</a>; nō þȳ ǣr (<i>not so much the sooner</i>), <i>yet +not</i>, <a href="#li755">755</a>, <a href="#li1503">1503</a>, <a href="#li2082">2082</a>, <a href="#li2161">2161</a>, <a href="#li2467">2467</a>.—2) conjunct., <i>before, +ere</i>: a) with the ind.: ǣr hīo tō setle gēong, <a href="#li2020">2020</a>. b) w. +subjunc.: ǣr gē fyr fēran, <i>before you travel farther</i>, <a href="#li252">252</a>; ǣr +hē on hwurfe <a href="#li164">164</a>, so <a href="#li677">677</a>, <a href="#li2819">2819</a>; ǣr þon dg cwōme, <i>ere the day +break</i>, <a href="#li732">732</a>; ǣr correlative to ǣr adv.: ǣr hē feorh seleð, aldor an +ōfre, ǣr hē wille ..., <i>he will sooner</i> (rather) <i>leave his +life upon the shore, before</i> (than) <i>he will</i> ..., <a href="#li1372">1372</a>.—3) +prepos. with dat., <i>before</i> ǣr dēaðe, <i>before death</i>, <a href="#li1389">1389</a>; +ǣr dges hwīle, <i>before daybreak</i>, <a href="#li2321">2321</a>; ǣr swylt-dge, <i>before +the day of death</i>, <a href="#li2799">2799</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣror">ǣror</a>, comp. adv., <i>sooner, before-hand</i>, <a href="#li810">810</a>; +<i>formerly</i>, <a href="#li2655">2655</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣrra">ǣrra</a>, comp. adj., <i>earlier</i>; instr. pl., ǣrran mǣlum, +<i>in former times</i>, <a href="#li908">908</a>, <a href="#li2238">2238</a>, <a href="#li3036">3036</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣrest">ǣrest</a>, superl.: 1) adv., <i>first of all, foremost</i>, <a href="#li6">6</a>, <a href="#li617">617</a>, +<a href="#li1698">1698</a>, etc.—2) as subst. n., <i>relation to, the beginning</i>: acc. +þt ic his ǣrest þē eft gesgde (<i>to tell thee in what relation it +stood at first to the coat of mail that has been presented</i>), <a href="#li2158">2158</a>. +See <a href="#note2158">Note</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣrdg">ǣr-dg</a>, st. m. (<i>before-day</i>), <i>morning-twilight, gray +of morning</i>: dat. sg. mid ǣrdge, <a href="#li126">126</a>; samod ǣrdge, <a href="#li1312">1312</a>, <a href="#li2943">2943</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣrende">ǣrende</a>, st. n., <i>errand, trust</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li270">270</a>, <a href="#li345">345</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣrfder">ǣr-fder</a>, st. m., <i>late father, deceased father</i>: nom sg. +swā his ǣrfder, <a href="#li2623">2623</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣrgestrēon">ǣr-gestrēon</a>, st. n., <i>old treasure, possessions dating from +old times</i>: acc sg., <a href="#li1758">1758</a>; gen. sg. swylcra fela ǣrgestrēona, +<i>much of such old treasure</i>, <a href="#li2233">2233</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgestrēon">gestrēon</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣrgeweorc">ǣr-geweorc</a>, st. n., <i>work dating from old times</i>: nom. sg. +enta ǣr-geweorc, <i>the old work of the giants</i> (of the golden +sword-hilt from Grendel's water-hall), <a href="#li1680">1680</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgeweorc">geweorc</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣrgōd">ǣr-gōd</a>, adj., <i>good since old times, long invested with +dignity</i> or <i>advantages</i>: ðeling ǣrgōd, <a href="#li130">130</a>; (eorl) ǣrgōd, +<a href="#li1330">1330</a>; īren ǣrgōd (<i>excellent sword</i>), <a href="#li990">990</a>, <a href="#li2587">2587</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣrwela">ǣr-wela</a>, w. m., <i>old possessions, riches dating from old +times</i>: acc. sg. ǣrwelan, <a href="#li2748">2748</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glwela">wela</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣs">ǣs</a>, st. n., <i>carcass, carrion</i>: dat. (instr.) sg. ǣse, of +schere's corpse, <a href="#li1333">1333</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣt">ǣt</a>, st. m., <i>food, meat</i>: dat, sg., hū him t ǣte spēow, +<i>how he fared well at meat</i>, <a href="#li3027">3027</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣttren">ǣttren</a> (see attor), adj., <i>poisonous</i>: ws þt blōd tō þs +hāt, ǣttren ellorgāst, se ǣr inne swealt, <i>so hot was the blood, +(and) poisonous the demon</i> (Grendel's mother) <i>who died +therein</i>, 1618</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossB">B</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbana">bana, bona</a>, w. m., <i>murderer</i>, <a href="#li158">158</a>, <a href="#li588">588</a>, <a href="#li1103">1103</a>, etc.: +acc. sg. bonan Ongenþēowes, of Hygelāc, although in reality his men +slew Ongenþēow (<a href="#li2965">2965</a> ff.), <a href="#li1969">1969</a>. Figuratively of inanimate objects: ne +ws ecg bona, <a href="#li2507">2507</a>; wearð wracu Wēohstānes bana, <a href="#li2614">2614</a>.—Comp.: +ecg-, feorh-, gāst-, hand-, mūð-bana.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbongār">bon-gār</a>, st. m. <i>murdering spear</i>, <a href="#li2032">2032</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebannan">bannan</a>, st. v. w. acc. of the thing and dat. of the person, +<i>to command, to bid</i>: inf., <a href="#li74">74</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbād">bād</a>, st. f., <i>pledge</i>, only in comp.: nȳd-bād.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbān">bān</a>, st. n., <i>bone</i>: dat. sg. on bāne (on the bony skin of +the drake), <a href="#li2579">2579</a>; dat. pl. heals ealne ymbefēng biteran bānum (here of +the teeth of the drake), <a href="#li2693">2693</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbāncofa">bān-cofa</a>, w. m., "cubile ossium" (Grimm) of the body: dat. sg. +-cofan, <a href="#li1446">1446</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbānfāg">bān-fāg</a>, adj., <i>variegated with bones</i>, either with +ornaments made of bone-work, or adorned with bone, perhaps +deer-antlers; of Hrōðgār's hall, <a href="#li781">781</a>. The last meaning seems the more +probable.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbānft">bān-ft</a>, st. n., <i>bone-vessel</i>, i.e. the body: acc. pl. +bān-fatu, <a href="#li1117">1117</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbānhring">bān-hring</a>, st. m., <i>the bone-structure, joint, +bone-joint</i>: acc. pl. hire wið halse ... bānhringas brc (<i>broke +her neck-joint</i>), <a href="#li1568">1568</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbānhūs">bān-hūs</a>, st. n., <i>bone-house</i>, i.e. the body: acc. sg. +bānhūs gebrc, <a href="#li2509">2509</a>; similarly, <a href="#li3148">3148</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbānloca">bān-loca</a>, w. m., <i>the enclosure of the bones</i>, i.e. the +body: acc. sg. bāt bānlocan, <i>bit the body</i>, <a href="#li743">743</a>; nom. pl. +burston bānlocan, <i>the body burst</i> (of Grendel, because his arm +was torn out), <a href="#li819">819</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbāt">bāt</a>, st. m., <i>boat, craft, ship</i>, <a href="#li211">211</a>.—Comp. sǣ-bāt.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbātweard">bāt-weard</a>, st. m., <i>boat-watcher, he who keeps watch over the +craft.</i> dat. sg. -wearde, <a href="#li1901">1901</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbth">bð</a>, st. n., <i>bath</i>: acc. sg. ofer ganotes bð, <i>over +the diver's bath</i> (i.e. the sea), <a href="#li1862">1862</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrnan">brnan</a>, w. v., <i>to cause to burn, to burn</i>: inf. hēt ... +bānfatu brnan, <i>bade that the bodies be burned</i>, <a href="#li1117">1117</a>; ongan ... +beorht hofu brnan, <i>began to consume the splendid country-seats</i> +(the dragon), <a href="#li2314">2314</a>.</p> + +<p>for-brnan, w. v., <i>consume with fire</i>: inf. hȳ hine ne mōston +... brondefor-brnan, <i>they</i> (the Danes) <i>could not burn +him</i> (the dead schere) <i>upon the funeral-pile</i>, <a href="#li2127">2127</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbǣdan">bǣdan</a> (Goth, baidjan, O.N. beðia), <i>to incite, to +encourage</i>: pret. bǣdde byre geonge, <i>encouraged the youths</i> +(at the banquet), <a href="#li2019">2019</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebǣdan">bǣdan</a>, w. v., <i>to press hard</i>: pret. part. bysigum +gebǣded, <i>distressed by trouble, difficulty, danger</i> (of battle), +<a href="#li2581">2581</a>; <i>to drive, to send forth</i>: strǣla storm strengum gebǣded, +<i>the storm of arrows sent with strength</i>, <a href="#li3118">3118</a>; <i>overcome</i>: +draca ... bealwe gebǣded, <i>the dragon ... overcome by the ills of +battle</i>, <a href="#li2827">2827</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbǣl">bǣl</a> (O.N. bāl), st. n., <i>fire, flames</i>: (wyrm) mid bǣle fōr, +<i>passed (through the air) with fire</i>, <a href="#li2309">2309</a>; hfde landwara līge +befangan, bǣle and bronde, <i>with fire and burning</i>, <a href="#li2323">2323</a>.—Especially, +<i>the fire of the funeral-pile, the funeral-pile</i>, <a href="#li1110">1110</a>, <a href="#li1117">1117</a>, <a href="#li2127">2127</a>; ǣr +hē bǣl cure, <i>ere he sought the burning</i> (i.e. died), <a href="#li2819">2819</a>; hātað ... +hlǣw gewyrcean ... fter bǣle, <i>after I am burned, let a burial mound be +thrown up</i> (Bēowulf's words), <a href="#li2804">2804</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbǣlfȳr">bǣl-fȳr</a>, st. n., <i>bale-fire, fire of the funeral-pile</i>: +gen. pl. bǣlfȳra mǣst, <a href="#li3144">3144</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbǣlstede">bǣl-stede</a>, st. m., <i>place for the funeral-pile</i>: dat. sg. +in bǣl=stede, <a href="#li3098">3098</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbǣlwudu">bǣl-wudu</a>, st. m., <i>wood for the funeral-pile</i>, <a href="#li3113">3113</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbǣr">bǣr</a>, st. f., <i>bier</i>, <a href="#li3106">3106</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebǣran">bǣran</a>, w. v., <i>to conduct one's self, behave</i>: inf. w. +adv., ne gefrgen ic þā mǣgðe ... sēl gebǣran, <i>I did not hear that a +troop bore itself better, maintained a nobler deportment</i>, <a href="#li1013">1013</a>; hē +on eorðan geseah þone lēofestan līfes t ende blēate gebǣran, <i>saw +the best-beloved upon the earth, at the end of his life, struggling +miserably</i> (i.e. in a helpless situation), <a href="#li2825">2825</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebǣtan">bǣtan</a> (denominative from bǣte, <i>the bit</i>), w. v., <i>to +place the bit in the mouth of an animal, to bridle</i>: pret. part. þā +ws Hrōðgāre hors gebǣted, <a href="#li1400">1400</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbe">be</a>, prep. w. dat. (with the fundamental meaning <i>near</i>, +"but not of one direction, as t, but more general"): 1) local, +<i>near by, near, at, on</i> (rest): be ȳdlāfe uppe lǣgon, <i>lay +above, upon the deposit of the waves</i> (upon the strand, of the +slain nixies), <a href="#li566">566</a>; hfde be honda, <i>held by the hand</i> (Bēowulf +held Grendel), <a href="#li815">815</a>; be sǣm tweonum, <i>in the circuit of both the +seas</i>, <a href="#li859">859</a>, <a href="#li1686">1686</a>; be mste, <i>on the mast</i>, <a href="#li1906">1906</a>; by fȳre, +<i>by the fire</i>, <a href="#li2220">2220</a>; be nsse, <i>at the promontory</i>, <a href="#li2244">2244</a>; +st be þǣm gebrōðrum twǣm, <i>sat by the two brothers</i>, <a href="#li1192">1192</a>; ws +se gryre lǣssa efne swā micle swā bið mgða crft be wǣpnedmen, <i>the +terror was just so much less, as is the strength of woman to the +warrior</i> (i.e. is valued by), <a href="#li1285">1285</a>, etc.—2) also local, but of +motion from the subject in the direction of the object, <i>on, upon, +by</i>: gefēng be eaxle, <i>seized by the shoulder</i>, <a href="#li1538">1538</a>; ālēdon +lēofne þēoden be mste, <i>laid the dear lord near the mast</i>, <a href="#li36">36</a>; +be healse genam, <i>took him by the neck, fell upon his neck</i>, +<a href="#li1873">1873</a>; wǣpen hafenade be hiltum, <i>grasped the weapon by the hilt</i>, +<a href="#li1757">1757</a>, etc.—3) with this is connected the causal force, <i>on account +of, for, according to</i>: ic þis gid be þē āwrc, <i>I spake this +solemn speech for thee, for thy sake</i>, <a href="#li1724">1724</a>; þū þē lǣr be þon, +<i>learn according to this, from this</i>, <a href="#li1723">1723</a>; be fder lāre, +<i>according to her father's direction</i>, <a href="#li1951">1951</a>.—4) temporal, +<i>while, during</i>: be þē lifigendum, <i>while thou livest, during +thy life</i>, <a href="#li2666">2666</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glbī">bī</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbed">bed</a>, st. n., <i>bed, couch</i>: acc. sg. bed, <a href="#li140">140</a>, <a href="#li677">677</a>; gen. +sg. beddes, <a href="#li1792">1792</a>; dat. pl. beddum, <a href="#li1241">1241</a>.—Comp: deað-, hlin-, lger-, +morðor-, wl-bed.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebedde">bedde</a>, w. f., <i>bed-fellow</i>: dat. sg. wolde sēcan ewēn +tō gebeddan, <i>wished to seek the queen as bed-fellow, to go to bed +with her</i>, <a href="#li666">666</a>.—Comp. heals-gebedde.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēgen">bēgen</a>, fem. <b>bā</b>, <i>both</i>: nom. m., <a href="#li536">536</a>, <a href="#li770">770</a>, <a href="#li2708">2708</a>; +acc. fem. on bā healfa, <i>on two sides</i> (i.e. Grendel and his +mother), <a href="#li1306">1306</a>; dat. m. bām, <a href="#li2197">2197</a>; and in connection with the +possessive instead of the personal pronoun, ūrum bām, <a href="#li2661">2661</a>; gen. n. +bēga, <a href="#li1874">1874</a>, <a href="#li2896">2896</a>; bēga gehwðres, <i>each one of the two</i>, <a href="#li1044">1044</a>; +bēga folces, of <i>both peoples</i>, <a href="#li1125">1125</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebelgan">belgan</a>, st. v. (properly, <i>to cause to swell, to +swell</i>), <i>to irritate</i>: w. dat. (pret. subj.) þt hē ēcean +dryhtne bitre gebulge, <i>that he had bitterly angered the eternal +Lord</i>, <a href="#li2332">2332</a>; pret. part. gebolgen, <a href="#li1540">1540</a>; (gebolge, MS.), <a href="#li2222">2222</a>; pl. +gebolgne, <a href="#li1432">1432</a>; more according to the original meaning in torne +gebolgen, <a href="#li2402">2402</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-belgan, <i>to anger</i>: pret. sg. w. acc. oð þt hyne ān ābealh mon +on mōde, <i>till a man angered him in his heart</i>, <a href="#li2281">2281</a>; pret. part. +ābolgen, <a href="#li724">724</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glben">ben</a>, st. f., <i>wound</i>: acc. sg. benne, <a href="#li2725">2725</a>.—Comp.: +feorh-, seax-ben.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbenc">benc</a>, st. f., <i>bench</i>: nom. sg. benc, <a href="#li492">492</a>; dat. sg. bence, +<a href="#li327">327</a>, <a href="#li1014">1014</a>, <a href="#li1189">1189</a>, <a href="#li1244">1244</a>.—Comp.: ealu-, medu-benc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbencswēg">benc-swēg</a>, st. m., (<i>bench-rejoicing</i>), <i>rejoicing which +resounds from the benches</i>, <a href="#li1162">1162</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbencthel">benc-þel</a>, st. n., <i>bench-board, the wainscotted space where +the benches stand</i>: nom. pl. benc-þelu, <a href="#li486">486</a>; acc. pl. bencþelu +beredon, <i>cleared the bench-boards</i> (i.e. by taking away the +benches, so as to prepare couches), <a href="#li1240">1240</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbend">bend</a>, st. m. f., <i>bond, fetter</i>: acc. sg. forstes bend, +<i>frost's bond</i>, <a href="#li1610">1610</a>; dat. pl. bendum, <a href="#li978">978</a>.—Comp.: fȳr-, hell-, +hyge-, īren-, oncer-, searo-, wl-bend.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbengeat">ben-geat</a>, st. n., (<i>wound-gate</i>), <i>wound-opening</i>: +nom. pl. ben-geato, <a href="#li1122">1122</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbera">bera</a> (O.N. beri), w. m., <i>bearer</i>: in comp. hleor-bera.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glberan">beran</a>, st. v. w. acc., <i>to carry</i>; III. sg. pres. byreð, <a href="#li296">296</a>, +<a href="#li448">448</a>; þone māððum byreð, <i>carries the treasure</i> (upon his person), +<a href="#li2056">2056</a>; pres. subj. bere, <a href="#li437">437</a>; pl. beren, <a href="#li2654">2654</a>; inf. beran, <a href="#li48">48</a>, <a href="#li231">231</a>, <a href="#li291">291</a>, +etc.; heht þā se hearda Hrunting beran, <i>to bring Hrunting</i>, <a href="#li1808">1808</a>; up +beran, <a href="#li1921">1921</a>; in beran, <a href="#li2153">2153</a>; pret. br, <a href="#li495">495</a>, <a href="#li712">712</a>, <a href="#li847">847</a>, etc.; mandryhtne br +fǣted wǣge, <i>brought the lord the costly vessel</i>, <a href="#li2282">2282</a>; pl. bǣron, +<a href="#li213">213</a>, <a href="#li1636">1636</a>, etc.; bǣran, <a href="#li2851">2851</a>; pret. part. boren, <a href="#li1193">1193</a>, <a href="#li1648">1648</a>, <a href="#li3136">3136</a>.—The +following expressions are poetic paraphrases of the forms <i>go, come</i>: +þt wē rondas beren eft tō earde, <a href="#li2654">2654</a>; gewītað forð beran wǣpen and +gewǣdu, <a href="#li291">291</a>; ic gefrgn sunu Wīhstānes hringnet beran, <a href="#li2755">2755</a>; wīgheafolan +br, <a href="#li2662">2662</a>; helmas bǣron, <a href="#li240">240</a> (conjecture); scyldas bǣran, <a href="#li2851">2851</a>: they lay +stress upon the connection of the man with his weapons.</p> + +<p>t-beran, <i>to carry to</i>: inf. tō beadulāce (<i>battle</i>) tberan, +<a href="#li1562">1562</a>; pret. þā hine on morgentīd on Heaðorǣmas holm up tbr, <i>the sea +bore him up to the Heaðorǣmas</i>, <a href="#li519">519</a>; hīo Bēowulfe medoful tbr +<i>brought Bēowulf the mead-cup</i>, <a href="#li625">625</a>; mgenbyrðenne ... hider ūt tbr +cyninge mīnum, <i>bore the great burden hither to my king</i>, <a href="#li3093">3093</a>; pl. hī +hyne tbǣron tō brimes faroðe, <a href="#li28">28</a>.—2) <i>bear away</i>: +t līc tbr, <a href="#li2128">2128</a>.</p> + +<p>for-beran, <i>to hold, to suppress</i>: inf. þt hē þone brēostwylm +forberan ne mehte, <i>that he could not suppress the emotions of his +breast</i>, <a href="#li1878">1878</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-beran, <i>to bring forth, to bear</i>: pret. part. þt lā mg +secgan sē þe sōð and riht fremeð on folce ... þt þes eorl wǣre geboren +betera (<i>that may every just man of the people say, that this +nobleman is better born</i>), <a href="#li1704">1704</a>.</p> + +<p>oð-beran, <i>to bring hither</i>: pret. þā mec sǣ oðbr on Finna land, +<a href="#li579">579</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glonberan">on-beran</a> (O.H.G. in bran, intpran, but in the sense of +carere), auferre, <i>to carry off, to take away</i>: inf. īren ǣrgōd +þt þs āhlǣcan blōdge beadufolme onberan wolde, <i>excellent sword +which would sweep off the bloody hand of the demon</i>, <a href="#li991">991</a>; pret. +part. (ws) onboren bēaga hord, <i>the treasure of the rings had been +carried off</i>, <a href="#li2285">2285</a>.—Compounds with the pres. part.: helm-, +sāwl-berend.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glberian">berian</a> (denominative from br, <i>naked</i>), w. v., <i>to make +bare, to clear</i>: pret. pl. bencþelu beredon, <i>cleared the +bench-place</i> (by removing the benches), <a href="#li1240">1240</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glberstan">berstan</a>, st. v., <i>to break, to burst</i>: pret. pl. burston +bānlocan, <a href="#li819">819</a>; bengeato burston, <a href="#li1122">1122</a>.—<i>to crack, to make the noise +of breaking</i>: fingras burston, <i>the fingers cracked</i> (from +Bēowulf's gripe), <a href="#li761">761</a>.</p> + +<p>for-berstan, <i>break, to fly asunder</i>: pret. Ngling forbrst, +<i>Ngling</i> (Bēowulf's sword) <i>broke in two</i>, <a href="#li2681">2681</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbetera">betera</a>, adj. (comp.), <i>better</i>: nom. sg. m. betera, <a href="#li469">469</a>, +<a href="#li1704">1704</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbetlīc">bet-līc</a>, adj., <i>excellent, splendid</i>: nom. sg. n., of +Hrōðgār's hall, <a href="#li781">781</a>; of Hygelāc's residence, <a href="#li1926">1926</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbetst">betst, betost</a> (superl.), <i>best, the best</i>: nom. sg. m. +betst beadurinca, <a href="#li1110">1110</a>; neut. nū is ofost betost, þt wē ..., <i>now is +haste the best, that we...</i>, <a href="#li3008">3008</a>; voc. m. secg betsta, <a href="#li948">948</a>; neut. +acc. beaduscrūda betst, <a href="#li453">453</a>; acc. sg. m. þegn betstan, <a href="#li1872">1872</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēcn">bēcn</a>, st. n., <i>(beacon), token, mark, sign</i>: acc. sg. +betimbredon beadu-rōfes bēcn (of Bēowulf's grave-mound), <a href="#li3162">3162</a>. See +<a class="glentry" href="#glbeacen">beacen</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēg">bēg</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glbēag">bēag</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēn">bēn</a>, st. f., <i>entreaty</i>: gen. sg. bēne, <a href="#li428">428</a>, <a href="#li2285">2285</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēna">bēna</a>, w. m., <i>suppliant</i>, supplex: nom. sg. swā þū bēna +eart (<i>as thou entreatest</i>), <a href="#li352">352</a>; swā hē bēna ws (<i>as he had +asked</i>), <a href="#li3141">3141</a>; nom. pl. hȳ bēnan synt, <a href="#li364">364</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebetan:">betan:</a> 1) <i>to make good, to remove</i>: pret. ac þū +Hrōðgāre wīdcūðne wēan wihte gebēttest, <i>hast thou in any way +relieved Hrōðgār of the evil known afar</i>, <a href="#li1992">1992</a>; pret. part. acc. +sg. swylce oncȳððe ealle gebētte, <i>removed all trouble</i>, <a href="#li831">831</a>. +—2) <i>to avenge</i>: inf. wihte ne meahte on þām feorhbonan fǣhðe +gebētan, <i>could in no way avenge the death upon the slayer</i>, +<a href="#li2466">2466</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeadu">beadu</a>, st. f., <i>battle, strife, combat</i>: dat. sg. (as +instr.) beadwe, <i>in combat</i>, <a href="#li1540">1540</a>; gen. pl. bād beadwa ge-þinges, +<i>waited for the combats</i> (with Grendel) <i>that were in store for +him</i>, <a href="#li710">710</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeadufolm">beadu-folm</a>, st. f., <i>battle-hand</i>: acc. sg. -folme, of +Grendel's hand, <a href="#li991">991</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeadogrīma">beado-grīma</a>, w. m., <i>(battle-mask), helmet</i>: acc. pl. +-grīman, <a href="#li2258">2258</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeadohrgl">beado-hrgl</a>, st. n., <i>(battle-garment), corselet, shirt of +mail</i>, <a href="#li552">552</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeadulāc">beadu-lāc</a>, st. n., (<i>exercise in arms, tilting</i>), +<i>combat, battle</i>: dat. sg. tō beadu-lāce, <a href="#li1562">1562</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeadolēoma">beado-lēoma</a>, w. m., (<i>battle-light</i>), <i>sword</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li1524">1524</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeadomēce">beado-mēce</a>, st. m., <i>battle-sword</i>: nom. pl. beado-mēcas, +<a href="#li1455">1455</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeadorinc">beado-rinc</a>, st. m., <i>battle-hero, warrior</i>: gen. pl. betst +beadorinca, <a href="#li1110">1110</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeadurōf">beadu-rōf</a>, adj., <i>strong in battle</i>: gen. sg. -rōfes, of +Bēowulf, <a href="#li3162">3162</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeadurūn">beadu-rūn</a>, st. f., <i>mystery of battle</i>: acc. sg. onband +beadu-rūne, <i>solved the mystery of the combat</i>, i.e. gave battle, +commenced the fight, <a href="#li501">501</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeaduscearp">beadu-scearp</a>, adj., <i>battle-sharp, sharp for the battle</i>, +<a href="#li2705">2705</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeaduscrūd">beadu-scrūd</a>, st. n., (<i>battle-dress</i>), <i>corselet, shirt +of mail</i>: gen. pl. beaduscrūda betst, <a href="#li453">453</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeaduserce">beadu-serce</a>, w. f., (<i>battle-garment</i>), <i>corselet, shirt +of mail</i>: acc. sg. brogdne beadu-sercean (because it consists of +interlaced metal rings), <a href="#li2756">2756</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeadoweorc">beado-weorc</a>, st. n., (<i>battle-work</i>), <i>battle</i>: gen. +sg. gefeh beado-weorces, <i>rejoiced at the battle</i>, <a href="#li2300">2300</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeald">beald</a>, adj., <i>bold, brave</i>: in comp. cyning-beald.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbealdian">bealdian</a>, w. v., <i>to show one's self brave</i>: pret. +bealdode gōdum dǣdum (<i>through brave deeds</i>), <a href="#li2178">2178</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbealdor">bealdor</a>, st. m., <i>lord, prince</i>: nom. sg. sinca baldor, +<a href="#li2429">2429</a>; winia bealdor, <a href="#li2568">2568</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbealu">bealu</a>, st. n., <i>evil, ruin, destruction</i>: instr. sg. +bealwe, <a href="#li2827">2827</a>; gen. pl. bealuwa, <a href="#li281">281</a>; bealewa, <a href="#li2083">2083</a>; bealwa, +<a href="#li910">910</a>.—Comp.: cwealm-, ealdor-, hreðer-, lēod-, morðor-, niht-, +sweord-, wīg-bealu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbealu">bealu</a>, adj., <i>deadly, dangerous, bad</i>: instr. sg. hyne sār +hafað befongen balwon bendum, <i>pain has entwined him in deadly +bands</i>, <a href="#li978">978</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbealocwealm">bealo-cwealm</a>, st. m., <i>violent death, death by the +sword</i>(?), <a href="#li2266">2266</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbealohycgende">bealo-hycgende</a>, pres. part., <i>thinking of death, meditating +destruction</i>: gen. pl. ǣghwðrum bealo-hycgendra, <a href="#li2566">2566</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbealohȳdig">bealo-hȳdig</a>, adj., <i>thinking of death, meditating +destruction</i>: of Grendel, <a href="#li724">724</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbealonīth">bealo-nīð</a>, st. m., (<i>zeal for destruction</i>), <i>deadly +enmity</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2405">2405</a>; <i>destructive struggle</i>: acc. sg. +bebeorh þē þone bealonīð, <i>beware of destructive striving</i>, <a href="#li1759">1759</a>; +<i>death-bringing rage</i>: nom. sg. him on brēostum bealo-nīð wēoll, +<i>in his breast raged deadly fury</i> (of the dragon's poison), <a href="#li2715">2715</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbearhtm">bearhtm</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glbeorht">beorht</a>): 1) st. m., <i>splendor, +brightness, clearness</i>: nom. sg. ēagena bearhtm, <a href="#li1767">1767</a>.—2) +<i>sound, tone</i>: acc. sg. bearhtm ongeāton, gūðhorn galan, <i>they +heard the sound, (heard) the battle-horn sound</i>, <a href="#li1432">1432</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbearm">bearm</a>, m., gremium, sinus, <i>lap, bosom</i>: nom. sg. foldan +bearm, <a href="#li1138">1138</a>; acc. sg. on bearm scipes, <a href="#li35">35</a>, <a href="#li897">897</a>; on bearm nacan, <a href="#li214">214</a>; +him on bearm hladan bunan and discas, <a href="#li2776">2776</a>.—2) +figuratively, <i>possession, property</i>, because things bestowed were +placed in the lap of the receiver (<a href="#li1145">1145</a> and <a href="#li2195">2195</a>, on bearm licgan, +ālecgan); dat. sg. him tō bearme cwōm māððumft mǣre, <i>came into his +possession</i>, <a href="#li2405">2405</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbearn">bearn</a>, st. n., 1) <i>child, son</i>: nom. sg. bearn +Healfdenes, <a href="#li469">469</a>, etc.; Ecglāfes bearn, <a href="#li499">499</a>, etc.; dat. sg. bearne, +<a href="#li2371">2371</a>; nom. pl. bearn, <a href="#li59">59</a>; dat. pl. bearnum, <a href="#li1075">1075</a>.—2) in a broader +sense, <i>scion, offspring, descendant</i>: nom. sg. Ongenþēow's +bearn, of his grandson, <a href="#li2388">2388</a>; nom. pl. yldo. bearn, <a href="#li70">70</a>; gumena bearn, +<i>children of men</i>, <a href="#li879">879</a>; hleða bearn, <a href="#li1190">1190</a>; ðelinga bearn, <a href="#li3172">3172</a>; acc. +pl. ofer ylda bearn, <a href="#li606">606</a>; dat. pl. ylda bearnum, <a href="#li150">150</a>; gen. pl. niðða +bearna, <a href="#li1006">1006</a>.—Comp.: brōðor-, dryht-bearn.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbearngebyrdu">bearn-gebyrdu</a>, f., <i>birth, birth of a son</i>: gen. sg. þt hyre +ealdmetod ēste wǣre bearn-gebyrdo, <i>has been gracious through the birth +of such a son</i> (i.e. as Bēowulf), <a href="#li947">947</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbearu">bearu</a>, st. m., (<i>the bearer</i>, hence properly only the +fruit-tree, especially the oak and the beech), <i>tree</i>, collectively +<i>forest</i>: nom. pl. hrīmge bearwas, <i>rime-covered</i> or +<i>ice-clad</i>, <a href="#li1364">1364</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēacen">bēacen</a>, st. n., <i>sign, banner</i>, vexillum: nom. sg. beorht +bēacen godes, <i>of the sun</i>, <a href="#li570">570</a>; gen. pl. bēacna beorhtost, <a href="#li2778">2778</a>. See +<a class="glentry" href="#glbēcn">bēcn</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebēacnian">bēacnian</a>, w. v., <i>to mark, to indicate</i>: pret. part. +ge-bēacnod, <a href="#li140">140</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēag">bēag</a>, st. m., <i>ring, ornament</i>: nom. sg. bēah +(<i>neck-ring</i>), <a href="#li1212">1212</a>; acc. sg. bēah (the collar of the murdered +king of the Heaðobeardnas), <a href="#li2042">2042</a>; bēg (collective for the acc. pl.), +<a href="#li3165">3165</a>; dat. sg. cwōm Wealhþēo forð gān under gyldnum bēage, <i>she +walked along under a golden head-ring, wore a golden diadem</i>, <a href="#li1164">1164</a>; +gen. sg. bēages (of a collar), <a href="#li1217">1217</a>; acc. pl. bēagas (rings in +general), <a href="#li80">80</a>, <a href="#li523">523</a>, etc.; gen. pl. bēaga, <a href="#li35">35</a>, <a href="#li352">352</a>, <a href="#li1488">1488</a>, <a href="#li2285">2285</a>, etc.— +Comp.: earm-, heals-bēag.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēaggyfa">bēag-gyfa</a>, w. m., <i>ring-giver</i>, designation of the prince: +gen. sg. -gyfan, <a href="#li1103">1103</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēaghroden">bēag-hroden</a>, adj., <i>adorned with rings, ornamented with +clasps</i>: nom. sg. bēaghroden, cwēn, of Hrōðgār's consort, perhaps +with reference to her diadem (cf. <a href="#li1164">1164</a>, <a href="#li624">624</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēahhord">bēah-hord</a>, st. m. n., <i>ring-hoard, treasure consisting of +rings</i>: gen. sg. bēah-hordes, <a href="#li895">895</a>; dat. pl. bēah-hordum, <a href="#li2827">2827</a>; gen. +pl. bēah-horda weard, of King Hrōðgār, <a href="#li922">922</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēahsele">bēah-sele</a>, st. m., <i>ring-hall, hall in which the rings were +distributed</i>: nom. sg., of Heorot, <a href="#li1178">1178</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēahthegu">bēah-þegu</a>, st. f., <i>the receiving of the ring</i>: dat. sg. +fter bēah-þege, <a href="#li2177">2177</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēahwritha">bēah-wriða</a>, w. m. <i>ring-band</i>, ring with prominence given +to its having the form of a band: acc. sg. bēah-wriðan, <a href="#li2019">2019</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēam">bēam</a>, st. m., <i>tree</i>, only in the compounds fyrgen-, +glēo-bēam.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēatan">bēatan</a>, st. v., <i>thrust, strike</i>: pres. sg. mearh +burhstede bēateð, <i>the steed beats the castle-ground</i> (place +where the castle is built), i.e. with his hoofs, <a href="#li2266">2266</a>; pret. part. +swealt bille ge-bēaten, <i>died, struck by the battle-axe</i>, <a href="#li2360">2360</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeorh">beorh</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>mountain, rock</i>: dat. sg. beorge, <a href="#li211">211</a>; +gen. sg. beorges, <a href="#li2525">2525</a>, <a href="#li2756">2756</a>; acc. pl. beorgas, +<a href="#li222">222</a>.—2) <i>grave-mound, tomb-hill</i>: acc. sg. biorh, <a href="#li2808">2808</a>; beorh, +<a href="#li3098">3098</a>, <a href="#li3165">3165</a>. A grave-mound serves the drake as a retreat (cf. <a href="#li2277">2277</a>, +<a href="#li2412">2412</a>): nom. sg. beorh, <a href="#li2242">2242</a>; gen. sg. beorges, <a href="#li2323">2323</a>.—Comp. +stān-beorh.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeorh">beorh</a>, st. f., <i>veil, covering, cap</i>; only in the comp. +hēafod-beorh.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeorgan">beorgan</a>, st. v. (w. dat. of the interested person or thing), +<i>to save, to shield</i>: inf. wolde fēore beorgan, <i>place her life +in safety</i>, <a href="#li1294">1294</a>; here-byrne ... sēo þe bāncofan beorgan cūðe, +<i>which could protect his body</i>, <a href="#li1446">1446</a>; pret. pl. ealdre burgan, +<a href="#li2600">2600</a>.</p> + +<p>be-beorgan (w. dat. refl. of pers. and acc. of the thing), <i>to take +care, to defend one's self from</i>: inf. him be-beorgan ne con wom, +<i>cannot keep himself from stain</i> (fault), <a href="#li1747">1747</a>; imp. bebeorh þē +þone bealontð, <a href="#li1759">1759</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-beorgan (w, dat. of person or thing to be saved), <i>to save, to +protect</i>: pret. sg. þt gebearh fēore, <i>protected the life</i>, +<a href="#li1549">1549</a>; scyld wēl gebearg līfe and līce, <a href="#li2571">2571</a>.</p> + +<p>ymb-beorgan, <i>to surround protectingly</i>: pret. sg. bring ūtan +ymb-bearh, <a href="#li1504">1504</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeorht">beorht, byrht</a>, adj.: 1) <i>gleaming, shining, radiant, +shimmering</i>: nom. sg. beorht, of the sun, <a href="#li570">570</a>, <a href="#li1803">1803</a>; beorhta, of +Heorot, <a href="#li1178">1178</a>; þt beorhte bold, <a href="#li998">998</a>; acc. sg. beorhtne, of Bēowulf's +grave-mound, <a href="#li2804">2804</a>; dat. sg. tō þǣre byrhtan (here-byrhtan, MS.) byrig, +<a href="#li1200">1200</a>; acc. pl. beorhte frtwe, <a href="#li214">214</a>, <a href="#li897">897</a>; beorhte randas, <a href="#li231">231</a>; bordwudu +beorhtan, <a href="#li1244">1244</a>; n. beorht hofu, <a href="#li2314">2314</a>. Superl.: bēacna beorhtost, <a href="#li2778">2778</a>. +—2) <i>excellent, remarkable</i>: gen. sg. beorhtre bōte, <a href="#li158">158</a>. +—Comp.: sadol-, wlite-beorht.</p> + +<p>beorhte, adv., <i>brilliantly, brightly, radiantly</i>, <a href="#li1518">1518</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeorhtian">beorhtian</a>, w. v., <i>to sound clearly</i>: pret. sg. beorhtode +benc-swēg, <a href="#li1162">1162</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeorn">beorn</a>, st. m., <i>hero, warrior, noble man</i>: nom. sg. +(Hrōðgār), <a href="#li1881">1881</a>, (Bēowulf), <a href="#li2434">2434</a>, etc.; acc. sg. (Bēow.), <a href="#li1025">1025</a>, +(schere), <a href="#li1300">1300</a>; dat. sg. beorne, <a href="#li2261">2261</a>; nom. pl. beornas (Bēowulf and +his companions), <a href="#li211">211</a>, (Hrōðgār's guests), <a href="#li857">857</a>; gen. pl. biorna +(Bēowulf's liege-men), <a href="#li2405">2405</a>.—Comp.: folc-, gūð-beorn.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeornan">beornan</a>, st. v., <i>to burn</i>: pres. part. byrnende (of the +drake), <a href="#li2273">2273</a>.—Comp. un-byrnende.</p> + +<p>for-beornan, <i>to be consumed, to burn</i>: pret. sg. for-barn, <a href="#li1617">1617</a>, +<a href="#li1668">1668</a>; for-born, <a href="#li2673">2673</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-beornan, <i>to be burned</i>: pret. gebarn, <a href="#li2698">2698</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeorncyning">beorn-cyning</a>, st. m., <i>king of warriors, king of heroes</i>: +nom. sg. (as voc.), <a href="#li2149">2149</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēodan">bēodan</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to announce, to inform, to make +known</i>: inf. bīodan, <a href="#li2893">2893</a>.—2) <i>to offer, to proffer</i> (as the +notifying of a transaction in direct reference to the person concerned +in it): pret. pl. him geþingo budon, <i>offered them an agreement</i>, +<a href="#li1086">1086</a>; pret. part. þā ws ǣht boden Swēona lēodum, <i>then was pursuit +offered the Swedish people</i>, <a href="#li2958">2958</a>; inf. ic þǣm gōdan sceal māðmas +bēodan, <i>I shall offer the excellent man treasures</i>, <a href="#li385">385</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-bēodan, <i>to present, to announce</i>: pret. word inne ābēad, +<i>made known the words within</i>, <a href="#li390">390</a>; <i>to offer, to tender, to +wish</i>: pret. him hǣl ābēad, <i>wished him health</i> (greeted him), +<a href="#li654">654</a>. Similarly, hǣlo ābēad, <a href="#li2419">2419</a>; eoton weard ābēad, <i>offered the +giant a watcher</i>, <a href="#li669">669</a>.</p> + +<p>be-bēodan, <i>to command, to order</i>: pret. swā him se hearda +bebēad, <i>as the strong man commanded them</i>, <a href="#li401">401</a>. Similarly, swā +se rīca bebēad, <a href="#li1976">1976</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-bēodan: 1) <i>to command, to order</i>: inf. hēt þā gebēodan byre +Wīhstānes hleða monegum, þt hīe..., <i>the son of Wihstan caused +orders to be given to many of the men...</i>, <a href="#li3111">3111</a>.—2) <i>to +offer</i>: him Hygd gebēad hord and rīce, <i>offered him the treasure +and the chief power</i>, <a href="#li2370">2370</a>; inf. gūðe gebēodan, <i>to offer +battle</i>, <a href="#li604">604</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēodgenēat">bēod-genēat</a>, st. m., <i>table-companion</i>: nom. and acc. pl. +genēatas, <a href="#li343">343</a>, <a href="#li1714">1714</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēon">bēon</a>, verb, <i>to be</i>, generally in the future sense, +<i>will be</i>: pres. sg. I. gūðgeweorca ic bēo gearo sōna, <i>I shall +immediately be ready for warlike deeds</i>, <a href="#li1826">1826</a>; sg. III. wā bið þǣm +þe sceal..., <i>woe to him who</i>...! <a href="#li183">183</a>; so, <a href="#li186">186</a>; gifeðe bið is +given, <a href="#li299">299</a>; ne bið þē wilna gād (<i>no wish will be denied thee</i>), +<a href="#li661">661</a>; þǣr þē bið manna þearf, <i>if thou shalt need the warriors</i>, +<a href="#li1836">1836</a>; ne bið swylc cwēnlīc þēaw, <i>is not becoming, honorable to a +woman</i>, <a href="#li1941">1941</a>; eft sōna bið <i>will happen directly</i>, <a href="#li1763">1763</a>; +similarly, <a href="#li1768">1768</a>, etc.; pl. þonne bīoð brocene, <i>then are broken</i>, +<a href="#li2064">2064</a>; feor cȳððe bēoð sēlran gesōhte þām þe..., "terrae longinquae +meliores sunt visitatu ei qui..." (Grein), <a href="#li1839">1839</a>; imp. bēo (bīo) þū on +ofeste, <i>hasten!</i> <a href="#li386">386</a>, <a href="#li2748">2748</a>; bēo wið Gēatas gld, <i>be gracious +to the Gēatas</i>, <a href="#li1174">1174</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēor">bēor</a>, st. n., <i>beer</i>: dat. sg. t bēore, <i>at +beer-drinking</i>, <a href="#li2042">2042</a>; instr. sg. bēore druncen, <a href="#li531">531</a>; bēore druncne, +<a href="#li480">480</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēorscealc">bēor-scealc</a>, st. m., <i>keeper of the beer, cup-bearer</i>: +gen. pl. bēor-scealca sum (one of Hrōðgār's followers, because they +served the Gēatas at meals), <a href="#li1241">1241</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēorsele">bēor-sele</a>, st. m., <i>beer-hall, hall in which beer is +drunk</i>: dat. sg. in (on) bēorsele, <a href="#li482">482</a>, <a href="#li492">492</a>, <a href="#li1095">1095</a>; bīorsele, <a href="#li2636">2636</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēorthegu">bēor-þegu</a>, st. f., <i>beer-drinking, beer-banquet</i>: dat. sg. +fter bēorþege, <a href="#li117">117</a>; t þǣre bēorþege, <a href="#li618">618</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēot">bēot</a>, st. n., <i>promise, binding agreement to something that +is to be undertaken</i>: acc. sg. hē bēot ne ālēh, <i>did not break +his pledge</i>, <a href="#li80">80</a>; bēot eal ... gelǣste, <i>performed all that he had +pledged himself to</i>, <a href="#li523">523</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebēotian">bēotian</a>, w. v., <i>to pledge one's self to an undertaking, +to bind one's self</i>: pret. gebēotedon, <a href="#li480">480</a>, <a href="#li536">536</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēotword">bēot-word</a>, st. n., same as bēot: dat. pl. bēot-wordum sprc, +<a href="#li2511">2511</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbiddan">biddan</a>, st. v., <i>to beg, to ask, to pray</i>: pres. sg. I. +dōð swā ic bidde! <a href="#li1232">1232</a>; inf. (w. acc. of the pers. and gen. of the +thing asked for) ic þē biddan wille ānre bēne, <i>beg thee for +one</i>, <a href="#li427">427</a>; pret. swā hē selfa bd, <i>as he himself had +requested</i>, <a href="#li29">29</a>; bd hine blīðne (supply wesan) t þǣre bēorþege, +<i>begged him to be cheerful at the beer-banquet</i>, <a href="#li618">618</a>; ic þē lange +bd þt þū..., <i>begged you a long time that you</i>, <a href="#li1995">1995</a>; +frioðowǣre bd hlāford sīnne, <i>begged his lord for protection</i> +(acc. of pers. and gen. of thing), <a href="#li2283">2283</a>; bd þt gē geworhton, +<i>asked that you</i>..., <a href="#li3097">3097</a>; pl. wordum bǣdon þt..., <a href="#li176">176</a>.</p> + +<p>on-<a class="glentry" name="glonbidian">bidian</a>, w. v., <i>to await</i>: inf. lǣtað hilde-bord hēr +onbidian ... worda geþinges, <i>let the shields await here the result +of the conference</i> (lay the shields aside here), <a href="#li397">397</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbil">bil</a>, st. n. <i>sword</i>: nom. sg. bil, <a href="#li1568">1568</a>; bill, <a href="#li2778">2778</a>; acc. +sg. bil, <a href="#li1558">1558</a>; instr. sg. bille, <a href="#li2360">2360</a>; gen. sg. billes, <a href="#li2061">2061</a>, etc.; +instr. pl. billum, <a href="#li40">40</a>; gen. pl. billa, <a href="#li583">583</a>, <a href="#li1145">1145</a>.—Comp.: gūð-, +hilde-, wīg-bil.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbindan">bindan</a>, st. v., <i>to bind, to tie</i>: pret. part. acc. sg. +wudu bundenne, <i>the bound wood</i>, i.e. the built ship, <a href="#li216">216</a>; bunden +golde swurd, <i>a sword bound with gold</i>, i.e. either having its +hilt inlaid with gold, or having gold chains upon the hilt (swords of +both kinds have been found), <a href="#li1901">1901</a>; nom. sg. heoru bunden, <a href="#li1286">1286</a>, has +probably a similar meaning.</p> + +<p>ge-bindan, <i>to bind</i>: pret. sg. þǣr ic fīfe geband, <i>where I +had bound five</i>(?), <a href="#li420">420</a>; pret. part. cyninges þegn word ōðer fand +sōðe gebunden, <i>the king's man found</i> (after many had already +praised Bēowulf's deed) <i>other words</i> (also referring to Bēowulf, +but in connection with Sigemund) <i>rightly bound together</i>, i.e. +in good alliterative verses, as are becoming to a gid, <a href="#li872">872</a>; wundenmǣl +wrǣttum gebunden, <i>sword bound with ornaments</i>, i.e. inlaid, +<a href="#li1532">1532</a>; bisgum gebunden, <i>bound together by sorrow</i>, <a href="#li1744">1744</a>; gomel +gūðwīga eldo gebunden, <i>hoary hero bound by old age</i> (fettered, +oppressed), <a href="#li2112">2112</a>.</p> + +<p>on-bindan, <i>to unbind, to untie, to loose</i>: pret. onband, <a href="#li501">501</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebind">bind</a>, st. n. coll., <i>that which binds, fetters</i>: in +comp. īs-gebind.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbite">bite</a>, st. m., <i>bite</i>, figuratively of the cut of the +sword: acc. sg. bite īrena, <i>the swords' bite</i>, <a href="#li2260">2260</a>; dat. sg. +fter billes bite, <a href="#li2061">2061</a>.—Comp. lāð-bite.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbiter">biter</a> (primary meaning that of biting), adj.: 1) <i>sharp, +cutting, cutting in</i>: acc. sg. biter (of a short sword), <a href="#li2705">2705</a>; +instr. sg. biteran strǣle, <a href="#li1747">1747</a>; instr. pl. biteran bānum, <i>with +sharp teeth</i>, <a href="#li2693">2693</a>.—2) <i>irritated, furious</i>: nom. pl. bitere, +<a href="#li1432">1432</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbitre">bitre</a>, adv., <i>bitterly</i> (in a moral sense), <a href="#li2332">2332</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbī">bī, big</a> (fuller form of the prep. be, which see), prep. w. +dat.: 1) <i>near, at, on, about, by</i> (as under be, No. 1): bī sǣm +twēonum, <i>in the circuit of both seas</i>, <a href="#li1957">1957</a>; ārās bī ronde, +<i>raised himself up by the shield</i>, <a href="#li2539">2539</a>; bī wealle gest, <i>sat +by the wall</i>, <a href="#li2718">2718</a>. With a freer position: him big stōdan bunan and +orcas, <i>round about him</i>, <a href="#li3048">3048</a>.—2) <i>to, towards</i> (motion): +hwearf þā bī bence, <i>turned then towards the bench</i>, <a href="#li1189">1189</a>; gēong +bī sesse, <i>went to the seat</i>, <a href="#li2757">2757</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbīd">bīd</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glbīdan">bīdan</a>), st. n., <i>tarrying hesitation</i>: þǣr +wearð Ongenþīo on bīd wrecen, <i>forced to tarry</i>, <a href="#li2963">2963</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbīdan">bīdan</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to delay, to stay, to remain, to wait</i>: +inf. nō on wealle leng bīdan wolde, <i>would not stay longer within +the wall</i> (the drake), <a href="#li2309">2309</a>; pret. in þȳstrum bād, <i>remained in +darkness</i>, <a href="#li87">87</a>; flota stille bād, <i>the craft lay still</i>, <a href="#li301">301</a>; +receda ... on þǣm se rīca bād, <i>where the mighty one dwelt</i>, <a href="#li310">310</a>; +þǣr se snottra bād, <i>where the wise man</i> (Hrōðgār) <i>waited</i>, +<a href="#li1314">1314</a>; hē on searwum bād, <i>he</i> (Bēowulf) <i>stood there armed</i>, +<a href="#li2569">2569</a>; ic on earde bād mǣlgesceafta, <i>lived upon the paternal ground +the time appointed me by fate</i>, <a href="#li2737">2737</a>; pret. pl. sume þǣr bidon, +<i>some remained, waited there</i>, <a href="#li400">400</a>.—2) <i>to await, to wait +for</i>, with the gen. of that which is awaited: inf. bīdan woldon +Grendles gūðe, <i>wished to await the combat with Grendel, to +undertake it</i>, <a href="#li482">482</a>; similarly, <a href="#li528">528</a>; wīges bīdan, <i>await the +combat</i>, <a href="#li1269">1269</a>; nalas andsware bīdan wolde, <i>would await no +answer</i>, <a href="#li1495">1495</a>; pret. bād beadwa geþinges, <i>awaited the event of +the battle</i>, <a href="#li710">710</a>; sǣgenga bād āgend-frēan, <i>the sea-goer</i> +(boat) <i>awaited its owner</i>, <a href="#li1883">1883</a>; sele ... heaðowylma bād, lāðan +līges (the poet probably means to indicate by these words that the +hall Heorot was destroyed later in a fight by fire; an occurrence, +indeed, about which we know nothing, but which <a href="#li1165">1165</a> and <a href="#li1166">1166</a>, and +again <a href="#li2068">2068</a> ff. seem to indicate), <a href="#li82">82</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-bīdan, <i>to await</i>, with the gen.: inf., <a href="#li978">978</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-bīdan: 1) <i>to tarry, to wait</i>: imp. gebīde gē on beorge, +<i>wait ye on the mountain</i>, <a href="#li2530">2530</a>; pret. part. þēah þe wintra lȳt +under burhlocan gebiden hbbe Hreðes dōhtor <i>although H's daughter +had dwelt only a few years in the castle</i>, <a href="#li1929">1929</a>.—2) <i>to live +through, to experience, to expect</i> (w. acc.): inf. sceal endedg +mīnne gebīdan, <i>shall live my last day</i>, <a href="#li639">639</a>; ne wēnde ... bōte +gebīdan, <i>did not hope ... to live to see reparation</i>, <a href="#li935">935</a>; fela +sceal gebīdan lēofes and lāðes, <i>experience much good and much +affliction</i>, <a href="#li1061">1061</a>; ende gebīdan, <a href="#li1387">1387</a>, <a href="#li2343">2343</a>; pret. hē þs frōfre +gebād, <i>received consolation</i> (compensation) <i>therefore</i>, <a href="#li7">7</a>; +gebād wintra worn, <i>lived a great number of years</i>, <a href="#li264">264</a>; in a +similar construction, <a href="#li816">816</a>, <a href="#li930">930</a>, <a href="#li1619">1619</a>, <a href="#li2259">2259</a>, <a href="#li3117">3117</a>. With gen.: inf. tō +gebīdanne ōðres yrfeweardes, <i>to await another heir</i>, <a href="#li2453">2453</a>. With +depend, clause: inf. tō gebīdanne þt his byre rīde on galgan, <i>to +live to see it, that his son hang upon the gallows</i>, <a href="#li2446">2446</a>; pret. +drēam-lēas gebād þt hē..., <i>joyless he experienced it, that +he</i>..., <a href="#li1721">1721</a>; þs þe ic on aldre gebād þt ic..., <i>for this, that +I, in my old age, lived to see that</i>..., <a href="#li1780">1780</a>.</p> + +<p>on-bīdan, <i>to wait, to await</i>: pret. hordweard onbād earfoðlīce +oð þt ǣfen cwōm, <i>scarcely waited, could scarcely delay till it was +evening</i>, <a href="#li2303">2303</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbītan">bītan</a>, st. v., <i>to bite</i>, of the cutting of swords: inf. +bītan, <a href="#li1455">1455</a>, <a href="#li1524">1524</a>; pret. bāt bānlocan, <i>bit into his body</i> +(Grendel), <a href="#li743">743</a>; bāt unswīðor, <i>cut with less force</i> (Bēowulf's +sword), <a href="#li2579">2579</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblanca">blanca</a>, w. m., properly <i>that which shines</i> here of the +horse, not so much of the white horse as the dappled: dat. pl. on +blancum, <a href="#li857">857</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebland">bland</a>, ge-<b>blond</b>, st. n., <i>mixture, heaving mass, a +turning</i>.—Comp.: sund-, ȳð-geblond, windblond.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblandenfeax">blanden-feax, blonden-feax</a>, adj., <i>mixed</i>, i.e. having +gray hair, <i>gray-headed</i>, as epithet of an old man: nom. sg. +blondenfeax, <a href="#li1792">1792</a>; blondenfexa, <a href="#li2963">2963</a>; dat. sg. blondenfeaxum, <a href="#li1874">1874</a>; +nom. pl. blondenfeaxe, <a href="#li1595">1595</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblc">blc</a>, adj., <i>dark, black</i>: nom. sg, hrefn blaca, <a href="#li1802">1802</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblāc">blāc</a>, adj.: 1) <i>gleaming, shining</i>: acc. sg. blācne +lēoman, <i>a brilliant gleam</i>, <a href="#li1518">1518</a>.—2) of the white death-color, +<i>pale</i>; in comp. heoroblāc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblǣd">blǣd</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>strength, force, vigor</i>: nom. sg. ws hira +blǣd scacen (of both tribes), <i>strength was gone</i>, i.e. the +bravest of both tribes lay slain, <a href="#li1125">1125</a>; nū is þīnes mgnes blǣd āne +hwīle, <i>now the fulness of thy strength lasts for a time</i>, +<a href="#li1762">1762</a>.—2) <i>reputation, renown, knowledge</i> (with stress upon the +idea of filling up, spreading out): nom. sg. blǣd, <a href="#li18">18</a>; (þīn) blǣd is +ārǣred, <i>thy renown is spread abroad</i>, <a href="#li1704">1704</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblǣdāgend">blǣd-āgend</a>, pt., <i>having renown, renowned</i>: nom. pl. +blǣd-āgende, <a href="#li1014">1014</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblǣdfst">blǣd-fst</a>, adj., <i>firm in renown, renowned, known afar</i>: +acc. sg. blǣdfstne beorn (of schere, with reference to <a href="#li1329">1329</a>, <a href="#li1300">1300</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblēat">blēat</a>, adj., <i>miserable, helpless</i>; only in comp. +wl-blēat.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblēate">blēate</a>, adv., <i>miserably, helplessly</i>, <a href="#li2825">2825</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblīcan">blīcan</a>, st. v., <i>shine, gleam</i>: inf., 222</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblīthe">blīðe</a>, adj.: 1) <i>blithe, joyous, happy</i> acc. sg. blīðne, +<a href="#li618">618</a>.—2) <i>gracious, pleasing</i>: nom. sg. blīðe, <a href="#li436">436</a>.—Comp. +un-blīðe.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblīthheort">blīð-heort</a>, adj., <i>joyous in heart, happy</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li1803">1803</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblōd">blōd</a>, st. n., <i>blood</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1122">1122</a>; acc. sg., <a href="#li743">743</a>; dat. +sg. blōde, <a href="#li848">848</a>; fter dēorum men him langað beorn wið blōde, <i>the +hero</i> (Hrōðgār) <i>longs for the beloved man contrary to blood</i>, +i.e. he loves him although he is not related to him by blood, <a href="#li1881">1881</a>; +dat. as instr. blōde, <a href="#li486">486</a>, <a href="#li935">935</a>, <a href="#li1595">1595</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblōdfāg">blōd-fāg</a>, adj., <i>spotted with blood, bloody</i>, <a href="#li2061">2061</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblōdig">blōdig</a>, adj., <i>bloody</i>: acc. sg. f. blōdge, <a href="#li991">991</a>; acc. sg. +n. blōdig, <a href="#li448">448</a>; instr. sg. blōdigan gāre, <a href="#li2441">2441</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgeblōdian">blōdian</a>, w. v., <i>to make bloody, to sprinkle with +blood</i>: pret. part. ge-blōdegod, <a href="#li2693">2693</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblōdigtōth">blōdig-tōð</a>, adj., <i>with bloody teeth</i>: nom. sg. bona +blōdig-tōð (of Grendel, because he bites his victims to death), <a href="#li2083">2083</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblōdrēow">blōd-rēow</a>, adj., <i>bloodthirsty, bloody-minded</i>: nom. sg. +him on ferhðe grēow brēost-hord blōd-rēow, <i>in his bosom there grew +a bloodthirsty feeling</i>, <a href="#li1720">1720</a>.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbebod">bod</a>, st. n., <i>command, order</i>; in comp. wundor-bebod.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbodian">bodian</a>, w. v., <i>(to be a messenger), to announce, to make +known</i>: pret. hrefn blaca heofones wynne blīð-heort bodode, <i>the +black raven announced joyfully heaven's delight</i> (the rising sun), +<a href="#li1803">1803</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glboga">boga</a>, w. m., <i>bow</i>, of the bended form; here of the +dragon, in comp. hring-boga; as an instrument for shooting, in the +comp. flān-, horn-boga; bow of the arch, in comp. stān-boga.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbolca">bolca</a>, w. m., "forus navis" (Grein), <i>gangway</i>; here +probably the planks which at landing are laid from the ship to the +shore: acc. sg. ofer bolcan, <a href="#li231">231</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbold">bold</a>, st. n., <i>building, house, edifice</i>: nom. sg. +(Heorot), <a href="#li998">998</a>; (Hygelāc's residence), <a href="#li1926">1926</a>; (Bēowulfs residence), +<a href="#li2197">2197</a>, <a href="#li2327">2327</a>.—Comp. fold-bold.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glboldāgend">bold-āgend</a>, pt., <i>house-owner, property-holder</i>: gen. pl. +monegum boldāgendra, <a href="#li3113">3113</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbolgenmōd">bolgen-mōd</a>, adj., <i>angry at heart, angry</i>, <a href="#li710">710</a>, <a href="#li1714">1714</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbolster">bolster</a>, st. m., <i>bolster, cushion, pillow</i>: dat. pl. +(reced) geond-brǣded wearð beddum and bolstrum, <i>was covered with +beds and bolsters</i>, <a href="#li1241">1241</a>.—Comp. hlēor-bolster.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbon">bon-</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glbana">ban-</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbora">bora</a>, w. m., <i>carrier, bringer, leader</i>: in the comp. +mund-, rǣd-, wǣg-bora.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbord">bord</a>, st. n., <i>shield</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2674">2674</a>; acc. sg., <a href="#li2525">2525</a>; +gen. pl. ofer borda gebrc, <i>over the crashing of the shields</i>, +<a href="#li2260">2260</a>.—Comp.: hilde-, wīg-bord.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbordhbbend">bord-hbbend</a>, pt., <i>one having a shield, shield-bearer</i>: +nom. pl. hbbende, <a href="#li2896">2896</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbordhrēotha">bord-hrēoða</a>, w. m., <i>shield-cover, shield</i> with particular +reference to its cover (of hides or linden bark): dat. sg. -hrēoðan, +<a href="#li2204">2204</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbordrand">bord-rand</a>, st. m., <i>shield</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li2560">2560</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbordweall">bord-weall</a>, st. m., <i>shield-wall, wall of shields</i>: acc. +sg., <a href="#li2981">2981</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbordwudu">bord-wudu</a>, st. m., <i>shield-wood, shield</i>: acc. pl. +beorhtan beord-wudu, <a href="#li1244">1244</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbotm">botm</a>, st. m., <i>bottom</i>: dat. sg. tō botme (here of the +bottom of the fen-lake), <a href="#li1507">1507</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbōt">bōt</a> (emendation, cf. <a class="glentry" href="glbētan">bētan</a>), st. f.: 1) <i>relief, remedy</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li281">281</a>; acc. +sg. bōte, <a href="#li935">935</a>; acc. sg. bōte, <a href="#li910">910</a>.—2) <i>a performance in expiation, +a giving satisfaction, tribute</i>: gen. sg. bōte, <a href="#li158">158</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrand">brand, brond</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>burning, fire</i>: nom. sg. þā sceal +brond fretan (<i>the burning of the body</i>), <a href="#li3015">3015</a>; instr. sg. by +hine ne mōston ... bronde forbrnan (<i>could not bestow upon him the +solemn burning</i>), <a href="#li2127">2127</a>; hfde landwara līge befangen, bǣle and +bronde, <i>with glow, fire, and flame</i>, <a href="#li2323">2323</a>.—2) in the passage, +þt hine nō brond nē beadomēcas bītan ne meahton, <a href="#li1455">1455</a>, brond has been +translated <i>sword, brand</i> (after the O.N. brand-r). The meaning +<i>fire</i> may be justified as well, if we consider that the old +helmets were generally made of leather, and only the principal parts +were mounted with bronze. The poet wishes here to emphasize the fact +that the helmet was made entirely of metal, a thing which was very +unusual.—3) in the passage, forgeaf þā Bēowulfe brand Healfdenes +segen gyldenne, <a href="#li1021">1021</a>, our text, with other editions, has emendated, +bearn, since brand, if it be intended as a designation of Hrōðgār +(perhaps <i>son</i>), has not up to this time been found in this sense +in A.-S.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrant">brant, bront</a>, adj., <i>raging, foaming, going-high</i>, of +ships and of waves: acc. sg. brontne, <a href="#li238">238</a>, <a href="#li568">568</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrād">brād</a>, adj.: 1) <i>extended, wide</i>: nom. pl. brāde rīce, +<a href="#li2208">2208</a>.—2) <i>broad</i>: nom. sg. hēah and brād (of Bēowulf's +grave-mound), <a href="#li3159">3159</a>; acc. sg. brādne mēce, <a href="#li2979">2979</a>; (seax) brād [and] +brūnecg, <i>the broad, short sword with bright edge</i>, <a href="#li1547">1547</a>.—3) +<i>massive, in abundance</i>. acc, sg. brād gold, <a href="#li3106">3106</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebrc">brc</a>, st. n., <i>noise, crash</i>: acc. sg. borda gebrc, +<a href="#li2260">2260</a>.</p> + +<p>geond-<a class="glentry" name="glgeondbrǣdan">brǣdan</a>, w. v., <i>to spread over, to cover entirely</i>: +pret. part. geond-brǣded, <a href="#li1240">1240</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrecan">brecan</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to break, to break to pieces</i>: pret. +bānhringas brc, (the sword) <i>broke the joints</i>, <a href="#li1568">1568</a>. In a moral +sense: pret. subj. þt þǣr ǣnig mon wǣre ne brǣce, <i>that no one +should break the agreement</i>, <a href="#li1101">1101</a>; pret. part. þonne bīoð brocene +... āð-sweord eorla, <i>then are the oaths of the men broken</i>, +<a href="#li2064">2064</a>.—2) probably also simply <i>to break in upon something, to press +upon</i>, w. acc.: pret. sg. sǣdēor monig hildetūxum heresyrcan brc, +<i>many a sea-animal pressed with his battle-teeth upon the shirt of +mail</i> (did not break it, for, according to <a href="#li1549">1549</a> f., <a href="#li1553">1553</a> f., it was +still unharmed). <a href="#li1512">1512</a>.—3) <i>to break out, to spring out</i>: inf. +geseah ... strēam ūt brecan of beorge, <i>saw a stream break out from +the rocks</i>, <a href="#li2547">2547</a>; lēt se hearda Higelāces þegn brādne mēce ... +brecan ofer bordweal, <i>caused the broadsword to spring out over the +wall of shields</i>, <a href="#li2981">2981</a>.—4) figuratively, <i>to vex, not to let +rest</i>: pret. hine fyrwyt brc, <i>curiosity tormented</i> (N.H.G. +brachte die Neugier um), <a href="#li232">232</a>, <a href="#li1986">1986</a>, <a href="#li2785">2785</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebrecan">brecan</a>, <i>to break to pieces</i>: pret. bānhūs gebrc, +<i>broke in pieces his body</i> (Bēowulf in combat with Dghrefn), +<a href="#li2509">2509</a>.</p> + +<p>tō-<a class="glentry" name="gltōbrecan">brecan</a>, <i>to break in pieces</i>: inf., <a href="#li781">781</a>; pret. part. +tō-brocen, <a href="#li998">998</a>.</p> + +<p>þurh-<a class="glentry" name="glthurhbrecan">brecan</a>, <i>to break through</i>, pret. wordes ord brēosthord +þurh-brc, <i>the word's point broke through his closed breast</i>, i.e. a +word burst out from his breast, <a href="#li2793">2793</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrecth">brecð</a>, st. f., <i>condition of being broken, breach</i>: nom. +pl. mōdes brecða (<i>sorrow of heart</i>), <a href="#li171">171</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-<a class="glentry" name="glābredwian">bredwian</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to fell to the ground, to +kill</i> (?): pret. ābredwade, <a href="#li2620">2620</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbregdan">bregdan</a>, st. v., properly <i>to swing round</i>, hence: 1) +<i>to swing</i>: inf. under sceadu bregdan, <i>swing among the shadows, +to send into the realm of shadows</i>, <a href="#li708">708</a>; pret. brgd ealde lāfe, +<i>swung the old weapon</i>, <a href="#li796">796</a>; brgd feorh-genīðlan, <i>swung his +mortal enemy</i> (Grendel's mother), threw her down, <a href="#li1540">1540</a>; pl. git +ēagorstrēam ... mundum brugdon, <i>stirred the sea with your hands</i> +(of the movement of the hands in swimming), <a href="#li514">514</a>; pret. part. brōden +(brogden) mǣl, <i>the drawn sword</i>, <a href="#li1617">1617</a>, <a href="#li1668">1668</a>.—2) <i>to knit, to +knot, to plait</i>: inf., figuratively, inwitnet ōðrum bregdan, <i>to +weave a waylaying net for another</i> (as we say in the same way, to +lay a trap for another, to dig a pit for another), <a href="#li2168">2168</a>; pret. part. +beadohrgl brōden, <i>a woven shirt of mail</i> (because it consisted +of metal rings joined together), <a href="#li552">552</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1549">1549</a>; brogdne +beadusercean, <a href="#li2756">2756</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-bregdan, <i>to swing</i>: pret. hond up ā-brd, <i>swung, raised his +hand</i>, <a href="#li2576">2576</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-bregdan: 1) <i>swing</i>: pret. hring-mǣl gebrgd, <i>swung the +ringed sword</i>, <a href="#li1565">1565</a>; eald sweord ēacen ... þt ic þȳ wǣpne gebrgd, +<i>an old heavy sword that I swung as my weapon</i>, <a href="#li1665">1665</a>; with +interchanging instr. and acc. wllseaxe gebrǣ, biter and beadu-scearp, +<a href="#li2704">2704</a>; also, <i>to draw out of the sheath</i>: sweord ǣr gebrǣ, <i>had +drawn the sword before</i>, <a href="#li2563">2563</a>.—2) <i>to knit, to knot, to +plait</i>: pret. part. bere-byrne hondum gebrōden, <a href="#li1444">1444</a>.</p> + +<p>on-bregdan, <i>to tear open, to throw open</i>: pret. onbrd þā +recedes mūðan, <i>had then thrown open the entrance of the hall</i> +(onbregdan is used because the opening door swings upon its hinges), +<a href="#li724">724</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrego">brego</a>, st. m., <i>prince, ruler</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li427">427</a>, <a href="#li610">610</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbregorōf">brego-rōf</a>, adj., <i>powerful, like a ruler, of heroic strength +</i>: nom. sg. m., <a href="#li1926">1926</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbregostōl">brego-stōl</a>, st. m., <i>throne</i>, figuratively for +<i>rule</i>: acc. sg. him gesealde seofon þūsendo, bold and +brego-stōl, <i>seven thousand</i> see under sceat), <i>a country-seat, +and the dignity of a prince</i>, <a href="#li2197">2197</a>; þǣr him Hygd gebēad ... +brego-stōl, <i>where H. offered him the chief power</i>, <a href="#li2371">2371</a>; lēt +þone bregostōl Bēowulf healdan, <i>gave over to Bēowulf the chief +power</i> (did not prevent Bēowulf from entering upon the government), +<a href="#li2390">2390</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbreme">brēme</a>, adj., <i>known afar, renowned</i>. nom. sg., <a href="#li18">18</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrenting">brenting</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glbrant">brant</a>), st. m., <i>ship craft</i>: nom. +pl. brentingas, <a href="#li2808">2808</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-<a class="glentry" name="glābrēatan">brēatan</a>, st. v., <i>to break, to break in pieces, to +kill</i>: pret. ābrēot brimwīsan, <i>killed the sea-king</i> (King +Hðcyn), <a href="#li2931">2931</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glbrēotan">brēotan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrēost">brēost</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>breast</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2177">2177</a>; often used in +the pl., so acc. þt mīne brēost wereð, <i>which protects my +breast</i>, <a href="#li453">453</a>; dat. pl. beadohrgl brōden on brēostum lg. <a href="#li552">552</a>.—2) +<i>the inmost thoughts, the mind, the heart, the bosom</i>: nom. sg. +brēost innan wēoll þēostrum geþoncum, <i>his breast heaved with +troubled thoughts</i>, <a href="#li2332">2332</a>; dat. pl. lēt þā of brēostum word ūt +faran, <i>caused the words to come out from his bosom</i>, <a href="#li2551">2551</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrēostgehygd">brēost-gehygd</a>, st. n. f., <i>breast-thought, secret +thought</i>: instr. pl. -gehygdum, <a href="#li2819">2819</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrēostgewǣdu">brēost-gewǣdu</a>, st. n. pl., <i>breast-clothing, garment covering +the breast</i>, of the coat of mail: nom., <a href="#li1212">1212</a>; acc., <a href="#li2163">2163</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrēosthord">brēost-hord</a>, st. m., <i>breast-hoard, that which is locked in +the breast, heart, mind, thought, soul</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1720">1720</a>; acc. sg., +<a href="#li2793">2793</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrēostnet">brēost-net</a>, st. n., <i>breast-net, shirt of chain-mail, coat of +mail</i>: nom. sg. brēost-net brōden, <a href="#li1549">1549</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrēostweorthung">brēost-weorðung</a>, st. f., <i>ornament that is worn upon the +breast</i>: acc. sg. brēost-weorðunge, <a href="#li2505">2505</a>: here the collar is meant +which Bēowulf receives from Wealhþēow (<a href="#li1196">1196</a>, <a href="#li2174">2174</a>) as a present, and +which B., according to <a href="#li2173">2173</a>, presents to Hygd, while, according to +<a href="#li1203">1203</a>, it is in the possession of her husband Hygelāc. In front the +collar is trimmed with ornaments (frtwe), which hang down upon the +breast, hence the name brēost-weorðung.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrēostwylm">brēost-wylm</a>, st. m., <i>heaving of the breast, emotion of the +bosom</i>: acc. sg, <a href="#li1878">1878</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrēotan">brēotan</a>, st. v., <i>to break, to break in pieces, to kill</i>: +pret. brēat bēodgenēatas, <i>killed his table-companions</i> +(courtiers), <a href="#li1714">1714</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-brēotan, same as above: pret. þone þe hēo on rste ābrēat, +<i>whom she killed upon his couch</i>, <a href="#li1299">1299</a>; pret. part. þā þt monige +gewearð, þt hine sēo brimwylf ābroten hfde, <i>many believed that +the sea-wolf</i> (Grendel's mother) <i>had killed him</i>, <a href="#li1600">1600</a>; hī +hyne ... ābroten hfdon, <i>had killed him</i> (the dragon), <a href="#li2708">2708</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrim">brim</a>, st. n., <i>flood, the sea</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li848">848</a>, <a href="#li1595">1595</a>; gen. +sg. tō brimes faroðe, <i>to the sea</i>, <a href="#li28">28</a>; t brimes nosan, <i>at +the sea's promontory</i>, <a href="#li2804">2804</a>; nom. pl. brimu swaðredon, <i>the waves +subsided</i>, <a href="#li570">570</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrimclif">brim-clif</a>, st. n., <i>sea-cliff, cliff washed by the sea</i>: +acc. pl. -clifu, <a href="#li222">222</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrimlād">brim-lād</a>, st. f., <i>flood-way, sea-way</i>: acc. sg. þāra þe +mid Bēowulfe brimlāde tēah, <i>who had travelled the sea-way with +B.</i>, <a href="#li1052">1052</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrimlīthend">brim-līðend</a>, pt, <i>sea-farer, sailor</i> acc. p. -līðende, +<a href="#li568">568</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrimstrēam">brim-strēam</a>, st. m., <i>sea-stream, the flood of the sea</i>: +acc. pl. ofer brim-strēamas, <a href="#li1911">1911</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrimwīsa">brim-wīsa</a>, w. m., <i>sea-king</i>: acc. sg. brimwīsan, of +Hðcyn, king of the Gēatas, <a href="#li2931">2931</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrimwylf">brim-wylf</a>, st. f., <i>sea-wolf</i> (designation of Grendel's +mother): nom. sg. sēo brimwylf, <a href="#li1507">1507</a>, <a href="#li1600">1600</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrimwylm">brim-wylm</a>, st. m., <i>sea-wave</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1495">1495</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbringan">bringan</a>, anom. v., <i>to bring, to bear</i>: prs. sg. I. ic þē +þūsenda þegna bringe tō helpe, <i>bring to your assistance thousands +of warriors</i>, <a href="#li1830">1830</a>; inf. sceal hringnaca ofer hēaðu bringan lāc and +luftācen, <i>shall bring gifts and love-tokens over the high sea</i>, +<a href="#li1863">1863</a>; similarly, <a href="#li2149">2149</a>, <a href="#li2505">2505</a>; pret. pl. wē þās sǣlāc ... brōhton, +<i>brought this sea-offering</i> (Grendel's head), <a href="#li1654">1654</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-bringan, <i>to bring</i>: pres. subj. pl. þat wē þone gebringan ... +on ādfre, <i>that we bring him upon the funeral-pile</i>, <a href="#li3010">3010</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrosnian">brosnian</a>, w. v., <i>to crumble, to become rotten, to fall to +pieces</i>: prs. sg. III. herepād ... brosnað fter beorne, <i>the coat of +mail falls to pieces after</i> (the death of) <i>the hero</i>, <a href="#li2261">2261</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrōthor">brōðor</a>, st. m., <i>brother</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1325">1325</a>, <a href="#li2441">2441</a>; dat sg. +brēðer, <a href="#li1263">1263</a>; gen. sg. his brōðor bearn, <a href="#li2620">2620</a>; dat. pl. brōðrum, <a href="#li588">588</a>, +<a href="#li1075">1075</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebrōthru">brōðru</a>, pl., <i>brethren, brothers</i>: dat. pl. st be þǣm +gebrōðrum twǣm, <i>sat by the two brothers</i>, <a href="#li1192">1192</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrōga">brōga</a>, w. m., <i>terror, horror</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1292">1292</a>, <a href="#li2325">2325</a>, <a href="#li2566">2566</a>; +acc. sg. billa brōgan, <a href="#li583">583</a>.—Comp.: gryre-, here-brōga.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrūcan">brūcan</a>, st. v. w. gen., <i>to use, to make use of</i>: prs. sg. +III. sē þe longe hēr worolde brūceð, <i>who here long makes use of the +world</i>, i.e. lives long, <a href="#li1063">1063</a>; imp. brūc manigra mēda, <i>make use +of many rewards, give good rewards</i>, <a href="#li1179">1179</a>; <i>to enjoy</i>: inf. +þt hē bēahhordes brūcan mōste, <i>could enjoy the ring-hoard</i>, +<a href="#li895">895</a>; similarly, <a href="#li2242">2242</a>, <a href="#li3101">3101</a>; pret. brēac līfgesceafta, <i>enjoyed the +appointed life, lived the appointed time</i>, <a href="#li1954">1954</a>. With the genitive +to be supplied: brēac þonne mōste, <a href="#li1488">1488</a>; imp. brūc þisses bēages, +<i>enjoy this ring, take this ring</i>, <a href="#li1217">1217</a>. Upon this meaning +depends the form of the wish, wēl brūcan (compare the German geniesze +froh!): inf. hēt hine wēl brūcan, <a href="#li1046">1046</a>; hēt hine brūcan well, <a href="#li2813">2813</a>; +imp. brūc ealles well, <a href="#li2163">2163</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrūn">brūn</a>, adj., <i>having a brown lustre, shining</i>: nom. sg. sīo +ecg brūn, <a href="#li2579">2579</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrūnecg">brūn-ecg</a>, adj., <i>having a gleaming blade</i>: acc. sg. n. +(hyre seaxe) brād [and] brūnecg, <i>her broad sword with gleaming +blade</i>, <a href="#li1547">1547</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrūnfāg">brūn-fāg</a>, adj., <i>gleaming like metal</i>: acc. sg. brūnfāgne +helm, <a href="#li2616">2616</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrynelēoma">bryne-lēoma</a>, w. m., <i>light of a conflagration, gleam of fire +</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2314">2314</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrynewylm">bryne-wylm</a>, st. m., <i>wave of fire</i>: dat. pl. -wylmum, +<a href="#li2327">2327</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrytnian">brytnian</a> (properly <i>to break in small pieces</i>, cf. brēotan), w. +v., <i>to bestow, to distribute</i>: pret. sinc brytnade, <i>distributed +presents</i>, i.e. ruled (since the giving of gifts belongs especially to +rulers), <a href="#li2384">2384</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrytta">brytta</a>, w. m., <i>giver, distributer</i>, always designating +the king: nom. sg. sinces brytta, <a href="#li608">608</a>, <a href="#li1171">1171</a>, <a href="#li2072">2072</a>; acc. sg. bēaga +bryttan, <a href="#li35">35</a>, <a href="#li352">352</a>, <a href="#li1488">1488</a>; sinces bryttan, <a href="#li1923">1923</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbryttian">bryttian</a> (<i>to be a dispenser</i>), w. v., <i>to distribute, +to confer</i>: prs. sg. III. god manna cynne snyttru bryttað, +<i>bestows wisdom upon the human race</i>, <a href="#li1727">1727</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrȳd">brȳd</a>, st. f.: 1) <i>wife, consort</i>: acc. sg. brȳd, <a href="#li2931">2931</a>; brȳde, +<a href="#li2957">2957</a>, both times of the consort of Ongenþēow (?).—2) <i>betrothed, +bride</i>: nom. sg., of Hrōðgār's daughter, Frēaware, <a href="#li2032">2032</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrȳdbūr">brȳd-būr</a>, st. n., <i>woman's apartment</i>: dat. sg. ēode ... +cyning of brȳdbūre, <i>the king came out of the apartment of his +wife</i> (into which, according to <a href="#li666">666</a>, he had gone), <a href="#li922">922</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbundenstefna">bunden-stefna</a>, w. m., <i>(that which has a bound prow), the +framed ship</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1911">1911</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbune">bune</a>, w. f., <i>can</i> or <i>cup, drinking-vessel</i>: nom. +pl. bunan, <a href="#li3048">3048</a>; acc. pl. bunan, <a href="#li2776">2776</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glburh">burh, burg</a>, st. f., <i>castle, city, fortified house</i>: +acc. sg. burh, <a href="#li523">523</a>; dat. sg. byrig, <a href="#li1200">1200</a>; dat. pl. burgum, <a href="#li53">53</a>, <a href="#li1969">1969</a>, +<a href="#li2434">2434</a>.—Comp.: frēo, freoðo-, hēa-, hlēo-, hord-, lēod-, mǣg-burg.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glburhloca">burh-loca</a>, w. m., <i>castle-bars</i>: dat. sg. under +burh-locan, <i>under the castle-bars</i>, i.e. in the castle +(Hygelāc's), <a href="#li1929">1929</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glburhstede">burh-stede</a>, st. m., <i>castle-place, place where the castle</i> +or <i>city stands</i>: acc. sg. burhstede, <a href="#li2266">2266</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glburhwela">burh-wela</a>, w. m., <i>riches, treasure of a castle</i> or +<i>city</i>: gen. sg. þenden hē burh-welan brūcan mōste, <a href="#li3101">3101</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glburne">burne</a>, w. f., <i>spring, fountain</i>: gen. þǣre burnan wlm, +<i>the bubbling of the spring</i>, <a href="#li2547">2547</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbūan">būan</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to stay, to remain, to dwell</i>: inf. gif +hē weard onfunde būan on beorge, <i>if he had found the watchman +dwelling on the mountain</i>, <a href="#li2843">2843</a>.—2) <i>to inhabit</i>, w. acc.: +meduseld būan, <i>to inhabit the mead-house</i>, <a href="#li3066">3066</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-būan, w. acc., <i>to occupy a house, to take possession</i>: pret. +part. hēan hūses, hū hit Hring Dene fter bēorþege gebūn hfdon, +<i>how the Danes, after their beer-carouse, had occupied it</i> (had +made their beds in it), <a href="#li117">117</a>.—With the pres. part. būend are the +compounds ceaster-, fold-, grund-, lond-būend.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbūgan">būgan</a>, st. v., <i>to bend, to bow, to sink; to turn, to +flee</i>: prs. sg. III. bon-gār būgeð, <i>the fatal spear sinks</i>, +i.e. its deadly point is turned down, it rests, <a href="#li2032">2032</a>; inf. þt se +byrnwīga būgan sceolde, <i>that the armed hero had to sink down</i> +(having received a deadly blow), <a href="#li2919">2919</a>; similarly, <a href="#li2975">2975</a>; pret. sg. bēah +eft under eorðweall, <i>turned, fled again behind the earth-wall</i>, +<a href="#li2957">2957</a>; pret. pl. bugon tō bence, <i>turned to the bench</i>, <a href="#li327">327</a>, <a href="#li1014">1014</a>; +hȳ on holt bugon, <i>fled to the wood</i>, <a href="#li2599">2599</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-būgan, <i>to bend off, to curve away from</i>: pret. fram sylle +ābēag medubenc monig, <i>from the threshold curved away many a +mead-bench</i>, <a href="#li776">776</a>.</p> + +<p>be-būgan, w. acc., <i>to surround, to encircle</i>: prs. swā +(<i>which</i>) wter bebūgeð, <a href="#li93">93</a>; efne swā sīde swā sǣ bebūgeð windige +weallas, <i>as far as the sea encircles windy shores</i>, <a href="#li1224">1224</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-būgan, <i>to bend, to bow, to sink</i>: a) intrans.: hēo on flet +gebēah, <i>sank on the floor</i>, <a href="#li1541">1541</a>; þā gebēah cyning, <i>then sank +the king</i>, <a href="#li2981">2981</a>; þā se wyrm gebēah snūde tōsomne (<i>when the drake +at once coiled itself up</i>), <a href="#li2568">2568</a>; gewāt þā gebogen scrīðan tō, +<i>advanced with curved body</i> (the drake), <a href="#li2570">2570</a>.—b) w. acc. of the +thing to which one bends or sinks: pret. selereste gebēah, <i>sank +upon the couch in the hall</i>, <a href="#li691">691</a>; similarly gebēag, <a href="#li1242">1242</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbūr">būr</a>, st. n., <i>apartment, room</i>: dat. sg. būre, <a href="#li1311">1311</a>, <a href="#li2456">2456</a>; +dat. pl. būrum, <a href="#li140">140</a>.—Comp. brȳd-būr.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbūtan">būtan, būton</a> (from be and ūtan, hence in its meaning referring +to what is without, excluded): 1) conj. with subjunctive following, +<i>lest</i>: būtan his līc swice, <i>lest his body escape</i>, <a href="#li967">967</a>. +With ind. following, <i>but</i>: būton hit ws māre þonne ǣnig mon +ōðer tō beadulāce tberan meahte, <i>but it</i> (the sword) <i>was +greater than any other man could have carried to battle</i>, <a href="#li1561">1561</a>. +After a preceding negative verb, <i>except</i>: þāra þe gumena bearn +gearwe ne wiston būton Fitela mid hine, <i>which the children of men +did not know at all, except Fitela, who was with him</i>, <a href="#li880">880</a>; ne nom +hē māðm-ǣhta mā būton þone hafelan, etc., <i>he took no more of the +rich treasure than the head alone</i>, <a href="#li1615">1615</a>.—2) prep, with +dat., <i>except</i>: būton folcscare, <a href="#li73">73</a>; būton þē, <a href="#li658">658</a>; ealle būton +ānum, <a href="#li706">706</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbycgan">bycgan</a>, w. v., <i>to buy, to pay</i>: inf. ne ws þt gewrixle +til þt hīe on bā healfa bicgan scoldon frēonda fēorum, <i>that was no +good transaction, that they, on both sides</i> (as well to Grendel as +to his mother), <i>had to pay with the lives of their friends</i>, +<a href="#li1306">1306</a>.</p> + +<p>be-bycgan, <i>to sell</i>: pret. nū ic on māðma hord mīne bebohte +frōde feorhlege (<i>now I, for the treasure-hoard, gave up my old +life</i>), <a href="#li2800">2800</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-bycgan, <i>to buy, to acquire; to pay</i>: pret. w. acc. nō þǣr +ǣnige ... frōfre gebohte, <i>obtained no sort of help, +consolation</i>, <a href="#li974">974</a>; hit (his, MS.) ealdre gebohte, <i>paid it with +his life</i>, <a href="#li2482">2482</a>; pret. part. sylfes fēore bēagas [geboh]te, +<i>bought rings with his own life</i>, <a href="#li3015">3015</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbyldan">byldan</a>, w. v. (<i>to make</i> beald, which see), <i>to excite, +to encourage, to brave deeds</i>: inf. w. acc. swā hē Frēsena cyn on +bēorsele byldan wolde (by distributing gifts), <a href="#li1095">1095</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebyrd">byrd</a>, st. n., "fatum destinatum" (Grein) (?): acc. sg. hīe +on gebyrd hruron gāre wunde, <a href="#li1075">1075</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebyrdu">byrdu</a>, st. f., <i>birth</i>; in compound, bearn-gebyrdu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbyrduscrūd">byrdu-scrūd</a>, st. n., <i>shield-ornament, design upon a +shield</i>(?): nom. sg., <a href="#li2661">2661</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbyre">byre</a>, st. m., (<i>born</i>) <i>son</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2054">2054</a>, <a href="#li2446">2446</a>, +<a href="#li2622">2622</a>, etc.; nom. pl. byre, <a href="#li1189">1189</a>. In a broader sense, <i>young man, +youth</i>: acc. pl. bǣdde byre geonge, <i>encouraged the youths</i> +(at the banquet), <a href="#li2019">2019</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbyrthen">byrðen</a>, st. f., <i>burden</i>; in comp. mgen-byrðen.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbyrele">byrele</a>, st. m., <i>steward, waiter, cupbearer</i>: nom. pl. +byrelas, <a href="#li1162">1162</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbyrgan">byrgan</a>, w. v., <i>to feast, to eat</i>: inf., <a href="#li448">448</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebyrgea">byrgea</a>, w. m., <i>protector</i>; in comp. lēod-gebyrgea.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbyrht">byrht</a>. See <i>beorht</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbyrne">byrne</a>, w. f., <i>shirt of mail, mail</i>: nom. sg. byrne, <a href="#li405">405</a>, +<a href="#li1630">1630</a>, etc.; hringed byrne, <i>ring-shirt</i>, consisting of interlaced +rings, <a href="#li1246">1246</a>; acc. sg. byrnan, <a href="#li1023">1023</a>, etc.; sīde byrnan, <i>large coat +of mail</i>, <a href="#li1292">1292</a>; hringde byrnan, <a href="#li2616">2616</a>; hāre byrnan, <i>gray coat of +mail</i> (of iron), <a href="#li2154">2154</a>; dat. sg. on byrnan, <a href="#li2705">2705</a>; gen. sg. byrnan +hring, <i>the ring of the shirt of mail</i> (i.e. the shirt of mail), +<a href="#li2261">2261</a>; dat. pl. byrnum, <a href="#li40">40</a>, <a href="#li238">238</a>, etc.; beorhtum byrnum, <i>with +gleaming mail</i>, <a href="#li3141">3141</a>.—Comp.: gūð-, here-, heaðo-, īren-, +īsern-byrne.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbyrnend">byrnend</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glbeornan">beornan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbyrnwiga">byrn-wiga</a>, w. m., <i>warrior dressed in a coat of mail</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li2919">2919</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbysgu">bysgu, bisigu</a>, st. f., <i>trouble, difficulty, opposition</i>: +nom. sg. bisigu, <a href="#li281">281</a>; dat. pl. bisgum, <a href="#li1744">1744</a>, bysigum, <a href="#li2581">2581</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbysig">bysig</a>, adj., <i>opposed, in need</i>, in the compounds +līf-bysig, syn-bysig.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbȳme">bȳme</a>, w. f., <i>a wind-instrument, a trumpet, a trombone</i>: +gen. sg. bȳman gealdor, <i>the sound of the trumpet</i>, <a href="#li2944">2944</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbȳwan">bȳwan</a>, w. v., <i>to ornament, to prepare</i>: inf. þā þe +beado-grīman bȳwan sceoldon, <i>who should prepare the helmets</i>, +<a href="#li2258">2258</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossC">C</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcamp">camp</a>, st. m., <i>combat, fight between two</i>: dat. sg. in +campe (Bēowulf's with Dghrefn; cempan, MS.), <a href="#li2506">2506</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcandel">candel</a>, st. f., <i>light, candle</i>: nom. sg. rodores candel, +of the sun, <a href="#li1573">1573</a>.—Comp. woruld-candel.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcempa">cempa</a>, w. m., <i>fighter, warrior, hero</i>: nom. sg. ðele +cempa, <a href="#li1313">1313</a>; Gēata cempa, <a href="#li1552">1552</a>; rēðe cempa, <a href="#li1586">1586</a>; mǣre cempa (as +voc.), <a href="#li1762">1762</a>; gyrded cempa, <a href="#li2079">2079</a>; dat. sg. geongum (geongan) cempan, +<a href="#li1949">1949</a>, <a href="#li2045">2045</a>, <a href="#li2627">2627</a>; Hūga cempan, <a href="#li2503">2503</a>; acc. pl. cempan, <a href="#li206">206</a>.—Comp. +fēðe-cempa.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcennan">cennan</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to bear</i>, w. acc.: efne swā hwylc mgða +swā þone magan cende, <i>who bore the son</i>, <a href="#li944">944</a>; pret. part. þǣm +eafera ws fter cenned, <i>to him was a son born</i>, <a href="#li12">12</a>.—2) +reflexive, <i>to show one's self, to reveal one's self</i>: imp. cen +þec mid crfte, <i>prove yourself by your strength</i>, <a href="#li1220">1220</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-cennan, <i>to bear</i>: pret. part. nō hīe fder cunnon, +hwðer him ǣnig ws ǣr ācenned dyrnra gāsta, <i>they</i> (the people +of the country) <i>do not know his</i> (Grendel's) <i>father, nor +whether any evil spirit has been before born to him</i> (whether he +has begotten a son), <a href="#li1357">1357</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcēnthu">cēnðu</a>, st. f., <i>boldness</i>: acc. sg. cēnðu, <a href="#li2697">2697</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcēne">cēne</a>, adj., <i>keen, warlike, bold</i>: gen. p.. cēnra +gehwylcum, <a href="#li769">769</a>. Superl., acc. pl. cēnoste, <a href="#li206">206</a>.—Comp.: dǣd-, +gār-cēne.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glceald">ceald</a>, adj., <i>cold</i>: acc. pl. cealde strēamas, <a href="#li1262">1262</a>; dat. +pl. cealdum cearsīðum, <i>with cold, sad journeys</i>, <a href="#li2397">2397</a>. Superl. +nom. sg. wedera cealdost, <a href="#li546">546</a>;—Comp. morgen-ceald.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcearian">cearian</a>, w. v., <i>to have care, to take care, to trouble one's +self</i>: prs. sg. III. nā ymb his līf cearað, <i>takes no care for +his life</i>, <a href="#li1537">1537</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcearig">cearig</a>, adj., <i>troubled, sad</i>: in comp. sorh-cearig.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcearsīth">cear-sīð</a>, st. m., <i>sorrowful way, an undertaking that brings +sorrow</i>, i.e. a warlike expedition: dat. pl. cearsīðum (of +Bēowulf's expeditions against Ēadgils), <a href="#li2397">2397</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcearu">cearu</a>, st. f., <i>care, sorrow, lamentation</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li1304">1304</a>; acc. sg. [ceare], <a href="#li3173">3173</a>.—Comp.: ealdor-, gūð-, mǣl-, mōd-cearu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcearwlm">cear-wlm</a>, st. m., <i>care-agitation, waves of sorrow in the +breast</i>: dat. pl. fter cear-wlmum, <a href="#li2067">2067</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcearwylm">cear-wylm</a>, st. m., same as above; nom. pl. þā cear-wylmas, <a href="#li282">282</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glceasterbūend">ceaster-būend</a>, pt, <i>inhabitant of a fortified place, +inhabitant of a castle</i>: dat. pl. ceaster-būendum, of those +established in Hrōðgār's castle, <a href="#li769">769</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcēap">cēap</a>, st. m., <i>purchase, transaction</i>: figuratively, nom. +sg. ns þt ȳðe cēap, <i>no easy transaction</i>, <a href="#li2416">2416</a>; instr. sg. +þēah þe ōðer hit ealdre gebohte, heardan cēape, <i>although the one +paid it with his life, a dear purchase</i>, <a href="#li2483">2483</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgecēapian">cēapian</a>, w. v., <i>to purchase</i>: pret. part. gold unrīme +grimme gecēapod, <i>gold without measure, bitterly purchased</i> (with +Bēowulf's life), <a href="#li3013">3013</a>.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbeceorfan">ceorfan</a>, st. v., <i>to separate, to cut off</i> (with acc. +of the pers. and instr. of the thing): pret. hine þā hēafde becearf, +<i>cut off his head</i>, <a href="#li1591">1591</a>; similarly, <a href="#li2139">2139</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glceorl">ceorl</a>, st. m., <i>man</i>: nom. sg. snotor ceorl monig, <i>many +a wise man</i>, <a href="#li909">909</a>; dat. sg. gomelum ceorle, <i>the old man</i> (of +King Hrēðel), <a href="#li2445">2445</a>; so, ealdum ceorle, of King Ongenþēow, <a href="#li2973">2973</a>; nom. +pl. snotere ceorlas, <i>wise men</i>, <a href="#li202">202</a>, <a href="#li416">416</a>, <a href="#li1592">1592</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcēol">cēol</a>, st. m., <i>keel</i>, figuratively for the ship: nom. sg., +<a href="#li1913">1913</a>; acc. sg. cēol, <a href="#li38">38</a>, <a href="#li238">238</a>; gen. sg. cēoles, <a href="#li1807">1807</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcēosan">cēosan</a>, st. v., <i>to choose</i>, hence, <i>to assume</i>: inf. +þone cynedōm cīosan wolde, <i>would assume the royal dignity</i>, +<a href="#li2377">2377</a>; <i>to seek</i>: pret. subj. ǣr hē bǣl cure, <i>before he sought +his funeral-pile</i> (before he died), <a href="#li2819">2819</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-cēosan, <i>to choose, to elect</i>: gerund, tō gecēosenne cyning +ǣnigne (sēlran), <i>to choose a better king</i>, <a href="#li1852">1852</a>; imp. þē þt +sēlre ge-cēos, <i>choose thee the better</i> (of two: bealonīð and ēce +rǣdas), <a href="#li1759">1759</a>; pret. hē ūsic on herge gecēas tō þyssum siðfate, +<i>selected us among the soldiers for this undertaking</i>, <a href="#li2639">2639</a>; +gecēas ēcne rǣd, <i>chose the everlasting gain</i>, i.e. died, <a href="#li1202">1202</a>; +similarly, godes lēoht gecēas, <a href="#li2470">2470</a>; pret. part. acc. pl. hfde ... +cempan gecorone, <a href="#li206">206</a>.</p> + +<p>on-<a class="glentry" name="gloncirran">cirran</a>, w. v., <i>to turn, to change</i>: inf. ne meahte ... +þs wealdendes [willan] wiht on-cirran, <i>could not change the will +of the Almighty</i>, <a href="#li2858">2858</a>; pret. ufor oncirde, <i>turned higher</i>, +<a href="#li2952">2952</a>; þyder oncirde, <i>turned thither</i>, <a href="#li2971">2971</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-<a class="glentry" name="glācīgan">cīgan</a>, w. v., <i>to call hither</i>: pret. ācīgde of corðre +cyninges þegnas syfone, <i>called from the retinue of the king seven +men</i>, <a href="#li3122">3122</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glclam">clam, clom</a>, st. m., f. n.? <i>fetter</i>, figuratively of a +strong gripe: dat. pl. heardan clammum, <a href="#li964">964</a>; heardum clammum, <a href="#li1336">1336</a>; +atolan clommum (horrible claws of the mother of Grendel), <a href="#li1503">1503</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glclif">clif, cleof</a>, st. n., <i>cliff, promontory</i>: acc. pl. Gēata +clifu, <a href="#li1912">1912</a>.—Comp.: brim-, ēg-, holm-, stān-clif.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgecnāwan">cnāwan</a>, st. v., <i>to know, to recognize</i>: inf. meaht þū, +mīn wine, mēce gecnāwan, <i>mayst thou, my friend, recognize the +sword</i>, <a href="#li2048">2048</a>.</p> + +<p>on-cnāwan, <i>to recognize, to distinguish</i>: hordweard oncnīow +mannes reorde, <i>distinguished the speech of a man</i>, <a href="#li2555">2555</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcniht">cniht</a>, st. m., <i>boy, youth</i>: dat. pl. þyssum cnyhtum, +<i>to these boys</i> (Hrōðgār's sons), <a href="#li1220">1220</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcnihtwesende">cniht-wesende</a>, prs. part., <i>being a boy</i> or <i>a +youth</i>: acc. sg. ic hine cūðe cniht-wesende, <i>knew him while +still a boy</i>, <a href="#li372">372</a>; nom. pl. wit þt gecwǣdon cniht-wesende, <i>we +both as young men said that</i>, <a href="#li535">535</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcnyssan">cnyssan</a>, w. v., <i>to strike, to dash against each other</i>: +pret. pl. þonne ... eoferas cnysedan, <i>when the bold warriors dashed +against each other, stormed</i> (in battle), <a href="#li1329">1329</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcollenferhth">collen-ferhð, -ferð</a>, adj., (properly, <i>of swollen mind</i>), +<i>of uncommon thoughts, in his way of thinking, standing higher than +others, high-minded</i>: nom. sg. cuma collen-ferhð, of Bēowulf, <a href="#li1807">1807</a>; +collen-ferð, of Wīglāf, <a href="#li2786">2786</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcorther">corðer</a>, st. n., <i>troop, division of an army, retinue</i>: +dat. sg. þā ws ... Fin slgen, cyning on corðre, <i>then was Fin +slain, the king in the troop</i> (of warriors), <a href="#li1154">1154</a>; of corðre +cyninges, <i>out of the retinue of the king</i>, <a href="#li3122">3122</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcostian">costian</a>, w. v., <i>to try</i>; pret. (w. gen.) hē mīn costode, +<i>tried me</i>, <a href="#li2085">2085</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcofa">cofa</a>, w. m., <i>apartment, sleeping-room, couch</i>: in comp. +bān-cofa.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcōl">cōl</a>, adj., <i>cool</i>: compar. cearwylmas cōlran wurðað, +<i>the waves of sorrow become cooler</i>, i.e. the mind becomes quiet, +<a href="#li282">282</a>; him wīflufan ... cōlran weorðað, <i>his love for his wife +cools</i>, <a href="#li2067">2067</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcrft">crft</a>, st. m., <i>the condition of being able</i>, hence: 1) +<i>physical strength</i>: nom. sg. mgða crft, <a href="#li1284">1284</a>; acc. sg. mgenes +crft, <a href="#li418">418</a>; þurh ānes crft, <a href="#li700">700</a>; crft and cēnðu, <a href="#li2697">2697</a>; dat. (instr.) +sg. crfte, <a href="#li983">983</a>, <a href="#li1220">1220</a>, <a href="#li2182">2182</a>, <a href="#li2361">2361</a>.—2) <i>art, craft, skill</i>: dat. +sg. as instr. dyrnum crfte, <i>with secret</i> (magic) <i>art</i>, +<a href="#li2169">2169</a>; dyrnan crfte, <a href="#li2291">2291</a>; þēofes crfte, <i>with thief's craft</i>, +<a href="#li2221">2221</a>; dat. pl. dēofles crftum, <i>by devil's art</i> (sorcery), +<a href="#li2089">2089</a>.—3) <i>great quantity</i> (?): acc. sg. wyrm-horda crft, +<a href="#li2223">2223</a>.—Comp.: leoðo-, mgen-, nearo-, wīg-crft.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcrftig">crftig</a>, adj.: 1) <i>strong, stout</i>: nom. sg. eafoðes +crftig, <a href="#li1467">1467</a>; nīða crftig, <a href="#li1963">1963</a>. Comp. wīg-crftig.—2) <i>adroit, +skilful</i>: in comp. lagu-crftig.—3) <i>rich</i> (of treasures); in +comp. ēacen-crftig.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcringan">cringan</a>, st. v., <i>to fall in combat, to fall with the +writhing movement of those mortally wounded</i>: pret. subj. on wl +crunge, <i>would sink into death, would fall</i>, <a href="#li636">636</a>; pret. pl. for +the pluperfect, sume on wle crungon, <a href="#li1114">1114</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgecringan">cringan</a>, same as above: pret. hē under rande gecranc, +<i>fell under his shield</i>, <a href="#li1210">1210</a>; t wīge gecrang, <i>fell in +battle</i>, <a href="#li1338">1338</a>; hēo on flet gecrong, <i>fell to the ground</i>, +<a href="#li1569">1569</a>; in campe gecrong, <i>fell in single combat</i>, <a href="#li2506">2506</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcuma">cuma</a> (<i>he who comes</i>), w. m., <i>newcomer, guest</i>: nom. +sg. <a href="#li1807">1807</a>.—Comp.: cwealm-, wil-cuma.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcuman">cuman</a>, st. v., <i>to come</i>: pres. sg. II. gyf þū on weg +cymest, <i>if thou comest from there</i>, <a href="#li1383">1383</a>; III. cymeð, <a href="#li2059">2059</a>; +pres. subj. sg. III. cume, <a href="#li23">23</a>; pl. þonne wē ūt cymen, <i>when we come +out</i>, <a href="#li3107">3107</a>; inf. cuman, <a href="#li244">244</a>, <a href="#li281">281</a>, <a href="#li1870">1870</a>; pret. sg. cōm, <a href="#li430">430</a>, <a href="#li569">569</a>, +<a href="#li826">826</a>, <a href="#li1134">1134</a>, <a href="#li1507">1507</a>, <a href="#li1601">1601</a>, etc.; cwōm, <a href="#li419">419</a>, <a href="#li2915">2915</a>; pret. subj. sg. cwōme, +<a href="#li732">732</a>; pret. part. cumen, <a href="#li376">376</a>; pl. cumene, <a href="#li361">361</a>. Often with the inf. of a +verb of motion, as, cōm gongan, <a href="#li711">711</a>; cōm sīðian, <a href="#li721">721</a>; cōm in gān, +<a href="#li1645">1645</a>; cwōm gān, <a href="#li1163">1163</a>; cōm scacan, <a href="#li1803">1803</a>; cwōmon lǣdan, <a href="#li239">239</a>; cwōmon +sēcean, <a href="#li268">268</a>; cwōman scrīðan, <a href="#li651">651</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbecuman">be-cuman</a>, <i>to come, to approach, to arrive</i>: pret. syððan +niht becōm, <i>after the night had come</i>, <a href="#li115">115</a>; þē on þā lēode +becōm, <i>that had come over the people</i>, <a href="#li192">192</a>; þā hē tō hām becōm, +<a href="#li2993">2993</a>. And with inf. following: stefn in becōm ... hlynnan under hārne +stān, <a href="#li2553">2553</a>; lȳt eft becwōm ... hāmes nīosan, <a href="#li2366">2366</a>; oð þt ende becwōm, +<a href="#li1255">1255</a>; similarly, <a href="#li2117">2117</a>. With acc. of pers.: þā hyne sīo þrāg becwōm, +<i>when this time of battle came over him</i>, <a href="#li2884">2884</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glofercuman">ofer-cuman</a>, <i>to overcome, to compel</i>: pret. þȳ hē þone +fēond ofercwōm, <i>thereby he overcame the foe</i>, <a href="#li1274">1274</a>: pl. hīe +fēond heora ... ofercōmon, <a href="#li700">700</a>; pret. part. (w. gen.) nīða ofercumen, +<i>compelled by combats</i>, <a href="#li846">846</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcumbol">cumbol, cumbor</a>, st. m., <i>banner</i>: gen. sg. cumbles hyrde, +<a href="#li2506">2506</a>.—Comp. hilte-cumbor.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcund">cund</a>, adj., <i>originating in, descended from</i>: in comp. +feorran-cund.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcunnan">cunnan</a>, verb pret. pres.: 1) <i>to know, to be acquainted +with</i> (w. acc. or depend, clause): sg. pres. I. ic mīnne can gldne +Hrōðulf þt hē ... wile, <i>I know my gracious H., that he +will</i>..., <a href="#li1181">1181</a>; II. eard gīt ne const, <i>thou knowest not yet the +land</i>, <a href="#li1378">1378</a>; III. hē þt wyrse ne con, <i>knows no worse</i>, <a href="#li1740">1740</a>. +And reflexive: con him land geare, <i>knows the land well</i>, <a href="#li2063">2063</a>; +pl. men ne cunnon hwyder helrūnan scrīðað, <i>men do not know +whither</i>..., <a href="#li162">162</a>; pret. sg. ic hine cūðe, <i>knew him</i>, <a href="#li372">372</a>; +cūðe hē duguð þēaw, <i>knew the customs of the distinguished +courtiers</i>, <a href="#li359">359</a>; so with the acc., <a href="#li2013">2013</a>; seolfa ne cūðe þurh +hwt..., <i>he himself did not know through what</i>..., <a href="#li3068">3068</a>; pl. +sorge ne cūðon, <a href="#li119">119</a>; so with the acc., <a href="#li180">180</a>, <a href="#li418">418</a>, <a href="#li1234">1234</a>. With both (acc. +and depend. clause): nō hīe fder cunnon (scil. nō hīe cunnon) hwðer +him ǣnig ws ǣr ācenned dyrnra gāsta, <a href="#li1356">1356</a>.—2) with inf. following, +<i>can, to be able</i>: prs. sg. him bebeorgan ne con, <i>cannot +defend himself</i>, <a href="#li1747">1747</a>; prs. pl. men ne cunnon secgan, <i>cannot +say</i>, <a href="#li50">50</a>; pret. sg. cūðe reccan, <a href="#li90">90</a>; beorgan cūðe, <a href="#li1446">1446</a>; pret. pl. +herian ne cūðon, <i>could not praise</i>, <a href="#li182">182</a>; pret. subj. healdan +cūðe, <a href="#li2373">2373</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcunnian">cunnian</a>, w. v., <i>to inquire into, to try</i>, w. gen. or +acc.: inf. sund cunnian (figurative for <i>roam over the sea</i>), +<a href="#li1427">1427</a>, <a href="#li1445">1445</a>; geongne cempan higes cunnian, <i>to try the young +warrior's mind</i>, <a href="#li2046">2046</a>; pret. eard cunnode, <i>tried the home</i>, +i.e. came to it, <a href="#li1501">1501</a>; pl. wada cunnedon, <i>tried the flood</i>, i.e. +swam through the sea, <a href="#li508">508</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcūth">cūð</a>, adj.: 1) <i>known, well known; manifest, certain</i>: nom. +sg. undyrne cūð, <a href="#li150">150</a>, <a href="#li410">410</a>; wīde cūð, <a href="#li2924">2924</a>; acc. sg. fern. cūðe folme, +<a href="#li1304">1304</a>; cūðe strǣte, <a href="#li1635">1635</a>; nom. pl. ecge cūðe, <a href="#li1146">1146</a>; acc. pl. cūðe +nssas, <a href="#li1913">1913</a>.—2) <i>renowned</i>: nom. sg. gūðum cūð, <a href="#li2179">2179</a>; nom. pl. +cystum cūðe, <a href="#li868">868</a>.—3) also, <i>friendly, dear, good</i> (see +<a class="glentry" href="#gluncūth">un-cūð</a>).—Comp.: un-, wīd-cūð.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcūthlīce">cūð-līce</a>, adv., <i>openly, publicly</i>: comp. nō hēr cūðlīcor +cuman ongunnon lind-hbbende, <i>no shield-bearing men undertook +more boldly to come hither</i> (the coast-watchman means by this the +secret landing of the Vikings), <a href="#li244">244</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcwalu">cwalu</a>, st. f., <i>murder, fall</i>: in comp. dēað-cwalu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcweccan">cweccan</a> (<i>to make alive</i>, see <a class="glentry" href="#glcwic">cwic</a>), w. v., <i>to +move, to swing</i>: pret. cwehte mgen-wudu, <i>swung the wood of +strength</i> (= spear), <a href="#li235">235</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcwethan">cweðan</a>, st. v., <i>to say, to speak</i>: a) absolutely: prs. +sg. III. cwið t bēore, <i>speaks at beer-drinking</i>, <a href="#li2042">2042</a>.—b) w. +acc.: pret. word fter cwð, <a href="#li315">315</a>; fēa worda cwð, <a href="#li2247">2247</a>, <a href="#li2663">2663</a>.—c) with +þt following: pret. sg. cwð, <a href="#li92">92</a>, <a href="#li2159">2159</a>; pl. cwǣdon, <a href="#li3182">3182</a>.—d) with +þt omitted: pret. cwð hē gūð-cyning sēcean wolde, <i>said he would +seek out the war-king</i>, <a href="#li199">199</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1811">1811</a>, <a href="#li2940">2940</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glācwethan">ā-cweðan</a>, <i>to say, to speak</i>, w. acc.: prs. þt word +ācwyð, <i>speaks the word</i>, <a href="#li2047">2047</a>; pret. þt word ācwð, <a href="#li655">655</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgecwethan">cweðan</a>, <i>to say, to speak</i>: a) absolutely: pret. sg. +II. swā þū gecwǣde, <a href="#li2665">2665</a>.—b)w. acc.: pret. wēl-hwylc gecwð, +<i>spoke everything</i>, <a href="#li875">875</a>; pl. wit þt gecwǣdon, <a href="#li535">535</a>.—c) w. þt +following: pret. gecwð, <a href="#li858">858</a>, <a href="#li988">988</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcwellan">cwellan</a>, w. v., (<i>to make die</i>), <i>to kill, to +murder</i>: pret. sg. II. þū Grendel cwealdest, <a href="#li1335">1335</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glācwellan">ā-cwellan</a>, <i>to kill</i>: pret. sg. (hē) wyrm ācwealde, <a href="#li887">887</a>; +þone þe Grendel ǣr māne ācwealde, <i>whom Grendel had before wickedly +murdered</i>, <a href="#li1056">1056</a>; beorn ācwealde, <a href="#li2122">2122</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcwēn">cwēn</a>, st. f.: 1) <i>wife, consort</i> (of noble birth): nom. +sg. cwēn, <a href="#li62">62</a>; (Hrōðgār's), <a href="#li614">614</a>, <a href="#li924">924</a>; (Finn's), <a href="#li1154">1154</a>.—2) particularly +denoting the queen: nom. sg. bēaghroden cwēn (Wealhþēow), <a href="#li624">624</a>; mǣru +cwēn, <a href="#li2017">2017</a>; fremu folces cwēn (Þrȳðo), <a href="#li1933">1933</a>; acc. sg. cwēn +(Wealhþēow), <a href="#li666">666</a>.-Comp. folc-cwēn.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcwēnlīc">cwēn-līc</a>, adj., <i>feminine, womanly</i>: nom. sg. ne bið swylc +cwēnlīc þēaw (<i>such is not the custom of women, does not become a +woman</i>), <a href="#li1941">1941</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcwealm">cwealm</a>, st. m., <i>violent death, murder, destruction</i>: acc. +sg. þone cwealm gewrc, <i>avenged the death</i> (of Abel by Cain), +<a href="#li107">107</a>; mǣndon mondryhtnes cwealm, <i>lamented the ruler's fall</i>, +<a href="#li3150">3150</a>.—Comp.: bealo-, dēað-, gār-cwealm.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcwealmbealu">cwealm-bealu</a>, st. n., <i>the evil of murder</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li1941">1941</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcwealmcuma">cwealm-cuma</a>, w. m., <i>one coming for murder, a new-comer who +contemplates murder</i>: acc. sg. þone cwealm-cuman (of Grendel), <a href="#li793">793</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcwic">cwic</a> and <b>cwico</b>, adj., <i>quick, having life, alive</i>: +acc. sg. cwicne, <a href="#li793">793</a>, <a href="#li2786">2786</a>; gen. sg. āht cwices, <i>something +living</i>, <a href="#li2315">2315</a>; nom. pl. cwice, <a href="#li98">98</a>; cwico ws þā gēna, <i>was still +alive</i>, <a href="#li3094">3094</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcwide">cwide</a>, st. m., <i>word, speech, saying</i>: in comp. gegn-, +gilp-, hlēo-, word-cwide.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcwīthan">cwīðan</a>, st. v., <i>to complain, to lament</i>: inf. w. acc. +ongan ... gioguðe cwīðan hilde-strengo, <i>began to lament the</i> +(departed) <i>battle-strength of his youth</i>, <a href="#li2113">2113</a> [ceare] cwīðan, +<i>lament their cares</i>, <a href="#li3173">3173</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcyme">cyme</a>, st. m., <i>coming, arrival</i>: nom. pl. hwanan ēowre +cyme syndon, <i>whence your coming is</i>, i. e. whence ye are, +<a href="#li257">257</a>.—Comp. eft-cyme.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcymlīce">cȳmlīce</a>, adv., (convenienter), <i>splendidly, grandly</i>: +comp. cȳmlīcor, <a href="#li38">38</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcyn">cyn</a>, st. n., <i>race</i>, both in the general sense, and +denoting noble lineage: nom. sg. Frēsena cyn, <a href="#li1094">1094</a>; Wedera (gara, MS.) +cyn, <a href="#li461">461</a>; acc. sg. eotena cyn, <a href="#li421">421</a>; gīganta cyn, <a href="#li1691">1691</a>; dat. sg. Caines +cynne, <a href="#li107">107</a>; manna cynne, <a href="#li811">811</a>, <a href="#li915">915</a>, <a href="#li1726">1726</a>; ēowrum (of those who desert +Bēowulf in battle) cynne, <a href="#li2886">2886</a>; gen. sg. manna (gumena) cynnes, <a href="#li702">702</a>, +etc.; mǣran cynnes, <a href="#li1730">1730</a>; lāðan cynnes, <a href="#li2009">2009</a>, <a href="#li2355">2355</a>; ūsses cynnes +Wǣgmundinga, <a href="#li2814">2814</a>; gen. pl. cynna gehwylcum, <a href="#li98">98</a>.—Comp.: eormen-, +feorh-, frum-, gum-, man-, wyrm-cyn.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcyn">cyn</a>, st. n., <i>that which is suitable or proper</i>: gen. pl. +cynna (of etiquette) gemyndig, <a href="#li614">614</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgecynde">cynde</a>, adj., <i>innate, peculiar, natural</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li2198">2198</a>, <a href="#li2697">2697</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcynedōm">cyne-dōm</a>, st. m., <i>kingdom, royal dignity</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li2377">2377</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcyning">cyning</a>, st. m., <i>king</i>: nom. acc. sg. cyning, II, <a href="#li864">864</a>, +<a href="#li921">921</a>, etc.; kyning, <a href="#li620">620</a>, <a href="#li3173">3173</a>; dat. sg. cyninge, <a href="#li3094">3094</a>; gen. sg. +cyninges, <a href="#li868">868</a>, <a href="#li1211">1211</a>; gen. pl. kyning[a] wuldor, of God, <a href="#li666">666</a>.—Comp. +beorn-, eorð-, folc-, guð-, hēah-, lēod-, sǣ-, sōð-, þēod-, worold-, +wuldor-cyning.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcyningbeald">cyning-beald</a>, adj., "<i>nobly bold</i>" (Thorpe), +<i>excellently brave</i> (?): nom. pl. cyning-balde men, <a href="#li1635">1635</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgecyssan">cyssan</a>, w. v., <i>to kiss</i>: pret. gecyste þā cyning ... +þegen betstan, <i>kissed the best thane</i> (Bēowulf), <a href="#li1871">1871</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcyst">cyst</a> (<i>choosing</i>, see <a class="glentry" href="#glcēosan">cēosan</a>), st. f., <i>the +select, the best of a thing, good quality, excellence</i>: nom. sg. +īrenna cyst, <i>of the swords</i>, <a href="#li803">803</a>, <a href="#li1698">1698</a>; wǣpna cyst, <a href="#li1560">1560</a>; symbla +cyst, <i>choice banquet</i>, <a href="#li1233">1233</a>; acc. sg. īrena cyst, <a href="#li674">674</a>; dat. pl. +foldwegas ... cystum cūðe, <i>known through excellent qualities</i>, +<a href="#li868">868</a>; (cyning) cystum gecȳðed, <a href="#li924">924</a>.—Comp. gum-, hilde-cyst.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcȳth">cȳð</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gloncȳth">on-cȳð</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcȳthan">cȳðan</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glcūth">cūð</a>), w. v., <i>to make known, to manifest, +to show</i>: imp. sg. mgen-ellen cȳð, <i>show thy heroic +strength</i>, <a href="#li660">660</a>; inf. cwealmbealu cȳðan, <a href="#li1941">1941</a>; ellen cȳðan, <a href="#li2696">2696</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-cȳðan (<i>to make known</i>, hence): 1) <i>to give information, to +announce</i>: inf. andsware gecȳðan, <i>to give answer</i>, <a href="#li354">354</a>; +gerund, tō gecȳðanne hwanan ēowre cyme syndon (<i>to show whence ye +come</i>), <a href="#li257">257</a>; pret. part. sōð is gecȳðed þt ... (<i>the truth has +become known</i>, it has shown itself to be true), <a href="#li701">701</a>; Higelāce ws +sīð Bēowulfes snūde gecȳðed, <i>the arrival of B. was quickly +announced</i>, <a href="#li1972">1972</a>; similarly, <a href="#li2325">2325</a>.—2) <i>to make celebrated</i>, +in pret. part.: ws mīn fder folcum gecȳðed (<i>my father was known +to warriors</i>), <a href="#li262">262</a>; ws his mōdsefa manegum gecȳðed, <a href="#li349">349</a>; cystum +gecȳðed, <a href="#li924">924</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcȳth">cȳð</a> (properly, <i>condition of being known</i>, hence +<i>relationship</i>), st. f., <i>home, country, land</i>: in comp. +feor-cȳð.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgecȳpan">cȳpan</a>, w. v., <i>to purchase</i>: inf. ns him ǣnig þearf +þt hē ... þurfe wyrsan wīgfrecan weorðe gecȳpan, <i>had need to buy +with treasures no inferior warrior</i>, <a href="#li2497">2497</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossD">D</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldaroth">daroð</a>, st. m., <i>spear</i>: dat. pl. dareðum lācan (<i>to +fight</i>), <a href="#li2849">2849</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgedāl">dāl</a>, st. n., <i>parting, separation</i>: nom. sg. his +worulde gedāl, <i>his separation from the world</i> (his death), +<a href="#li3069">3069</a>.—Comp. ealdor-, līf-gedāl.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldg">dg</a>, st. m., <i>day</i>: nom. sg. dg, <a href="#li485">485</a>, <a href="#li732">732</a>, <a href="#li2647">2647</a>; acc. sg. +dg, <a href="#li2400">2400</a>; andlangne dg, <i>the whole day</i>, <a href="#li2116">2116</a>; morgenlongne dg +(<i>the whole morning</i>), <a href="#li2895">2895</a>; oð dōmes dg, <i>till +judgment-day</i>, <a href="#li3070">3070</a>; dat. sg. on þǣm dge þysses līfes (eo tempore, +tunc), <a href="#li197">197</a>, <a href="#li791">791</a>, <a href="#li807">807</a>; gen. sg. dges, <a href="#li1601">1601</a>, <a href="#li2321">2321</a>; hwīl dges, <i>a +day's time, a whole day</i>, <a href="#li1496">1496</a>; dges and nihtes, <i>day and +night</i>, <a href="#li2270">2270</a>; dges, <i>by day</i>, <a href="#li1936">1936</a>; dat. pl. on tȳn dagum, +<i>in ten days</i>, <a href="#li3161">3161</a>.—Comp. ǣr-, dēað-, ende-, ealdor-, fyrn-, +geār-, lǣn-, līf-, swylt-, win-dg, an-dges.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldghwīl">dg-hwīl</a>, st. f., <i>day-time</i>: acc. pl. þt hē dghwīla +gedrogen hfde eorðan wynne, <i>that he had enjoyed earth's pleasures +during the days</i> (appointed to him), i.e. that his life was +finished, <a href="#li2727">2727</a>.—(After Grein.)</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldgrīm">dg-rīm</a>, st. n., <i>series of days, fixed number of days</i>: +nom. sg. dōgera dgrīm (<i>number of the days of his life</i>), <a href="#li824">824</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldǣd">dǣd</a>, st. f., <i>deed, action</i>: acc. sg. dēorlīce dǣd, <a href="#li585">585</a>; +dōmlēasan dǣd, <a href="#li2891">2891</a>; frēcne dǣde, <a href="#li890">890</a>; dǣd, <a href="#li941">941</a>; acc. pl. Grendles +dǣda, <a href="#li195">195</a>; gen. pl. dǣda, <a href="#li181">181</a>, <a href="#li479">479</a>, <a href="#li2455">2455</a>, etc.; dat. pl. dǣdum, <a href="#li1228">1228</a>, +<a href="#li2437">2437</a>, etc.—Comp. ellen-, fyren-, lof-dǣd.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldǣdcēne">dǣd-cēne</a>, adj., <i>bold in deed</i>: nom. sg. dǣd-cēne mon, +<a href="#li1646">1646</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldǣdfruma">dǣd-fruma</a>, w. m., <i>doer of deeds, doer</i>: nom. sg., of Grendel, <a href="#li2091">2091</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldǣdbata">dǣd-bata</a>, w. m., <i>he who pursues with his deeds</i>: nom. sg., +of Grendel, <a href="#li275">275</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldǣdla">dǣdla</a>, w. m., <i>doer</i>: in comp. mān-for-dǣdla.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldǣl">dǣl</a>, st. m., <i>part, portion</i>: acc. sg. dǣl, <a href="#li622">622</a>, <a href="#li2246">2246</a>, +<a href="#li3128">3128</a>; acc. pl. dǣlas, <a href="#li1733">1733</a>.—Often dǣl designates the portion of a +thing or of a quality which belongs in general to an individual, as, +oð þt him on innan oferhygda dǣl weaxeð, <i>till in his bosom his +portion of arrogance increases</i>: i.e. whatever arrogance he has, +his arrogance, <a href="#li1741">1741</a>. Bīowulfe wearð dryhtmāðma dǣl dēaðe, forgolden, +<i>to Bēowulf his part of the splendid treasures was paid with +death</i>, i.e. whatever splendid treasures were allotted to him, +whatever part of them he could win in the fight with the dragon, <a href="#li2844">2844</a>; +similarly, <a href="#li1151">1151</a>, <a href="#li1753">1753</a>, <a href="#li2029">2029</a>, <a href="#li2069">2069</a>, <a href="#li3128">3128</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldǣlan">dǣlan</a>, w. v., <i>to divide, to bestow, to share with</i>, w. +acc.: pres. sg. III. mādmas dǣleð, <a href="#li1757">1757</a>; pres. subj. þt hē wið +āglǣcean eofoðo dǣle, <i>that he bestow his strength upon</i> +(strive with) <i>the bringer of misery</i> the drake), <a href="#li2535">2535</a>; inf. +hringas dǣlan, <a href="#li1971">1971</a>; pret. bēagas dǣlde, <a href="#li80">80</a>; sceattas dǣlde, <a href="#li1687">1687</a>.</p> + +<p>be-dǣlan, w. instr., <i>(to divide), to tear away from, to strip +of</i>: pret. part. drēamum (drēame) bedǣled, <i>deprived of the +heavenly joys</i> (of Grendel), <a href="#li722">722</a>, <a href="#li1276">1276</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-dǣlan: 1) <i>to distribute</i>: inf. (w. acc. <i>of the +thing distributed</i>); bǣr on innan eall gedǣlan geongum and ealdum +swylc him god sealde, <i>distribute therein to young and old all that +God had given him</i>, <a href="#li71">71</a>.—2) <i>to divide, to separate</i>, with +acc.: inf. sundur gedǣlan līf wið līce, <i>separate life from the +body</i>, <a href="#li2423">2423</a>; so pret. subj. þt hē gedǣlde ... ānra gehwylces līf +wið līce, <a href="#li732">732</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldenn">denn</a> (cf. denu, dene, vallis), st. n., <i>den, cave</i>: acc. +sg. þs wyrmes denn, <a href="#li2761">2761</a>; gen. sg. (draca) gewāt dennes nīosian, +<a href="#li3046">3046</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgedefe">defe</a>, adj.: 1) (impersonal) <i>proper, appropriate</i>: nom. +sg. swā hit gedēfe ws (bið), <i>as was appropriate, proper</i>, <a href="#li561">561</a>, +<a href="#li1671">1671</a>, <a href="#li3176">3176</a>.—2) <i>good, kind, friendly</i>; nom sg. bēo þū suna mīnum +dǣdum gedēfe, <i>be friendly to my son by deeds</i> (support my son in +deed, namely, when he shall have attained to the government), +<a href="#li1228">1228</a>.—Comp. un-ge-dēfelīce.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldēman">dēman</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#gldōm">dōm</a>), w. v.: 1) <i>to judge, to award +justly</i>: pres. subj. mǣrðo dēme, <a href="#li688">688</a>.—2) <i>to judge favorably, to +praise, to glorify</i>: pret. pl. his ellenweorc duguðum dēmdon, +<i>praised his heroic deed with all their might</i>, <a href="#li3176">3176</a>.</p> + +<p>dēmend, <i>judge</i>: dǣda dēmend (of God), <a href="#li181">181</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldeal">deal</a>, adj., "superbus, clarus, fretus" (Grimm): nom. pl. þrȳðum +dealle, <a href="#li494">494</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldēad">dēad</a>, adj., <i>dead</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li467">467</a>, <a href="#li1324">1324</a>, <a href="#li2373">2373</a>; acc. sg. +dēadne, <a href="#li1310">1310</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldēath">dēað</a>, st. m., <i>death, dying</i>: nom. sg, dēað, <a href="#li441">441</a>, <a href="#li447">447</a>, +etc.; acc. sg. dēað, <a href="#li2169">2169</a>; dat. sg. dēaðe, <a href="#li1389">1389</a>, <a href="#li1590">1590</a>, (as instr.) +<a href="#li2844">2844</a>, <a href="#li3046">3046</a>; gen. sg. dēaðes wylm, <a href="#li2270">2270</a>; dēaðes nȳd, <a href="#li2455">2455</a>.—Comp. gūð-, +wl-, wundor-dēað.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldēathbed">dēað-bed</a>, st. n., <i>death-bed</i>: dat. sg. dēað-bedde fst, +<a href="#li2902">2902</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldēathcwalu">dēað-cwalu</a>, st. f., <i>violent death</i>, <i>ruin and +death</i>: dat. pl. tō dēað-cwalum, <a href="#li1713">1713</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldēathcwealm">dēað-cwealm</a>, st. m., <i>violent death, murder</i>: nom. sg. +<a href="#li1671">1671</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldēathdg">dēað-dg</a>, st. m., <i>death-day, dying day</i>: dat. sg. fter +dēað-dge (<i>after his death</i>), <a href="#li187">187</a>, <a href="#li886">886</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldēathfǣge">dēað-fǣge</a>, adj., <i>given over to death</i>: nom. sg. (Grendel) +dēað-fǣge dēog, <i>had hidden himself, being given over to death</i> +(mortally wounded), <a href="#li851">851</a>.</p> + +<p>dēað-scūa, w. m., <i>death-shadow, ghostly being, demon of death</i>: +nom. sg. deorc dēað-scūa (of Grendel), <a href="#li160">160</a>.</p> + +<p>dēað-wērig, adj., <i>weakened by death</i>, i.e. dead: acc. sg. +dēað-wērigne, <a href="#li2126">2126</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glwērig">wērig</a>.</p> + +<p>dēað-wīc, st. n. <i>death's house, home of death</i>: acc. sg. gewāt +dēaðwīc sēon (<i>had died</i>), <a href="#li1276">1276</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldēagan">dēagan</a> (O.H.G. pret. part. tougan, <i>hidden</i>), <i>to +conceal one's self, to hide</i>: pret. (for pluperf.) dēog, <a href="#li851">851</a>.—Leo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldeorc">deorc</a>, adj., <i>dark</i>: of the night, nom. sg. (nihthelm) +deorc, <a href="#li1791">1791</a>; dat. pl. deorcum nihtum, <a href="#li275">275</a>, <a href="#li2212">2212</a>; of the terrible +Grendel, nom. sg. deorc dēað-scūa, <a href="#li160">160</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldēofol">dēofol</a>, st. m. n., <i>devil</i>: gen. sg. dēofles, <a href="#li2089">2089</a>; gen. pl. +dēofla, of Grendel and his troop, <a href="#li757">757</a>, <a href="#li1681">1681</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldēogol">dēogol, dȳgol</a>, adj., <i>concealed, hidden, inaccessible, beyond +information, unknown</i>: nom. sg. dēogol dǣdhata (of Grendel), <a href="#li275">275</a>; +acc. sg. dȳgel lond, <i>inaccessible land</i>, <a href="#li1358">1358</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldēop">dēop</a>, st. n., <i>deep, abyss</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li2550">2550</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldēop">dēop</a>, adv. <i>deeply</i>: acc. sg. dēop wter, <a href="#li509">509</a>, <a href="#li1905">1905</a>.</p> + +<p>dīope, adj., <i>deep</i>: hit oð dōmes dg dīope benemdon þēodnas +mǣre, <i>the illustrious rulers had charmed it deeply till the +judgment-day, had laid a solemn spell upon it</i>, <a href="#li3070">3070</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldēor">dēor</a>, st. n., <i>animal, wild animal</i>: in comp. mere-, +sǣ-dēor.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldēor">dēor</a>, adj.: 1) <i>wild, terrible</i>: nom. sg. dīor dǣd-fruma +(of Grendel), <a href="#li2091">2091</a>.—2) <i>bold, brave</i>: nom. nǣnig ... dēor, +<a href="#li1934">1934</a>.—Comp.: heaðu-, hilde-dēor.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldēore">dēore, dȳre</a>, adj.: 1) <i>dear, costly</i> (high in price): acc. +sg. dȳre īren, <a href="#li2051">2051</a>; drincft dȳre (dēore), <a href="#li2307">2307</a>, <a href="#li2255">2255</a>; instr. sg. +dēoran sweorde, <a href="#li561">561</a>; dat. sg. dēorum māðme, <a href="#li1529">1529</a>; nom. pl. dȳre swyrd, +<a href="#li3049">3049</a>; acc. pl. dēore (dȳre) māðmas, <a href="#li2237">2237</a>, <a href="#li3132">3132</a>.—2) <i>dear, beloved, +worthy</i>: nom. sg. f., ðelum dīore, <i>worthy by reason of +origin</i>, <a href="#li1950">1950</a>; dat. sg. fter dēorum men, <a href="#li1880">1880</a>; gen. sg. dēorre +duguðe, <a href="#li488">488</a>; superl. acc. sg. aldorþegn þone dēorestan, <a href="#li1310">1310</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldēorlīc">dēor-līc</a>, adj., <i>bold, brave</i>: acc. sg. dēorlīce dǣd, <a href="#li585">585</a>. +See <a class="glentry" href="#gldēor">dēor</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldisc">disc</a>, st. m., <i>disc, plate, flat dish</i>: nom. acc. pl. +discas, <a href="#li2776">2776</a>, <a href="#li3049">3049</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgedīgan">dīgan</a>. See ge-<a class="glentry" href="#glgedȳgan">dȳgan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldolgilp">dol-gilp</a>, st. m., <i>mad boast, foolish pride, vain-glory, +thoughtless audacity</i>: dat. sg. for dolgilpe, <a href="#li509">509</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldollīc">dol-līc</a>, adj., <i>audacious</i>: gen. pl. mǣst ... dǣda +dollīcra, <a href="#li2647">2647</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldolsceatha">dol-sceaða</a>, w. m., <i>bold enemy</i>: acc. sg. þone dol-scaðan +(Grendel), <a href="#li479">479</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldōgor">dōgor</a>, st. m. n., <i>day</i>; 1) day as a period of 24 hours: +gen. sg. ymb āntīd ōðres dōgores, <i>at the same time of the next +day</i>, <a href="#li219">219</a>; morgen-lēoht ōðres dōgores, <i>the morning-light of the +second day</i>, <a href="#li606">606</a>.—2) day in the usual sense: acc. sg. n. þȳs +dōgor, <i>during this day</i>, <a href="#li1396">1396</a>; instr. þȳ dōgore, <a href="#li1798">1798</a>; forman +dōgore, <a href="#li2574">2574</a>; gen. pl. dōgora gehwām, <a href="#li88">88</a>; dōgra gehwylce, <a href="#li1091">1091</a>; +dōgera dgrim, <i>the number of his days</i> (the days of his life), +<a href="#li824">824</a>.—3) <i>day</i> in the wider sense of time: dat. pl. ufaran +dōgrum, <i>in later days, times</i>, <a href="#li2201">2201</a>, <a href="#li2393">2393</a>.—Comp. ende-dōgor.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldōgorgerīm">dōgor-gerīm</a>, st. n., <i>series of days</i>: gen. sg. ws eall +sceacen dōgor-gerīmes, <i>the whole number of his days</i> (his life) +<i>was past</i>, <a href="#li2729">2729</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldōhtor">dōhtor</a>, st. f., <i>daughter</i>: nom. acc. sg. dōhtor, <a href="#li375">375</a>, +<a href="#li1077">1077</a>, <a href="#li1930">1930</a>, <a href="#li1982">1982</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldōm">dōm</a>, st. m.: I., <i>condition, state in general</i>; in comp. +cyne-, wis-dōm.—II., having reference to justice, hence: 1) +<i>judgment, judicial opinion</i>: instr. sg. weotena dōme, +<i>according to the judgment of the Witan</i>, <a href="#li1099">1099</a>. 2) <i>custom</i>: +fter dōme, <i>according to custom</i>, <a href="#li1721">1721</a>. 3) <i>court, +tribunal</i>: gen. sg. miclan dōmes, <a href="#li979">979</a>; oð dōmes dg, <a href="#li3070">3070</a>, both +times of the last judgment.—III., <i>condition of freedom</i> or +<i>superiority</i>, hence: 4) <i>choice, free will</i>: acc. sg. on +sīnne sylfes dōm, <i>according to his own choice</i>, <a href="#li2148">2148</a>; instr. sg. +selfes dōme, <a href="#li896">896</a>, <a href="#li2777">2777</a>. 5) <i>might, power</i>: nom. sg. dōm godes, +<a href="#li2859">2859</a>; acc. sg. Eofores ānne dōm, <a href="#li2965">2965</a>; dat. sg. drihtnes dōme, <a href="#li441">441</a>. 6) +<i>glory, honor, renown</i>: nom. sg. [dōm], <a href="#li955">955</a>; dōm unlȳtel, <i>not +a little glory</i>, <a href="#li886">886</a>; þt ws forma sīð dēorum māðme þt his dōm +ālg, <i>it was the first time to the dear treasure</i> (the sword +Hrunting) <i>that its fame was not made good</i>, <a href="#li1529">1529</a>; acc. sg. ic mē +dōm gewyrce, <i>make renown for myself</i>, <a href="#li1492">1492</a>; þt þū ne ālǣte dōm +gedrēosan, <i>that thou let not honor fall</i>, <a href="#li2667">2667</a>; dat. instr. sg. +þǣr hē dōme forlēas, <i>here he lost his reputation</i>, <a href="#li1471">1471</a>; dōme +gewurðad, <i>adorned with glory</i>, <a href="#li1646">1646</a>; gen. sg. wyrce sē þe mōte +dōmes, <i>let him make himself reputation, whoever is able</i>, <a href="#li1389">1389</a>. +7) <i>splendor</i> (in heaven): acc. sōð-fstra dōm, <i>the glory of +the saints</i>, <a href="#li2821">2821</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldōmlēas">dōm-lēas</a>, adj., <i>without reputation, inglorious</i>: acc. sg. +f. dōmlēasan dǣd, <a href="#li2891">2891</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldōn">dōn</a>, red. v., <i>to do, to make, to treat</i>: 1) absolutely: +imp. dōð swā ic bidde, <i>do as I beg</i>, <a href="#li1232">1232</a>.—2) w. acc.: inf. hēt +hire selfre sunu on bǣl dōn, <a href="#li1117">1117</a>; pret. þā hē him of dyde +īsernbyrnan, <i>took off the iron corselet</i>, <a href="#li672">672</a>; (þonne) him +Hūnlāfing, ... billa sēlest, on bearm dyde, <i>when he made a present +to him of Hūnlāfing, the best of swords</i>, <a href="#li1145">1145</a>; dyde him of healse +hring gyldenne, <i>took off the gold ring from his neck</i>, <a href="#li2810">2810</a>; nē +him þs wyrmes wīg for wiht dyde, eafoð and ellen, <i>nor did he +reckon as anything the drake's fighting, power, and strength</i>, +<a href="#li2349">2349</a>; pl. hī on beorg dydon bēg and siglu, <i>placed in the (grave-) +mound rings and ornaments</i>, <a href="#li3165">3165</a>.—3) representing preceding verbs: +inf. tō Gēatum sprec mildum wordum! swā sceal man dōn, <i>as one +should do</i>, <a href="#li1173">1173</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1535">1535</a>, <a href="#li2167">2167</a>; pres. metod eallum wēold, +swā hē nū gīt dēð, <i>the creator ruled over all, as he still +does</i>, <a href="#li1059">1059</a>; similarly, <a href="#li2471">2471</a>, <a href="#li2860">2860</a>, and (sg. for pl.) <a href="#li1135">1135</a>; pret. +II. swā þū ǣr dydest, <a href="#li1677">1677</a>; III. swā hē nū gȳt dyde, <a href="#li957">957</a>; similarly, +<a href="#li1382">1382</a>, <a href="#li1892">1892</a>, <a href="#li2522">2522</a>; pl. swā hīe oft ǣr dydon, <a href="#li1239">1239</a>; similarly, <a href="#li3071">3071</a>. +With the case also which the preceding verb governs: wēn' ic þt hē +wille ... Gēatena lēode etan unforhte, swā hē oft dyde mgen +Hrēðmanna, <i>I believe he will wish to devour the Gēat people, the +fearless, as he often did</i> (devoured) <i>the bloom of the +Hrēðmen</i>, <a href="#li444">444</a>; gif ic þt gefricge ... þt þec ymbesittend egesan +þȳwað, swā þec hetende hwīlum dydon, <i>that the neighbors distress +thee as once the enemy did thee</i> (i.e. distressed), <a href="#li1829">1829</a>; gif ic +ōwihte mg þīnre mōd-lufan māran tilian þonne ic gȳt dyde, <i>if I can +with anything obtain thy greater love than I have yet done</i>, <a href="#li1825">1825</a>; +similarly, pl. þonne þā dydon, <a href="#li44">44</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-dōn, <i>to do, to make</i>, with the acc. and predicate adj.: prs. +(god) gedēð him swā gewealdene worolde dǣlas, <i>makes the parts of +the world</i> (i.e. the whole world) <i>so subject that ...</i>, <a href="#li1733">1733</a>; +inf. nē hyne on medo-bence micles wyrðne drihten wereda gedōn wolde, +<i>nor would the leader of the people much honor him at the +mead-banquet</i>, <a href="#li2187">2187</a>. With adv.: hē mec þǣr on innan ... gedōn +wolde, <i>wished to place me in there</i>, <a href="#li2091">2091</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldraca">draca</a>, w. m., <i>drake, dragon</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li893">893</a>, <a href="#li2212">2212</a>; acc. +sg. dracan, <a href="#li2403">2403</a>, <a href="#li3132">3132</a>; gen. sg., <a href="#li2089">2089</a>, <a href="#li2291">2291</a>, <a href="#li2550">2550</a>.—Comp.: eorð-, +fȳr-, lēg-, līg-, nīð-draca.</p> + +<p>on-<a class="glentry" name="glondrǣdan">drǣdan</a>, st. v., w. acc. of the thing and dat. of the pers., +<i>to fear, to be afraid of</i>: inf. þt þū him on-drǣdan ne þearft +... aldorbealu, <i>needest not fear death for them</i>, <a href="#li1675">1675</a>; pret. nō +hē him þā scce ondrēd, <i>was not afraid of the combat</i>, <a href="#li2348">2348</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgedrg">drg</a> (from dragan, in the sense se gerere), st. n., +<i>demeanor, actions</i>: acc. sg. sēcan dēofla gedrg, <a href="#li757">757</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrepan">drepan</a>, st. v., <i>to hit, to strike</i>: pret. sg. sweorde +drep ferhð-genīðlan, <a href="#li2881">2881</a>; pret. part. bið on hreðre ... drepen +biteran strǣle, <i>struck in the breast with piercing arrow</i>, <a href="#li1746">1746</a>; +ws in feorh dropen (<i>fatally hit</i>), <a href="#li2982">2982</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrepe">drepe</a>, st. m., <i>blow, stroke</i>: acc. sg. drepe, <a href="#li1590">1590</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrēfan">drēfan</a>, ge-<b>drēfan</b>, w. v., <i>to move, to agitate, to +stir up</i>: inf. gewāt ... drēfan dēop wter (<i>to navigate</i>), +<a href="#li1905">1905</a>; pret. part. wter under stōd drēorig and gedrēfed, <a href="#li1418">1418</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrēam">drēam</a>, st. m., <i>rejoicing, joyous actions, joy</i>: nom. sg. +hleða drēam, <a href="#li497">497</a>; acc. sg. drēam hlūdne, <a href="#li88">88</a>; þū ... drēam healdende, +<i>thou who livest in rejoicing</i> (at the drinking-carouse), <i>who +art joyous</i>, <a href="#li1228">1228</a>: dat. instr. sg. drēame bedǣled, <a href="#li1276">1276</a>; gen. pl. +drēama lēas, <a href="#li851">851</a>; dat. pl. drēamum (here adverbial) lifdon, <i>lived +in rejoicing, joyously</i>, <a href="#li99">99</a>; drēamum bedǣled, <a href="#li722">722</a>; the last may +refer also to heavenly joys.—Comp. glēo-, gum-, man-, sele-drēam.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrēamlēas">drēam-lēas</a>, adj., <i>without rejoicing, joyless</i>: nom. sg. +of King Heremōd, <a href="#li1721">1721</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrēogan">drēogan</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to lead a life, to be in a certain +condition</i>: pret. drēah fter dōme, <i>lived in honor, honorably</i>, +<a href="#li2180">2180</a>; pret. pl. fyren-þearfe ongeat, þt hīe ǣr drugon aldorlēase lange +hwile, <i>(God) had seen the great distress, (had seen) that they had lived +long without a ruler</i> (?), <a href="#li15">15</a>.—2) <i>to experience, to live through, to +do, to make, to enjoy</i>: imp. drēoh symbelwynne, <i>pass through the +pleasure of the meal, to enjoy the meal</i>, <a href="#li1783">1783</a>; inf. driht-scype drēogan +(<i>do a heroic deed</i>), <a href="#li1471">1471</a>; pret. sundnytte drēah (<i>had the +occupation of swimming</i>, i.e. swam through the sea), <a href="#li2361">2361</a>; pret. pl. hīe +gewin drugon (<i>fought</i>), <a href="#li799">799</a>; hī sīð drugon, <i>made the way, +went</i>, <a href="#li1967">1967</a>.—3) <i>to experience, to bear, to suffer</i>: scealt werhðo +drēogan, <i>shall suffer damnation</i>, <a href="#li590">590</a>; pret. þegn-sorge drēah, +<i>bore sorrow for his heroes</i>, <a href="#li131">131</a>; nearoþearfe drēah, <a href="#li422">422</a>; pret. pl. +inwidsorge þē hīe ǣr drugon, <a href="#li832">832</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1859">1859</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-drēogan, <i>to suffer, to endure</i>: inf. wrǣc ādrēogan, <a href="#li3079">3079</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-drēogan, <i>to live through, to enjoy</i>, pret. part. þt hē ... +gedrogen hfde eorðan wynne, <i>that he had now enjoyed the pleasures +of earth</i> (i.e. that he was at his death), <a href="#li2727">2727</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrēor">drēor</a>, st. m., <i>blood dropping or flowing from wounds</i>: +instr. sg. drēore, <a href="#li447">447</a>.—Comp. heoru-, sāwul-, wl-drēor.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrēorfāh">drēor-fāh</a>, adj., <i>colored with blood, spotted with blood</i>: +nom. sg. <a href="#li485">485</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrēorig">drēorig</a>, adj., <i>bloody, bleeding</i>: nom. sg. wter stōd +drēorig, <a href="#li1418">1418</a>; acc. sg. dryhten sīnne drīorigne fand, <a href="#li2790">2790</a>.—Comp. +heoru-drēorig.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgedrēosan">drēosan</a>, st. v., <i>to fall down, to sink</i>: pres. sg. +III. līc-homa lǣne gedrēoseð, <i>the body, belonging to death, sinks +down</i>, <a href="#li1755">1755</a>; inf. þt þū ne ālǣte dōm gedrēosan, <i>honor fall, +sink</i>, <a href="#li2667">2667</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrincan">drincan</a>, st. v., <i>to drink</i> (with and without the acc.): +pres. part. nom. pl. ealo drincende, <a href="#li1946">1946</a>; pret. blōd ēdrum dranc, +<i>drank the blood in streams</i>(?), <a href="#li743">743</a>; pret. pl. druncon wīn +weras, <i>the men drank wine</i>, <a href="#li1234">1234</a>; þǣr guman druncon, <i>where +the men drank</i>, <a href="#li1649">1649</a>. The pret. part., when it stands absolutely, +has an active sense: nom. pl. druncne dryhtguman, <i>ye warriors who +have drunk, are drinking</i>, <a href="#li1232">1232</a>; acc. pl. nealles druncne slōg +heorð-genēatas, <i>slew not his hearth-companions who had drunk with +him</i>, i.e. at the banquet, <a href="#li2180">2180</a>. With the instr. it means +<i>drunken</i>: nom. sg. bēore (wīne) druncen, <a href="#li531">531</a>, <a href="#li1468">1468</a>; nom. pl. +bēore druncne, <a href="#li480">480</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrīfan">drīfan</a>, st. v., <i>to drive</i>: pres. pl. þā þe brentingas +ofer flōda genipu feorran drīfað, <i>who drive their ships thither from +afar over the darkness of the sea</i>, <a href="#li2809">2809</a>; inf. (w. acc.) þēah þe hē +[ne] meahte on mere drīfan hringedstefnan, <i>although he could not +drive the ship on the sea</i>, <a href="#li1131">1131</a>.</p> + +<p>to-drīfan, <i>to drive apart, to disperse</i>: pret. oð þt unc flōd +tōdrāf, <a href="#li545">545</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrohtoth">drohtoð</a>, st. m., <i>mode of living</i> or <i>acting, calling, +employment</i>: nom. sg. ne ws his drohtoð þǣr swylce hē ǣr gemētte, +<i>there was no employment for him</i> (Grendel) <i>there such as he +had found formerly</i>, <a href="#li757">757</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrūsian">drūsian</a>, w. v. (cf. <a class="glentry" href="#gldrēosan">drēosan</a>, properly, <i>to be ready to +fall</i>; here of water), <i>to stagnate, to be putrid</i>. pret. lagu +drūsade (through the blood of Grendel and his mother), <a href="#li1631">1631</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldryht">dryht, driht</a>, st. f., <i>company, troop, band of warriors; +noble band</i>: in comp. mago-driht.</p> + +<p>ge-dryht, ge-driht, st. f., <i>troop, band of noble warriors</i>: nom. +sg. mīnra eorla gedryht, <a href="#li431">431</a>; acc. sg. ðelinga gedriht, <a href="#li118">118</a>; mid his +eorla (hleða) gedriht (gedryht), <a href="#li357">357</a>, <a href="#li663">663</a>; similarly, <a href="#li634">634</a>, +<a href="#li1673">1673</a>.—Comp. sibbe-gedriht.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldryhtbearn">dryht-bearn</a>, st. n., <i>youth from a noble warrior band, noble +young man</i>: nom. sg. dryhtbearn Dena, <a href="#li2036">2036</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldryhten">dryhten, drihten</a>, st. m., <i>commander, lord</i>: a) +<i>temporal lord</i>: nom. sg. dryhten, <a href="#li1485">1485</a>, <a href="#li2001">2001</a>, etc.; drihten, +<a href="#li1051">1051</a>; dat. dryhtne, <a href="#li2483">2483</a>, etc.; dryhten, <a href="#li1832">1832</a>.—b) <i>God</i>: nom. +drihten, <a href="#li108">108</a>, etc.; dryhten, <a href="#li687">687</a>, etc.; dat. sg. dryhtne, <a href="#li1693">1693</a>, etc.; +drihtne, <a href="#li1399">1399</a>, etc.; gen. sg. dryhtnes, <a href="#li441">441</a>; drihtnes, <a href="#li941">941</a>.—Comp.: +frēa-, frēo-, gum-, man-, sige-, wine-dryhten.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldryhtguma">dryht-guma</a>, w. m., <i>one of a troop of warriors, noble +warrior</i>: dat. sg. drihtguman, <a href="#li1389">1389</a>; nom. pl. drihtguman, <a href="#li99">99</a>; +dryhtguman, <a href="#li1232">1232</a>; dat. pl. ofer dryhtgumum, <a href="#li1791">1791</a> (of Hrōðgār's +warriors).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldryhtlīc">dryht-līc</a>, adj., <i>(that which befits a noble troop of +warriors), noble, excellent</i>: dryhtlīc īren, <i>excellent +sword</i>, <a href="#li893">893</a>; acc. sg. f. (with an acc. sg. n.) drihtlīce wīf (of +Hildeburh), <a href="#li1159">1159</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldryhtmāthum">dryht-māðum</a>, st. m., <i>excellent jewel, splendid treasure</i>: +gen. pl. dryhtmāðma, <a href="#li2844">2844</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldryhtscipe">dryht-scipe</a>, st. m., <i>(lord-ship) warlike virtue, bravery; +heroic deed</i>: acc. sg. drihtscype drēogan, <i>to do a heroic +deed</i>, <a href="#li1471">1471</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldryhtsele">dryht-sele</a>, st. m., <i>excellent, splendid hall</i>: nom. sg. +driht-sele, <a href="#li485">485</a>; dryhtsele, <a href="#li768">768</a>; acc. sg. dryhtsele, <a href="#li2321">2321</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldryhtsib">dryht-sib</a>, st. f., <i>peace</i> or <i>friendship between troops +of noble warriors</i>: gen. sg. dryhtsibbe, <a href="#li2069">2069</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrync">drync</a>, st. m., <i>drink</i>: in comp. heoru-drync.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldryncft">drync-ft</a>, st. n., <i>vessel for drink, to receive the +drink</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li2255">2255</a>; drinc-ft, <a href="#li2307">2307</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrysmian">drysmian</a>, w. v., <i>to become obscure, gloomy</i> (through the +falling rain): pres. sg. III. lyft drysmað, <a href="#li1376">1376</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrysne">drysne</a>, adj. See <a class="glentry" href="#glondrysne">on-drysne</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldugan">dugan</a>, v., <i>to avail, to be capable, to be good</i>: pres. +sg. III. hūru se aldor dēah, <i>especially is the prince capable</i>, +<a href="#li369">369</a>; ðonne his ellen dēah, <i>if his strength avails, is good</i>, +<a href="#li573">573</a>; þē him selfa dēah, <i>who is capable of himself, who can rely on +himself</i>, <a href="#li1840">1840</a>; pres. subj. þēah þīn wit duge, <i>though, indeed, +your understanding be good, avail</i>, <a href="#li590">590</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1661">1661</a>, <a href="#li2032">2032</a>; +pret. sg. þū ūs wēl dohtest, <i>you did us good, conducted yourself +well towards us</i>, <a href="#li1822">1822</a>; similarly, nū sēo hand ligeð sē þe ēow +welhwylcra wilna dohte, <i>which was helpful to each one of your +desires</i>, <a href="#li1345">1345</a>; pret. subj. þēah þū heaðorǣsa gehwǣr dohte, +<i>though thou wast everywhere strong in battle</i>, <a href="#li526">526</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glduguth">duguð</a> (<i>state of being fit, capable</i>), st. f.: 1) +<i>capability, strength</i>: dat. pl. for dugeðum, <i>in +ability</i>(?), <a href="#li2502">2502</a>; duguðum dēmdon, <i>praised with all their +might</i>(?), <a href="#li3176">3176</a>.—2) <i>men capable of bearing arms, band of +warriors</i>, esp., <i>noble warriors</i>: nom. sg. duguð unlȳtel, +<a href="#li498">498</a>; duguð, <a href="#li1791">1791</a>, <a href="#li2255">2255</a>; dat. sg. for duguðe, <i>before the heroes</i>, +<a href="#li2021">2021</a>; nalles frtwe geaf ealdor duguðe, <i>gave the band of heroes no +treasure</i> (more), <a href="#li2921">2921</a>; lēoda duguðe on lāst, <i>upon the track of +the heroes of the people</i>, i.e. after them, <a href="#li2946">2946</a>; gen. sg. cūðe hē +duguðe þēaw, <i>the custom of the noble warriors</i>, <a href="#li359">359</a>; dēorre +duguðe, <a href="#li488">488</a>; similarly, <a href="#li2239">2239</a>, <a href="#li2659">2659</a>; acc. pl. duguða, <a href="#li2036">2036</a>.—3) +contrasted with geogoð, duguð designates the noted warriors of noble +birth (as in the Middle Ages, knights in contrast with squires): so +gen. sg. duguðe and geogoðe, <a href="#li160">160</a>; gehwylc ... duguðe and iogoðe, <a href="#li1675">1675</a>; +duguðe and geogoðe dǣl ǣghwylcne, <a href="#li622">622</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldurran">durran</a>, v. pret. and pres. <i>to dare</i>; prs. sg. II. þū +dearst bīdan, <i>darest to await</i>, <a href="#li527">527</a>; III. hē gesēcean dear, <a href="#li685">685</a>; +pres. subj. sēc gyf þū dyrre, <i>seek</i> (Grendel's mother), <i>if +thou dare</i>, <a href="#li1380">1380</a>; pret. dorste, <a href="#li1463">1463</a>, <a href="#li1469">1469</a>, etc.; pl. dorston, +<a href="#li2849">2849</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glduru">duru</a>, st. f., <i>door, gate, wicket</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li722">722</a>; acc. +sg. [duru], <a href="#li389">389</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgedūfan">dūfan</a>, st. v., <i>to dip in, to sink into</i>: pret. þt +sweord gedēaf (<i>the sword sank into the drake</i>, of a blow), <a href="#li2701">2701</a>.</p> + +<p>þurh-dūfan, <i>to dive through; to swim through, diving</i>: pret. +wter up þurh-dēaf, <i>swam through the water upwards</i> (because he +was before at the bottom), <a href="#li1620">1620</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldwellan">dwellan</a>, w. v., <i>to mislead, to hinder</i>: prs. III. nō hine +wiht dweleð, ādl nē yldo, <i>him nothing misleads, neither sickness +nor age</i>, <a href="#li1736">1736</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldyhtig">dyhtig</a>, adj., <i>useful, good for</i>: nom. sg. n. sweord ... ecgum +dyhtig, <a href="#li1288">1288</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldynnan">dynnan</a>, w. v., <i>to sound, to groan, to roar</i>: pret. +dryhtsele (healwudu, hrūse) dynede, <a href="#li768">768</a>, <a href="#li1318">1318</a>, <a href="#li2559">2559</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldyrne">dyrne</a>, adj.: 1) <i>concealed, secret, retired</i>: nom. sg. +dyrne, <a href="#li271">271</a>; acc. sg. dryhtsele dyrnne (of the drake's cave-hall), +<a href="#li2321">2321</a>.—2) <i>secret, malicious, hidden by sorcery</i>: dat. instr. sg. +dyrnan crfte, <i>with secret magic art</i>, <a href="#li2291">2291</a>; dyrnum crfte, +<a href="#li2169">2169</a>; gen. pl. dyrnra gāsta, <i>of malicious spirits</i> (of Grendel's +kin), <a href="#li1358">1358</a>.—Comp. un-dyrne.</p> + +<p>dyrne, adv., <i>in secret, secretly</i>: him ...fter dēorum men dyrne +langað, <i>longs in secret for the dear man</i>, <a href="#li1880">1880</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldyrstig">dyrstig</a>, adj., <i>bold, daring</i>: þēah þe hē dǣda gehws +dyrstig wǣre, <i>although he had been courageous for every deed</i>, +<a href="#li2839">2839</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgedȳgan">dȳgan</a>, ge-<b>dīgan</b>, w. v., <i>to endure, to +overcome</i>, with the acc. of the thing endured: pres. sg. II. gif þū +þt ellenweorc aldre gedīgest, <i>if thou survivest the heroic work +with thy life</i>, <a href="#li662">662</a>; III. þt þone hilderǣs hāl gedīgeð, <i>that he +survives the battle in safety</i>, <a href="#li300">300</a>; similarly, inf. unfǣge gedīgan +wēan and wrcsīð, <a href="#li2293">2293</a>; hwðer sēl mǣge wunde gedȳgan, <i>which of the +two can stand the wounds better</i> (come off with life), <a href="#li2532">2532</a>; ne +meahte unbyrnende dēop gedȳgan, <i>could not endure the deep without +burning</i> (could not hold out in the deep), <a href="#li2550">2550</a>; pret. sg. I. III. +ge-dīgde, <a href="#li578">578</a>, <a href="#li1656">1656</a>, <a href="#li2351">2351</a>, <a href="#li2544">2544</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldȳgol">dȳgol</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gldēogol">dēogol</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldȳre">dȳre</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gldēore">dēore</a>.</p> + +<p><b><a name="glossE">E</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glecg">ecg</a>, st. f., <i>edge of the sword, point</i>: nom. sg. sweordes +ecg, <a href="#li1107">1107</a>; ecg, <a href="#li1525">1525</a>, etc.; acc. sg. wið ord and wið ecge ingang +forstōd, <i>defended the entrance against point and edge</i> (i.e. +against spear and sword), <a href="#li1550">1550</a>; mēces ecge, <a href="#li1813">1813</a>; nom. pl. ecge, +<a href="#li1146">1146</a>.—<i>Sword, battle-axe, any cutting weapon</i>: nom. sg. ne ws +ecg bona (<i>not the sword killed him</i>), <a href="#li2507">2507</a>; sīo ecg brūn +(Bēowulf's sword Ngling), <a href="#li2578">2578</a>; hyne ecg fornam, <i>the sword +snatched him away</i>, <a href="#li2773">2773</a>, etc.; nom. pl. ecga, <a href="#li2829">2829</a>; dat. pl. scum +and ecgum, <a href="#li1773">1773</a>; dat. pl. (but denoting only one sword) ēacnum ecgum, +<a href="#li2141">2141</a>; gen. pl. ecga, <a href="#li483">483</a>, <a href="#li806">806</a>, <a href="#li1169">1169</a>;—<i>blade</i>: ecg ws īren, +<a href="#li1460">1460</a>.—Comp.: brūn-, heard-, stȳl-ecg, adj.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glecgbana">ecg-bana</a>, w. m., <i>murderer by the sword</i>: dat. sg. Cain +wearð tō ecg-banan āngan brēðer, <a href="#li1263">1263</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glecghete">ecg-hete</a>, st. m., <i>sword-hate, enmity which the sword carries +out</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li84">84</a>, <a href="#li1739">1739</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glecgthracu">ecg-þracu</a>, st. f., <i>sword-storm</i> (of violent combat): acc. +atole ecg-þrce, <a href="#li597">597</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gledhwyrft">ed-hwyrft</a>, st. m., <i>return</i> (of a former condition): þā +þǣr sōna wearð edhwyrft eorlum, siððan inne fealh Grendles mōdor (i.e. +after Grendel's mother had penetrated into the hall, the former +perilous condition, of the time of the visits of Grendel, returned to +the men), <a href="#li1282">1282</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gledwendan">ed-wendan</a>, w. v., <i>to turn back, to yield, to leave off</i>: +inf. gyf him edwendan ǣfre scolde bealuwa bisigu, <i>if for him the +affliction of evil should ever cease</i>, <a href="#li280">280</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gledwenden">ed-wenden</a>, st. f., <i>turning, change</i>: nom. sg. edwenden, +<a href="#li1775">1775</a>; ed-wenden torna gehwylces (<i>reparation for former +neglect</i>), <a href="#li2189">2189</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gledwītlīf">edwīt-līf</a>, st. n., <i>life in disgrace</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2892">2892</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glefn">efn</a>, adj., <i>even, like</i>, with preceding on, and with +depend. dat., <i>upon the same level, near</i>: him on efn ligeð +ealdorgewinna, <i>lies near him</i>, <a href="#li2904">2904</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glefnan">efnan</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glfnan">fnan</a>) w. v., <i>to carry out, to perform, to +accomplish</i>: pres. subj. eorlscype efne (<i>accomplish knightly +deeds</i>), <a href="#li2536">2536</a>; inf. eorlscipe efnan, <a href="#li2623">2623</a>; sweorda gelāc efnan +(<i>to battle</i>), <a href="#li1042">1042</a>; gerund. tō efnanne, <a href="#li1942">1942</a>; pret. eorlscipe +efnde, <a href="#li2134">2134</a>, <a href="#li3008">3008</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glefne">efne</a>, adv., <i>even, exactly, precisely, just</i>, united with +swā or swylc: efne swā swīðe swā, <i>just so much as</i>, <a href="#li1093">1093</a>; efne +swā sīde swā, <a href="#li1224">1224</a>; ws se gryre lǣssa efne swā micle swā, <i>by so +much the less as ...</i>, <a href="#li1284">1284</a>; lēoht inne stōd efne swā ... scīneð, +<i>a gleam stood therein</i> (in the sword) <i>just as when ... +shines</i>, <a href="#li1572">1572</a>; efne swā hwylc mgða swā þone magan cende (<i>a +woman who has borne such a son</i>), <a href="#li944">944</a>; efne swā hwylcum manna swā +him gemet þūhte, <i>to just such a man as seemed good to him</i>, +<a href="#li3058">3058</a>; efne swylce mǣla swylce ... þearf gesǣlde, <i>just at the times +at which necessity commanded it</i>, <a href="#li1250">1250</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glefstan">efstan</a>, w. v., <i>to be in haste, to hasten</i>: inf. uton nū +efstan, <i>let us hurry now</i>, <a href="#li3102">3102</a>; pret. efste mid elne, +<i>hastened with heroic strength</i>, <a href="#li1494">1494</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleft">eft</a>, adv.: l) <i>thereupon, afterwards</i>: <a href="#li56">56</a>, <a href="#li1147">1147</a>, <a href="#li2112">2112</a>, +<a href="#li3047">3047</a>, etc.; eft sōna bið, <i>then it happens immediately</i>, <a href="#li1763">1763</a>; +bōt eft cuman, <i>help come again</i>, <a href="#li281">281</a>.—2) <i>again, on the other +side</i>: þt hine on ylde eft gewunigen wilgesīðas, <i>that in old +age again</i> (also on their side) <i>willing companions should be +attached to him</i>, <a href="#li22">22</a>;—<i>anew, again</i>: <a href="#li135">135</a>, <a href="#li604">604</a>, <a href="#li693">693</a>, <a href="#li1557">1557</a>, +etc.; eft swā ǣr, <i>again as formerly</i>, <a href="#li643">643</a>.—3) retro, rursus, +<i>back</i>: <a href="#li123">123</a>, <a href="#li296">296</a>, <a href="#li854">854</a>, etc.; þt hig ðelinges eft ne wēndon +(<i>did not believe that he would come back</i>), <a href="#li1597">1597</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleftcyme">eft-cyme</a>, st. m., <i>return</i>: gen. sg. eftcymes, <a href="#li2897">2897</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleftsīth">eft-sīð</a>, st. m., <i>journey back, return</i>: acc. sg. <a href="#li1892">1892</a>; +gen. sg. eft-sīðes georn, <a href="#li2784">2784</a>; acc. pl. eftsīðas tēah, <i>went the +road back</i>, i.e. returned, <a href="#li1333">1333</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glegesa">egesa, egsa</a> (<i>state of terror</i>, active or passive): l) +<i>frightfulness</i>: acc. sg. þurh egsan, <a href="#li276">276</a>; gen. egesan ne gȳmeð, +<i>cares for nothing terrible, is not troubled about future terrors</i>(?), +<a href="#li1758">1758</a>.—2) <i>terror, horror, fear</i>: nom. sg. egesa, <a href="#li785">785</a>; instr. sg. +egesan, <a href="#li1828">1828</a>, <a href="#li2737">2737</a>.—Comp.: glēd-, līg-, wter-egesa.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glegesfull">eges-full</a>, adj., <i>horrible (full of fear, fearful)</i>, <a href="#li2930">2930</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glegeslīc">eges-līc</a>, adj., <i>terrible, bringing terror</i>: of Grendel's +head, <a href="#li1650">1650</a>; of the beginning of the fight with the drake, <a href="#li2310">2310</a>; of the +drake, <a href="#li2826">2826</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glegle">egle</a>, adj., <i>causing aversion, hideous</i>: nom. pl. neut., +or, more probably, perhaps, adverbial, egle (MS. egl), <a href="#li988">988</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glegsian">egsian</a> (denominative from egesa), w. v., <i>to have terror, +distress</i>: pret. (as pluperf.) egsode eorl(?), <a href="#li6">6</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glehtian">ehtian</a>, w. v., <i>to esteem, to make prominent with praise</i>: +III. pl. pres. þt þē ... weras ehtigað, <i>that thee men shall +esteem, praise</i>, <a href="#li1223">1223</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glelde">elde</a> (<i>those who generate</i>, cf. O.N. al-a, generare), st. +m. only in the pl., <i>men</i>: dat. pl. eldum, <a href="#li2215">2215</a>; mid eldum, +<i>among men</i>, <a href="#li2612">2612</a>.—See <a class="glentry" href="#glylde">ylde</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleldo">eldo</a>, st. f., <i>age</i>: instr. sg. eldo gebunden, <a href="#li2112">2112</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glelland">el-land</a>, st. n., <i>foreign land, exile</i>: acc. sg. sceall +... elland tredan, (<i>shall be banished</i>), <a href="#li3020">3020</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glellen">ellen</a>, st. n., <i>strength, heroic strength, bravery</i>: nom. +sg. ellen, <a href="#li573">573</a>; eafoð and ellen, <a href="#li903">903</a>; Gēata ... eafoð and ellen, <a href="#li603">603</a>; +acc. sg. eafoð and ellen, <a href="#li2350">2350</a>; ellen cȳðan, <i>show bravery</i>, +<a href="#li2696">2696</a>; ellen fremedon, <i>exercised heroic strength, did heroic +deeds</i>, <a href="#li3">3</a>; similarly, ic gefremman sceal eorlīc ellen, <a href="#li638">638</a>; ferh +ellen wrc, <i>life drove out the strength</i>, i.e. with the +departing life (of the dragon) his strength left him, <a href="#li2707">2707</a>; dat. sg. +on elne, <a href="#li2507">2507</a>, <a href="#li2817">2817</a>; as instr. þā ws t þām geongum grim andswaru +ēðbegēte þām þe ǣr his elne forlēas, <i>then it was easy for</i> +(every one of) <i>those who before had lost his hero-courage, to +obtain rough words from the young man</i> (Wīglāf), <a href="#li2862">2862</a>; mid elne, +<a href="#li1494">1494</a>, <a href="#li2536">2536</a>; elne, alone, in adverbial sense, <i>strongly, +zealously</i>, and with the nearly related meaning, <i>hurriedly, +transiently</i>, <a href="#li894">894</a>, <a href="#li1098">1098</a>, <a href="#li1968">1968</a>, <a href="#li2677">2677</a>, <a href="#li2918">2918</a>; gen. sg. elnes lt, +<a href="#li1530">1530</a>; þā him ws elnes þearf, <a href="#li2877">2877</a>.—Comp. mgen-ellen.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glellendǣd">ellen-dǣd</a>, st. f., <i>heroic deed</i>: dat. pl. -dǣdum, <a href="#li877">877</a>, +<a href="#li901">901</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glellengǣst">ellen-gǣst</a>, st. m., <i>strength-spirit, demon with heroic +strength</i>: nom. sg. of Grendel, <a href="#li86">86</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glellenlīce">ellen-līce</a>, adv., <i>strongly, with heroic strength</i>, <a href="#li2123">2123</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glellenmǣrthu">ellen-mǣrðu</a>, st. f., <i>renown of heroic strength</i>, dat. pl. +-mǣrðum, <a href="#li829">829</a>, <a href="#li1472">1472</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glellenrōf">ellen-rōf</a>, adj., <i>renowned for strength</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li340">340</a>, +<a href="#li358">358</a>, <a href="#li3064">3064</a>; dat. pl. -rōfum, <a href="#li1788">1788</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glellensēoc">ellen-sēoc</a>, adj., <i>infirm in strength</i>: acc. sg. þēoden +ellensīocne (<i>the mortally wounded king, Bēowulf</i>), <a href="#li2788">2788</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glellenweorc">ellen-weorc</a>, st. n., (<i>strength-work</i>), <i>heroic deed, +achievement in battle</i>: acc. sg. <a href="#li662">662</a>, <a href="#li959">959</a>, <a href="#li1465">1465</a>, etc.; gen. pl. +ellen-weorca, <a href="#li2400">2400</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glelles">elles</a>, adv., <i>else, otherwise</i>: a (modal), <i>in another +manner</i>, <a href="#li2521">2521</a>.—b (local), elles hwǣr, <i>somewhere else</i>, <a href="#li138">138</a>; +elles hwergen, <a href="#li2591">2591</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glellor">ellor</a>, adv., <i>to some other place</i>, <a href="#li55">55</a>, <a href="#li2255">2255</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glellorgāst">ellor-gāst, -gǣst</a>, st. m., <i>spirit living elsewhere</i> +(standing outside of the community of mankind): nom. sg. se ellorgāst +(Grendel), <a href="#li808">808</a>; (Grendel's mother), <a href="#li1622">1622</a>; ellorgǣst (Grendel's +mother), <a href="#li1618">1618</a>; acc. pl. ellorgǣstas, <a href="#li1350">1350</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glellorsīth">ellor-sīð</a>, st. m., <i>departure, death</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li2452">2452</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glelra">elra</a>, adj. (comparative of a not existing form, ele, Goth. +aljis, alius), <i>another</i>: dat. sg. on elran men, <a href="#li753">753</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glelthēodig">el-þēodig</a>, adj., <i>of another people: foreign</i>: acc. pl. +el-þēodige men, <a href="#li336">336</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glende">ende</a>, st. m., <i>the extreme</i>: hence, 1) <i>end</i>: nom. +sg. aldres (līfes) ende, <a href="#li823">823</a>, <a href="#li2845">2845</a>; oð þt ende becwōm (scil. +unrihtes), <a href="#li1255">1255</a>; acc. sg. ende līfgesceafta (līfes, lǣn-daga), <a href="#li3064">3064</a>, +<a href="#li1387">1387</a>, <a href="#li2343">2343</a>; hfde eorðscrafa ende genyttod, <i>had used the end of the +earth-caves</i> (had made use of the caves for the last time), <a href="#li3047">3047</a>; +dat. sg. ealdres (līfes) t ende, <a href="#li2791">2791</a>, <a href="#li2824">2824</a>; eoletes t ende, +<a href="#li224">224</a>.—2) <i>boundary</i>: acc. sg. sīde rīce þt hē his selfa ne +mg ... ende geþencean, <i>the wide realm, so that he himself cannot +comprehend its boundaries</i>, <a href="#li1735">1735</a>.—3) <i>summit, head</i>: dat. sg. +eorlum on ende, <i>to the nobles at the end</i> (the highest +courtiers), <a href="#li2022">2022</a>.—Comp. woruld-ende.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glendedg">ende-dg</a>, st. m., <i>last day, day of death</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li3036">3036</a>; +acc. sg. <a href="#li638">638</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glendedōgor">ende-dōgor</a>, st. m., <i>last day, day of death</i>: gen. sg. +bēga on wēnum endedōgores and eftcymes lēotes monnes (<i>hesitating +between the belief in the death and in the return of the dear +man</i>), <a href="#li2897">2897</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glendelāf">ende-lāf</a>, st. f., <i>last remnant</i>: nom. sg. þū eart +ende-lāf ūsses cynnes, <i>art the last of our race</i>, <a href="#li2814">2814</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glendelēan">ende-lēan</a>, st. n., <i>final reparation</i>: acc. sg. <a href="#li1693">1693</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glendesǣta">ende-sǣta</a>, w. m., <i>he who sits on the border, +boundary-guard</i>: nom. sg. (here of the strand-watchman), <a href="#li241">241</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glendestf">ende-stf</a>, st. m. (elementum finis), <i>end</i>: acc. sg. hit +on endestf eft gelimpeð, <i>then it draws near to the end</i>, <a href="#li1754">1754</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgeendian">endian</a>, w. v., <i>to end</i>: pret. part. ge-endod, <a href="#li2312">2312</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glenge">enge</a>, adj., <i>narrow</i>: acc. pl. enge ānpaðas, <i>narrow +paths</i>, <a href="#li1411">1411</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glent">ent</a>, st. m., <i>giant</i>: gen. pl. enta ǣr-geweorc (the +sword-hilt out of the dwelling-place of Grendel), <a href="#li1680">1680</a>; enta geweorc +(the dragon's cave), <a href="#li2718">2718</a>; eald-enta ǣr-geweorc (the costly things in +the dragon's cave), <a href="#li2775">2775</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glentisc">entisc</a>, adj., <i>coming from giants</i>: acc. sg. entiscne +helm, <a href="#li2980">2980</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gletan">etan</a>, st. v., <i>to eat, to consume</i>: pres. sg. III. blōdig +wl ... eteð ān-genga, <i>he that goes alone</i> (Grendel) <i>will +devour the bloody corpse</i>, <a href="#li448">448</a>; inf. Gēatena lēode ... etan, <a href="#li444">444</a>.</p> + +<p>þurh-etan, <i>to eat through</i>: pret. part. pl. nom. swyrd ... +þurhetone, <i>swords eaten through</i> (by rust), <a href="#li3050">3050</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossEl">Ē</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēc">ēc</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glēac">ēac</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēce">ēce</a>, adj., <i>everlasting</i>; nom. ēce drihten (God), <a href="#li108">108</a>; +acc. sg. ēce eorðreced, <i>the everlasting earth-hall</i> (the +dragon's cave), <a href="#li2720">2720</a>; gecēas ēcne rǣd, <i>chose the everlasting +gain</i> (died), <a href="#li1202">1202</a>; dat. sg. ēcean dryhtne, <a href="#li1693">1693</a>, <a href="#li1780">1780</a>, <a href="#li2331">2331</a>; acc. +pl. gecēos ēce rǣdas, <a href="#li1761">1761</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēdre">ēdre</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glǣdre">ǣdre</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēthbegēte">ēð-begēte</a>, adj., <i>easy to obtain, ready</i>: nom. sg. þā ws +t þām geongum grim andswaru ēð-begēte, <i>then from the young man</i> +(Wīglāf) <i>it was an easy thing to get a gruff answer</i>, <a href="#li2862">2862</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēthe">ēðe</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glēathe">ēaðe</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēthel">ēðel</a>, st. m., <i>hereditary possessions, hereditary estate</i>: +acc. sg. swǣsne ēðel, <a href="#li520">520</a>; dat. sg. on ēðle, <a href="#li1731">1731</a>.—In royal families +the hereditary possession is the whole realm: hence, acc. sg. ēðel +Scyldinga, <i>of the kingdom of the Scyldings</i>, <a href="#li914">914</a>; (Offa) wīsdōme +hēold ēðel sīnne, <i>ruled with wisdom his inherited kingdom</i>, +<a href="#li1961">1961</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēthelriht">ēðel-riht</a>, st. n., <i>hereditary privileges</i> (rights that +belong to a hereditary estate): nom. sg. eard ēðel-riht, <i>estate and +inherited privileges</i>, <a href="#li2199">2199</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēthelstōl">ēðel-stōl</a>, st. m., <i>hereditary seat, inherited throne</i>: +acc. pl. ēðel-stōlas, <a href="#li2372">2372</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēthelturf">ēðel-turf</a>, st. f., <i>inherited ground, hereditary estate</i>: +dat. sg. on mīnre ēðeltyrf, <a href="#li410">410</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēthelweard">ēðel-weard</a>, st. m., <i>lord of the hereditary estate</i> +(realm): nom. sg. ēðelweard (<i>king</i>), <a href="#li1703">1703</a>, <a href="#li2211">2211</a>; dat. sg. +Ēast-Dena ēðel wearde (King Hrōðgār), <a href="#li617">617</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēthelwyn">ēðel-wyn</a>, st. f., <i>joy in</i>, or <i>enjoyment of, hereditary +possessions</i>: nom. sg. nū sceal ... eall ēðelwyn ēowrum cynne, +lufen ālicgean, <i>now shall your race want all home-joy, and +subsistence</i>(?) (your race shall be banished from its hereditary +abode), <a href="#li2886">2886</a>; acc. sg. hē mē lond forgeaf, eard ēðelwyn, <i>presented +me with land, abode, and the enjoyment of home</i>, <a href="#li2494">2494</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēthgesȳne">ēð-gesȳne, ȳð-gesēne</a>, adj., <i>easy to see, visible to all</i>: +nom. sg. <a href="#li1111">1111</a>, <a href="#li1245">1245</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēgclif">ēg-clif</a>, st. n., <i>sea-cliff</i>: acc. sg. ofer ēg-clif +(ecg-clif, MS.), <a href="#li2894">2894</a>.</p> + +<p>ēg-strēam, st. m., <i>sea-stream, sea-flood</i>: dat. pl. on +ēg-strēamum, <i>in the sea-floods</i>, <a href="#li577">577</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glēagorstrēam">ēagor-strēam</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēhtan">ēhtan</a> (M.H.G. ǣchten; cf. ǣht and ge-htla), w. v. w. gen., +<i>to be a pursuer, to pursue</i>: pres. part. ǣglǣca ēhtende ws +duguðe and geogoðe, <a href="#li159">159</a>; pret. pl. ēhton āglǣcan, <i>they pursued the +bringer of sorrow</i> (Bēowulf)(?), <a href="#li1513">1513</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēst">ēst</a>, st. m. f., <i>favor, grace, kindness</i>: acc. sg. hē him +ēst getēah mēara and māðma (<i>honored him with horses and +jewels</i>), <a href="#li2166">2166</a>; gearwor hfde āgendes ēst ǣr gescēawod, <i>would +rather have seen the grace of the Lord</i> (of God) <i>sooner</i>, +<a href="#li3076">3076</a>.—dat. pl., adverbial, libenter: him on folce hēold, ēstum mid +āre, <a href="#li2379">2379</a>; ēstum geȳwan (<i>to present</i>), <a href="#li2150">2150</a>; him ws ... wunden +gold ēstum geēawed (<i>presented</i>), <a href="#li1195">1195</a>; wē þt ellenweorc ēstum +miclum fremedon, <a href="#li959">959</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēste">ēste</a>, adj., <i>gracious</i>: w. gen. ēste bearn-gebyrdo, +<i>gracious through the birth</i> (of such a son as Bēowulf), <a href="#li946">946</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossEA">EA</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleafoth">eafoð</a>, st. n., <i>power, strength</i>: nom, sg. eafoð and +ellen, <a href="#li603">603</a>, <a href="#li903">903</a>; acc. sg. eafoð and ellen, <a href="#li2350">2350</a>; wē frēcne genēðdon +eafoð uncūðes, <i>we have boldly ventured against the strength of the +enemy</i> (Grendel) <i>have withstood him</i>, <a href="#li961">961</a>; gen. sg. eafoðes +crftig, <a href="#li1467">1467</a>; þt þec ādl oððe ecg eafoðes getwǣfed, <i>shall rob of +strength</i>, <a href="#li1764">1764</a>; dat. pl. hine +mihtig god ... eafeðum stēpte, <i>made him great through strength</i>, +<a href="#li1718">1718</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleafor">eafor</a>, st. m., <i>boar</i>; here the image of the boar as +banner: acc. sg. eafor, <a href="#li2153">2153</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleafora">eafora</a> (<i>offspring</i>), w. m.: 1) <i>son</i>: nom. sg. +eafera, <a href="#li12">12</a>, <a href="#li898">898</a>; eafora, <a href="#li375">375</a>; acc. sg. eaferan, <a href="#li1548">1548</a>, <a href="#li1848">1848</a>; gen. sg. +eafera, <a href="#li19">19</a>; nom. pl. eaferan, <a href="#li2476">2476</a>; dat. pl. eaferum, <a href="#li1069">1069</a>, <a href="#li2471">2471</a>; +uncran eaferan, <a href="#li1186">1186</a>.—2) in broader sense, <i>successor</i>: dat. pl. +eaforum, <a href="#li1711">1711</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleahta">eahta</a>, num., <i>eight</i>: acc. pl. eahta mēaras, <a href="#li1036">1036</a>; ēode +eahta sum, <i>went as one of eight, with seven others</i>, <a href="#li3124">3124</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleahtian">eahtian</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to consider; to deliberate</i>: pret. pl. w. +acc. rǣd eahtedon, <i>consulted about help</i>, <a href="#li172">172</a>; pret. sg. (for +the plural) þone sēlestan þāra þe mid Hrōðgāre hām eahtode, <i>the +best one of those who with Hrōðgār deliberated about their home</i> +(ruled), <a href="#li1408">1408</a>.—2) <i>to speak with reflection of</i> (along with the +idea of praise): pret. pl. eahtodan eorlscipe, <i>spoke of his noble +character</i>, <a href="#li3175">3175</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleal">eal, eall</a>, adj., <i>all, whole</i>: nom. sg. werod eall, <a href="#li652">652</a>; +pl. eal bencþelu, <a href="#li486">486</a>; sg. eall ēðelwyn, <a href="#li2886">2886</a>; eal worold, <a href="#li1739">1739</a>, etc.; +þt hit wearð eal gearo, healrna mǣst, <a href="#li77">77</a>; þt hit (wīgbil) eal +gemealt, <a href="#li1609">1609</a>. And with a following genitive: þǣr ws eal geador +Grendles grāpe, <i>there was all together Grendel's hand, the whole +hand of Grendel</i>, <a href="#li836">836</a>; eall ... lissa, <i>all favor</i>, <a href="#li2150">2150</a>; ws +eall sceacen dōgorgerīmes, <a href="#li2728">2728</a>. With apposition: þūhte him eall tō +rūm, wongas and wīcstede, <a href="#li2462">2462</a>; acc. sg. bēot eal, <a href="#li523">523</a>; similarly, +<a href="#li2018">2018</a>, <a href="#li2081">2081</a>; oncȳððe ealle, <i>all distress</i>, <a href="#li831">831</a>; heals ealne, +<a href="#li2692">2692</a>; hlǣw ... ealne ūtan-weardne, <a href="#li2298">2298</a>; gif hē þt eal gemon, <a href="#li1186">1186</a>, +<a href="#li2428">2428</a>; þt eall geondseh, recedes geatwa, <a href="#li3089">3089</a>; ealne wīde-ferhð, +<i>through the whole wide life, through all time</i>, <a href="#li1223">1223</a>; instr. sg. +ealle mgene, <i>with all strength</i>, <a href="#li2668">2668</a>; dat. sg. eallum ... +manna cynne, <a href="#li914">914</a>; gen. sg. ealles moncynnes, <a href="#li1956">1956</a>. Subst. ic þs +ealles mg ... gefēan habban, <a href="#li2740">2740</a>; brūc ealles well, <a href="#li2163">2163</a>; frēan +ealles þanc secge, <i>give thanks to the Lord of all</i>, <a href="#li2795">2795</a>; nom. +pl. untȳdras ealle, <a href="#li111">111</a>; scēotend ... ealle, <a href="#li706">706</a>; wē ealle, <a href="#li942">942</a>; acc. +pl. fēond ealle, <a href="#li700">700</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1081">1081</a>, <a href="#li1797">1797</a>, <a href="#li2815">2815</a>; subst. ofer ealle, +<a href="#li650">650</a>; ealle hīe dēað fornam, <a href="#li2237">2237</a>; līg ealle forswealg þāra þe þǣr gūð +fornam, <i>all of those whom the war had snatched away</i>, <a href="#li1123">1123</a>; dat. +pl. eallum ceaster-būendum, <a href="#li768">768</a>; similarly, <a href="#li824">824</a>, <a href="#li907">907</a>, <a href="#li1418">1418</a>; subst. āna +wið eallum, <i>one against all</i>, <a href="#li145">145</a>; with gen. eallum gumena +cynnes, <a href="#li1058">1058</a>; gen. pl. ðelinga bearn ealra twelfa, <i>the kinsmen of +all twelve nobles</i> (twelve nobles hold the highest positions of the +court), <a href="#li3172">3172</a>; subst. hē āh ealra geweald, <i>has power over all</i>, +<a href="#li1728">1728</a>.</p> + +<p>Uninflected: bil eal þurhwōd flǣschoman, <i>the battle-axe cleft the body +through and through</i>, <a href="#li1568">1568</a>; hfde ... eal gefeormod fēt and folma, +<i>had devoured entirely feet and hands</i>, <a href="#li745">745</a>; sē þe eall geman +gār-cwealm gumena, <i>who remembers thoroughly the death of the men by the +spear</i>, <a href="#li2043">2043</a>, etc.</p> + +<p>Adverbial: þēah ic eal mǣge, <i>although I am entirely able</i>, <a href="#li681">681</a>; +hī on beorg dydon bēg and siglu eall swylce hyrsta, <i>they placed in +the grave-mound rings, and ornaments, all such adornments</i>, +<a href="#li3165">3165</a>.—The gen. sg. ealles, adverbial in the sense of <i>entirely</i>, +<a href="#li1001">1001</a>, <a href="#li1130">1130</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleald">eald</a>, adj., <i>old</i>: a) of the age of living beings: nom. +sg. eald, <a href="#li357">357</a>, <a href="#li1703">1703</a>, <a href="#li2211">2211</a>, etc.; dat. sg. ealdum, <a href="#li2973">2973</a>; gen. sg. +ealdes ūhtflogan (<i>dragon</i>), <a href="#li2761">2761</a>; dat. sg. ealdum, <a href="#li1875">1875</a>; geongum +and ealdum, <a href="#li72">72</a>.—b) of things and of institutions: nom. sg. helm monig +eald and ōmig, <a href="#li2764">2764</a>; acc. sg. ealde lāfe (<i>sword</i>), <a href="#li796">796</a>, <a href="#li1489">1489</a>; +ealde wīsan, <a href="#li1866">1866</a>; eald sweord, <a href="#li1559">1559</a>, <a href="#li1664">1664</a>, etc.; eald gewin, +<i>old</i> (lasting years), <i>distress</i>, <a href="#li1782">1782</a>; eald enta geweorc +(<i>the precious things in the drake's cave</i>), <a href="#li2775">2775</a>; acc. pl. ealde +māðmas, <a href="#li472">472</a>; ofer ealde riht, <i>against the old laws</i> (namely, the +Ten Commandments; Bēowulf believes that God has sent him the drake as +a punishment, because he has unconsciously, at some time, violated one +of the commandments), <a href="#li2331">2331</a>.</p> + +<p>yldra, compar. <i>older</i>: mīn yldra mǣg, <a href="#li468">468</a>; yldra brōðor, <a href="#li1325">1325</a>; +oð þt hē (Heardrēd) yldra wearð, <a href="#li2379">2379</a>.</p> + +<p>yldesta, superl. <i>oldest</i>, in the usual sense; dat. sg. þām +yldestan, <a href="#li2436">2436</a>; in a moral sense, <i>the most respected</i>: nom. sg. +se yldesta, <a href="#li258">258</a>; acc. sg. þone yldestan, <a href="#li363">363</a>, both times of Bēowulf.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdfder">eald-fder</a>, st. m., <i>old-father, grandfather, ancestor</i>: +nom. sg. <a href="#li373">373</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdgesegen">eald-gesegen</a>, st. f., <i>traditions from old times</i>: gen. +pl. eal-fela eald-gesegena, <i>very many of the old traditions</i>, +<a href="#li870">870</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdgesīth">eald-gesīð</a>, st. m., <i>companion ever since old times, courtier +for many years</i>: nom. pl. eald-gesīðas, <a href="#li854">854</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdgestrēon">eald-gestrēon</a>, st. n., <i>treasure out of the old times</i>: +dat. pl. eald-gestrēonum, <a href="#li1382">1382</a>; gen. pl. -gestrēona, <a href="#li1459">1459</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdgewinna">eald-gewinna</a>, w. m., <i>old-enemy, enemy for many years</i>: +nom. sg. of Grendel, <a href="#li1777">1777</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdgewyrht">eald-gewyrht</a>, st. n., <i>merit on account of services rendered +during many years</i>: nom. pl. þt nǣron eald-gewyrht, þt hē āna +scyle gnorn þrowian, <i>that has not been his desert ever since long +ago, that he should bear the distress alone</i>, <a href="#li2658">2658</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdhlāford">eald-hlāford</a>, st. m., <i>lord through many years</i>: gen. sg. +bill eald-hlāfordes (of the old Bēowulf(?)), <a href="#li2779">2779</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdmetod">eald-metod</a>, st. m., <i>God ruling ever since ancient times</i>: +nom. sg. <a href="#li946">946</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdor">ealdor, aldor</a>, st. m., <i>lord, chief</i> (king or powerful +noble): nom. sg. ealdor, <a href="#li1645">1645</a>, <a href="#li1849">1849</a>, <a href="#li2921">2921</a>; aldor, <a href="#li56">56</a>, <a href="#li369">369</a>, <a href="#li392">392</a>; acc. +sg. aldor, <a href="#li669">669</a>; dat. sg. ealdre, <a href="#li593">593</a>; aldre, <a href="#li346">346</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdor">ealdor, aldor</a>, st. n., <i>life</i>: acc. sg. aldor, <a href="#li1372">1372</a>; dat. +sg. aldre, <a href="#li1448">1448</a>, <a href="#li1525">1525</a>; ealdre, <a href="#li2600">2600</a>; him on aldre stōd herestrǣl +hearda (in vitalibus), <a href="#li1435">1435</a>; nalles for ealdre mearn, <i>was not +troubled about his life</i>, <a href="#li1443">1443</a>; of ealdre gewāt, <i>went out of +life, died</i>, <a href="#li2625">2625</a>; as instr. aldre, <a href="#li662">662</a>, <a href="#li681">681</a>, etc.; ealdre, <a href="#li1656">1656</a>, +<a href="#li2134">2134</a>, etc.; gen. sg. aldres, <a href="#li823">823</a>; ealdres, <a href="#li2791">2791</a>, <a href="#li2444">2444</a>; aldres orwēna, +<i>despairing of life</i>, <a href="#li1003">1003</a>, <a href="#li1566">1566</a>; ealdres scyldig, <i>having +forfeited life</i>, <a href="#li1339">1339</a>, <a href="#li2062">2062</a>; dat. pl. aldrum nēðdon, <a href="#li510">510</a>, +<a href="#li538">538</a>.—Phrases: on aldre (<i>in life</i>), <i>ever</i>, <a href="#li1780">1780</a>; tō aldre +(<i>for life</i>), <i>always</i>, <a href="#li2006">2006</a>, <a href="#li2499">2499</a>; āwa tō aldre, <i>for +ever and ever</i>, <a href="#li956">956</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdorbealu">ealdor-bealu</a>, st. n., <i>life's evil</i>: acc. sg. þū ... +ondrǣdan ne þearft ... aldorbealu eorlum, <i>thou needest not fear +death for the courtiers</i>, <a href="#li1677">1677</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdorcearu">ealdor-cearu</a>, st. f., <i>trouble that endangers life, great +trouble</i>: dat. sg. hē his lēodum wearð ... tō aldor-ceare, <a href="#li907">907</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdordagas">ealdor-dagas</a>, st. m. pl., <i>days of one's life</i>: dat. pl. +nǣfre on aldor-dagum (<i>never in his life</i>), <a href="#li719">719</a>; on ealder-dagum +ǣr (<i>in former days</i>), <a href="#li758">758</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdorgedāl">ealdor-gedāl</a>, st. n., <i>severing of life, death, end</i>: nom. +sg. aldor-gedāl, <a href="#li806">806</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdorgewinna">ealdor-gewinna</a>, w. m., <i>life-enemy, one who strives to take his +enemy's life</i> (in N.H.G. the contrary conception, Tod-feind): nom. +sg. ealdorgewinna (<i>the dragon</i>), <a href="#li2904">2904</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdorlēas">ealdor-lēas</a>, adj., <i>without a ruler</i>(?): nom. pl. +aldor-lēase, <a href="#li15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdorlēas">ealdor-lēas</a>, adj., <i>lifeless, dead</i>: acc. sg. +aldor-lēasne, <a href="#li1588">1588</a>; ealdor-lēasne, <a href="#li3004">3004</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdorthegn">ealdor-þegn</a>, st. m., <i>nobleman at the court, distinguished +courtier</i>: acc. sg. aldor-þegn (Hrōðgār's confidential adviser, +schere), <a href="#li1309">1309</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealfela">eal-fela</a>, adj., <i>very much</i>: with following gen., eal-fela +eald-gesegena, <i>very many old traditions</i>, <a href="#li870">870</a>; eal-fela eotena +cynnes, <a href="#li884">884</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealgian">ealgian</a>, w. v., <i>to shield, to defend, to protect</i>: inf. +w. acc. feorh ealgian, <a href="#li797">797</a>, <a href="#li2656">2656</a>, <a href="#li2669">2669</a>; pret. siððan hē (Hygelāc) +under segne sinc eal-gode, wlrēaf werede, <i>while under his banner +he protected the treasures, defended the spoil of battle</i> (i.e. +while he was upon the Viking expeditions), <a href="#li1205">1205</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealgylden">eal-gylden</a>, adj., <i>all golden, entirely of gold</i>: nom. sg. +swȳn ealgylden, <a href="#li1112">1112</a>; acc. sg. segn eallgylden, <a href="#li2768">2768</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealīrenne">eal-īrenne</a>, adj., <i>entirely of iron</i>: acc. sg. eall-īrenne +wīgbord, <i>a wholly iron battle-shield</i>, <a href="#li2339">2339</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealu">ealu</a>, st. n., <i>ale, beer</i>: acc. sg. ealo drincende, <a href="#li1946">1946</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealubenc">ealu-benc</a>, st. f., <i>ale-bench, bench for those drinking +ale</i>: dat. sg. in ealo-bence, <a href="#li1030">1030</a>; on ealu-bence, <a href="#li2868">2868</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealuscerwen">ealu-scerwen</a>, st. f., <i>terror</i>, under the figure of a +mishap at an ale-drinking, probably the sudden taking away of the ale: +nom. sg. Denum eallum wearð ... ealuscerwen, <a href="#li770">770</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealuwǣge">ealu-wǣge</a>, st. n., <i>ale-can, portable vessel out of which ale +is poured into the cups</i>: acc. sg. <a href="#li2022">2022</a>; hroden ealowǣge, <a href="#li495">495</a>; dat. +sg. ofer ealowǣge (<i>at the ale-carouse</i>), <a href="#li481">481</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealwealda">eal-wealda</a>, w. adj., <i>all ruling</i> (God): nom. sg. fder +alwalda, <a href="#li316">316</a>; alwalda, <a href="#li956">956</a>, <a href="#li1315">1315</a>; dat. sg. al-wealdan, <a href="#li929">929</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleard">eard</a>, st. m., <i>cultivated ground, estate, hereditary +estate</i>; in a broader sense, <i>ground in general, abode, place of +sojourn</i>: nom. sg. him ws bām ... lond gecynde, eard ēðel-riht, +<i>the land was bequeathed to them both, the land and the privileges +attached to it.</i> <a href="#li2199">2199</a>; acc. sg. fīfel-cynnes eard, <i>the ground of +the giant race, place of sojourn</i>, <a href="#li104">104</a>; similarly, lwihta eard, +<a href="#li1501">1501</a>; eard gemunde, <i>thought of his native ground, his home</i>, +<a href="#li1130">1130</a>; eard gīt ne const, <i>thou knowest not yet the place of +sojourn.</i> <a href="#li1378">1378</a>; eard and eorlscipe, <i>prǣdium et nobilitatem</i>, +<a href="#li1728">1728</a>; eard ēðelwyn, <i>land and the enjoyment of home</i>, +<a href="#li2494">2494</a>; dat. sg. ellor hwearf of earde, <i>went elsewhere from his place +of abode</i>, i.e. died, <a href="#li56">56</a>; þt wē rondas beren eft tō earde, <i>that +we go again to our homes</i>, <a href="#li2655">2655</a>; on earde, <a href="#li2737">2737</a>; nom. pl. ēacne +eardas, <i>the broad expanses</i> (in the fen-sea where Grendel's home +was), <a href="#li1622">1622</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleardian">eardian</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to have a dwelling-place, to live; to +rest</i>: pret. pl. dȳre swyrd swā hīe wið eorðan fðm þǣr eardodon, +<i>costly swords, as they had rested in the earth's bosom</i>, +<a href="#li3051">3051</a>.—2) also transitively, <i>to inhabit</i>: pret. sg. Heorot +eardode, <a href="#li166">166</a>; inf. wīc eardian elles hwergen, <i>inhabit a place +elsewhere</i> (i.e. die), <a href="#li2590">2590</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleardlufa">eard-lufa</a>, w. m., <i>the living upon one's land, home-life</i>: +acc. sg. eard-lufan, <a href="#li693">693</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glearfoth">earfoð</a>, st. n., <i>trouble, difficulty, struggle</i>: acc. pl. earfeðo, <a href="#li534">534</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glearfothlīce">earfoð-līce</a>, adv., <i>with trouble, with difficulty</i>, <a href="#li1637">1637</a>, +<a href="#li1658">1658</a>; <i>with vexation, angrily</i>, <a href="#li86">86</a>; <i>sorrowfully</i>, <a href="#li2823">2823</a>; +<i>with difficulty, scarcely</i>, <a href="#li2304">2304</a>, <a href="#li2935">2935</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glearfothþrag">earfoð-þrāg</a>, st. f., <i>time full of troubles, sorrowful +time</i>: acc. sg. -þrāge, <a href="#li283">283</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glearh">earh</a>, adj., <i>cowardly</i>: gen. sg. ne bið swylc earges sīð +(<i>no coward undertaken that</i>), <a href="#li2542">2542</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glearm">earm</a>, st. m., <i>arm</i>: acc. sg. earm, <a href="#li836">836</a>, <a href="#li973">973</a>; wið earm +gest, <i>supported himself with his arm</i>, <a href="#li750">750</a>; dat. pl. earmum, +<a href="#li513">513</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glearm">earm</a>, adj., <i>poor, miserable, unhappy</i>: nom. sg. earm, +<a href="#li2369">2369</a>; earme ides, <i>the unhappy woman</i>, <a href="#li1118">1118</a>; dat. sg. earmre +teohhe, <i>the unhappy band</i>, <a href="#li2939">2939</a>.—Comp. acc. sg. earmran mannan, +<i>a more wretched, more forsaken man</i>, <a href="#li577">577</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glearmbēag">earm-bēag</a>, st. m., <i>arm-ring, bracelet</i>: gen. pl. +earm-bēaga fela searwum gesǣled, <i>many arm-rings interlaced</i>, +<a href="#li2764">2764</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glearmhrēad">earm-hrēad</a>, st. f., <i>arm-ornament</i>. nom. pl. earm-hrēade +twā, <a href="#li1195">1195</a> (Grein's conjecture, MS. earm reade).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glearmlīc">earm-līc</a>, adj., <i>wretched, miserable</i>: nom. sg. sceolde +his ealdor-gedāl earmlīc wurðan, <i>his end should be wretched</i>, +<a href="#li808">808</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glearmsceapen">earm-sceapen</a>, pret. part. as adj. (<i>properly, wretched by the +decree of fate</i>), <i>wretched</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li1352">1352</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glearn">earn</a>, st. m., <i>eagle</i>: dat. sg. earne, <a href="#li3027">3027</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleatol">eatol</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glatol">atol</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleaxl">eaxl</a>, st. f., <i>shoulder</i>: acc. sg. eaxle, <a href="#li836">836</a>, <a href="#li973">973</a>; dat. +sg. on eaxle, <a href="#li817">817</a>, <a href="#li1548">1548</a>; be eaxle, <a href="#li1538">1538</a>; on eaxle ides gnornode, +<i>the woman sobbed on the shoulder</i> (of her son, who has fallen +and is being burnt), <a href="#li1118">1118</a>; dat. pl. st frēan eaxlum nēah, <i>sat near +the shoulders of his lord</i> (Bēowulf lies lifeless upon the earth, +and Wīglāf sits by his side, near his shoulder, so as to sprinkle the +face of his dead lord), <a href="#li2854">2854</a>; hē for eaxlum gestōd Deniga frēan, <i>he +stood before the shoulders of the lord of the Danes</i> (i.e. not +directly before him, but somewhat to the side, as etiquette demanded), +<a href="#li358">358</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleaxlgestealla">eaxl-gestealla</a>, w. m., <i>he who has his position at the +shoulder</i> (sc. of his lord), <i>trusty courtier, counsellor of a +prince</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li1327">1327</a>; acc. pl. -gesteallan, <a href="#li1715">1715</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossEAl">ĒA</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēac">ēac</a>, conj., <i>also</i>: <a href="#li97">97</a>, <a href="#li388">388</a>, <a href="#li433">433</a>, etc.; ēc, <a href="#li3132">3132</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēacen">ēacen</a> (pret. part. of a not existing eacan, augere), adj., +<i>wide-spread</i>, <i>large</i>: nom. pl. ēacne eardas, <i>broad +plains</i>, <a href="#li1622">1622</a>.—<i>great, heavy</i>: eald sweord ēacen, <a href="#li1664">1664</a>; dat. +pl. ēacnum ecgum, <a href="#li2141">2141</a>, both times of the great sword in Grendel's +habitation.—<i>great, mighty, powerful</i>: ðele and ēacen, of +Bēowulf, <a href="#li198">198</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēacencrftig">ēacen-crftig</a>, adj., <i>immense</i> (of riches), <i>enormously +great</i>: acc. sg. hord-rna sum ēacen-crftig, <i>that enormous +treasure-house</i>, <a href="#li2281">2281</a>; nom. sg. þt yrfe ēacen-crftig, iūmonna +gold, <a href="#li3052">3052</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēadig">ēadig</a>, adj., <i>blessed with possessions, rich, happy by reason +of property</i>: nom. sg. wes, þenden þū lifige, ðeling ēadig, <i>be, +as long as thou livest, a prince blessed with riches</i>, <a href="#li1226">1226</a>; ēadig +mon, <a href="#li2471">2471</a>.—Comp. sige-, sigor-, tīr-ēadig.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēadiglīce">ēadig-līce</a>, adv., <i>in abundance, in joyous plenty</i>: +drēamum lifdon ēadiglīce, <i>lived in rejoicing and plenty</i>, <a href="#li100">100</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēathe">ēaðe, ēðe, ȳðe</a>, adj., <i>easy, pleasant</i>: nom. pl. gode +þancedon þs þe him ȳð-lāde ēaðe wurdon, <i>thanked God that the +sea-ways</i> (the navigation) <i>had become easy to them</i>, <a href="#li228">228</a>; ne +ws þt ēðe sīð, <i>no pleasant way</i>, <a href="#li2587">2587</a>; ns þt ȳðe cēap, <i>no +easy purchase</i>, <a href="#li2416">2416</a>; nō þt ȳðe byð tō beflēonne, <i>not easy</i> +(as milder expression for <i>in no way, not at all</i>), <a href="#li1003">1003</a>.</p> + +<p>ēaðe, ȳðe, adv., <i>easily</i>. ēaðe, <a href="#li478">478</a>, <a href="#li2292">2292</a>, <a href="#li2765">2765</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēathfynde">ēað-fynde</a>, adj., <i>easy to find</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li138">138</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēage">ēage</a>, w. n., <i>eye</i>: dat. pl. him of ēagum stōd lēoht +unfǣger, <i>out of his eyes came a terrible gleam</i>, <a href="#li727">727</a>; þt ic ... +ēagum starige, <i>see with eyes, behold</i>, <a href="#li1782">1782</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1936">1936</a>; +gen. pl. ēagena bearhtm, <a href="#li1767">1767</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēagorstrēam">ēagor-strēam</a>, st. m., <i>sea-stream sea</i>: acc. sg. <a href="#li513">513</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēaland">ēa-land</a>, st. n., <i>land surrounded by water</i> (of the land +of the Gēatas): acc. sg. ēa-lond, <a href="#li2335">2335</a>; <i>island</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēam">ēam</a>, st. m., <i>uncle, mothers brother</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li882">882</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēastan">ēastan</a>, adv., <i>from the east</i>, <a href="#li569">569</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēawan">ēawan</a>, w. v., <i>to disclose, to show, to prove</i>: pres. sg. +III. ēaweð ... uncūðne nīð, <i>shows evil enmity</i>, <a href="#li276">276</a>. See +<a class="glentry" href="#glēowan">ēowan, ȳwan</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-ēawan, <i>to show, to offer</i>: pret. part. him ws ... wunden +gold ēstum ge-ēawed, <i>was graciously presented</i>, <a href="#li1195">1195</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossEO">EO</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēode">ēode</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgangan">gangan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleodor">eodor</a>, st. m., <i>fence, hedge, railing</i>. Among the old +Germans, an estate was separated by a fence from the property of +others. Inside of this fence the laws of peace and protection held +good, as well as in the house itself. Hence eodor is sometimes used +instead of <i>house</i>: acc. pl. heht eahta mēaras on flet tēon, in +under eoderas, <i>gave orders to lead eight steeds into the hall, into +the house</i>, <a href="#li1038">1038</a>.—2) figuratively, <i>lord, prince</i>, as +protector: nom. sg. eodor, <a href="#li428">428</a>, <a href="#li1045">1045</a>; eodur, <a href="#li664">664</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleofoth">eofoð</a>, st. n., <i>strength</i>: acc. pl. eofoðo, <a href="#li2535">2535</a>. See +<a class="glentry" href="#gleafoth">eafoð</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleofer">eofer</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>boar</i>, here of the metal boar-image +upon the helmet: nom. sg. eofer īrenheard, <a href="#li1113">1113</a>.—2) figuratively, +<i>bold hero, brave fighter</i> (O.N. ifur): nom. pl. þonne ... +eoferas cnysedan, <i>when the heroes rushed upon each other</i>, <a href="#li1329">1329</a>, +where eoferas and fēðan stand in the same relation to each other as +cnysedan and hniton.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleoforlīc">eofor-līc</a>, st. n. <i>boar-image</i> (on the helmet): nom. pl. +eofor-līc scionon, <a href="#li303">303</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleoforsprēot">eofor-sprēot</a>, st. m., <i>boar-spear</i>: dat. pl. mid +eofer-sprēotum hēoro-hōcyhtum, <i>with hunting-spears which were +provided with sharp hooks</i>, <a href="#li1438">1438</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleoguth">eoguð, ioguð</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgeogoth">geogoð</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleolet">eolet</a>, st. m. n., <i>sea</i>(?): gen. sg. eoletes, <a href="#li224">224</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorclanstān">eorclan-stān</a>, st. m., <i>precious stone</i>: acc. pl. -stānas, +<a href="#li1209">1209</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorthcyning">eorð-cyning</a>, st. m., <i>king of the land</i>: gen. sg. +eorð-cyninges (Finn), <a href="#li1156">1156</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorthdraca">eorð-draca</a>, w. m., <i>earth-drake, dragon that lives in the +earth</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li2713">2713</a>, <a href="#li2826">2826</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorthe">eorðe</a>, w. f.: 1) <i>earth</i> (in contrast with heaven), +<i>world</i>: acc. sg. lmihtiga eorðan worhte, <a href="#li92">92</a>; wīde geond eorðan, +<i>far over the earth, through the wide world</i>, <a href="#li266">266</a>; dat. sg. ofer +eorðan, <a href="#li248">248</a>, <a href="#li803">803</a>; on eorðan, <a href="#li1823">1823</a>, <a href="#li2856">2856</a>, <a href="#li3139">3139</a>; gen. sg. eorðan, +<a href="#li753">753</a>.—2) <i>earth, ground</i>: acc. sg. hē eorðan gefēoll, <i>fell to +the ground</i>, <a href="#li2835">2835</a>; forlēton eorla gestrēon eorðan healdan, <i>let +the earth hold the nobles' treasure</i>, <a href="#li3168">3168</a>; dat. sg. þt hit on +eorðan lg, <a href="#li1533">1533</a>; under eorðan, <a href="#li2416">2416</a>; gen. sg. wið eorðan fðm (<i>in +the bosom of the earth</i>), <a href="#li3050">3050</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorthreced">eorð-reced</a>, st. n., <i>hall in the earth, rock-hall</i>: acc. +sg. <a href="#li2720">2720</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorthscrf">eorð-scrf</a>, st. n., <i>earth-cavern, cave</i>: dat. sg. eorð-[scrfe], +<a href="#li2233">2233</a>; gen. pl. eorð-scrfe, <a href="#li3047">3047</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorthsele">eorð-sele</a>, st. m., <i>hall in the earth, cave</i>: acc. sg. eorð-sele, +<a href="#li2411">2411</a>; dat sg. of eorðsele, <a href="#li2516">2516</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorthweall">eorð-weall</a>, st. m., <i>earth-wall</i>: acc. sg. (Ongenþēow) bēah eft +under eorðweall, <i>fled again under the earth-wall</i> (into his +fortified camp), <a href="#li2958">2958</a>; þā mē ws ... sīð ālȳfed inn under eorðweall, +<i>then the way in, under the earth-wall was opened to me</i> (into +the dragon's cave), <a href="#li3091">3091</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorthweard">eorð-weard</a>, st. m., <i>land-property, estate</i>: acc. sg. +<a href="#li2335">2335</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorl">eorl</a>, st. m., <i>noble born man, a man of the high +nobility</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li762">762</a>, <a href="#li796">796</a>, <a href="#li1229">1229</a>, etc.; acc. sg. eorl, <a href="#li573">573</a>, <a href="#li628">628</a>, +<a href="#li2696">2696</a>; gen. sg. eorles, <a href="#li690">690</a>, <a href="#li983">983</a>, <a href="#li1758">1758</a>, etc.; acc. pl. eorlas, <a href="#li2817">2817</a>; +dat. pl. eorlum, <a href="#li770">770</a>, <a href="#li1282">1282</a>, <a href="#li1650">1650</a>, etc.; gen. pl. eorla, <a href="#li248">248</a>, <a href="#li357">357</a>, <a href="#li369">369</a>, +etc.—Since the king himself is from the stock of the eorlas, he is +also called eorl, <a href="#li6">6</a>, <a href="#li2952">2952</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorlgestrēon">eorl-gestrēon</a>, st. n., <i>wealth of the nobles</i>: gen. pl. +eorl-gestrēona ... hardfyrdne dǣl, <a href="#li2245">2245</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorlgewǣde">eorl-gewǣde</a>, st. n., <i>knightly dress, armor</i>: dat. pl. +-gewǣdum, <a href="#li1443">1443</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorlīc">eorlīc</a> (i.e. eorl-līc), adj., <i>what it becomes a noble born man to +do, chivalrous</i>: acc. sg. eorlīc ellen, <a href="#li638">638</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorlscipe">eorl-scipe</a>, st. m., <i>condition of being noble born, +chivalrous nature, nobility</i>: acc. sg. eorl-scipe, <a href="#li1728">1728</a>, <a href="#li3175">3175</a>; +eorl-scipe efnan, <i>to do chivalrous deeds</i>, <a href="#li2134">2134</a>, <a href="#li2536">2536</a>, <a href="#li2623">2623</a>, +<a href="#li3008">3008</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorlweorod">eorl-weorod</a>, st. n., <i>followers of nobles</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li2894">2894</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleormencyn">eormen-cyn</a>, st. n., <i>very extensive race, mankind</i>: gen. +sg. eormen-cynnes, <a href="#li1958">1958</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleormengrund">eormen-grund</a>, st. m., <i>immensely wide plains, the whole broad +earth</i>: acc. sg. ofer eormen-grund, <a href="#li860">860</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleormenlāf">eormen-lāf</a>, st. f., <i>enormous legacy</i>: acc. sg. +eormen-lāfe ðelan cynnes (<i>the treasures of the dragon's cave</i>) +<a href="#li2235">2235</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorre">eorre</a>, adj., <i>angry, enraged</i>: gen. sg. eorres, +<a href="#li1448">1448</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleoton">eoton</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>giant</i>: nom. sg. eoten (Grendel), <a href="#li762">762</a>; +dat. sg. uninflected, eoton (Grendel), <a href="#li669">669</a>; nom. pl. eotenas, +<a href="#li112">112</a>.—2) Eotens, subjects of Finn, the N. Frisians: <a href="#li1073">1073</a>, <a href="#li1089">1089</a>, <a href="#li1142">1142</a>; +dat. pl. <a href="#li1146">1146</a>. See List of Names, p. 114.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleotonisc">eotonisc</a>, adj., <i>gigantic, coming from giants</i>: acc. sg. +eald sweord eotenisc (eotonisc), <a href="#li1559">1559</a>, <a href="#li2980">2980</a>, (etonisc, MS.) <a href="#li2617">2617</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossEOl">ĒO</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēoredgeatwe">ēored-geatwe</a>, st. f. pl., <i>warlike adornments</i>: acc. pl., +<a href="#li2867">2867</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēowan">ēowan</a>, w. v., <i>to show, to be seen</i>: pres. sg. III. ne +gesacu ōhwǣr, ecghete ēoweð, <i>nowhere shows itself strife, +sword-hate</i>, <a href="#li1739">1739</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glēawan">ēawan, ȳwan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēower">ēower</a>: 1) gen. pl. pers. pron., vestrum: ēower sum, <i>that one +of you</i> (namely, Bēowulf), <a href="#li248">248</a>; fǣhðe ēower lēode, <i>the enmity of +the people of you</i> (of your people), <a href="#li597">597</a>; nis þt ēower sīð ... +nefne mīn ānes, <a href="#li2533">2533</a>.—2) poss. pron., <i>your</i>, <a href="#li251">251</a>, <a href="#li257">257</a>, <a href="#li294">294</a>, +etc.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossF">F</a></b></p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgefandian">fandian, -fondian</a>, w. v., <i>to try, to search for, to find +out, to experience</i>: w. gen. pret. part. þt hfde gumena sum +goldes gefandod, <i>that a man had discovered the gold</i>, <a href="#li2302">2302</a>; +þonne se ān hafað þurh deāðes nȳd dǣda gefondad, <i>now the one</i> +(Herebeald) <i>has with death's pang experienced the deeds</i> (the +unhappy bow-shot of Hðcyn), <a href="#li2455">2455</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfara">fara</a>, w. m., <i>farer, traveller</i>: in comp. mere-fara.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfaran">faran</a>, st. v., <i>to move from one place to another, to go, to +wander</i>: inf. tō hām faran, <i>to go home</i>, <a href="#li124">124</a>; lēton on geflīt +faran fealwe mēaras, <i>let the fallow horses go in emulation</i>, +<a href="#li865">865</a>; cwōm faran flotherge on Frēsna land, <i>had come to Friesland +with a fleet</i>, <a href="#li2916">2916</a>; cōm lēoda dugoðe on lāst faran, <i>came to go +upon the track of the heroes of his people</i>, i.e. to follow them, +<a href="#li2946">2946</a>; gerund wǣron ðelingas eft tō lēodum fūse tō farenne, <i>the +nobles were ready to go again to their people</i>, <a href="#li1806">1806</a>; pret. sg. +gegnum fōr [þā] ofer myrcan mōr, <i>there had</i> (Grendel's mother) +<i>gone away over the dark fen</i>, <a href="#li1405">1405</a>; sǣgenga fōr, <i>the +seafarer</i> (the ship) <i>drove along</i>, <a href="#li1909">1909</a>; (wyrm) mid bǣle fōr, +(the dragon) <i>fled away with fire</i>, <a href="#li2309">2309</a>; pret. pl. þt ... scawan +scīrhame tō scipe fōron, <i>that the visitors in glittering attire +betook themselves to the ship</i>, <a href="#li1896">1896</a>.</p> + +<p>gefaran, <i>to proceed, to act</i>: inf. hū se mānsceaða under +fǣrgripum gefaran wolde, <i>how he would act in his sudden +attacks</i>, <a href="#li739">739</a>.</p> + +<p>ūt faran, <i>to go out</i>: w. acc. lēt of brēostum ... word ūt faran, +<i>let words go out of his breast, uttered words</i>, <a href="#li2552">2552</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfaroth">faroð</a>, st. m., <i>stream, flood of the sea, shore, strand, edge</i>: dat. sg. tō +brimes faroðe, <a href="#li28">28</a>; fter faroðe, <i>with the stream</i>, <a href="#li580">580</a>; t +faroðe, <a href="#li1917">1917</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfaru">faru</a>, st. f., <i>way, passage, expedition</i>: in comp. +ād-faru.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfācenstf">fācen-stf</a> (elementum nequitiae), st. m., <i>wickedness, +treachery, deceit</i>. acc. pl. fācen-stafas, <a href="#li1019">1019</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfāh">fāh, fāg</a>, adj., <i>many-colored, variegated, of varying color</i> (especially +said of the color of gold, of bronze, and of blood, in which the beams +of light are refracted): nom. sg. fāh (<i>covered with blood</i>), +<a href="#li420">420</a>; blōde fāh, <a href="#li935">935</a>; ātertānum fāh (sc. īren) [This is the MS reading; emmended to ātertēarum in text--KTH], <a href="#li1460">1460</a>; sadol searwum fāh +(<i>saddle artistically ornamented with gold</i>), <a href="#li1039">1039</a>; sweord swāte +fāh, <a href="#li1287">1287</a>; brim blōde fāh, <a href="#li1595">1595</a>; wldrēore fāg, <a href="#li1632">1632</a>; (draca) +fȳrwylmum fāh (<i>because he spewed flame</i>), <a href="#li2672">2672</a>; sweord fāh and +fǣted, <a href="#li2702">2702</a>; blōde fāh, <a href="#li2975">2975</a>; acc. sg. drēore fāhne, <a href="#li447">447</a>; goldsele +fǣttum fāhne, <a href="#li717">717</a>; on fāgne flōr treddode, <i>trod the shining +floor</i> (of Heorot), <a href="#li726">726</a>; hrōf golde fāhne, <i>the roof shining with +gold</i>, <a href="#li928">928</a>; nom. pl. eoforlīc ... fāh and fȳr-beard, <a href="#li305">305</a>; acc. pl. +þā hilt since fāge, <a href="#li1616">1616</a>; dat. pl. fāgum sweordum, <a href="#li586">586</a>.—Comp. bān-, +blōd-, brūn-, drēor-, gold-, gryre-, searo-, sinc-, stān-, swāt-, +wl-, wyrm-fāh.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfāh">fāh, fāg, fā</a>, adj.: 1) <i>hostile</i>: nom. sg. fāh +fēond-scaða, <a href="#li554">554</a>; hē ws fāg wið god (Grendel), <a href="#li812">812</a>; acc. sg. fāne +(<i>the dragon</i>), <a href="#li2656">2656</a>; gen. pl. fāra, <a href="#li578">578</a>, <a href="#li1464">1464</a>.—2) <i>liable to +pursuit, without peace, outlawed</i>: nom. sg. fāg, <a href="#li1264">1264</a>; māne fāh, +<i>outlawed through crime</i>, <a href="#li979">979</a>; fyren-dǣdum fāg, <a href="#li1002">1002</a>.—Comp. +nearo-fāh.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfāmigheals">fāmig-heals</a>, adj., <i>with foaming neck</i>: nom. sg. flota +fāmig-heals, <a href="#li218">218</a>; (sǣgenga) fāmig-heals, <a href="#li1910">1910</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfc">fc</a>, st. n., <i>period of time</i>: acc. sg. lȳtel fc, +<i>during a short time</i>, <a href="#li2241">2241</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfder">fder</a>, st. m., <i>father</i>: nom. sg. fder, <a href="#li55">55</a>, <a href="#li262">262</a>, <a href="#li459">459</a>, +<a href="#li2609">2609</a>; of God, <a href="#li1610">1610</a>; fder alwalda, <a href="#li316">316</a>; acc. sg. fder, <a href="#li1356">1356</a>; dat. sg. +fder, <a href="#li2430">2430</a>; gen. sg. fder, <a href="#li21">21</a>, <a href="#li1480">1480</a>; of God, 188—Comp.: ǣr, +eald-fder.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfdera">fdera</a>, w. m., <i>father's brother</i> in comp. +suhter-gefderan.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfderthelo">fder-ðelo</a>, st. n. pl., <i>paternus principatus</i> (?): dat. +pl. fder-ðelum, <a href="#li912">912</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfderenmǣg">fderen-mǣg</a>, st. m., <i>kinsman descended from the same father, +co-descendant</i>: dat. sg. fderen-mǣge, <a href="#li1264">1264</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfthm">fðm</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>the outspread, encircling arms</i>: instr. +pl. fēondes fð[mum], <a href="#li2129">2129</a>.—2) <i>embrace, encircling</i>: nom. sg. +līges fðm, <a href="#li782">782</a>; acc. sg. in fȳres fðm, <a href="#li185">185</a>.—3) <i>bosom, lap</i>: +acc. sg. on foldan fðm, <a href="#li1394">1394</a>; wið eorðan fðm, <a href="#li3050">3050</a>; dat. pl. tō +fder (God's) fðmum, <a href="#li188">188</a>.—4) <i>power, property</i>: acc. in Francna +fðm, <a href="#li1211">1211</a>.—Cf. sīd-fðmed, sīð-fðme.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfthmian">fðmian</a>, w. v., <i>to embrace, to take up into itself</i>: +pres. subj. þt minne līchaman ... glēd fðmie, <a href="#li2653">2653</a>; inf. lēton flōd +fðmian frtwa hyrde, <a href="#li3134">3134</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgefg">fg</a>, adj., <i>agreeable, desirable</i> (Old Eng., fawe, +<i>willingly</i>): comp. ge-fgra, <a href="#li916">916</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfgen">fgen</a>, adj., <i>glad, joyous</i>: nom. pl. ferhðum fgne, +<i>the glad at heart</i>, <a href="#li1634">1634</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfger">fger, fǣger</a>, adj., <i>beautiful, lovely</i>: nom. sg. fǣger +fold-bold, <a href="#li774">774</a>; fger foldan bearm, <a href="#li1138">1138</a>; acc. sg. freoðoburh fgere, +<a href="#li522">522</a>; nom. pl. þǣr him fold-wegas fgere þūhton, <a href="#li867">867</a>.—Comp. un-fǣger.</p> + +<p>fgere, fgre, adv., <i>beautifully, well, becomingly, according to +etiquette</i>: fgere geþǣgon medoful manig, <a href="#li1015">1015</a>; þā ws +flet-sittendum fgere gereorded, <i>becomingly the repast was +served</i>, <a href="#li1789">1789</a>; Higelāc ongan ... fgre fricgean, <a href="#li1986">1986</a>; similarly, +<a href="#li2990">2990</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfr">fr</a>, st. n., <i>craft, ship</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfst">fst</a>, adj., <i>bound, fast</i>: nom. sg. bið se slǣp tō fst, +<a href="#li1743">1743</a>; acc. sg. frēondscipe fstne, <a href="#li2070">2070</a>; fste frioðuwǣre, <a href="#li1097">1097</a>.—The +prep. on stands to denote the where or wherein: ws tō fst on þām +(sc. on fǣhðe and fyrene), <a href="#li137">137</a>; on ancre fst, <a href="#li303">303</a>. Or, oftener, the +dative: fēond-grāpum fst, <i>(held) fast in his antagonist's +clutch</i>, <a href="#li637">637</a>; fȳrbendum fst, <i>fast in the forged hinges</i>, +<a href="#li723">723</a>; handa fst, <a href="#li1291">1291</a>, etc.; hygebendum fst (beorn him langað), +<i>fast (shut) in the bonds of his bosom, the man longs for</i> (i.e. +in secret), <a href="#li1879">1879</a>.—Comp: ār-, blǣd-, gin-, sōð-, tīr-, wīs-fst.</p> + +<p>fste, adv., <i>fst</i> <a href="#li554">554</a>, <a href="#li761">761</a>, <a href="#li774">774</a>, <a href="#li789">789</a>, <a href="#li1296">1296</a>.—Comp. fstor, <a href="#li143">143</a>.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbefstan">fstan</a>, w. v., <i>to give over</i>: inf. hēt Hildeburh hire +selfre sunu sweoloðe befstan, <i>to give over to the flames her own +son</i>, <a href="#li1116">1116</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfsten">fsten</a>, st. n., <i>fortified place, or place difficult of +access</i>: acc. sg. lēoda fsten, <i>the fastness of the Gēatas</i> +(with ref. to <a href="#li2327">2327</a>, <a href="#li2334">2334</a>; fsten (Ongenþēow's castle or fort), <a href="#li2951">2951</a>; +fsten (Grendel's house in the fen-sea), <a href="#li104">104</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfstrǣd">fst-rǣd</a>, adj., <i>firmly resolved</i>: acc. sg. fst-rǣdne +geþōht, <i>firm determination</i>, <a href="#li611">611</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glft">ft</a>, st. m., <i>way, journey</i>: in comp. sīð-ft.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glft2">ft</a>, st. n., <i>vessel; vase, cup</i>: acc. pl. fyrn-manna +fatu, <i>the (drinking-) vessels of men of old times</i>, +<a href="#li2762">2762</a>.—Comp.: bān-, drync-, māððum-, sinc-, wundor-ft.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfǣge">fǣge</a>, adj.: 1) <i>forfeited to death, allotted to death by +fate</i>: nom. sg. fǣge, <a href="#li1756">1756</a>, <a href="#li2142">2142</a>, <a href="#li2976">2976</a>; fǣge and ge-flȳmed, <a href="#li847">847</a>; +fūs and fǣge, <a href="#li1242">1242</a>; acc. sg. fǣgne flǣsc-homan, <a href="#li1569">1569</a>; dat. sg. fǣgum, +<a href="#li2078">2078</a>; gen. sg. fǣges, <a href="#li1528">1528</a>.—2) <i>dead</i>: dat. pl. ofer fǣgum +(<i>over the warriors fallen in the battle</i>), <a href="#li3026">3026</a>.—Comp.: dēað-, +un-fǣge.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfǣhth">fǣhð</a> (<i>state of hostility</i>, see <a class="glentry" href="#glfāh">fāh</a>), st. f., +<i>hostile act, feud, battle</i>: nom. sg. fǣhð, <a href="#li2404">2404</a>, <a href="#li3062">3062</a>; acc. sg. +fǣhðe, <a href="#li153">153</a>, <a href="#li459">459</a>, <a href="#li470">470</a>, <a href="#li596">596</a>, <a href="#li1334">1334</a>, etc.; also of the unhappy bowshot of +the Hrēðling, Hðcyn, by which he killed his brother, <a href="#li2466">2466</a>; dat. sg. +fore fǣhðe and fyrene, <a href="#li137">137</a>; nalas for fǣhðe mearn (<i>did not recoil +from the combat</i>), <a href="#li1538">1538</a>; gen. sg, ne gefeah hē þǣre fǣhðe, <a href="#li109">109</a>; +gen. pl. fǣhða gemyndig, <a href="#li2690">2690</a>.—Comp. wl-fǣhð.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfǣhtho">fǣhðo</a>, st. f., same as above: nom. sg. sīo fǣhðo, <a href="#li3000">3000</a>; acc. +fǣhðo, <a href="#li2490">2490</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfǣlsian">fǣlsian</a>, w. v., <i>to bring into a good condition, to +cleanse</i>: inf. þt ic mōte ... Heorot fǣlsian (from the plague of +Grendel), <a href="#li432">432</a>; pret. Hrōðgāres ... sele fǣlsode, <a href="#li2353">2353</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-fǣlsian, w. v., same as above: pret. part. hfde gefǣlsod ... sele +Hrōðgāres, <a href="#li826">826</a>; Heorot is gefǣlsod, <a href="#li1177">1177</a>; wǣron ȳð-gebland eal +gefǣlsod, <a href="#li1621">1621</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfǣmne">fǣmne</a>, w. f., <i>virgin, recens nupta</i>: dat. sg. fǣmnan, +<a href="#li2035">2035</a>; gen. sg. fǣmnan, <a href="#li2060">2060</a>, both times of Hrōðgār's daughter +Frēaware.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfǣr">fǣr</a>, st. m., <i>sudden, unexpected attack</i>: nom. sg. (attack +upon Hnf's band by Finn's), <a href="#li1069">1069</a>, <a href="#li2231">2231</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfǣrgripe">fǣr-gripe</a>, st. m., <i>sudden, treacherous gripe, attack</i>: +nom. sg. fǣr-gripe flōdes, <a href="#li1517">1517</a>; dat. pl. under fǣrgripum, <a href="#li739">739</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfǣrgryre">fǣr-gryre</a>, st. m., <i>fright caused by a sudden attack</i>: +dat. pl. wið fǣr-gryrum (against the inroads of Grendel into Heorot), +<a href="#li174">174</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfǣringa">fǣringa</a>, adv., <i>suddenly, unexpectedly</i>, <a href="#li1415">1415</a>, <a href="#li1989">1989</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfǣrnīth">fǣr-nīð</a>, st. m., <i>hostility with sudden attacks</i>: gen. pl. +hwt mē Grendel hafað ... fǣrnīða gefremed, <a href="#li476">476</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfǣt">fǣt</a>, st. n. (?), <i>plate, sheet of metal</i>, especially +<i>gold plate</i> (Dietrich Hpt. Ztschr. XI. 420): dat. pl. gold sele +... fǣttum fāhne, <i>shining with gold plates</i> (the walls and the +inner part of the roof were partly covered with gold), <a href="#li717">717</a>; sceal se +hearda helm hyrsted golde fǣtum befeallen (sc. wesan), <i>the gold +ornaments shall fall away from it</i>, <a href="#li2257">2257</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfǣted">fǣted, fǣtt</a>, part., <i>ornamented with gold beaten into +plate-form</i>: gen. sg. fǣttan goldes, <a href="#li1094">1094</a>, <a href="#li2247">2247</a>; instr. sg. fǣttan +golde, <a href="#li2103">2103</a>. Elsewhere, <i>covered, ornamented with gold plate</i>: +nom. sg. sweord ... fǣted, <a href="#li2702">2702</a>; acc. sg. fǣted wǣge, <a href="#li2254">2254</a>, <a href="#li2283">2283</a>; acc. +pl. fǣtte scyldas, <a href="#li333">333</a>; fǣtte bēagas, <a href="#li1751">1751</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfǣtedhlēor">fǣted-hlēor</a>, adj., phaleratus gena (Dietr.): acc. pl. eahta +mēaras fǣted-hlēore (<i>eight horses with bridles covered with plates +of gold</i>), <a href="#li1037">1037</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfǣtgold">fǣt-gold</a>, st. n., <i>gold in sheets</i> or <i>plates</i>: acc. +sg., <a href="#li1922">1922</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfethergearwe">feðer-gearwe</a>, st. f. pl. <i>(feather-equipment), the feathers +of the shaft of the arrow</i>: dat. (instr.) pl. sceft feðer-gearwum +fūs, <a href="#li3120">3120</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfel">fel</a>, st. n., <i>skin, hide</i>: dat. pl. glōf ... gegyrwed +dracan fellum, <i>made of the skins of dragons</i>, <a href="#li2089">2089</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfela">fela</a>, I., adj. indecl., <i>much, many</i>: as subst.: acc. sg. +fela fricgende, <a href="#li2107">2107</a>. With worn placed before: hwt þū worn fela ... +ymb Brecan sprǣce, <i>how very much you spoke about Breca</i>, +<a href="#li530">530</a>.—With gen. sg.: acc. sg. fela fyrene, <a href="#li810">810</a>; wyrm-cynnes fela, +<a href="#li1426">1426</a>; worna fela sorge, <a href="#li2004">2004</a>; tō fela micles ... Denigea lēode, <i>too +much of the race of the Danes</i>, <a href="#li695">695</a>; uncūðes fela, <a href="#li877">877</a>; fela lāðes, +<a href="#li930">930</a>; fela lēofes and lāðes, <a href="#li1061">1061</a>.—With gen. pl.: nom. sg. fela mādma, +<a href="#li36">36</a>; fela þǣra wera and wīfa, <a href="#li993">993</a>, etc.; acc. sg. fela missēra, <a href="#li153">153</a>; +fela fyrena, <a href="#li164">164</a>; ofer landa fela, <a href="#li311">311</a>; māððum-sigla fela (falo, MS.), +<a href="#li2758">2758</a>; nē mē swōr fela āða on unriht, <i>swore no false oaths</i>, +<a href="#li2739">2739</a>, etc.; worn fela māðma, <a href="#li1784">1784</a>; worna fela gūða, <a href="#li2543">2543</a>.—Comp. +eal-fela.</p> + +<p>II., adverbial, <i>very</i>, <a href="#li1386">1386</a>, <a href="#li2103">2103</a>, <a href="#li2951">2951</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfelahrōr">fela-hrōr</a>, adj., valde agitatus, <i>very active against the +enemy, very warlike</i>, <a href="#li27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfelamōdig">fela-mōdig</a>, adj., <i>very courageous</i>: gen. pl. -mōdigra, +<a href="#li1638">1638</a>, <a href="#li1889">1889</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfelasynnig">fela-synnig</a>, adj., <i>very criminal, very guilty</i>: acc. sg. +fela-sinnigne secg (in MS., on account of the alliteration, changed to +simple sinnigne), <a href="#li1380">1380</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfēolan">fēolan</a>, st. v., <i>to betake one's self into a place, to +conceal one's self</i>: pret. siððan inne fealh Grendles mōdor (in +Heorot), <a href="#li1282">1282</a>; þǣr inne fealh secg syn-bysig (in the dragon's cave), +<a href="#li2227">2227</a>.—<i>to fall into, undergo, endure</i>: searonīðas fealh, <a href="#li1201">1201</a>.</p> + +<p>t-fēolan, w. dat., insistere, adhǣrere: pret. nō ic him þs georne +tfealh <i>(held him not fast enough</i>, <a href="#li969">969</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfen">fen</a>, st. n., <i>fen, moor</i>: acc. sg. fen, <a href="#li104">104</a>; dat. sg. tō fenne, <a href="#li1296">1296</a>; fenne, <a href="#li2010">2010</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfenfreotho">fen-freoðo</a>, st. f., <i>refuge in the fen</i>: dat. sg. in +fen-freoðo, <a href="#li852">852</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeng">feng</a>, st. m., <i>gripe, embrace</i>: nom. sg. fȳres feng, <a href="#li1765">1765</a>; +acc. sg. fāra feng (of the hostile sea-monsters), <a href="#li578">578</a>.—Comp. +inwit-feng.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfengel">fengel</a> (probably <i>he who takes possession</i>, cf. tō fōn, +<a href="#li1756">1756</a>, and fōn tō rīce, <i>to enter upon the government</i>), st. m., +<i>lord, prince, king</i>: nom. sg. wīsa fengel, <a href="#li1401">1401</a>; snottra fengel, +<a href="#li1476">1476</a>, <a href="#li2157">2157</a>; hringa fengel, <a href="#li2346">2346</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfengelād">fen-ge-lād</a>, st. n., <i>fen-paths, fen with paths</i>: acc. pl. +frēcne fengelād (<i>fens difficult of access</i>), <a href="#li1360">1360</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfenhlith">fen-hlið</a>, st. n., <i>marshy precipice</i>: acc. pl. under +fen-hleoðu, <a href="#li821">821</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfenhop">fen-hop</a>, st. n., <i>refuge in the fen</i>: acc. pl. on +fen-hopu, <a href="#li765">765</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glferh">ferh</a>, st. m. n., <i>life</i>; see <a class="glentry" href="#glfeorh">feorh</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glferh">ferh</a>, st. m., <i>hog, boar</i>, here of the boar-image on the +helmet: nom. sg., <a href="#li305">305</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glferhth">ferhð</a>, st. m., <i>heart, soul</i>: dat. sg. on ferhðe, <a href="#li755">755</a>, +<a href="#li949">949</a>, <a href="#li1719">1719</a>; gehwylc hiora his ferhðe trēowde, þt ..., <i>each of them +trusted to his</i> (Hunferð's) <i>heart, that</i> ..., <a href="#li1167">1167</a>; gen. sg. +ferhðes fore-þanc, <a href="#li1061">1061</a>; dat. pl. (adverbial) ferhðum fgne, <i>happy +at heart</i>, <a href="#li1634">1634</a>; þt mon ... ferhðum frēoge, <i>that one ... +heartily love</i>, <a href="#li3178">3178</a>.—Comp.: collen-, sarig-, swift-, wide-ferhð.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glferhthfrec">ferhð-frec</a>, adj., <i>having good courage, bold, brave</i>: acc. +sg. ferhð-frecan Fin, <a href="#li1147">1147</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glferhthgenīthla">ferhð-genīðla</a>, w. m., <i>mortal enemy</i>: acc. sg. +ferhð-genīðlan, of the drake, <a href="#li2882">2882</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glferian">ferian</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to bear, to bring, to conduct</i>: +pres. II. pl. hwanon ferigeað fǣtte scyldas, <a href="#li333">333</a>; pret. pl. tō scypum +feredon eal ingesteald eorðcyninges, <a href="#li1155">1155</a>; similarly, feredon, <a href="#li1159">1159</a>, +<a href="#li3114">3114</a>.</p> + +<p>t-ferian, <i>to carry away, to bear off</i>: pret. ic þt hilt þanan +fēondum tferede, <a href="#li1669">1669</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-ferian, <i>bear, to bring, to lead</i>: pres. subj. I. pl. þonne +(wē) geferian frēan ūserne, <a href="#li3108">3108</a>; inf. geferian ... Grendles hēafod, +<a href="#li1639">1639</a>; pret. þt hī ūt geferedon dȳre māðmas, <a href="#li3131">3131</a>; pret. part. hēr +syndon geferede feorran cumene ... Gēata lēode, <i>men of the Gēatas, +come from afar, have been brought hither</i> (by ship), <a href="#li361">361</a>.</p> + +<p>oð-ferian, <i>to tear away, to take away</i>: pret. sg. I. unsōfte +þonan feorh oð-ferede, <a href="#li2142">2142</a>.</p> + +<p>of-ferian, <i>to carry off, to take away, to tear away</i>: pret. ōðer +swylc ūt offerede, <i>took away another such</i> (sc. fifteen), <a href="#li1584">1584</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfetelhilt">fetel-hilt</a>, st. n., <i>sword-hilt</i>, with the gold chains +fastened to it: acc. (sg. or pl.?), <a href="#li1564">1564</a>. (See "Leitfaden f. nord. +Altertumskunde," pp.<a href="#li45">45</a>, <a href="#li46">46</a>.)</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfetian">fetian</a>, w. v., <i>to bring near, bring</i>: pres. subj. nāh hwā +... fe[tige] fǣted wǣge, <i>bring the gold-chased tankard</i>, <a href="#li2254">2254</a>; +pret. part. hraðe ws tō būre Bēowulf fetod, <a href="#li1311">1311</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-fetian, <i>to bring</i>: inf. hēt þā eorla hlēo in gefetian Hrēðles +lāfe, <i>caused Hrēðel's sword to be brought</i>, <a href="#li2191">2191</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-<a class="glentry" name="glāfēdan">fēdan</a>, w. v., <i>to nourish, to bring up</i>: pret. part. þǣr +hē āfēded ws, <a href="#li694">694</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfētha">fēða</a> (O.H.G. fendo), w. m.: 1) <i>foot-soldiers</i>: nom. +pl. fēðan, <a href="#li1328">1328</a>, <a href="#li2545">2545</a>.—2) collective in sing., <i>band of +foot-soldiers, troop of warriors</i>: nom. fēða eal gest, <a href="#li1425">1425</a>; dat. +on fēðan, <a href="#li2498">2498</a>, <a href="#li2920">2920</a>.—Comp. gum-fēða.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfēthe">fēðe</a>, st. n., <i>gait, going, pace</i>: dat. sg. ws tō +foremihtig fēond on fēðe, <i>the enemy was too strong in going</i> +(i.e. could flee too fast), <a href="#li971">971</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfēthecempa">fēðe-cempa</a>, w. m., <i>foot-soldier</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1545">1545</a>, <a href="#li2854">2854</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfēthegst">fēðe-gst</a>, st. m., <i>guest coming on foot</i>: dat. pl. +fēðe-gestum, <a href="#li1977">1977</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfēthelāst">fēðe-lāst</a>, st. m., <i>signs of going, footprint</i>: dat. pl. +fērdon forð þonon fēðe-lāstum, <i>went forth from there upon their +trail</i>, i.e. by the same way that they had gone, <a href="#li1633">1633</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfēthewīg">fēðe-wīg</a>, st. m., <i>battle on foot</i>: gen. sg. nealles +Hetware hrēmge þorfton (sc. wesan) fēðe-wīges, <a href="#li2365">2365</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfēl">fēl</a> (= fēol), st. f. <i>file</i>: gen. pl. fēla lāfe, <i>what +the files have left behind</i> (that is, the swords), <a href="#li1033">1033</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfēran">fēran</a>, w. v., iter (A.S. fōr) facere, <i>to come, to go, to +travel</i>: pres. subj. II. pl. ǣr gē ... on land Dena furður fēran, +<i>ere you go farther into the land of the Danes</i>, <a href="#li254">254</a>; inf. fēran +on frēan wǣre (<i>to die</i>), <a href="#li27">27</a>; gewiton him þā fēran (<i>set out +upon their way</i>), <a href="#li301">301</a>; mǣl is mē tō fēran, <a href="#li316">316</a>; fēran ... gang +scēawigan, <i>go, so as to see the footprints</i>, <a href="#li1391">1391</a>; wīde fēran, +<a href="#li2262">2262</a>; pret. fērdon folctogan ... wundor scēawian, <i>the princes came +to see the wonder</i>, <a href="#li840">840</a>; fērdon forð, <a href="#li1633">1633</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-fēran: 1) adire, <i>to arrive at</i>: pres. subj. þonne eorl ende +gefēre līfgesceafta, <i>reach the end of life</i>, <a href="#li3064">3064</a>; pret. part. +hfde ǣghwðer ende gefēred lǣnan līfes, <i>frail life's end had both +reached</i>, <a href="#li2845">2845</a>.—2) <i>to reach, to accomplish, to bring about</i>: +pret. hafast þū gefēred þt ..., <a href="#li1222">1222</a>, <a href="#li1856">1856</a>.—3) <i>to behave one's +self, to conduct one's self</i>: pret. frēcne gefērdon, <i>had shown +themselves daring</i>, <a href="#li1692">1692</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeal">feal</a>, st. m., <i>fall</i>: in comp. wl-feal.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeallan">feallan</a>, st. v., <i>to fall, to fall headlong</i>: inf. +feallan, <a href="#li1071">1071</a>; pret. sg. þt hē on hrūsan ne fēol, <i>that it</i> (the +hall) <i>did not fall to the ground</i>, <a href="#li773">773</a>; similarly, fēoll on +foldan, <a href="#li2976">2976</a>; fēoll on fēðan (dat. sg.), <i>fell in the band</i> (of +his warriors), <a href="#li2920">2920</a>; pret. pl. þonne walu fēollon, <a href="#li1043">1043</a>.</p> + +<p>be-feallen, pret. part. w. dat. or instr., <i>deprived of, robbed</i>: +frēondum befeallen, <i>robbed of friends</i>, <a href="#li1127">1127</a>; sceal se hearda +helm ... fǣtum befeallen (sc. wesan), <i>be robbed of its gold +mountings</i> (the gold mounting will fall away from it moldering), +<a href="#li2257">2257</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-feallan, <i>to fall, to sink down</i>: pres. sg. III. þt se +līc-homa ... fǣge gefealleð, <i>that the body doomed to die sinks +down</i>, <a href="#li1756">1756</a>.—Also, with the acc. of the place whither: pret. +meregrund gefēoll, <a href="#li2101">2101</a>; hē eorðan gefēoll, <a href="#li2835">2835</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfealu">fealu</a>, adj., <i>fallow, dun-colored, tawny</i>: acc. sg. ofer +fealone flōd (<i>over the sea</i>), <a href="#li1951">1951</a>; fealwe strǣte (with +reference to <a href="#li320">320</a>, <a href="#li917">917</a>; acc. pl. lēton on geflīt faran fealwe mēaras, +<a href="#li866">866</a>.—Comp. ppel-fealo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeax">feax</a>, st. n., <i>hair, hair of the head</i>: dat. sg. ws be +feaxe on flet boren Grendles hēafod, <i>was carried by the hair into +the hall</i>, <a href="#li1648">1648</a>; him ... swāt ... sprong forð under fexe, <i>the +blood sprang out under the hair of his head</i>, <a href="#li2968">2968</a>.—Comp.: +blonden-, gamol-, wunden-feax.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgefēa">fēa</a>, w. m., <i>joy</i>: acc. sg. þǣre fylle gefēan, <i>joy +at the abundant repast</i>, <a href="#li562">562</a>; ic þs ealles mg ... gefēan +habban (<i>can rejoice at all this</i>), <a href="#li2741">2741</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfēa">fēa</a>, adj., <i>few</i> dat. pl. nemne fēaum ānum, <i>except some +few</i>, <a href="#li1082">1082</a>; gen. pl. fēara sum, <i>as one of a few, with a few</i>, +<a href="#li1413">1413</a>; fēara sumne, <i>one of a few (some few)</i>, <a href="#li3062">3062</a>. With gen. +following: acc. pl. fēa worda cwð, <i>spoke few words</i>, <a href="#li2663">2663</a>, +<a href="#li2247">2247</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfēasceaft">fēa-sceaft</a>, adj., <i>miserable, unhappy, helpless</i>: nom. sg. +syððan ǣrest wearð fēasceaft funden, <a href="#li7">7</a>; fēasceaft guma (Grendel), <a href="#li974">974</a>; +dat. sg. fēasceaftum men, <a href="#li2286">2286</a>; Ēadgilse ... fēasceaftum, <a href="#li2394">2394</a>; nom. +pl. fēasceafte (the Gēatas robbed of their king, Hygelāc), <a href="#li2374">2374</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeoh">feoh, fēo</a>, st. n., (<i>properly cattle, herd</i>) here, +<i>possessions, property, treasure</i>: instr. sg. ne wolde ... +feorh-bealo fēo þingian, <i>would not allay life's evil for +treasure</i> (tribute), <a href="#li156">156</a>; similarly, þā fǣhðe fēo þingode, <a href="#li470">470</a>; ic +þē þā fǣhðe fēo lēanige, <a href="#li1381">1381</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgefeohan">feohan</a>, ge-<b>fēon</b>, st. v. w. gen. and instr., <i>to +enjoy one's self, to rejoice at something</i>: a) w. gen.: pret. sg. +ne gefeah hē þǣre fǣhðe, <a href="#li109">109</a>; hilde gefeh, beado-weorces, <a href="#li2299">2299</a>; pl. +fylle gefǣgon, <i>enjoyed themselves at the bounteous repast</i>, +<a href="#li1015">1015</a>; þēodnes gefēgon, <i>rejoiced at</i> (the return of) <i>the +ruler</i>, <a href="#li1628">1628</a>.—b) w. instr.: niht-weorce gefeh, ellen-mǣrðum, <a href="#li828">828</a>; +secg weorce gefeh, <a href="#li1570">1570</a>; sǣlāce gefeah, mgen-byrðenne þāra þe hē him +mid hfde, <i>rejoiced at the gift of the sea, and at the great burden +of that</i> (Grendel's head and the sword-hilt) <i>which he had with +him</i>, <a href="#li1625">1625</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeohgift">feoh-gift, -gyft</a>, st. f., <i>bestowing of gifts</i> or +<i>treasures</i>: gen. sg. þǣre feoh-gyfte, <a href="#li1026">1026</a>; dat. pl. t +feohgyftum, <a href="#li1090">1090</a>; fromum feohgiftum, <i>with rich gifts</i>, <a href="#li21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeohlēas">feoh-lēas</a>, adj., <i>that cannot be atoned for through +gifts</i>: nom. sg. þt ws feoh-lēas gefeoht, <i>a deed of arms that +cannot be expiated</i> (the killing of his brother by Hðcyn), <a href="#li2442">2442</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgefeoht">feoht</a>, st. n., <i>combat; warlike deed</i>: nom. sg. (the +killing of his brother by Hðcyn), <a href="#li2442">2442</a>; dat. sg. mēce þone þīn fader +tō gefeohte br, <i>the sword which thy father bore to the combat</i>, +<a href="#li2049">2049</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgefeohtan">feohtan</a>, st. v., <i>to fight</i>: inf. w. acc. ne mehte ... +wīg Hengeste wiht gefeohtan (<i>could by no means offer Hengest +battle</i>), <a href="#li1084">1084</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeohte">feohte</a>, w. f., <i>combat</i>: acc. sg. feohtan, <a href="#li576">576</a>, <a href="#li960">960</a>. See +<a class="glentry" href="#glwerefyhte">were-fyhte</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeor">feor</a>, adj., <i>far, remote</i>: nom. sg. nis þt feor heonon, +<a href="#li1362">1362</a>; ns him feor þanon tō gesēcanne sinces bryttan, <a href="#li1922">1922</a>; acc. sg. +feor eal (<i>all that is far, past</i>), <a href="#li1702">1702</a>.</p> + +<p>feor, adv., <i>far, far away</i>: a) of space, <a href="#li42">42</a>, <a href="#li109">109</a>, <a href="#li809">809</a>, <a href="#li1806">1806</a>, +<a href="#li1917">1917</a>; feor and (oððe) nēah, <i>far and (or) near</i>, <a href="#li1222">1222</a>, <a href="#li2871">2871</a>; +feorr, <a href="#li2267">2267</a>.—b) of time: gē feor hafað fǣhðe gestǣled (<i>has placed +us under her enmity henceforth</i>), <a href="#li1341">1341</a>.</p> + +<p>Comparative, fyr, feorr, and feor: fyr and fstor, <a href="#li143">143</a>; fyr, <a href="#li252">252</a>; +feorr, <a href="#li1989">1989</a>; feor, <a href="#li542">542</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorbūend">feor-būend</a>, pt., <i>dwelling far away</i>: nom. pl. gē +feor-būend, <a href="#li254">254</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorcȳth">feor-cȳð</a>, st. f., <i>home of those living far away, distant +land</i>: nom, pl. feor-cȳððe bēoð sēlran gesōhte þǣm þe him selfa +dēah, <i>foreign lands are better sought by him who trusts to his own +ability</i>, <a href="#li1839">1839</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorh">feorh, ferh</a> (Goth. fairhvu-s, <i>world</i>), st. m. and n., +<i>life, principle of life, soul</i>: nom. sg. feorh, <a href="#li2124">2124</a>; nō þon +lange ws feorh ðelinges flǣsce bewunden, <i>not for much longer was +the soul of the prince enveloped in the body</i> (he was near death), +<a href="#li2425">2425</a>; ferh ellen wrc, <i>life expelled the strength</i> (i.e. with +the departing life the strength disappeared also), <a href="#li2707">2707</a>; acc. sg. +feorh ealgian, <a href="#li797">797</a>, <a href="#li2656">2656</a>, <a href="#li2669">2669</a>; feorh gehealdan, <i>preserve his +life</i>, <a href="#li2857">2857</a>; feorh ālegde, <i>gave up his life</i>, <a href="#li852">852</a>; similarly, +ǣr hē feorh seleð, <a href="#li1371">1371</a>; feorh oðferede, <i>tore away her life</i>, +<a href="#li2142">2142</a>; oð þt hīe forlǣddan tō þām lindplegan swǣse gesīðas ond hyra +sylfra feorh, <i>till in an evil hour they carried into battle their +dear companions and their lives</i> (i.e. led them to their death), +<a href="#li2041">2041</a>; gif þū þīn feorh hafast, <a href="#li1850">1850</a>; ymb feorh sacan (<i>to fight for +life</i>), <a href="#li439">439</a>; ws in feorh dropen, <i>was wounded into his life</i>, +i.e. mortally, <a href="#li2982">2982</a>; wīdan feorh, as temporal acc., <i>through a wide +life</i>, i.e. always, <a href="#li2015">2015</a>; dat. sg. fēore, <a href="#li1294">1294</a>, <a href="#li1549">1549</a>; tō wīdan +feore, <i>for a wide life</i>, i.e. at all times, <a href="#li934">934</a>; on swā geongum +feore (<i>at a so youthful age</i>), <a href="#li1844">1844</a>; as instr., <a href="#li578">578</a>, <a href="#li3014">3014</a>; gen. +sg. fēores, <a href="#li1434">1434</a>, <a href="#li1943">1943</a>; dat. pl. būton ... feorum gumena, <a href="#li73">73</a>; frēonda +fēorum, <a href="#li1307">1307</a>.—Also, <i>body, corpse</i>: þā ws heal hroden fēonda +fēorum (<i>the hall was covered with the slain of the enemy</i>), +<a href="#li1153">1153</a>; gehwearf þā in Francna fðm feorh cyninges, <i>then the body of +the king</i> (Hygelāc) <i>fell into the power of the Franks</i>, <a href="#li1211">1211</a>. +—Comp. geogoð-feorh.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorhbana">feorh-bana</a>, w. m., <i>(life-slayer), man-slayer, murderer</i>: +dat. sg. feorh-bonan, <a href="#li2466">2466</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorhben">feorh-ben</a>, st. f., <i>wound that takes away life, mortal +wound</i>: dat. (instr.) pl. feorh-bennum sēoc, <a href="#li2741">2741</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorhbealu">feorh-bealu</a>, st. n., <i>evil destroying life, violent +death</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2078">2078</a>, <a href="#li2251">2251</a>, <a href="#li2538">2538</a>; acc. sg., <a href="#li156">156</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorhcyn">feorh-cyn</a>, st. n., <i>race of the living, mankind</i>: gen. pl. +fela feorh-cynna, <a href="#li2267">2267</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorhgenīthla">feorh-genīðla</a>, w. m., <i>he who seeks life, life's enemy</i> +(N.H.G. Tod-feind), <i>mortal enemy</i>: acc. sg. -genīðlan, <a href="#li1541">1541</a>; dat. +sg. -genīðlan, <a href="#li970">970</a>; acc. sg. brǣgd feorh-genīðlan, <a href="#li1541">1541</a>; acc. pl. +folgode feorh-genīðlan, (Ongenþēow) <i>pursued his mortal enemies</i>, +<a href="#li2934">2934</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorhlagu">feorh-lagu</a>, st. f., <i>the life allotted to anyone, life +determined by fate</i>: acc. sg. on māðma hord mine (mīnne, MS.) +bebohte frōde feorh-lege, <i>for the treasure-hoard I sold my old +life</i>, <a href="#li2801">2801</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorhlāst">feorh-lāst</a>, st. m., <i>trace of (vanishing) life, sign of death +</i>: acc. pl. feorh-lāstas br, <a href="#li847">847</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorhsēoc">feorh-sēoc</a>, adj., <i>mortally wounded</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li821">821</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorhsweng">feorh-sweng</a>, st. m., <i>(stroke robbing of life), fatal +blow</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li2490">2490</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorhwund">feorh-wund</a>, st. f., <i>mortal wound, fatal injury</i>: acc. +sg. feorh-wunde hlēat, <a href="#li2386">2386</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorm">feorm</a>, st. f., <i>subsistence, entertainment</i>: acc. sg. nō +þū ymb mīnes ne þearft līces feorme leng sorgian, <i>thou needest no +longer have care for the sustenance of my body</i>, <a href="#li451">451</a>.—2) +<i>banquet</i>: dat. on feorme (or feorme, MS.), <a href="#li2386">2386</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeormendlēas">feormend-lēas</a>, adj., <i>wanting the. cleanser</i>: acc. pl. +geseah ... fyrn-manna fatu feormend-lēase, <a href="#li2762">2762</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeormian">feormian</a>, w. v., <i>to clean, to cleanse, to polish</i>: pres. part. nom pl. +feormiend swefað (feormynd, MS.), <a href="#li2257">2257</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-feormian, w. v., <i>to feast, to eat</i>; pret. part. sōna +hfde unlyfigendes eal gefeormod fēt and folma, <a href="#li745">745</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorran">feorran</a>, w. v., w. acc., <i>to remove</i>: inf. sibbe ne wolde +wið manna hwone mgenes Deniga feorh-bealo feorran, fēo þingian, +(Grendel) <i>would not from friendship free any one of the men of the +Danes of life's evil, nor allay it for tribute</i>, <a href="#li156">156</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorran">feorran</a>, adv., <i>from afar</i>: a) of space, <a href="#li361">361</a>, <a href="#li430">430</a>, <a href="#li826">826</a>, +<a href="#li1371">1371</a>, <a href="#li1820">1820</a>, etc.; siððan ðelingas feorran gefricgean flēam ēowerne, +<i>when noble men afar learn of your flight</i> (when the news of your +flight reaches distant lands), <a href="#li2890">2890</a>; fērdon folctogan feorran and +nēan, <i>from far and from near</i>, <a href="#li840">840</a>; similarly, nēan and feorran +þū nū [friðu] hafast, <a href="#li1175">1175</a>; ws þs wyrmes wīg wīde gesȳne ... nēan +and feorran, <i>visible from afar, far and near</i>, <a href="#li2318">2318</a>.—b) +temporal: sē þe cūðe frumsceaft fīra feorran reccan (<i>since remote +antiquity</i>), <a href="#li91">91</a>; similarly, feorran rehte, <a href="#li2107">2107</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorrancund">feorran-cund</a>, adj., <i>foreign-born</i>: dat. sg. +feorran-cundum, <a href="#li1796">1796</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorweg">feor-weg</a>, st. m., <i>far way</i>: dat. pl. mādma fela of +feorwegum, <i>many precious things from distant paths</i> (from +foreign lands), <a href="#li37">37</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgefēon">fēon</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glfeohan">feohan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfēond">fēond</a>, st. m., <i>enemy</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li164">164</a>, <a href="#li726">726</a>, <a href="#li749">749</a>; fēond on +helle (Grendel), <a href="#li101">101</a>; acc. sg., <a href="#li279">279</a>, <a href="#li1865">1865</a>, <a href="#li2707">2707</a>; dat. sg. fēonde, <a href="#li143">143</a>, +<a href="#li439">439</a>; gen. sg. fēondes, <a href="#li985">985</a>, <a href="#li2129">2129</a>, <a href="#li2290">2290</a>; acc, pl. fēond, <a href="#li699">699</a>; dat. pl. +fēondum, <a href="#li420">420</a>, <a href="#li1670">1670</a>; gen. pl. feonda <a href="#li294">294</a>, <a href="#li809">809</a>, <a href="#li904">904</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfēondgrāp">fēond-grāp</a>, st. f., <i>foe's clutch</i>: dat. (instr.) pl. +fēond-grāpum fst, <a href="#li637">637</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfēondsceatha">fēond-sceaða</a>, w. m., <i>one who is an enemy and a robber</i>: +nom. sg. fāh fēond-scaða (<i>a hostile sea-monster</i>), <a href="#li554">554</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfēondscipe">fēond-scipe</a>, st. m., <i>hostility</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li3000">3000</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfēower">fēower</a>, num., <i>four</i>: nom. fēower bearn, <a href="#li59">59</a>; fēower +mēaras, <a href="#li2164">2164</a>; fēower, as substantive, <a href="#li1638">1638</a>; acc. fēower māðmas, <a href="#li1028">1028</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfēowertyne">fēower-tȳne</a>, num., <i>fourteen</i>: nom. with following gen. +pl. fēowertȳne Gēata, <a href="#li1642">1642</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfindan">findan</a>, st. v., <i>to find, to invent, to attain</i>: a) with +simple object in acc.: inf. þāra þe hē cēnoste findan mihte, <a href="#li207">207</a>; +swylce hīe at Finnes-hām findan meahton sigla searo-gimma, <a href="#li1157">1157</a>; +similarly, <a href="#li2871">2871</a>; mg þǣr fela frēonda findan, <a href="#li1839">1839</a>; wolde guman +findan, <a href="#li2295">2295</a>; swā hyt weorðlīcost fore-snotre men findan mihton, <i>so +splendidly as only very wise men could devise it</i>, <a href="#li3164">3164</a>; pret. sg. +healþegnas fand, <a href="#li720">720</a>; word ōðer fand, <i>found other words</i>, i.e. +went on to another narrative, <a href="#li871">871</a>; grimne gryrelīcne grund-hyrde +fond, <a href="#li2137">2137</a>; þt ic gōdne funde bēaga bryttan, <a href="#li1487">1487</a>; pret. part. syððan +ǣrest wearð fēasceaft funden (<i>discovered</i>), <a href="#li7">7</a>.—b) with acc. and +pred. adj.: pret. sg. dryhten sīnne drīorigne fand, <a href="#li2790">2790</a>.—c) with +acc. and inf.: pret. fand þā þǣr inne ðelinga gedriht swefan, <a href="#li118">118</a>; +fand wccendne wer wīges bīdan, <a href="#li1268">1268</a>; hord-wynne fond opene standan, +<a href="#li2271">2271</a>; oð þt hē fyrgen-bēamas ... hleonian funde, <a href="#li1416">1416</a>; pret. pl. +fundon þā sāwullēasne hlim-bed healdan, <a href="#li3034">3034</a>.—d) with dependent +clause: inf. nō þȳ ǣr fēasceafte findan meahton t þām ðelinge þt hē +Heardrēde hlāford wǣre (<i>could by no means obtain it from the +prince</i>), <a href="#li2374">2374</a>.</p> + +<p>on-findan, <i>to be sensible of, to perceive, to notice</i>: a) w. +acc.: pret. sg. landweard onfand eftsīð eorla, <i>the coast-guard +observed the return of the earls</i>, <a href="#li1892">1892</a>; pret. part. þā hēo +onfunden ws (<i>was discovered</i>), <a href="#li1294">1294</a>.—b) w. depend, clause: +pret. sg. þā se gist onfand þt se beado-lēoma bītan nolde, <i>the +stranger</i> (Bēowulf) <i>perceived that the sword would not cut</i>, +<a href="#li1523">1523</a>; sōna þt onfunde, þt ..., <i>immediately perceived that</i>..., +<a href="#li751">751</a>; similarly, <a href="#li810">810</a>, <a href="#li1498">1498</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfinger">finger</a>, st. m., <i>finger</i>: nom. pl. fingras, <a href="#li761">761</a>; acc. pl. +fingras, <a href="#li985">985</a>; dat. (instr.) pl. fingrum, <a href="#li1506">1506</a>; gen. pl. fingra, <a href="#li765">765</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfiras">fīras, fȳras</a> (O.H.G. firahī, i.e. <i>the living</i>; cf. +feorh), st. m., only in pl., <i>men</i>: gen. pl. fīra, <a href="#li91">91</a>, <a href="#li2742">2742</a>; +monegum fīra, <a href="#li2002">2002</a>; fȳra gehwylcne lēoda mīnra, <a href="#li2251">2251</a>; fīra +fyrngeweorc, <a href="#li2287">2287</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfiren">firen, fyren</a>, st. f., <i>cunning waylaying, insidious +hostility, malice, outrage</i>: nom. sg. fyren, <a href="#li916">916</a>; acc. sg. fyrene +and fǣhðe, <a href="#li153">153</a>; fǣhðe and fyrene, <a href="#li880">880</a>, <a href="#li2481">2481</a>; firen' ondrysne, <a href="#li1933">1933</a>; +dat. sg. fore fǣhðe and fyrene, <a href="#li137">137</a>; gen. pl. fyrena, <a href="#li164">164</a>, <a href="#li629">629</a>; and +fyrene, <a href="#li812">812</a>; fyrena hyrde (of Grendel), <a href="#li751">751</a>. The dat. pl., fyrenum, is +used adverbially in the sense of <i>maliciously</i>, <a href="#li1745">1745</a>, or +<i>fallaciously</i>, with reference to Hðcyn's killing Herebeald, +which was done unintentionally, <a href="#li2442">2442</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfirendǣd">firen-dǣd</a>, st. f., <i>wicked deed</i>: acc. pl. fyren-dǣda, +<a href="#li1670">1670</a>; instr. pl. fyren-dǣdum, <a href="#li1002">1002</a>; both times of Grendel and his +mother, with reference to their nocturnal inroads.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfirenthearf">firen-þearf</a>, st. f., <i>misery through the malignity of +enemies</i>: acc. sg. fyren-þearfe, <a href="#li14">14</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfirgenbēam">firgen-bēam</a>, st. m., <i>tree of a mountain-forest</i>: acc. pl. +fyrgen-bēamas, <a href="#li1415">1415</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfirgenholt">firgen-holt</a>, st. m., <i>mountain-wood, mountain-forest</i>: +acc. sg. on fyrgen-holt, <a href="#li1394">1394</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfirgenstrēam">firgen-strēam</a>, st. m., <i>mountain-stream</i>: nom. sg. +fyrgen-strēam, <a href="#li1360">1360</a>; acc. sg. under fyrgen-strēam (marks the place +where the mountain-stream, according to <a href="#li1360">1360</a>, empties into Grendel's +sea), <a href="#li2129">2129</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfisc">fisc</a>, st. m., <i>fish</i>: in comp. hron-, mere-fisc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfīf">fīf</a>, num., <i>five</i>: uninflect. gen. fīf nihta fyrst, <a href="#li545">545</a>; +acc. fīfe (?), <a href="#li420">420</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfīfelcyn">fīfel-cyn</a> (O.N. fīfl, stultus and gigas), st. n., +<i>giant-race</i>: gen. sg. fīfelcynnes eard, <a href="#li104">104</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfīftyne">fīf-tȳne</a>, num., <i>fifteen</i>: acc. fȳftȳne, <a href="#li1583">1583</a>; +gen. fīftȳna sum, <a href="#li207">207</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfīftig">fīf-tig</a>, num., <i>fifty</i>: 1) as substantive with gen. +following; acc. fīftig wintra, <a href="#li2734">2734</a>; gen. sē ws fīftiges +fōt-gemearces lang, <a href="#li3043">3043</a>.—2) as adjective: acc. fīftig wintru, <a href="#li2210">2210</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflān">flān</a>, st. m., <i>arrow</i>: dat. sg. flāne, <a href="#li3120">3120</a>; as instr., +<a href="#li2439">2439</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflānboga">flān-boga</a>, w. m., <i>bow which shoots the flān, bow</i>: dat. +sg. of flān-bogan, <a href="#li1434">1434</a>, <a href="#li1745">1745</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflǣsc">flǣsc</a>, st. n., <i>flesh, body in contrast with soul</i>: instr. +sg. nō þon lange ws feorh ðelinges flǣsce bewunden, <i>not much +longer was the son of the prince contained in his body</i>, +<a href="#li2425">2425</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflǣschama">flǣsc-hama</a>, w. m., <i>clothing of flesh</i>, i.e. the body: +acc. sg. flǣsc-homan, <a href="#li1569">1569</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflet">flet</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>ground, floor of a hall</i>: acc. sg. hēo +on flet gebēah, <i>fell to the ground</i>, <a href="#li1541">1541</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1569">1569</a>.—2) +<i>hall, mansion</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li1977">1977</a>; acc. sg. flet, <a href="#li1037">1037</a>, <a href="#li1648">1648</a>, <a href="#li1950">1950</a>, +<a href="#li2018">2018</a>, etc.; flett, <a href="#li2035">2035</a>; þt hīe him ōðer flet eal gerȳmdon, <i>that +they should give up entirely to them another hall</i>, <a href="#li1087">1087</a>; dat. sg. +on flette, <a href="#li1026">1026</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfletrst">flet-rst</a>, st. f., <i>resting-place in the hall</i>: acc. sg. +flet-rste gebēag, <i>reclined upon the couch in the hall</i>, <a href="#li1242">1242</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfletsittend">flet-sittend</a>, pres. part., <i>sitting in the hall</i>: acc. pl +-sittende, <a href="#li2023">2023</a>; dat. pl. -sittendum, <a href="#li1789">1789</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfletwerod">flet-werod</a>, st. n., <i>troop from the hall</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li476">476</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflēam">flēam</a>, st. m., <i>flight</i>: acc. sg. on flēam gewand, <i>had +turned to flight</i>, <a href="#li1002">1002</a>; flēam ēowerne, <a href="#li2890">2890</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflēogan">flēogan</a>, st. v., <i>to fly</i>: prs. sg. III. flēogeð, <a href="#li2274">2274</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflēon">flēon</a>, st. v., <i>to flee</i>: inf. on heolster flēon, <a href="#li756">756</a>; +flēon on fenhopu, <a href="#li765">765</a>; flēon under fen-hleoðu, <a href="#li821">821</a>; pret. +hete-swengeas flēah, <a href="#li2226">2226</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeflēon">be-flēon</a>, w. acc., <i>to avoid, to escape</i>: gerund nō þt +ȳðe byð tō beflēonne, <i>that is not easy</i> (i.e. not at all) <i>to +be avoided</i>, <a href="#li1004">1004</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gloferflēon">ofer-flēon</a>, w. acc., <i>to flee from one, to yield</i>: inf. +nelle ic beorges weard oferflēon fōtes trem, <i>will not yield to the +warder of the mountain</i> (the drake) <i>a foot's breadth</i>, <a href="#li2526">2526</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflēotan">flēotan</a>, st. v., <i>to float upon the water, to swim</i>: inf. +nō hē wiht fram mē flōd-ȳðum feor flēotan meahte. hraðor on helme, +<i>no whit, could he swim from me farther on the waves</i> (regarded +as instrumental, so that the waves marked the distance), <i>more +swiftly in the sea</i>, <a href="#li542">542</a>; pret. sǣgenga flēat fāmigheals forð ofer +ȳðe, <i>floated away over the waves</i>, <a href="#li1910">1910</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfliht">fliht</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glflyht">flyht</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflitme">flitme</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glunflitme">un-flitme</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflītan">flītan</a>, st. v., <i>to exert one's self, to strive, to +emulate</i>: pres. part. flītende fealwe strǣte mēarum mǣton (<i>rode +a race</i>), <a href="#li917">917</a>; pret. sg. II. eart þū se Bēowulf, sē þe wið Brecan +... ymb sund flite, <i>art thou the Bēowulf who once contended with +Breca for the prize in swimming?</i> <a href="#li507">507</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gloferflītan">ofer-flītan</a>, <i>to surpass one in a contest, to conquer, to +overcome</i>: pret. w. acc. hē þē t sunde oferflāt (<i>overcome thee +in a swimming-wager</i>), <a href="#li517">517</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgeflīt">flīt</a>, st. n., <i>emulation</i>: acc. sg. lēton on geflīt +faran fealwe mēaras, <i>let the fallow horses go in emulation</i>, +<a href="#li866">866</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfloga">floga</a>, w. m., <i>flyer</i>; in the compounds: gūð-, lyft-, +ūht-, wid-floga.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflota">flota</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glflēotan">flēotan</a>), w. m., <i>float, ship, boat</i>: +nom. sg., <a href="#li210">210</a>, <a href="#li218">218</a>, <a href="#li301">301</a>; acc. sg. flotan ēowerne, <a href="#li294">294</a>.—Comp. +wǣg-flota.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflothere">flot-here</a>, st. m., <i>fleet</i>: instr. sg. cwōm faran +flotherge on Frēsna land, <a href="#li2916">2916</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflōd">flōd</a>, st. m., <i>flood, stream, sea-current</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li545">545</a>, +<a href="#li580">580</a>, <a href="#li1362">1362</a>, etc.; acc. sg. flōd, <a href="#li3134">3134</a>; ofer fealone flōd, <a href="#li1951">1951</a>; dat. +sg. tō flōde, <a href="#li1889">1889</a>; gen. pl. flōda begong, <i>the region of +floods</i>, i.e. the sea, <a href="#li1498">1498</a>, <a href="#li1827">1827</a>; flōda genipu, <a href="#li2809">2809</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflōdȳth">flōd-ȳð</a>, st. f., <i>flood-wave</i>: instr. pl. flōd-ȳðum, <a href="#li542">542</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflōr">flōr</a>, st. m., <i>floor, stone-floor</i>: acc. sg. on fāgne flōr +(the floor was probably a kind of mosaic, made of colored flags), <a href="#li726">726</a>; +dat. sg. gang þā fter flōre, <i>along the floor</i> (i.e. along the +hall), <a href="#li1317">1317</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflyht">flyht, fliht</a>, st. m., <i>flight</i>: nom. sg. gāres fliht, +<i>flight of the spear</i>, <a href="#li1766">1766</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgeflȳman">flȳman</a>, w. v., <i>to put to flight</i>: pret. part. +geflȳmed, <a href="#li847">847</a>, <a href="#li1371">1371</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfolc">folc</a>, st. n., <i>troop, band of warriors; folk</i>, in the +sense of the whole body of the fighting men of a nation: acc. sg. +folc, <a href="#li522">522</a>, <a href="#li694">694</a>, <a href="#li912">912</a>; Sūðdene folc, <a href="#li464">464</a>; folc and rīce, <a href="#li1180">1180</a>; dat. sg. +folce, <a href="#li14">14</a>, <a href="#li2596">2596</a>; folce Deninga, <a href="#li465">465</a>; as instr. folce gestepte ofer sǣ +sīde, <i>went with a band of warriors over the wide sea</i>, <a href="#li2394">2394</a>; +gen. sg. folces, <a href="#li1125">1125</a>; folces Denigea, <a href="#li1583">1583</a>.—The king is called +folces hyrde, <a href="#li611">611</a>, <a href="#li1833">1833</a>, <a href="#li2645">2645</a>, <a href="#li2982">2982</a>; frēawine folces, <a href="#li2358">2358</a>; or folces +weard, <a href="#li2514">2514</a>. The queen, folces cwēn, <a href="#li1933">1933</a>.—The pl., in the sense of +<i>warriors, fighting men</i>: nom. pl. folc, <a href="#li1423">1423</a>, <a href="#li2949">2949</a>; dat. pl. +folcum, <a href="#li55">55</a>, <a href="#li262">262</a>, <a href="#li1856">1856</a>; gen. pl. frēo- (frēa-) wine folca, <i>of the +king</i>, <a href="#li430">430</a>, <a href="#li2430">2430</a>; friðu-sibb folca, <i>of the queen</i>, +<a href="#li2018">2018</a>.—Comp. sige-folc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfolcāgend">folc-āgend</a>, pres. part., <i>leader of a band of warriors</i>: +nom. pl. folc-āgende, <a href="#li3114">3114</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfolcbeorn">folc-beorn</a>, st. m., <i>man of the multitude, a common man</i>: +nom. sg. folc-beorn, <a href="#li2222">2222</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfolccwēn">folc-cwēn</a>, st. f., <i>queen of a warlike host</i>: nom. sg., of +Wealhþēow, <a href="#li642">642</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfolccyning">folc-cyning</a>, st. m., <i>king of a warlike host</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li2734">2734</a>, <a href="#li2874">2874</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfolcrǣd">folc-rǣd</a>, st. m, <i>what best serves a warlike host</i>: acc. +sg., <a href="#li3007">3007</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfolcriht">folc-riht</a>, st. n., <i>the rights of the fighting men of a +nation</i>: gen. pl. him ǣr forgeaf ... folcrihta gehwylc, swā his +fder āhte, <a href="#li2609">2609</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfolcscearu">folc-scearu</a>, st. f., <i>part of a host of warriors, nation</i>: +dat. sg. folc-scare, <a href="#li73">73</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfolcstede">folc-stede</a>, st. m., <i>position of a band of warriors, place +where a band of warriors is quartered</i>: acc. sg. folcstede, of the +hall, Heorot, <a href="#li76">76</a>; folcstede fāra (<i>the battle-field</i>), <a href="#li1464">1464</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfolctoga">folc-toga</a>, w. m., <i>leader of a body of warriors, duke</i>: +nom. pl., powerful liege-men of Hrōðgār are called folc-togan, <a href="#li840">840</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfoldbold">fold-bold</a>, st. n., <i>earth-house</i> (i.e. a house on earth in +contrast with a dwelling in heaven): nom. sg. fǣger fold-bold, of the +hall, Heorot, <a href="#li774">774</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfoldbūend">fold-būend</a>, pres. part. <i>dweller on earth, man</i>: nom. pl. +fold-būend, <a href="#li2275">2275</a>; fold-būende, <a href="#li1356">1356</a>; dat. pl. fold-būendum, <a href="#li309">309</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfolde">folde</a>, w. f., <i>earth, ground</i>: acc. sg. under foldan, +<a href="#li1362">1362</a>; fēoll on foldan, <a href="#li2976">2976</a>; gen. sg. foldan bearm, <i>the bosom of +the earth</i>, <a href="#li1138">1138</a>; foldan scēatas, <a href="#li96">96</a>; foldan fðm, <a href="#li1394">1394</a>.—Also, +<i>earth, world</i>: dat. sg. on foldan, <a href="#li1197">1197</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfoldweg">fold-weg</a>, st. m., <i>field-way, road through the country</i>: +acc. sg. fold-weg, <a href="#li1634">1634</a>; acc. pl. fold-wegas, <a href="#li867">867</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfolgian">folgian</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to perform vassal-duty, to serve, to +follow</i>: pret. pl. þēah hīe hira bēaggyfan banan folgedon, +<i>although they followed the murderer of their prince</i>, <a href="#li1103">1103</a>.—2) +<i>to pursue, to follow after</i>: folgode feorh-genīðlan (acc. pl.) +<a href="#li2934">2934</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfolm">folm</a>, st. f, <i>hand</i>: acc. sg. folme, <a href="#li971">971</a>, <a href="#li1304">1304</a>; dat. sg. +mid folme, <a href="#li743">743</a>; acc. pl. fēt and folma, <i>feet and hands</i>, <a href="#li746">746</a>; +dat. pl. tō banan folmum, <a href="#li158">158</a>; folmum (instr.), <a href="#li723">723</a>, <a href="#li993">993</a>.—Comp.: +beado-, gearo-folm.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfor">for</a>, prep. w. dat., instr., and acc.: 1) w. dat. local, +<i>before</i>, ante: þt hē for eaxlum gestōd Deniga frēan, <a href="#li358">358</a>; for +hlāwe, <a href="#li1121">1121</a>.—b) <i>before</i>, coram, in conspectu: no hē þǣre +feohgyfte for scēotendum scamigan þorfte, <i>had no need to be ashamed +of the gift before the warriors</i>, <a href="#li1027">1027</a>; for þǣm werede, <a href="#li1216">1216</a>; for +eorlum, <a href="#li1650">1650</a>; for duguðe, <i>before the noble band of warriors</i>, +<a href="#li2021">2021</a>.—Causal, a) to denote a subjective motive, <i>on account of, +through, from</i>: for wlenco, <i>from bravery, through warlike +courage</i>, <a href="#li338">338</a>, <a href="#li1207">1207</a>; for wlence, <a href="#li508">508</a>; for his wonhȳdum, <a href="#li434">434</a>; for +onmēdlan, <a href="#li2927">2927</a>, etc.—b) objective, partly denoting a cause, +<i>through, from, by reason of</i>: for metode, <i>for the creator, on +account of the creator</i>, <a href="#li169">169</a>; for þrēanȳdum, <a href="#li833">833</a>; for þrēanēdlan, +<a href="#li2225">2225</a>; for dolgilpe, <i>on account of, in accordance with the promise +of bold deeds</i> (because you claimed bold deeds for yourself), <a href="#li509">509</a>; +him for hrōfsele hrīnan ne mehte fǣr-gripe flōdes, <i>on account of +the roofed hall the malicious grasp of the flood could not reach +him</i>, <a href="#li1516">1516</a>; līg-egesan wg for horde, <i>on account of</i> (the +robbing of) <i>the treasure</i>, <a href="#li2782">2782</a>; for mundgripe mīnum, <i>on +account of, through the gripe of my hand</i>, <a href="#li966">966</a>; for þs hildfruman +hondgeweorce, <a href="#li2836">2836</a>; for swenge, <i>through the stroke</i>, <a href="#li2967">2967</a>; ne +meahte ... dēop gedȳgan for dracan lēge, <i>could not hold out in the +deep on account of the heat of the drake</i>, <a href="#li2550">2550</a>. Here may be added +such passages as ic þǣm gōdan sceal for his mōdþrce māðmas bēodan, +<i>will offer him treasures on account of his boldness of character, +for his high courage</i>, <a href="#li385">385</a>; ful-oft for lǣssan lēan teohhode, +<i>gave often reward for what was inferior</i>, <a href="#li952">952</a>; nalles for ealdre +mearn, <i>was not uneasy about his life</i>, <a href="#li1443">1443</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1538">1538</a>. +Also denoting purpose: for ārstafum, <i>to the assistance</i>, <a href="#li382">382</a>, +<a href="#li458">458</a>.—2) w. instr. causal, <i>because of, for</i>: hē hine feor +forwrc for þȳ mane, <a href="#li110">110</a>.—3) w. acc., <i>for, as, instead of</i>: for +sunu frēogan, <i>love as a son</i>, <a href="#li948">948</a>; for sunu habban, <a href="#li1176">1176</a>; nē him +þs wyrmes wīg for wiht dyde, <i>held the drake's fighting as +nothing</i>, <a href="#li2349">2349</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforan">foran</a>, adv., <i>before, among the first, forward</i>: siððan +... scēawedon fēondes fingras, foran ǣghwylc (<i>each before +himself</i>), <a href="#li985">985</a>; þt ws ān foran ealdgestrēona, <i>that was one +among the first of the old treasures</i>, i.e. a splendid old +treasure, <a href="#li1459">1459</a>; þē him foran ongēan linde bǣron, <i>bore their shields +forward against him</i> (went out to fight against him), <a href="#li2365">2365</a>.</p> + +<p>be-foran: 1) adv., local, <i>before</i>: hē ... beforan gengde, +<i>went before</i>, <a href="#li1413">1413</a>; temporal, <i>before, earlier</i>, <a href="#li2498">2498</a>.—2) +prep. w. acc. <i>before</i>, in conspectu: mǣre māððum-sweord manige +gesāwon beforan beorn beran, <a href="#li1025">1025</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glford">ford</a>, st. m., <i>ford, water-way</i>: acc. sg. ymb brontne +ford, <a href="#li568">568</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforth">forð</a>: 1) local, <i>forth, hither, near</i>: forð near tstōp, +<i>approached nearer</i>, <a href="#li746">746</a>; þā cwōm Wealhþēo forð gān, <a href="#li1163">1163</a>; +similarly, <a href="#li613">613</a>; him seleþegn forð wīsade, <i>led him</i> (Bēowulf) +<i>forth</i> (to the couch that had been prepared for him in Heorot), +<a href="#li1796">1796</a>; þt him swāt sprong forð under fexe, <i>forth under the hair of +his head</i>, <a href="#li2968">2968</a>. <i>Forward, further</i>: gewītað forð beran wǣpen +and gewǣdu, <a href="#li291">291</a>; hē tō forð gestōp, <a href="#li2290">2290</a>; freoðo-wong þone forð +oferēodon, <a href="#li2960">2960</a>. <i>Away, forth</i>, <a href="#li45">45</a>, <a href="#li904">904</a>; fyrst forð gewāt, <i>the +time</i> (of the way to the ship) <i>was out</i>, i.e. they had +arrived at the ship, <a href="#li210">210</a>; mē ... forð-gewitenum, <i>to me the +departed</i>, <a href="#li1480">1480</a>; fērdon forð, <i>went forth</i> (from Grendel's +sea), <a href="#li1633">1633</a>; þonne hē forð scile, <i>when he must (go) forth</i>, i.e. +die, <a href="#li3178">3178</a>; hine mihtig god ... ofer ealle men forð gefremede, +<i>carried him forth, over all men</i>, <a href="#li1719">1719</a>.—2) temporal, <i>forth, +from now on</i>: heald forð tela nīwe sibbe, <a href="#li949">949</a>; ic sceal forð +sprecan gēn ymbe Grendel, <i>shall from now on speak again of +Grendel</i>, <a href="#li2070">2070</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glfurthum">furðum</a> and <b>furðor</b>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforthgerīmed">forð-gerīmed</a>, pres. part., <i>in unbroken succession</i>, <a href="#li59">59</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforthgesceaft">forð-gesceaft</a>, st. f., <i>that which is determined for farther +on, future destiny</i>: acc. sg. hē þā forð-gesceaft forgyteð and +forgȳmeð, <a href="#li1751">1751</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforthweg">forð-weg</a>, st. m., <i>road that leads away, journey</i>: hē of +ealdre gewāt frōd on forð-weg (<i>upon the way to the next world</i>), +<a href="#li2626">2626</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfore">fore</a>, prep. w. dat., local, <i>before</i>, coram, in conspectu: +hēo fore þǣm werede sprc, <a href="#li1216">1216</a>. Causal, <i>through, for, because +of</i>: nō mearn fore fǣhðe and fyrene, <a href="#li136">136</a>; fore fder dǣdum, +<i>because of the father's deeds</i>, <a href="#li2060">2060</a>,—Allied to this is the +meaning, <i>about</i>, de, super: þǣr ws sang and swēg samod tgdere +fore Healfdenes hildewīsan, <i>song and music about Healfdene's +general</i> (the song of Hnf), <a href="#li1065">1065</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforemǣre">fore-mǣre</a>, adj., <i>renowned beyond (others)</i>, prǣclarus: +superl. þt ws fore-mǣrost foldbūendum receda under roderum, <a href="#li309">309</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforemihtig">fore-mihtig</a>, adj., <i>able beyond (others)</i>, prǣpotens: nom. +sg. ws tō foremihtig fēond on fēðe, <i>the enemy was too strong in +going</i> (could flee too rapidly), <a href="#li970">970</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforesnotor">fore-snotor</a>, adj., <i>wise beyond (others)</i>, sapientissimus: +nom. pl. foresnotre men, <a href="#li3164">3164</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforethanc">fore-þanc</a>, st. m., <i>forethought, consideration, +deliberation</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1061">1061</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforht">forht</a>, adj., <i>fearful, cowardly</i>: nom. sg. forht, <a href="#li2968">2968</a>; hē +on mōde wearð forht on ferhðe, <a href="#li755">755</a>.—Comp. unforht.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforma">forma</a>, adj., <i>foremost, first</i>: nom. sg. forma sīð (<i>the +first time</i>), <a href="#li717">717</a>, <a href="#li1464">1464</a>, <a href="#li1528">1528</a>, <a href="#li2626">2626</a>; instr. sg. forman sīðe, <a href="#li741">741</a>, +<a href="#li2287">2287</a>; forman dōgore, <a href="#li2574">2574</a>.</p> + +<p>fyrmest, adv. superl., <i>first of all, in the first place</i>: hē +fyrmest lg, <a href="#li2078">2078</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforst">forst</a>, st. m., <i>frost, cold</i>: gen. sg. forstes bend, <a href="#li1610">1610</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfortham">for-þām, for-þan, for-þon</a>, adv. and conj., <i>therefore, on +that account, then</i>: forþām, <a href="#li149">149</a>; forþan, <a href="#li418">418</a>, <a href="#li680">680</a>, <a href="#li1060">1060</a>; forþon +þe, <i>because</i>, <a href="#li503">503</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfōn">fōn</a>, st. v., <i>to catch, to grasp, to take hold, to take</i>: +prs. sg. III. fēhð ōðer tō, <i>another lays hold</i> (takes +possession), <a href="#li1756">1756</a>; inf. ic mid grāpe sceal fōn wið fēonde, <a href="#li439">439</a>; pret. +sg. him tōgēanes fēng, <i>caught at him, grasped at him</i>, <a href="#li1543">1543</a>; w. +dat. hē þām frtwum fēng, <i>received the rich adornments</i> +(Ongenþēow's equipment), <a href="#li2990">2990</a>.</p> + +<p>be-fōn, <i>to surround, to ensnare, to encompass, to embrace</i>: +pret. part. hyne sār hafað ... nearwe befongen balwon bendum, <a href="#li977">977</a>; hēo +ðelinga ānne hfde fste befangen (<i>had seized him firmly</i>), +<a href="#li1296">1296</a>; helm ... befongen frēawrāsnum (<i>encircled by an ornament like +a diadem</i>), <a href="#li1452">1452</a>; fenne bifongen, <i>surrounded by the fen</i>, +<a href="#li2010">2010</a>; (draca) fȳre befongen, <i>encircled by fire</i>, <a href="#li2275">2275</a>, <a href="#li2596">2596</a>; +hfde landwara līge befangen, <i>encompassed by fire</i>, <a href="#li2322">2322</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-fōn, w. acc., <i>to seize, to grasp</i>: pret. hē gefēng slǣpendne +rinc, <a href="#li741">741</a>; gūðrinc gefēng atolan clommum, <a href="#li1502">1502</a>; gefēng þā be eaxle ... +Gūðgēata lēod Grendles mōdor, <a href="#li1538">1538</a>; gefēng þā fetelhilt, <a href="#li1564">1564</a>; hond +rond gefēng, geolwe linde, <a href="#li2610">2610</a>; ic on ofoste gefēng micle mid mundum +mgen-byrðenne, <i>hastily I seized with my hands the enormous +burden</i>, <a href="#li3091">3091</a>.</p> + +<p>on-fōn, w. dat., <i>to receive, to accept, to take</i>: pres. imp. sg. +onfōh þissum fulle, <i>accept this cup</i>, <a href="#li1170">1170</a>; inf. þt þt þēodnes +bearn ... scolde fder-ðelum onfōn, <i>receive the paternal rank</i>, +<a href="#li912">912</a>; pret. sg. hwā þǣm hlste onfēng, <i>who received the ship's +lading</i>, <a href="#li52">52</a>; hlēor-bolster onfēng eorles andwlitan, <i>the pillow +received the nobleman's face</i>, <a href="#li689">689</a>; similarly, <a href="#li853">853</a>, <a href="#li1495">1495</a>; heal +swēge onfēng, <i>the hall received the loud noise</i>, <a href="#li1215">1215</a>; hē onfēng +hraðe inwit-þancum, <i>he</i> (Bēowulf) <i>at once clutched him</i> +(Grendel) <i>devising malice</i>, <a href="#li749">749</a>.</p> + +<p>þurh-fōn, w. acc., <i>to break through with grasping, to destroy by +grasping</i>: inf. þt hēo þone fyrd-hom þurh-fōn ne mihte, <a href="#li1505">1505</a>.</p> + +<p>wið-fōn, w. dat., <i>(to grasp at), to seize, to lay hold of</i>: +pret. sg. him fste wið-fēng, <a href="#li761">761</a>.</p> + +<p>ymbe-fōn, w. acc., <i>to encircle</i>: pret. heals ealne ymbefēng +biteran bānum, <i>encircled his</i> (Bēowulf's) <i>whole neck with +sharp bones</i> (teeth), <a href="#li2692">2692</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfōt">fōt</a>, st. m., <i>foot</i>: gen. sg. fōtes trem (<i>the measure +of a foot, a foot broad</i>), <a href="#li2526">2526</a>; acc. pl. fēt, <a href="#li746">746</a>; dat. pl. t +fōtum, <i>at the feet</i>, <a href="#li500">500</a>, <a href="#li1167">1167</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfōtgemearc">fōt-gemearc</a>, st. n., <i>measure, determining by feet, number of +feet</i>: gen. sg. sē ws fīftiges fōtgemearces lang (<i>fifty feet +long</i>), <a href="#li3043">3043</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfōtlāst">fōt-lāst</a>, st. m., <i>foot-print</i>: acc. sg. (draca) onfand +fēondes fōt-lāst, <a href="#li2290">2290</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfracod">fracod</a>, adj., <i>objectionable, useless</i>. nom. sg. ns sēo +ecg fracod hilde-rince, <a href="#li1576">1576</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfram">fram, from</a>, I. prep. w. dat. loc. <i>away from something</i>: +þǣr fram sylle ābēag medubenc monig, <a href="#li776">776</a>, <a href="#li1716">1716</a>; þanon eft gewiton +ealdgesīðas ... fram mere, <a href="#li856">856</a>; cyning-balde men from þǣm holmclife +hafelan bǣron, <a href="#li1636">1636</a>; similarly, <a href="#li541">541</a>, <a href="#li543">543</a>, <a href="#li2367">2367</a>. Standing after the +dat.: hē hine feor forwrc ... mancynne fram, <a href="#li110">110</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1716">1716</a>. +Also, <i>hither from something</i>: þā ic cwōm ... from fēondum, <a href="#li420">420</a>; +ǣghwðrum ws ... brōga fram ōðrum, <a href="#li2566">2566</a>.—Causal with verbs of saying +and hearing, <i>of, about, concerning</i>: sgdest from his sīðe, <a href="#li532">532</a>; +nō ic wiht fram þē swylcra searo-nīða secgan hȳrde, <a href="#li581">581</a>; þt hē fram +Sigemunde secgan hyrde, <a href="#li876">876</a>. II adv., <i>away, thence</i>: nō þȳ ǣr +fram meahte, <a href="#li755">755</a>; <i>forth, out</i>: from ǣrest cwōm oruð āglǣcean ūt +of stāne, <i>the breath of the dragon came forth first from the +rock</i> <a href="#li2557">2557</a>.</p> + +<p>fram, from, adj.: 1) <i>directed forwards, striving forwards</i>; in +comp. sīð-fram.—2) <i>excellent, splendid</i>, of a man with +reference to his warlike qualities: nom. sg. ic eom on mōde from, +<a href="#li2528">2528</a>; nom. pl. frome fyrd-hwate, <a href="#li1642">1642</a>, <a href="#li2477">2477</a>. Of things: instr. pl. +fromum feoh-giftum, <a href="#li21">21</a>.—Comp. un-from; see <a class="glentry" href="#glfreme">freme, forma</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgefrgen">frgen</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glfrignan">frignan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrtwe">frtwe</a>, st. f. pl., <i>ornament, anything costly</i>, +originally <i>carved objects</i> (cf. Dietrich in Hpts. Ztschr. X. 216 +ff.), afterwards of any costly and artistic work: acc. pl. frtwe, +<a href="#li2920">2920</a>; beorhte frtwe, <a href="#li214">214</a>; beorhte frtwa, <a href="#li897">897</a>; frtwe.. +eorclan-stānas, <a href="#li1208">1208</a>; frtwe,... brēost-weorðunge, <a href="#li2504">2504</a>, both times of +Hygelāc's collar; frtwe and ft-gold, <a href="#li1922">1922</a>; frtwe (Eanmund's sword +and armor), <a href="#li2621">2621</a>; dat. instr. pl. þām frtwum, <a href="#li2164">2164</a>; on frtewum, <a href="#li963">963</a>; +frtwum (Heaðobeard sword) hrēmig, <a href="#li2055">2055</a>; frtwum, of the drake's +treasures, <a href="#li2785">2785</a>; frtwum (Ongenþēow's armor), <a href="#li2990">2990</a>; gen. pl. fela ... +frtwa, <a href="#li37">37</a>; þāra frtwa (drake's treasure), <a href="#li2795">2795</a>; frtwa hyrde +(drake), <a href="#li3134">3134</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrtwan">frtwan</a>, w. v., <i>to supply with ornaments, to adorn</i>: inf. +folc-stede frtwan, <a href="#li76">76</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-frtwian, w. v., <i>to adorn</i>: pret. sg. gefrtwade foldan +scēatas leomum and lēafum, <a href="#li96">96</a>; pret. part. þā ws hāten Heort +innanweard folmum gefrtwod, <a href="#li993">993</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgefrǣge">frǣge</a>, adj., <i>known by reputation, renowned</i>: nom. sg. +lēod-cyning ... folcum gefrǣge, <a href="#li55">55</a>; swā hyt gefrǣge ws, <a href="#li2481">2481</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgefrǣge">frǣge</a>, st. n., <i>information through hearsay</i>: instr. +sg. mine gefrǣge (<i>as I learned through the narrative of +others</i>), <a href="#li777">777</a>, <a href="#li838">838</a>, <a href="#li1956">1956</a>, etc.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgefrǣgnian">frǣgnian</a>, w. v., <i>to become known through hearsay</i>: +pret. part. fylle gefrǣgnod (of Grendel's mother, who had become known +through the carrying off of schere), 1334?</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfreca">freca</a>, w. m., properly <i>a wolf</i>, as one that breaks in, +robs; here a designation of heroes: nom. sg. freca Scildinga, of +Bēowulf, <a href="#li1564">1564</a>.—Comp.: gūð-, hilde-, scyld-, sweord-, wīg-freca; +ferð-frec (adj.).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfremde">fremde</a>, adj., properly <i>distant, foreign</i>; then +<i>estranged, hostile</i>: nom sg. þt ws fremde þēod ēcean dryhtne, +of the giants, <a href="#li1692">1692</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfreme">freme</a>, adj., <i>excellent, splendid</i>: nom. sg. fem. fremu +folces cwēn, of Þrȳðo, 1933(?).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfremman">fremman</a>, w. v., <i>to press forward, to further</i>, hence: 1) +in general, <i>to perform, to accomplish, to do, to make</i>: pres. +subj. without an object, fremme sē þe wille, <i>let him do (it) +whoever will</i>, <a href="#li1004">1004</a>. With acc.: imp. pl. fremmað gē nū lēoda +þearfe, <a href="#li2801">2801</a>; inf. fyrene fremman, <a href="#li101">101</a>; scce fremman, <a href="#li2500">2500</a>; fǣhðe ... +mǣrðum fremman, <a href="#li2515">2515</a>, etc.; pret. sg. folcrǣd fremede (<i>did what was +best for his men</i>, i.e. ruled wisely), <a href="#li3007">3007</a>; pl. hū þā ðelingas +ellen fremedon, <a href="#li3">3</a>; feohtan fremedon, <a href="#li960">960</a>; nalles fācenstafas ... +þenden fremedon, <a href="#li1020">1020</a>; pret. subj. þt ic ... mǣrðo fremede, <a href="#li2135">2135</a>. +—2) <i>to help on, to support</i>: inf. þt hē mec fremman wile +wordum and worcum (to an expedition), <a href="#li1833">1833</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-fremman, w. acc., <i>to do, to make, to render</i>: inf. gefremman +eorlīc ellen, <a href="#li637">637</a>; helpan gefremman, <i>to give help</i>, <a href="#li2450">2450</a>; fter +wēaspelle wyrpe gefremman, <i>to work a change after sorrow</i> (to +give joy after sorrow), <a href="#li1316">1316</a>; gerund, tō gefremmanne, <a href="#li174">174</a>, <a href="#li2645">2645</a>; pret. +sg. gefremede, <a href="#li135">135</a>, <a href="#li165">165</a>, <a href="#li551">551</a>, <a href="#li585">585</a>, etc.; þēah þe hine mihtig god ... +ofer ealle men forð gefremede, <i>placed him away, above all men</i>, +i.e. raised him, <a href="#li1719">1719</a>; pret. pl. gefremedon, <a href="#li1188">1188</a>, <a href="#li2479">2479</a>; pret. subj. +gefremede, <a href="#li177">177</a>; pret. part. gefremed, <a href="#li476">476</a>; fem, nū scealc hafað ... +dǣd gefremede, <a href="#li941">941</a>; absolutely, þū þē self hafast dǣdum gefremed, þt +..., <i>hast brought it about by thy deeds that</i>, <a href="#li955">955</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfretan">fretan</a>, st. v., <i>to devour, to consume</i>: inf. þā (the +precious things) sceal brond fretan, <a href="#li3015">3015</a>; nū sceal glēd fretan wigena +strengel, <a href="#li3115">3115</a>; pret. sg. (Grendel) slǣpende frt folces Denigea +fȳftȳne men, <a href="#li1582">1582</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrēcne">frēcne</a>, adj., <i>dangerous, bold</i>: nom. sg. frēcne +fȳr-draca, <a href="#li2690">2690</a>; feorh-bealo frēcne, <a href="#li2251">2251</a>, <a href="#li2538">2538</a>; acc. sg. frēcne dǣde, +<a href="#li890">890</a>; frēcne fengelād, <a href="#li1360">1360</a>; frēcne stōwe, <a href="#li1379">1379</a>; instr. sg. frēcnan +sprǣce (<i>through provoking words</i>), <a href="#li1105">1105</a>.</p> + +<p>frēcne, adv., <i>boldly, audaciously</i>, <a href="#li960">960</a>, <a href="#li1033">1033</a>, <a href="#li1692">1692</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrēa">frēa</a>, w. m., <i>ruler, lord</i>, of a temporal ruler: nom. sg. +frēa, <a href="#li2286">2286</a>; acc. sg. frēan, <a href="#li351">351</a>, <a href="#li1320">1320</a>, <a href="#li2538">2538</a>, <a href="#li3003">3003</a>, <a href="#li3108">3108</a>; gen. sg. +frēan, <a href="#li359">359</a>, <a href="#li500">500</a>, <a href="#li1167">1167</a>, <a href="#li1681">1681</a>; dat. sg. frēan, <a href="#li271">271</a>, <a href="#li291">291</a>, <a href="#li2663">2663</a>. Of a +husband: dat. sg. ēode ... tō hire frēan sittan, <a href="#li642">642</a>. Of God: dat. sg. +frēan ealles, <i>the Lord of all</i>, <a href="#li2795">2795</a>; gen. sg. frēan, <a href="#li27">27</a>.— +Comp.: āgend-, līf-, sin-frēa.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrēadryhten">frēa-dryhten</a>, st. m., <i>lord, ruling lord</i>: gen. sg. +frēa-drihtnes, <a href="#li797">797</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrēawine">frēa-wine</a>, st. m., <i>lord and friend, friendly ruler</i>: nom. +sg. frēa-wine folces (folca), <a href="#li2358">2358</a>, <a href="#li2430">2430</a>; acc. sg. his frēa-wine, +<a href="#li2439">2439</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrēawrāsn">frēa-wrāsn</a>, st. f., <i>encircling ornament like a diadem</i>: +instr. pl. helm ... befongen frēawrāsnum, <a href="#li1452">1452</a>; see <a class="glentry" href="#glwrāsn">wrāsn</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfreothu">freoðu, friðu</a>, f., <i>protection, asylum, peace</i>: acc. sg. +wēl bið þǣm þe mōt ... tō fder fðmum freoðo wilnian, <i>who may +obtain an asylum in God's arms</i>, <a href="#li188">188</a>; nēan and feorran þū nū +[friðu] hafast, <a href="#li1175">1175</a>.—Comp. fen-freoðo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfreothoburh">freoðo-burh</a>, st. f., <i>castle, city affording protection</i>: +acc. sg. freoðoburh fgere, <a href="#li522">522</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfreothowong">freoðo-wong</a>, st. m., <i>field of peace, field of +protection</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li2960">2960</a>; seems to have been the proper name of +a field.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfreothowǣr">freoðo-wǣr</a>, st. f., <i>peace-alliance, security of peace</i>: +acc. sg. þā hīe getruwedon on twā healfa fste frioðu-wǣre, <a href="#li1097">1097</a>; gen. +sg. frioðowǣre bd hlāford sīnne, <i>entreated his lord for the +protection of peace</i> (i.e. full pardon for his delinquency), <a href="#li2283">2283</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfreothowebbe">freoðo-webbe</a>, w. f., <i>peace-weaver</i>, designation of the +royal consort (often one given in marriage as a confirmation of a +peace between two nations): nom. sg., <a href="#li1943">1943</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrēoburh">frēo-burh</a>, st. f., = frēa-burg (?), <i>ruler's castle</i> (?) +(according to Grein, arx ingenua): acc. sg. frēoburh, <a href="#li694">694</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrēod">frēod</a>, st. f., <i>friendship</i>: acc. sg. frēode ne woldon +ofer heafo healdan, <a href="#li2477">2477</a>; gen. sg. ns þǣr māra fyrst frēode tō +friclan, <i>was no longer time to seek for friendship</i>, <a href="#li2557">2557</a>; +—<i>favor, acknowledgement</i>: acc. sg. ic þē sceal mīne gelǣstan +frēode (<i>will show myself grateful</i>, with reference to <a href="#li1381">1381</a> ff.), +<a href="#li1708">1708</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrēodryhten">frēo-dryhten</a> (= frēa-dryhten), st. m., <i>lord, ruler</i>; +according to Grein, dominus ingenuus vel nobilis: nom. sg. as voc. +frēo-drihten min! <a href="#li1170">1170</a>; dat. sg. mid his frēo-dryhtne, <a href="#li2628">2628</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrēogan">frēogan</a>, w. v., <i>to love; to think of lovingly</i>: pres. +subj. þt mon his wine-dryhten ... ferhðum frēoge, <a href="#li3178">3178</a>; inf. nū ic +þec ... mē for sunu wylle frēogan on ferhðe, <a href="#li949">949</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrēolīc">frēo-līc</a>, adj., <i>free, free-born</i> (here of the lawful wife +in contrast with the bond concubine): nom. sg. frēolīc wīf, <a href="#li616">616</a>; +frēolīcu folc-cwēn, <a href="#li642">642</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrēond">frēond</a>, st. m., <i>friend</i>: acc. sg. frēond, <a href="#li1386">1386</a>, <a href="#li1865">1865</a>; +dat. pl. frēondum, <a href="#li916">916</a>, <a href="#li1019">1019</a>, <a href="#li1127">1127</a>; gen. pl. frēonda, <a href="#li1307">1307</a>, <a href="#li1839">1839</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrēondlathu">frēond-laðu</a>, st. f., <i>friendly invitation</i>: nom. sg. him +ws ful boren and frēond-laðu (<i>friendly invitation to drink</i>) +wordum bewgned, <a href="#li1193">1193</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrēondlār">frēond-lār</a>, st. f., <i>friendly counsel</i>: dat. (instr.) pl. +frēond-lārum, <a href="#li2378">2378</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrēondlīce">frēond-līce</a>, adv., <i>in a friendly manner, kindly</i>: compar. +frēond-līcor, <a href="#li1028">1028</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrēondscipe">frēond-scipe</a>, st. m., <i>friendship</i>: acc. sg. frēond-scipe +fstne, <a href="#li2070">2070</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrēowine">frēo-wine</a>, st. m. (see <a class="glentry" href="#glfrēawine">frēawine</a>), <i>lord and friend, +friendly ruler</i>; according to Grein, amicus nobilis, princeps +amicus: nom. sg. as voc. frēo-wine folca! <a href="#li430">430</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfricgean">fricgean</a>, w. v., <i>to ask, to inquire into</i>: inf. ongan +sīnne geseldan fgre fricgean hwylce Sǣ-Gēata sīðas wǣron, <a href="#li1986">1986</a>; pres. +part, gomela Scilding fela fricgende feorran rehte, <i>the old +Scilding, asking many questions</i> (having many things related to +him), <i>told of old times</i> (the conversation was alternate), <a href="#li2107">2107</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-fricgean, <i>to learn, to learn by inquiry</i>: pres. pl. syððan hīe +ge-fricgeað frēan ūserne ealdorlēasne, <i>when they learn that our lord is +dead</i>, <a href="#li3003">3003</a>; pres. subj. gif ic þt gefricge, þt..., <a href="#li1827">1827</a>; pl. syððan +ðelingas feorran gefricgean flēam ēowerne, <a href="#li2890">2890</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfriclan">friclan</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glfreca">freca</a>), w. v. w. gen., <i>to seek, to desire, to +strive for</i>: inf. ns þǣr māra fyrst frēode tō friclan, <a href="#li2557">2557</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrithosib">friðo-sib</a>, st. f., <i>kin for the confirming of peace</i>, +designation of the queen (see <a class="glentry" href="#glfreotho—webbe">freoðo—webbe</a>), <i>peace-bringer</i>: +nom. sg. friðu-sibb folca, <a href="#li2018">2018</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrignan">frignan, fringan, frīnan</a>, st. v., <i>to ask, to inquire</i>: imp. ne +frīn þū fter sǣlum, <i>ask not after the well-being!</i> <a href="#li1323">1323</a>; inf. ic þs +wine Deniga frīnan wille ... ymb þīnne sīð, <a href="#li351">351</a>; pret. sg. frgn, <a href="#li236">236</a>, <a href="#li332">332</a>; +frgn gif ..., <i>asked whether</i> ..., <a href="#li1320">1320</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-frignan, ge-fringan, ge-frīnan, <i>to find out by inquiry, to learn by +narration.</i> pret. sg. (w. acc.) þt fram hām gefrgn Higelāces þegn +Grendles dǣda, <a href="#li194">194</a>; nō ic gefrgn heardran feohtan, <a href="#li575">575</a>; (w. acc. and inf.) +þā ic wīde gefrgn weorc gebannan, <a href="#li74">74</a>; similarly, <a href="#li2485">2485</a>, <a href="#li2753">2753</a>, <a href="#li2774">2774</a>; ne +gefrgen ic þā mǣgðe māran weorode ymb hyra sincgyfan sēl gebǣran, <i>I +never heard that any people, richer in warriors, conducted itself better +about its chief</i>, <a href="#li1012">1012</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1028">1028</a>; pret. pl. (w. acc.) wē +þēodcyninga þrym gefrūnon, <a href="#li2">2</a>; (w. acc. and inf.) geongne gūðcyning gōdne +gefrūnon hringas dǣlan, <a href="#li1970">1970</a>; (parenthetical) swā guman gefrungon, <a href="#li667">667</a>, +(after þonne) medo-rn micel (<i>greater</i>) ... þone yldo bearn ǣfre +gefrūnon, <a href="#li70">70</a>; pret. part. hfde Higelāces hilde gefrūnen, <a href="#li2953">2953</a>; hfdon +gefrūnen þt..., <i>had learned that</i> ..., <a href="#li695">695</a>; hfde gefrūnen hwanan +sīo fǣhð ārās, <a href="#li2404">2404</a>; healsbēaga mǣst þāra þe ic on foldan gefrgen hbbe, +<a href="#li1197">1197</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrom">from</a>, See <a class="glentry" href="#glfram">fram</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrōd">frōd</a>, adj.: 1) ǣtate provectus, <i>old, gray</i>: nom. sg. frōd, +<a href="#li2626">2626</a>, <a href="#li2951">2951</a>; frōd cyning, <a href="#li1307">1307</a>, <a href="#li2210">2210</a>; frōd folces weard, <a href="#li2514">2514</a>; wintrum frōd, +<a href="#li1725">1725</a>, <a href="#li2115">2115</a>, <a href="#li2278">2278</a>; se frōda, <a href="#li2929">2929</a>; ac. sg. frōde feorhlege (<i>the laying +down of my old life</i>), <a href="#li2801">2801</a>; dat. sg. frōdan fyrnwitan (may also, from +its meaning, belong under No. 2), <a href="#li2124">2124</a>.—2) mente excellentior, +<i>intelligent, experienced, wise</i>: nom. sg. frōd, <a href="#li1367">1367</a>; frōd and gōd, +<a href="#li279">279</a>; on mōde frōd, <a href="#li1845">1845</a>.—Comp.: in-, un-frōd.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrōfor">frōfor</a>, st. f., <i>consolation, compensation, help</i>: nom. sg. +frōfor, <a href="#li2942">2942</a>; acc. sg. frōfre, <a href="#li7">7</a>, <a href="#li974">974</a>; fyrena frōfre, <a href="#li629">629</a>; frōfre and +fultum, <a href="#li1274">1274</a>; frōfor and fultum, <a href="#li699">699</a>; dat. sg. tō frōfre, <a href="#li14">14</a>, <a href="#li1708">1708</a>; gen. +sg. frōfre, <a href="#li185">185</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfruma">fruma</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glforma">forma</a>), w. m., <i>the foremost</i>, hence: l) +<i>beginning</i>: nom. sg. ws se fruma egeslīc lēodum on lande, swā +hyt lungre wearð on hyra sincgifan sāre geendod (<i>the beginning of +the dragon-combat was terrible, its end distressing through the death +of Bēowulf</i>), <a href="#li2310">2310</a>.—2) <i>he who stands first, prince</i>; in +comp. dǣd-, hild-, land-, lēod-, ord-, wīg-fruma.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrumcyn">frum-cyn</a>, st. n., (genus primitivum), <i>descent, origin</i>: +acc. sg. nū ic ēower sceal frumcyn witan, <a href="#li252">252</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrumgār">frum-gār</a>, st. m., primipilus, <i>duke, prince</i>: dat. sg. +frumgāre (of Bēowulf), <a href="#li2857">2857</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrumsceaft">frum-sceaft</a>, st. f., prima creatio, <i>beginning</i>: acc. sg. +sē þe cūðe frumsceaft fīra feorran reccan, <i>who could tell of the +beginning of mankind in old times</i>, <a href="#li91">91</a>; dat. sg. frum-sceafte, +<i>in the beginning</i>, i.e at his birth, <a href="#li45">45</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfugol">fugol</a>, st. m., <i>bird</i>: dat. sg. fugle gelīcost, <a href="#li218">218</a>; dat. +pl. [fuglum] tō gamene, <a href="#li2942">2942</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glful">ful</a>, adj., <i>full, filled</i>: nom. sg. w. gen. pl. sē ws +innan full wrǣtta and wīra, <a href="#li2413">2413</a>.—Comp.: eges-, sorh-, weorð-ful.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glful">ful</a>, adv., plene, <i>very</i>: ful oft, <a href="#li480">480</a>; ful-oft, <a href="#li952">952</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glful">ful</a>, st. n., <i>cup, beaker</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1193">1193</a>; acc. sg. ful, +<a href="#li616">616</a>, <a href="#li629">629</a>, <a href="#li1026">1026</a>; ofer ȳða ful, <i>over the cup of the waves</i> (the +basin of the sea filled with waves), <a href="#li1209">1209</a>; dat. sg. onfōh þissum +fulle, <a href="#li1170">1170</a>.—Comp.: medo-, sele-full.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfullǣstian">fullǣstian</a>, w. v. w. dat, <i>to give help</i>: pres. sg. ic þē +fullǣstu, <a href="#li2669">2669</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfultum">fultum</a>, st. m., <i>help, support, protection</i>: acc. sg. frōfor +(frōfre) and fultum, <a href="#li699">699</a>, <a href="#li1274">1274</a>; mgenes fultum, <a href="#li1836">1836</a>; on fultum, +<a href="#li2663">2663</a>.—Comp. mgen-fultum.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfundian">fundian</a>, w. v., <i>to strive, to have in view</i>: pres. pl. wē +fundiað Higelāc sēcan, <a href="#li1820">1820</a>; pret. sg. fundode of geardum, <a href="#li1138">1138</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfurthum">furðum</a>, adv., primo, <i>just, exactly; then first</i>: þā ic furðum +wēold folce Deninga, <i>then first governed the people of the Danes</i> +(had just assumed the government), <a href="#li465">465</a>; þā hīe tō sele furðum ... gangan +cwōmon, <a href="#li323">323</a>; ic þǣr furðum cwōm tō þām hringsele, <a href="#li2010">2010</a>;—<i>before, +previously</i>: ic þē sceal mīne gelǣstan frēode, swā wit furðum sprǣcon, +<a href="#li1708">1708</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfurthur">furður</a>, adv., <i>further, forward, more distant</i>, <a href="#li254">254</a>, <a href="#li762">762</a>, <a href="#li3007">3007</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfūs">fūs</a>, adj., <i>inclined to, favorable, ready</i>: nom. sg. nū ic eom +sīðes fūs, <a href="#li1476">1476</a>; lēofra manna fūs, <i>prepared for the dear men</i>, i.e. +expecting them, <a href="#li1917">1917</a>; sigel sūðan fūs, <i>the sun inclined from the +south</i> (midday sun), <a href="#li1967">1967</a>; se wonna hrefn fūs ofer fǣgum, <i>eager over +the slain</i>, <a href="#li3026">3026</a>; sceft ... feðer-gearwum fūs, <a href="#li3120">3120</a>; nom. pl. wǣron ... +eft to lēodum fūse tō farenne, <a href="#li1806">1806</a>.—Sometimes fūs means <i>ready for +death</i>, moribundus: fūs and fǣge, <a href="#li1242">1242</a>.—Comp.: hin-, ūt-fūs.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfūslīc">fūs-līc</a>, adj., <i>prepared, ready</i>: acc. sg. fūs-līc f[yrd]-lēoð, +<a href="#li1425">1425</a>; fyrd-searo fūs-līc, <a href="#li2619">2619</a>; acc. pl. fyrd-searu fūs-līcu, <a href="#li232">232</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyl">fyl</a>, st. m., <i>fall</i>: nom. sg. fyll cyninges, <i>the fall of +the king</i> (in the dragon-fight), <a href="#li2913">2913</a>; dat. sg. þt hē on fylle +wearð, <i>that he came to a fall, fell</i>, <a href="#li1545">1545</a>.—Comp. hrā-fyl.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfylce">fylce</a> (collective form from <a class="glentry" href="#glfolc">folc</a>), st. n., <i>troop, band +of warriors</i>: in comp. l-fylce.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgefyllan">fyllan</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glfeal">feal</a>), w. v., <i>to fell, to slay in +battle</i>: inf. fāne gefyllan, <i>to slay the enemy</i>, <a href="#li2656">2656</a>; pret. +pl. fēond gefyldan, <i>they had slain the enemy</i>, <a href="#li2707">2707</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-<a class="glentry" name="glāfyllan">fyllan</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glful">ful</a>), w. v., <i>to fill</i>: pret. part. +Heorot innan ws frēondum āfylled (<i>was filled with trusted +men</i>), <a href="#li1019">1019</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyllo">fyllo</a>, st. f. (<i>plenty, abundant meal</i>: dat. (instr.) sg. +fylle gefrǣgnod, <a href="#li1334">1334</a>; gen. sg. ns hīe þǣre fylle gefēan hfdon, <a href="#li562">562</a>; +fylle gefǣgon, <a href="#li1015">1015</a>.—Comp.: wl-, wist-fyllo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfylwērig">fyl-wērig</a>, adj., <i>weary enough to fall, faint to death</i>, +moribundus: acc. sg. fyl-wērigne, <a href="#li963">963</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyr">fyr</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glfeor">feor</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrian">fyrian</a>, w. v. w. acc. (= <a class="glentry" href="#glferian">ferian</a>) <i>to bear, to bring, +carry</i>: pret. pl. þā þe gif-sceattas Gēata fyredon þyder tō þance, +<a href="#li378">378</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyras">fȳras</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glfiras">fīras</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyren">fyren</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glfiren">firen</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrde">fyrde</a>, adj., <i>movable, that can be moved</i>.—Comp. +hard-fyrde.—Leo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrdgestealla">fyrd-gestealla</a>, w. m., <i>comrade on an expedition, companion in +battle</i>: dat. pl. fyrd-gesteallum, 2874</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrdham">fyrd-ham</a>, st. m., <i>war-dress, coat of mail</i>: acc. sg. þone +fyrd-hom, <a href="#li1505">1505</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrdhrgl">fyrd-hrgl</a>, st. n., <i>coat of mail, war-dress</i>: acc. sg. +fyrd-hrgl, <a href="#li1528">1528</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrdhwt">fyrd-hwt</a>, adj., <i>sharp, good in war, warlike</i>: nom. pl. +frome fyrd-hwate, <a href="#li1642">1642</a>, <a href="#li2477">2477</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrdlēoth">fyrd-lēoð</a>, st. n., <i>war-song, warlike music</i>: acc. sg. horn +stundum song fūslīc f[yrd]leoð, <a href="#li1425">1425</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrdsearu">fyrd-searu</a>, st. n., <i>equipment for an expedition</i>: acc. sg. +fyrd-searu fūslīc, <a href="#li2619">2619</a>; acc. pl. fyrd-searu fūslīcu, <a href="#li232">232</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrdwyrthe">fyrd-wyrðe</a>, adj., <i>of worth in war, excellent in battle</i>: +nom. sg. fyrd-wyrðe man (Bēowulf), <a href="#li1317">1317</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgefyrthran">fyrðran</a> (see forð), w. v., <i>to bring forward, to +further</i>: pret. part. ār ws on ofoste, eftsīðes georn, frtwum +gefyrðred, <i>he was hurried forward by the treasure</i> (i.e. after +he had gathered up the treasure, he hasted to return, so as to be able +to show it to the mortally-wounded Bēowulf), <a href="#li2785">2785</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrmest">fyrmest</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glforma">forma</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrndagas">fyrn-dagas</a>, st. m. pl., <i>by-gone days</i>: dat. pl. fyrndagum +(<i>in old times</i>), <a href="#li1452">1452</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrngeweorc">fyrn-geweorc</a>, st. n., <i>work, something done in old times</i>: +acc. sg. fīra fyrn-geweorc (the drinking-cup mentioned in <a href="#li2283">2283</a>, <a href="#li2287">2287</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrngewin">fyrn-gewin</a>, st. n., <i>combat in ancient times</i>: gen. sg. ōr +fyrn-gewinnes (<i>the origin of the battles of the giants</i>), <a href="#li1690">1690</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrnman">fyrn-man</a>, st. m., <i>man of ancient times</i>: gen. pl. +fyrn-manna fatu, <a href="#li2762">2762</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrnwita">fyrn-wita</a>, w. m., <i>counsellor ever since ancient times, +adviser for many years</i>: dat. sg. frōdan fyrnwitan, of schere, +<a href="#li2124">2124</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrst">fyrst</a>, st. m., <i>portion of time, definite time, time</i>: +nom. sg. ns hit lengra fyrst, ac ymb āne niht ..., <a href="#li134">134</a>; fyrst forð +gewāt, <i>the time</i> (of going to the harbor) <i>was past</i>, <a href="#li210">210</a>; +ns þǣr māra fyrst frēode tō friclan, <a href="#li2556">2556</a>; acc. sg. niht-longne +fyrst, <a href="#li528">528</a>; fīf nihta fyrst, <a href="#li545">545</a>; instr. sg. þȳ fyrste, <a href="#li2574">2574</a>; dat. sg. +him on fyrste gelomp ..., <i>within the fixed time</i>, <a href="#li76">76</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrwit">fyr-wit, -wet, -wyt</a>, st. n., <i>prying spirit, curiosity</i>: +nom. sg. fyrwyt, <a href="#li232">232</a>; fyrwet, <a href="#li1986">1986</a>, <a href="#li2785">2785</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgefȳsan">fȳsan</a> (<b>fūs</b>), w. v., <i>to make ready, to prepare</i>: +part. winde gefȳsed flota, <i>the ship provided with wind</i> (for the +voyage), <a href="#li217">217</a>; (wyrm) fȳre gefȳsed, <i>provided with fire</i>, <a href="#li2310">2310</a>; þā +ws hringbogan (of the drake) heorte gefȳsed scce tō sēceanne, <a href="#li2562">2562</a>; +with gen., in answer to the question, for what? gūðe gefȳsed, <i>ready +for battle, determined to fight</i>, <a href="#li631">631</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfȳr">fȳr</a>, st. n., <i>fire</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1367">1367</a>, <a href="#li2702">2702</a>, <a href="#li2882">2882</a>; dat. sg. fȳre, <a href="#li2220">2220</a>; +as instr. fȳre, <a href="#li2275">2275</a>, <a href="#li2596">2596</a>; gen. sg. fȳres fðm, <a href="#li185">185</a>; fȳres feng, <a href="#li1765">1765</a>.— +Comp.: ād-, bǣl-, heaðu-, wl-fȳr.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfȳrbend">fȳr-bend</a>, st. m., <i>band forged in fire</i>: dat. pl. duru ... +fȳr-bendum fst, <a href="#li723">723</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfȳrdraca">fȳr-draca</a>, w. m., <i>fire-drake, fire-spewing dragon</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li2690">2690</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfȳrheard">fȳr-heard</a>, adj., <i>hard through fire, hardened in fire</i>: nom. +pl. (eoforlīc) fāh and fȳr-heard, <a href="#li305">305</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfȳrlēoht">fȳr-lēoht</a>, st. n., <i>fire-light</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1517">1517</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfȳrwylm">fȳr-wylm</a>, st. m., <i>wave of fire, flame-wave</i>: dat. pl. wyrm ... +fȳrwylmum fāh, <a href="#li2672">2672</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossG">G</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgalan">galan</a>, st. v., <i>to sing, to sound</i>: pres. sg. sorh-lēoð gleð, +<a href="#li2461">2461</a>; inf. gryre-lēoð galan, <a href="#li787">787</a>; bearhtm ongeāton, gūðhorn galan, <i>heard +the clang, the battle-trumpet sound</i>, <a href="#li1433">1433</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-galan, <i>to sing, to sound</i>: pret. sg. þt hire on hafelan hringmǣl +āgōl grǣdig gūðlēoð, <i>that the sword caused a greedy battle-song to sound +upon her head</i>, <a href="#li1522">1522</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgamban">gamban</a>, or, according to Bout., <b>gambe</b>, w. f., <i>tribute, +interest</i>: acc. sg. gomban gyldan, <a href="#li11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgamen">gamen</a>, st. n., <i>social pleasure, rejoicing, joyous doings</i>: +nom. sg. gamen, <a href="#li1161">1161</a>; gomen, <a href="#li2460">2460</a>; gomen glēobēames, <i>the pleasure of the +harp</i>, <a href="#li2264">2264</a>; acc. sg. gamen and glēodrēam, <a href="#li3022">3022</a>; dat. sg. gamene, <a href="#li2942">2942</a>; +gomene, <a href="#li1776">1776</a>.—Comp. heal-gamen.</p> + +<p>gamen-wāð, st. f., <i>way offering social enjoyment, journey in joyous +society</i>: dat. sg. of gomen-wāðe, <a href="#li855">855</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgamenwudu">gamen-wudu</a>, st. m., <i>wood of social enjoyment</i>, i.e. harp: +nom. sg. þǣr ws ... gomenwudu grēted, <a href="#li1066">1066</a>; acc. sg. gomenwudu grētte, +<a href="#li2109">2109</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgamol">gamol, gomol, gomel</a>, adj., <i>old</i>; of persons, <i>having +lived many years, gray</i>: gamol, <a href="#li58">58</a>, <a href="#li265">265</a>; gomol, <a href="#li3096">3096</a>; gomel, <a href="#li2113">2113</a>, +<a href="#li2794">2794</a>; se gomela, <a href="#li1398">1398</a>; gamela (gomela) Scylding, <a href="#li1793">1793</a>, <a href="#li2106">2106</a>; gomela, +<a href="#li2932">2932</a>; acc. sg. þone gomelan, <a href="#li2422">2422</a>; dat. sg. gamelum rince, <a href="#li1678">1678</a>; +gomelum ceorle, <a href="#li2445">2445</a>; þām gomelan, <a href="#li2818">2818</a>; nom. pl. blondenfeaxe gomele, +<a href="#li1596">1596</a>.—Also, <i>late, belonging to former time</i>: gen. pl. gomelra +lāfe (<i>legacy</i>), <a href="#li2037">2037</a>.—Of things, <i>old, from old times</i>: +nom. sg. sweord ... gomol, <a href="#li2683">2683</a>; acc. sg. gomele lāfe, <a href="#li2564">2564</a>; gomel +swyrd, <a href="#li2611">2611</a>; gamol is a more respectful word than eald.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgamolfeax">gamol-feax</a>, adj., <i>with gray hair</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li609">609</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgang">gang</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>gait, way</i>: dat. sg. on gange, <a href="#li1885">1885</a>; +gen. sg. ic hine ne mihte ... ganges ge-twǣman, <i>could not keep him +from going</i>, <a href="#li969">969</a>.—2) <i>step, foot-step</i>: nom. sg. gang (the +foot-print of the mother of Grendel), <a href="#li1405">1405</a>; acc. sg. uton hraðe fēran +Grendles māgan gang scēawigan, <a href="#li1392">1392</a>.—Comp. in-gang.</p> + +<p>be-gang, bi-gang, st. m., (<i>so far as something goes</i>), <i>extent</i>: +acc. sg. ofer geofenes begang, <i>over the extent of the sea</i>, <a href="#li362">362</a>; ofer +flōda begang, <a href="#li1827">1827</a>; under swegles begong, <a href="#li861">861</a>, <a href="#li1774">1774</a>; flōda begong, <a href="#li1498">1498</a>; +sioleða bigong, <a href="#li2368">2368</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgangan">gangan</a>. See under <a class="glentry" href="#glgān">gān</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glganot">ganot</a>, st. m., <i>diver</i>, fulica marina: gen. sg. ofer ganotes +bð (i.e. the sea), <a href="#li1862">1862</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgād">gād</a>, st. n., <i>lack</i>: nom. sg. ne bið þē wilna gād (<i>thou +shalt have no lack of desirable</i> [valuable] <i>things</i>), <a href="#li661">661</a>; +similarly, <a href="#li950">950</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgān">gān</a>, <i>expanded</i> = <b>gangan</b>, st. v., <i>to go</i>: pres. +sg. III. gǣð ā Wyrd swā hīo scel, <a href="#li455">455</a>; gǣð eft ... tō medo, <a href="#li605">605</a>; þonne hē ... +on flett gǣð, <a href="#li2035">2035</a>; similarly, <a href="#li2055">2055</a>; pres. subj. III. sg. gā þǣr hē wille, +<i>let him go whither he will</i>, <a href="#li1395">1395</a>; imp. sg. II. gā nū tō setle, <a href="#li1783">1783</a>; +nū þū lungre geong, hord scēawian, under hārne stān, <a href="#li2744">2744</a>; inf. in gān, +<i>to go in</i>, <a href="#li386">386</a>, <a href="#li1645">1645</a> 'forð gān, <i>to go forth, to go thither</i>, +<a href="#li1164">1164</a>; þat hīe him tō mihton gegnum gangan, <i>to go towards, to go to</i>, +<a href="#li314">314</a>; tō sele ... gangan cwōmon, <a href="#li324">324</a>; in a similar construction, gongan, +<a href="#li1643">1643</a>; nū gē mōton gangan ... Hrōðgār gesēon, <a href="#li395">395</a>; þā cōm of mōre ... Grendel +gongan, <i>there came Grendel (going) from the fen</i>, <a href="#li712">712</a>; ongēan gramum +gangan, <i>to go to meet the enemy, to go to the war</i>, <a href="#li1035">1035</a>; cwōm ... tō +hofe gongan, <a href="#li1975">1975</a>; wutun gangan tō, <i>let us go thither</i>, <a href="#li2649">2649</a>.—As +preterite, serve, 1) gēong or gīong: hē tō healle gēong, <a href="#li926">926</a>; similarly, +<a href="#li2019">2019</a>; sē þe on orde gēong, <i>who went at the head, went in front, +</i><a href="#li3126">3126</a>; on innan gīong, <i>went in</i>, <a href="#li2215">2215</a>; hē ... gīong tō þs þe hē +eorðsele ānne wisse, <i>went thither, where he knew of that earth-hall, +</i><a href="#li2410">2410</a>; þā se ðeling, gīong, þt hē bī wealle gest, <i>then went the +prince</i> (Bēowulf) <i>that he might sit down by the wall</i>, <a href="#li2716">2716</a>.—2) +gang: tō healle gang Healfdenes sunu, <a href="#li1010">1010</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1296">1296</a>; gang þā fter +flōre, <i>went along the floor, along the hall</i>, <a href="#li1317">1317</a>.—3) gengde (Goth. +gaggida): hē ... beforan gengde ..., wong scēawian, <i>went in front to +inspect the fields</i>, <a href="#li1413">1413</a>; gengde, also of riding, <a href="#li1402">1402</a>.—4) from +another stem, ēode (Goth. iddja): ēode ellenrōf, þt hē for eaxlum gestōd +Deniga frēan, <a href="#li358">358</a>; similarly, <a href="#li403">403</a>; [wið duru healle Wulfgār ēode], <i>went +towards the door of the hall</i>, <a href="#li390">390</a>; ēode Wealhþēow forð, <i>went +forth</i>, <a href="#li613">613</a>; ēode tō hire frēan sittan, <a href="#li641">641</a>; ēode yrremōd, <i>went with +angry feeling</i>, <a href="#li727">727</a>; ēode ... tō sele, <a href="#li919">919</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1233">1233</a>; ēode ... +þǣr se snottra bād, <a href="#li1313">1313</a>; ēode weorð Denum ðeling tō yppan, <i>the +prince</i> (Bēowulf), <i>honored by the Danes, went to the high seat</i>, +<a href="#li1815">1815</a>; ēode ... under inwit-hrōf, <a href="#li3124">3124</a>; pl. þǣr swīðferhðe sittan ēodon, +<a href="#li493">493</a>; ēodon him þā tōgēanes, <i>went to meet him</i>, <a href="#li1627">1627</a>; ēodon under +Earna ns, <a href="#li3032">3032</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-gangan, <i>to go out, to go forth, to befall</i>: pret. part. swā +bit āgangen wearð eorla manegum (<i>as it befell many a one of the +earls</i>), <a href="#li1235">1235</a>.</p> + +<p>full-gangan, <i>to emulate, to follow after</i>: pret. sg. þonne ... +sceft nytte hēold, feðer-gearwum fūs flāne full-ēode, <i>when the +shaft had employment, furnished with feathers it followed the arrow, +did as the arrow</i>, <a href="#li3120">3120</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-gān, ge-gangan: 1) <i>to go, to approach</i>: inf. (w. acc.) his +mōdor ... gegān wolde sorhfulne sīð, <a href="#li1278">1278</a>; sē þe gryre-sīðas gegān +dorste, <i>who dared to go the ways of terror</i> (to go into the +combat), <a href="#li1463">1463</a>; pret. sg. se maga geonga under his mǣges scyld elne +geēode, <i>went quickly under his kinsman's shield</i>, <a href="#li2677">2677</a>; pl. elne +geēodon tō þs þe ..., <i>went quickly thither where</i> ..., <a href="#li1968">1968</a>; +pret. part. syððan hīe tō-gdre gegān hfdon, <i>when they</i> (Wīglāf +and the drake) <i>had come together</i>, <a href="#li2631">2631</a>; þt his aldres ws ende +gegongen, <i>that the end of his life had come</i>, <a href="#li823">823</a>; þā ws +endedg gōdum gegongen, þt se gūðcyning ... swealt, <a href="#li3037">3037</a>.—2) <i>to +obtain, to reach</i>: inf. (w. acc.) þonne hē t gūðe gegān þenceð +longsumne lof, <a href="#li1536">1536</a>; ic mid elne sceall gold gegangan, <a href="#li2537">2537</a>; gerund, +ns þt ȳðe cēap tō gegangenne gumena ǣnigum, <a href="#li2417">2417</a>; pret. pl. elne +geēodon ... þt se byrnwīga būgan sceolde, <a href="#li2918">2918</a>; pret. part. hfde ... +gegongen þt, <i>had attained it, that</i> ..., <a href="#li894">894</a>; hord ys +gescēawod, grimme gegongen, <a href="#li3086">3086</a>.—3) <i>to occur, to happen</i>: +pres. sg. III. gif þt gegangeð þt ..., <i>if that happen, that</i> +..., <a href="#li1847">1847</a>; pret. sg. þt geīode ufaran dōgrum hilde-hlmmum, <i>it +happened in later times to the warriors</i> (the Gēatas), <a href="#li2201">2201</a>; pret. +part. þā ws gegongen guman unfrōdum earfoðlīce þt, <i>then it had +happened to the young man in sorrowful wise that</i> ..., <a href="#li2822">2822</a>.</p> + +<p>oð-gangan, <i>to-go thither</i>: pret. pl. oð þt hī oðēodon ... in +Hrefnesholt, <a href="#li2935">2935</a>.</p> + +<p>ofer-gangan, w. acc., <i>to go over</i>: pret. sg. oferēode þā +ðelinga bearn stēap stān-hliðo, <i>went over steep, rocky +precipices</i>, <a href="#li1409">1409</a>; pl. freoðo-wong þone forð oferēodon, <a href="#li2960">2960</a>.</p> + +<p>ymb-gangan, w. acc., <i>to go around</i>: pret. ymb-ēode þā ides +Helminga duguðe and geogoðe dǣl ǣghwylcne, <i>went around in every +part, among the superior and the inferior warriors</i>, <a href="#li621">621</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgār">gār</a>, st. m., <i>spear, javelin, missile</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1847">1847</a>, <a href="#li3022">3022</a>; +instr. sg. gāre, <a href="#li1076">1076</a>; blōdigan gāre, <a href="#li2441">2441</a>; gen. sg. gāres fliht, <a href="#li1766">1766</a>; +nom. pl. gāras, <a href="#li328">328</a>; gen. pl., 161(?).—Comp.: bon-, frum-gār.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgārcēne">gār-cēne</a>, adj., <i>spear-bold</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1959">1959</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgārcwealm">gār-cwealm</a>, st. m., <i>murder, death by the spear</i>: acc. sg. +gār-cwealm gumena, <a href="#li2044">2044</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgārholt">gār-holt</a>, st. n., <i>forest of spears</i>, i.e. crowd of +spears: acc. sg., <a href="#li1835">1835</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgārsecg">gār-secg</a>, st. m. (cf. Grimm, in Haupt l. 578), <i>sea, +ocean</i>: acc. sg. on gār-secg, <a href="#li49">49</a>, <a href="#li537">537</a>; ofer gār-secg, <a href="#li515">515</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgārwiga">gār-wiga</a>, w. m., <i>one who fights with the spear</i>: dat. sg. +geongum gār-wigan, of Wīglāf, <a href="#li2675">2675</a>, <a href="#li2812">2812</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgārwīgend">gār-wīgend</a>, pres. part., <i>fighting with spear, +spear-fighter</i>: acc. pl. gār-wīgend, <a href="#li2642">2642</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgāst">gāst, gǣst</a>, st. m., <i>ghost, demon</i>: acc. sg. helle gāst +(Grendel), <a href="#li1275">1275</a>; gen. sg. wergan gāstes (of Grendel), <a href="#li133">133</a>; (of the +tempter), <a href="#li1748">1748</a>; gen. pl. dyrnra gāsta (Grendel's race), <a href="#li1358">1358</a>; gǣsta gīfrost +(<i>flames consuming corpses</i>), <a href="#li1124">1124</a>.—Comp.: ellor-, geō-sceaft-gāst; +ellen-, wl-gǣst.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgāstbana">gāst-bana</a>, w. m., <i>slayer of the spirit</i>, i.e. the devil: +nom. sg. gāst-bona, <a href="#li177">177</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgdeling">gdeling</a>, st. m., <i>he who is connected with another, +relation, companion</i>: gen. sg. gdelinges, <a href="#li2618">2618</a>; dat. pl. mid his +gdelingum, <a href="#li2950">2950</a>.</p> + +<p>t-<a class="glentry" name="gltgdere">gdere</a>, adv., <i>together, united</i>: <a href="#li321">321</a>, <a href="#li1165">1165</a>, <a href="#li1191">1191</a>; samod +tgdere, <a href="#li329">329</a>, <a href="#li387">387</a>, <a href="#li730">730</a>, <a href="#li1064">1064</a>.</p> + +<p>tō-gadere, adv., <i>together</i>, <a href="#li2631">2631</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgst">gst, gist, gyst</a>, st. m., <i>stranger, guest</i>: nom. sg. gst, +<a href="#li1801">1801</a>; se gst (the drake), <a href="#li2313">2313</a>; se grimma gst (Grendel), <a href="#li102">102</a>; gist, <a href="#li1139">1139</a>, +<a href="#li1523">1523</a>; acc. sg. gryre-līcne gist (the nixy slain by Bēowulf), <a href="#li1442">1442</a>; dat. sg. +gyste, <a href="#li2229">2229</a>; nom. pl. gistas, <a href="#li1603">1603</a>; acc. pl. gs[tas], <a href="#li1894">1894</a>.—Comp.: fēðe-, +gryre-, inwit-, nīð-, sele-gst (-gyst).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgstsele">gst-sele</a>, st. m., <i>hall in which the guests spend their time, +guest-hall</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li995">995</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgē">gē</a>, conj., <i>and</i>, <a href="#li1341">1341</a>; gē ... gē ..., <i>as well ... as +...</i>, <a href="#li1865">1865</a>; gē ... gē ..., gē ..., <a href="#li1249">1249</a>; gē swylce, <i>and +likewise, and moreover</i>, <a href="#li2259">2259</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glge">gē</a>, pron., <i>ye, you</i>, plur. of þū, <a href="#li237">237</a>, <a href="#li245">245</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgegncwide">gegn-cwide</a>, st. m., <i>reply</i>: gen. pl. þīnra gegn-cwida, +<a href="#li367">367</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgegnum">gegnum</a>, adv., <i>thither, towards, away</i>, with the prep, tō, +ofer, giving the direction: þt hīe him tō mihton gegnum gangan +(<i>that they might go thither</i>), <a href="#li314">314</a>; gegnum fōr [þā] ofer myrcan +mōr, <i>away over the dark moor</i>, <a href="#li1405">1405</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgehthu">gehðu, geohðu</a>, st. f., <i>sorrow, care</i>: instr. sg. giohðo +mǣnde, <a href="#li2268">2268</a>; dat. sg. on gehðo, <a href="#li3096">3096</a>; on giohðe, <a href="#li2794">2794</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgen">gēn</a> (from <b>gegn</b>), adv., <i>yet, again</i>. ne ws hit lenge þā +gēn, þt ..., <i>it was not then long before</i> ..., <a href="#li83">83</a>; ic sceal forð +sprecan gēn ymb Grendel, <i>shall from now on speak again of Grendel</i>, +<a href="#li2071">2071</a>; nō þȳ ǣr ūt þā gēn ... gongan wolde (<i>still he would not yet go +out</i>), <a href="#li2082">2082</a>; gēn is eall t þē lissa gelong (<i>yet all my favor belongs +to thee</i>), <a href="#li2150">2150</a>; þā gēn, <i>then again</i>, <a href="#li2678">2678</a>, <a href="#li2703">2703</a>; swā hē nū gēn +dēð, <i>as he still does</i>, <a href="#li2860">2860</a>; furður gēn, <i>further still, +besides</i>, <a href="#li3007">3007</a>; nū gēn, <i>now again</i>, <a href="#li3169">3169</a>; ne gēn, <i>no more, no +farther</i>: ne ws þt wyrd þā gēn, <i>that was no more fate</i> (fate no +longer willed that), <a href="#li735">735</a>.</p> + +<p>gēna, <i>still</i>: cwico ws þā gēna, <i>was still living</i>, <a href="#li3094">3094</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgenga">genga</a>, w. m., <i>goer</i>; in comp. in-, sǣ-, sceadu-genga.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgengde">gengde</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgān">gān</a>(3).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgenge">genge</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glūthgenge">ūð-genge</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgēnunga">gēnunga</a> (from <b>gegnunga</b>), adv., <i>precisely, +completely</i>, <a href="#li2872">2872</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgerwan">gerwan, gyrwan</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to prepare, to make ready, to put +in condition</i>: pret. pl. gestsele gyredon, <a href="#li995">995</a>.—2) <i>to equip, to +arm for battle</i>: pret. sg. gyrede hine Bēowulf eorl-gewǣdum +(<i>dressed himself in the armor</i>), <a href="#li1442">1442</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-gyrwan: 1) <i>to make, to prepare</i>: pret. pl. him þā gegiredan +Gēata lēode ād ... unwāclīcne, <a href="#li3138">3138</a>; pret. part. glōf ... eall +gegyrwed dēofles crftum and dracan fellum, <a href="#li2088">2088</a>.—2) <i>to fit out, +to make ready</i>: inf. cēol gegyrwan hilde-wǣpnum and heaðowǣdum, <a href="#li38">38</a>; +hēt him ȳðlidan gōdne gegyrwan, <i>had (his) good ship fitted up for +him</i>, <a href="#li199">199</a>. Also, <i>to provide warlike equipment</i>: pret. part. +syððan hē hine tō gūðe gegyred hfde, <a href="#li1473">1473</a>.—3) <i>to endow, to +provide, to adorn</i>: pret. part. nom. sg. beado-hrgl ... golde +gegyrwed, <a href="#li553">553</a>; acc. sg. lāfe ... golde gegyrede, <a href="#li2193">2193</a>; acc. pl. mādmas +... golde gegyrede, <a href="#li1029">1029</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgētan">gētan</a>, w. v., <i>to injure, to slay</i>: inf., <a href="#li2941">2941</a>.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbegēte">gēte</a>, adj., <i>attainable</i>; in comp. ēð-begēte.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeador">geador</a>, adv., <i>unitedly, together, jointly</i>, <a href="#li836">836</a>; geador +tsomne, <a href="#li491">491</a>.</p> + +<p>on-geador, adv., <i>unitedly, together</i>, <a href="#li1596">1596</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgealdor">gealdor</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>sound</i>: acc. sg. bȳman gealdor, +<a href="#li2944">2944</a>.—2) <i>magic song, incantation, spell</i>: instr. sg. þonne ws +þt yrfe ... galdre bewunden (<i>placed under a spell</i>), <a href="#li3053">3053</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgealga">gealga</a>, w. m., <i>gallows</i>: dat. sg. þt his byre rīde giong +on galgan, <a href="#li2447">2447</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgealgmōd">gealg-mōd</a>, adj., <i>gloomy</i>: nom. sg. gīfre and galgmōd, +<a href="#li1278">1278</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgealgtrēow">gealg-trēow</a>, st. n., <i>gallows</i>: dat. pl. on +galg-trēowu[m], <a href="#li2941">2941</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeard">geard</a>, st. m., <i>residence</i>; in Bēowulf corresponding to +the house-complex of a prince's residence, used only in the plur.: +acc. in geardas (<i>in Finn's castle</i>), <a href="#li1135">1135</a>; dat. in geardum, <a href="#li13">13</a>, +<a href="#li2460">2460</a>; of geardum, <a href="#li1139">1139</a>; ǣr hē on weg hwurfe ... of geardum, <i>before +he went away from his dwelling-place</i>, i.e. died, <a href="#li265">265</a>.—Comp. +middan-geard.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgearo">gearo</a>, adj., properly, <i>made, prepared</i>; hence, <i>ready, +finished, equipped</i>: nom. sg. þt hit wearð eal gearo, heal-rna mǣst, +<a href="#li77">77</a>; wiht unhǣlo ... gearo sōna ws, <i>the demon of destruction was quickly +ready, did not delay long</i>, <a href="#li121">121</a>; Here-Scyldinga betst beadorinca ws on +bǣl gearu, <i>was ready for the funeral-pile</i> (for the solemn burning), +<a href="#li1110">1110</a>; þēod (is) eal gearo, <i>the warriors are altogether ready, always +prepared</i>, <a href="#li1231">1231</a>; hraðe ws t holme hȳð-weard gearo (geara, MS.), <a href="#li1915">1915</a>; +gearo gūð-freca, <a href="#li2415">2415</a>; sīe sīo bǣr gearo ǣdre gefned, <i>let the bier be +made ready at once</i>, <a href="#li3106">3106</a>. With gen.: gearo gyrnwrce, <i>ready for +revenge for harm done</i>, <a href="#li2119">2119</a>, acc. sg. gearwe stōwe, <a href="#li1007">1007</a>; nom. +pl. beornas gearwe, <a href="#li211">211</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1814">1814</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgearwe">gearwe, gearo, geare</a>, adv., <i>completely, entirely</i>: nē gē +... gearwe ne wisson, <i>you do not know at all</i> ..., <a href="#li246">246</a>; +similarly, <a href="#li879">879</a>; hine gearwe geman witena welhwyle (<i>remembers him +very well</i>), <a href="#li265">265</a>; wisse hē gearwe þt ..., <i>he knew very well +that</i> ..., <a href="#li2340">2340</a>, <a href="#li2726">2726</a>; þt ic ... gearo scēawige swegle searogimmas +(<i>that I may see the treasures altogether, as many as they are</i>), +<a href="#li2749">2749</a>; ic wāt geare þt ..., <a href="#li2657">2657</a>.—Comp. gearwor, <i>more readily, +rather</i>, <a href="#li3077">3077</a>.—Superl. gearwost, <a href="#li716">716</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgearofolm">gearo-folm</a>, adj., <i>with ready hand</i>, <a href="#li2086">2086</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgearwe">gearwe</a>, st. f., <i>equipment, dress</i>; in comp. feðer-gearwe.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeat">geat</a>, st. n., <i>opening, door</i>; in comp. ben-, hilde-geat.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeatolīc">geato-līc</a>, adj., <i>well prepared, handsome, splendid</i>: of +sword and armor, <a href="#li215">215</a>, <a href="#li1563">1563</a>, <a href="#li2155">2155</a>; of Heorot, <a href="#li308">308</a>. Adv.: wīsa fengel +geatolīc gengde, <i>passed on in a stately manner</i>, <a href="#li1402">1402</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeatwe">geatwe</a>, st. f. pl., <i>equipment, adornment</i>: acc. recedes +geatwa, <i>the ornaments of the dragon's cave</i> (its treasures), +<a href="#li3089">3089</a>.—Comp.: ēored-, gryre-, gūð-, hilde-, wīg-geatwe.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgēan">gēan</a> (from <b>gegn</b>), adv. in</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glongēan">on-gēan</a>, adv. and prep., <i>against, towards</i>: þt hē mē +ongēan slēa, <a href="#li682">682</a>; rǣhte ongēan fēond mid folme, <a href="#li748">748</a>; foran ongēan, +<i>forward towards</i>, <a href="#li2365">2365</a>. With dat.: ongēan gramum, <i>against the +enemy</i>, <a href="#li1035">1035</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltōgēanes">tō-gēanes, tō-genes</a>, prep, <i>against, towards</i>: Grendle +tōgēanes, <i>towards Grendel, against Grendel</i>, <a href="#li667">667</a>; grāp þā +tōgēanes, <i>she grasped at</i> (Bēowulf), <a href="#li1502">1502</a>; similarly, him +tōgēanes fēng, <a href="#li1543">1543</a>; ēodon him þā tōgēanes, <i>went towards him</i>, +<a href="#li1627">1627</a>; hēt þā gebēodan ... þt hīe bǣl-wudu feorran feredon gōdum +tōgēnes, <i>had it ordered that they should bring the wood from far +for the funeral-pyre towards the good man</i> (i.e. to the place where +the dead Bēowulf lay), <a href="#li3115">3115</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgēap">gēap</a>, adj., <i>roomy, extensive, wide</i>: nom. sg. reced ... +gēap, <i>the roomy hall</i>, <a href="#li1801">1801</a>; acc. sg. under gēapne hrōf, +<a href="#li837">837</a>.—Comp.: horn-, sǣ-gēap.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeār">geār</a>, st. n., <i>year</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1135">1135</a>; gen. pl. geāra, in +adverbial sense, olim, <i>in former times</i>, <a href="#li2665">2665</a>. See +<a class="glentry" href="#glungeāra">un-geāra</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeārdagas">geār-dagas</a>, st. m. pl., <i>former days</i>: dat. pl. in (on) +geār-dagum, <a href="#li1">1</a>, <a href="#li1355">1355</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeofe">geofe</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgifu">gifu</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeofon">geofon, gifen, gyfen</a> (see Kuhn Zeitschr. I. 137), st. n., +<i>sea, flood</i>: nom. sg. geofon, <a href="#li515">515</a>; gifen gēotende, <i>the +streaming flood</i>, <a href="#li1691">1691</a>; gen. sg. geofenes begang, <a href="#li362">362</a>; gyfenes, +<a href="#li1395">1395</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeogoth">geogoð</a>, st. f.: 1) <i>youth, time of youth</i>: dat. sg. on +geogoðe, <a href="#li409">409</a>, <a href="#li466">466</a>, <a href="#li2513">2513</a>; on giogoðe, <a href="#li2427">2427</a>; gen. gioguðe, <a href="#li2113">2113</a>.—2) +contrasted with duguð, <i>the younger warriors of lower rank</i> +(about as in the Middle Ages, the squires with the knights): nom. sg. +geogoð, <a href="#li66">66</a>; giogoð, <a href="#li1191">1191</a>; acc. sg. geogoðe, <a href="#li1182">1182</a>; gen. duguðe and +geogoðe, <a href="#li160">160</a>; duguðe and iogoðe (geogoðe), <a href="#li1675">1675</a>, <a href="#li622">622</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeoguthfeorh">geoguð-feorh</a>, st. n., <i>age of youth</i>, i.e. age in which +one still belongs in the ranks of the geogoð: on geogoð- (geoguð-) +fēore, <a href="#li537">537</a>, <a href="#li2665">2665</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeohtho">geohðo</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgehtho">gehðo</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeolo">geolo</a>, adj., <i>yellow</i>: acc. sg. geolwe linde (<i>the +shield of yellow linden bark</i>), <a href="#li2611">2611</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeolorand">geolo-rand</a>, st. m., <i>yellow shield</i> (shield with a +covering of interlaced yellow linden bark): acc. sg., <a href="#li438">438</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeond">geond</a>, prep. w. acc., <i>through, throughout, along, over</i>: +geond þisne middangeard, <i>through the earth, over the earth</i>, <a href="#li75">75</a>; +wide geond eorðan, <a href="#li266">266</a>, <a href="#li3100">3100</a>; fērdon folctogan ... geond wīd-wegas, +<i>went along the ways coming from afar</i>, <a href="#li841">841</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1705">1705</a>; +geond þt sld, <i>through the hall, through the extent of the +hall</i>, <a href="#li1281">1281</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1982">1982</a>, <a href="#li2265">2265</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeong">geong</a>, adj., <i>young, youthful</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li13">13</a>, <a href="#li20">20</a>, <a href="#li855">855</a>, +etc.; giong, <a href="#li2447">2447</a>; w. m. se maga geonga, <a href="#li2676">2676</a>; acc. sg. geongne +gūðcyning, <a href="#li1970">1970</a>; dat. sg. geongum, <a href="#li1949">1949</a>, <a href="#li2045">2045</a>, <a href="#li2675">2675</a>, etc.; on swā +geongum feore, <i>at a so youthful age</i>, <a href="#li1844">1844</a>; geongan cempan, +<a href="#li2627">2627</a>; acc. pl. geonge, <a href="#li2019">2019</a>; dat. pl. geongum and ealdum, <a href="#li72">72</a>.—Superl. +gingest, <i>the last</i>: nom. sg. w. f. gingeste word, <a href="#li2818">2818</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeorn">georn</a>, adj., <i>striving, eager</i>, w. gen. of the thing +striven for: eft sīðes georn, <a href="#li2784">2784</a>.—Comp. lof-georn.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeorne">georne</a>, adv., <i>readily, willingly</i>: þt him wine-māgas +georne hȳrdon, <a href="#li66">66</a>; georne truwode, <a href="#li670">670</a>.—<i>zealously, eagerly</i>: +sōhte georne fter grunde, <i>eagerly searched over the ground</i>, +<a href="#li2295">2295</a>.—<i>carefully, industriously</i>: nō ic him þs georne tfealh +(<i>held him not fast enough</i>), <a href="#li969">969</a>.—<i>completely, exactly</i>: +comp. wiste þē geornor, <a href="#li822">822</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgēo">geō, iū</a>, adv., <i>once, formerly, earlier</i>, <a href="#li1477">1477</a>; giō, <a href="#li2522">2522</a>; +iū, <a href="#li2460">2460</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgēoc">gēoc</a>, st. f., <i>help, support</i>: acc. sg. gēoce gefremman, +<a href="#li2675">2675</a>; þt him gāst-bona gēoce gefremede wið þēod-þrēaum, <a href="#li177">177</a>; gēoce +gelȳfde, <i>believed in the help</i> (of Bēowulf), <a href="#li609">609</a>; dat. sg. tō +gēoce, <a href="#li1835">1835</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgēocor">gēocor</a>, adj., <i>ill, bad</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li766">766</a>.—See Haupt's +Zeitschrift 8, p. 7.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeoman">geō-man, iū-man</a>, st. m., <i>man of former times</i>: gen. pl. +iū-manna, <a href="#li3053">3053</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgēomeowle">geō-meowle</a>, w. f., (<i>formerly a virgin), wife</i>: acc. sg. +īo-meowlan, <a href="#li2932">2932</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeōmor">geōmor</a>, adj., <i>with depressed feelings, sad, troubled</i>: +nom. sg. him ws geōmor sefa, <a href="#li49">49</a>, <a href="#li2420">2420</a>, <a href="#li2633">2633</a>, <a href="#li2951">2951</a>; mōdes geōmor, +<a href="#li2101">2101</a>; fem. þt ws geōmuru ides, <a href="#li1076">1076</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeōmore">geōmore</a>, adv., <i>sadly</i>, <a href="#li151">151</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeōmorgid">geōmor-gid</a>, st. n., <i>dirge</i>: acc. sg. giōmor-gyd, <a href="#li3151">3151</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeōmorlīc">geōmor-līc</a>, adj., <i>sad, painful</i>: swā bið geōmorlīc +gomelum ceorle tō gebīdanne þt..., <i>it is painful to an old man to +experience it, that ...</i>, <a href="#li2445">2445</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeōmormōd">geōmor-mōd</a>, adj., <i>sad, sorrowful</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2045">2045</a>, <a href="#li3019">3019</a>; +giōmor-mōd, <a href="#li2268">2268</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeōmrian">geōmrian</a>, w. v., <i>to complain, to lament</i>: pret. sg. +geōmrode giddum, <a href="#li1119">1119</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgēosceaft">geō-sceaft</a>, st. f., (<i>fixed in past times), fate</i>: acc. +sg. geōsceaft grimme, <a href="#li1235">1235</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgēosceaftgāst">geōsceaft-gāst</a>, st. m., <i>demon sent by fate</i>: gen. pl. +fela geōsceaft-gāsta, of Grendel and his race, <a href="#li1267">1267</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgēotan">gēotan</a>, st. v. intrans., <i>to pour, to flow, to stream</i>: +pres. part. gifen gēotende, <a href="#li1691">1691</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgicel">gicel</a>, st. m., <i>icicle</i>: in comp. hilde-gicel.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgid">gid, gyd</a>, st. n., <i>speech, solemn alliterative song</i>: nom. sg. +þǣr ws ... gid oft wrecen, <a href="#li1066">1066</a>; lēoð ws āsungen, glēomannes gyd, <i>the +song was sung, the gleeman's lay</i>, <a href="#li1161">1161</a>; þǣr ws gidd and glēo, <a href="#li2106">2106</a>; +acc. sg. ic þis gid āwrc, <a href="#li1724">1724</a>; gyd āwrc, <a href="#li2109">2109</a>; gyd fter wrc, <a href="#li2155">2155</a>; +þonne hē gyd wrece, <a href="#li2447">2447</a>; dat. pl. giddum, <a href="#li151">151</a>, <a href="#li1119">1119</a>; gen. pl. gidda +gemyndig, <a href="#li869">869</a>.—Comp.: geōmor-, word-gid.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgiddian">giddian</a>, w. v., <i>to speak, to speak in alliteration</i>: +pret. gyddode, <a href="#li631">631</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgif">gif</a>, conj.: 1) <i>if</i>, w. ind., <a href="#li442">442</a>, <a href="#li447">447</a>, <a href="#li527">527</a>, <a href="#li662">662</a>, etc.; +gyf, <a href="#li945">945</a>, etc. With subj., <a href="#li452">452</a>, <a href="#li594">594</a>, <a href="#li1482">1482</a>, etc.; gyf, <a href="#li280">280</a>, <a href="#li1105">1105</a>, +etc.—2) <i>whether</i>, w. ind., <a href="#li272">272</a>; w. subj., <a href="#li1141">1141</a>, <a href="#li1320">1320</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgifa">gifa, geofa</a>, w. m., <i>giver</i>; in comp. gold-, sinc-, wil-gifa +(-geofa).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgifan">gifan</a>, st. v., <i>to give</i>: inf. giofan, <a href="#li2973">2973</a>; pret. sg. +nallas bēagas geaf Denum, <a href="#li1720">1720</a>; hē mē [māðmas] geaf, <a href="#li2147">2147</a>; and +similarly, <a href="#li2174">2174</a>, <a href="#li2432">2432</a>, <a href="#li2624">2624</a>, etc.; pret. pl. gēafon (hyne) on gārsecg, +<a href="#li49">49</a>; pret. part. þā ws Hrōðgāre here-spēd gyfen, <a href="#li64">64</a>; þā ws gylden +hilt gamelum rince ... on hand gyfen, <a href="#li1679">1679</a>; syððan ǣrest wearð gyfen +... geongum cempan (<i>given in marriage</i>), <a href="#li1949">1949</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glāgifan">ā-gifan</a>, <i>to give, to impart</i>: inf. andsware ... āgifan, +<i>to give an answer</i>, <a href="#li355">355</a>; pret. sg. sōna him se frōda fder +Ōhtheres ... ondslyht āgeaf (<i>gave him a counter-blow</i>), +(<i>hand-blow</i>?), <a href="#li2930">2930</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforgyfan">for-gyfan</a>, <i>to give, to grant</i>: pret. sg. him þs līf-frēa +... worold-āre forgeaf, <a href="#li17">17</a>; þǣm tō hām forgeaf Hrēðel Gēata āngan +dōhtor (<i>gave in marriage</i>), <a href="#li374">374</a>; similarly, <a href="#li2998">2998</a>; hē mē lond +forgeaf, <i>granted me land</i>, <a href="#li2493">2493</a>; similarly, <a href="#li697">697</a>, <a href="#li1021">1021</a>, <a href="#li2607">2607</a>, +<a href="#li2617">2617</a>; mgen-rǣs forgeaf hilde-bille, <i>he gave with his battle-sword +a mighty blow</i>, i.e. he struck with full force, <a href="#li1520">1520</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glofgifan">of-gifan</a>, (<i>to give up</i>), <i>to leave</i>: inf. þt se +mǣra maga Ecgþēowes grund-wong þone ofgyfan wolde (<i>was fated to +leave the earth-plain</i>), <a href="#li2589">2589</a>; pret. sg. þās worold ofgeaf +gromheort guma, <a href="#li1682">1682</a>; similarly, gumdrēam ofgeaf, <a href="#li2470">2470</a>; Dena land +ofgeaf, <a href="#li1905">1905</a>; pret. pl. ns ofgēafon hwate Scyldingas, <i>left the +promontory</i>, <a href="#li1601">1601</a>; þt þā hildlatan holt ofgēfan, <i>that the +cowards left the wood</i> (into which they had fled), <a href="#li2847">2847</a>; sg. pret. +for pl. þāra þe þis [līf] ofgeaf, <a href="#li2252">2252</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgifethe">gifeðe</a>, adj., <i>given, granted</i>: Gūðfremmendra swylcum +gifeðe bið þt..., <i>to such a warrior is it granted that</i>..., +<a href="#li299">299</a>; similarly, <a href="#li2682">2682</a>; swā mē gifeðe ws, <a href="#li2492">2492</a>; þǣr mē gifeðe swā ǣnig +yrfeweard fter wurde, <i>if an heir</i>, (living) <i>after me, had +been given me</i>, <a href="#li2731">2731</a>.—Neut. as subst.: ws þt gifeðe tō swīð, þē +þone [þēoden] þyder ontyhte, <i>the fate was too harsh that has drawn +hither the king</i>, <a href="#li3086">3086</a>; gyfeðe, <a href="#li555">555</a>, <a href="#li820">820</a>.—Comp. un-gifeðe.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgifheal">gif-heal</a>, st. f., <i>hall in which fiefs were bestowed, +throne-hall</i>: acc. sg. ymb þā gifhealle, <a href="#li839">839</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgifsceat">gif-sceat</a>, st. m., <i>gift of value</i>: acc. pl. +gif-sceattas, <a href="#li378">378</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgifstōl">gif-stōl</a>, st. m., <i>seat from which fiefs are granted, +throne</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2328">2328</a>; acc. sg., <a href="#li168">168</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgift">gift</a>, st. f., <i>gift, present</i>: in comp. feoh-gift.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgifu">gifu, geofu</a>, st. f., <i>gift, present, grant; fief</i>: nom. +sg. gifu, <a href="#li1885">1885</a> acc. sg. gimfste gife þē him god sealde, <i>the great +gift that God had granted him</i> (i.e. the enormous strength), <a href="#li1272">1272</a>; +ginfstan gife þē him god sealde, <a href="#li2183">2183</a>; dat. pl. (as instr.) geofum, +<a href="#li1959">1959</a>; gen. pl. gifa, <a href="#li1931">1931</a>; geofena, <a href="#li1174">1174</a>.—Comp.: māððum-, sinc-gifu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgīgant">gīgant</a>, st. m., <i>giant</i>: nom. pl. gīgantas, <a href="#li113">113</a>; gen. pl. +gīganta, <a href="#li1563">1563</a>, <a href="#li1691">1691</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgild">gild, gyld</a>, st. n., <i>reparation</i>: in comp. wiðer-gyld(?).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgildan">gildan, gyldan</a>, st. v., <i>to do something in return, to repay, +to reward, to pay</i>: inf. gomban gyldan, <i>pay tribute</i>, <a href="#li11">11</a>; hē +mid gōde gyldan wille uncran eaferan, <a href="#li1185">1185</a>; wē him þā gūðgeatwa gyldan +woldon, <a href="#li2637">2637</a>; pret. sg. heaðorǣsas geald mēarum and māðmum, <i>repaid +the battles with horses and treasures</i>, <a href="#li1048">1048</a>; similarly, <a href="#li2492">2492</a>; +geald þone gūðrǣs ... Jofore and Wulfe mid ofermāðmum, <i>repaid Eofor +and Wulf the battle with exceedingly great treasures</i>, <a href="#li2992">2992</a>.</p> + +<p>an-gildan, <i>to pay for</i>: pret. sg. sum sāre angeald ǣfenrste, +<i>one</i> (schere) <i>paid for the evening-rest with death's +pain</i>, <a href="#li1252">1252</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-gildan, <i>to offer one's self</i>: pret. sg. þā mē sǣl āgeald, +<i>when the favorable opportunity offered itself</i>, <a href="#li1666">1666</a>; similarly, +þā him rūm āgeald, <a href="#li2691">2691</a>.</p> + +<p>for-gildan, <i>to repay, to do something in return, to reward</i>: +pres. subj. sg. III. alwalda þec gōde forgylde, <i>may the ruler of +all reward thee with good</i>, <a href="#li957">957</a>; inf. þone ǣnne heht golde +forgyldan, <i>he ordered that the one</i> (killed by Grendel) <i>be +paid for</i> (atoned for) <i>with gold</i>, <a href="#li1055">1055</a>; hē ... wolde Grendle +for-gyldan gūðrǣsa fela, <i>wished to pay Grendel for many +attacks</i>, <a href="#li1578">1578</a>; wolde se lāða līge forgyldan drinc-ft dȳre, <i>the +enemy wished to repay with fire the costly drinking vessel</i> (the +theft of it), <a href="#li2306">2306</a>; pret. sg. hē him þs lēan forgeald, <i>he gave +them the reward therefore</i>, <a href="#li114">114</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1542">1542</a>, <a href="#li1585">1585</a>, <a href="#li2095">2095</a>; +forgeald hraðe wyrsan wrixle wlhlem þone, <i>repaid the murderous +blow with a worse exchange</i>, <a href="#li2969">2969</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgilp">gilp, gylp</a>, st. m., <i>speech in which one promises great +things for himself in a coming combat, defiant speech, boasting +speech</i>: acc. sg. hfde ... Gēat-mecga lēod gilp gelǣsted (<i>had +fulfilled what he had claimed for himself before the battle</i>), <a href="#li830">830</a>; +nallas on gylp seleð fǣtte bēagas, <i>gives no chased gold rings for a +boastful speech</i>, <a href="#li1750">1750</a>; þt ic wið þone gūðflogan gylp ofersitte, +<i>restrain myself from the speech of defiance</i>, <a href="#li2529">2529</a>; dat. sg. +gylpe wiðgrīpan (<i>fulfil my promise of battle</i>), <a href="#li2522">2522</a>.—Comp. +dol-gilp.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgilpan">gilpan, gylpan</a>, st. v. w. gen., acc., and dat., <i>to make a +defiant speech, to boast, to exult insolently</i>: pres. sg. I. nō ic +þs gilpe (after a break in the text), <a href="#li587">587</a>; sg. III. morðres gylpeð, +<i>boasts of the murder</i>, <a href="#li2056">2056</a>; inf. swā ne gylpan þearf Grendles +maga ǣnig ... ūhthlem þone, <a href="#li2007">2007</a>; nealles folc-cyning fyrdgesteallum +gylpan þorfte, <i>had no need to boast of his fellow-warrior</i>, +<a href="#li2875">2875</a>; pret. sg. hrēðsigora ne gealp goldwine Gēata, <i>did not exult +at the glorious victory</i> (could not gain the victory over the +drake), <a href="#li2584">2584</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgilpcwide">gilp-cwide</a>, st. m., <i>speech in which a man promises much for +himself for a coming combat, speech of defiance</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li641">641</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgilphlden">gilp-hlden</a>, pret. part., <i>laden with boasts of defiance</i> +(i.e. he who has made many such boasts, and consequently has been +victorious in many combats), <i>covered with glory</i>: nom. sg. guma +gilp-hlden, <a href="#li869">869</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgilpsprǣc">gilp-sprǣc</a>, same as <a class="glentry" href="#glgilpcwide">gilp-cwide</a>, <i>speech of defiance, +boastful speech</i>: dat. sg. on gylp-sprǣce, <a href="#li982">982</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgilpword">gilp-word</a>, st. n., <i>defiant word before the coming combat, +vaunting word</i>: gen. pl. gesprc ... gylp-worda sum, <a href="#li676">676</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgim">gim</a>, st. m., <i>gem, precious stone, jewel</i>: nom. sg. +heofones gim, <i>heaven's jewel</i>, i.e. the sun, <a href="#li2073">2073</a>. Comp. +searo-gim.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgimmerīce">gimme-rīce</a>, adj., <i>rich in jewels</i>: acc. sg. gimme-rīce +hord-burh hleða, <a href="#li466">466</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgin">gin</a> (according to Bout., <b>ginne</b>), adj., properly +<i>gaping</i>, hence, <i>wide, extended</i>: acc. sg. gynne grund +(<i>the bottom of the sea</i>), <a href="#li1552">1552</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glginfst">gin-fst</a>, adj., <i>extensive, rich</i>: acc. sg. gim-fste gife +(gim-, on account of the following <i>f</i>), <a href="#li1272">1272</a>; in weak form, +gin-fstan gife, <a href="#li2183">2183</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glginnan">ginnan</a>, st. v., original meaning, <i>to be open, ready</i>; in</p> + +<p>on-ginnan, <i>to begin, to undertake</i>: pret. oð þt ān ongan fyrene +fremman fēond on helle, <a href="#li100">100</a>; secg eft ongan sīð Bēowulfes snyttrum +styrian, <a href="#li872">872</a>; þā þt sweord ongan ... wanian, <i>the sword began to +diminish</i>, <a href="#li1606">1606</a>; Higelāc ongan sīnne geseldan ... fgre fricgean, +<i>began with propriety to question his companion</i>, <a href="#li1984">1984</a>, etc.; +ongon, <a href="#li2791">2791</a>; pret. pl. nō hēr cūðlīcor cuman ongunnon lindhbbende, +<i>no shield-bearing men e'er undertook more openly to come +hither</i>, <a href="#li244">244</a>; pret. part. hbbe ic mǣrða fela ongunnen on geogoðe, +<i>have in my youth undertaken many deeds of renown</i>, <a href="#li409">409</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgist">gist</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgst">gst</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgistran">gistran</a>, adv., <i>yesterday</i>: gystran niht, <i>yesterday +night</i>, <a href="#li1335">1335</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgit">git</a>, pron., <i>ye two</i>, dual of <a class="glentry" href="#glthū">þū</a>, <a href="#li508">508</a>, <a href="#li512">512</a>, <a href="#li513">513</a>, +etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgit">gīt, gȳt</a>, adv., <i>yet; then still</i>, <a href="#li536">536</a>, <a href="#li1128">1128</a>, <a href="#li1165">1165</a>, <a href="#li2142">2142</a>; +<i>hitherto</i>, <a href="#li957">957</a>; nǣfre gīt, <i>never yet</i>, <a href="#li583">583</a>; <i>still</i>, +<a href="#li945">945</a>, <a href="#li1059">1059</a>, <a href="#li1135">1135</a>; <i>once more</i>, <a href="#li2513">2513</a>; <i>moreover</i>, <a href="#li47">47</a>, <a href="#li1051">1051</a>, +<a href="#li1867">1867</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgitan">gitan</a> (original meaning, <i>to take hold of, to seize, to +attain</i>), in</p> + +<p>be-gitan, w. acc., <i>to grasp, to seize, to reach</i>: pret. sg. +begeat, <a href="#li1147">1147</a>, <a href="#li2231">2231</a>; þā hine wīg beget, <i>when war seized him, came +upon him</i>, <a href="#li2873">2873</a>; similarly, begeat, <a href="#li1069">1069</a>; pret. pl. hit ǣr on þē +gōde be-geāton, <i>good men received it formerly from thee</i>, <a href="#li2250">2250</a>; +subj. sg. for pl. þt ws Hrōðgāre hrēowa tornost þāra þe lēodfruman +lange begeāte, <i>the bitterest of the troubles that for a long time +had befallen the people's chief</i>, <a href="#li2131">2131</a>.</p> + +<p>for-gitan, w. acc., <i>to forget</i>: pres. sg. III. hē þā +forðgesceaft forgyteð and forgȳmeð, <a href="#li1752">1752</a>.</p> + +<p>an-gitan, on-gitan, w. acc.: 1) <i>to take hold of, to grasp</i>: imp. +sg. gumcyste ongit, <i>lay hold of manly virtue, of what becomes the +man</i>, <a href="#li1724">1724</a>; pret. sg. þē hine se brōga angeat, <i>whom terror +seized</i>, <a href="#li1292">1292</a>.—2) <i>to grasp intellectually, to comprehend, to +perceive, to distinguish, to behold</i>: pres. subj. I. þt ic ǣrwelan +... ongite, <i>that I may behold the ancient wealth</i> (the treasures +of the drake's cave), <a href="#li2749">2749</a>; inf. sl timbred ... ongytan, <a href="#li308">308</a>, <a href="#li1497">1497</a>; +Gēata clifu ongitan, <a href="#li1912">1912</a>; pret. sg. fyren-þearfe ongeat, <i>had +perceived their distress from hostile snares</i>, <a href="#li14">14</a>; ongeat ... +grund-wyrgenne, <i>beheld the she-wolf of the bottom</i>, <a href="#li1519">1519</a>; pret. +pl. bearhtm ongeāton, gūðhorn galan, <i>perceived the noise</i>, +(heard) <i>the battle-trumpet sound</i>, <a href="#li1432">1432</a>; syððan hīe Hygelāces +horn and bȳman gealdor ongeāton, <a href="#li2945">2945</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgīfre">gīfre</a>, adj., <i>greedy, eager</i>: nom. sg. gīfre and galgmōd, +of Grendel's mother, <a href="#li1278">1278</a>.—Superl.: līg..., gǣsta gīfrost, +<a href="#li1124">1124</a>.—Comp. heoro-gīfre.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgītsian">gītsian</a>, w. v., <i>to be greedy</i>: pres. sg. III. gȳtsað, +<a href="#li1750">1750</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgio">gio-, giō-</a>. see <a class="glentry" href="#glgeo">geo-, geō-</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgladian">gladian</a>, w. v., <i>to gleam, to shimmer</i>: pres. pl. III. on +him gladiað gomelra lāfe, <i>upon him gleams the legacy of the men of +ancient times</i> (armor), <a href="#li2037">2037</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgld">gld</a>, adj., <i>gracious, friendly</i> (as a form of address for +princes): nom. sg. bēo wið Gēatas gld, <a href="#li1174">1174</a>; acc. sg. gldne Hrōðgār, +<a href="#li864">864</a>; gldne Hrōðulf, <a href="#li1182">1182</a>; dat. sg. gladum suna Frōdan, <a href="#li2026">2026</a>.</p> + +<p>glde, adv., <i>in a gracious, friendly way</i>, <a href="#li58">58</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgldnian">gldnian</a>, w. v., <i>to rejoice</i>: inf. w. gen., <a href="#li367">367</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgldmōd">gld-mōd</a>, adj., <i>joyous, glad</i>, <a href="#li1786">1786</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glglēd">glēd</a>, st. f., <i>fire, flame</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2653">2653</a>, <a href="#li3115">3115</a>; dat. +(instr.) pl. glēdum, <a href="#li2313">2313</a>, <a href="#li2336">2336</a>, <a href="#li2678">2678</a>, <a href="#li3042">3042</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glglēdegesa">glēd-egesa</a>, w. m., <i>terror on account of fire, +fire-terror</i>: nom. sg. glēd-egesa grim (<i>the fire-spewing of the +drake</i>), <a href="#li2651">2651</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glglēaw">glēaw</a> (Goth, glaggwu-s), adj., <i>considerate, well-bred</i>, +of social conduct; in comp. un-glēaw.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glglēo">glēo</a>, st. n., <i>social entertainment</i>, (especially by +music, play, and jest): nom. sg. þǣr ws gidd and glēo, <a href="#li2106">2106</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glglēobēam">glēo-bēam</a>, st. m., <i>(tree of social entertainment, of music), +harp.</i> gen. sg. glēo-bēames, <a href="#li2264">2264</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glglēodrēam">glēo-drēam</a>, st. <i>m., joyous carrying-on in social +entertainment, mirth, social gaiety</i>: acc. sg. gamen and +glēo-drēam, <a href="#li3022">3022</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glglēoman">glēo-man</a>, m., <i>(gleeman, who enlivens the social +entertainment, especially with music), harper</i>: gen. sg. glēomannes +gyd, <a href="#li1161">1161</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glglitinian">glitinian</a> (O.H.G. glizinōn), w. v., <i>to gleam, to light, to +glitter</i>: inf. geseah þā ... gold glitinian, <a href="#li2759">2759</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glglīdan">glīdan</a>, st. v., <i>to glide</i>: pret. sg. syððan heofones gim +glād ofer grundas, <i>after heaven's gem had glided over the +fields</i> (after the sun had set), <a href="#li2074">2074</a>; pret. pl. glidon ofer +gārsecg, <i>you glided over the ocean</i> (swimming), <a href="#li515">515</a>.</p> + +<p>tō-glīdan <i>(to glide asunder), to separate, to fall asunder</i>: +pret. gūð-helm tō-glād (Ongenþēow's helmet was split asunder by the +blow of Eofor), <a href="#li2488">2488</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glglōf">glōf</a>, st. f., <i>glove</i>: nom. sg. glōf hangode, (on Grendel) +<i>a glove hung</i>, <a href="#li2086">2086</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgnēath">gnēað</a>, adj., <i>niggardly</i>: nom. sg. f. ns hīo ... tō gnēað +gifa Gēata lēodum, <i>was not too niggardly with gifts to the people +of the Gēatas</i>, <a href="#li1931">1931</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgnorn">gnorn</a>, st. m., <i>sorrow, sadness</i>: acc. sg. gnorn þrowian, +<a href="#li2659">2659</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgnornian">gnornian</a>, w. v., <i>to be sad, to complain</i>: pret. sg. earme +... ides gnornode, <a href="#li1118">1118</a>.</p> + +<p>be-gnornian, w. acc., <i>to bemoan, to mourn for</i>: pret. pl. begnornodon +... hlāfordes [hry]re, <i>bemoaned their lord's fall</i>, <a href="#li3180">3180</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgod">god</a>, st. m., <i>god</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li13">13</a>, <a href="#li72">72</a>, <a href="#li478">478</a>, etc.; hālig +god, <a href="#li381">381</a>, <a href="#li1554">1554</a>; wītig god, <a href="#li686">686</a>; mihtig god, <a href="#li702">702</a>; acc. sg. god, <a href="#li812">812</a>; ne +wiston hīe drihten god, <i>did not know the Lord God</i>, <a href="#li181">181</a>; dat. +sg. gode, <a href="#li113">113</a>, <a href="#li227">227</a>, <a href="#li626">626</a>, etc.; gen. sg. godes, <a href="#li570">570</a>, <a href="#li712">712</a>, <a href="#li787">787</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgold">gold</a>, st. n., <i>gold</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li3013">3013</a>, <a href="#li3053">3053</a>; icge gold, +<a href="#li1108">1108</a>; wunden gold, <i>wound gold, gold in ring-form</i>, <a href="#li1194">1194</a>, <a href="#li3136">3136</a>; +acc. sg. gold, <a href="#li2537">2537</a>, <a href="#li2759">2759</a>, <a href="#li2794">2794</a>, <a href="#li3169">3169</a>; hǣðen gold, <i>heathen gold</i> +(that from the drake's cave), <a href="#li2277">2277</a>; brād gold, <i>massive gold</i>, +<a href="#li3106">3106</a>; dat. instr. sg. golde, <a href="#li1055">1055</a>, <a href="#li2932">2932</a>, <a href="#li3019">3019</a>; fǣttan golde, <i>with +chased gold, with gold in plate-form</i>, <a href="#li2103">2103</a>; gehroden golde, +<i>covered with gold, gilded</i>, <a href="#li304">304</a>; golde gegyrwed (gegyrede), +<i>provided with, ornamented with gold</i>, <a href="#li553">553</a>, <a href="#li1029">1029</a>, <a href="#li2193">2193</a>; golde +geregnad, <i>adorned with gold</i>, <a href="#li778">778</a>; golde fāhne (hrōf), <i>the +roof shining with gold</i>, <a href="#li928">928</a>; bunden golde, <i>bound with gold</i> +(see under <a class="glentry" href="#glbindan">bindan</a>), <a href="#li1901">1901</a>; hyrsted golde (helm), <i>the helmet +ornamented with, mounted with gold</i>, <a href="#li2256">2256</a>; gen. sg. goldes, <a href="#li2302">2302</a>; +fǣttan goldes, <a href="#li1094">1094</a>, <a href="#li2247">2247</a>; scīran goldes, <i>of pure gold</i>, <a href="#li1695">1695</a>. +—Comp. ft-gold.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgoldǣht">gold-ǣht</a>, st. f., <i>possessions in gold, treasure</i>: acc. +sg., <a href="#li2749">2749</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgoldfāh">gold-fāh</a>, adj., <i>variegated with gold, shining with gold</i>: +nom. sg. reced ... gold-fāh, <a href="#li1801">1801</a>; acc. sg. gold-fāhne helm, <a href="#li2812">2812</a>; +nom. pl. gold-fāg scinon web fter wāgum, <i>variegated with gold, the +tapestry gleamed along the walls</i>, <a href="#li995">995</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgoldgifa">gold-gifa</a>, w. m., <i>gold-giver</i>, designation of the prince: +acc. sg. mid mīnne goldgyfan, <a href="#li2653">2653</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgoldhroden">gold-hroden</a>, pret. part., <i>(covered with gold), ornamented +with gold</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li615">615</a>, <a href="#li641">641</a>, <a href="#li1949">1949</a>, <a href="#li2026">2026</a>; epithet of women of +princely rank.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgoldhwt">gold-hwt</a>, adj., <i>striving after gold, greedy for gold</i>: +ns hē goldhwt, <i>he</i> (Bēowulf) <i>was not greedy for gold</i> +(he did not fight against the drake for his treasure, cf. <a href="#li3067">3067</a> ff.) +<a href="#li3075">3075</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgoldmāthm">gold-māðm</a>, st. m., <i>jewel of gold</i>: acc. pl. gold-māðmas +(the treasures of the drake's cave), <a href="#li2415">2415</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgoldsele">gold-sele</a>, st. m., <i>gold-hall</i>, i.e. the hall in which the +gold was distributed, ruler's hall: acc. sg., <a href="#li716">716</a>, <a href="#li1254">1254</a>; dat. sg. +gold-sele, <a href="#li1640">1640</a>, <a href="#li2084">2084</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgoldweard">gold-weard</a>, st. m., <i>gold-ward, defender of the gold</i>: +acc. sg. (of the drake), <a href="#li3082">3082</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgoldwine">gold-wine</a>, st. m., <i>friend who distributes gold</i>, i.e. +ruler, prince: nom. sg. (partly as voc.) goldwine gumena, <a href="#li1172">1172</a>, <a href="#li1477">1477</a>, +<a href="#li1603">1603</a>; goldwine Gēata, <a href="#li2420">2420</a>, <a href="#li2585">2585</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgoldwlanc">gold-wlanc</a>, adj., <i>proud of gold</i>: nom. sg. gūðrinc +goldwlanc (Bēowulf rewarded with gold by Hrōðgār on account of his +victory), <a href="#li1882">1882</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgomban">gomban, gomel, gomen</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgamban">gamban, gamal, gamen</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgong">gong, gongan</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgang">gang, gangan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgōd">gōd</a>, adj., <i>good, fit</i>, of persons and things: nom. sg., +<a href="#li11">11</a>, <a href="#li195">195</a>, <a href="#li864">864</a>, <a href="#li2264">2264</a>, <a href="#li2391">2391</a>, etc.; frōd and gōd, <a href="#li279">279</a>; w. dat. cyning +ðelum gōd, <i>the king noble in birth</i>, <a href="#li1871">1871</a>; gumcystum gōd, <a href="#li2544">2544</a>; +w. gen. wes þū ūs lārena gōd, <i>be good to us with teaching</i> (help +us thereto through thy instruction), <a href="#li269">269</a>; in weak form, se gōda, <a href="#li205">205</a>, +<a href="#li355">355</a>, <a href="#li676">676</a>, <a href="#li1191">1191</a>, etc.; acc. sg. gōdne, <a href="#li199">199</a>, <a href="#li347">347</a>, <a href="#li1596">1596</a>, <a href="#li1970">1970</a>, etc.; +gumcystum gōdne, <a href="#li1487">1487</a>; neut. gōd, <a href="#li1563">1563</a>; dat. sg. gōdum, <a href="#li3037">3037</a>, <a href="#li3115">3115</a>; +þǣm gōdan, <a href="#li384">384</a>, <a href="#li2328">2328</a>; nom. pl. gōde, <a href="#li2250">2250</a>; þā gōdan, <a href="#li1164">1164</a>; acc. pl. +gōde, <a href="#li2642">2642</a>; dat. pl. gōdum dǣdum, <a href="#li2179">2179</a>; gen. pl. gōdra gūðrinca, +<a href="#li2649">2649</a>.—Comp. ǣr-gōd.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgōd">gōd</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>good that is done, benefit, gift</i>: instr. +sg. gōde, <a href="#li20">20</a>, <a href="#li957">957</a>, <a href="#li1185">1185</a>; gōde mǣre, <i>renowned on account of her +gifts</i> (Þrȳðo), <a href="#li1953">1953</a>; instr. pl. gōdum, <a href="#li1862">1862</a>.—2) <i>ability</i>, +especially in fight: gen. pl. nāt hē þāra gōda, <a href="#li682">682</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgram">gram</a>, adj., <i>hostile</i>: gen. sg. on grames grāpum, <i>in +the gripe of the enemy</i> (Bēowulf), <a href="#li766">766</a>; nom. pl. þā graman, <a href="#li778">778</a>; +dat. pl. gramum, <a href="#li424">424</a>, <a href="#li1035">1035</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgramheort">gram-heort</a>, adj., <i>of a hostile heart, hostile</i>: nom. sg. +grom-heort guma, <a href="#li1683">1683</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgramhȳdig">gram-hȳdig</a>, adj., <i>with hostile feeling, maliciously +inclined</i>: nom. sg. gromhȳdig, <a href="#li1750">1750</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrāp">grāp</a>, st. f., <i>the hand ready to grasp, hand, claw</i>: dat. +sg. mid grāpe, <a href="#li438">438</a>; on grāpe, <a href="#li555">555</a>; gen. sg. eal ... Grendles grāpe, +<i>all of Grendel's claw, the whole claw</i>, <a href="#li837">837</a>; dat. pl. on grames +grāpum, <a href="#li766">766</a>; (as instr.) grimman grāpum, <i>with grim claws</i>, +<a href="#li1543">1543</a>.—Comp.: fēond-, hilde-grāp.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrāpian">grāpian</a>, w. v., <i>to grasp, to lay hold of, to seize</i>: +pret. sg. þt hire wið halse heard grāpode, <i>that</i> (the sword) +<i>griped hard at her neck</i>, <a href="#li1567">1567</a>; hē ... grāpode gearofolm, <i>he +took hold with ready hand</i>, <a href="#li2086">2086</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrsmolde">grs-molde</a>, w. f., <i>grass-plot</i>: acc. sg. grsmoldan trd, +<i>went over the grass-plot</i>, <a href="#li1882">1882</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrǣdig">grǣdig</a>, adj., <i>greedy, hungry, voracious</i>: nom. sg. grim +and grǣdig, <a href="#li121">121</a>, <a href="#li1500">1500</a>; acc. sg. grǣdig gūðlēoð, <a href="#li1523">1523</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrǣg">grǣg</a>, adj., <i>gray</i>: nom. pl. sc-holt ufan grǣg, <i>the +ashen wood, gray above</i> (the spears with iron points) <a href="#li330">330</a>; acc. pl. +grǣge syrcan, <i>gray</i> (i.e. iron) <i>shirts of mail</i>, <a href="#li334">334</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrǣgmǣl">grǣg-mǣl</a>, adj., <i>having a gray color</i>, here = <i>iron</i>: +nom. sg. sweord Bēowulfes gomol and grǣgmǣl, <a href="#li2683">2683</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrǣpe">grǣpe</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gltgrǣpe">t-grǣpe</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrētan">grētan</a>, w. v. w. acc.: 1) <i>to greet, to salute</i>: inf. hine +swā gōdne grētan, <a href="#li347">347</a>; Hrōðgār grētan, <a href="#li1647">1647</a>, <a href="#li2011">2011</a>; ēowic grētan hēt +(<i>bade me bring you his last greeting</i>), <a href="#li3096">3096</a>; pret. sg. grētte +Gēata lēod, <a href="#li626">626</a>; grētte þā guma ōðerne, <a href="#li653">653</a>; Hrōðgār grētte, <a href="#li1817">1817</a>.— +2) <i>to come on, to come near, to seek out; to touch; to take hold +of</i>: inf. gifstōl grētan, <i>take possession of the throne, mount +it as ruler</i>, <a href="#li168">168</a>; ns se folccyning ǣnig ... þē mec gūðwinum +grētan dorste (<i>attack with swords</i>), <a href="#li2736">2736</a>; Wyrd ... sē þone +gomelan grētan sceolde, <a href="#li2422">2422</a>; þt þone sin-scaðan gūðbilla nān grētan +nolde, <i>that no sword would take hold upon the irreconcilable +enemy</i>, <a href="#li804">804</a>; pret. sg. grētte goldhroden guman on healle, <i>the +gold-adorned</i> (queen) <i>greeted the men in the hall</i>, <a href="#li615">615</a>; nō +hē mid hearme ... gstas grētte, <i>did not approach the strangers +with insults</i>, <a href="#li1894">1894</a>; gomenwudu grētte, <i>touched the wood of joy, +played the harp</i>, <a href="#li2109">2109</a>; pret. subj. II. sg. þt þū þone wlgǣst +wihte ne grētte, <i>that thou shouldst by no means seek out the +murderous spirit</i> (Grendel), <a href="#li1996">1996</a>; similarly, sg. III. þt hē ne +grētte goldweard þone, <a href="#li3082">3082</a>; pret. part. þǣr ws ... gomenwudu grēted, +<a href="#li1066">1066</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-grētan, w. acc.: 1) <i>to greet, to salute, to address</i>: pret. +sg. holdne gegrētte mēaglum wordum, <i>greeted the dear man with +formal words</i>, <a href="#li1981">1981</a>; gegrētte þā gumena gehwylcne ... hindeman +siðe, <i>spoke then the last time to each of the men</i>, <a href="#li2517">2517</a>.—2) +<i>to approach, to come near, to seek out</i>: inf. sceal ... manig +ōðerne gōdum gegrētan ofer ganotes bð, <i>many a one will seek +another across the sea with gifts</i>, <a href="#li1862">1862</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrēot">grēot</a>, st. m., <i>grit, sand, earth</i>: dat. sg. on grēote, +<a href="#li3169">3169</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrēotan">grēotan</a>, st. v., <i>to weep, to mourn, to lament</i>: pres. sg. +III. sē þe fter sincgyfan on sefan grēoteð, <i>who laments in his +heart for the treasure-giver</i>, <a href="#li1343">1343</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrim">grim</a>, adj., <i>grim, angry, wild, hostile</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li121">121</a>, +<a href="#li555">555</a>, <a href="#li1500">1500</a>, etc.; weak form, se grimma gst, <a href="#li102">102</a>; acc. sg. m. grimne, +<a href="#li1149">1149</a>, <a href="#li2137">2137</a>; fem, grimme, <a href="#li1235">1235</a>; gen. sg. grimre gūðe, <a href="#li527">527</a>; instr. pl. +grimman grāpum, <a href="#li1543">1543</a>.—Comp.: beado-, heaðo-, heoro-, searo-grim.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrimme">grimme</a>, adv., <i>grimly, in a hostile manner, bitterly</i>, +<a href="#li3013">3013</a>, <a href="#li3086">3086</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrimlīc">grim-līc</a>, adj., <i>grim, terrible</i>: nom. sg. grimlīc +gry[re-gst], <a href="#li3042">3042</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrimman">grimman</a>, st. v., (properly <i>to snort</i>), <i>to go forward +hastily, to hasten</i>: pret. pl. grummon, <a href="#li306">306</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrindan">grindan</a>, st. v., <i>to grind</i>, in</p> + +<p>for-grindan, <i>to destroy, to ruin</i>: pret. sg. w. dat. forgrand +gramum, <i>destroyed the enemy, killed them</i> (?), <a href="#li424">424</a>; pret. part. +w. acc. hfde līgdraca lēoda fsten ... glēdum forgrunden, <i>had with +flames destroyed the people's feasts</i>, <a href="#li2336">2336</a>; þā his āgen (scyld) +ws glēdum forgrunden, <i>since his own (shield) had been destroyed by +the fire</i>, <a href="#li2678">2678</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgripe">gripe</a>, st. m., <i>gripe, attack</i>: nom. sg. gripe mēces, +<a href="#li1766">1766</a>; acc. sg. grimne gripe, <a href="#li1149">1149</a>.—Comp.: fǣr-, mund-, nīð-gripe.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrīma">grīma</a>, w. m., <i>mask, visor</i>: in comp. beado-, here-grīma.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrīmhelm">grīm-helm</a>, st. m., <i>mask-helmet, helmet with visor</i>: acc. +pl. grīm-helmas, <a href="#li334">334</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrīpan">grīpan</a>, st. v., <i>to gripe, to seize, to grasp</i>: pret. sg. +grāp þā tōgēanes, <i>then she caught at</i>, <a href="#li1502">1502</a>.</p> + +<p>for-grīpan <i>(to gripe vehemently), to gripe so as to kill, to kill +by the grasp</i>, w. dat.: pret. sg. t gūðe forgrāp Grendeles mǣgum, +<a href="#li2354">2354</a>. wið-grīpan, w. dat., <i>(to seize at), to maintain, to hold +erect</i>: inf. hū wið þām āglǣcean elles meahte gylpe wið-grīpan, +<i>how else I might maintain my boast of battle against the +monster</i>, <a href="#li2522">2522</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrōwan">grōwan</a>, st. v., <i>to grow, to sprout</i>: pret. sg. him on +ferhðe grēow brēosthord blōdrēow, <a href="#li1719">1719</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrund">grund</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>ground, plain, fields</i> in contrast with +highlands; <i>earth</i> in contrast with heaven: dat. sg. sōhte ... +fter grunde, <i>sought along the ground</i>, <a href="#li2295">2295</a>; acc. pl. ofer +grundas, <a href="#li1405">1405</a>, <a href="#li2074">2074</a>.—2) <i>bottom, the lowest part</i>: acc. sg. +grund (of the sea of Grendel), <a href="#li1368">1368</a>; on gyfenes grund, <a href="#li1395">1395</a>; under +gynne grund (<i>bottom of the sea</i>) <a href="#li1552">1552</a>; dat. sg. tō grunde (of +the sea), <a href="#li553">553</a>; grunde (of the drake's cave) getenge, <a href="#li2759">2759</a>; so, on +grunde, <a href="#li2766">2766</a>.—Comp.: eormen-, mere-, sǣ-grund.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrundbūend">grund-būend</a>, pres. part., <i>inhabitant of the earth</i>: gen. +pl. grund-būendra, <a href="#li1007">1007</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrundhyrde">grund-hyrde</a>, st. m., <i>warder of the bottom</i> (of the sea): +acc. sg. (of Grendel's mother), <a href="#li2137">2137</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrundsele">grund-sele</a>, st. m., <i>hall at the bottom</i> (of the sea): dat +sg. in þām [grund]sele, <a href="#li2140">2140</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrundwang">grund-wang</a>, st. m., <i>ground surface, lowest surface</i>: acc. +sg. þone grund-wong (<i>bottom of the sea</i>), <a href="#li1497">1497</a>; (bottom of the +drake's cave), <a href="#li2772">2772</a>, <a href="#li2589">2589</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrundwyrgen">grund-wyrgen</a>, st. f., <i>she-wolf of the bottom</i> (of the +sea): acc. sg. grund-wyrgenne (Grendel's mother), <a href="#li1519">1519</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgryn">gryn</a> (cf. Gloss. Aldh. "retinaculum, rete grin," Hpts. Ztschr. +IX. 429), st. n., <i>net, noose, snare</i>: gen. pl. fela ... grynna, +<a href="#li931">931</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgyrn">gyrn</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgryre">gryre</a>, st. m., <i>horror, terror, anything causing terror</i>: +nom. sg., <a href="#li1283">1283</a>; acc. sg. wið Grendles gryre, <a href="#li384">384</a>; hīe Wyrd forswēop on +Grendles gryre, <i>snatched them away into the horror of Grendel, to +the horrible Grendel</i>, <a href="#li478">478</a>; dat. pl. mid gryrum ecga, <a href="#li483">483</a>; gen. pl. +swā fela gryra, <a href="#li592">592</a>.—Comp.: fǣr-, wīg-gryre.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgryrebrōga">gryre-brōga</a>, w. m., <i>terror and horror, amazement</i>: nom. +sg. [gryre-]br[ō]g[a], <a href="#li2229">2229</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgryrefāh">gryre-fāh</a>, adj., <i>gleaming terribly</i>: acc. sg. gryre-fāhne +(<i>the fire-spewing drake</i>, cf. also [draca] fȳrwylmum fāh, <a href="#li2672">2672</a>, +<a href="#li2577">2577</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgryregst">gryre-gst</a>, st. m., <i>terror-guest, stranger causing +terror</i>: nom. sg. grimlīc gry[regst], <a href="#li3042">3042</a>; dat. sg. wið þām +gryregieste (the dragon), <a href="#li2561">2561</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgryregeatwe">gryre-geatwe</a>, st. f. pl., <i>terror-armor, warlike +equipment</i>: dat. pl. in hyra gryre-geatwum, <a href="#li324">324</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgryrelēoth">gryre-lēoð</a>, st. n., <i>terror-song, fearful song</i>: acc. sg. +gehȳrdon gryrelēoð galan godes and-sacan (<i>heard Grendel's cry of +agony</i>), <a href="#li787">787</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgryrelīc">gryre-līc</a>, adj., <i>terrible, horrible</i>: acc. sg. +gryre-līcne, <a href="#li1442">1442</a>, <a href="#li2137">2137</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgryresīth">gryre-sīð</a>, st. m., <i>way of terror, way causing terror</i>, +i.e. warlike expedition: acc. pl. sē þe gryre-sīðas gegān dorste, +<a href="#li1463">1463</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glguma">guma</a>, w. m., <i>man, human being</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li653">653</a>, <a href="#li869">869</a>, etc.; +acc. sg. guman, <a href="#li1844">1844</a>, <a href="#li2295">2295</a>; dat. sg. guman (gumum, MS.), <a href="#li2822">2822</a>; nom pl. +guman, <a href="#li215">215</a>, <a href="#li306">306</a>, <a href="#li667">667</a>, etc.; acc. pl. guman, <a href="#li615">615</a>; dat. pl. gumum, <a href="#li127">127</a>, +<a href="#li321">321</a>; gen. pl. gumena, <a href="#li73">73</a>, <a href="#li328">328</a>, <a href="#li474">474</a>, <a href="#li716">716</a>, etc.—Comp.: driht-, +seld-guma.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgumcyn">gum-cyn</a>, st. n., <i>race of men, people, nation</i>: gen. sg. +wē synt gumcynnes Gēata lēode, <i>people from the nation of the +Gēatas</i>, <a href="#li260">260</a>; dat. pl. fter gum-cynnum, <i>along the nations, +among the nations</i>, <a href="#li945">945</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgumcyst">gum-cyst</a>, st. f., <i>man's excellence, man's virtue</i>: acc. +sg. (or pl.) gumcyste, <a href="#li1724">1724</a>; dat. pl. as adv., <i>excellently, +preeminently</i>: gumcystum gōdne bēaga bryttan, <a href="#li1487">1487</a>; gumcystum gōd +... hilde-hlemma (Bēowulf), <a href="#li2544">2544</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgumdrēam">gum-drēam</a>, st. m., <i>joyous doings of men</i>: acc. sg. +gum-drēam ofgeaf (died), <a href="#li2470">2470</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgumdryhten">gum-dryhten</a>, st. m., <i>lord of men</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li1643">1643</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgumfētha">gum-fēða</a>, w. m., <i>troop of men going on foot</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li1402">1402</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgumman">gum-man</a>, st. m., <i>man</i>: gen. pl. gum-manna fela, <a href="#li1029">1029</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgumstōl">gum-stōl</a>, st. m., <i>man's seat, κατ' ἐζωχήν, ruler's seat, throne</i>: dat. sg. in gumstōle, <a href="#li1953">1953</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūth">gūð</a>, st. f., <i>combat, battle</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1124">1124</a>, <a href="#li1659">1659</a>, <a href="#li2484">2484</a>, +<a href="#li2537">2537</a>; acc. sg. gūðe, <a href="#li604">604</a>; instr. sg. gūðe, <a href="#li1998">1998</a>; dat. sg. tō (t) +gūðe, <a href="#li438">438</a>, <a href="#li1473">1473</a>. <a href="#li1536">1536</a>, <a href="#li2354">2354</a>, etc.; gen. sg. gūðe, <a href="#li483">483</a>, <a href="#li527">527</a>, <a href="#li631">631</a>, etc.; +dat. pl. gūðum, <a href="#li1959">1959</a>, <a href="#li2179">2179</a>; gen. pl. gūða, <a href="#li2513">2513</a>, <a href="#li2544">2544</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthbeorn">gūð-beorn</a>, st. m., <i>warrior</i>: gen. pl. gūð-beorna sum +(<i>the strand-guard on the Danish coast</i>), <a href="#li314">314</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthbil">gūð-bil</a>, st. n., <i>battle-bill</i>: nom. sg. gūðbill, <a href="#li2585">2585</a>; +gen. pl. gūð-billa nān, <a href="#li804">804</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthbyrne">gūð-byrne</a>, w. f., <i>battle-corselet</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li321">321</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthcearu">gūð-cearu</a>, st. f., <i>sorrow which the combat brings</i>: dat. +sg. fter gūð-ceare, <a href="#li1259">1259</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthcrft">gūð-crft</a>, st. m., <i>warlike strength, power in battle</i>: +nom. sg. Grendles gūð-crft, <a href="#li127">127</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthcyning">gūð-cyning</a>, st. m., <i>king in battle, king directing a +battle</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li199">199</a>, <a href="#li1970">1970</a>, <a href="#li2336">2336</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthdēath">gūð-dēað</a>, st. m., <i>death in battle</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2250">2250</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthfloga">gūð-floga</a>, w. m., <i>flying warrior</i>: acc. sg. wið þone +gūðflogan (the drake), <a href="#li2529">2529</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthfreca">gūð-freca</a>, w. m., <i>hero in battle, warrior</i> (see freca): +nom. sg. gearo gūð-freca, of the drake, <a href="#li2415">2415</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthfremmend">gūð-fremmend</a>, pres. part., <i>fighting a battle, warrior</i>: +gen. pl. gūð-fremmendra, <a href="#li246">246</a>; gūð- (gōd-, MS.) fremmendra swylcum, +<i>such a warrior</i> (meaning Bēowulf), <a href="#li299">299</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthgewǣde">gūð-gewǣde</a>, st. n., <i>battle-dress, armor</i>: nom. pl. +gūð-gewǣdo, <a href="#li227">227</a>; acc. pl. -gewǣdu, <a href="#li2618">2618</a>, <a href="#li2631">2631</a>(?), <a href="#li2852">2852</a>, <a href="#li2872">2872</a>; gen. pl. +-gewǣda, <a href="#li2624">2624</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthgeweorc">gūð-geweorc</a>, st. n., <i>battle-work warlike deed</i>: gen. pl., +-geweorca, <a href="#li679">679</a>, <a href="#li982">982</a>, <a href="#li1826">1826</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthgeatwe">gūð-geatwe</a>, st. f. pl., <i>equipment for combat</i>: acc. þā +gūð-geatwa (-getawa, MS.), <a href="#li2637">2637</a>; dat. in ēowrum gūð-geatawum, <a href="#li395">395</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthhelm">gūð-helm</a>, st. m., <i>battle-helmet</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2488">2488</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthhorn">gūð-horn</a>, st. n., <i>battle-horn</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1433">1433</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthhrēth">gūð-hrēð</a>, st. f., <i>battle-fame</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li820">820</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthlēoth">gūð-lēoð</a>, st. n., <i>battle-song</i>: acc., sg., <a href="#li1523">1523</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthmōd">gūð-mōd</a>, adj., <i>disposed to battle, having an inclination to +battle</i>. nom. pl. gūð-mōde, <a href="#li306">306</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthrǣs">gūð-rǣs</a>, st. m., <i>storm of battle, attack</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li2992">2992</a>; gen. pl. gūð-rǣsa, <a href="#li1578">1578</a>, <a href="#li2427">2427</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthrēow">gūð-rēow</a>, adj., <i>fierce in battle</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li58">58</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthrinc">gūð-rinc</a>, st. m., <i>man of battle, fighter, warrior</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li839">839</a>, <a href="#li1119">1119</a>, <a href="#li1882">1882</a>; acc. sg., <a href="#li1502">1502</a>; gen. pl. gūð-rinca, <a href="#li2649">2649</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthrōf">gūð-rōf</a>, adj., <i>renowned in battle</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li609">609</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthsceatha">gūð-sceaða</a>, w. m., <i>battle-foe, enemy in combat</i>: nom. +sg., of the drake, <a href="#li2319">2319</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthscearu">gūð-scearu</a>, st. f., <i>decision of the battle</i>: dat. sg. +fter gūð-sceare, <a href="#li1214">1214</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthsele">gūð-sele</a>, st. m., <i>battle-hall, hall in which a battle takes +place</i>: dat sg. in þǣm gūðsele (in Heorot), <a href="#li443">443</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthsearo">gūð-searo</a>, st. n. pl., <i>battle-equipment, armor</i>; acc., +<a href="#li215">215</a>, <a href="#li328">328</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthsweord">gūð-sweord</a>, st. n., <i>battle-sword</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li2155">2155</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthwērig">gūð-wērig</a>, adj., <i>wearied by battle dead</i>: acc. sg. +gūð-wērigne Grendel, <a href="#li1587">1587</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthwine">gūð-wine</a>, st. m., <i>battle-friend, comrade in battle</i> +designation of the sword: acc. sg., <a href="#li1811">1811</a>; instr. pl. þē mec gūð-winum +grētan dorste, <i>who dared to attack me with his war-friends</i>, +<a href="#li2736">2736</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthwiga">gūð-wiga</a>, w. m., <i>fighter of battles, warrior</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li2112">2112</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgyd">gyd</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgid">gid</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgyfan">gyfan</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgifan">gifan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgyldan">gyldan</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgildan">gildan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgylden">gylden</a>, adj., <i>golden</i>: nom. sg. gylden hilt, <a href="#li1678">1678</a>; acc. +sg. segen gyldenne, <a href="#li47">47</a>, <a href="#li1022">1022</a>; bring gyldenne, <a href="#li2810">2810</a>; dat. sg. under +gyldnum bēage, <a href="#li1164">1164</a>.—Comp. eal-gylden.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgylp">gylp</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgilp">gilp</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgyrdan">gyrdan</a>, w. v., <i>to gird, to lace</i>: pret. part. gyrded +cempa, <i>the (sword-) girt warrior</i>, <a href="#li2079">2079</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgyrn">gyrn</a>, st. n., <i>sorrow, harm</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1776">1776</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgyrnwracu">gyrn-wracu</a>, st. f., <i>revenge for harm</i>: dat. sg. tō +gyrn-wrce, <a href="#li1139">1139</a>; gen. sg. þā ws eft hraðe gearo gyrn-wrce Grendeles +mōdor, <i>then was Grendel's mother in turn immediately ready for +revenge for the injury</i>, <a href="#li2119">2119</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgyrwan">gyrwan</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgerwan">gerwan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgystran">gystran</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgistran">gistran</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgȳman">gȳman</a>, w. v. w. gen., <i>to take care of, to be careful +about</i>: pres. III. gȳmeð, <a href="#li1758">1758</a>, <a href="#li2452">2452</a>; imp. sg. oferhȳda ne gȳm! +<i>do not study arrogance</i> (despise it), <a href="#li1761">1761</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforgȳman">for-gȳman</a>, w. acc., <i>to neglect, to slight</i>: pres. sg. +III. hē þā forð-gesceaft forgyteð and forgȳmeð, <a href="#li1752">1752</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgȳtsian">gȳtsian</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgītsian">gītsian</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgyt">gȳt</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgit">gīt</a>.</p> + +<p><b><a name="glossH">H</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhabban">habban</a>, w. v., <i>to have</i>: 1) w. acc.: pres. sg. I. þs ic + wēn hbbe (<i>as I hope</i>), <a href="#li383">383</a>; þē ic geweald hbbe, <a href="#li951">951</a>; ic mē on + hafu bord and byrnan, <i>have on me shield and coat of mail</i>, + <a href="#li2525">2525</a>; hafo, <a href="#li3001">3001</a>; sg. II. þū nū [friðu] hafast, <a href="#li1175">1175</a>; pl. I. habbað + wē ... micel ǣrende, <a href="#li270">270</a>; pres. subj. sg. III. þt hē þrīttiges manna + mgencrft on his mundgripe hbbe, <a href="#li381">381</a>. Blended with the negative: + pl. III. þt be Sǣ-Gēatas sēlran nbben tō gecēosenne cyning ǣnigne, + <i>that the Sea-Gēatas will have no better king than you to + choose</i>, <a href="#li1851">1851</a>; imp. hafa nū and geheald hūsa sēlest, <a href="#li659">659</a>; inf. + habban, <a href="#li446">446</a>, <a href="#li462">462</a>, <a href="#li3018">3018</a>; pret. sg. hfde, <a href="#li79">79</a>, <a href="#li518">518</a>, <a href="#li554">554</a>; pl. hfdon, + <a href="#li539">539</a>.—2) used as an auxiliary with the pret. part.: pres. sg. I. + hbbe ic ... ongunnen, <a href="#li408">408</a>; hbbe ic ... geāhsod, <a href="#li433">433</a>; II. hafast, + <a href="#li954">954</a>, <a href="#li1856">1856</a>; III. hafað, <a href="#li474">474</a>, <a href="#li596">596</a>; pret. sg. hfde, <a href="#li106">106</a>, <a href="#li220">220</a>, <a href="#li666">666</a>, + <a href="#li2322">2322</a>, <a href="#li2334">2334</a>, <a href="#li2953">2953</a>, etc.; pl. hfdon, <a href="#li117">117</a>, <a href="#li695">695</a>, <a href="#li884">884</a>, <a href="#li2382">2382</a>, etc. Pret. + part. inflected: nū scealc hafað dǣd gefremede, <a href="#li940">940</a>; hfde se gōda + ... cempan gecorone, <a href="#li205">205</a>. With the pres. part. are formed the + compounds: bord-, rond-hbbend.</p> + +<p>for-habban, <i>to hold back, to keep one's self</i>: inf. ne meahte +wǣfre mōd forhabban in hreðre, <i>the expiring life could not hold +itself back in the breast</i>, <a href="#li1152">1152</a>; ne mihte þā for-habban, <i>could +not restrain himself</i>, <a href="#li2610">2610</a>.</p> + +<p>wið-habban, <i>to resist, to offer resistance</i>: pret. þt se +wīnsele wið-hfde heaðo-dēorum, <i>that the hall resisted them furious +in fight</i>, <a href="#li773">773</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhafela">hafela, heafola</a>, w. m., <i>head</i>: acc. sg. hafelan, <a href="#li1373">1373</a>, +<a href="#li1422">1422</a>, <a href="#li1615">1615</a>, <a href="#li1636">1636</a>, <a href="#li1781">1781</a>; nā þū mīnne þearft hafalan hȳdan, <a href="#li446">446</a>; þonne +wē on orlege hafelan weredon, <i>protected our heads, defended +ourselves</i>, <a href="#li1328">1328</a>; se hwīta helm hafelan werede, <a href="#li1449">1449</a>; dat. sg. +hafelan, <a href="#li673">673</a>, <a href="#li1522">1522</a>; heafolan, <a href="#li2680">2680</a>; gen. sg. heafolan, <a href="#li2698">2698</a>; nom. pl. +hafelan, <a href="#li1121">1121</a>.—Comp. wīg-heafola.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhafenian">hafenian</a>, w. v., <i>to raise, to uplift</i>: pret. sg. wǣpen +hafenade heard be hiltum, <i>raised the weapon, the strong man, by the +hilt</i>, <a href="#li1574">1574</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhafoc">hafoc</a>, st. m., <i>hawk</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2264">2264</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhaga">haga</a>, w. m., <i>enclosed piece of ground, hedge, +farm-enclosure</i>: dat. sg. tō hagan, <a href="#li2893">2893</a>, <a href="#li2961">2961</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhaga">haga</a>, w. m. See <a class="glentry" href="#glānhaga">ān-haga</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhama">hama, homa</a>, w. m., <i>dress</i>: in the comp. flǣsc-, fyrd-, +līc-hama, scīr-ham (adj.).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhamer">hamer</a>, st. m., <i>hammer</i>: instr. sg. hamere, <a href="#li1286">1286</a>; gen. pl. +homera lāfe (swords), <a href="#li2830">2830</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhand">hand, hond</a>, st. f., <i>hand</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li2138">2138</a>; sīo swīðre ... +hand, <i>the right hand</i>, <a href="#li2100">2100</a>; hond, <a href="#li1521">1521</a>, <a href="#li2489">2489</a>, <a href="#li2510">2510</a>; acc. sg. +hand, <a href="#li558">558</a>, <a href="#li984">984</a>; hond, <a href="#li657">657</a>, <a href="#li687">687</a>, <a href="#li835">835</a>, <a href="#li928">928</a>, etc.; dat. sg. on handa, +<a href="#li495">495</a>, <a href="#li540">540</a>; mid handa, <a href="#li747">747</a>, <a href="#li2721">2721</a>; be honda, <a href="#li815">815</a>; dat. pl. (as instr.) +hondum, <a href="#li1444">1444</a>, <a href="#li2841">2841</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhandbana">hand-bana</a>, w. m., <i>murderer with the hand</i>, or <i>in +hand-to-hand combat</i>: dat. sg. tō hand-bonan (-banan), <a href="#li460">460</a>, <a href="#li1331">1331</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhandgemōt">hand-gemōt</a>, st. n., <i>hand-to-hand conflict, battle</i>: gen. +pl. (ecg) þolode ǣr fela hand-gemōta, <a href="#li1527">1527</a>; nō þt lǣsest ws +hond-gemōta, <a href="#li2356">2356</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhandgesella">hand-gesella</a>, w. m., <i>hand-companion, man of the retinue</i>: +dat. pl. hond-gesellum, <a href="#li1482">1482</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhandgestealla">hand-gestealla</a>, w. m., <i>(one whose position is near at hand), +comrade, companion, attendant</i>: dat. sg. hond-gesteallan, <a href="#li2170">2170</a>; +nom. pl. hand-gesteallan, <a href="#li2597">2597</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhandgeweorc">hand-geweorc</a>, st. n., <i>work done with the hands</i>, i.e. +achievement in battle: dat. sg. for þs hild-fruman hondgeweorce, +<a href="#li2836">2836</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhandgewrithen">hand-gewriðen</a>, pret. part. <i>hand-wreathed, bound with the +hand.</i> acc. pl. wlbende ... hand-gewriðene, <a href="#li1938">1938</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhandlocen">hand-locen</a>, pret. part., <i>joined, united by hand</i>: nom. +sg. (gūð-byrne, līc-syrce) hondlocen (because the shirts of mail +consisted of interlaced rings), <a href="#li322">322</a>, <a href="#li551">551</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhandrǣs">hand-rǣs</a>, st. m., <i>hand-battle</i>, i.e. combat with the +hands: nom. sg. hond-rǣs, <a href="#li2073">2073</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhandscalu">hand-scalu</a>, st. f., <i>hand-attendance, retinue</i>: dat. sg. +mid his hand-scale (hond-scole), <a href="#li1318">1318</a>, <a href="#li1964">1964</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhandsporu">hand-sporu</a>, st. f., <i>finger</i> (on Grendel's hand), under +the figure of a spear: nom. pl. hand-sporu, <a href="#li987">987</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhandwundor">hand-wundor</a>, st. n., <i>wonder done by the hand, wonderful +handwork</i>: gen. pl. hond-wundra mǣst, <a href="#li2769">2769</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhangan">hangan</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhōn">hōn</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhangian">hangian</a>, w. v., <i>to hang</i>: pres. sg. III. þonne his sunu +hangað hrefne to hrōðre, <i>when his son hangs, a joy to the +ravens</i>, <a href="#li2448">2448</a>; pl. III. ofer þǣm (mere) hongiað hrīmge bearwas, +<i>over which frosty forests hang</i>, <a href="#li1364">1364</a>; inf. hangian, <a href="#li1663">1663</a>; pret. +hangode, <i>hung down</i>, <a href="#li2086">2086</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhatian">hatian</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to hate, to be an enemy to, to +hurt</i>: inf. hē þone heaðo-rinc hatian ne meahte lāðum dǣdum +(<i>could not do him any harm</i>), <a href="#li2467">2467</a>; pret. sg. hū se gūð-sceaða +Gēata lēode hatode and hȳnde, <a href="#li2320">2320</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhād">hād</a>, st. m., <i>form, condition, position, manner</i>: acc. sg. +þurh hǣstne hād, <i>in a powerful manner</i>, <a href="#li1336">1336</a>; on gesīðes hād, +<i>in the position of follower, as follower</i>, <a href="#li1298">1298</a>; on sweordes +hād, <i>in the form of a sword</i>, <a href="#li2194">2194</a>. See under <a class="glentry" href="#glon">on</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhādor">hādor</a>, st. m., <i>clearness, brightness</i>: acc. sg. under +heofenes hādor, <a href="#li414">414</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhādor">hādor</a>, adj., <i>clear, fresh, loud</i>: nom. sg. scop hwīlum +sang hādor on Heorote, <a href="#li497">497</a>.</p> + +<p>hādre, adv., <i>clearly, brightly</i>, <a href="#li1572">1572</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhāl">hāl</a>, adj., <i>hale, whole, sound, unhurt</i>: nom. sg. hāl, +<a href="#li300">300</a>. With gen. heaðo-lāces hāl, <i>safe from battle</i>, <a href="#li1975">1975</a>. As form +of salutation, wes ... hāl, <a href="#li407">407</a>; dat. sg. hālan līce, <a href="#li1504">1504</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhālig">hālig</a>, adj., <i>holy</i>: nom. sg. hālig god, <a href="#li381">381</a>, <a href="#li1554">1554</a>; hālig +dryhten, <a href="#li687">687</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhām">hām</a>, st. m., <i>home, residence, estate, land</i>: acc. sg. +hām, <a href="#li1408">1408</a>; Hrōðgāres hām, <a href="#li718">718</a>. Usually in adverbial sense: gewāt him +hām, <i>betook himself home</i>, <a href="#li1602">1602</a>; tō hām, <a href="#li124">124</a>, <a href="#li374">374</a>, <a href="#li2993">2993</a>; fram +hām, <i>at home</i>, <a href="#li194">194</a>; t hām, <i>at home</i>, <a href="#li1249">1249</a>, <a href="#li1924">1924</a>, <a href="#li1157">1157</a>; +gen. sg. hāmes, <a href="#li2367">2367</a>; acc. pl. hāmas, <a href="#li1128">1128</a>.—Comp. Finnes-hām, <a href="#li1157">1157</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhāmweorthung">hām-weorðung</a>, st. f., <i>honor</i> or <i>ornament of home</i>: +acc. sg. hām-weorðunge (designation of the daughter of Hygelāc, given +in marriage to Eofor), <a href="#li2999">2999</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhār">hār</a>, adj., <i>gray</i>: nom. sg. hār hilde-rinc, <a href="#li1308">1308</a>, <a href="#li3137">3137</a>; +acc. sg. under (ofer) hārne stān, <a href="#li888">888</a>, <a href="#li1416">1416</a>, <a href="#li2554">2554</a>; hāre byrnan (i.e. +iron shirt of mail), <a href="#li2154">2154</a>; dat. sg. hārum hildfruman, <a href="#li1679">1679</a>; f. on +hēare hǣðe (on heaw ... h ... ðe, MS.), <a href="#li2213">2213</a>; gen. sg. hāres, <i>of +the old man</i>, <a href="#li2989">2989</a>.—Comp. un-hār.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhāt">hāt</a>, adj., <i>hot, glowing, flaming</i> nom sg., <a href="#li1617">1617</a>, <a href="#li2297">2297</a>, +<a href="#li2548">2548</a>, <a href="#li2559">2559</a>, etc.; wyrm hāt gemealt, <i>the drake hot</i> (of his own +heat) <i>melted</i>, <a href="#li898">898</a>; acc. sg., 2282(?); inst. sg. hātan heolfre, +<a href="#li850">850</a>, <a href="#li1424">1424</a>; g. sg. heaðu-fȳres hātes, <a href="#li2523">2523</a>; acc. pl. hāte heaðo-wylmas, +<a href="#li2820">2820</a>.—Sup.: hātost heaðo-swāta, <a href="#li1669">1669</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhāt">hāt</a>, st. n., <i>heat, fire</i>: acc. sg. geseah his mondryhten +... hāt þrowian, <i>saw his lord endure the</i> (drake's) <i>heat</i>, +<a href="#li2606">2606</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhata">hata</a>, w. m., <i>persecutor</i>; in comp. dǣd-hata.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhātan">hātan</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to bid, to order, to direct</i>, with acc. +and inf., and acc. of the person: pres. sg. I. ic maguþegnas mīne hāte +... flotan ēowerne ārum healdan, <i>I bid my thanes take good care of +your craft</i>, <a href="#li293">293</a>; imp. sg. II. hāt in gān ... sibbegedriht, <a href="#li386">386</a>; +pl. II. hātað heaðo-mǣre hlǣw gewyrcean, <a href="#li2803">2803</a>; inf. þt healreced +hātan wolde ... men gewyrcean, <i>that he wished to command men to +build a hall-edifice</i>, <a href="#li68">68</a>. Pret. sg. heht: heht ... eahta mēaras +... on flet tēon, <i>gave command to bring eight horses into the +hall</i>, <a href="#li1036">1036</a>; þonne ǣnne heht golde forgyldan, <i>commanded to make +good that one with gold</i>, <a href="#li1054">1054</a>; heht þā þt heaðo-weorc tō hagan +bīodan, <i>ordered the combat to be announced at the hedge</i>(?), +<a href="#li2893">2893</a>; swā se snottra heht, <i>as the wise</i> (Hrōðgār) +<i>directed</i>, <a href="#li1787">1787</a>; so, <a href="#li1808">1808</a>, <a href="#li1809">1809</a>. hēt: hēt him ȳðlidan gōdne +gegyrwan, <i>ordered a good vessel to be prepared for him</i>, <a href="#li198">198</a>; +so, hēt, <a href="#li391">391</a>, <a href="#li1115">1115</a>, <a href="#li3111">3111</a>. As the form of a wish: hēt hine wēl brūcan, +<a href="#li1064">1064</a>; so, <a href="#li2813">2813</a>; pret. part. þā ws hāten hraðe Heort innan-weard +folmum gefrtwod, <i>forthwith was ordered Heorot, adorned by +hand on the inside</i> (i.e. that the edifice should be adorned by +hand on the inside), <a href="#li992">992</a>.—2) <i>to name, to call</i>: pres. subj. +III. pl. þt hit sǣlīðend ... hātan Bīowulfes biorh, <i>that mariners +may call it Bēowulf's grave-mound</i>, <a href="#li2807">2807</a>; pret. part. ws se grimma +gst Grendel hāten, <a href="#li102">102</a>; so, <a href="#li263">263</a>, <a href="#li373">373</a>, <a href="#li2603">2603</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-hātan, <i>to promise, to give one's word, to vow, to threaten</i>: +pres. sg. I. ic hit þē gehāte, <a href="#li1393">1393</a>; so, <a href="#li1672">1672</a>; pret. sg. hē mē mēde +gehēt, <i>promised me reward</i>, <a href="#li2135">2135</a>; him fgre gehēt lēana (gen. +pl.), <i>promised them proper reward</i>, <a href="#li2990">2990</a>; wēan oft gehēt earmre +teohhe, <i>with woe often threatened the unhappy band</i>, <a href="#li2938">2938</a>; pret. +pl. gehēton t hrgtrafum wīg-weorðunga, <i>vowed offerings at the +shrines of the gods</i>, <a href="#li175">175</a>; þonne wē gehēton ūssum hlāforde þt ..., +<i>when we promised our lord that</i>..., <a href="#li2635">2635</a>; pret. part. sīo +gehāten [ws] ... gladum suna Frōdan, <i>betrothed to the glad son of +Froda</i>, <a href="#li2025">2025</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhātor">hātor</a>, st. m. n., <i>heat</i>: in comp. and-hātor.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhft">hft</a>, adj., <i>held, bound, fettered</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2409">2409</a>; acc. +sg. helle hftan, <i>him fettered by hell</i> (Grendel), <a href="#li789">789</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhftmēce">hft-mēce</a>, st. m., <i>sword with fetters</i> or <i>chains</i> +(cf. <a class="glentry" href="#glfetelhilt">fetel-hilt</a>): dat. sg. þǣm hft-mēce, <a href="#li1458">1458</a>. +See <a href="#note1458">Note</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhgsteald">hg-steald</a>, st. m., <i>man, liegeman, youth</i>: gen. pl. +hg-stealdra, <a href="#li1890">1890</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhle">hle</a>, st. m., <i>man</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1647">1647</a>, <a href="#li1817">1817</a>, <a href="#li3112">3112</a>; acc. sg. +hle, <a href="#li720">720</a>; dat. pl. hǣlum (hǣnum, MS.), <a href="#li1984">1984</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhleth">hleð</a>, st. m., <i>hero, fighter, warrior, man</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li190">190</a>, <a href="#li331">331</a>, <a href="#li1070">1070</a>; nom. pl. hleð, <a href="#li52">52</a>, <a href="#li2248">2248</a>, <a href="#li2459">2459</a>, <a href="#li3143">3143</a>; dat. pl. hleðum +<a href="#li1710">1710</a>, <a href="#li1962">1962</a>, etc.; gen. pl. hleða, <a href="#li467">467</a>, <a href="#li497">497</a>, <a href="#li612">612</a>, <a href="#li663">663</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrg">hrg</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhearg">hearg</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhǣth">hǣð</a>, st. f., <i>heath</i>: dat. sg. hǣðe, <a href="#li2213">2213</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhǣthen">hǣðen</a>, adj., <i>heathenish</i>; acc. sg. hǣðene sāwle, <a href="#li853">853</a>; +dat. sg. hǣðnum horde, <a href="#li2217">2217</a>; gen. sg. hǣðenes, <i>of the heathen</i> +(Grendel), <a href="#li987">987</a>; gen. pl. hǣðenra, <a href="#li179">179</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhǣthstapa">hǣð-stapa</a>, w. m., <i>that which goes about on the heath</i> +(stag): nom. sg., 1369</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhǣl">hǣl</a>, st. f.: 1) <i>health, welfare, luck</i>: acc. sg. him hǣl +ābēad, <a href="#li654">654</a>; mid hǣle, <a href="#li1218">1218</a>.—2) <i>favorable sign, favorable omen</i>: +hǣl scēawedon, <i>observed favorable signs</i> (for Bēowulf's +undertaking), <a href="#li204">204</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhǣlo">hǣlo</a>, st. f., <i>health, welfare, luck</i>: acc. sg. hǣlo ābēad +heorð-genēatum, <a href="#li2419">2419</a>.—Comp. un-hǣlo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhǣst">hǣst</a> (O.H.G. haisterā hantī, manu violenta; heist, ira; +heistigo, iracunde), adj., <i>violent, vehement</i>: acc. sg. þurh +hǣstne hād, <a href="#li1336">1336</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhē">hē</a>, fem. hēo, neut. hit, pers. pron., <i>he, she, it</i>; in +the oblique cases also reflexive, <i>himself, herself, itself</i>: +acc. sg. hine, hī, hit; dat. sg. him, hire, him; gen. sg. his, hire, +his; plur. acc. nom. hī, hig, hīe; dat. him; gen. hira, heora, hiera, +hiora.—he omitted before the verb, <a href="#li68">68</a>, <a href="#li300">300</a>, <a href="#li2309">2309</a>, <a href="#li2345">2345</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhebban">hebban</a>, st. v., <i>to raise, to lift</i>, w. acc.: inf. siððan +ic hond and rond hebban mihte, <a href="#li657">657</a>; pret. part. hafen, <a href="#li1291">1291</a>; hfen, +<a href="#li3024">3024</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-hebban, <i>raise, to lift from, to take away</i>: ws ... icge gold +āhafen of horde, <i>taken up from the hoard</i>, <a href="#li1109">1109</a>; þā ws ... wōp +up āhafen, <i>a cry of distress raised</i>, 128</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgehegan">hegan</a> [ge-hēgan], w. v., <i>to enclose, to fence</i>: þing +gehegan, <i>to mark off the court, hold court</i>. Here figurative: +inf. sceal ... āna gehegan þing wið þyrse (<i>shall alone decide the +matter with Grendel</i>), <a href="#li425">425</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhel">hel</a>, st. f., <i>hell</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li853">853</a>; acc. sg. helle, <a href="#li179">179</a>; +dat. sg. helle, <a href="#li101">101</a>, <a href="#li589">589</a>; (as instr.), <a href="#li789">789</a>; gen. sg. helle, <a href="#li1275">1275</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhelbend">hel-bend</a>, st. m. f. <i>bond of hell</i>: instr. pl. hell-bendum +fst, <a href="#li3073">3073</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhelrūna">hel-rūna</a>, w. m., <i>sorcerer</i>: nom. pl. helrūnan, <a href="#li163">163</a>.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbehelan">helan</a>, st. v., <i>to conceal, to hide</i>: pret. part. +be-holen, <a href="#li414">414</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhelm">helm</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>protection in general, defence, covering +that protects</i>: acc. sg. on helm, <a href="#li1393">1393</a>; under helm, <a href="#li1746">1746</a>.—2) +<i>helmet</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1630">1630</a>; acc. sg. helm, <a href="#li673">673</a>, <a href="#li1023">1023</a>, <a href="#li1527">1527</a>, <a href="#li2988">2988</a>; +(helo, MS.), <a href="#li2724">2724</a>; brūn-fāgne, gold-fāhne helm, <a href="#li2616">2616</a>, <a href="#li2812">2812</a>; dat. sg. +under helme, <a href="#li342">342</a>, <a href="#li404">404</a>; gen. sg. helmes, <a href="#li1031">1031</a>; acc. pl. helmas, <a href="#li240">240</a>, +<a href="#li2639">2639</a>.—3) <i>defence, protector</i>, designation of the king: nom. sg. +helm Scyldinga (Hrōðgār), <a href="#li371">371</a>, <a href="#li456">456</a>, <a href="#li1322">1322</a>; acc. sg. heofena helm +<i>(the defender of the heavens</i> = God), <a href="#li182">182</a>; helm Scylfinga, +<a href="#li2382">2382</a>.—Comp.: grīm-, gūð-, heaðo-, niht-helm.</p> + +<p>ofer-<a class="glentry" name="gloferhelmian">helmian</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to cover over, to overhang</i>: +pres. sg. III. ofer-helmað, <a href="#li1365">1365</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhelmberend">helm-berend</a>, pres. part., <i>helm-wearing</i> (warrior): acc. +pl. helmberend, <a href="#li2518">2518</a>, <a href="#li2643">2643</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhelpan">helpan</a>, st. v., <i>to help</i>: inf. þt him holt-wudu helpan +ne meahte, lind wið līge, <i>that a wooden shield could not help him, +a linden shield against flame</i>, <a href="#li2341">2341</a>; þt him īrenna ecge mihton +helpan t hilde, <a href="#li2685">2685</a>; wutun gangan to, helpan hildfruman, <i>let us +go thitherto help the battle-chief</i>, <a href="#li2650">2650</a>; w. gen. ongan ... mǣges +helpan, <i>began to help my kinsman</i>, <a href="#li2880">2880</a>; so, pret. sg. þǣr hē +his mǣges (MS. mgenes) healp, <a href="#li2699">2699</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhelp">help</a>, m. and f., <i>help, support, maintenance</i>: acc. sg. +helpe, <a href="#li551">551</a>, <a href="#li1553">1553</a>; dat. sg. tō helpe, <a href="#li1831">1831</a>; acc. sg. helpe, <a href="#li2449">2449</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhende">hende</a>, <i>-handed</i>: in comp. īdel-hende.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glher">hēr</a>, adv., <i>here</i>, <a href="#li397">397</a>, <a href="#li1062">1062</a>, <a href="#li1229">1229</a>, <a href="#li1655">1655</a>, <a href="#li1821">1821</a>, <a href="#li2054">2054</a>, +<a href="#li2797">2797</a>, etc.; <i>hither</i>, <a href="#li244">244</a>, <a href="#li361">361</a>, <a href="#li376">376</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhere">here</a> (Goth, harji-s), st. m., <i>army, troops</i>: dat. sg. on +herge, <i>in the army, on a warlike expedition, <a href="#li1249">1249</a>; in the army, +among the fighting men</i>, <a href="#li2639">2639</a>; as instr. herge, <a href="#li2348">2348</a>.—Comp.: +flot-, scip-, sin-here.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glherebrōga">here-brōga</a>, w. m., <i>terror of the army, fear of war</i>: dat. +sg. for here-brōgan, <a href="#li462">462</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glherebyrne">here-byrne</a>, w. f., <i>battle-mail, coat of mail</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li1444">1444</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheregrīma">here-grīma</a>, w. m., <i>battle-mask</i>, i.e. helmet (with +visor): dat. sg. -grīman, <a href="#li396">396</a>, <a href="#li2050">2050</a>, <a href="#li2606">2606</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glherenet">here-net</a>, st. n., <i>battle-net</i>, i.e. coat of mail (of +interlaced rings): nom. sg., <a href="#li1554">1554</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glherenīth">here-nīð</a>, st. m., <i>battle-enmity, battle of armies</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li2475">2475</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glherepād">here-pād</a>, st. f., <i>army-dress</i>, i.e. coat of mail, armor: +nom. sg., <a href="#li2259">2259</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhererinc">here-rinc</a>, st. m., <i>army-hero, hero in battle, warrior</i>: +acc. sg. here-rinc (MS. here ric), <a href="#li1177">1177</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheresceaft">here-sceaft</a>, st. m., <i>battle-shaft</i>, i.e. spear: gen. pl. +here-sceafta hēap, <a href="#li335">335</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glherespēd">here-spēd</a>, st. f., <i>(war-speed), luck in war</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li64">64</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glherestrǣl">here-strǣl</a>, st. m., <i>war-arrow, missile</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1436">1436</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheresyrce">here-syrce</a>, w. f., <i>battle-shirt, shirt of mail</i>: acc. sg. +here-syrcan, <a href="#li1512">1512</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glherewǣd">here-wǣd</a>, st. f., <i>army-dress, coat of mail, armor</i>: dat. +pl. (as instr.) here-wǣdum, <a href="#li1898">1898</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glherewǣsma">here-wǣsma</a>, w. m., <i>war-might, fierce strength in battle</i>: +dat. pl. an here-wǣsmum, <a href="#li678">678</a>.—Leo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glherewīsa">here-wīsa</a>, w. m., <i>leader of the army</i>, i.e. ruler, king: +nom. sg., <a href="#li3021">3021</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glherg">herg, hearg</a>, st. m., <i>image of a god, grove where a god was +worshipped</i>, hence to the Christian a wicked place(?): dat. pl. +hergum geheaðerod, <i>confined in wicked places</i> (parallel with +hell-bendum fst), <a href="#li3073">3073</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glherigean">herigean</a>, w. v. w. dat. of pers., <i>to provide with an army, +to support with an army</i>: pres. sg. I. ic þē wēl herige, +<a href="#li1834">1834</a>.—Leo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhete">hete</a>, st. m., <i>hate, enmity</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li142">142</a>, <a href="#li2555">2555</a>.—Comp.: +ecg-, morðor-, wīg-hete.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhetelīc">hete-līc</a>, adj., <i>hated</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1268">1268</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhetend">hetend, hettend</a>, (pres. part. of hetan, see <a class="glentry" href="#glhatian">hatian</a>), +<i>enemy</i>, hostis: nom. pl. hetende, <a href="#li1829">1829</a>; dat. pl. wið hettendum, +<a href="#li3005">3005</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhetenīth">hete-nīð</a>, st. m., <i>enmity full of hate</i>: acc. pl. +hete-nīðas, <a href="#li152">152</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhetesweng">hete-sweng</a>, st. m., <i>a blow from hate</i>: acc. pl. +hete-swengeas, <a href="#li2226">2226</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhetethanc">hete-þanc</a>, st. m., <i>hate-thought, a hostile design</i>: dat. +pl. mid his hete-þancum, <a href="#li475">475</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhēdan">hēdan, ge-hēdan</a>, w. v. w. gen.: 1) <i>to protect</i>: pret. sg. +ne hēdde hē þs heafolan, <i>did not protect his head</i>, <a href="#li2698">2698</a>.—2) +<i>to obtain</i>: subj. pret. sg. III. gehēdde, <a href="#li505">505</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glherian">herian</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to praise, to commend</i>: with +reference to God, <i>to adore</i>: inf. heofena helm herian ne cūðon, +<i>could not worship the defence of the heavens</i> (God), <a href="#li182">182</a>; nē +hūru Hildeburh herian þorfte Eotena trēowe, <i>had no need to praise +the fidelity of the Eotens</i>, <a href="#li1072">1072</a>; pres. subj. þt mon his +wine-dryhten wordum herge, <a href="#li3177">3177</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgeheatherian">heaðerian</a>, w. v., <i>to force, to press in</i>: pret. part. +ge-heaðerod, <a href="#li3073">3073</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathobyrne">heaðo-byrne</a>, w. f., <i>battle-mail, shirt of mail</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li1553">1553</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathodēor">heaðo-dēor</a>, adj., <i>bold in battle, brave</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li689">689</a>; +dat. pl. heaðo-dēorum, <a href="#li773">773</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathofyr">heaðo-fyr</a>, st. n., <i>battle-fire, hostile fire</i>: gen. sg. +heaðu-fȳres, <a href="#li2523">2523</a>; instr. pl. heaðo-fȳrum, <a href="#li2548">2548</a>, of the drake's +fire-spewing.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathogrim">heaðo-grim</a>, adj., <i>grim in battle</i>, <a href="#li548">548</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathohelm">heaðo-helm</a>, st. m., <i>battle-helmet, war-helmet</i>: nom. sg., +3157(?).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheatholāc">heaðo-lāc</a>, st. n., <i>battle-play, battle</i>: dat. sg. t +heaðo-lāce, <a href="#li584">584</a>; gen. sg. heaðo-lāces hāl, <a href="#li1975">1975</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathomǣre">heaðo-mǣre</a>, adj., <i>renowned in battle</i>: acc. pl. -mǣre, +<a href="#li2803">2803</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathorǣs">heaðo-rǣs</a>, st. m., <i>storm of battle, attack in battle, +entrance by force</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li557">557</a>; acc. pl. -rǣsas, <a href="#li1048">1048</a>; gen. pl. +-rǣsa, <a href="#li526">526</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathorēaf">heaðo-rēaf</a>, st. n., <i>battle-dress, equipment for battle</i>: +acc. sg. heaðo-rēaf hēoldon (<i>kept the equipments</i>), <a href="#li401">401</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathorinc">heaðo-rinc</a>, st. m., <i>battle-hero, warrior</i>: acc. sg. þone +heaðo-rinc (Hrēðel's son, Hðcyn), <a href="#li2467">2467</a>; dat. pl. þǣm heaðo-rincum, +<a href="#li370">370</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathorōf">heaðo-rōf</a>, adj., <i>renowned in battle</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li381">381</a>; nom. +pl. heaðo-rōfe, <a href="#li865">865</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathoscearp">heaðo-scearp</a>, adj., <i>sharp in battle, bold</i>: n. m. pl. +(-scearde, MS.), <a href="#li2830">2830</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathosēoc">heaðo-sēoc</a>, adj., <i>battle-sick</i>: dat. sg. -sīocum, <a href="#li2755">2755</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathostēap">heaðo-stēap</a>, adj., <i>high in battle, excelling in battle</i>: +nom. sg. in weak form, heaðo-stēapa, <a href="#li1246">1246</a>; acc. sg. heaðo-stēapne, +<a href="#li2154">2154</a>, both times of the helmet.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathoswāt">heaðo-swāt</a>, st. m., <i>blood of battle</i>: dat. sg. +heaðo-swāte, <a href="#li1607">1607</a>; as instr., <a href="#li1461">1461</a>; gen. pl. hātost heaðo-swāta, <a href="#li1669">1669</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathosweng">heaðo-sweng</a>, st. m., <i>battle-stroke</i> (blow of the sword): +dat. sg. fter heaðu-swenge, <a href="#li2582">2582</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathotorht">heaðo-torht</a>, adj., <i>loud, clear in battle</i>: nom. sg. stefn +... heaðo-torht, <i>the voice clear in battle</i>, <a href="#li2554">2554</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathowǣd">heaðo-wǣd</a>, st. f., <i>battle-dress, coat of mail, armor</i>: +instr. pl. heaðo-wǣdum, <a href="#li39">39</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathoweorc">heaðo-weorc</a>, st. n., <i>battle-work, battle</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li2893">2893</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathowylm">heaðo-wylm</a>, st. m., <i>hostile (flame-) wave</i>: acc. pl. hāte +heaðo-wylmas, <a href="#li2820">2820</a>; gen. pl. heaðo-wylma, <a href="#li82">82</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheaf">heaf</a>, st. n., <i>sea</i>: acc. pl. ofer heafo, <a href="#li2478">2478</a>. See <a href="#note1863">Note</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheafola">heafola</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhafela">hafela</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheal">heal</a>, st. f., <i>hall, main apartment, large building</i> +(consisting of an assembly-hall and a banqueting-hall): nom. sg. heal, +<a href="#li1152">1152</a>, <a href="#li1215">1215</a>; heall, <a href="#li487">487</a>; acc. sg. healle, <a href="#li1088">1088</a>; dat. sg. healle, <a href="#li89">89</a>, +<a href="#li615">615</a>, <a href="#li643">643</a>, <a href="#li664">664</a>, <a href="#li926">926</a>, <a href="#li1010">1010</a>, <a href="#li1927">1927</a>, etc.; gen. sg. [healle], <a href="#li389">389</a>.—Comp.: +gif-, meodo-heal.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhealrn">heal-rn</a>, st. n., <i>hall-building, hall-house</i>: gen. sg. +heal-rna, <a href="#li78">78</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhealgamen">heal-gamen</a>, st. n., <i>social enjoyment in the hall, +hall-joy</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1067">1067</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhealreced">heal-reced</a>, st. n., <i>hall-building</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li68">68</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhealsittend">heal-sittend</a>, pres. part., <i>sitting in the hall</i> (at the +banquet): dat. pl. heal-sittendum, <a href="#li2869">2869</a>; gen. pl. heal-sittendra, +<a href="#li2016">2016</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhealthegn">heal-þegn</a>, st. m., <i>hall-thane</i>, i.e. a warrior who holds +the hall: gen. sg. heal-þegnes, of Grendel, <a href="#li142">142</a>; acc. pl. heal-þegnas, +of Bēowulfs band, <a href="#li720">720</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhealwudu">heal-wudu</a>, <i>hall-wood</i>, i.e. hall built of wood: nom. sg., +<a href="#li1318">1318</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhealdan">healdan</a>, st. v. w. acc.: 1) <i>to hold, to hold fast; to +support</i>: pret. pl. hū þā stānbogan ... ēce eorðreced innan hēoldon (MS. +healde), <i>how the arches of rock within held the everlasting +earth-house</i>, <a href="#li2720">2720</a>. Pret. sg., with a person as object: hēold hine to +fste, <i>held him too fast</i>, <a href="#li789">789</a>; w. the dat. hē him frēondlārum hēold, +<i>supported him with friendly advice</i>, <a href="#li2378">2378</a>.—2) <i>to hold, to watch, +to preserve, to keep</i>; reflexive, <i>to maintain one's self, to keep +one's self</i>: pres. sg. II. eal þū hit geþyldum healdest, mgen mid mōdes +snyttrum, <i>all that preservest thou continuously, strength and wisdom of +mind</i>, <a href="#li1706">1706</a>; III. healdeð hige-mēðum hēafod-wearde, <i>holds for the +dead the head-watch</i>, <a href="#li2910">2910</a>; imp. sg. II. heald forð tela nīwe sibbe, +<i>keep well, from now on, the new relationship</i>, <a href="#li949">949</a>; heald (heold, +MS.) þū nū hrūse ... eorla ǣhte, <i>preserve thou now, Earth, the noble +men's possessions</i>, <a href="#li2248">2248</a>; inf. sē þe holmclifu healdan scolde, <i>watch +the sea-cliffs</i>, <a href="#li230">230</a>; so, <a href="#li705">705</a>; nacan ... ārum healdan, <i>to keep well +your vessel</i>, <a href="#li296">296</a>; wearde healdan, <a href="#li319">319</a>; forlēton eorla gestrēon eorðan +healdan, <a href="#li3168">3168</a>; pres. part. drēam healdende, <i>holding rejoicing</i> (i.e. +thou who art rejoicing), <a href="#li1228">1228</a>; pret. sg. hēold hine syððan fyr and fstor, +<i>kept himself afterwards afar and more secure</i>, <a href="#li142">142</a>; ǣgwearde hēold, +<i>I have (hitherto) kept watch on the sea</i>, <a href="#li241">241</a>; so, <a href="#li305">305</a>; hīold +hēah-lufan wið hleða brego, <i>preserved high love</i>, <a href="#li1955">1955</a>; ginfstan +gife ... hēold, <a href="#li2184">2184</a>; gold-māðmas hēold, <i>took care of the treasures of +gold</i>, <a href="#li2415">2415</a>; hēold mīn tela, <i>protected well mine own</i>, <a href="#li2738">2738</a>; þonne +... sceft ... nytte hēold, <i>had employment, was employed</i>, <a href="#li3119">3119</a>; hēold +mec, <i>protected</i>, i.e. brought me up, <a href="#li2431">2431</a>; pret. pl. heaðo-rēaf +hēoldon, <i>watched over the armor</i>, <a href="#li401">401</a>; sg. for pl. hēafodbeorge ... +walan ūtan hēold, <i>outwards, bosses kept guard over the head</i>, +<a href="#li1032">1032</a>.—Related to the preceding meaning are the two following: 3) <i>to +rule and protect the fatherland</i>: inf. gif þū healdan wylt maga rice, +<a href="#li1853">1853</a>; pret. hēold, <a href="#li57">57</a>, <a href="#li2738">2738</a>.—4) <i>to hold, to have, to possess, to +inhabit</i>: inf. lēt þone brego-stōl Bēowulf healdan, <a href="#li2390">2390</a>; gerund. tō +healdanne hlēoburh wera, <a href="#li1732">1732</a>; pret. sg. hēold, <a href="#li103">103</a>, <a href="#li161">161</a>, <a href="#li466">466</a>, <a href="#li1749">1749</a>, <a href="#li2752">2752</a>; +lyftwynne hēold nihtes hwīlum, <i>at night-time had the enjoyment of the +air</i>, <a href="#li3044">3044</a>; pret. pl. Gēata lēode hreāwic hēoldon, <i>the Gēatas held +the place of corpses</i> (lay dead upon it), <a href="#li1215">1215</a>; pret. sg. þǣr hēo ǣr +mǣste hēold worolde wynne, <i>in which she formerly possessed the highest +earthly joy</i>, <a href="#li1080">1080</a>.—5) <i>to win, to receive</i>: pret. pl. I. heoldon +hēah gesceap, <i>we received a heavy fate, heavy fate befell us</i>, <a href="#li3085">3085</a>.</p> + +<p>be-healdan, w. acc.: 1) <i>to take care of, to attend to</i>: pret. +sg. þegn nytte behēold, <i>a thane discharged the office</i>, <a href="#li494">494</a>; so, +<a href="#li668">668</a>.—2) <i>to hold</i>: pret. sg. sē þe flōda begong ... behēold, +<a href="#li1499">1499</a>.—3) <i>to look at, to behold</i>: þrȳðswȳð behēold mǣg Higelāces +hū ..., <i>great woe saw H.'s kinsman, how ...</i>, <a href="#li737">737</a>.</p> + +<p>for-healdan, w. acc., <i>(to hold badly), to fall away from, to +rebel</i>: pret. part. hfdon hȳ forhealden helm Scylfinga, <i>had +rebelled against the defender of the Scylfings</i>, <a href="#li2382">2382</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-healdan: 1) <i>to hold, to receive, to hold fast</i>: pres. sg. +III. sē þe waldendes hyldo gehealdeð, <i>who receives the Lord's +grace</i>, <a href="#li2294">2294</a>; pres. subj. fder alwalda ... ēowic gehealde sīða +gesunde, <i>keep you sound on your journey</i>, <a href="#li317">317</a>; inf. ne meahte +hē ... on þām frum-gāre feorh gehealdan, <i>could not hold back the +life in his lord</i>, <a href="#li2857">2857</a>.—2) <i>to take care, to preserve, to watch +over; to stop</i>: imp. sg. hafa nū and geheald hūsa sēlest, <a href="#li659">659</a>; inf. +gehealdan hēt hilde-geatwe, <a href="#li675">675</a>; pret. sg. hē frtwe gehēold fela +missēra, <a href="#li2621">2621</a>; þone þe ǣr gehēold wið hettendum hord and rīce, <i>him +who before preserved treasure and realm</i>, <a href="#li3004">3004</a>.—3) <i>to rule</i>: +inf. folc gehealdan, <a href="#li912">912</a>; pret. sg. gehēold tela (brāde rīce), <a href="#li2209">2209</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhealf">healf</a>, st. f., <i>half, side, part</i>: acc. sg. on þā healfe, +<i>towards this side</i>, <a href="#li1676">1676</a>; dat. sg. hleðum be healfe, <i>at the +heroes' side</i>, <a href="#li2263">2263</a>; acc. pl. on twā healfa, <i>upon two sides, +mutually</i>, <a href="#li1096">1096</a>; on bā healfa (healfe), <i>on both sides</i> (to +Grendel and his mother), <a href="#li1306">1306</a>; <i>on two sides, on both sides</i>, +<a href="#li2064">2064</a>; gen. pl. on healfa gehwone, <i>in half, through the middle</i>, +<a href="#li801">801</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhealf">healf</a>, adj., <i>half</i>: gen. sg. healfre, <a href="#li1088">1088</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheals">heals</a>, st. m., <i>neck</i>: acc. sg. heals, <a href="#li2692">2692</a>; dat. sg. wið +halse, <a href="#li1567">1567</a>; be healse, <a href="#li1873">1873</a>.—Comp.: the adjectives fāmig-, +wunden-heals.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhealsbēah">heals-bēah</a>, st. m., <i>neck-ring, collar</i>: acc. sg. þone +heals-bēah, <a href="#li2173">2173</a>; gen. pl. heals-bēaga, <a href="#li1196">1196</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhealsgebedde">heals-gebedde</a>, w. f., <i>beloved bedfellow, wife</i>: nom. sg. +healsgebedde (MS. healsgebedda), <a href="#li63">63</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhealsian">healsian</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to entreat earnestly, to +implore</i>: pret. sg. þā se þēoden mec ... healsode hrēoh-mōd þt..., +<i>entreated me sorrowful, that</i>..., <a href="#li2133">2133</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheard">heard</a>, adj.: 1) of persons, <i>able, efficient in war, strong, +brave</i>: nom. sg. heard, <a href="#li342">342</a>, <a href="#li376">376</a>, <a href="#li404">404</a>, <a href="#li1575">1575</a>, <a href="#li2540">2540</a>, etc.; in weak +form, se hearda, <a href="#li401">401</a>, <a href="#li1964">1964</a>; se hearda þegn, <a href="#li2978">2978</a>; þes hearda hēap, +<a href="#li432">432</a>; nom. pl. hearde hilde-frecan, <a href="#li2206">2206</a>; gen. pl. heardra, <a href="#li989">989</a>. +Comparative: acc. sg. heardran hle, <a href="#li720">720</a>. With accompanying gen.: +wīges heard, <i>strong in battle</i>, <a href="#li887">887</a>; dat. sg. nīða heardum, +<a href="#li2171">2171</a>.—2) of the implements of war, <i>good, firm, sharp, hard</i>: +nom. sg. (gūð-byrne, līc-syrce) heard, <a href="#li322">322</a>, <a href="#li551">551</a>. In weak form: masc. +here-strǣl hearda, <a href="#li1436">1436</a>; se hearda helm, <a href="#li2256">2256</a>; neutr. here-net hearde, +<a href="#li1554">1554</a>; acc. sg. (swurd, wǣpen), heard, <a href="#li540">540</a>, <a href="#li2688">2688</a>, <a href="#li2988">2988</a>; nom. pl. hearde +... homera lāfe, <a href="#li2830">2830</a>; heard and hring-mǣl Heaðobeardna gestrēon, +<a href="#li2038">2038</a>; acc. pl. heard sweord, <a href="#li2639">2639</a>. Of other things, <i>hard, rough, +harsh, hard to bear</i>: acc. sg. hreðer-bealo hearde, <a href="#li1344">1344</a>; nom. sg. +wrōht ... heard, <a href="#li2915">2915</a>; here-nīð hearda, <a href="#li2475">2475</a>; acc. sg. heoro-sweng +heardne, <a href="#li1591">1591</a>; instr. sg. heardan cēape, <a href="#li2483">2483</a>; instr. pl. heardan, +heardum clammum, <a href="#li964">964</a>, <a href="#li1336">1336</a>; gen. pl. heardra hȳnða, <a href="#li166">166</a>. Compar.: acc. +sg. heardran feohtan, <a href="#li576">576</a>.—Comp.: fȳr-, īren-, nīð-, regn-, +scūr-heard.</p> + +<p>hearde, adv., <i>hard, very</i>, <a href="#li1439">1439</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheardecg">heard-ecg</a>, adj., <i>sharp-edged, hard, good in battle</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li1289">1289</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheardfyrde">heard-fyrde</a>, adj., <i>hard to take away, heavy</i>: acc. sg. +hard-fyrdne, <a href="#li2246">2246</a>.—Leo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheardhycgend">heard-hycgend</a>, pres. part. <i>of a warlike disposition, +brave</i>: nom. pl. -hicgende, <a href="#li394">394</a>, <a href="#li800">800</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheargtrf">hearg-trf</a>, st. n., <i>tent of the gods, temple</i>: dat. pl. +t hrg-trafum (MS. hrǣrg trafum), <a href="#li175">175</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhearm">hearm</a>, st. m., <i>harm, injury, insult</i>: dat. sg. mid +hearme, <a href="#li1893">1893</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhearmsceatha">hearm-sceaða</a>, w. m., <i>enemy causing injury</i> or +<i>grief</i>: nom. sg. hearm-scaða, <a href="#li767">767</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhearpe">hearpe</a>, w. f., <i>harp</i>: gen. sg. hearpan swēg, <a href="#li89">89</a>, <a href="#li3024">3024</a>; +hearpan wynne (wyn), <a href="#li2108">2108</a>, <a href="#li2263">2263</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhēathu">hēaðu</a>, st. f., <i>sea, waves</i>: acc. sg. hēaðu, 1863?</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhēathulīthend">hēaðu-līðend</a>, pres. part., <i>sea-farer, sailor</i>: nom. pl. +-līðende, <a href="#li1799">1799</a>; dat. pl. -līðendum (designation of the Gēatas), <a href="#li2956">2956</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhēafod">hēafod</a>, st. n., <i>head</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li48">48</a>, <a href="#li1640">1640</a>; dat. sg. +hēafde, <a href="#li1591">1591</a>, <a href="#li2291">2291</a>, <a href="#li2974">2974</a>; dat. pl. hēafdum, <a href="#li1243">1243</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhēafodbeorh">hēafod-beorh</a>, st. f., <i>head-defence, protection for the +head</i>: acc. sg. hēafod-beorge, <a href="#li1031">1031</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhēafodmǣg">hēafod-mǣg</a>, st. m., <i>head-kinsman, near blood-relative</i>: +dat. pl. hēafod-mǣgum (<i>brothers</i>), <a href="#li589">589</a>; gen. pl. hēafod-māga, +<a href="#li2152">2152</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhēafodsegn">hēafod-segn</a>, st. n., <i>head-sign, banner</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li2153">2153</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhēafodweard">hēafod-weard</a>, st. f., <i>head-watch</i> acc. sg. healdeð ... +hēafod-wearde lēofes and lāðes, <i>for the friend and the foe</i> +(Bēowulf and the drake, who lie dead near each other), <a href="#li2910">2910</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhēah">hēah, hēa</a>, adj., <i>high, noble</i> (in composition, also +primus): nom. sg. hēah Healfdene, <a href="#li57">57</a>; hēa (Higelāc), <a href="#li1927">1927</a>; hēah +(sele), <a href="#li82">82</a>; hēah hlǣw, <a href="#li2806">2806</a>, <a href="#li3159">3159</a>; acc. sg. hēah (segn), <a href="#li48">48</a>, <a href="#li2769">2769</a>; +hēahne (MS. hēanne) hrōf, <a href="#li984">984</a>; dat. sg. in (tō) sele þām hēan, <a href="#li714">714</a>, +<a href="#li920">920</a>; gen. sg. hēan hūses, <a href="#li116">116</a>.—<i>high, heavy</i>: acc. hēah gesceap +(<i>an unusual, heavy fate</i>), <a href="#li3085">3085</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhēaburh">hēa-burh</a>, st. f., <i>high city, first city of a country</i>: +acc. sg., <a href="#li1128">1128</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhēahcyning">hēah-cyning</a>, st. m., <i>high king, mightiest of the kings</i>: +gen. sg. -cyninges (of Hrōðgār), <a href="#li1040">1040</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhēahgestrēon">hēah-gestrēon</a>, st. n., <i>splendid treasure</i>: gen. pl. +-gestrēona, <a href="#li2303">2303</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhēahlufe">hēah-lufe</a>, w. f., <i>high love</i>: acc. sg. hēah-lufan, <a href="#li1955">1955</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhēahsele">hēah-sele</a>, st. m., <i>high hall, first hall in the land, hall +of the ruler</i>: dat. sg. hēah-sele, <a href="#li648">648</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhēahsetl">hēah-setl</a>, st. n., <i>high seat, throne</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1088">1088</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhēahstede">hēah-stede</a>, st. m., <i>high place, ruler's place</i>: dat. sg. +on hēah-stede, <a href="#li285">285</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhēan">hēan</a>, adj., <i>depressed, low, despised, miserable</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li1275">1275</a>, <a href="#li2100">2100</a>, <a href="#li2184">2184</a>, <a href="#li2409">2409</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhēap">hēap</a>, st. m., <i>heap, crowd, troop</i>: nom. sg. þegna hēap, +<a href="#li400">400</a>; þes hearda hēap, <i>this brave band</i>, <a href="#li432">432</a>; acc. sg. +here-sceafta hēap, <i>the crowd of spears</i>, <a href="#li335">335</a>; mago-rinca hēap, +<a href="#li731">731</a>; dat. sg. on hēape, <i>in a compact body</i>, as many as there +were of them, <a href="#li2597">2597</a>.—Comp. wīg-hēap.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhēawan">hēawan</a>, st. v., <i>to hew, to cleave</i>: inf., <a href="#li801">801</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-hēawan, <i>cleave</i>: pres. subj. ge-hēawe, <a href="#li683">683</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheothu">heoðu</a>, st. f., <i>the interior of a building</i>: dat. sg. þt +hē on heoðe gestōd, <i>in the interior</i> (of the hall, Heorot), <a href="#li404">404</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheofon">heofon</a>, st. m., <i>heaven</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li3157">3157</a>; dat. sg. hefene, +<a href="#li1572">1572</a>; gen. sg. heofenes, <a href="#li414">414</a>, <a href="#li576">576</a>, <a href="#li1802">1802</a>, etc.; gen. pl. heofena, <a href="#li182">182</a>; +dat. pl. under heofenum, <a href="#li52">52</a>, <a href="#li505">505</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheolfor">heolfor</a>, st. n., <i>gore, fresh</i> or <i>crude blood</i>: dat. +instr. sg. hātan heolfre, <a href="#li850">850</a>, <a href="#li1424">1424</a>; heolfre, <a href="#li2139">2139</a>; under heolfre, +<a href="#li1303">1303</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheolster">heolster</a>, st. n., <i>haunt, hiding-place</i>: acc. sg. on +heolster, <a href="#li756">756</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheonan">heonan</a>, adv., <i>hence, from here</i>: heonan, <a href="#li252">252</a>; heonon, +<a href="#li1362">1362</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheor">heor</a>, st. m., <i>door-hinge</i>: nom. pl. heorras, <a href="#li1000">1000</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheorde">heorde</a>, adj. See <a class="glentry" href="#glwundenheorde">wunden-heorde</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheorthgenēat">heorð-genēat</a>, st. m., <i>hearth-companion</i>, i.e. a vassal of +the king, in whose castle he receives his livelihood: nom. pl. +heorð-genēatas, <a href="#li261">261</a>, <a href="#li3181">3181</a>; acc. pl. heorð-genēatas, <a href="#li1581">1581</a>, <a href="#li2181">2181</a>; dat. +pl. heorð-genēatum, <a href="#li2419">2419</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheorot">heorot</a>, st. m., <i>stag</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1370">1370</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheorte">heorte</a>, w. f., <i>heart</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2562">2562</a>; dat. sg. t +heortan, <a href="#li2271">2271</a>; gen. sg. heortan, <a href="#li2464">2464</a>, <a href="#li2508">2508</a>.—Comp.: the adjectives +blīð-, grom-, rūm-, stearc-heort.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheoru">heoru</a>, st. m., <i>sword</i>: nom. sg. heoru bunden (cf. under +<a class="glentry" href="#glbindan">bīndan</a>), <a href="#li1286">1286</a>. In some of the following compounds heoro- seems +to be confounded with here- (see <a class="glentry" href="#glhere">here</a>).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheoroblāc">heoro-blāc</a>, adj., <i>pale through the sword, fatally +wounded</i>: nom. sg. [heoro-]blāc, <a href="#li2489">2489</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheorudrēor">heoru-drēor</a>, st. m., <i>sword-blood</i>: instr. sg. +heoru-drēore, <a href="#li487">487</a>; heoro-drēore, <a href="#li850">850</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheorodrēorig">heoro-drēorig</a>, adj., <i>bloody through the sword</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li936">936</a>; acc. sg. heoro-drēorigne, <a href="#li1781">1781</a>, <a href="#li2721">2721</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheorodrync">heoro-drync</a>, st. m., <i>sword-drink</i>, i.e. blood shed by the +sword: instr. pl. hioro-dryncum swealt, <i>died through +sword-drink</i>, i.e. struck by the sword, <a href="#li2359">2359</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheorogīfre">heoro-gīfre</a>, adj., <i>eager for hostile inroads</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li1499">1499</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheorogrim">heoro-grim</a>, adj., <i>sword-grim, fierce in battle</i>: nom. sg. +m., <a href="#li1565">1565</a>; fem. -grimme, <a href="#li1848">1848</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheorohōcihte">heoro-hōcihte</a>, adj., <i>provided with barbs, sharp like swords +</i>: instr. pl. mid eofer-sprēotum heoro-hōcyhtum, <a href="#li1439">1439</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheoroserce">heoro-serce</a>, w. f., <i>shirt of mail</i>: acc. sg. +hioro-sercean, <a href="#li2540">2540</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheorosweng">heoro-sweng</a>, st. m., <i>sword-stroke</i>: acc. sg. <a href="#li1591">1591</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheoroweallende">heoro-weallende</a>, pres. part., <i>rolling around fighting</i>, +of the drake, <a href="#li2782">2782</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glweallian">weallian</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheorowearh">heoro-wearh</a>, st. m. <i>he who is sword-cursed, who is destined +to die by the sword</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1268">1268</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhēofan">hēofan</a>, w. v., <i>to lament, to moan</i>: part. nom. pl. +hīofende, <a href="#li3143">3143</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glāhēoran">ā-hēoran</a>, <i>to free</i> (?): w. acc. pret. sg. brȳd āhēorde, +<a href="#li2931">2931</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhēore">hēore</a>, adj., <i>pleasant, not haunted, secure</i>: nom. sg. +fem, nis þt hēoru stōw, <i>that is no secure place</i>, <a href="#li1373">1373</a>.—Comp. +un-hēore (-hȳre).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhider">hider</a>, adv., <i>hither</i>, <a href="#li240">240</a>, <a href="#li370">370</a>, <a href="#li394">394</a>, <a href="#li3093">3093</a>, etc.</p> + +<p>ofer-<a class="glentry" name="gloferhīgian">hīgian</a>, w. v. (according to the connection, probably), +<i>to exceed</i>, <a href="#li2767">2767</a>. (O.H.G. ubar-hugjan, <i>to be arrogant</i>.)</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhild">hild</a>, st. f., <i>battle, combat</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li452">452</a>, <a href="#li902">902</a>, <a href="#li1482">1482</a>, +<a href="#li2077">2077</a>; hild heoru-grimme, <a href="#li1848">1848</a>; acc. sg. hilde, <a href="#li648">648</a>; instr. sg. hilde, +<i>through combat</i>, <a href="#li2917">2917</a>; dat. sg. t hilde, <a href="#li1461">1461</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildebil">hilde-bil</a>, st. n., <i>battle-sword</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1667">1667</a>; instr. +dat. sg. hilde-bille, <a href="#li557">557</a>, <a href="#li1521">1521</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildebord">hilde-bord</a>, st. n., <i>battle-shield</i>: acc. pl. hilde-bord, +<a href="#li397">397</a>; instr. pl. -bordum, <a href="#li3140">3140</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildecyst">hilde-cyst</a>, st. f., <i>excellence in battle, bravery in +battle</i>: instr. pl. -cystum, <a href="#li2599">2599</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildedēor">hilde-dēor</a>, adj., <i>bold in battle, brave in battle</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li312">312</a>, <a href="#li835">835</a>, <a href="#li1647">1647</a>, <a href="#li1817">1817</a>; hilde-dīor, <a href="#li3112">3112</a>; nom. pl. hilde-dēore, +<a href="#li3171">3171</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildefreca">hilde-freca</a>, w. m., <i>hero in battle</i>: nom. pl. +hilde-frecan, <a href="#li2206">2206</a>; dat. sg. hild-frecan, <a href="#li2367">2367</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildegeatwe">hilde-geatwe</a>, st. f. pl., <i>equipment for battle, adornment +for combat</i>: acc. hilde-geatwe, <a href="#li675">675</a>; gen. -geatwa, <a href="#li2363">2363</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildegicel">hilde-gicel</a>, st. m., <i>battle-icicle</i>, i.e. the blood which +hangs upon the sword-blades like icicles: instr. pl. hilde-gicelum, +<a href="#li1607">1607</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildegrāp">hilde-grāp</a>, st. f., <i>battle-gripe</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1447">1447</a>, <a href="#li2508">2508</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildehlemma">hilde-hlemma</a>, w. m., <i>one raging in battle, warrior, +fighter</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2352">2352</a>, <a href="#li2545">2545</a>; dat. pl. eft þt ge-īode ... +hilde-hlmmum, <i>it happened to the warriors</i> (the Gēatas), <a href="#li2202">2202</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildelēoma">hilde-lēoma</a>, w. m., <i>battle-light, gleam of battle</i>, +hence: 1) the fire-spewing of the drake in the fight: nom. pl. +-lēoman, <a href="#li2584">2584</a>.—2) <i>the gleaming sword</i>: acc. sg. -lēoman, <a href="#li1144">1144</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildemecg">hilde-mecg</a>, st. m., <i>man of battle, warrior</i>: nom. pl. +hilde-mecgas, <a href="#li800">800</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildemēce">hilde-mēce</a>, st. m., <i>battle-sword</i>: nom. pl. -mēceas, +<a href="#li2203">2203</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhilderand">hilde-rand</a>, st. m., <i>battle-shield</i>: acc. pl. -randas, +<a href="#li1243">1243</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhllderǣs">hllde-rǣs</a>, st. m., <i>storm of battle</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li300">300</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhilderinc">hilde-rinc</a>, st. m., <i>man of battle, warrior, hero</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li1308">1308</a>, <a href="#li3125">3125</a>, <a href="#li3137">3137</a>; dat. sg. hilde-rince, <a href="#li1496">1496</a>; gen. sg. +hilde-rinces, <a href="#li987">987</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildesd">hilde-sd</a>, adj., <i>satiated with battle, not wishing to fight +any more</i>: acc. sg. hilde-sdne, <a href="#li2724">2724</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildesceorp">hilde-sceorp</a>, st. n., <i>battle-dress, armor, coat of mail</i>: +acc. sg., <a href="#li2156">2156</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildesetl">hilde-setl</a>, st. n., <i>battle-seat</i> (saddle): nom. sg., +<a href="#li1040">1040</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildestrengo">hilde-strengo</a>, st. f., <i>battle-strength, bravery in +battle</i>: acc., <a href="#li2114">2114</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildeswāt">hilde-swāt</a>, st. m., <i>battle-sweat</i>: nom. sg. hāt +hilde-swāt (the hot, damp breath of the drake as he rushes on), <a href="#li2559">2559</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildetūx">hilde-tūx</a>, st. m., <i>battle-tooth</i>: instr. pl. hilde-tūxum, +<a href="#li1512">1512</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildewǣpen">hilde-wǣpen</a>, st. m., <i>battle-weapon</i>: instr. pl. -wǣpnum, +<a href="#li39">39</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildewīsa">hilde-wīsa</a>, w. m., <i>leader in battle, general</i>: dat. sg. +fore Healfdenes hildewīsan, <i>Healfdene's general</i> (Hnf), <a href="#li1065">1065</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildfreca">hild-freca</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhildefreca">hilde-freca</a></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildfruma">hild-fruma</a>, st. m., <i>battle-chief</i>: dat. sg. -fruma, <a href="#li1679">1679</a>, +<a href="#li2650">2650</a>; gen. sg. þs hild-fruman, <a href="#li2836">2836</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlldlata">hlld-lata</a>, w. m., <i>he who is late in battle, coward</i>: nom. +pl. þā hild-latan, <a href="#li2847">2847</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhilt">hilt</a>, st. n., <i>sword-hilt</i>: nom. gylden hilt, <a href="#li1678">1678</a>; acc. +sg. þt hilt, <a href="#li1669">1669</a>; hylt, <a href="#li1668">1668</a>. Also used in the plural; acc. þā hilt, +<a href="#li1615">1615</a>; dat. pl, be hiltum, <a href="#li1575">1575</a>.—Comp.: fetel-, wreoðen-hilt.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhiltecumbor">hilte-cumbor</a>, st. n., <i>banner with a staff</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li1023">1023</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhilted">hilted</a>, pret. part., <i>provided with a hilt</i> or +<i>handle</i>: acc. sg. heard swyrd hiked, <i>sword with a</i> (rich) +<i>hilt</i>, <a href="#li2988">2988</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhinfūs">hin-fūs</a>, adj., <i>ready to die</i>: nom. sg. hyge ws him +hinfūs (i.e. he felt that he should not survive), <a href="#li756">756</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhindema">hindema</a>, adj. superl., <i>hindmost, last</i>: instr. sg. +hindeman sīðe, <i>the last time, for the last time</i>, <a href="#li2050">2050</a>, <a href="#li2518">2518</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhirde">hirde, hyrde</a>, st. m., (<i>herd</i>) <i>keeper, guardian, +possessor</i>: nom. sg. folces hyrde, <a href="#li611">611</a>, <a href="#li1833">1833</a>, <a href="#li2982">2982</a>; rīces hyrde, +<a href="#li2028">2028</a>; fyrena hyrde, <i>the guardian of mischief, wicked one</i>, <a href="#li751">751</a>, +<a href="#li2220">2220</a>; wuldres hyrde, <i>the king of glory, God</i>, <a href="#li932">932</a>; hringa hyrde, +<i>the keeper of the rings</i>, <a href="#li2246">2246</a>; cumbles hyrde, <i>the possessor +of the banner, the bearer of the banner</i>, <a href="#li2506">2506</a>; folces hyrde, <a href="#li1850">1850</a>; +frtwa hyrde, <a href="#li3134">3134</a>; rīces hyrde, <a href="#li3081">3081</a>; acc. pl. hūses hyrdas, +<a href="#li1667">1667</a>.—Comp.: grund-hyrde.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhit">hit</a> (O.N. hita), st. f. (?), <i>heat</i>: nom. sg. þenden hyt +sȳ, <a href="#li2650">2650</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhladan">hladan</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to load, to lay</i>: inf. on bǣl hladan +lēofne mannan, <i>lay the dear man on the funeral-pile</i>, <a href="#li2127">2127</a>; him +on bearm hladan bunan and discas, <i>laid cups and plates upon his +bosom, loaded himself with them</i>, <a href="#li2776">2776</a>; pret. part. þǣr ws wunden +gold on wǣn hladen, <i>laid upon the wain</i>, <a href="#li3135">3135</a>.—2) <i>to load, +to burden</i>: pret. part. þā ws ... sǣgēap naca hladen herewǣdum, +<i>loaded with armor</i>, <a href="#li1898">1898</a>.—Comp. gilp-hlden.</p> + +<p>ge-hladan, w. acc., <i>to load, to burden</i>: pret. sg. sǣbāt gehlōd +(MS gehleod), <a href="#li896">896</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlāford">hlāford</a>, st. m., <i>lord, ruler</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2376">2376</a>; acc. sg., +<a href="#li267">267</a>; dat. sg. hlāforde, <a href="#li2635">2635</a>; gen. sg. hlāfordes, <a href="#li3181">3181</a>.—Comp. +eald-hlāford.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlāfordlēas">hlāford-lēas</a>; adj., <i>without a lord</i>: nom. pl. +hlāford-lēase, <a href="#li2936">2936</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlāw">hlāw, hlǣw</a>, st. m., <i>grave-hill</i>: acc. sg. hlǣw, <a href="#li2803">2803</a>, +<a href="#li3159">3159</a>, <a href="#li3171">3171</a>; dat. sg. for hlāwe, <a href="#li1121">1121</a>. Also, <i>grave-chamber</i> (the +interior of the grave-hill), <i>cave</i>: acc. sg. hlāw [under] +hrūsan, <a href="#li2277">2277</a>; hlǣw under hrūsan, <a href="#li2412">2412</a>; dat. sg. on hlǣwe, <a href="#li2774">2774</a>. The +drake dwells in the rocky cavern which the former owner of his +treasure had chosen as his burial-place, <a href="#li2242">2242-2271</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlst">hlst</a>, st. n., <i>burden, load</i>: dat. sg. hlste, <a href="#li52">52</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlem">hlem</a>, st. m., <i>noise, din of battle, noisy attack</i>: in the +compounds, ūht-, wl-hlem.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlemma">hlemma</a>, w. m., <i>one raging, one who calls</i>; see +<a class="glentry" href="#glhildehlemma">hilde-hlemma</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glāhlehhan">ā-hlehhan</a>, st. v., <i>to laugh aloud, to shout, to exult</i>: +pret. sg. his mōd āhlōg, <i>his mood exulted</i>, <a href="#li731">731</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhleahtor">hleahtor</a>, st. m., <i>laughter</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li612">612</a>; acc. sg., +<a href="#li3021">3021</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlēapan">hlēapan</a>, st. v., <i>to run, to trot, to spring</i>: inf. +hlēapan lēton ... fealwe mēaras, <a href="#li865">865</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glāhleapan">ā-hleapan</a>, <i>to spring up</i>: pret. āhlēop, <a href="#li1398">1398</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhleothu">hleoðu</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhlith">hlið</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhleonian">hleonian</a>, w. v., <i>to incline, to hang over</i>: inf. oð þt hē ... +fyrgen-bēamas ofer hārne stān hleonian funde, <i>till he found +mountain-trees hanging over the gray rocks</i>, <a href="#li1416">1416</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlēo">hlēo</a>, st. m., <i>shady, protected place; defence, shelter</i>; +figurative designation of the king, or of powerful nobles: wīgendra +hlēo, of Hrōðgār, <a href="#li429">429</a>; of Sigemund, <a href="#li900">900</a>; of Bēowulf, <a href="#li1973">1973</a>, <a href="#li2338">2338</a>; eorla +hlēo, of Hrōðgār, <a href="#li1036">1036</a>, <a href="#li1867">1867</a>; of Bēowulf, <a href="#li792">792</a>; of Hygelāc, <a href="#li2191">2191</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlēoburh">hlēo-burh</a>, st. f., <i>ruler's castle</i> or <i>city</i>: acc. +sg., <a href="#li913">913</a>, <a href="#li1732">1732</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlēothorcwyde">hlēoðor-cwyde</a>, st. m., <i>speech of solemn sound, ceremonious +words</i>, <a href="#li1980">1980</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlēor">hlēor</a>, st. n., <i>cheek, jaw</i>: in comp. fǣted-hlēor (adj.).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlēorbera">hlēor-bera</a>, w. m., <i>cheek-bearer</i>, the part of the helmet +that reaches down over the cheek and protects it: acc. pl. ofer +hlēor-beran (<i>visor</i>?), <a href="#li304">304</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlēorbolster">hlēor-bolster</a>, st. m., <i>cheek-bolster, pillow</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li689">689</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlēotan">hlēotan</a>, st. v. w. acc., <i>to obtain by lot, to attain, to +get</i>: pret. sg. feorh-wunde hlēat, <a href="#li2386">2386</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlifian">hlīfian</a>, w. v., <i>to rise, to be prominent</i>: inf. hlīfian, +<a href="#li2806">2806</a>; pret. hlīfade, <a href="#li81">81</a>, <a href="#li1800">1800</a>, <a href="#li1899">1899</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlith">hlið</a>, st. n., <i>cliff, precipice of a mountain</i>: dat. sg. +on hlīðe, <a href="#li3159">3159</a>; gen. sg. hlīðes, <a href="#li1893">1893</a>; pl. hliðo in composition, +stān-hliðo; hleoðu in the compounds fen-, mist-, ns-, wulf-hleoðu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlinbed">hlin-bed</a> (Frisian hlen-bed, Richthofen 206^<a href="#li28">28</a>, for which +another text has cronk-bed), st. n., κλινίδιον, <i>bed for +reclining, sick-bed</i>: acc. sg. hlim-bed, <a href="#li3035">3035</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltōhlīdan">tō-hlīdan</a>, st. v., <i>to spring apart, to burst</i>: pret. +part. nom. pl. tō-hlidene, <a href="#li1000">1000</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlūd">hlūd</a>, adj., <i>loud</i>: acc. sg. drēam ... hlūdne, <a href="#li89">89</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlyn">hlyn</a>, st. m., <i>din, noise, clatter</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li612">612</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlynnan">hlynnan, hlynian</a>, w. v., <i>to sound, to resound</i>: inf. +hlynnan (of the voice), <a href="#li2554">2554</a>; of fire, <i>to crackle</i>: pret. sg. +hlynode, <a href="#li1121">1121</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlynsian">hlynsian</a>, w. v., <i>to resound, to crash</i>: pret. sg. reced +hlynsode, <a href="#li771">771</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlytm">hlytm</a>, st. m., <i>lot</i>: dat. sg. ns þā on hlytme, hwā þt +hord strude, <i>it did not depend upon lot who should plunder the +hoard</i>, i.e. its possession was decided, <a href="#li3127">3127</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhnāh">hnāh</a>, adj.: 1) <i>low, inferior</i>: comp. acc. sg. hnāgran, +<a href="#li678">678</a>; dat. sg. hnāhran rince, <i>an inferior hero, one less brave</i>, +<a href="#li953">953</a>.—2) <i>familiarly intimate</i>: nom. sg. ns hīo hnāh swā þēah, +<i>was nevertheless not familiarly intimate</i> (with the Gēatas, i.e. +preserved her royal dignity towards them), (<i>niggardly</i>?), <a href="#li1930">1930</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhnǣgan">hnǣgan</a>, w. v. w. acc., (for nǣgan), <i>to speak to, to +greet</i>: pret. sg. þt hē þone wīsan wordum hnǣgde frēan Ingwina, +<a href="#li1319">1319</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgehnǣgan">hnǣgan</a>, w. acc., <i>to bend, to humiliate, to strike down, +to fell</i>: pret. sg. ge-hnǣgde helle gāst, <a href="#li1275">1275</a>; þǣr hyne Hetware +hilde gehnǣgdon, <a href="#li2917">2917</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhnitan">hnitan</a>, st. v., <i>to dash against, to encounter</i>, here of +the collision of hostile bands: pret. pl. þonne hniton (hnitan) fēðan, +<a href="#li1328">1328</a>, <a href="#li2545">2545</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhothma">hoðma</a>, w. m., <i>place of concealment, cave</i>, hence, <i>the +grave</i>: dat. sg. in hoðman, <a href="#li2459">2459</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhof">hof</a>, st. n., <i>enclosed space, court-yard, estate, +manor-house</i>: acc. sg. hof (Hrōðgār's residence), <a href="#li312">312</a>; dat. sg. tō +hofe sīnum (Grendel's home in the sea), <a href="#li1508">1508</a>; tō hofe (Hygelāc's +residence), <a href="#li1975">1975</a>; acc. pl. beorht hofu, <a href="#li2314">2314</a>; dat. pl. tō hofum Gēata, +<a href="#li1837">1837</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhogode">hogode</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhycgan">hycgan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhold">hold</a>, adj., <i>inclined to, attached to, gracious, dear, +true</i>: nom. sg. w. dat. of the person, hold weorod frēan Scyldinga, +<i>a band well disposed to the lord of the Scyldings</i>, <a href="#li290">290</a>; +mandrihtne hold, <a href="#li1230">1230</a>; Hygelāce ws ... nefa swȳðe hold, <i>to H. was +his nephew</i> (Bēowulf) <i>very much attached</i>, <a href="#li2171">2171</a>; acc. sg. +þurh holdne hige, <i>from a kindly feeling, with honorable mind</i>, +<a href="#li267">267</a>; holdne wine, <a href="#li376">376</a>; holdne, <a href="#li1980">1980</a>; gen. pl. holdra, <a href="#li487">487</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhold">hold</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhealdan">healdan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glholm">holm</a>, st. m., <i>deep sea</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li519">519</a>, <a href="#li1132">1132</a>, <a href="#li2139">2139</a>; acc. +sg., <a href="#li48">48</a>, <a href="#li633">633</a>; dat. sg. holme, <a href="#li543">543</a>, <a href="#li1436">1436</a>, <a href="#li1915">1915</a>; acc. pl. holmas, +<a href="#li240">240</a>.—Comp. wǣg-holm.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glholmclif">holm-clif</a>, st. n., <i>sea-cliff</i>: dat. sg. on þām +holm-clife, <a href="#li1422">1422</a>; from þǣm holmclife, <a href="#li1636">1636</a>; acc. pl. holm-clifu, <a href="#li230">230</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glholmwylm">holm-wylm</a>, st. m., <i>the waves of the sea</i>: dat. sg. +holm-wylme, <a href="#li2412">2412</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glholt">holt</a>, st. n., <i>wood, thicket, forest.</i> acc. sg. on holt, +<a href="#li2599">2599</a>; holt, <a href="#li2847">2847</a>.—Comp.: sc-, fyrgen-, gār-, Hrefnes-holt.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glholtwudu">holt-wudu</a>, st. m., <i>forest-wood</i>: 1) of the material: nom. +sg., <a href="#li2341">2341</a>.—2) = <i>forest</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1370">1370</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhop">hop</a>, st. n., <i>protected place, place of refuge, place of +concealment</i>, in the compounds fen-, mōr-hop.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhord">hord</a>, st. m. and n., <i>hoard, treasure</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2284">2284</a>, +<a href="#li3085">3085</a>; bēaga hord, <a href="#li2285">2285</a>; māðma hord, <a href="#li3012">3012</a>; acc. sg. hord, <a href="#li913">913</a>, <a href="#li2213">2213</a>, +<a href="#li2320">2320</a>, <a href="#li2510">2510</a>, <a href="#li2745">2745</a>, <a href="#li2774">2774</a>, <a href="#li2956">2956</a>, <a href="#li3057">3057</a>; sāwle hord, <a href="#li2423">2423</a>; þt hord, <a href="#li3127">3127</a>; +dat. sg. of horde, <a href="#li1109">1109</a>; for horde, <i>on account of</i> (the robbing +of) <i>the hoard</i>, <a href="#li2782">2782</a>; hǣðnum horde, <a href="#li2217">2217</a>; gen. sg. hordes, +<a href="#li888">888</a>.—Comp.: bēah-, brēost-, word-, wyrm-hord.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhordrn">hord-rn</a>, st. n., <i>place in which a treasure is kept, +treasure-room</i>: dat. hord-rne, <a href="#li2832">2832</a>; gen. pl. hord-rna, <a href="#li2280">2280</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhordburh">hord-burh</a>, st. f., <i>city in which is the treasure</i> (of the +king's), <i>ruler's castle</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li467">467</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhordgestrēon">hord-gestrēon</a>, st. n., <i>hoard-treasure, precious +treasure</i>: dat. pl. hord-gestrēonum, <a href="#li1900">1900</a>; gen. pl. mgen-byrðenne +hord-gestrēona, <i>the great burden of rich treasures</i>, <a href="#li3093">3093</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhordmāththum">hord-māððum</a>, st. m., <i>treasure-jewel, precious jewel</i>: +acc. sg. (-madmum, MS.), <a href="#li1199">1199</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhordwela">hord-wela</a>, w. m., <i>treasure-riches, abundance of +treasures</i>: acc. sg. hord-welan, <a href="#li2345">2345</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhordweard">hord-weard</a>, st. m., <i>warder of the treasure, +hoard-warden</i>: 1) of the king: nom. sg., <a href="#li1048">1048</a>; acc. sg., <a href="#li1853">1853</a>.—2) +of the drake: nom. sg., <a href="#li2294">2294</a>, <a href="#li2303">2303</a>, <a href="#li2555">2555</a>, <a href="#li2594">2594</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhordweorthung">hord-weorðung</a>, st. f., <i>ornament out of the treasure, rich +ornament</i>: acc. sg.—weorðunge, <a href="#li953">953</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhordwyn">hord-wyn</a>, st. f., <i>treasure-joy, joy-giving treasure</i>: +acc. sg. hord-wynne, <a href="#li2271">2271</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhorn">horn</a>, st. m., <i>horn</i>: 1) upon an animal: instr. pl. heorot +hornum trum, <a href="#li1370">1370</a>.—2) wind-instrument: nom. sg., <a href="#li1424">1424</a>; acc. sg., +<a href="#li2944">2944</a>.—Comp. gūð-horn.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhornboga">horn-boga</a>, w. m., <i>bow made of horn</i>: dat. sg. of +horn-bogan, <a href="#li2438">2438</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhorngēap">horn-gēap</a>, adj., of great extent between the (stag-)horns +adorning the gables(?): nom. sg. sele ... hēah and horn-gēap, <a href="#li82">82</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhornreced">horn-reced</a>, st. n., building whose two gables are crowned by +the halves of a stag's antler(?): acc. sg., <a href="#li705">705</a>. Cf. Heyne's Treatise +on the Hall, Heorot, p. 44.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhors">hors</a>, st. n., <i>horse</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1400">1400</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhōciht">hōciht</a>, adj., <i>provided with hooks, hooked</i>: in comp. +heoro-hōciht.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbehōfian">hōfian</a>, w. v. w. gen., <i>to need, to want</i>: pres. sg. +III. nū is se dg cumen þat ūre man-dryhten mgenes behōfað gōdra +gūðrinca, <i>now is the day come when our lord needs the might of +strong warriors</i>, <a href="#li2648">2648</a>.</p> + +<p>on-<a class="glentry" name="glonhōhsnian">hōhsnian</a>, w. v., <i>to hinder</i>: pret. sg. þt onhōhsnode +Heminges mǣg (on hohsnod, MS.), <a href="#li1945">1945</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhōlinga">hōlinga</a>, adv., <i>in vain, without reason</i>, <a href="#li1077">1077</a>.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbehōn">hōn</a>, st. v., <i>to hang with</i>: pret. part. helmum +behongen, <a href="#li3140">3140</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhōs">hōs</a> (Goth, hansa), st. f., <i>accompanying troop, escort</i>: +instr. sg. mgða hōse, <i>with an accompanying train of +servingwomen</i>, <a href="#li925">925</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrthe">hrðe</a>, adv., <i>hastily, quickly, immediately</i>, <a href="#li224">224</a>, <a href="#li741">741</a>, +<a href="#li749">749</a>, <a href="#li1391">1391</a>, etc.; hraðe, <a href="#li1438">1438</a>; hreðe, <a href="#li992">992</a>; compar. hraðor, <a href="#li543">543</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhranfix">hran-fix</a>, st. m., <i>whale</i>: acc. pl. hron-fixas, <a href="#li540">540</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhranrād">hran-rād</a>, st. f., <i>whale-road</i>, i.e. sea: dat. sg. ofer +hron-rāde, <a href="#li10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrā">hrā</a>, st. n., <i>corpse</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1589">1589</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrāfyl">hrā-fyl</a>, st. m., <i>fall of corpses, killing, slaughter</i>: +acc. sg., <a href="#li277">277</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrdlīce">hrdlīce</a>, adv., <i>hastily, immediately</i>, <a href="#li356">356</a>, <a href="#li964">964</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrfn">hrfn, hrefn</a>, st. m., <i>raven</i>: nom. sg. hrefn blaca, +<i>black raven</i>, <a href="#li1802">1802</a>; se wonna hrefn, <i>the dark raven</i>, <a href="#li3025">3025</a>; +dat. sg. hrefne, <a href="#li2449">2449</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrgl">hrgl</a>, st. n., <i>dress, garment, armor</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1196">1196</a>; +gen. sg., hrgles, <a href="#li1218">1218</a>; gen. pl. hrgla, 454—Comp.: beado-, fyrd-, +mere-hrgl.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrethe">hreðe</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhrathe">hraðe</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrether">hreðer</a>, st. m., <i>breast, bosom</i> nom. sg. hreðer inne wēoll +<i>(it surged in his breast</i>), <a href="#li2114">2114</a>; hreðer ǣðme wēoll, <a href="#li2594">2594</a>; dat. sg. +in hreðre, <a href="#li1152">1152</a>; of hreðre, <a href="#li2820">2820</a>.—<i>Breast</i> as the seat of feeling, +<i>heart</i>: dat. sg. þt ws ... hreðre hygemēðe, <i>that was depressing to +the heart</i> (of the slayer, Hðcyn), <a href="#li2443">2443</a>; on hreðre, <a href="#li1879">1879</a>, <a href="#li2329">2329</a>; gen. +pl. þurh hreðra gehygd, <a href="#li2046">2046</a>.—<i>Breast</i> as seat of life: instr. sg. +hreðre, parallel with aldre, <a href="#li1447">1447</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhretherbealo">hreðer-bealo</a>, st. n., <i>evil that takes hold on the heart, +evil severely felt</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1344">1344</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrefn">hrefn</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhrfn">hrfn</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrēth">hrēð</a>, st. f., <i>glory</i>; in composition, gūð-hrēð; +<i>renown, assurance of victory</i>, in sige-hrēð.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrēthe">hrēðe</a>, adj., <i>renowned in battle</i>: nom. sg. hrēð (on +account of the following t, final <i>e</i> is elided, as wēnic for +wēne ic, <a href="#li442">442</a>; frōfor and fultum for frōfre and fultum, <a href="#li699">699</a>; firen +ondrysne for firene ondr., <a href="#li1933">1933</a>, <a href="#li2576">2576</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrēthsigor">hrēð-sigor</a>, st. m., <i>glorious victory</i>: dat. sg. +hrēð-sigora, <a href="#li2584">2584</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrēmig">hrēmig</a>, adj., <i>boasting, exulting</i>: with instr. and gen. +hūðe hrēmig, <a href="#li124">124</a>; since hrēmig, <a href="#li1883">1883</a>; frtwum hrēmig, <a href="#li2055">2055</a>; nom. pl. +nealles Hetware hrēmge þorfton (sc. wesan) fēðe-wīges, <a href="#li2365">2365</a>.</p> + +<p>on-<a class="glentry" name="glonhrēran">hrēran</a>, w. v., <i>to excite, to stir up</i>: pret. part. +on-hrēred, <a href="#li549">549</a>, <a href="#li2555">2555</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhreāwīc">hreā-wīc</a>, st. n., <i>place of corpses</i>: acc. sg. Gēata lēode +hreā-wīc hēoldon, <i>held the place of corpses</i>, <a href="#li1215">1215</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrēad">hrēad</a>, st. f., <i>ornament</i>(?), in comp. earm-hrēad. See +<a class="glentry" href="#glhrēothan">hrēoðan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrēam">hrēam</a>, st. m., <i>noise, alarm</i>:: nom. sg., <a href="#li1303">1303</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrēotha">hrēoða</a>, w. m., <i>cover</i>, in the compound bord-hrēoða.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrēothan">hrēoðan</a>, ge-<b>hrēoðan</b>, st. v., <i>to cover, to clothe</i>; +only in the pret. part. hroden, gehroden, <i>dressed, adorned</i>: +hroden, <a href="#li495">495</a>, <a href="#li1023">1023</a>; þā ws heal hroden fēonda fēorum, <i>then was the +hall covered with the corpses of the enemy</i>, <a href="#li1152">1152</a>; ge-hroden golde, +<i>adorned with gold</i>, <a href="#li304">304</a>.—Comp.: bēag-, gold-hroden.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrēoh">hrēoh, hrēow, hrēo</a>, adj., <i>excited, stormy, wild, angry, +raging; sad, troubled</i>: nom. sg. (Bēowulf) hrēoh and heoro-grim, +<a href="#li1565">1565</a>; þt þām gōdan ws hrēow on hreðre, (<i>that came with violence +upon him, pained his heart</i>), <a href="#li2329">2329</a>; hrēo wǣron ȳða, <i>the waves +were angry, the sea stormy</i>, <a href="#li548">548</a>; ns him hrēoh sefa, <i>his mind +was not cruel</i>, <a href="#li2181">2181</a>; dat. sg. on hrēon mōde, <i>of sad heart</i>, +<a href="#li1308">1308</a>; on hrēoum mōde, <i>angry at heart</i>, <a href="#li2582">2582</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrēohmōd">hrēoh-mōd</a>, adj., <i>of sad heart</i>, <a href="#li2133">2133</a>; <i>angry at +heart</i>, <a href="#li2297">2297</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrēosan">hrēosan</a>, st. v., <i>to fall, to sink, to rush</i>: pret. hrēas, +<a href="#li2489">2489</a>, <a href="#li2832">2832</a>; pret. pl. hruron, <a href="#li1075">1075</a>; hīe on weg hruron, <i>they rushed +away</i>, <a href="#li1431">1431</a>; hruron him tēaras, <i>tears burst from him</i>, <a href="#li1873">1873</a>.</p> + +<p>be-hrēosan, <i>to fall from, to be divested of</i>: pret. part. acc. +pl. fyrn-manna fatu ... hyrstum behrorene, <i>divested of ornaments</i> +(from which the ornaments had fallen away), <a href="#li2760">2760</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrēow">hrēow</a>, st. f., <i>distress, sorrow</i>: gen. pl. þt ws +Hrōðgāre hrēowa tornost, <i>that was to Hrōðgār the bitterest of his +sorrows</i>, <a href="#li2130">2130</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhring">hring</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>ring</i>: acc. sg. þone hring, <a href="#li1203">1203</a>; hring +gyldenne, <a href="#li2810">2810</a>; acc. pl. hringas, <a href="#li1196">1196</a>, <a href="#li1971">1971</a>, <a href="#li3035">3035</a>; gen. pl. hringa, +<a href="#li1508">1508</a>, <a href="#li2246">2246</a>.—2) <i>shirt of mail</i> (of interlaced rings): nom. sg. +hring, <a href="#li1504">1504</a>; byrnan hring, <a href="#li2261">2261</a>.—Comp. bān-hring.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhringan">hringan</a>, w. v., <i>to give forth a sound, to ring, to +rattle</i>: pret. pl. byrnan hringdon, <a href="#li327">327</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhringboga">hring-boga</a>, w. m., <i>one who bends himself into a ring</i>: +gen. sg. hring-bogan (of the drake, bending himself into a circle), +<a href="#li2562">2562</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhringed">hringed</a>, pret. part., <i>made of rings</i>: nom. sg. hringed +byrne, <a href="#li1246">1246</a>; acc. sg. hringde byrnan, <a href="#li2616">2616</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhringedstefna">hringed-stefna</a>, w. m., <i>ship whose stem is provided with iron +rings</i> (cramp-irons), especially of sea-going ships (cf. Frið-þiofs +saga, I: þorsteinn ātti skip þat er Ellidi hēt, ... borðit war spengt +iarni): nom. sg., <a href="#li32">32</a>, <a href="#li1898">1898</a>; acc. sg. hringed-stefnan, <a href="#li1132">1132</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhringīren">hring-īren</a>, st. n., <i>ring-iron, ring-mail</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li322">322</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhringmǣl">hring-mǣl</a>, adj., <i>marked with rings</i>, i.e. ornamented with +rings, or marked with characters of ring-form: nom. acc. sg., of the +sword, <a href="#li1522">1522</a>, <a href="#li1562">1562</a>(?); nom. pl. heard and hring-mǣl Heaðobeardna +gestrēon (<i>rich armor</i>), <a href="#li2038">2038</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhringnaca">hring-naca</a>, w. m., <i>ship with iron rings, sea-going ship</i>: +nom. sg., <a href="#li1863">1863</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhringnet">hring-net</a>, st. n., <i>ring-net</i>, i.e. a shirt of interlaced +rings: acc. sg., <a href="#li2755">2755</a>; acc. pl. hring-net, <a href="#li1890">1890</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhringsele">hring-sele</a>, st. m., <i>ring-hall</i>, i.e. hall in which are +rings, or in which rings are bestowed: acc. sg., <a href="#li2841">2841</a>; dat. sg., <a href="#li2011">2011</a>, +<a href="#li3054">3054</a>.</p> + +<p>hring-weorðung, st. f., <i>ring-ornament</i>: acc. sg. -weorðunge, +<a href="#li3018">3018</a>.</p> + +<p>hrīnan, st. v. w. dat.: 1) <i>to touch, lay hold of</i>: inf. þt him +heardra nān hrīnan wolde īren ǣrgōd (<i>that no good sword of valiant +men would make an impression on him</i>), <a href="#li989">989</a>; him for hrōf-sele hrīnan +ne mehte fǣrgripe flōdes (<i>the sudden grip of the flood might not +touch him owing to the hall-roof</i>), <a href="#li1516">1516</a>; þt þām hring-sele hrīnan +ne mōste gumena ǣnig <i>(so that none might touch the ringed-hall), +</i><a href="#li3054">3054</a>; pret. sg. siððan hē hire folmum [hr]ān (<i>as soon as he +touched it with his hands</i>), <a href="#li723">723</a>; oð þt dēaðes wylm hrān t +heortan (<i>seized his heart</i>), <a href="#li2271">2271</a>. Pret. subj. þēah þe him wund +hrīne (<i>although he was wounded</i>), <a href="#li2977">2977</a>.—2) (O.N. hrīna, +<i>sonare, clamare), to resound, rustle</i>: pres. part. nom. pl. +hrīnde bearwas (for hrīnende) <a href="#li1364">1364</a>; but see <a href="#note1364">Note</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhroden">hroden</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhrēothan">hrēoðan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhronfix">hron-fix</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhranfix">hran-fix</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrōthor">hrōðor</a>, st. m., <i>joy, beneficium</i>: dat sg. hrefne tō +hrōðre, <a href="#li2449">2449</a>; gen. pl. hrōðra, <a href="#li2172">2172</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrōf">hrōf</a>, st. m., <i>roof, ceiling of a house</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1000">1000</a>; +acc. sg. under Heorotes hrōf, <a href="#li403">403</a>; under gēapne hrōf, <a href="#li838">838</a>; geseah +stēapne hrōf (here <i>inner roof, ceiling</i>), <a href="#li927">927</a>; so, ofer hēahne +hrōf, <a href="#li984">984</a>; ymb þs helmes hrōf, <a href="#li1031">1031</a>; under beorges hrōf, <a href="#li2756">2756</a>.—Comp. +inwit-hrōf.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrōfsele">hrōf-sele</a>, st. m., <i>covered hall</i>: dat. sg. hrōf-sele, +<a href="#li1516">1516</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrōr">hrōr</a>, adj., <i>stirring, wide-awake, valorous</i>: dat. sg. of +þǣm hrōran, <a href="#li1630">1630</a>.—Comp. fela-hrōr.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhruron">hruron</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhrēosan">hrēosan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrūse">hrūse</a>, w. f., <i>earth, soil</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2248">2248</a>, <a href="#li2559">2559</a>; acc. +sg. on hrūsan, <a href="#li773">773</a>, <a href="#li2832">2832</a>; dat. sg. under hrūsan, <a href="#li2412">2412</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrycg">hrycg</a>, st. m., <i>back</i>: acc. sg. ofer wteres hrycg +(<i>over the water's back, surface</i>), <a href="#li471">471</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhryre">hryre</a>, st. m., <i>fall, destruction, ruin</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li3181">3181</a>; +dat. sg., <a href="#li1681">1681</a>, <a href="#li3006">3006</a>.—Comp.: lēod-, wīg-hryre.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrysian">hrysian</a>, w. v., <i>to shake, be shaken, clatter</i>: pret. pl. +syrcan hrysedon (<i>corselets rattled</i>, of men in motion), <a href="#li226">226</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhund">hund</a>, st. m., <i>dog</i>: instr. pl. hundum, <a href="#li1369">1369</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhund">hund</a>, num., <i>hundred</i>: þrēo hund, <a href="#li2279">2279</a>; w. gen. pl. hund +missēra, <a href="#li1499">1499</a>; hund þūsenda landes and locenra bēaga, <a href="#li2995">2995</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhū">hū</a>, adv., <i>how, quomodo</i>, <a href="#li3">3</a>, <a href="#li116">116</a>, <a href="#li279">279</a>, <a href="#li738">738</a>, <a href="#li845">845</a>, <a href="#li2319">2319</a>, +<a href="#li2520">2520</a>, <a href="#li2719">2719</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhuth">huð</a>, st. f., <i>booty, plunder</i>: dat. (instr.) sg. hūðe, +<a href="#li124">124</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhūru">hūru</a>, adv., <i>above all, certainly</i>, <a href="#li369">369</a>; <i>indeed, +truly</i>, <a href="#li182">182</a>, <a href="#li670">670</a>, <a href="#li1072">1072</a>, <a href="#li1466">1466</a>, <a href="#li1945">1945</a>, <a href="#li2837">2837</a>; <i>yet, nevertheless</i>, +<a href="#li863">863</a>; <i>now</i>, <a href="#li3121">3121</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhūs">hūs</a>, st. n., <i>house</i>: gen. sg. hūses, <a href="#li116">116</a>; gen. pl. hūsa +sēlest (Heorot), <a href="#li146">146</a>, <a href="#li285">285</a>, <a href="#li659">659</a>, <a href="#li936">936</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwan">hwan</a>, adv., <i>whither</i>: tō hwan syððan wearð hondrǣs hleða +(<i>what issue the hand-to-hand fight of the heroes had</i>), <a href="#li2072">2072</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwanan">hwanan, hwanon</a>, adv., <i>whence</i>: hwanan, <a href="#li257">257</a>, <a href="#li2404">2404</a>; hwanon, +<a href="#li333">333</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwā">hwā</a>, interrog. and indef. pron., <i>who</i>: nom. sg. m. hwā, +<a href="#li52">52</a>, <a href="#li2253">2253</a>, <a href="#li3127">3127</a>; neut. hwt, <a href="#li173">173</a>; ānes hwt (<i>a part only</i>), <a href="#li3011">3011</a>; +hwt þā men wǣron (<i>who the men were</i>), <a href="#li233">233</a>, etc.; hwt syndon gē +searo-hbbendra (<i>what armed men are ye?</i>), <a href="#li237">237</a>; acc. sg. m. wið +manna hwone (<i>from (?) any man</i>), <a href="#li155">155</a>; neut. þurh hwt, <a href="#li3069">3069</a>; +hwt wit geō sprǣcon, <a href="#li1477">1477</a>; hwt ... hȳnðo (gen.), fǣr-nīða (<i>what +shame and sudden woes</i>), <a href="#li474">474</a>; so, hwt þū worn fela (<i>how very +much thou</i>), <a href="#li530">530</a>; swylces hwt, <a href="#li881">881</a>; hwt ... ārna, <a href="#li1187">1187</a>; dat. m. +hwām, <a href="#li1697">1697</a>.—Comp. ǣg-hwā.</p> + +<p>hwt, interj., <i>what! lo! indeed!</i> <a href="#li1">1</a>, <a href="#li943">943</a>, <a href="#li2249">2249</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-hwā, w. part, gen., <i>each, each one</i>: acc. sg. m. wið fēonda +gehwone, <a href="#li294">294</a>; nīða gehwane, <a href="#li2398">2398</a>; mēca gehwane, <a href="#li2686">2686</a>; gum-cynnes +gehwone, <a href="#li2766">2766</a>; fem, on healfa gehwone, <a href="#li801">801</a>; dat. sg. m. dōgora gehwām, +<a href="#li88">88</a>; t nīða gehwām, <a href="#li883">883</a>; þegna gehwām, <a href="#li2034">2034</a>; eorla gehwǣm, <a href="#li1421">1421</a>; fem. +in mǣgða ge-hwǣre, <a href="#li25">25</a>; nihta gehwǣm, <a href="#li1366">1366</a>; gen. sing. m. manna gehws, +<a href="#li2528">2528</a>; fem. dǣda gehws, <a href="#li2839">2839</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwār">hwār</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhwǣr">hwǣr</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwder">hwder</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhwider">hwider</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwther">hwðer</a>, pron., <i>which of two</i>: nom. sg. hwðer ... uncer +twēga, <a href="#li2531">2531</a>; swā hwðer, <i>utercunque</i>: acc. sg. on swā hwðere +hond swā him gemet þince, <a href="#li687">687</a>.—Comp. ǣg-hwðer.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgehwther">hwðer</a>, <i>each of two, either-other</i>: nom. sg. m. ws +gehwðer ōðrum lifigende lāð, <a href="#li815">815</a>; ws ... gehwðer ōðrum hrōðra +gemyndig, <a href="#li2172">2172</a>; nē gehwðer incer (<i>nor either of you two</i>), <a href="#li584">584</a>; +nom. sg. neut. gehwðer þāra (<i>either of them</i>, i.e. ready for +war or peace), <a href="#li1249">1249</a>; dat. sg. hiora gehwðrum, <a href="#li2995">2995</a>; gen. sg. bēga +gehwðres, <a href="#li1044">1044</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwther">hwðer, hwðere, hwðre</a>, 1) adv., <i>yet, nevertheless</i>: +hwðre, <a href="#li555">555</a>, <a href="#li891">891</a>, <a href="#li1271">1271</a>, <a href="#li2099">2099</a>, <a href="#li2299">2299</a>, <a href="#li2378">2378</a>, etc.; hwðre swā þēah, +<i>however, notwithstanding</i>, <a href="#li2443">2443</a>; hwðere, <a href="#li574">574</a>, <a href="#li578">578</a>, <a href="#li971">971</a>, +<a href="#li1719">1719</a>—2) conj., = <i>utrum, whether</i>: hwðre, <a href="#li1315">1315</a>; hwðer, <a href="#li1357">1357</a>, +<a href="#li2786">2786</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwt">hwt</a>, adj., <i>sharp, bold, valiant</i>: nom. sg. se secg +hwata, <a href="#li3029">3029</a>; dat. sg. hwatum, <a href="#li2162">2162</a>; nom. pl. hwate, <a href="#li1602">1602</a>, <a href="#li2053">2053</a>; acc. +pl. hwate, <a href="#li2643">2643</a>, <a href="#li3006">3006</a>.—Comp.: fyrd-, gold-hwt.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwt">hwt</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhwā">hwā</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwǣr">hwǣr</a>, adv., <i>where</i>: elles hwǣr, <i>elsewhere</i>, <a href="#li138">138</a>; +hwǣr, <i>somewhere</i>, <a href="#li2030">2030</a>. In elliptical question: wundur hwār +þonne..., <i>is it a wonder when...?</i> <a href="#li3063">3063</a>.—Comp. ō-hwǣr.</p> + +<p>ge-hwǣr, <i>everywhere</i>: þēah þū heaðo-rǣsa gehwǣr dohte +(<i>everywhere good in battle</i>), <a href="#li526">526</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwele">hwele</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhwyle">hwyle</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwergen">hwergen</a>, adv., <i>anywhere</i>: elles hwergen, +<i>elsewhere</i>, <a href="#li2591">2591</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwettan">hwettan</a>, w. v., <i>to encourage, urge</i>: pres. subj. swā þin +sefa hwette (<i>as thy mind urges, as thou likest</i>), <a href="#li490">490</a>; pret. pl. +hwetton higerōfne (<i>they whetted the brave one</i>), <a href="#li204">204</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwēne">hwēne</a>, adv., <i>a little, paululum</i>, <a href="#li2700">2700</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwealf">hwealf</a>, st. f., <i>vault</i>: acc. sg. under heofones hwealf, +<a href="#li576">576</a>, <a href="#li2016">2016</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhweorfan">hweorfan</a>, st. v., <i>to stride deliberately, turn, depart, +move, die</i>: pres. pl. þāra þe cwice hwyrfað, <a href="#li98">98</a>; inf. hwīlum hē on +lufan lǣteð hworfan monnes mōd-geþonc (<i>sometimes on love</i> (?) +<i>possessions</i> (?) <i>permits the thoughts of man to turn</i>), +<a href="#li1729">1729</a>; londrihtes mōt ... monna ǣghwylc īdel hweorfan (<i>of rights of +land each one of men must be deprived</i>), <a href="#li2889">2889</a>; pret. sg. fder +ellor hwearf ... of earde (<i>died</i>), <a href="#li55">55</a>; hwearf þā hrdlīce þǣr +Hrōðgār st, <a href="#li356">356</a>; hwearf þā bī bence (<i>turned then to the +bench</i>), <a href="#li1189">1189</a>; so, hwearf þā be wealle, <a href="#li1574">1574</a>; hwearf geond þt +reced, <a href="#li1982">1982</a>; hlǣw oft ymbe hwearf (<i>went oft round the cave</i>), +<a href="#li2297">2297</a>; nalles fter lyfte lācende hwearf (<i>not at all through the air +did he go springing</i>), <a href="#li2833">2833</a>; subj. pret. sg, ǣr hē on weg hwurfe ... +of geardum (<i>died</i>), <a href="#li264">264</a>.</p> + +<p>and-hweorfan, <i>to move against</i>: pret. sg. oð þt ... norðan wind +heaðo-grim and-hwearf (<i>till the fierce north wind blew in our +faces</i>), <a href="#li548">548</a>.</p> + +<p>t-hweorfan, <i>to go to</i>: pret. sg. hwīlum hē on beorh t-hwearf +(<i>at times returned to the mountain</i>), <a href="#li2300">2300</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-hweorfan, <i>to go, come</i>: pret. sg. gehwearf þā in Francna fðm +feorh cyninges, <a href="#li1211">1211</a>; hit on ǣht gehwearf ... Denigea frēan, <a href="#li1680">1680</a>; so, +<a href="#li1685">1685</a>, <a href="#li2209">2209</a>.</p> + +<p>geond-hweorfan, <i>to go through from end to end</i>: pres. sg. flet +eall geond-hwearf, <a href="#li2018">2018</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwider">hwider</a>, adv., <i>whither</i>: hwyder, <a href="#li163">163</a>; hwder (hwðer, +MS.), <a href="#li1332">1332</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwīl">hwīl</a>, st. f., <i>time, space of time</i>: nom. sg. ws sēo hwīl +micel (<i>it was a long time</i>), <a href="#li146">146</a>; þā ws hwīl dges (<i>the +space of a day</i>), <a href="#li1496">1496</a>; acc. sg. hwīle, <i>for a time</i>, <a href="#li2138">2138</a>; +<i>a while</i>, <a href="#li105">105</a>, <a href="#li152">152</a>; lange (longe) hwīle, <i>a long while</i>, +<a href="#li16">16</a>, <a href="#li2781">2781</a>; āne hwīle, <i>a while</i>, <a href="#li1763">1763</a>; lȳtle hwīle, <i>brief +space</i>, <a href="#li2031">2031</a>, <a href="#li2098">2098</a>; ǣnige hwīle, <i>any while</i>, <a href="#li2549">2549</a>; lǣssan +hwīle, <i>a lesser while</i>, <a href="#li2572">2572</a>; dat. sg. ǣr dges hwīle, <i>before +daybreak</i>, <a href="#li2321">2321</a>; dat. pl. nihtes hwīlum, <i>sometimes at night</i>, +<a href="#li3045">3045</a>. Adv., <i>sometimes, often</i>: hwīlum, <a href="#li175">175</a>, <a href="#li496">496</a>, <a href="#li917">917</a>, <a href="#li1729">1729</a>, +<a href="#li1829">1829</a>, <a href="#li2017">2017</a>, <a href="#li2112">2112</a>, etc.; hwīlum ... hwīlum, <a href="#li2108">2108-9-10</a>.—Comp.: dg-, +gescp-, orleg-, sige-hwīl.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwīt">hwīt</a>, adj., <i>brilliant, flashing</i>: nom. sg. se hwīta helm, +<a href="#li1449">1449</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhworfan">hworfan</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhweorfan">hweorfan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwōpan">hwōpan</a>, st. v., <i>to cry, cry out mourn</i>: pret. sg. hwēop, +<a href="#li2269">2269</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwyder">hwyder</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhwider">hwider</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwylc">hwylc</a>, pron., <i>which, what, any</i>: 1) adj.: nom. sg. m. +sceaða ic nāt hwylc, <a href="#li274">274</a>; fem, hwylc orleghwīl, <a href="#li2003">2003</a>; nom. pl. hwylce +Sǣgēata sīðas wǣron, <a href="#li1987">1987</a>.—2) subst., w. gen. pl. nom. m.: Frisna +hwylc, <a href="#li1105">1105</a>; fem, efne swā hwylc mgða swā þone magan cende +(<i>whatever woman brought forth this son</i>), <a href="#li944">944</a>; neut. þonne his +bearna hwylc (<i>than any one of his sons</i>), <a href="#li2434">2434</a>; dat. sg. efne +swā hwylcum manna swā him gemet þūhte, <a href="#li3058">3058</a>.—Comp.: ǣg-, nāt-, +wēl-hwylc.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgehwylc">hwylc, ge-hwilc, ge-hwelc</a>, w. gen. pl., <i>each</i>: nom. +sg. m. gehwylc, <a href="#li986">986</a>, <a href="#li1167">1167</a>, <a href="#li1674">1674</a>; acc. sg. m. gehwylcne, <a href="#li937">937</a>, <a href="#li2251">2251</a>, +<a href="#li2517">2517</a>; gehwelcne, <a href="#li148">148</a>; fem, gehwylce, <a href="#li1706">1706</a>; neut. gehwylc, <a href="#li2609">2609</a>; instr. +sg. dōgra gehwylce, <a href="#li1091">1091</a>; so, <a href="#li2058">2058</a>, <a href="#li2451">2451</a>; dat. sg. m. gehwylcum, <a href="#li412">412</a>, +<a href="#li769">769</a>, <a href="#li785">785</a>, etc.; fem, ecga gehwylcre, <a href="#li806">806</a>; neut. cynna gehwylcum, <a href="#li98">98</a>; +gen. sg. m. and neut. gehwylces, <a href="#li733">733</a>, <a href="#li1397">1397</a>, <a href="#li2095">2095</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwyrft">hwyrft</a>, st. m., <i>circling movement, turn</i>: dat. pl. adv. +hwyrftum scrīðað (<i>wander to and fro</i>), <a href="#li163">163</a>.—Comp. ed-hwyrft.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhycgan">hycgan</a>, w. v., <i>to think, resolve upon</i>: pret. sg. ic þt +hogode þt ... (<i>my intention was that ...</i>), <a href="#li633">633</a>.—Comp. w. +pres. part.: bealo-, heard-, swīð-, þanc-, wīs-hycgend.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforhycgan">for-hycgan</a>, <i>to despise, scorn, reject with contempt</i>: +pres. sg. I. ic þt þonne for-hicge þt ..., <i>reject with scorn the +proposition that ...</i>, <a href="#li435">435</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgehycgan">hycgan</a>, <i>to think, determine upon</i>: pret. sg. þā þū ... +feorr gehogodest scce sēcean, <a href="#li1989">1989</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gloferhycgan">ofer-hycgan</a>, <i>to scorn</i>: pret. sg. ofer-hogode þā hringa +fengel þt hē þone wīdflogan weorode gesōhte (<i>scorned to seek the +wide-flier with a host</i>), <a href="#li2346">2346</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhȳdig">hȳdig</a> (for <b>hygdig</b>), adj., <i>thinking, of a certain +mind</i>: comp. ān-, bealo-, grom-, nīð-, þrīst-hȳdig.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgehygd">hygd</a>, st. n., <i>thought, sentiment</i>: acc. sg. þurh +hreðra gehygd, <a href="#li2046">2046</a>.—Comp.: brēost-, mōd-gehygd, won-hyd.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhyge">hyge, hige</a>, st. m., <i>mind, heart, thought</i>: nom. sg. hyge, +<a href="#li756">756</a>; hige, <a href="#li594">594</a>; acc. sg. þurh holdne hige, <a href="#li267">267</a>; gen. sg. higes, <a href="#li2046">2046</a>; +dat. pl. higum, <a href="#li3149">3149</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhygebend">hyge-bend</a>, st. m. f., <i>mind-fetter, heart-band</i>: instr. +pl. hyge-bendum fst, <i>fast in his mind's fetters, secretly</i>, +<a href="#li1879">1879</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhygegeōmor">hyge-geōmor</a>, adj., <i>sad in mind</i>: nom. sg. hyge-giōmor, +<a href="#li2409">2409</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhygemēthe">hyge-mēðe</a>, adj.: 1) <i>sorrowful, soul-crushing</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li2443">2443</a>.—2) <i>life-weary, dead</i>: dat. pl. hyge-mēðum (-mǣðum, MS.), +<a href="#li2910">2910</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhygerōf">hyge-rōf</a>, adj., <i>brave, valiant, vigorous-minded</i>: nom. +sg. [hygerōf], <a href="#li403">403</a>; acc. sg. hige-rōfne, <a href="#li204">204</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhygesorh">hyge-sorh</a>, st. f., <i>heart-sorrow</i>: gen. pl. -sorga, <a href="#li2329">2329</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhygethyhtig">hyge-þȳhtig</a>, adj., <i>doughty, courageous</i>: acc. sg. +hige-þihtigne (of Bēowulf), <a href="#li747">747</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glthyhtig">þȳhtig</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhygethrym">hyge-þrym</a>, st. m., <i>animi majestas, high-mindedness</i>: dat. +pl. for hige-þrymmum, <a href="#li339">339</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhyht">hyht</a>, st. m., <i>thought, pleasant thought, hope</i> +(Dietrich): nom. sg., <a href="#li179">179</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgehyld">hyld</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glhealdan">healdan</a>), st. n., <i>support, +protection</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li3057">3057</a>.—Leo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhyldan">hyldan</a>, w. v., <i>to incline one's self, lie down to sleep</i>: +pret. sg. hylde hine, <i>inclined himself, lay down</i>, <a href="#li689">689</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhyldo">hyldo</a>, st. f., <i>inclination, friendliness, grace</i>: acc. +sg. hyldo, <a href="#li2068">2068</a>, <a href="#li2294">2294</a>; gen. sg. hyldo, <a href="#li671">671</a>, <a href="#li2999">2999</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glāhyrdan">ā-hyrdan</a>, w. v., <i>harden</i>: pret. part. ā-hyrded, <a href="#li1461">1461</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhyrde">hyrde</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhirde">hirde</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhyrst">hyrst</a>, st. f., <i>accoutrements, ornament, armor</i>: acc. sg. +hyrste (Ongenþēow's <i>equipments and arms</i>), <a href="#li2989">2989</a>; acc. pl. +hyrsta, <a href="#li3166">3166</a>; instr. pl. hyrstum, <a href="#li2763">2763</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhyrstan">hyrstan</a>, w. v., <i>to deck, adorn</i>: pret. part. hyrsted +sweord, <a href="#li673">673</a>; helm [hyr]sted golde, <a href="#li2256">2256</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhyrtan">hyrtan</a>, w. v., <i>to take heart, be emboldened</i>: pret. sg. +hyrte hyne hord-weard (<i>the drake took heart</i>; see <a href="#li2566">2566</a>, <a href="#li2568">2568</a>, +<a href="#li2570">2570</a>), <a href="#li2594">2594</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhyse">hyse</a>, st. m., <i>youth, young man</i>: nom. sg. as voc., <a href="#li1218">1218</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhyt">hyt</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhit">hit</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhȳdan">hȳdan</a>, w. v., <i>to hide, conceal, protect, preserve</i>: pres. +subj. hȳde [hine, <i>himself</i>] sē þe wylle, <a href="#li2767">2767</a>; inf. w. acc. nō +þū mīnne þearft hafalan hȳdan, <a href="#li446">446</a>; ǣr hē in wille hafelan [hȳdan] +(<i>ere in it he</i> [the stag] <i>will hide his head</i>), <a href="#li1373">1373</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgehȳdan">hȳdan</a>, w. acc., <i>to conceal, preserve</i>: pret. sg. +gehȳdde, <a href="#li2236">2236</a>, <a href="#li3060">3060</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhȳth">hȳð</a>, st. f., <i>haven</i>: dat. sg. t hȳðe, <a href="#li32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhȳthweard">hȳð-weard</a>, st. m., <i>haven-warden</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1915">1915</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhȳnan">hȳnan</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glhēan">hēan</a>), w. v. w. acc., <i>to crush, afflict, +injure</i>: pret. sg. hȳnde, <a href="#li2320">2320</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhȳnthu">hȳnðu</a>, st. f., <i>oppression, affliction, injury</i>: acc. sg. +hȳnðu, <a href="#li277">277</a>; gen. sg. hwt ... hȳnðo, <a href="#li475">475</a>; fela ... hȳnðo, <a href="#li594">594</a>; gen. +pl. heardra hȳnða, <a href="#li166">166</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhȳran">hȳran</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to hear, perceive, learn</i>: a) w. inf. or acc. +with inf.: I. pret. sg. hȳrde ic, <a href="#li38">38</a>, <a href="#li582">582</a>, <a href="#li1347">1347</a>, <a href="#li1843">1843</a>, <a href="#li2024">2024</a>; III. sg. þt +hē fram Sigemunde secgan hȳrde, <a href="#li876">876</a>; I. pl. swā wē sōðlīce secgan hȳrdon, +<a href="#li273">273</a>. b) w. acc.: nǣnigne ic ... sēlran hȳrde hordmāððum (<i>I heard of no +better hoard-jewel</i>), <a href="#li1198">1198</a>. c) w. dependent clause: I. sg. pret. hȳrde +ic þt ..., <a href="#li62">62</a>, <a href="#li2164">2164</a>, <a href="#li2173">2173</a>.—2) w. dat. of person, <i>to obey</i>: inf. oð +þt him ǣghwylc þāra ymbsittendra hȳran scolde, <a href="#li10">10</a>; hȳran heaðo-sīocum, +<a href="#li2755">2755</a>; Pret. pl. þt him winemāgas georne hȳrdon, <a href="#li66">66</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-hȳran, <i>to hear, learn</i>: a) w. acc.: II. pers. sg. pres. mīnne +gehȳrað ānfealdne geþōht, <a href="#li255">255</a>; III. sg. pret. gehȳrde on Bēowulfe fstrǣdne +geþōht, <a href="#li610">610</a>. b) w. acc. and inf.: III. pl. pret. gehȳrdon, <a href="#li786">786</a>. c) w. +depend. clause: I. pres. sg. ic þt gehȳre þt ..., <a href="#li290">290</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossI">I</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glic">ic</a>, pers. pron. <i>I</i>: acc. mec, dat. mē, gen. mīn; dual nom. +wit, acc. uncit, unc, dat. unc, gen. uncer; pl. nom. wē, acc. ūsic, ūs, +dat. ūs, gen. ūser. ic omitted before the verb, <a href="#li470">470</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glicge">icge</a>, <i>gold</i> (perhaps related to Sanskrit ī, = dominare, +imperare, O.H.G. ēht, <i>wealth</i>, opes), <i>treasure?, sword</i> +(edge)?, <a href="#li1108">1108</a>.—Krner.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glides">ides</a>, st. f., <i>woman, lady, queen</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li621">621</a>, <a href="#li1076">1076</a>, +<a href="#li1118">1118</a>, <a href="#li1169">1169</a>; dat. sg. idese, <a href="#li1650">1650</a>, <a href="#li1942">1942</a>. Also of Grendel's mother: nom. +sg., <a href="#li1260">1260</a>; gen. sg. idese, <a href="#li1352">1352</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glin">in</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glinn">inn</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glin">in</a>: I. prep. w. dat. and acc.: 1) w. dat. (local, indicating +rest), <i>in</i>: in geardum, <a href="#li13">13</a>, <a href="#li2460">2460</a>; in þǣm gūðsele, <a href="#li443">443</a>; in +bēorsele, <a href="#li2636">2636</a>; so, <a href="#li89">89</a>, <a href="#li482">482</a>, <a href="#li589">589</a>, <a href="#li696">696</a>, <a href="#li729">729</a>, <a href="#li2140">2140</a>, <a href="#li2233">2233</a>, etc.; in mǣgða +gehwǣre, <a href="#li25">25</a>; in þȳstrum, <a href="#li87">87</a>; in Caines cynne, <a href="#li107">107</a>; in hyra +gryregeatwum (<i>in their accoutrements of terror, war-weeds</i>), +<a href="#li324">324</a>; so, <a href="#li395">395</a>; in campe (<i>in battle</i>), <a href="#li2506">2506</a>; hiora in ānum (<i>in +one of them</i>), <a href="#li2600">2600</a>. Prep. postpositive: Scedelandum in, <a href="#li19">19</a>. Also, +<i>on, upon</i>, like on: in ealo-bence, <a href="#li1030">1030</a>; in gumstōle, <a href="#li1953">1953</a>; in +þām wongstede (<i>on the grassy plain, the battle-field</i>), <a href="#li2787">2787</a>; in +bǣlstede, <a href="#li3098">3098</a>. Temporal: in geār-dagum, <a href="#li1">1</a>.—2) w. acc. (local, +indicating motion), <i>in, into</i>: in woruld, <a href="#li60">60</a>; in fȳres fðm, +<a href="#li185">185</a>; so, <a href="#li1211">1211</a>; in Hrefnesholt, <a href="#li2936">2936</a>. Temporal, <i>in, at, about, +toward</i>: in þā tīde (in watide, MS.), <a href="#li2228">2228</a>.</p> + +<p>II. adv., <i>in</i> (here or there), <a href="#li386">386</a>, <a href="#li1038">1038</a>, <a href="#li1372">1372</a>, <a href="#li1503">1503</a>, <a href="#li1645">1645</a>, +<a href="#li2153">2153</a>, <a href="#li2191">2191</a>, <a href="#li2228">2228</a>; inn, <a href="#li3091">3091</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glincge">incge</a>, adj. (perhaps related to icge), instr. sg. incge lāfe +(<i>with the costly sword</i> ? or <i>with mighty sword</i>?), +<a href="#li2578">2578</a>.—[<i>Edge</i>: incge lāfe, <i>edge of the sword</i>.—K. +Krner?]</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinfrōd">in-frōd</a>, adj., <i>very aged</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2450">2450</a>; dat. sg. +in-frōdum, <a href="#li1875">1875</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glingang">in-gang</a>, st. m., <i>entrance, access to</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1550">1550</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glingenga">in-genga</a>, w. m., <i>in-goer, visitor</i>: nom. sg., of Grendel, +<a href="#li1777">1777</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glingesteald">in-gesteald</a>, st. m., <i>house-property, possessions in the +house</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1156">1156</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinn">inn</a>, st. n., <i>apartment, house</i>: nom. sg. in, <a href="#li1301">1301</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinnan">innan</a>, adv., <i>within, inside</i>, <a href="#li775">775</a>, <a href="#li1018">1018</a>, <a href="#li2413">2413</a>, <a href="#li2720">2720</a>; on +innan (<i>in the interior</i>), <i>within</i>, <a href="#li1741">1741</a>, <a href="#li2716">2716</a>; þǣr on +innan (<i>in there</i>), <a href="#li71">71</a>; burgum on innan (<i>within his city</i>), +<a href="#li1969">1969</a>. Also, <i>therein</i>: þǣr on innan, <a href="#li2090">2090</a>, <a href="#li2215">2215</a>, <a href="#li2245">2245</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinnanweard">innan-weard</a>, adv., <i>inwards, inside, within</i>, <a href="#li992">992</a>, <a href="#li1977">1977</a>; +inne-weard, <a href="#li999">999</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinne">inne</a>, adv.: 1) <i>inside, within</i>, <a href="#li643">643</a>, <a href="#li1282">1282</a>, <a href="#li1571">1571</a>, <a href="#li2114">2114</a>, +<a href="#li3060">3060</a>; word inne ābēad (<i>called, sent word, in</i>, i.e. standing in +the hall door), <a href="#li390">390</a>; <i>in it</i> (i.e. the battle), <a href="#li1142">1142</a>; þǣr inne +(<i>therein</i>), <a href="#li118">118</a>, <a href="#li1618">1618</a>, <a href="#li2116">2116</a>, <a href="#li2227">2227</a>, <a href="#li3088">3088</a>.—2) = <i>insuper, still +further, besides</i>, <a href="#li1867">1867</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinwit">inwit</a>, st. n., <i>evil, mischief, spite, cunning hostility</i>, +as in</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinwitfeng">inwit-feng</a>, st. m., <i>malicious grasp, grasp of a cunning +foe</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1448">1448</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinwitgst">inwit-gst</a>, st. m., <i>evil guest, hostile stranger</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li2671">2671</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinwithrōf">inwit-hrōf</a>, st. m., <i>hostile roof, hiding-place of a cunning +foe</i>: acc. sg. under inwit-hrōf, <a href="#li3124">3124</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinwitnet">inwit-net</a>, st. n., <i>mischief-net, cunning snare</i>: acc. +sg., <a href="#li2168">2168</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinwitnīth">inwit-nīð</a>, st. n., <i>cunning hostility, hostile contest</i>: +nom. pl. inwit-nīðas (<i>hostility through secret attack</i>), <a href="#li1859">1859</a>; +gen. pl. inwit-nīða, <a href="#li1948">1948</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinwitscear">inwit-scear</a>, st. m., <i>massacre through cunning, murderous +attack</i>: acc. sg. eatolne inwit-scear, <a href="#li2479">2479</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinwitsearo">inwit-searo</a>, st. n., <i>cunning, artful intrigue</i>: acc. sg. +þurh inwit-searo, <a href="#li1102">1102</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsearo">searo</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinwitsorh">inwit-sorh</a>, st. f., <i>grief, remorse, mourning springing from +hostile cunning</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1737">1737</a>; acc. sg. inwid-sorge, <a href="#li832">832</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinwitthanc">inwit-þanc</a>, adj., <i>ill-disposed, malicious</i>: dat. sg. hē +onfēng hraðe inwit-þancum (<i>he quickly grasped the +cunning-in-mind</i> [Grendel]), <a href="#li749">749</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glirnan">irnan</a> (for <b>rinnan</b>), st. v., <i>to run</i>: so be-irnan, +<i>to run up to, occur</i>: pret. sg him on mōd be-arn (<i>came +into his mind</i>), <a href="#li67">67</a>.</p> + +<p>on-irnan, <i>to open</i>: pret. sg. duru sōna onarn, <a href="#li722">722</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glirremōd">irre-mōd</a>, adj. See <a class="glentry" href="#glyrremōd">yrre-mōd</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossIl">Ī</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glīdel">īdel</a>, adj., <i>empty, bare; deprived of</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li145">145</a>, +<a href="#li413">413</a>; w. gen. lond-rihtes þǣre mǣgburge īdel (<i>deprived of his +land-possessions among the people</i> [of the Gēatas]), <a href="#li2889">2889</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glīdelhende">īdel-hende</a>, adj., <i>empty-handed</i>, <a href="#li2082">2082</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glīren">īren</a>, st. n., <i>iron, sword</i>: nom. sg. dryhtlīc īren +(<i>the doughty, lordly sword</i>), <a href="#li893">893</a>; īren ǣr-gōd, <a href="#li990">990</a>; acc. sg. +lēoflīc īren, <a href="#li1810">1810</a>; gen. pl. īrena cyst (<i>choicest of swords</i>), +<a href="#li674">674</a>; īrenna cyst, <a href="#li803">803</a>; īrenna ecge (<i>edges of swords</i>), <a href="#li2684">2684</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glīren">īren</a>, adj., <i>of iron</i>: nom. sg. ecg ws īren, <a href="#li1460">1460</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glīrenbend">īren-bend</a>, st. f., <i>iron band, bond, rivet</i>: instr. pl. +īren-bendum fst (bold), <a href="#li775">775</a>, <a href="#li999">999</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glīrenbyrne">īren-byrne</a>, w. f., <i>iron corselet</i>: acc. sg. īren-byrnan, +<a href="#li2987">2987</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glīsernbyrne">īsern-byrne</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glīrenheard">īren-heard</a>, adj., <i>hard as iron</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1113">1113</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glīrenne">īrenne</a>, adj., <i>of iron</i>: in comp. eall-īrenne.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glīrenthrēat">īren-þrēat</a>, st. m., <i>iron troop, armored band</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li330">330</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glīs">īs</a>, st. n., <i>ice</i>: dat. sg. īse, <a href="#li1609">1609</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glīsernbyrne">īsern-byrne</a>, w. f., <i>iron corselet</i>: acc. sg. +īsern-byrnan, <a href="#li672">672</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glīrenbyrne">īren-byrne</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glīsernscūr">īsern-scūr</a>, st. f., <i>iron shower, shower of arrows</i>: gen. +sg. þone þe oft gebād īsern-scūre, <a href="#li3117">3117</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glīsgebind">īs-gebind</a>, st. n., <i>fetters of ice</i>: instr. sg. +īs-gebinde, <a href="#li1134">1134</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glīsig">īsig</a>, adj., <i>shining, brilliant</i> (like brass): nom. sg. +īsig (said of a vessel covered with plates(?) of metal), <a href="#li33">33</a>.—Leo.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossIO">IO IU</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gliū">iū</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgēo">geō</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gliūman">iū-man</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgēoman">geō-man</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glīomēowle">īo-mēowle</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgēomēowle">geō-mēowle</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossL">L</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllathu">laðu</a>, st. f., <i>invitation</i>.—Comp.: frēond-, nēod-laðu.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgelafian">lafian</a>, w. v. w. acc. pers. and instr. of the thing, <i>to +refresh, lave</i>: pret. sg. wine-dryhten his wtere gelafede, <a href="#li2723">2723</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllagu">lagu</a>, st. m., <i>lake, sea</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1631">1631</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllagucrftig">lagu-crftig</a>, adj., <i>acquainted with the sea</i>: nom. sg. +lagu-crftig mon (<i>pilot</i>), <a href="#li209">209</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllagustrǣt">lagu-strǣt</a>, st. f., <i>path over the sea</i>: acc. sg. ofer +lagu-strǣte, <a href="#li239">239</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllagustrēam">lagu-strēam</a>, st. m., <i>sea-current, flood</i>: acc. pl. ofer +lagu-strēamas, <a href="#li297">297</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glland">land</a>, st. n., <i>land</i>: nom. sg. lond, <a href="#li2198">2198</a>; acc. sg. land, +<a href="#li221">221</a>, <a href="#li2063">2063</a>; lond, <a href="#li2472">2472</a>, <a href="#li2493">2493</a>; land Dena, <a href="#li242">242</a>, <a href="#li253">253</a>; lond Brondinga, <a href="#li521">521</a>; +Finna land, <a href="#li580">580</a>; dat. sg. on lande (<i>in the land</i>), <a href="#li2311">2311</a>, <a href="#li2837">2837</a>; +<i>at near, land, shore</i>, <a href="#li1914">1914</a>; tō lande (<i>to the land, +ashore</i>), <a href="#li1624">1624</a>; gen. sg. landes, <a href="#li2996">2996</a>; gen. pl. ofer landa fela +(<i>over much country, space; afar</i>), <a href="#li311">311</a>.—Comp.: el-, ēa-land.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllandbūend">land-būend</a>, part, pres., terricola, <i>inhabitant of the +land</i>: nom. pl. lond-būend, <a href="#li1346">1346</a>; dat. pl. land-būendum, <a href="#li95">95</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllandfruma">land-fruma</a>, w. m., <i>ruler, prince of the country</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllandgemyrcu">land-gemyrcu</a>, st. n. pl., <i>frontier, land-mark</i>: acc. pl., +<a href="#li209">209</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllandgeweorc">land-geweorc</a>, st. n., <i>land-work, fortified place</i>: acc. +sg. lēoda land-geweorc, <a href="#li939">939</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glweorc">weorc, geweorc</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllandriht">land-riht</a>, st. n., <i>prerogatives based upon land-possessions, +right to possess land</i>, hence <i>real estate</i> itself: gen. sg. +lond-rihtes īdel, <a href="#li2887">2887</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllandwaru">land-waru</a>, st. f., <i>inhabitants, population</i>: acc. pl. +land-wara, <a href="#li2322">2322</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllandweard">land-weard</a>, st. m., <i>guard, guardian of the frontier</i>: +nom. sg., <a href="#li1891">1891</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllang">lang, long</a>, adj., <i>long</i>: 1) temporal: nom. sg. tō lang, +<a href="#li2094">2094</a>; ns þā long (lang) tō þon (<i>not long after</i>), <a href="#li2592">2592</a>, <a href="#li2846">2846</a>; +acc. sg. lange hwīle (<i>for a long time</i>), <a href="#li16">16</a>, <a href="#li2160">2160</a>, <a href="#li2781">2781</a>; longe +(lange) þrāge, <a href="#li54">54</a>, <a href="#li114">114</a>, <a href="#li1258">1258</a>; lange tīd, <a href="#li1916">1916</a>. Compar. nom. sg. lengra +fyrst, <a href="#li134">134</a>.—2) local, nom. sg. sē ws fīftiges fōtgemearces lang, +<a href="#li3044">3044</a>.—Comp.: and-, morgen-, niht-, up-lang.</p> + +<p>lange, longe, adv., <i>long</i>: lange, <a href="#li31">31</a>, <a href="#li1995">1995</a>, <a href="#li2131">2131</a>, <a href="#li2345">2345</a>, <a href="#li2424">2424</a>; +longe, <a href="#li1062">1062</a>, <a href="#li2752">2752</a>, <a href="#li3109">3109</a>; tō lange (<i>too long, excessively long</i>), +<a href="#li906">906</a>, <a href="#li1337">1337</a>, <a href="#li1749">1749</a>. Compar. leng, <a href="#li451">451</a>, <a href="#li1855">1855</a>, <a href="#li2802">2802</a>, <a href="#li3065">3065</a>; nō þȳ leng +(<i>none the longer</i>), <a href="#li975">975</a>. Superl. lengest (<i>longest</i>), <a href="#li2009">2009</a>, +<a href="#li2239">2239</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgelang">lang</a>, adj., <i>extending, reaching to something</i> or +<i>somebody</i>, hence <i>ready, prepared</i>: nū is rǣd gelang eft t +þē ānum (<i>now is help [counsel] at hand in thee alone</i>), <a href="#li1377">1377</a>; +gēn is eall t þē lissa gelong (<i>all of favor is still on thee +dependent, is thine</i>), <a href="#li2151">2151</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgelenge">ge-lenge</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllanggestrēon">lang-ge-strēon</a>, st. n., <i>long-lasting treasure</i>: gen. pl. +long-gestrēona, <a href="#li2241">2241</a>.—Leo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllangian">langian</a>, w. v., reflex, w. dat, <i>to long, yearn</i>: pres. +sg. III. him ...fter dēorum men dyrne langað beorn (<i>the hero +longeth secretly after the dear man</i>), <a href="#li1880">1880</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllangsum">lang-sum</a>, adj., <i>long-lasting, continuing</i>: nom. sg. +longsum, <a href="#li134">134</a>, <a href="#li192">192</a>, <a href="#li1723">1723</a>; acc. sg. long-sumne, <a href="#li1537">1537</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllangtwidig">lang-twidig</a>, adj., <i>long-granted, assured</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li1709">1709</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllata">lata</a>, w. m., <i>a lazy, cowardly one</i>; in comp. hild-lata.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllā">lā</a>, interj., <i>yes! indeed!</i> <a href="#li1701">1701</a>, <a href="#li2865">2865</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllāc">lāc</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>measured movement, play</i>: in comp. +beadu-, heaðo-lāc.—2) <i>gift, offering</i>: acc. pl. lāc, <a href="#li1864">1864</a>; +lāðlīcu lāc (<i>loathly offering, prey</i>), <a href="#li1585">1585</a>; dat. pl. lācum, <a href="#li43">43</a>, +<a href="#li1869">1869</a>.—Comp. sǣ-lāc.</p> + +<p>ge-lāc, st. n., <i>sport, play</i>: acc. pl. sweorda gelāc +(<i>battle</i>), <a href="#li1041">1041</a>; dat. pl. t ecga gelācum, <a href="#li1169">1169</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllācan">lācan</a>, st. v., <i>to move in measured time, dancing, playing, +fighting, flying</i>, etc.: inf. dareðum lācan (<i>fight</i>), <a href="#li2849">2849</a>; +part. pres. fter lyfte lācende (<i>flying through the air</i>), <a href="#li2833">2833</a>.</p> + +<p>for-lācan, <i>to deceive, betray</i>: part, pret. hē wearð on fēonda +geweald forð forlācen (<i>deceitfully betrayed into the enemy's +hands</i>), <a href="#li904">904</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllād">lād</a>, st. f., <i>street, way, journey</i>: dat. sg. on lāde, +<a href="#li1988">1988</a>; gen. sg. lāde, <a href="#li569">569</a>.—Comp.: brim-, sǣ-lād.</p> + +<p>ge-lād, st. n., <i>way, path, road</i>: acc. sg. uncūð gelād, <a href="#li1411">1411</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllāth">lāð</a>, adj., <i>loathly, evil, hateful, hostile</i>: nom. sg. +lāð, <a href="#li816">816</a>; lāð lyft-floga, <a href="#li2316">2316</a>; lāð (<i>enemy</i>), <a href="#li440">440</a>; nē lēof nē +lāð, <a href="#li511">511</a>; neut. lāð, <a href="#li134">134</a>, <a href="#li192">192</a>; in weak form, se lāða (of the dragon), +<a href="#li2306">2306</a>; acc. sg. lāðne (wyrm), <a href="#li3041">3041</a>; dat. sg. lāðum, <a href="#li440">440</a>, <a href="#li1258">1258</a>; gen. +sg. lāðes (of the enemy), <a href="#li842">842</a>; fela lāðes (<i>much evil</i>), <a href="#li930">930</a>; so, +<a href="#li1062">1062</a>; lāðan līges, <a href="#li83">83</a>; lāðan cynnes, <a href="#li2009">2009</a>, <a href="#li2355">2355</a>; þs lāðan (of the +enemy), <a href="#li132">132</a>; acc. pl. neut. lāð gewidru (<i>hateful storms</i>), <a href="#li1376">1376</a>; +dat. instr. pl. wið lāðum, <a href="#li550">550</a>; lāðum scuccum and scinnum, <a href="#li939">939</a>; lāðum +dǣdum (<i>with evil deeds</i>), <a href="#li2468">2468</a>; lāðan fingrum, <a href="#li1506">1506</a>; gen. pl. +lāðra manna, spella, <a href="#li2673">2673</a>, <a href="#li3030">3030</a>; lāðra (<i>the enemy</i>), <a href="#li242">242</a>. +Compar. nom. sg. lāðra ... beorn, <a href="#li2433">2433</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllāthbite">lāð-bite</a>, st. m., <i>hostile bite</i>: dat. sg. lāð-bite līces +(<i>the body's hostile bite</i> = the wound), <a href="#li1123">1123</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllāthgetēona">lāð-getēona</a>, w. m., <i>evil-doer, injurer</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li975">975</a>; +nom. pl. lāð-getēonan, <a href="#li559">559</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllāthlīc">lāð-līc</a>, adj., <i>loathly, hostile</i>: acc. pl. lāð-līcu, +<a href="#li1585">1585</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllāf">lāf</a>, st. f.: 1) <i>what is left, relic; inheritance, heritage, +legacy</i>: nom. sg. Hrēðlan lāf (Bēowulf's corselet), <a href="#li454">454</a>; nom. pl. +fēla lāfe (<i>the leavings of files</i> = swords, Grein), <a href="#li1033">1033</a>; so, +homera lāfe, <a href="#li2830">2830</a>; on him gladiað gomelra lāfe, heard and hringmǣl +Heaðobeardna gestrēon (<i>on him gleams the forefather's bequest, hard +and ring-decked, the Heaðobeardas' treasure</i>, i.e. the equipments +taken from the slain king of the Heaðobeardas), <a href="#li2037">2037</a>; acc. sg. sweorda +lāfe (<i>leavings of the sword</i>, i.e. those spared by the sword), +<a href="#li2937">2937</a>.—2) <i>the sword as a specially precious heir-loom</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li2629">2629</a>; acc. sg. lāfe, <a href="#li796">796</a>, <a href="#li1489">1489</a>, <a href="#li1689">1689</a>, <a href="#li2192">2192</a>, <a href="#li2564">2564</a>; instr. sg. +incge lāfe, <a href="#li2578">2578</a>.—Comp.: ende-, eormen-, wēa-, yrfe-, ȳð-lāf.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllār">lār</a>, st. f., <i>lore, instruction, prescription</i>: dat. sg. +be fder lāre, <a href="#li1951">1951</a>; gen. pl. lāra, <a href="#li1221">1221</a>; lārena, <a href="#li269">269</a>.—Comp. +frēond-lār.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllāst">lāst</a>, st. m., <i>footstep, track</i>: acc. sg. lāst, <a href="#li132">132</a>, <a href="#li972">972</a>, +<a href="#li2165">2165</a>; on lāst (<i>on the traces of, behind</i>), <a href="#li2946">2946</a>; nom. pl. +lāstas, <a href="#li1403">1403</a>; acc. pl. lāstas, <a href="#li842">842</a>.—Comp.: fēðe-, feorh-, fōt-, +wrc-lāst.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllger">lger</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glleger">leger</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllāgerbed">lāger-bed</a>, st. n., <i>bed to lie on</i> : instr. sg. +leger-bedde, <a href="#li1008">1008</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glls">lǣs</a>, adj., <i>less</i>, <a href="#li1947">1947</a>; þȳ lǣs (<i>the less</i>), <a href="#li487">487</a>; +conjunct, <i>that not, lest</i>, <a href="#li1919">1919</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllssa">lǣssa</a>, adj., <i>less, fewer</i>: nom. sg. lǣssa, <a href="#li1283">1283</a>; acc. sg. +m. lǣssan, <a href="#li43">43</a>; fem, lǣssan hwīle, <a href="#li2572">2572</a>; dat. sg. for lǣssan (<i>for +less, smaller</i>), <a href="#li952">952</a>. Superl. nom. sg. nō þt lǣsest ws +hond-gemōt[a], <a href="#li2355">2355</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllt">lt</a>, adj., <i>negligent, neglectful</i>; w. gen.: nom. sg. +elnes lt, <a href="#li1530">1530</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllǣdan">lǣdan</a>, w. v. w. acc.: <i>to lead, guide, bring</i>: inf. lǣdan, +<a href="#li239">239</a>; pret. pl. lǣddon, <a href="#li1160">1160</a>.</p> + +<p>for-1ǣdan, <i>to mislead</i>: pret. pl. for-lǣddan, <a href="#li2440">2440</a> (?).</p> + +<p>ge-lǣdan, <i>lead, bring</i>: part. pret. ge-lǣded, <a href="#li37">37</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllǣfan">lǣfan</a>, w. v.: 1), <i>to bequeathe, leave</i>: imper. sg. þīnum +magum lǣf folc and rīce, <a href="#li1179">1179</a>; pret. sg. eaferum lǣfde ... lond and +lēodbyrig, <a href="#li2471">2471</a>.—2) <i>spare, leave behind</i>: āht cwices lǣfan +(<i>to spare aught living</i>), <a href="#li2316">2316</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllǣndagas">lǣn-dagas</a>, st. m. pl., <i>loan-days, transitory days</i> (of +earthly existence as contrasted with the heavenly, unending): acc. pl. +lǣn-dagas, <a href="#li2592">2592</a>; gen. pl. lǣn-daga, <a href="#li2342">2342</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllǣne">lǣne</a>, adj., <i>inconstant, perishable, evanescent, given over +to death or destruction</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1755">1755</a>, <a href="#li3179">3179</a>; acc. sg. of +rust-eaten treasures, <a href="#li3130">3130</a>; þās lǣnan gesceaft (<i>this fleeting +life</i>), <a href="#li1623">1623</a>; gen. sg. lǣnan līfes, <a href="#li2846">2846</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllǣran">lǣran</a>, w. v., <i>to teach, instruct</i>: imper. sg. þū þē lǣr +be þon (<i>learn this, take this to heart</i>), <a href="#li1723">1723</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-lǣran, <i>to teach, instruct, give instruction</i>: inf. ic þs +Hrōðgār mg ... rǣd gelǣran (<i>I can give H. good advice about +this</i>), <a href="#li278">278</a>; so, <a href="#li3080">3080</a>; pret. pl. þā mē þt ge-lǣrdon lēode mīne +(<i>gave me the advice</i>), <a href="#li415">415</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllǣstan">lǣstan</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to follow, to sustain, serve</i>: inf. þt +him se līc-homa lǣstan nolde (<i>that his body would not sustain +him</i>), <a href="#li813">813</a>.—2) <i>perform</i>: imper. lǣst eall tela (<i>do all +well</i>), <a href="#li2664">2664</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-lǣstan: 1) <i>to follow, serve</i>: pret. sg. (sweord) þt mec ǣr +and oft gelǣste, <a href="#li2501">2501</a>.—2) <i>to fulfil, grant</i>: subj. pres. pl. +þt ... wilgesīðas, þonne wīg cume, lēode gelǣstan (<i>render war +service</i>), <a href="#li24">24</a>; inf. ic þē sceal mīne gelǣstan frēode (<i>shall +grant thee my friendship, be grateful</i>), <a href="#li1707">1707</a>; pret. sg. bēot +... gelǣste (<i>fulfilled his boast</i>), <a href="#li524">524</a>; gelǣste swā (<i>kept his +word</i>), <a href="#li2991">2991</a>; pres. part. hfde Ēast-Denum ... gilp gelǣsted (<i>had +fulfilled for the East Danes his boast</i>), <a href="#li830">830</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllǣtan">lǣtan</a>, st. v., <i>to let, allow</i>, w. acc. and inf.: pres. +sg. III. lǣteð, <a href="#li1729">1729</a>; imper. pl. II. lǣtað, <a href="#li397">397</a>; sg. II. lǣt, <a href="#li1489">1489</a>; +pret. sg. lēt, <a href="#li2390">2390</a>, <a href="#li2551">2551</a>, <a href="#li2978">2978</a>, <a href="#li3151">3151</a>(?); pret. pl. lēton, <a href="#li48">48</a>, <a href="#li865">865</a>, +<a href="#li3133">3133</a>; subj. pret. sg. II. lēte, <a href="#li1997">1997</a>; sg. III. lēte, <a href="#li3083">3083</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-lǣtan: 1) <i>to let, allow</i>: subj. pres. sg. II. þt þū ne +ālǣte ... dōm ge-drēosan, <a href="#li2666">2666</a>.—2) <i>to leave, lay aside</i>: inf. +ālǣtan lǣn-dagas (<i>die</i>) <a href="#li2592">2592</a>; so, ālǣtan līf and lēodscipe, +<a href="#li2751">2751</a>.</p> + +<p>for-lǣtan: 1) <i>to let, permit</i>, w. acc. and inf.: pret. sg. +for-lēt, <a href="#li971">971</a>; pret. pl. for-lēton, <a href="#li3168">3168</a>. Also with inf. omitted: inf. +nolde eorla hlēo ... þone cwealmcuman cwicne (i.e. wesan) forlǣtan +(<i>would not let the murderous spirit go alive</i>), <a href="#li793">793</a>.—2) <i>to +leave behind, leave</i>: pret. sg. in þām wong-stede ... þǣr hē hine ǣr +forlēt (<i>where he had previously left him</i>), <a href="#li2788">2788</a>.</p> + +<p>of-lǣtan, <i>to leave, lay aside</i>: pres. sg. II. gyf þū ǣr þonne hē +worold oflǣtest (<i>leavest the world, diest</i>), <a href="#li1184">1184</a>; so pret. sg. +oflēt līf-dagas and þās lǣnan gesceaft, <a href="#li1623">1623</a>.</p> + +<p>on-lǣtan, <i>to release, liberate</i>: pres. sg. III. þonne forstes +bend fder on-lǣteð (<i>as soon as the Father looseth the frost's +fetters</i>), <a href="#li1610">1610</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-<a class="glentry" name="glālecgan">lecgan</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to lay, lay down</i>: pret. sg. syððan +hilde-dēor hond ā-legde ... under gēapne hrōf, <a href="#li835">835</a>; þt hē on Bēowulfes +bearm ā-legde (<i>this</i> [the sword] <i>he laid in B.'s bosom, +presented to him</i>), <a href="#li2195">2195</a>; pret. pl. ā-ledon þā lēofne þēoden ... on +bearm scipes, <a href="#li34">34</a>; ā-legdon þā tō middes mǣrne þēoden <i>(laid the +mighty prince in the midst</i> [of the pyre]), <a href="#li3142">3142</a>.—2) <i>to lay +aside, give up</i>: siððan ... in fen-freoðo feorh ā-legde (<i>laid down +his life, died</i>), <a href="#li852">852</a>; nū se here-wīsa hleahtor ā-legde, gamen and +glēo-drēam <i>(now the war-chief has left laughter</i>, etc.), <a href="#li3021">3021</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleger">leger</a>, st. n., <i>couch, bed, lair</i>: dat. sg. on legere, +<a href="#li3044">3044</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllemian">lemian</a>, w. v., <i>to lame, hinder, oppress</i>: pret. sg. (for +pl.) hine sorh-wylmas lemede tō lange, <a href="#li906">906</a>. MS.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleng">leng</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gllang">lang</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllenge">lenge</a>, adj., <i>extending along</i> or <i>to, near</i> (of +time): nom. sg. neut. ne ws hit lenge þā gēn (<i>nor was it yet +long</i>), <a href="#li83">83</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-lenge, adj., <i>extending, reaching to, belonging</i>: nom. sg. +yrfe-weard ... līce gelenge (<i>an heir belonging to one's body</i>), <a href="#li2733">2733</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllet">let</a>, st. m., <i>place of rest, sojourn?</i> in comp. eo-let +(<i>voyage?</i>).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllettan">lettan</a>, w. v., <i>to hinder</i>: pret. pl. (acc. pers. and gen. +thing), þt syððan nā ... brim-līðende lāde ne letton (<i>might no +longer hinder seafarers from journeying</i>), <a href="#li569">569</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-<a class="glentry" name="glālēdon">lēdon</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glālecgan">ā-lecgan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēg">lēg</a>, st. m., <i>flame, fire</i>: nom. sg. wonna lēg (<i>the +lurid flame</i>), <a href="#li3116">3116</a>; swōgende lēg, <a href="#li3146">3146</a>; dat. sg. for dracan lēge, +<a href="#li2550">2550</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gllīg">līg</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēgdraca">lēg-draca</a>, w. m., <i>fire-drake, flaming dragon</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li3041">3041</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleahtre">leahtre</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glorleahtre">or-leahtre</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēaf">lēaf</a>, st. n., <i>leaf, foliage</i>: instr. pl. lēafum, <a href="#li97">97</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēafnesword">lēafnes-word</a>, st. n., <i>permission, leave</i>: acc. pl., <a href="#li245">245</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="#gllēan">lēan</a>, st. v. w. acc. <i>to scold, blame</i>: pres. sg. III. +lyhð, <a href="#li1049">1049</a>; pret. sg. lōg, <a href="#li1812">1812</a>; pret. pl. lōgon, <a href="#li203">203</a>, <a href="#li863">863</a>.</p> + +<p>be-lēan, <i>to dissuade, prevent</i>: inf. nē inc ǣnig mon ... belēan mihte +sorhfullne sīð (<i>no one might dissuade you twain from your difficult +journey</i>), <a href="#li511">511</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēan">lēan</a>, st. n., <i>reward, compensation</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li114">114</a>, <a href="#li952">952</a>, +<a href="#li1221">1221</a>, <a href="#li1585">1585</a>, <a href="#li2392">2392</a>; dat. sg. lēane, <a href="#li1022">1022</a>. Often in the pl.: acc. þā +lēan, <a href="#li2996">2996</a>; dat. þām lēanum, <a href="#li2146">2146</a>; gen. lēana, <a href="#li2991">2991</a>.—Comp.: and-, +ende-lēan.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleān">leān</a> (for lǣn, O.H.G. lēhan), st. n, <i>loan</i>, <a href="#li1810">1810</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēanian">lēanian</a>, w. v., <i>to reward, compensate</i>: pres. sg. I. ic +þē þā fǣhðe fēo lēanige (<i>repay thee for the contest with old-time +treasures</i>), <a href="#li1381">1381</a>; pret. sg. mē þone wl-rǣs wine Scyldinga fǣttan +golde fela lēanode (<i>the friend of the Scyldings rewarded me richly +for the combat with plated gold</i>), <a href="#li2103">2103</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēas">lēas</a>, adj., <i>false</i>: nom. pl. lēase, <a href="#li253">253</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēas">lēas</a>, adj., <i>deprived of, free from</i>, w. gen.: nom. sg. +drēama lēas, <a href="#li851">851</a>; dat. sg. winigea lēasum, <a href="#li1665">1665</a>.—Comp.: dōm-, drēam-, +ealdor-, feoh-, feormend-, hlāford-, sāwol-, sige-, sorh-, tīr-, +þēoden-, wine-, wyn-lēas.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēasig">lēasig</a>, adj., <i>concealing one's self</i>; in comp. +sin-lēasig(?).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleothocrft">leoðo-crft</a>, st. m., <i>the art of weaving</i> or <i>working in +meshes, wire</i>, etc.: instr. pl. segn eall-gylden ... gelocen +leoðo-crftum (<i>a banner all hand-wrought of interlaced gold</i>), +<a href="#li2770">2770</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleothosyrce">leoðo-syrce</a>, w. f., <i>shirt of mail (limb-sark)</i>: acc. sg. +locene leoðo-syrcan (<i>locked linked sark</i>), <a href="#li1506">1506</a>; acc. pl. +locene leoðo-syrcan, <a href="#li1891">1891</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleomum">leomum</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gllim">lim</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleornian">leornian</a>, w. v., <i>to learn, devise, plan</i>: pret. him þs +gūð-cyning ... wrce leornode (<i>the war-king planned vengeance +therefor</i>), <a href="#li2337">2337</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēod">lēod</a>, st. m., <i>prince</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li341">341</a>, <a href="#li348">348</a>, <a href="#li670">670</a>, <a href="#li830">830</a>, +<a href="#li1433">1433</a>, <a href="#li1493">1493</a>, <a href="#li1613">1613</a>, <a href="#li1654">1654</a>, etc.; acc. lēod, <a href="#li626">626</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēod">lēod</a>, st. f., <i>people</i>: gen. sg. lēode, <a href="#li597">597</a>, <a href="#li600">600</a>, <a href="#li697">697</a>. In +pl. indicates <i>individuals, people, kinsmen</i>: nom. pl. lēode, +<a href="#li362">362</a>, <a href="#li415">415</a>, <a href="#li1214">1214</a>, <a href="#li2126">2126</a>, etc.; gum-cynnes Gēata lēode (<i>people of the +race of the Gēatas</i>), <a href="#li260">260</a>; acc. pl. lēode, <a href="#li192">192</a>, <a href="#li443">443</a>, <a href="#li1337">1337</a>, <a href="#li1346">1346</a>, +etc.; dat. pl. lēodum, <a href="#li389">389</a>, <a href="#li521">521</a>, <a href="#li619">619</a>, <a href="#li698">698</a>, <a href="#li906">906</a>, <a href="#li1160">1160</a>, etc.; gen. pl. +lēoda, <a href="#li205">205</a>, <a href="#li635">635</a>, <a href="#li794">794</a>, <a href="#li1674">1674</a>, <a href="#li2034">2034</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēodbealo">lēod-bealo</a>, st. n., (<i>mischief, misfortune affecting an +entire people</i>), <i>great, unheard-of calamity</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1723">1723</a>; gen. +pl. lēod-bealewa, <a href="#li1947">1947</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēodburh">lēod-burh</a>, st. f., <i>princely castle, stronghold of a ruler, +chief city</i>: acc. pl. -byrig, <a href="#li2472">2472</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēodcyning">lēod-cyning</a>, st. m., <i>king of the people</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li54">54</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēodfruma">lēod-fruma</a>, w. m., <i>prince of the people, ruler</i>: acc. sg. +lēod-fruman, <a href="#li2131">2131</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēodgebyrgea">lēod-gebyrgea</a>, w. m., <i>protector of the people, prince</i>: +acc. sg. -gebyrgean, <a href="#li269">269</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēodhryre">lēod-hryre</a>, st. m., <i>fall, overthrow, of the prince, +ruler</i>: dat. sg. fter lēod-hryre (<i>after the fall of the king of +the Heaðobeardas</i>, Frōda, cf. <a href="#li2051">2051</a>, <a href="#li2031">2031</a>; gen. sg. þs lēod-hryres +(of the fall of Heardred, cf. <a href="#li2389">2389</a>, <a href="#li2392">2392</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēodsceatha">lēod-sceaða</a>, w. m., <i>injurer of the people</i>: dat. sg. þām +lēod-sceaðan, <a href="#li2094">2094</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēodscipe">lēod-scipe</a>, st. m., <i>the whole nation, people</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li2752">2752</a>; dat. sg. on þām lēod-scipe, <a href="#li2198">2198</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēoth">lēoð</a>, st. n., <i>song, lay</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1160">1160</a>.—Comp.: fyrd-, +gryre-, gūð-, sorh-lēoð.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēof">lēof</a>, adj., <i>lief, dear</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li31">31</a>, <a href="#li54">54</a>, <a href="#li203">203</a>, <a href="#li511">511</a>, <a href="#li521">521</a>, +<a href="#li1877">1877</a>, <a href="#li2468">2468</a>; weak form m., lēofa, <a href="#li1217">1217</a>, <a href="#li1484">1484</a>, <a href="#li1855">1855</a>, <a href="#li2664">2664</a>; acc. sg. m. +lēofne, <a href="#li34">34</a>, <a href="#li297">297</a>, <a href="#li619">619</a>, <a href="#li1944">1944</a>, <a href="#li2128">2128</a>, <a href="#li3109">3109</a>, <a href="#li3143">3143</a>; gen. sg. lēofes (m.), +<a href="#li1995">1995</a>, <a href="#li2081">2081</a>, <a href="#li2898">2898</a>; (neut.), <a href="#li1062">1062</a>, <a href="#li2911">2911</a>; dat. pl. lēofum, <a href="#li1074">1074</a>; gen. pl. +lēofra, <a href="#li1916">1916</a>. Compar. nom. sg. neut. lēofre, <a href="#li2652">2652</a>. Superl. nom. sg. m. +lēofost, <a href="#li1297">1297</a>; acc. sg. þone lēofestan, <a href="#li2824">2824</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēoflīc">lēoflīc</a>, <i>dear, precious, valued</i>: nom. sg. m. lēoflīc +lind-wiga, <a href="#li2604">2604</a>; acc. sg. neut. lēoflīc īren, <a href="#li1810">1810</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēogan">lēogan</a>, st. v., <i>to lie, belie, deceive</i>. subj. pres. +nfne him his wlite lēoge (<i>unless his looks belie him</i>), <a href="#li250">250</a>; +pret. sg. hē ne lēag fela wyrda nē worda, <a href="#li3030">3030</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-lēogan, <i>to deceive, leave unfulfilled</i>: pret. sg. hē bēot ne +ā-lēh (<i>he left not his promise unfulfilled</i>), <a href="#li80">80</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-lēogan, <i>to deceive, betray</i>: pret. sg. him sēo wēn gelēah +(<i>hope deceived him</i>), <a href="#li2324">2324</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēoht">lēoht</a>, st. n., <i>light, brilliance</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li569">569</a>, <a href="#li728">728</a>, +<a href="#li1751">1751</a> (?); acc. sg. sunnan lēoht, <a href="#li649">649</a>; godes lēoht gecēas (<i>chose +God's light, died</i>), <a href="#li2470">2470</a>; dat. sg. tō lēohte, <a href="#li95">95</a>.—Comp.: ǣfen-, +fȳr-, morgen-lēoht.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēoht">lēoht</a>, adj., <i>luminous, bright</i>: instr. sg. lēohtan +sweorde, <a href="#li2493">2493</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēoma">lēoma</a>, w. m.: 1) <i>light, splendor</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li311">311</a>, <a href="#li2770">2770</a>; +acc. sg. lēoman, <a href="#li1518">1518</a>; sunnan and mōnan lēoman (<i>light of sun and +moon</i>), <a href="#li95">95</a>.—2) (as beadu- and hilde-lēoma), <i>the glittering +sword</i>: nom. sg. līxte se lēoma (<i>the blade-gleam flashed</i>), +<a href="#li1571">1571</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēosan">lēosan</a>, st. v., = amitti, in</p> + +<p>be-lēosan, <i>to deprive, be deprived of</i>: pres. part. (hēo) wearð +beloren lēofum bearnum and brōðrum (<i>was deprived of her dear +children and brethren</i>), <a href="#li1074">1074</a>.</p> + +<p>for-lēosan, with dat. instr., <i>to lose something</i>: pret. sg. þǣr hē +dōme for-lēas, ellen-mǣrðum (<i>there lost he the glory, the repute, of his +heroic deeds</i>), <a href="#li1471">1471</a>; pret. sg. for pl. þām þe ǣr his elne for-lēas +(<i>to him who, before, had lost his valor</i>), <a href="#li2862">2862</a>; part. pret. nealles +ic þām lēanum for-loren hfde (<i>not at all had I lost the rewards</i>), +<a href="#li2146">2146</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllibban">libban</a>, w. v., <i>to live, be, exist</i>: pres. sing. III. +lifað, <a href="#li3169">3169</a>; lyfað, <a href="#li945">945</a>; leofað, <a href="#li975">975</a>, <a href="#li1367">1367</a>, <a href="#li2009">2009</a>; subj. pres. sg. II. +lifige, <a href="#li1225">1225</a>; pres. part. lifigende, <a href="#li816">816</a>, <a href="#li1954">1954</a>, <a href="#li1974">1974</a>, <a href="#li2063">2063</a>; dat. sg. +be þē lifigendum (<i>in thy lifetime</i>), <a href="#li2666">2666</a>; pret. sg. lifde, <a href="#li57">57</a>, +<a href="#li1258">1258</a>; lyfde, <a href="#li2145">2145</a>; pret. pl. lifdon, <a href="#li99">99</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glunlifigende">unlifigende</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllicgan">licgan</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to lie, lie down</i> or <i>low</i>: pres. +sg. nū sēo hand ligeð (<i>now the hand lies low</i>), <a href="#li1344">1344</a>; nū se wyrm +ligeð, <a href="#li2746">2746</a>, so <a href="#li2904">2904</a>; inf. licgan, <a href="#li3130">3130</a>; licgean, <a href="#li967">967</a>, <a href="#li3083">3083</a>; pret. sg. +lg, <a href="#li40">40</a>, <a href="#li552">552</a>, <a href="#li2078">2078</a>; syððan Heardrēd lg (<i>after Heardrēd had +fallen</i>), <a href="#li2389">2389</a>; pret. pl. lāgon, <a href="#li3049">3049</a>; lǣgon, <a href="#li566">566</a>.—2) <i>to lie +prostrate, rest, fail</i>: pret. sg. nǣfre on ōre lg wīd-cūðes wīg +(<i>never failed the far-famed one's valor at the front</i>), <a href="#li1042">1042</a>; +syððan wiðer-gyld lg (<i>after vengeance failed</i>, or, <i>when +Withergyld lay dead</i>, if <i>W.</i> is a proper name), <a href="#li2052">2052</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-licgan, <i>to succumb, fail, yield</i>: inf. <a href="#li2887">2887</a>; pret. sg. þt his +dōm ā-lg (<i>that its power failed it</i>), <a href="#li1529">1529</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-licgan, <i>to rest, lie still</i>: pret. sg. wind-blond gelg, +<a href="#li3147">3147</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllida">lida</a>, w. m., <i>boat, ship</i> (as in motion); in comp.: sund-, +ȳð-lida.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllidman">lid-man</a>, st. m., <i>seafarer, sailor</i>: gen. pl. lid-manna, +<a href="#li1624">1624</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllim">lim</a>, st. n., <i>limb, branch</i>: instr. pl. leomum, <a href="#li97">97</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllimpan">limpan</a>, st. v., <i>to happen, befall</i> (well or ill); impers. +w. dat. pret. sg. hū lomp ēow on lāde (<i>how went it with you on the +journey?</i>), <a href="#li1988">1988</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-limpan, <i>to come about, offer itself</i>: pret. sg. oð þt sǣl +ā-lamp (<i>till the opportunity presented itself</i>), <a href="#li623">623</a>; pret. +part, þā him ā-lumpen ws wistfylle wēn (<i>since a hope of a full +meal had befallen him</i>), <a href="#li734">734</a>.</p> + +<p>be-limpan, <i>to happen to, befall</i>: pret. sg. him sīo sār belamp, +<a href="#li2469">2469</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-limpan, <i>to happen, occur, turn out</i>: pres. sg. III. hit eft +gelimpeð þt..., <a href="#li1754">1754</a>; subj. pres. þisse ansȳne alwealdan þanc lungre +gelimpe (<i>thanks to the Almighty forthwith for this sight!</i>), +<a href="#li930">930</a>; pret. sg. him on fyrste gelamp þt..., <a href="#li76">76</a>; swā him ful-oft gelamp +(<i>as often happened to them</i>), <a href="#li1253">1253</a>; þs þe hire se willa gelamp +þt ... (<i>because her wish had been fulfilled</i>), <a href="#li627">627</a>; frōfor eft +gelamp sārig-mōdum, <a href="#li2942">2942</a>; subj. pret. gif him þyslīcu þearf gelumpe, +<a href="#li2638">2638</a>; pret. part. Denum eallum wearð ... willa gelumpen, <a href="#li825">825</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllind">lind</a>, st. f. (properly <i>linden</i>; here, a a wooden shield +covered with linden-bark or pith): nom. sg., <a href="#li2342">2342</a>; acc. sg. geolwe +linde, <a href="#li2611">2611</a>; acc. pl. linde, <a href="#li2366">2366</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllindgestealla">lind-gestealla</a>, w. m., <i>shield-comrade, war-comrade</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li1974">1974</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllindhbbend">lind-hbbend</a>, pres. part., <i>provided with a shield</i>, i.e. +warrior: nom. pl. -hbbende, <a href="#li245">245</a>; gen. pl. hbbendra, <a href="#li1403">1403</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllindplega">lind-plega</a>, w. m., <i>shield-play</i>, i.e. battle: dat. sg. +lind-plegan, <a href="#li1074">1074</a>, <a href="#li2040">2040</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllindwiga">lind-wiga</a>, w. m., <i>shield-fighter, warrior</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li2604">2604</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllinnan">linnan</a>, st. v., <i>to depart, be deprived of</i>: inf. aldre linnan +(<i>depart from life</i>), <a href="#li1479">1479</a>; ealdres linnan, <a href="#li2444">2444</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllis">lis</a>, st. f., <i>favor, affection</i>: gen. pl. eall ... lissa, +<a href="#li2151">2151</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllist">list</a>, st. m., <i>art, skill, cleverness, cunning</i>: dat. pl. +adverbial, listum (<i>cunningly</i>), <a href="#li782">782</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllixan">līxan</a>, w. v., <i>to shine, flash</i>: pret. sg. līxte, <a href="#li311">311</a>, <a href="#li485">485</a>, +<a href="#li1571">1571</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllīc">līc</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>body, corpse</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li967">967</a>; acc. sg. +līc, <a href="#li2081">2081</a>; þt līc (<i>the body, corpse</i>), <a href="#li2128">2128</a>; dat. sg. līce, +<a href="#li734">734</a>, <a href="#li1504">1504</a>, <a href="#li2424">2424</a>, <a href="#li2572">2572</a>, <a href="#li2733">2733</a>, <a href="#li2744">2744</a>; gen. sg. līces, <a href="#li451">451</a>, <a href="#li1123">1123</a>.— +2) <i>form, figure</i>: in comp. eofor-, swīn-līc.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgelīc">līc</a>, adj., <i>like, similar</i>: nom. pl. m. ge-līce, <a href="#li2165">2165</a>. +Superl. ge-līcost, <a href="#li218">218</a>, <a href="#li728">728</a>, <a href="#li986">986</a>, <a href="#li1609">1609</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllīchama">līc-hama, -homa</a>, w. m. <i>(body-home, garment), body</i>: nom. sg. +līc-homa, <a href="#li813">813</a>, <a href="#li1008">1008</a>, <a href="#li1755">1755</a>; acc. sg. līc-haman, <a href="#li2652">2652</a>; dat. sg. līc-haman, +<a href="#li3179">3179</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllīcian">līcian</a>, w. v., <i>to please, like</i> (impers.): pres. sg. III. +mē þīn mōd-sefa līcað leng swā wēl, <a href="#li1855">1855</a>; pret. pl. þām wīfe þā word +wēl līcodon, <a href="#li640">640</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllīcnes">līcnes</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glonlīcnes">on-līcnes</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllīcsār">līc-sār</a>, st. n., <i>bodily pain</i>: acc. sg. līc-sār, <a href="#li816">816</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllīcsyrce">līc-syrce</a>, w. f., <i>body-sark, shirt of mail covering the +body</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li550">550</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gl1īthan">1īðan</a>, st. v., <i>to move, go</i>: pres. part. nom. pl. þā +līðende (<i>navigantes, sailors</i>), <a href="#li221">221</a>; þā ws sund liden (<i>the +water was then traversed</i>), <a href="#li223">223</a>.—Comp.: hēaðu-, mere-, wǣg-līðend.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllīthe">līðe</a> (O.H.G. lindi), adj., <i>gentle, mild, friendly</i>: nom. +sg. w. instr. gen. lāra līðe, <a href="#li1221">1221</a>. Superl. nom. sg. līðost, <a href="#li3184">3184</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllithwǣge">lið-wǣge</a>, st. n., <i>can in which līð</i> (a wine-like, foaming +drink) <i>is contained</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1983">1983</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllīf">līf</a>, st. n., <i>life</i>: acc. sg. līf, <a href="#li97">97</a>, <a href="#li734">734</a>, <a href="#li1537">1537</a>, <a href="#li2424">2424</a>, +<a href="#li2744">2744</a>, <a href="#li2752">2752</a>; dat. sg. līfe, <a href="#li2572">2572</a>; tō līfe (<i>in one's life, ever</i>) +<a href="#li2433">2433</a>; gen. sg. līfes, <a href="#li197">197</a>, <a href="#li791">791</a>, <a href="#li807">807</a>, <a href="#li2824">2824</a>, <a href="#li2846">2846</a>; worolde līfes (<i>of +the earthly life</i>), <a href="#li1388">1388</a>, <a href="#li2344">2344</a>.—Comp. edwīt-līf.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllīfbysig">līf-bysig</a>, adj. <i>(striving for life or death), weary of life, +in torment of death</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li967">967</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllīfdagas">līf-dagas</a>, st. m. pl., <i>lifetime</i>: acc.-dagas, <a href="#li794">794</a>, <a href="#li1623">1623</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllīffrēa">līf-frēa</a>, w. m., <i>lord of life, God</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li16">16</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllīfgedāl">līf-gedāl</a>, st. n., <i>separation from life</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li842">842</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllīfgesceaft">līf-gesceaft</a>, st. f., <i>fate, destiny</i>: gen. pl.-gesceafta, +<a href="#li1954">1954</a>, <a href="#li3065">3065</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllīfwrathu">līf-wraðu</a>, st. f., <i>protection for one's life, safety</i>: +acc. sg. līf-wraðe, <a href="#li2878">2878</a>; dat. sg. tō līf-wraðe, <a href="#li972">972</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllīfwyn">līf-wyn</a>, st. f., <i>pleasure, enjoyment, joy</i> (of life): +gen. pl. līf-wynna, <a href="#li2098">2098</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllīg">līg</a>, st. m. n., <i>flame, fire</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1123">1123</a>; dat. instr. +sg. līge, <a href="#li728">728</a>, <a href="#li2306">2306</a>, <a href="#li2322">2322</a>, <a href="#li2342">2342</a>; gen. sg. līges, <a href="#li83">83</a>, <a href="#li782">782</a>. See +<a class="glentry" href="#gllēg">lēg</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllīgdraca">līg-draca</a>, w. m., <i> fire-drake, flaming dragon</i>; nom. +pl., <a href="#li2334">2334</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gllēgdraca">lēg-draca</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllīgegesa">līg-egesa</a>, w. m., <i>horror arising through fire, flaming +terror</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li2781">2781</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllīgetorn">līge-torn</a>, st. m., <i>false, pretended insult</i> or <i>injury, +fierce anger</i>(?): dat. sg. fter līge-torne (<i>on account of a +pretended insult?</i> or <i>fierce anger?</i> cf. Bugge in Zacher's +Zeits. 4, 208), <a href="#li1944">1944</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllīgȳth">līg-ȳð</a>, st. m., <i>wave of fire</i>: instr. pl. līg-ȳðum, <a href="#li2673">2673</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēon">lēon</a>, st. v., <i>to lend</i>: pret. sg. þt him on þearfe lāh +þyle Hrōðgāres (<i>which H.'s spokesman lent him in need</i>), <a href="#li1457">1457</a>.</p> + +<p>on-lēoon, <i>to lend, grant as a loan</i>, with gen. of thing and dat. +pers.: pret. sg. þā hē þs wǣpnes on-lāh sēlran sweord-frecan, <a href="#li1468">1468</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glloca">loca</a>, w. m., <i>bolt, lock</i>: in comp. bān-, burh-loca.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllocen">locen</a>. See lūcan.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllond">lond, long</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glland">land, lang</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllof">lof</a>, st. m. n., <i>praise, repute</i>: acc. sg. lof, <a href="#li1537">1537</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllofdǣd">lof-dǣd</a>, st. f., <i>deed of praise</i>: instr. pl. lof-dǣdum, +<a href="#li24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllofgeorn">lof-georn</a>, adj., <i>eager for praise, ambitious</i>: superl. +nom. sg. lof-geornost, <a href="#li3184">3184</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glloga">loga</a>, w. m., <i>liar</i>; in comp. trēow-loga.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllosian">losian</a>, w. v., <i>to escape, flee</i>: pres. sg. III. losað, +<a href="#li1393">1393</a>, <a href="#li2063">2063</a>; pret. sg. hē on weg losade (<i>fled away</i>), <a href="#li2097">2097</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllōcian">lōcian</a>, w. v., <i>to see, look at</i>: pres. sg. II. sǣ-lāc ... þē +þū hēr tō lōcast (<i>booty of the sea that thou lookest on</i>), <a href="#li1655">1655</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgelōme">lōme</a>, adv., <i>often, frequently</i>, <a href="#li559">559</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllufe">lufe</a>, w. f., <i>love</i>: in comp. hēah-, mōd-, wīf-lufe.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllufa">lufa</a> (cf. and-leofa, big-leofa, <i>nourishment</i>), w. m., +<i>food, subsistence; property, real estate</i>: acc. sg. on lufan +(<i>on possessions</i>), <a href="#li1729">1729</a>.—Comp. eard-lufa.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllufen">lufen</a>, st. f. (cf. lufa), <i>subsistence, food; real estate, +(enjoyment?)</i>: nom. sg. lufen (parallel with ēðel-wyn), <a href="#li2887">2887</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glluftācen">luf-tācen</a>, st. n., <i>love-token</i>: acc. pl. luf-tācen, <a href="#li1864">1864</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllufian">lufian</a>, w. v., <i>to love, serve affectionately</i>: pret. sg. +III. lufode þā lēode (<i>was on affectionate terms with the +people</i>), <a href="#li1983">1983</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllungre">lungre</a>, adv.: 1) <i>hastily, quickly, forthwith</i>, <a href="#li930">930</a>, <a href="#li1631">1631</a>, +<a href="#li2311">2311</a>, <a href="#li2744">2744</a>.—2) <i>quite, very, fully</i>: fēower mēaras lungre +gelīce (<i>four horses quite alike</i>), <a href="#li2165">2165</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllust">lust</a>, st. m., <i>pleasure, joy</i>: dat. pl. adv. lustum +(<i>joyfully</i>), <a href="#li1654">1654</a>; so, on lust, <a href="#li619">619</a>, cf. <a href="#li600">600</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllūcan">lūcan</a>, st. v., <i>to twist, wind, lock, interweave</i>: pret. +part. acc. sg. and pl. locene leoðo-syrcan (<i>shirt of mail wrought +of meshes or rings interlocked</i>), <a href="#li1506">1506</a>, <a href="#li1891">1891</a>; gen. pl. locenra +bēaga (<i>rings wrought of gold wire</i>), <a href="#li2996">2996</a>.</p> + +<p>be-lūcan: 1) <i>to shut, close in or around</i>: pret. sg. winter ȳðe +be-lēac īs-gebinde (<i>winter locked the waves with icy bond</i>), <a href="#li1133">1133</a>.— +2) <i>to shut in, off, preserve, protect</i>: pret. sg. I. hig wīge belēac +manegum mǣgða (<i>I shut them in, protected them, from war arising from +many a tribe</i>), <a href="#li1771">1771</a>. Cf. mē wīge belūc wrāðum fēondum (<i>protect me +against mine enemies</i>), Ps. 34, 3.</p> + +<p>ge-lūcan, <i>to unite, link together, make</i>: pret. part. gelocen, +<a href="#li2770">2770</a>.</p> + +<p>on-lūcan, <i>to unlock, open</i>: pret. sg. word-hord on-lēac +(<i>opened the word-hoard, treasure of speech</i>), <a href="#li259">259</a>.</p> + +<p>tō-lucan, <i>(to twist, wrench, in two) to destroy</i>: inf., <a href="#li782">782</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllyft">lyft</a>, st. f. (m. n.?), <i>air</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1376">1376</a>; dat. sg. +fter lyfte (<i>along, through, the air</i>), <a href="#li2833">2833</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllyftfloga">lyft-floga</a>, w. m., <i>air-flier</i>: nom. sg. (of the dragon), +<a href="#li2316">2316</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllyftgeswenced">lyft-geswenced</a>, pret. part., <i>urged, hastened on, by the +wind</i>, <a href="#li1914">1914</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllyftwyn">lyft-wyn</a>, st. f., <i>enjoyment of the air</i>: acc. sg. +lyft-wynne, <a href="#li3044">3044</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllyhth">lyhð</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glleahan">leahan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllystan">lystan</a>, w. v., <i>to lust after, long for</i>: pret. sg. Gēat +ungemetes wēl ... restan lyste(<i>the Gēat</i> [Bēowulf] <i>longed +sorely to rest</i>), <a href="#li1794">1794</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllyt">lȳt</a>, adj. neut. (= parum), <i>little, very little, few</i>: lȳt +eft becwōm ... hāmes nīosan (<i>few escaped homeward</i>), <a href="#li2366">2366</a>; lȳt +ǣnig (<i>none at all</i>), <a href="#li3130">3130</a>; usually with gen.: wintra lȳt, <a href="#li1928">1928</a>; +lȳt ... hēafod-māga, <a href="#li2151">2151</a>; wergendra tō lȳt (<i>too few +defenders</i>), <a href="#li2883">2883</a>; lȳt swīgode nīwra spella (<i>he kept to himself +little, none at all, of the new tidings</i>), <a href="#li2898">2898</a>; dat. sg. lȳt manna +(<i>too few of men</i>), <a href="#li2837">2837</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllȳtel">lȳtel</a>, adj., <i>small, little</i>: nom. sg. neut. tō lȳtel, +<a href="#li1749">1749</a>; acc. sg. f. lȳtle hwīle (<i>a little while</i>), <a href="#li2031">2031</a>, <a href="#li2098">2098</a>; +lif-wraðe lȳtle (<i>little protection for his life</i>), +<a href="#li2878">2878</a>.—Comp. un-lȳtel.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllythwōn">lȳt-hwōn</a>, adv., <i>little = not at all</i>: lȳt-hwōn lōgon, +<a href="#li204">204</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllȳfe">lȳfe</a>, st. n., <i>leave, permission, (life?)</i>: instr. sg. +þīne lȳfe (life, MS.), <a href="#li2132">2132</a>.—Leo. Cf. O.N. leyfi, n., <i>leave, +permission</i>, in Mbius' Glossary, p. 266.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllȳfan">lȳfan</a>, w. v., (fundamental meaning <i>to believe, trust</i>) in</p> + +<p>ā-lȳfan, <i>to allow, grant, entrust</i>: pret. sg. nǣfre ic ǣnegum +men ǣr ālȳfde ... þrȳð-rn Dena (<i>never before to any man have I +entrusted the palace of the Danes</i>), <a href="#li656">656</a>; pret. part. (þā mē ws) +sīð ... ālȳfed inn under eorð-weall (<i>the way in under the wall of +earth was allowed me</i>), <a href="#li3090">3090</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgelȳfan">lȳfan</a>, w. v., <i>to believe, trust</i>: 1) w. dat.: inf. þǣr +gelȳfan sceal dryhtnes dōme sē þe hine dēað nimeð (<i>whomever death +carrieth away, shall believe it to be the judgment of God</i>, i.e. in +the contest between Bēowulf and Grendel), <a href="#li440">440</a>.—2) w. acc.: pret. sg. +gēoce gelȳfde brego Beorht-Dena (<i>believed in, expected, help</i>, +etc.), <a href="#li609">609</a>; þt hēo on ǣnigne eorl gelȳfde fyrena frōfre (<i>that she +at last should expect from any earl comfort, help, out of these +troubles</i>), <a href="#li628">628</a>; sē þe him bealwa tō bōte gelȳfde (<i>who trusted +in him as a help out of evils</i>), <a href="#li910">910</a>; him tō anwaldan āre gelȳfde +(<i>relied for himself on the help of God</i>), <a href="#li1273">1273</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-<a class="glentry" name="glālȳsan">lȳsan</a>, w. v., <i>to loose, liberate</i>: pret. part. þā ws +of þǣm hrōran helm and byrne lungre ā-lȳsed (<i>helm and corselet were +straightway loosed from him</i>), <a href="#li1631">1631</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossM">M</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmathelian">maðelian</a>, w. v. (sermocinari), <i>to speak, talk</i>: pret. sg. +maðelode, <a href="#li286">286</a>, <a href="#li348">348</a>, <a href="#li360">360</a>, <a href="#li371">371</a>, <a href="#li405">405</a>, <a href="#li456">456</a>, <a href="#li499">499</a>, etc.; maðelade, <a href="#li2426">2426</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmaga">maga</a>, w. m., <i>son, male descendant, young man</i>: nom. sg. +maga Healfdenes (Hrōðgār), <a href="#li189">189</a>, <a href="#li1475">1475</a>, <a href="#li2144">2144</a>; maga Ecgþēowes (Bēowulf), +<a href="#li2588">2588</a>: maga (Grendel), <a href="#li979">979</a>; se maga geonga (Wīglāf), <a href="#li2676">2676</a>; Grendeles +maga (<i>a relative of Grendel</i>), <a href="#li2007">2007</a>; acc. sg. þone magan, <a href="#li944">944</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmagan">magan</a>, v. with pret.-pres. form, <i>to be able</i>: pres. sg. +I. III. mg, <a href="#li277">277</a>, <a href="#li478">478</a>, <a href="#li931">931</a>, <a href="#li943">943</a>, <a href="#li1485">1485</a>, <a href="#li1734">1734</a>, etc.; II. meaht þū, <a href="#li2048">2048</a>; +subj. pres. mǣge, <a href="#li2531">2531</a>, <a href="#li2750">2750</a>; þēah ic eal mǣge (<i>even though I +could</i>), <a href="#li681">681</a>; subj. pl. wē mǣgen, <a href="#li2655">2655</a>; pret. sg. meahte, <a href="#li542">542</a>, <a href="#li755">755</a>, +<a href="#li1131">1131</a>, <a href="#li1660">1660</a>, <a href="#li2465">2465</a>, etc.; mihte, <a href="#li190">190</a>, <a href="#li207">207</a>, <a href="#li462">462</a>, <a href="#li511">511</a>, <a href="#li571">571</a>, <a href="#li657">657</a>, <a href="#li1509">1509</a>, +<a href="#li2092">2092</a>, <a href="#li2610">2610</a>; mehte, <a href="#li1083">1083</a>, <a href="#li1497">1497</a>, <a href="#li1516">1516</a>, <a href="#li1878">1878</a>; pl. meahton, <a href="#li649">649</a>, <a href="#li942">942</a>, +<a href="#li1455">1455</a>, <a href="#li1912">1912</a>, <a href="#li2374">2374</a>, <a href="#li3080">3080</a>; mihton, <a href="#li308">308</a>, <a href="#li313">313</a>, <a href="#li2684">2684</a>, <a href="#li3164">3164</a>; subj. pret. sg. +meahte, <a href="#li243">243</a>, <a href="#li763">763</a>, <a href="#li2521">2521</a>; pres. sg. mg, sometimes = licet, <i>may, can, +will</i> (fut.), <a href="#li1366">1366</a>, <a href="#li1701">1701</a>, <a href="#li1838">1838</a>, <a href="#li2865">2865</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmago">mago</a> (Goth. magu-s), st. m., <i>male, son</i>: nom. sg. mago +Ecglāfes (Hunferð), <a href="#li1466">1466</a>; mago Healfdenes (Hrōðgār), <a href="#li1868">1868</a>, <a href="#li2012">2012</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmagodryht">mago-dryht</a>, st. f., <i>troop of young men, band of men</i>: +nom. sg. mago-driht, <a href="#li67">67</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmagorinc">mago-rinc</a>, st. m., <i>hero, man</i> (preeminently): gen. pl. +mago-rinca, hēap, <a href="#li731">731</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmaguthegn">magu-þegn, mago-þegn</a>, st. m., <i>vassal, war-thane</i>: nom. +sg. <a href="#li408">408</a>, <a href="#li2758">2758</a>; dat. sg. magu-þegne, <a href="#li2080">2080</a>; acc. pl. magu-þegnas, <a href="#li293">293</a>; +dat. pl. mago-þegnum, <a href="#li1481">1481</a>; gen. pl. mago-þegna ... þone sēlestan +(<i>the best of vassals</i>), <a href="#li1406">1406</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glman">man, mon</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>man, human being</i>: nom. sg. man, <a href="#li25">25</a>, +<a href="#li503">503</a>, <a href="#li534">534</a>, <a href="#li1049">1049</a>, <a href="#li1354">1354</a>, <a href="#li1399">1399</a>, <a href="#li1535">1535</a>, <a href="#li1877">1877</a>, etc.; mon, <a href="#li209">209</a>, <a href="#li510">510</a>, <a href="#li1561">1561</a>, +<a href="#li1646">1646</a>, <a href="#li2282">2282</a>, etc.; acc. sg. w. mannan, <a href="#li297">297</a>, <a href="#li577">577</a>, <a href="#li1944">1944</a>, <a href="#li2128">2128</a>, <a href="#li2775">2775</a>; +wīd-cūðne man, <a href="#li1490">1490</a>; dat. sg. men, <a href="#li656">656</a>, <a href="#li753">753</a>, <a href="#li1880">1880</a>; menn, <a href="#li2190">2190</a>; gen. +sg. mannes, <a href="#li1195">1195</a> (?), <a href="#li2081">2081</a>, <a href="#li2534">2534</a>, <a href="#li2542">2542</a>; monnes, <a href="#li1730">1730</a>; nom. pl. men, +<a href="#li50">50</a>, <a href="#li162">162</a>, <a href="#li233">233</a>, <a href="#li1635">1635</a>, <a href="#li3167">3167</a>; acc. pl. men, <a href="#li69">69</a>, <a href="#li337">337</a>, <a href="#li1583">1583</a>, <a href="#li1718">1718</a>; dat. pl. +mannum, <a href="#li3183">3183</a>; gen. pl. manna, <a href="#li155">155</a>, <a href="#li201">201</a>, <a href="#li380">380</a>, <a href="#li702">702</a>, <a href="#li713">713</a>, <a href="#li736">736</a>, etc.; +monna, <a href="#li1414">1414</a>, <a href="#li2888">2888</a>.—2) indef. pron. = <i>one, they, people</i> (Germ. +<i>man</i>): man, <a href="#li1173">1173</a>, <a href="#li1176">1176</a>; mon, <a href="#li2356">2356</a>, <a href="#li3177">3177</a>.—Comp.: fyrn-, glēo-, +gum-, iū-, lid-, sǣ-, wǣpned-man.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glman">man</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glmunan">munan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmancyn">man-cyn</a>, st. n., <i>mankind</i>: dat. sg. man-cynne, <a href="#li110">110</a>; gen. +sg. man-cynnes, <a href="#li164">164</a>, <a href="#li2182">2182</a>; mon-cynnes, <a href="#li196">196</a>, <a href="#li1956">1956</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmandrēam">man-drēam</a>, st. m., <i>human joy, mundi voluptas</i>: acc. sg. +man-drēam, <a href="#li1265">1265</a>; dat. pl. mon-drēamum, <a href="#li1716">1716</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmandryhten">man-dryhten</a>, st. m. (<i>lord of men</i>), <i>ruler of the +people, prince, king</i>: nom. sg. man-dryhten, <a href="#li1979">1979</a>, <a href="#li2648">2648</a>; +mon-drihten, <a href="#li436">436</a>; mon-dryhten, <a href="#li2866">2866</a>; acc. sg. mon-dryhten, <a href="#li2605">2605</a>; dat. +sg. man-drihtne, <a href="#li1230">1230</a>; man-dryhtne, <a href="#li1250">1250</a>, <a href="#li2282">2282</a>; gen. sg. man-dryhtnes, +<a href="#li2850">2850</a>; mon-dryhtnes, <a href="#li3150">3150</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgemang">mang</a>, st. m., <i>troop, company</i>: dat. sg. on gemonge +(<i>in the troop</i> [of the fourteen Gēatas that returned from the +sea]), <a href="#li1644">1644</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmanian">manian</a>, w. v., <i>to warn, admonish</i>: pres. sg. III. manað +swā and myndgað ... sārum wordum (<i>so warneth and remindeth he with +bitter words</i>), <a href="#li2058">2058</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmanig">manig, monig</a>, adj., <i>many, many a, much</i>: 1) adjectively: nom. +sg. rinc manig, <a href="#li399">399</a>; geong manig (<i>many a young man</i>), <a href="#li855">855</a>; monig +snellīc sǣ-rinc, <a href="#li690">690</a>; medu-benc monig, <a href="#li777">777</a>; so <a href="#li839">839</a>, <a href="#li909">909</a>, <a href="#li919">919</a>, <a href="#li1511">1511</a>, <a href="#li2763">2763</a>, +<a href="#li3023">3023</a>, etc.; acc. sg. medo-ful manig, <a href="#li1016">1016</a>; dat. sg. m. þegne monegum, <a href="#li1342">1342</a>, +<a href="#li1420">1420</a>; dat. sg. f. manigre mǣgðe, <a href="#li75">75</a>; acc. pl. manige men, <a href="#li337">337</a>; dat. pl. +manegum māðmum, <a href="#li2104">2104</a>; monegum mǣgðum, <a href="#li5">5</a>; gen. pl. manigra mēda, <a href="#li1179">1179</a>.—2) +substantively: nom. sg. manig, <a href="#li1861">1861</a>; monig, <a href="#li858">858</a>; dat. sg. manegum, <a href="#li349">349</a>, +<a href="#li1888">1888</a>; nom. pl. manige, <a href="#li1024">1024</a>; monige, <a href="#li2983">2983</a>; acc. pl. monige, <a href="#li1599">1599</a>; gen. pl. +manigra, <a href="#li2092">2092</a>.—3) with depend. gen. pl.: dat. manegum mǣgða, <a href="#li1772">1772</a>; monegum +fīra, <a href="#li2002">2002</a>; hleða monegum bold-āgendra, <a href="#li3112">3112</a>; acc. pl. rinca manige, <a href="#li729">729</a>; +(māðm)-ǣhta monige, <a href="#li1614">1614</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmanigoft">manig-oft</a>, adv., <i>very often, frequently</i>, <a href="#li171">171</a> [if manig +and oft are to be connected].</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmanlīce">man-līce</a>, adv., <i>man-like, manly</i>, <a href="#li1047">1047</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmanthwǣre">man-þwǣre</a>, adj., <i>kind, gentle toward men, philanthropic</i>: +nom. sg. superl. mon-þwǣrust, <a href="#li3183">3183</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmā">mā</a>, contracted compar., <i>more</i>: with partitive gen., <a href="#li504">504</a>, +<a href="#li736">736</a>, <a href="#li1056">1056</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmāthum">māðum, māððum</a>, st. m., <i>gift, jewel, object of value</i>: +acc. sg. māððum, <a href="#li169">169</a>, <a href="#li1053">1053</a>, <a href="#li2056">2056</a>, <a href="#li3017">3017</a>; dat. instr. sg. māðme, <a href="#li1529">1529</a>, +<a href="#li1903">1903</a>; nom. pl. māðmas, <a href="#li1861">1861</a>; acc. pl. mādmas, <a href="#li385">385</a>, <a href="#li472">472</a>, <a href="#li1028">1028</a>, <a href="#li1483">1483</a>, +<a href="#li1757">1757</a>, <a href="#li1868">1868</a>, etc.; dat. instr. pl. māðmum, mādmum, <a href="#li1049">1049</a>, <a href="#li1899">1899</a>, <a href="#li2104">2104</a>, +<a href="#li2789">2789</a>; gen. pl. māðma, <a href="#li1785">1785</a>, <a href="#li2144">2144</a>, <a href="#li2167">2167</a>, etc.; mādma, <a href="#li36">36</a>, <a href="#li41">41</a>.—Comp.: +dryht-, gold-, hord-, ofer-, sinc-, wundor-māðum.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmāthmǣht">māðm-ǣht</a>, st. f., <i>treasure in jewels, costly objects</i>: +gen. pl. māðm-ǣhta, <a href="#li1614">1614</a>, <a href="#li2834">2834</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmāththumft">māððum-ft</a>, st. n., <i>treasure-casket</i> or <i>cup, costly +vessel</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2406">2406</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmāthmgestrēon">māðm-gestrēon</a>, st. n., <i>precious jewel</i>: gen. pl. +māðm-gestrēona, <a href="#li1932">1932</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmāthumgifu">māðum-gifu</a>, st. f., <i>gift of valuable objects, largess of +treasure</i>: dat. sg. fter māððum-gife, <a href="#li1302">1302</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmāthumsigl">māðum-sigl</a>, st. n., <i>costly, sun-shaped ornament, valuable +decoration</i>: gen. pl. māððum-sigla, <a href="#li2758">2758</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmāthumsweord">māðum-sweord</a>, st. n., <i>costly sword</i> (inlaid with gold and +jewels): acc. sg., <a href="#li1024">1024</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmāthumwela">māðum-wela</a>, w. m., <i>wealth of jewels, valuables</i>:: dat. +sg. fter-māððum-welan (<i>after the sight of the wealth of +jewels</i>), <a href="#li2751">2751</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmāgas">māgas</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glmǣg">mǣg</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmāge">māge</a>, w. f., <i>female relative</i>: gen. sg. Grendles māgan +(<i>mother</i>), <a href="#li1392">1392</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmān">mān</a>, st. n., <i>crime, misdeed</i>: instr. sg. māne, <a href="#li110">110</a>, <a href="#li979">979</a>; +adv., <i>criminally</i>, <a href="#li1056">1056</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmānfordǣdla">mān-for-dǣdla</a>, w. m., <i>evil-doer, criminal</i>: nom. pl. +mān-for-dǣdlan, <a href="#li563">563</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmānscatha">mān-scaða</a>, w. m., <i>mischievous, hurtful foe, hostis +nefastus</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li713">713</a>, <a href="#li738">738</a>, <a href="#li1340">1340</a>; mān-sceaða, <a href="#li2515">2515</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmāra">māra</a> (comp. of micel), adj., <i>greater, stronger, +mightier</i>: nom. sg. m. māra, <a href="#li1354">1354</a>, <a href="#li2556">2556</a>; neut. māre, <a href="#li1561">1561</a>; acc. sg. +m. māran, <a href="#li2017">2017</a>; mund-gripe māran (<i>a mightier hand-grip</i>), <a href="#li754">754</a>; +with following gen. pl. māran ... eorla (<i>a more powerful earl</i>), +<a href="#li247">247</a>; fem. māran, <a href="#li533">533</a>, <a href="#li1012">1012</a>; neut. māre, <a href="#li518">518</a>; with gen. pl. morð-beala +māre <i>(more, greater, deeds of murder</i>), <a href="#li136">136</a>; gen. sg. f. māran, +<a href="#li1824">1824</a>.</p> + +<p>mǣst (superl. of micel, māra), <i>greatest, strongest</i>: nom. sg. +neut. (with partitive gen.), mǣst, <a href="#li78">78</a>, <a href="#li193">193</a>; fem. mǣst, <a href="#li2329">2329</a>; acc. sg. +fem. fǣhðe mǣste, <a href="#li459">459</a>; mǣste ... worolde wynne (<i>the highest earthly +pleasure</i>), <a href="#li1080">1080</a>; neut. n. (with partitive gen.) mǣst mǣrða, <a href="#li2646">2646</a>; +hond-wundra mǣst, <a href="#li2769">2769</a>; bǣl-fȳra mǣst, <a href="#li3144">3144</a>; instr. sg. m. mǣste +crfte, <a href="#li2182">2182</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmcg">mcg</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glmecg">mecg</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmgth">mgð</a>, st. f., <i>wife, maid, woman</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li3017">3017</a>; gen. +pl. mgða hōse (<i>accompanied by her maids of honor</i>), <a href="#li925">925</a>; mgða, +<a href="#li944">944</a>, <a href="#li1284">1284</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmgen">mgen</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>might, bodily strength, heroic power</i>: acc. +sg. mgen, <a href="#li518">518</a>, <a href="#li1707">1707</a>; instr. sg. mgene, 780(?), <a href="#li2668">2668</a>; gen. sg. mgenes, +<a href="#li418">418</a>, <a href="#li1271">1271</a>, <a href="#li1535">1535</a>, <a href="#li1717">1717</a>, etc.; mgnes, <a href="#li671">671</a>, <a href="#li1762">1762</a>; mgenes strang, strengest +(<i>great in strength</i>), <a href="#li1845">1845</a>, <a href="#li196">196</a>; mgenes rōf (id.), <a href="#li2085">2085</a>.—2) +<i>prime, flower</i> (of a nation), <i>forces available in war</i>: acc. +sg. swā hē oft (i.e. etan) dyde mgen Hrēðmanna (<i>the best of the +Hreðmen</i>), <a href="#li445">445</a>; gen. sg. wið manna hwone mgenes Deniga (<i>from(?) any +of the men of the Danes</i>), <a href="#li155">155</a>.—Comp. ofer-mgen.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmgenāgend">mgen-āgend</a>, pres. part., <i>having great strength, valiant</i>: +gen. pl. -āgendra, <a href="#li2838">2838</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmgenbyrthen">mgen-byrðen</a>, st. f., <i>huge burthen</i>: acc. sg. +mgen-byrðenne, <a href="#li3092">3092</a>; dat. (instr.) sg., <a href="#li1626">1626</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmgencrft">mgen-crft</a>, st. m., <i>great, hero-like, strength</i>: acc. +sg., <a href="#li380">380</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmgenellen">mgen-ellen</a>, st. n. (the same), acc. sg., <a href="#li660">660</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmgenfultum">mgen-fultum</a>, st. m., <i>material aid</i>: gen. pl. ns þt +þonne mǣtost mgen-fultuma (<i>that was not the least of strong +helps</i>, i.e. the sword Hrunting), <a href="#li1456">1456</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmgenrǣs">mgen-rǣs</a>, st. m., <i>mighty attack, onslaught</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li1520">1520</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmgenstrengo">mgen-strengo</a>, st. f., <i>main strength, heroic power</i>: acc. +sg., <a href="#li2679">2679</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmgenwudu">mgen-wudu</a>, st. m., <i>might-wood</i>, i.e. the spear, lance: +acc. sg., <a href="#li236">236</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmst">mst</a>, st. m., <i>mast</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1899">1899</a>; dat. sg. be mste +(<i>beside the mast</i>), <a href="#li36">36</a>; <i>to the mast</i>, <a href="#li1906">1906</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmǣthum">mǣðum</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glmāthum">māðum, hyge-mǣðum</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmǣg">mǣg</a>, st. m., <i>kinsman by blood</i>: nom. sg. mǣg, <a href="#li408">408</a>, <a href="#li738">738</a>, +<a href="#li759">759</a>, <a href="#li814">814</a>, <a href="#li915">915</a>, <a href="#li1531">1531</a>, <a href="#li1945">1945</a>, etc; (<i>brother</i>), <a href="#li468">468</a>, <a href="#li2605">2605</a>? acc. sg. +mǣg (<i>son</i>), <a href="#li1340">1340</a>; (<i>brother</i>), <a href="#li2440">2440</a>, <a href="#li2485">2485</a>, <a href="#li2983">2983</a>; dat. sg. +mǣge, <a href="#li1979">1979</a>; gen. sg. mǣges, <a href="#li2629">2629</a>, <a href="#li2676">2676</a>, <a href="#li2699">2699</a>, <a href="#li2880">2880</a>; nom. pl. māgas, +<a href="#li1016">1016</a>; acc. pl. māgas, <a href="#li2816">2816</a>; dat. pl. māgum, <a href="#li1179">1179</a>, <a href="#li2615">2615</a>, <a href="#li3066">3066</a>; (<i>to +brothers</i>), <a href="#li1168">1168</a>; mǣgum, <a href="#li2354">2354</a>; gen. pl. māga, <a href="#li247">247</a>, <a href="#li1080">1080</a>, <a href="#li1854">1854</a>, +<a href="#li2007">2007</a>, <a href="#li2743">2743</a>.—Comp.: fderen-, hēafod-, wine-mǣg.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmǣgburh">mǣg-burh</a>, st. f., <i>borough of blood-kinsmen, entire +population united by ties of blood</i>; (in wider sense) <i>race, +people, nation</i>: gen. sg. lond-rihtes ... þǣre mǣg-burge (<i>of +land possessions among the people</i>, i.e. of the Gēatas), <a href="#li2888">2888</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmǣgth">mǣgð</a>, st. f., <i>race, people</i>: acc. sg. mǣgðe, <a href="#li1012">1012</a>; dat. +sg. mǣgðe, <a href="#li75">75</a>; dat. pl. mǣgðum, <a href="#li5">5</a>; gen. pl. mǣgða, <a href="#li25">25</a>, <a href="#li1772">1772</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmǣgwine">mǣg-wine</a>, st. m., <i>blood kinsman, friend</i>, <a href="#li2480">2480</a> (nom. +pl.).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmǣl">mǣl</a>, st. n.: l) <i>time, point of time</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li316">316</a>; þā +ws sǣl and mǣl (<i>there was</i> [appropriate] <i>chance and +time</i>), <a href="#li1009">1009</a>; acc. sg. mǣl, <a href="#li2634">2634</a>; instr. pl. ǣrran mǣlum, <a href="#li908">908</a>, +<a href="#li2238">2238</a>, <a href="#li3036">3036</a>; gen. pl. mǣla, <a href="#li1250">1250</a>; sǣla and mǣla, <a href="#li1612">1612</a>; mǣla gehwylce +(<i>each time, without intermission</i>), <a href="#li2058">2058</a>.—2) <i>sword, +weapon</i>: nom. sg. brōden (brogden) mǣl (<i>the drawn sword</i>), +<a href="#li1617">1617</a>, <a href="#li1668">1668</a> (cf. Grimm, Andreas and Elene, p. 156).—3) <i>mole, spot, +mark</i>.—Comp.: grǣg-, hring-, sceaðen-, wunden-mǣl.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmǣlcearu">mǣl-cearu</a>, st. f., <i>long-continued sorrow, grief</i>: acc. +sg. mǣl-ceare, <a href="#li189">189</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmǣlgesceaft">mǣl-gesceaft</a>, st. f., <i>fate, appointed time</i>: acc. pl. ie +on earde bād mǣl-gesceafta (<i>awaited the time allotted for me by +fate</i>), <a href="#li2738">2738</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmǣnan">mǣnan</a>, w. v., with acc. in the sense of (1) <i>to remember, +mention, proclaim</i>: inf. mǣnan, <a href="#li1068">1068</a>; pret. part. þǣr ws Bēowulfes +mǣrðo mǣned, <a href="#li858">858</a>.—2) <i>to mention sorrowfully, mourn</i>: inf. <a href="#li3173">3173</a>; +pret. sg. giohðo mǣnde (<i>mourned sorrowfully</i>), <a href="#li2268">2268</a>; pret. pl. +mǣndon, <a href="#li1150">1150</a>, <a href="#li3150">3150</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgemǣnan">mǣnan</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glmān">mān</a>), w. v. with acc., <i>to injure +maliciously, break</i>: subj. pret. pl. ge-mǣnden, <a href="#li1102">1102</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgemǣne">mǣne</a>, adj., <i>common, in common</i>: nom. sg. gemǣne, <a href="#li2474">2474</a>; +þǣr unc hwīle ws hand gemǣne (i.e. in battle), <a href="#li2138">2138</a>; sceal ūrum þt +sweord and helm bām gemǣne (i.e. wesan), <a href="#li2661">2661</a>; nom. pl. gemǣne, <a href="#li1861">1861</a>; +dat. pl. þt þām folcum sceal ... sib gemǣnum (attraction for gemǣne, +i.e. wesan), <a href="#li1858">1858</a>; gen. pl. unc sceal (i.e. wesan) fela māðma gemǣnra +(<i>we two shall share many treasures together</i>), <a href="#li1785">1785</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmǣrthu">mǣrðu</a>, st. f.: 1) <i>glory, a heroes fame</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li858">858</a>; +acc. sg. mǣrðo, <a href="#li660">660</a>, <a href="#li688">688</a>; acc. pl. mǣrða, <a href="#li2997">2997</a>; instr. pl. mǣrðum +(<i>gloriously</i>), <a href="#li2515">2515</a>: gen. pl. mǣrða, <a href="#li504">504</a>, <a href="#li1531">1531</a>.—2) <i>deed of +glory, heroism</i>: acc. sg. mǣrðo, <a href="#li2135">2135</a>; gen. pl. mǣrða, <a href="#li408">408</a>, +<a href="#li2646">2646</a>.—Comp. ellen-mǣrðu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmǣre">mǣre</a>, adj., <i>memorable; celebrated, noble; well known, +notorious</i>: nom. sg. m. mǣre, <a href="#li103">103</a>, <a href="#li129">129</a>, <a href="#li1716">1716</a>, <a href="#li1762">1762</a>; se mǣra, <a href="#li763">763</a>, +<a href="#li2012">2012</a>, <a href="#li2588">2588</a>; also as vocative m. se mǣra, <a href="#li1475">1475</a>; nom. fem. mǣru, <a href="#li2017">2017</a>; +mǣre, <a href="#li1953">1953</a>; neut. mǣre, <a href="#li2406">2406</a>; acc. sg. m. mǣrne, <a href="#li36">36</a>, <a href="#li201">201</a>, <a href="#li353">353</a>, <a href="#li1599">1599</a>, +<a href="#li2385">2385</a>, <a href="#li2722">2722</a>, <a href="#li2789">2789</a>, <a href="#li3099">3099</a>; neut. mǣre, <a href="#li1024">1024</a>; dat. sg. mǣrum, <a href="#li345">345</a>, <a href="#li1302">1302</a>, +<a href="#li1993">1993</a>, <a href="#li2080">2080</a>, <a href="#li2573">2573</a>; tō þǣm mǣran, <a href="#li270">270</a>; gen. sg. mǣres, <a href="#li798">798</a>; mǣran, <a href="#li1730">1730</a>; +nom. pl. mǣre, <a href="#li3071">3071</a>; superl. mǣrost, <a href="#li899">899</a>,—Comp.: fore-, heaðo-mǣre.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmǣst">mǣst</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glmāra">māra</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmǣte">mǣte</a>, adj., <i>moderate, small</i>: superl. nom. sg. mǣtost, +<a href="#li1456">1456</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmecg">mecg, mcg</a>, st. m., <i>son, youth, man</i>. in comp. hilde-, +ōret-mecg, wrc-mcg.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmedla">medla</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glonmedla">on-medla</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmedu">medu</a>, st. m., <i>mead</i>: acc. sg. medu, <a href="#li2634">2634</a>; dat. sg. tō +medo, <a href="#li605">605</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmedorn">medo-rn</a>, st. n., <i>mead-hall</i>: acc. sg. medo-rn (Heorot), +<a href="#li69">69</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmedubenc">medu-benc</a>, st. f., <i>mead-bench, bench in the mead-hall</i>: +nom. sg. medu-benc, <a href="#li777">777</a>; dat. sg. medu-bence, <a href="#li1053">1053</a>; medo-bence, <a href="#li1068">1068</a>, +<a href="#li2186">2186</a>; meodu-bence, <a href="#li1903">1903</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmedudrēam">medu-drēam</a>, st. m., <i>mead-joy, joyous carousing during +mead-drinking</i>: acc. sg. <a href="#li2017">2017</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmedoful">medo-ful</a>, st. n., <i>mead-cup</i>: acc. sg. <a href="#li625">625</a>, <a href="#li1016">1016</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmedoheal">medo-heal</a>, st. f., <i>mead-hall</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li484">484</a>; dat. sg. +meodu-healle, <a href="#li639">639</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmeduscenc">medu-scenc</a>, st. m., <i>mead-can, vessel</i>: instr. pl. +meodu-scencum, <a href="#li1981">1981</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmeduseld">medu-seld</a>, st. n., <i>mead-seat, mead-house</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li3066">3066</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmedosetl">medo-setl</a>, st. n., <i>mead-seat upon which one sits +mead-drinking</i>: gen. pl. meodo-setla, <a href="#li5">5</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmedostīg">medo-stīg</a>, st. f., <i>mead-road, road to the mead-hall</i>: +acc. sg. medo-stīg, <a href="#li925">925</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmedowang">medo-wang</a>, st. m., <i>mead-field</i> (where the mead-hall +stood): acc. pl. medo-wongas, <a href="#li1644">1644</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmethel">meðel</a>, st. n., <i>assembly, council</i>: dat. sg. on meðle, +<a href="#li1877">1877</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmethelstede">meðel-stede</a>, st. m., (properly <i>place of speech, +judgment-seat</i>), here <i>meeting-place, battle-field</i> (so, also +<a href="#li425">425</a>, the battle is conceived under the figure of a parliament or +convention): dat. sg. on þǣm meðel-stede, <a href="#li1083">1083</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmethelword">meðel-word</a>, st. n., <i>words called forth at a discussion; +address</i>: instr. pl. meðel-wordum, <a href="#li236">236</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmelda">melda</a>, w. m., <i>finder, informer, betrayer</i>: gen. sg. þs +meldan, <a href="#li2406">2406</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmeltan">meltan</a>, st. v. intrans., <i>to consume by fire, melt or waste +away</i>: inf., <a href="#li3012">3012</a>; pret. sg. mealt, <a href="#li2327">2327</a>; pl. multon, <a href="#li1121">1121</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-meltan, the same: pret. sg. gemealt, <a href="#li898">898</a>, <a href="#li1609">1609</a>, <a href="#li1616">1616</a>; ne gemealt him +se mōd-sefa (<i>his courage did not desert him</i>), <a href="#li2629">2629</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmen">men</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glman">man</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmene">mene</a>, st. m., <i>neck ornament, necklace, collar</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li1200">1200</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmengan">mengan</a>, w. v., <i>to mingle, unite, with</i>, w. acc. of thing: +inf. sē þe mere-grundas mengan scolde, <a href="#li1450">1450</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-mengan, <i>to mix with, commingle</i>: pret. part. <a href="#li849">849</a>, <a href="#li1594">1594</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmenigu">menigu</a>, st. f., <i>multitude, many</i>: nom. and acc. sg. māðma +menigeo (<i>multitude of treasures, presents</i>), <a href="#li2144">2144</a>; so, mnigo, +<a href="#li41">41</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmercels">mercels</a>, st. m., <i>mark, aim</i>: gen. sg. mercelses, <a href="#li2440">2440</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmere">mere</a>, st. m., <i>sea, ocean</i>: nom. sg. se mere, <a href="#li1363">1363</a>; acc. +sg. on mere, <a href="#li1131">1131</a>, <a href="#li1604">1604</a>; on nicera mere, <a href="#li846">846</a>; dat. sg. fram mere, <a href="#li856">856</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmeredēor">mere-dēor</a>, st. n., <i>sea-beast</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li558">558</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmerefara">mere-fara</a>, w. m., <i>seafarer</i>: gen. sg. mere-faran, <a href="#li502">502</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmerefix">mere-fix</a>, st. m., <i>sea-fish</i>: gen. pl. mere-fixa (<i>the +whale</i>, cf. <a href="#li540">540</a>, <a href="#li549">549</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmeregrund">mere-grund</a>, st. m., <i>sea-bottom</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li2101">2101</a>; acc. +pl. mere-grundas, <a href="#li1450">1450</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmerehrgl">mere-hrgl</a>, st. n., <i>-sea-garment</i>, i.e., sail: gen. pl. +mere-hrgla sum, <a href="#li1906">1906</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmerelīthend">mere-līðend</a>, pres. part., <i>moving on the sea, sailor</i>: +nom. pl. mere-līðende, <a href="#li255">255</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmerestrǣt">mere-strǣt</a>, st. f., <i>sea-street, way over the sea</i>: acc. +pl. mere-strǣta <a href="#li514">514</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmerestrengo">mere-strengo</a>, st. f., <i>sea-power, strength in the sea</i>: +acc. sg., <a href="#li533">533</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmerewīf">mere-wīf</a>, st. n., <i>sea-woman, mer-woman</i>: acc. sg. (of +Grendel's mother), <a href="#li1520">1520</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmergen">mergen</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glmorgen">morgen</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmet">met</a>, st. n., <i>thought, intention</i> (cf. metian = meditari): +acc. pl. onsǣl meoto, <a href="#li489">489</a> (meaning doubtful; see Bugge, Journal 8, +292; Dietrich, Haupt's Zeits. 11, 411; Krner, Eng. Stud. 2, 251).</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgemet">met</a>, st. n., <i>an apportioned share; might, power, ability +</i>: nom. sg. nis þt ... gemet mannes nefne mīn ānes (<i>nobody, +myself excepted, can do that</i>), <a href="#li2534">2534</a>; acc. sg. ofer mīn gemet +(<i>beyond my power</i>), <a href="#li2880">2880</a>; dat. sg. mid gemete, <a href="#li780">780</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgemet">met</a>, adj., <i>well-measured, meet, good</i>: nom. sg. swā +him gemet þince (þūhte), (<i>as seemed meet to him</i>), <a href="#li688">688</a>, <a href="#li3058">3058</a>. +See <a class="glentry" href="#glungemete">un-gemete</a>, adv.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmetan">metan</a>, st. v., <i>to measure, pass over</i> or <i>along</i>: +pret. pl. fealwe strǣte mēarum mǣton (<i>measured the yellow road with +their horses</i>), <a href="#li918">918</a>; so, <a href="#li514">514</a>, <a href="#li1634">1634</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-metan, the same: pret. sg. medu-stīg gemt.(<i>measured, walked +over, the road to the mead-hall</i>), <a href="#li925">925</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmetod">metod</a>, st. m. (the measuring, arranging) <i>Creator, God</i>: +nom. sg., <a href="#li110">110</a>, <a href="#li707">707</a>, <a href="#li968">968</a>, <a href="#li1058">1058</a>, <a href="#li2528">2528</a>; scīr metod, <a href="#li980">980</a>; sōð metod, <a href="#li1612">1612</a>; +acc. sg. metod, <a href="#li180">180</a>; dat. sg. metode, <a href="#li169">169</a>, <a href="#li1779">1779</a>; gen. sg. metodes, +<a href="#li671">671</a>.—Comp. eald-metod.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmetodsceaft">metod-sceaft</a>, st. f.: 1) <i>the Creator's determination, divine +purpose, fate</i>: acc. sg. -sceaft, <a href="#li1078">1078</a>.—2) <i>the Creators +glory</i>: acc. sg. metod-sceaft sēon (i.e. die), <a href="#li1181">1181</a>; dat. sg. tō +metod-sceafte, <a href="#li2816">2816</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmēce">mēce</a>, st. m., <i>sword</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1939">1939</a>; acc. sg. mēce, +<a href="#li2048">2048</a>; brādne mēce, <a href="#li2979">2979</a>; gen. sg. mēces, <a href="#li1766">1766</a>, <a href="#li1813">1813</a>, <a href="#li2615">2615</a>, <a href="#li2940">2940</a>; dat. +pl. instr. mēcum, <a href="#li565">565</a>; gen. pl. mēca, <a href="#li2686">2686</a>.—Comp.: beado-, hft-, +hilde-mēce.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmēd">mēd</a>, st. f., <i>meed, reward</i>: acc. sg. mēde, <a href="#li2135">2135</a>; dat. sg. +mēde, <a href="#li2147">2147</a>; gen. pl. mēda, <a href="#li1179">1179</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgemēde">mēde</a>, st. n., <i>approval, permission</i> (Grein): acc. pl. +ge-mēdu, <a href="#li247">247</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmēthe">mēðe</a>, adj., <i>tired, exhausted, dejected</i>: in comp. hyge-, +sǣ-mēðe.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmētan">mētan</a>, w. v., <i>to meet, find, fall in with</i>: with acc., +pret. pl. syððan scheres ... hafelan mētton, <a href="#li1422">1422</a>; subj. pret. sg. þt +hē ne mētte ... on elran man mundgripe māran (<i>that he never met, in +any other man, with a mightier hand-grip</i>), <a href="#li752">752</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgemētan">mētan</a>, with acc., the same: pret. sg. gemētte, <a href="#li758">758</a>, <a href="#li2786">2786</a>; +pl. ns þā long tō þon, þt þā āglǣcean hȳ eft gemētton (<i>it was not +long after that the warriors again met each other</i>), <a href="#li2593">2593</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgemēting">mēting</a>, st. f., <i>meeting, hostile coming together</i>: +nom. sg., <a href="#li2002">2002</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmēagol">mēagol</a>, adj., <i>mighty, immense; formal, solemn</i>: instr. +pl. mēaglum wordum, <a href="#li1981">1981</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmearc">mearc</a>, st. f., <i>frontier, limit, end</i>: dat. sg. tō mearce +(<i>the end of life</i>), <a href="#li2385">2385</a>.—Comp. Weder-mearc, <a href="#li298">298</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-mearc, st. n., <i>measure, distance</i>: comp. fōt-, mīl-ge-mearc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmearcian">mearcian</a>, w. v., <i>to mark, stain</i>: pres. ind. sg. mearcað +mōrhopu (<i>will stain, mark, the moor with the blood of the +corpse</i>), <a href="#li450">450</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-mearcian, the same: pret. part. (Cain) morðre gemearcod +(<i>murder-marked</i> [cf. 1 Book Mos. IV. 15]), <a href="#li1265">1265</a>; swā ws on þǣm +scennum ... gemearcod ... hwām þt sweord geworht wǣre (<i>engraved +for whom the sword had been wrought</i>), <a href="#li1696">1696</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmearcstapa">mearc-stapa</a>, w. m., <i>march-strider, frontier-haunter</i> +(applied to Grendel and his mother): nom. sg., <a href="#li103">103</a>; acc. pl. +mearc-stapan, <a href="#li1349">1349</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmearh">mearh</a>, st. m., <i>horse, steed</i>: nom. pl. mēaras, <a href="#li2164">2164</a>; acc. +pl. mēaras, <a href="#li866">866</a>, <a href="#li1036">1036</a>; dat. pl. inst. mēarum, <a href="#li856">856</a>, <a href="#li918">918</a>; mēarum and +māðmum, <a href="#li1049">1049</a>, <a href="#li1899">1899</a>; gen. pl. mēara and māðma, <a href="#li2167">2167</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmearn">mearn</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glmurnan">murnan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmeodu">meodu</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glmedu">medu</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmeoto">meoto</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glmet">met</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmeotud">meotud</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glmetod">metod</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmeowle">meowle</a>, w. f., <i>maiden</i>: comp. geō-meowle.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmicel">micel</a>, adj., <i>great, huge, long</i> (of time): nom. sg. m., +<a href="#li129">129</a>, <a href="#li502">502</a>; fem., <a href="#li67">67</a>, <a href="#li146">146</a>, <a href="#li170">170</a>; neut., <a href="#li772">772</a>; acc. sg. m. micelne, <a href="#li3099">3099</a>; +fem, micle, <a href="#li1779">1779</a>, <a href="#li3092">3092</a>; neut. micel, <a href="#li270">270</a>, <a href="#li1168">1168</a>. The comp. māre must be +supplied before þone in: medo-rn micel ... (māre) þone yldo beam ǣfre +ge-frūnon, <a href="#li69">69</a>; instr. sg. ge-trume micle, <a href="#li923">923</a>; micle (<i>by much, +much</i>); micle lēofre (<i>far dearer</i>), <a href="#li2652">2652</a>; efne swā micle +(lǣssa), (<i>[less] even by so much</i>), <a href="#li1284">1284</a>; oftor micle (<i>much +oftener</i>), <a href="#li1580">1580</a>; dat. sg, weak form miclan, <a href="#li2850">2850</a>; gen. sg. miclan, +<a href="#li979">979</a>. The gen. sg. micles is an adv. = <i>much, very</i>: micles wyrðne +gedōn (<i>deem worthy of much</i>, i.e. honor very highly), <a href="#li2186">2186</a>; tō +fela micles (<i>far too much, many</i>), <a href="#li695">695</a>; acc. pl. micle, <a href="#li1349">1349</a>. +Compar., see <a class="glentry" href="#glmāra">māra</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmid">mid</a>, I. prep. w. dat., instr., and acc., signifying +preminently <i>union, community, with</i>, hence: 1) w. dat.: a) +<i>with, in company, community, with</i>; mid Finne, <a href="#li1129">1129</a>; mid +Hrōðgāre, <a href="#li1593">1593</a>; mid scip-herge, <a href="#li243">243</a>; mid gesīðum (<i>with his +comrades</i>), <a href="#li1314">1314</a>; so, <a href="#li1318">1318</a>, <a href="#li1964">1964</a>, <a href="#li2950">2950</a>, etc.; mid his frēo-drihtne, +<a href="#li2628">2628</a>; mid þǣm lācum (<i>with the gifts</i>), <a href="#li1869">1869</a>; so, <a href="#li2789">2789</a>, <a href="#li125">125</a>; mid +hǣle (<i>with good luck!</i>), <a href="#li1218">1218</a>; mid bǣle fōr (<i>sped off amid +fire</i>), <a href="#li2309">2309</a>. The prep. postponed: him mid (<i>with him, in his +company</i>), <a href="#li41">41</a>; <i>with him</i>, <a href="#li1626">1626</a>; ne ws him Fitela mid (<i>was +not with him</i>), <a href="#li890">890</a>. b) <i>with, among</i>: mid Gēatum (<i>among +the Gēatas</i>), <a href="#li195">195</a>, <a href="#li2193">2193</a>, <a href="#li2624">2624</a>; mid Scyldingum, <a href="#li274">274</a>; mid Eotenum, +<a href="#li903">903</a>; mid yldum (eldum), <a href="#li77">77</a>, <a href="#li2612">2612</a>; mid him (<i>with, among, one +another</i>), <a href="#li2949">2949</a>. In temporal sense: mid ǣr-dge (<i>at dawn</i>), +<a href="#li126">126</a>.—2) <i>with, with the help of, through</i>, w. dat.: mid +ār-stafum (<i>through his grace</i>), <a href="#li317">317</a>; so, <a href="#li2379">2379</a>; mid grāpe +(<i>with the fist</i>), <a href="#li438">438</a>; so, <a href="#li1462">1462</a>, <a href="#li2721">2721</a>; mid his hete-þoncum +(<i>through his hatred</i>), <a href="#li475">475</a>; mid sweorde, <a href="#li574">574</a>; so, <a href="#li1660">1660</a>, <a href="#li2877">2877</a>; +mid gemete (<i>through, by, his power</i>), <a href="#li780">780</a>; so, <a href="#li1220">1220</a>, <a href="#li2536">2536</a>, <a href="#li2918">2918</a>; +mid gōde (<i>with benefits</i>), <a href="#li1185">1185</a>; mid hearme (<i>with harm, +insult</i>), <a href="#li1893">1893</a>; mid þǣre sorge (<i>with [through?] this +sorrow</i>), <a href="#li2469">2469</a>; mid rihte (<i>by rights</i>), <a href="#li2057">2057</a>. With instr.: +mid þȳ wīfe (<i>through [marriage with] the woman</i>), <a href="#li2029">2029</a>.—3) w. +acc., <i>with, in community, company, with</i>: mid his eorla gedriht, +<a href="#li357">357</a>; so, <a href="#li634">634</a>, <a href="#li663">663</a>, <a href="#li1673">1673</a>; mid hine, <a href="#li880">880</a>; mid mīnne gold-gyfan, <a href="#li2653">2653</a>.</p> + +<p>II. adv., mid, <i>thereamong, in the company</i>, <a href="#li1643">1643</a>; <i>at the same +time, likewise</i>, <a href="#li1650">1650</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmiddangeard">middan-geard</a>, st. m., <i>globe, earth</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li75">75</a>, <a href="#li1772">1772</a>; +dat. sg. on middan-gearde, <a href="#li2997">2997</a>; gen. sg. middan-geardes, <a href="#li504">504</a>, <a href="#li752">752</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmidde">midde</a>, w. f., <i>middle = medius</i>: dat. sg. on middan +(<i>through the middle, in two</i>), <a href="#li2706">2706</a>; gen. sg. (adv.) tō-middes +(<i>in the midst</i>), <a href="#li3142">3142</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmiddelniht">middel-niht</a>, st. f., <i>midnight</i>: dat. pl. middel-nihtum, +<a href="#li2783">2783</a>, <a href="#li2834">2834</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmiht">miht</a>, st. f., <i>might, power, authority</i>: acc. sg. þurh +drihtnes miht (<i>through the Lord's help, power</i>), <a href="#li941">941</a>; instr. pl. +selfes mihtum, <a href="#li701">701</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmihtig">mihtig</a>, adj.: 1) <i>physically strong, powerful</i>: acc. sg. +mihtig mere-dēor, <a href="#li558">558</a>; mere-wīf mihtig, <a href="#li1520">1520</a>.—2) <i>possessing +authority, mighty</i>: nom. sg. mihtig god, <a href="#li702">702</a>, <a href="#li1717">1717</a>, <a href="#li1726">1726</a>; dat. sg. +mihtigan drihtne, <a href="#li1399">1399</a>.—Comp.: l-, fore-mihtig.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmilde">milde</a>, adj., <i>kind, gracious, generous</i>: nom. sg. mōdes +milde (<i>kind-hearted</i>), <a href="#li1230">1230</a>; instr. pl. mildum wordum +(<i>graciously</i>), <a href="#li1173">1173</a>. Superl. nom. sg. worold-cyning mannum +mildust (<i>a king most liberal to men</i>), <a href="#li3183">3183</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmilts">milts</a>, st. f., <i>kindness, benevolence</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2922">2922</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmissan">missan</a>, w. v. with gen., <i>to miss, err in</i>: pret. sg. +miste mercelses (<i>missed the mark</i>), <a href="#li2440">2440</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmissere">missēre</a>, st. n., <i>space of a semester, half a year</i>: gen. +pl. hund missēra (<i>fifty winters</i>), <a href="#li2734">2734</a>, <a href="#li2210">2210</a>; generally, <i>a +long period of time, season</i>, <a href="#li1499">1499</a>, <a href="#li1770">1770</a>; fela missēra, <a href="#li153">153</a>, <a href="#li2621">2621</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmisthlith">mist-hlið</a>, st. n., <i>misty cliff, cloud-capped slope</i>: dat. +pl. under mist-hleoðum, <a href="#li711">711</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmistig">mistig</a>, adj., <i>misty</i>: acc. pl. mistige mōras, <a href="#li162">162</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmīlgemearc">mīl-gemearc</a>, st. n., <i>measure by miles</i>: gen. sg. +mīl-gemearces, <a href="#li1363">1363</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmīn">mīn</a>: 1) poss. pron., <i>my, mine</i>, <a href="#li255">255</a>, <a href="#li345">345</a>, etc.; Hygelāc +mīn (<i>my lord</i>, or <i>king, H.</i>), <a href="#li2435">2435</a>.—2) gen. sg. of pers. +pron. ic, <i>of me</i>, <a href="#li2085">2085</a>, <a href="#li2534">2534</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmolde">molde</a>, w. f., <i>dust; earth, field</i>: in comp. grs-molde.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmon">mon</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glman">man</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgemong">mong</a>. See ge-<a class="glentry" href="#glgemang">mang</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmorthbealu">morð-bealu</a>, st. n., <i>murder, deadly hale</i> or <i>deed of +murder</i>: gen. pl. morð-beala, <a href="#li136">136</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmorthor">morðor</a>, st. n., <i>deed of violence, murder</i>: dat. instr. +sg. morðre, <a href="#li893">893</a>, <a href="#li1265">1265</a>, <a href="#li2783">2783</a>; gen. sg. morðres, <a href="#li2056">2056</a>; morðres scyldig +(<i>guilty of murder</i>), <a href="#li1684">1684</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmorthorbed">morðor-bed</a>, st. n., <i>bed of death, murder-bed</i>: acc. sg. +ws þām yldestan ... morðor-bed strēd (<i>a bed of death was spread +for the eldest</i>, i.e. through murder his death-bed was prepared), +<a href="#li2437">2437</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmorthorbealu">morðor-bealu</a>, st. n., <i>death-bale, destruction by murder</i>: +acc. sg. morðor-bealo, <a href="#li1080">1080</a>, <a href="#li2743">2743</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmorthorhete">morðor-hete</a>, st. m., <i>murderous hate</i>: gen. sg. þs +morðor-hetes, <a href="#li1106">1106</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmorgen">morgen, morn, mergen</a>, st. m., <i>morning, forenoon</i>; also +<i>morrow</i>: nom. sg. morgen, <a href="#li1785">1785</a>, <a href="#li2125">2125</a>; (<i>morrow</i>), <a href="#li2104">2104</a>; +acc. sg. on morgen (<i>in the morning</i>), <a href="#li838">838</a>; dat. sg. on morgne, +<a href="#li2485">2485</a>; on mergenne, <a href="#li565">565</a>, <a href="#li2940">2940</a>; gen. pl. morna gehwylce (<i>every +morning</i>), <a href="#li2451">2451</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmorgenceald">morgen-ceald</a>, adj., <i>morning-cold, dawn-cold</i>: nom. sg. +gār morgen-ceald (<i>spear chilled by the early air of morn</i>), +<a href="#li3023">3023</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmorgenlang">morgen-lang</a>, adj., <i>lasting through the morning</i>: acc. sg. +morgen-longne dg (<i>the whole forenoon</i>), <a href="#li2895">2895</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmorgenlēoht">morgen-lēoht</a>, st. n., <i>morning-light</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li605">605</a>, <a href="#li918">918</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmorgenswēg">morgen-swēg</a>, st. m., <i>morning-cry, cry at morn</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li129">129</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmorgentīd">morgen-tīd</a>, st. f., <i>morning-tide</i>: acc. sg. on +morgen-tīde, <a href="#li484">484</a>, <a href="#li818">818</a>(?)</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmorn">morn</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glmorgen">morgen</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmōd">mōd</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>heart, soul, spirit, mood, mind, manner of +thinking</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li50">50</a>, <a href="#li731">731</a>; wǣfre mōd (<i>the flicker ing spirit, +the fading breath</i>), <a href="#li1151">1151</a>; acc. sg. on mōd (<i>into his mind</i>), +<a href="#li67">67</a>; dat. instr. sg. mōde geþungen (<i>of mature, lofty spirit</i>), +<a href="#li625">625</a>; on mōde (<i>in heart, mind</i>), <a href="#li754">754</a>, <a href="#li1845">1845</a>, <a href="#li2282">2282</a>? <a href="#li2528">2528</a>; on hrēoum +mōde (<i>fierce of spirit</i>), <a href="#li2582">2582</a>; gen. sg. modes, <a href="#li171">171</a>, <a href="#li811">811</a>, <a href="#li1707">1707</a>; +modes blīðe (<i>gracious-minded, kindly disposed</i>), <a href="#li436">436</a>; so, mōdes +milde, <a href="#li1230">1230</a>; mōdes sēoce (<i>depressed in mind</i>), <a href="#li1604">1604</a>.—2) +<i>boldness, courage</i>: nom. and acc. sg., <a href="#li1058">1058</a>, <a href="#li1168">1168</a>. 3) +<i>passion, fierceness</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li549">549</a>.—Comp. form adj.: galg-, +geōmor-, gld-, gūð-, hrēoh-, sārig-, stīð-, swīð-, wērig-, yrre-mōd.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmōdcearu">mōd-cearu</a>, st. f., <i>grief of heart</i>: acc. sg. mōd-ceare, +<a href="#li1993">1993</a>, <a href="#li3150">3150</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmōdgehygd">mōd-gehygd</a>, st. f ., <i>thought of the heart; mind</i>: instr. +pl. mōd-gehygdum, 233</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmōdgethanc">mōd-ge-þanc</a>, st. n., <i>mood-thought, meditation</i>: acc. sg. +mōd-ge-þonc, <a href="#li1730">1730</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmōdgiōmor">mōd-giōmor</a>, adj., <i>grieved at heart, dejected</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2895">2895</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmōdig">mōdig</a>, adj., <i>courageous</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li605">605</a>, <a href="#li1644">1644</a>, <a href="#li1813">1813</a>, +<a href="#li2758">2758</a>; hē þs (þǣm, MS.) mōdig ws (<i>had the courage for it</i>), +<a href="#li1509">1509</a>; se mōdega, <a href="#li814">814</a>; dat. sg. mid þām mōdigan, <a href="#li3012">3012</a>; gen. sg. mōdges, +<a href="#li502">502</a>; mōdiges, <a href="#li2699">2699</a>; Gēata lēod georne truwode mōdgan mgnes +(<i>trusted firmly in his bold strength</i>), <a href="#li671">671</a>; nom. pl. mōdge, +<a href="#li856">856</a>; mōdige, <a href="#li1877">1877</a>; gen. pl. mōdigra, <a href="#li312">312</a>, <a href="#li1889">1889</a>.—Comp, fela-mōdig.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmōdiglīc">mōdig-līc</a>, adj., <i>of bold appearance</i>: compar. acc. pl. +mōdiglīcran, <a href="#li337">337</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmōdlufe">mōd-lufe</a>, w. f., <i>hearts affection, love</i>: gen. sg. þīnre +mōd-lufan, <a href="#li1824">1824</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmōdsefa">mōd-sefa</a>, w. m., <i>thought of the heart; brave, bold temper; +courage</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li349">349</a>, <a href="#li1854">1854</a>, <a href="#li2629">2629</a>; acc. sg. mōd-sefan, <a href="#li2013">2013</a>; dat. +sg. mōd-sefan, <a href="#li180">180</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmōdthracu">mōd-þracu</a>, st. f., <i>boldness, courage, strength of mind</i>: +dat. sg. for his mōd-þrce, <a href="#li385">385</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmōdor">mōdor</a>, f., <i>mother</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1259">1259</a>, <a href="#li1277">1277</a>, <a href="#li1283">1283</a>, <a href="#li1684">1684</a>, +<a href="#li2119">2119</a>; acc. sg. mōdor, <a href="#li1539">1539</a>, <a href="#li2140">2140</a>, <a href="#li2933">2933</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmōna">mōna</a>, w. m., <i>moon</i>: gen. sg. mōnan, <a href="#li94">94</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmōr">mōr</a>, st. m., <i>moor, morass, swamp</i>: acc. sg. ofer myrcan +mōr, <a href="#li1406">1406</a>; dat. sg. of mōre, <a href="#li711">711</a>; acc. pl. mōras, <a href="#li103">103</a>, <a href="#li162">162</a>, <a href="#li1349">1349</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmōrhop">mōr-hop</a>, st. n., <i>place of refuge in the moor, hiding-place +in the swamp</i>: acc. pl. mōr-hopu, <a href="#li450">450</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgemōt">mōt</a>, st. n., <i>meeting</i>: in comp. hand-, torn-ge-mōt.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmōtan">mōtan</a>, pret.-pres. v.: 1) <i>power</i> or <i>permission to have +something, to be permitted; may, can</i>: pres. sg. I., III. mōt, <a href="#li186">186</a>, +<a href="#li442">442</a>, <a href="#li604">604</a>; II. mōst, <a href="#li1672">1672</a>; pl. mōton, <a href="#li347">347</a>, <a href="#li365">365</a>, <a href="#li395">395</a>; pres. subj. ic +mōte, <a href="#li431">431</a>; III. sē þe mōte, <a href="#li1388">1388</a>; pret sg. mōste, <a href="#li168">168</a>, <a href="#li707">707</a>, <a href="#li736">736</a>, <a href="#li895">895</a>, +<a href="#li1488">1488</a>, <a href="#li1999">1999</a>, <a href="#li2242">2242</a>, <a href="#li2505">2505</a>, etc.; pl. mōston, <a href="#li1629">1629</a>, <a href="#li1876">1876</a>, <a href="#li2039">2039</a>, <a href="#li2125">2125</a>, +<a href="#li2248">2248</a>; pres. subj. sg. II. þt þū hine selfne gesēon mōste (<i>mightest +see</i>), <a href="#li962">962</a>.—2) <i>shall, must, be obliged</i>: pres. sg. mōt, +<a href="#li2887">2887</a>; pret. sg. mōste, <a href="#li1940">1940</a>; þǣr hē þȳ fyrste forman dōgore wealdan +mōste, swā him Wyrd ne gescrāf, hrēð t hilde (<i>if he must for the +first time that day be victorious, as Fate had denied him victory</i>, +cf. <a href="#li2681">2681</a>, <a href="#li2683">2683</a> seqq.), <a href="#li2575">2575</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgemunan">munan</a>, pret.-pres. v., <i>to have in mind, be mindful; remember, +think of</i>, w. acc.: pres. sg. hine gearwe geman witena wēl-hwylc +(<i>each of the knowing ones still remembers him well</i>), <a href="#li265">265</a>; ic þē þs +lēan geman (<i>I shall not forget thy reward for this</i>), <a href="#li1221">1221</a>; ic þt +eall gemon (<i>I remember all that</i>), <a href="#li2428">2428</a>; so, <a href="#li1702">1702</a>, <a href="#li2043">2043</a>; gif hē þt +eall gemon hwt ... (<i>if he is mindful of all that which</i> ...), <a href="#li1186">1186</a>; +ic þt mǣl gemon hwǣr... (<i>I remember the time when</i>...), <a href="#li2634">2634</a>; pret. +sg. w. gemunde... ǣfen-sprǣce (<i>recalled his evening speech</i>), <a href="#li759">759</a>; +so, <a href="#li871">871</a>, <a href="#li1130">1130</a>, <a href="#li1260">1260</a>, <a href="#li1271">1271</a>, <a href="#li1291">1291</a>, <a href="#li2115">2115</a>, <a href="#li2432">2432</a>, <a href="#li2607">2607</a>, <a href="#li2679">2679</a>; sē þs lēod-hryres +lēan ge-munde (<i>was mindful of reward for the fall of the ruler</i>), +<a href="#li2392">2392</a>; þt hē Eotena bearn inne gemunde (<i>that he in this should remember, +take vengeance on, the children of the Eotens</i>), <a href="#li1142">1142</a>; so, hond gemunde +fǣhðo genōge (<i>his hand remembered strife enough</i>), <a href="#li2490">2490</a>; ne ge-munde +mago Ecglāfes þt ... (<i>remembered not that which</i> ...), <a href="#li1466">1466</a>; pret. +pl. helle gemundon in mōd-sefan (<i>their thoughts</i> [as heathens] +<i>fixed themselves on, remembered, hell</i>), <a href="#li179">179</a>.</p> + +<p>on-munan, w. acc. pers. and gen. of thing, <i>to admonish, exhort</i>: +pret. sg. onmunde ūsic mǣrða (<i>exhorted us to deeds of glory</i>), +<a href="#li2641">2641</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmund">mund</a>, st. f., <i>hand</i>: instr. pl. mundum, mid mundum, <a href="#li236">236</a>, +<a href="#li514">514</a>, <a href="#li1462">1462</a>, <a href="#li3023">3023</a>, <a href="#li3092">3092</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmundbora">mund-bora</a>, w. m., <i>protector, guardian, preserver</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li1481">1481</a>, <a href="#li2780">2780</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmundgripe">mund-gripe</a>, st. m., <i>hand-grip, seizure</i>: acc. sg. +mund-gripe, <a href="#li754">754</a>; dat. sg. mund-gripe, <a href="#li380">380</a>, <a href="#li1535">1535</a>; fter mund-gripe +(<i>after having seized the criminal</i>), <a href="#li1939">1939</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmurnan">murnan</a>, st. v., <i>to shrink from, be afraid of, avoid</i>: +pret. sg. nō mearn fore fǣhðe and fyrene, <a href="#li136">136</a>; so, <a href="#li1538">1538</a>; nalles for +ealdre mearn (<i>was not apprehensive for his life</i>), <a href="#li1443">1443</a>.—2) +<i>to mourn, grieve</i>: pres. part. him ws ... murnende mōd, <a href="#li50">50</a>; +pres. subj., þonne hē fela murne (<i>than that he should mourn +much</i>), <a href="#li1386">1386</a>.</p> + +<p>be-murnan, be-meornan, with acc., <i>to mourn over</i>: pret. +be-mearn, <a href="#li908">908</a>, <a href="#li1078">1078</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmurnlīce">murn-līce</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glunmurnlīce">un-murn-līce</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmūthbana">mūð-bana</a>, w. m., <i>mouth-destroyer</i>: dat. sg. tō mūð-bonan +(of Grendel because he bit his victim to death), <a href="#li2080">2080</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmūtha">mūða</a>, w. m., <i>mouth, entrance</i>: acc. sg. recedes mūðan +(<i>mouth of the house, door</i>), <a href="#li725">725</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgemynd">mynd</a>, st. f., <i>memory, memorial, remembrance</i>: dat. pl. +tō gemyndum, <a href="#li2805">2805</a>, <a href="#li3017">3017</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glweorthmynd">weorð-mynd</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmyhdgian">myhdgian</a>, w. v., <i>to call to mind, remember</i>: pres. sg. +myndgað, <a href="#li2058">2058</a>; pres. part. w. gen. gif þonne Frēsna hwylc ... þs +morðor-hetes myndgiend wǣre (<i>were to call to mind the bloody +feud</i>), <a href="#li1106">1106</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-myndgian, w. v. w. acc., <i>to remember</i>: bið gemyndgad ... +eaforan ellor-sīð (<i>is reminded of his son's decease</i>), <a href="#li2451">2451</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgemyndig">myndig</a>, adj., <i>mindful</i>: nom. sg. w. gen., <a href="#li614">614</a>, <a href="#li869">869</a>, +<a href="#li1174">1174</a>, <a href="#li1531">1531</a>, <a href="#li2083">2083</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmyne">myne</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>mind, wish</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2573">2573</a>.—2) +<i>love</i>(?): nē his myne wisse (<i>whose</i> [God's] <i>love he +knew not</i>), <a href="#li169">169</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgemynian">mynian</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to be mindful of</i>: imper. sg. +gemyne mǣrðo! <a href="#li660">660</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmyntan">myntan</a>, w. v., <i>to intend, think of, resolve</i>: pret. sg. +mynte ... manna cynnes sumne besyrwan (<i>meant to entrap all</i>(?) +[see <a class="glentry" href="#glsum">sum</a>], <i>some one of (?), the men</i>), <a href="#li713">713</a>; mynte þt hē +gedǣlde ... (<i>thought to sever</i>), <a href="#li732">732</a>; mynte se mǣra, þǣr hē +meahte swā, wīdre gewindan (<i>intended to flee</i>), <a href="#li763">763</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmyrce">myrce</a>, adj., <i>murky, dark</i>: acc. sg. ofer myrcan mōr, +<a href="#li1406">1406</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmyrth">myrð</a>, st. f., <i>joy, mirth</i>: dat. (instr.) sg. mōdes myrðe, +8n.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossN">N</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnaca">naca</a>, w. m., <i>vessel, ship</i>: acc. sg. nacan, <a href="#li295">295</a>; gen. sg. +nacan, <a href="#li214">214</a>.—Comp.: hring-, ȳð-naca.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnacod">nacod</a>, adj., <i>naked</i>: nom. and acc. sg. swurd, gūð-bill +nacod, <a href="#li539">539</a>, <a href="#li2586">2586</a>; nacod nīð-draca, <a href="#li2274">2274</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnalas">nalas, nales, nallas</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glnealles">nealles</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnama">nama</a>, w. m., <i>name</i>: nom. sg. Bēowulf is mīn nama, <a href="#li343">343</a>; ws þǣm +hft-mēce Hrunting nama, <a href="#li1458">1458</a>; acc. sg. scōp him Heort naman (<i>gave it +the name Hart</i>), <a href="#li78">78</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnā">nā</a> (from ne-ā), strength, negative, <i>never, not all</i>, <a href="#li445">445</a>, +<a href="#li567">567</a>, <a href="#li1537">1537</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnāh">nāh</a>, from ne-āh. See <a class="glentry" href="#glāgan">āgan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnān">nān</a> (from ne-ān), indef. pron., <i>none, no</i>: with gen. pl. +gūð-billa nān, <a href="#li804">804</a>; adjectively, nān ... īren ǣrgōd, <a href="#li990">990</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnāt">nāt</a>, from ne-wāt: <i>I know not=nescio</i>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glwitan">witan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnāthwylc">nāt-hwylc</a> (nescio quis, ne-wāt-hwylc, <i>know not who, which</i>, +etc.), indef. pron., <i>any, a certain one, some or other</i>: 1) w. +partitive gen.: nom. sg. gumena nāt-hwylc, <a href="#li2234">2234</a>;. gen. sg. nāt-hwylces +(þāra banena), <a href="#li2054">2054</a>; niða nāt-hwylces(?), <a href="#li2216">2216</a>; nāt-hwylces hleða bearna, +<a href="#li2225">2225</a>.—2) adjectively: dat. sg. in nið-sele nāt-hwylcum, <a href="#li1514">1514</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnbben">nbben</a>, from ne-hbben (subj. pres.). See <a class="glentry" href="#glhabban">habban</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnfne">nfne</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glnefne">nefne</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glngel">ngel</a>, st. m., <i>nail</i>: gen. pl. ngla (of the +finger-nails), <a href="#li986">986</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glngled">ngled</a>, part., <i>nailed?, nail-like?, buckled?</i>: acc. sg. +neut. ngled (MS. gled) sinc, <a href="#li2024">2024</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glns">ns</a>, st. m., <i>naze, rock projecting into the sea, cliff, +promontory</i>: acc. sg. ns, <a href="#li1440">1440</a>, <a href="#li1601">1601</a>, <a href="#li2899">2899</a>; dat. sg. nsse, <a href="#li2244">2244</a>, +<a href="#li2418">2418</a>; acc. pl. windige nssas, <a href="#li1412">1412</a>; gen. pl. nssa, <a href="#li1361">1361</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glns">ns</a>, from ne-ws (<i>was not</i>). See <a class="glentry" href="#glwesan">wesan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glns">ns</a>, neg. adv., <i>not, not at all</i>, <a href="#li562">562</a>, <a href="#li2263">2263</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnshlith">ns-hlið</a>, st. n., <i>declivity, slope of a promontory that +sinks downward to the sea</i>: dat. pl. on ns-hleoðum, <a href="#li1428">1428</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnǣfre">nǣfre</a>, adv., <i>never</i>, <a href="#li247">247</a>, <a href="#li583">583</a>, <a href="#li592">592</a>, <a href="#li656">656</a>, <a href="#li719">719</a>, <a href="#li1042">1042</a>, <a href="#li1049">1049</a>, +etc.; also strengthened by ne: nǣfre ne, <a href="#li1461">1461</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgenǣgan">nǣgan</a>, w. v. w. acc. pers. and gen. of thing, <i>to attack, +press</i>; pret. pl. nīða genǣgdan nefan Hererīces (<i>in combats +pressed hard upon H.'s nephew</i>), <a href="#li2207">2207</a>; pret. part. wearð ... nīða +genǣged, <a href="#li1440">1440</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnǣnig">nǣnig</a> (from ne-ǣnig), pron., <i>not any, none, no</i>: 1) +substantively w. gen. pl.: nom. sg., <a href="#li157">157</a>, <a href="#li242">242</a>, <a href="#li692">692</a>; dat. sg. nǣnegum, +<a href="#li599">599</a>; gen. pl. nǣnigra, <a href="#li950">950</a>.—2) adjectively: nom. sg. ōðer nǣnig, <a href="#li860">860</a>; +nǣnig wter, <a href="#li1515">1515</a>; nǣnig ... dēor, <a href="#li1934">1934</a>; acc. sg. nǣnigne ... +hord-māððum, <a href="#li1199">1199</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnǣre">nǣre</a>, from ne-wǣre (<i>were not, would not be</i>). See +<a class="glentry" href="#glwesan">wesan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glne">ne</a>, simple neg., <i>not</i>, <a href="#li38">38</a>, <a href="#li50">50</a>, <a href="#li80">80</a>, <a href="#li83">83</a>, <a href="#li109">109</a>, etc.; before +imper. ne sorga! <a href="#li1385">1385</a>; ne gȳm! <a href="#li1761">1761</a>, etc. Doubled =<i>certainly not, +not even that</i>: nē gē ... gearwe ne wisson (<i>ye certainly have +not known</i>, etc.), <a href="#li245">245</a>; so, <a href="#li863">863</a>; ne ic ... wihte ne wēne (<i>nor do +I at all in the least expect</i>), <a href="#li2923">2923</a>; so, <a href="#li182">182</a>. Strengthened by +other neg.: nōðer ... ne, <a href="#li2125">2125</a>; swā hē ne mihte nō ... (<i>so that he +absolutely could not</i>), <a href="#li1509">1509</a>.</p> + +<p>nē ... nē, <i>not ... and not, nor; neither ... nor</i>, <a href="#li154">154-157</a>, <a href="#li511">511</a>, +<a href="#li1083">1083-1085</a>, etc. Another neg. may supply the place of the first ne: so, +nō ... ne, <a href="#li575">575-577</a>, <a href="#li1026">1026-1028</a>, <a href="#li1393">1393-1395</a>, etc.; nǣfre ... ne, <a href="#li583">583-584</a>; +nalles ... nē, <a href="#li3016">3016-3017</a>. The neg. may be omitted the first time: ǣr +nē siððan (<i>neither before nor after, before nor since</i>), <a href="#li719">719</a>; +sūð nē norð (<i>south nor north</i>), <a href="#li859">859</a>; ādl nē yldo (<i>neither +illness nor old age</i>), <a href="#li1737">1737</a>; wordum nē worcum (<i>neither by word +nor deed</i>), <a href="#li1101">1101</a>; wiston and ne wēndon (<i>knew not and weened +not</i>), <a href="#li1605">1605</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnefa">nefa</a>, w. m., <i>nephew, grandson</i>: nom. sg. nefa +(<i>grandson</i>), <a href="#li1204">1204</a>; so, <a href="#li1963">1963</a>; (<i>nephew</i>), <a href="#li2171">2171</a>; acc. sg. +nefan (<i>nephew</i>), <a href="#li2207">2207</a>; dat. sg. nefan (<i>nephew</i>), <a href="#li882">882</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnefne">nefne, nfne, nemne</a> (orig. from ne-gif-ne): 1) subj.: a) with +depend. clause = <i>unless</i>: nefne him wītig god wyrd forstōde +(<i>if fate, the wise God, had not prevented him</i>), <a href="#li1057">1057</a>; nefne god +sylfa ... sealde (<i>unless God himself</i>, etc.), <a href="#li3055">3055</a>; nfne him his +wlite lēoge (MS. nǣfre) (<i>unless his face belie him</i>), <a href="#li250">250</a>; nfne +hē ws māra (<i>except that he was huger</i>), <a href="#li1354">1354</a>; nemne him +heaðo-byrne helpe ge-fremede, <a href="#li1553">1553</a>; so, <a href="#li2655">2655</a>.—b) w. follow. +substantive = <i>except, save, only</i>: nefne sin-frēa (<i>except the +husband</i>), <a href="#li1935">1935</a>; ic lȳt hafo hēafod-māga nefne Hygelāc þec (<i>have +no near kin but thee</i>), <a href="#li2152">2152</a>; nis þt ēower (gen. pl.) sīð ... +nefne mīn ānes, <a href="#li2534">2534</a>.—2) Prep. with dat., <i>except</i>: nemne fēaum +ānum, <a href="#li1082">1082</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgenehost">nehost</a>. See ge-<a class="glentry" href="#glgeneahhe">neahhe</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnelle">nelle</a>, from ne-wille (<i>I will not</i>). See <a class="glentry" href="#glwillan">willan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnemnan">nemnan</a>, w. v. w. acc.: 1) <i>to name, call</i>: pres. pl. þone +yldestan ōret-mecgas Bēowulf nemnað (<i>the warriors call the most +distinguished one Bēowulf</i>), <a href="#li364">364</a>; so inf. nemnan, <a href="#li2024">2024</a>; pret. pl. +nemdon, <a href="#li1355">1355</a>.—2) <i>to address</i>, as in</p> + +<p>be-nemnan, <i>to pronounce solemnly, put under a spell</i>: pret. sg. +Fin Hengeste ... āðum be-nemde þt (<i>asserted, promised under oath +that</i> ...), <a href="#li1098">1098</a>; pret. pl. swā hit oð dōmes dg dīope benemdon +þēodnas mǣre (<i>put under a curse</i>), <a href="#li3070">3070</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnemne">nemne</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glnefne">nefne</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnerian">nerian</a>, ge-<b>nerian</b>, w. v., <i>to save, rescue, +liberate</i>: pres. sg. Wyrd oft nereð unfǣgne eorl, <a href="#li573">573</a>; pret. part. +hfde ... sele Hrōðgāres ge-nered wið nīðe (<i>saved from +hostility</i>), <a href="#li828">828</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgenesan">nesan</a>, st. v.: 1) intrans., <i>to remain over, be +preserved</i>: pret. sg. hrōf āna gens ealles ansund (<i>the roof +alone was quite sound</i>), <a href="#li1000">1000</a>.—2) w. acc., <i>to endure +successfully, survive, escape from</i>: pret. sg. sē þā scce ge-ns, +<a href="#li1978">1978</a>; fela ic ... gūð-rǣsa ge-ns, <a href="#li2427">2427</a>; pret. part. swā hē nīða +gehwane genesen hfde, <a href="#li2398">2398</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnet">net</a>, st. n., <i>net</i>: in comp. brēost-, here-, hring-, +inwit-, searo-net.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnēdla">nēdla</a>, w. m., <i>dire necessity, distress</i>: in comp. +þrēa-nēdla.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnēthan">nēðan</a> (G. nanþjan), w. v., <i>to venture, undertake boldly</i>: +pres. part. nearo nēðende (<i>encountering peril</i>), <a href="#li2351">2351</a>; pret. pl. +þǣr git ... on dēop water aldrum nēðdon (<i>where ye two risked your +lives in the deep water</i>), <a href="#li510">510</a>; so, <a href="#li538">538</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-nēðan, the same: inf. ne dorste under ȳða gewin aldre ge-nēðan, +<a href="#li1470">1470</a>. With depend. clause: nǣnig þt dorste genēðan þt (<i>none durst +undertake to</i> ...), <a href="#li1934">1934</a>; pret. sg. hē under hārne stān āna genēðde +frēcne dǣde (<i>he risked alone the bold deed, venturing under the +grey rock</i>), <a href="#li889">889</a>; (ic) wigge under wtere weorc genēðde earfoð-līce +(<i>I with difficulty stood the work under the water in battle</i>, +i.e. could hardly win the victory), <a href="#li1657">1657</a>; ic genēðde fela gūða +(<i>ventured on, risked, many contests</i>), <a href="#li2512">2512</a>; pres. pl. (of +majesty) wē ... frēcne genēðdon eafoð uncūðes (<i>we have boldly +risked, dared, the monster's power</i>), <a href="#li961">961</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnēh">nēh</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glnēah">nēah</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgeneahhe">neahhe</a>, adv., <i>enough, sufficiently</i>, <a href="#li784">784</a>, <a href="#li3153">3153</a>; +superl. genehost brgd eorl Bēowulfes ealde lāfe (<i>many an earl of +B.'s</i>), <a href="#li795">795</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnealles">nealles</a> (from ne-ealles), adv., <i>omnino non, not at all, by +no means</i>: nealles, <a href="#li2146">2146</a>, <a href="#li2168">2168</a>, <a href="#li2180">2180</a>, <a href="#li2223">2223</a>, <a href="#li2597">2597</a>, etc.; nallas, +<a href="#li1720">1720</a>, <a href="#li1750">1750</a>; nalles, <a href="#li338">338</a>, <a href="#li1019">1019</a>, <a href="#li1077">1077</a>, <a href="#li1443">1443</a>, <a href="#li2504">2504</a>, etc.; nalas, <a href="#li43">43</a>, +<a href="#li1494">1494</a>, <a href="#li1530">1530</a>, <a href="#li1538">1538</a>; nales, <a href="#li1812">1812</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnearo">nearo</a>, st. n., <i>strait, danger, distress</i>: acc. sg. nearo, +<a href="#li2351">2351</a>, <a href="#li2595">2595</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnearo">nearo</a>, adj., <i>narrow</i>: acc. pl. f. nearwe, <a href="#li1410">1410</a>.</p> + +<p>nearwe, adv., <i>narrowly</i>, <a href="#li977">977</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnearocrft">nearo-crft</a>, st. m., <i>art of rendering difficult of access?, +inaccessibility</i> (see <a href="#li2214">2214</a> seqq.): instr. pl. nearo-crftum, <a href="#li2244">2244</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnearofāh">nearo-fāh</a>, m., <i>foe that causes distress, war-foe</i>: gen. +sg. nearo-fāges, <a href="#li2318">2318</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnearothearf">nearo-þearf</a>, st. f., <i>dire need, distress</i>: acc. sg. +nearo-þearfe, <a href="#li422">422</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgenearwian">nearwian</a>, w. v., <i>to drive into a corner, press upon</i>: +pret. part. genearwod, <a href="#li1439">1439</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnēah">nēah, nēh</a>: 1) adj., <i>near, nigh</i>: nom. sg. nēah, <a href="#li1744">1744</a>, +<a href="#li2729">2729</a>. In superl. also = <i>last</i>: instr. sg. nȳhstan sīðe (<i>for +the last time</i>), <a href="#li1204">1204</a>; nīehstan sīðe, <a href="#li2512">2512</a>.</p> + +<p>2) adv., <i>near</i>: feor and (oððe) nēah, <a href="#li1222">1222</a>, <a href="#li2871">2871</a>; 3) prep, +sǣ-grunde nēah, <a href="#li564">564</a>; so, <a href="#li1925">1925</a>, <a href="#li2243">2243</a>; holm-wylme nēh, <a href="#li2412">2412</a>. Compar. +nēar, <a href="#li746">746</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnēan">nēan</a>, adv., <i>near by, (from) close at hand</i>, <a href="#li528">528</a>; (neon, +MS.), <a href="#li3105">3105</a>; feorran and nēan, <a href="#li840">840</a>; nēan and feorran, <a href="#li1175">1175</a>, <a href="#li2318">2318</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgenēat">nēat</a>, st. m., <i>comrade, companion</i>: in comp. bēod-, +heorð-genēat.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glniothor">nioðor</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glnither">niðer</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glneowol">neowol</a>, adj., <i>steep, precipitous</i>: acc. pl. neowle, <a href="#li1412">1412</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnēod">nēod</a>, st. f., <i>polite intercourse regulated by etiquette?, +hall-joy?</i>: acc. sg. nīode, <a href="#li2117">2117</a>; inst. (= <i>joy</i>), <a href="#li2216">2216</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnēodlathu">nēod-laðu</a>, st. f., <i>polite invitation; wish</i>: dat. sg. +fter nēod-laðu (<i>according to his wishes</i>), <a href="#li1321">1321</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnēosan">nēosan, nēosian</a>, w. v. w. gen., <i>to seek out, look for; to +attack</i>: inf. nēosan, <a href="#li125">125</a>, <a href="#li1787">1787</a>, <a href="#li1792">1792</a>, <a href="#li1807">1807</a>, <a href="#li2075">2075</a>; nīosan, <a href="#li2389">2389</a>, +<a href="#li2672">2672</a>; nēosian, <a href="#li115">115</a>, <a href="#li1126">1126</a>; nīosian, <a href="#li3046">3046</a>; pret. sg. nīosade, <a href="#li2487">2487</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnēotan">nēotan</a>, st. v., <i>to take, accept</i>, w. gen.; <i>to use, +enjoy</i>: imper. sg. nēot, <a href="#li1218">1218</a>.</p> + +<p>be-nēotan, w. dat., <i>to rob, deprive of</i>: inf. hine aldre +be-nēotan, <a href="#li681">681</a>; pret. sg. cyning ealdre bi-nēat (<i>deprived the king +of life</i>), <a href="#li2397">2397</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnicor">nicor</a>, st. m., <i>sea-horse, walrus, sea-monster</i> (cf. Bugge +in Zacher's Journal, 4, 197): acc. pl. niceras, <a href="#li422">422</a>, <a href="#li575">575</a>; nicras, +<a href="#li1428">1428</a>; gen. pl. nicera, <a href="#li846">846</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnicorhūs">nicor-hūs</a>, st. n., <i>house</i> or <i>den of sea-monsters</i>: +gen. pl. nicor-hūsa, <a href="#li1412">1412</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnith">nið</a> st. m., <i>man, human being</i>: gen. pl. niðða, <a href="#li1006">1006</a>; +niða? (passage corrupt), <a href="#li2216">2216</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnither">niðer, nyðer, neoðor</a>, adv., <i>down, downward</i>: niðer, <a href="#li1361">1361</a>; +nioðor, <a href="#li2700">2700</a>; nyðer, <a href="#li3045">3045</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnithsele">nið-sele</a>, st. m., <i>hall, room, in the deep</i> (Grein): dat. +sg. [in] nið-sele nāt-hwylcum, <a href="#li1514">1514</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnigen">nigen</a>, num., <i>nine</i>: acc. nigene, <a href="#li575">575</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glniht">niht</a>, st. f. <i>night</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li115">115</a>, <a href="#li547">547</a>. <a href="#li650">650</a>, <a href="#li1321">1321</a>, <a href="#li2117">2117</a>; +acc. sg. niht, <a href="#li135">135</a>, <a href="#li737">737</a>, <a href="#li2939">2939</a>; gystran niht (<i>yester-night</i>), +<a href="#li1335">1335</a>; dat. sg. on niht, <a href="#li575">575</a>, <a href="#li684">684</a>; on wanre niht, <a href="#li703">703</a>; gen. sg. nihtes +hwīlum (<i>sometimes at night, in the hours of the night</i>), <a href="#li3045">3045</a>; +as adv. = <i>of a night, by night</i>, G. nachts, <a href="#li422">422</a>, <a href="#li2274">2274</a>; dges and +nihtes, <a href="#li2270">2270</a>; acc. pl. seofon niht (<i>se'nnight, seven days</i>, cf. +Tac. Germ, 11), <a href="#li517">517</a>; dat. pl. sweartum nihtum, <a href="#li167">167</a>; deorcum nihtum, +<a href="#li275">275</a>, <a href="#li221">221</a>; gen. pl. nihta, <a href="#li545">545</a>, <a href="#li1366">1366</a>.—Comp.: middel-, sin-niht.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnihtbealu">niht-bealu</a>, st. n., <i>night-bale, destruction by night</i>: +gen. pl. niht-bealwa, <a href="#li193">193</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnihthelm">niht-helm</a>, st. m., <i>veil</i> or <i>canopy of night</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li1790">1790</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnihtlong">niht-long</a>, adj., <i>lasting through the night</i>: acc. sg. m. +niht-longne fyrst (<i>space of a night</i>), <a href="#li528">528</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnihtweorc">niht-weorc</a>, st. n., <i>night-work, deed done at night</i>: +instr. sg. niht-weorce, <a href="#li828">828</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glniman">niman</a>, st. v. w. acc.: 1) <i>to take, hold, seize, +undertake</i>: pret. sg. nam þā mid handa hige-þīhtigne rinc, <a href="#li747">747</a>; +pret. pl. wē . . . nīode nāman, <a href="#li2117">2117</a>.—2) <i>to take, take away, +deprive of</i>: pres. sg. sē þe hine dēað nimeð (<i>he whom death +carrieth off</i>), <a href="#li441">441</a>; so, <a href="#li447">447</a>; nymeð, <a href="#li1847">1847</a>; nymeð nȳd-bāde, <a href="#li599">599</a>; +subj. pres. gif mec hild nime, <a href="#li452">452</a>, <a href="#li1482">1482</a>; pret. sg. ind. nam on +Ongenþīo īren-byrnan, <a href="#li2987">2987</a>; ne nom hē ... māðm-ǣhta mā (<i>he took no +more of the rich treasures</i>), <a href="#li1613">1613</a>; pret. part. þā ws ... sēo cwēn +numen (<i>the queen carried off</i>), <a href="#li1154">1154</a>.</p> + +<p>be-niman, <i>to deprive of</i>: pret. sg. oð þt hine yldo benam +mgenes wynnum (<i>till age bereft him of joy in his strength</i>), +<a href="#li1887">1887</a>.</p> + +<p>for-niman, <i>to carry off</i>: pres. sg. þē þā dēað for-nam (<i>whom death +carried off</i>), <a href="#li488">488</a>; so, <a href="#li557">557</a>, <a href="#li696">696</a>, <a href="#li1081">1081</a>, <a href="#li1124">1124</a>, <a href="#li1206">1206</a>, <a href="#li1437">1437</a>, etc. Also, +dat. for acc.: pret. pl. him īrenna ecge fornāmon, <a href="#li2829">2829</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-niman: 1) <i>to take, seize</i>: pret. sg. (hine) be healse ge-nam +(<i>clasped him around the neck, embraced him</i>), <a href="#li1873">1873</a>.—2) <i>to +take, take away</i>: pret. on reste genam þrītig þegna, <a href="#li122">122</a>; hēo under +heolfre genam cūðe folme, <a href="#li1303">1303</a>; segn ēac genom, <a href="#li2777">2777</a>; þā mec sinca +baldor ... t mīnum fder genam (<i>took me at my father's hands, +adopted me</i>), <a href="#li2430">2430</a>; pret. part. genumen, <a href="#li3167">3167</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgenip">nip</a>, st. n., <i>darkness, mist, cloud</i>: acc. pl. under +nssa genipu, <a href="#li1361">1361</a>; ofer flōda genipu, <a href="#li2809">2809</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnis">nis</a>, from ne-is (<i>is not</i>): see <a class="glentry" href="#glwesan">wesan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnīwe">nīwe, nīowe</a>, adj., <i>new, novel; unheard-of</i>: nom. sg. swēg +up ā-stāg nīwe geneahhe (<i>a monstrous hubbub arose</i>), <a href="#li784">784</a>; beorh +... nīwe (<i>a newly-raised(?) grave-mound</i>), <a href="#li2244">2244</a>; acc. sg. nīwe +sibbe (<i>the new kinship</i>), <a href="#li950">950</a>; instr. sg. nīwan stefne +(properly, novā voce; here = de novo, iterum, <i>again</i>), <a href="#li2595">2595</a>; +nīowan stefne (<i>again</i>), <a href="#li1790">1790</a>; gen. pl. nīwra spella (<i>new +tidings</i>), <a href="#li2899">2899</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgenīwian">nīwian</a>, w. v., <i>to renew</i>: pret. part. ge-nīwod, <a href="#li1304">1304</a>, +<a href="#li1323">1323</a>; genīwad, <a href="#li2288">2288</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnīwtyrwed">nīw-tyrwed</a>, pret. part., <i>newly-tarred</i>: acc. sg. +nīw-tyrwedne (-tyrwydne, MS.) nacan, <a href="#li295">295</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnīth">nīð</a>, st. m., properly only <i>zeal, endeavor</i>; then +<i>hostile endeavor, hostility, battle, war</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2318">2318</a>; acc. sg. +nīð, <a href="#li184">184</a>, <a href="#li276">276</a>; Wedera nīð (<i>enmity against the W., the sorrows of the +Weders</i>), <a href="#li423">423</a>; dat. sg. wið (t) nīðe, <a href="#li828">828</a>, <a href="#li2586">2586</a>; instr. nīðe, <a href="#li2681">2681</a>; +gen. pl. nīða, <a href="#li883">883</a>, <a href="#li2351">2351</a>, <a href="#li2398">2398</a>, etc.; also instr. = <i>by, in, battle</i>, +<a href="#li846">846</a>, <a href="#li1440">1440</a>, <a href="#li1963">1963</a>, <a href="#li2171">2171</a>, <a href="#li2207">2207</a>.—Comp.: bealo-, fǣr-, here-, hete-, inwit-, +searo-, wl-nīð.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnīthdraca">nīð-draca</a>, w. m., <i>battle-dragon</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2274">2274</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnīthgast">nīð-gast</a>, st. m., <i>hostile alien, fell demon</i>: acc. sg. +þone nīð-gst (<i>the dragon</i>), <a href="#li2700">2700</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnīthgeweorc">nīð-geweorc</a>, st. n., <i>work of enmity, deed of evil</i>: gen. +pl. -geweorca, <a href="#li684">684</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnīthgrim">nīð-grim</a>, adj., <i>furious in battle, savage</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li193">193</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnīthheard">nīð-heard</a>, adj., <i>valiant in war</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2418">2418</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnīthhȳdig">nīð-hȳdig</a>, adj., <i>eager for battle, valorous</i>: nom. pl. +nīð-hȳdige men, <a href="#li3167">3167</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgenīthla">nīðla</a>, w. m., <i>foe, persecutor, waylayer</i>: in comp. +ferhð-, feorh-genīðla.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnīthwundor">nīð-wundor</a>, st. n., <i>hostile wonder, strange marvel of +evil</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1366">1366</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnīpan">nīpan</a>, st. v., <i>to veil, cover over, obscure</i>; pres. part. +nīpende niht, <a href="#li547">547</a>, <a href="#li650">650</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnolde">nolde</a>, from ne-wolde (<i>would not</i>); see <a class="glentry" href="#glwillan">willan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnorth">norð</a>, adv., <i>northward</i>, <a href="#li859">859</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnorthan">norðan</a>, adv., <i>from the north</i>, <a href="#li547">547</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnose">nose</a>, w. f., <i>projection, cliff, cape</i>: dat. sg. of hlīðes +nosan, <a href="#li1893">1893</a>; t brimes nosan, <a href="#li2804">2804</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnō">nō</a> (strengthened neg.), <i>not, not at all, by no means</i>, +<a href="#li136">136</a>, <a href="#li244">244</a>, <a href="#li587">587</a>, <a href="#li755">755</a>, <a href="#li842">842</a>, <a href="#li969">969</a>, <a href="#li1736">1736</a>, etc.; strengthened by following +ne, 459(?), <a href="#li1509">1509</a>; nō ... nō (<i>neither ... nor</i>), <a href="#li541">541-543</a>; so, +nō ... ne, <a href="#li168">168</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glne">ne</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnōther">nōðer</a> (from nā-hwðer), neg., <i>and not, nor</i>, <a href="#li2125">2125</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgenōh">nōh</a>, adj., <i>sufficient, enough</i>: acc. sg. fǣhðo genōge, +<a href="#li2490">2490</a>; acc. pl. genōge ... bēagas, <a href="#li3105">3105</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnōn">nōn</a>, st. f., [Eng. <i>noon</i>], <i>ninth hour of the day, three +o'clock in the afternoon of our reckoning</i> (the day was reckoned +from six o'clock in the morning; cf. Bouterwek Scrēadunga, 24 +<i>2</i>: wē hātað ǣnne dg fram sunnan upgange oð ǣfen): nom. sg. +nōn, <a href="#li1601">1601</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnū">nū</a>, adv.: l) <i>now, at present</i>, <a href="#li251">251</a>, <a href="#li254">254</a>, <a href="#li375">375</a>, <a href="#li395">395</a>, <a href="#li424">424</a>, +<a href="#li426">426</a>, <a href="#li489">489</a>, etc.: nū gȳt (<i>up to now, hitherto</i>), <a href="#li957">957</a>; nū gēn +(<i>now still, yet</i>), <a href="#li2860">2860</a>; (<i>now yet, still</i>), <a href="#li3169">3169</a>.—2) conj., +<i>since, inasmuch as</i>: nū þū lungre geong ... nū se wyrm ligeð +(<i>go now quickly, since the dragon lieth dead</i>), <a href="#li2746">2746</a>; so, <a href="#li2248">2248</a>; +þt þū mē ne forwyrne ... nū ic þus feorran cōm (<i>that do not thou +refuse me, since I am come so far</i>), <a href="#li430">430</a>; so, <a href="#li1476">1476</a>; nū ic on māðma +hord mīne bebohte frōde feorh-lege, fremmað gē nū (<i>as I now..., so +do ye</i>), <a href="#li2800">2800</a>; so, <a href="#li3021">3021</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnymthe">nymðe</a>, conj. w. subj., <i>if not, unless</i>, <a href="#li782">782</a>; nymðe mec +god scylde (<i>if God had not shielded me</i>), <a href="#li1659">1659</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnyt">nyt</a>, st. f., <i>duty, service, office, employment</i>: acc. sg. +þegn nytte behēold (<i>did his duty</i>), <a href="#li494">494</a>; so, <a href="#li3119">3119</a>.—Comp.: +sund-, sundor-nyt.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnyt">nyt</a>, adj., <i>useful</i>: acc. pl. m. nytte, <a href="#li795">795</a>; comp. un-nyt.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="#glgenyttian">nyttian</a>, w. v., <i>to make use of, enjoy</i>: pret. part. +hfde eorð-scrafa ende ge-nyttod (<i>had enjoyed, made use of</i>), +<a href="#li3047">3047</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnȳd">nȳd</a>, st. f., <i>force, necessity, need, pain</i>: acc. sg. þurh +dēaðes nȳd, <a href="#li2455">2455</a>; instr. sg. nȳde, <a href="#li1006">1006</a>. In comp. (like nȳd-maga, +consanguineus, in AEthelred's Laws, VI. 12, Schmid, p. 228; nēd-maga, +in Cnut's Laws, I. 7, ibid., p. 258); also, <i>tie of +blood.</i>—Comp. þrēa-nȳd.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgenȳdan">nȳdan</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to force, compel</i>: pret. part. nīðe +ge-nȳded (<i>forced by hostile power</i>), <a href="#li2681">2681</a>.—2) <i>to force +upon</i>: pret. part. acc. sg. f. nȳde genȳdde ... gearwe stōwe +(<i>the inevitable place prepared for each</i>, i.e. the bed of +death), <a href="#li1006">1006</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnȳdbād">nȳd-bād</a>, st. f., <i>forced pledge, pledge demanded by +force</i>: acc. pl. nȳd-bāde, <a href="#li599">599</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnȳdgestealla">nȳd-gestealla</a>, w. m., <i>comrade in need</i> or <i>united by +ties of blood</i>: nom. pl. nȳd-gesteallan, <a href="#li883">883</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnȳdgripe">nȳd-gripe</a>, st. m., <i>compelling grip</i>: dat. sg. in +nȳd-gripe (mid-gripe, MS.), <a href="#li977">977</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnȳdwracu">nȳd-wracu</a>, st. f., <i>distressful persecution, great +distress</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li193">193</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnȳhst">nȳhst</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glnēah">nēah</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossO">O</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gloththe">oððe</a>, conj.: 1) <i>or; otherwise</i>, <a href="#li283">283</a>, <a href="#li437">437</a>, <a href="#li636">636</a>, <a href="#li638">638</a>, <a href="#li694">694</a>, +<a href="#li1492">1492</a>, <a href="#li1765">1765</a>, etc.—2) <i>and</i>(?), <i>till</i>(?), <a href="#li650">650</a>, <a href="#li2476">2476</a>, <a href="#li3007">3007</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glof">of</a>, prep. w. dat., <i>from, off from</i>: 1) <i>from some point +of view</i>: ge-seah of wealle (<i>from the wall</i>), <a href="#li229">229</a>; so, <a href="#li786">786</a>; +of hefene scīneð (<i>shineth from heaven</i>), <a href="#li1572">1572</a>; of hlīðes nosan +gstas grētte (<i>from the cliff's projection</i>), <a href="#li1893">1893</a>; of þām lēoma +stōd (<i>from which light streamed</i>), <a href="#li2770">2770</a>; þǣr ws māðma fela of +feorwegum ... gelǣded (<i>from distant lands</i>), <a href="#li37">37</a>; þā cōm of mōre +(<i>from the moor</i>), <a href="#li711">711</a>, <a href="#li922">922</a>.—2) <i>forth from, out of</i>: +hwearf of earde (<i>wandered from his home, died</i>), <a href="#li56">56</a>; so, <a href="#li265">265</a>, +<a href="#li855">855</a>, <a href="#li2472">2472</a>; þā ic of searwum cōm (<i>when I had escaped from the +persecutions of the foe</i>), <a href="#li419">419</a>; þā him Hrōðgār gewāt ... ūt of +healle (<i>out of the hall</i>), <a href="#li664">664</a>; so, <a href="#li2558">2558</a>, <a href="#li2516">2516</a>; <a href="#li1139">1139</a>, <a href="#li2084">2084</a>, +<a href="#li2744">2744</a>; wudu-rēc ā-stāh sweart of (ofer) swioðole (<i>black wood-reek +ascended from the smoking fire</i>), <a href="#li3145">3145</a>; (icge gold) ā-hfen of +horde (<i>lifted from the hoard</i>), <a href="#li1109">1109</a>; lēt þā of brēostum ... +word ūt faran (<i>from his breast</i>), <a href="#li2551">2551</a>; dyde ... helm of hafelan +(<i>doffed his helmet</i>), <a href="#li673">673</a>; so, <a href="#li1130">1130</a>; sealdon wīn of wunder-fatum +(<i>presented wine from wondrous vessels</i>), <a href="#li1163">1163</a>; siððan hyne +Hðcyn of horn-bogan ... flāne geswencte (<i>with an arrow shot from +the horned bow</i>), <a href="#li2438">2438</a>; so, <a href="#li1434">1434</a>. Prep. postponed: þā hē him of +dyde īsern-byrnan (<i>doffed his iron corselet</i>), <a href="#li672">672</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glofer">ofer</a>, prep. w. dat. and acc., <i>over, above</i>: 1) w. dat, +<i>over</i> (rest, locality): Wīglāf siteð ofer Bīowulfe, <a href="#li2908">2908</a>; ofer +ðelinge, <a href="#li1245">1245</a>; ofer eorðan, <a href="#li248">248</a>, <a href="#li803">803</a>, <a href="#li2008">2008</a>; ofer wer-þēode (<i>over +the earth, among mankind</i>), <a href="#li900">900</a>; ofer ȳðum, <a href="#li1908">1908</a>; ofer hron-rāde +(<i>over the sea</i>), <a href="#li10">10</a>; so, <a href="#li304">304</a>, <a href="#li1287">1287</a>, <a href="#li1290">1290</a>, etc.; ofer ealowǣge +(<i>over the beer-cup, drinking</i>), <a href="#li481">481</a>.—2) w. acc. of motion: a) +<i>over</i> (local): ofer ȳðe (<i>over the waves</i>), <a href="#li46">46</a>, <a href="#li1910">1910</a>; ofer +swan-rāde (<i>over the swan-road, the sea</i>), <a href="#li200">200</a>; ofer wǣgholm, +<a href="#li217">217</a>; ofer geofenes be-gang, <a href="#li362">362</a>; so, <a href="#li239">239</a>, <a href="#li240">240</a>, <a href="#li297">297</a>, <a href="#li393">393</a>, <a href="#li464">464</a>, <a href="#li471">471</a>, +etc.; ofer bolcan (<i>over the gangway</i>), <a href="#li231">231</a>; ofer landa fela +(<i>over many lands</i>), <a href="#li311">311</a>; so, <a href="#li1405">1405</a>, <a href="#li1406">1406</a>; ofer hēahne hrōf +(<i>along upon (under?) the high roof</i>), <a href="#li984">984</a>; ofer eormen-grund +(<i>over the whole earth</i>), <a href="#li860">860</a>; ofer ealle (<i>over all, on all +sides</i>), <a href="#li2900">2900</a>, <a href="#li650">650</a>; so, <a href="#li1718">1718</a>;—<a href="#li606">606</a>, <a href="#li900">900</a>, <a href="#li1706">1706</a>; ofer borda gebrc +(<i>over, above, the crashing of shields</i>), <a href="#li2260">2260</a>; ofer bord-(scild) +weall, <a href="#li2981">2981</a>, <a href="#li3119">3119</a>. Temporal: ofer þā niht (<i>through the night, by +night</i>), <a href="#li737">737</a>. b) w. verbs of saying, speaking, <i>about, of, +concerning</i>: hē ofer benne sprc, <a href="#li2725">2725</a>. c) <i>beyond, over</i>: +ofer mīn ge-met (<i>beyond my power</i>), <a href="#li2880">2880</a>;—hence, <i>against, +contrary to</i>: hē ofer willan gīong (<i>went against his will</i>), +<a href="#li2410">2410</a>; ofer ealde riht (<i>against the ancient laws</i>, i.e. the ten +commandments), <a href="#li2331">2331</a>;—also, <i>without</i>: wīg ofer wǣpen (<i>war +sans, dispensing with, weapons</i>), <a href="#li686">686</a>;—temporal = <i>after</i>: +ofer eald-gewin (<i>after long, ancient, suffering</i>), <a href="#li1782">1782</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gloferhygd">ofer-hygd</a>, st. n., <i>arrogance, pride, conceit</i>: gen. pl. +ofer-hygda, <a href="#li1741">1741</a>; ofer-hȳda, <a href="#li1761">1761</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glofermāthum">ofer-māðum</a>, st. m., <i>very rich treasure</i>: dat. pl. +ofer-māðmum, <a href="#li2994">2994</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glofermgen">ofer-mgen</a>, st. n., <i>over-might, superior numbers</i>: dat. +sg. mid ofer-mgene, <a href="#li2918">2918</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gloferthearf">ofer-þearf</a>, st. f., <i>dire distress, need</i>: dat. sg. [for +ofer] þea[rfe], <a href="#li2227">2227</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gloft">oft</a>, adv., <i>often</i>, <a href="#li4">4</a>, <a href="#li165">165</a>, <a href="#li444">444</a>, <a href="#li572">572</a>, <a href="#li858">858</a>, <a href="#li908">908</a>, <a href="#li1066">1066</a>, +<a href="#li1239">1239</a>, etc.; oft [nō] seldan, <a href="#li2030">2030</a>; oft nalles ǣne, <a href="#li3020">3020</a>; so, <a href="#li1248">1248</a>, +<a href="#li1888">1888</a>. Compar. oftor, <a href="#li1580">1580</a>. Superl. oftost, <a href="#li1664">1664</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glom">om-, on-</a>. see <a class="glentry" href="#glam">am-, an-</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glombiht">ombiht</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glambiht">ambiht</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gloncer">oncer</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glancer">ancer</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glond">ond</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gland">and</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glonsȳn">onsȳn</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glansȳn">ansȳn</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glon">on</a>, prep. w. dat. and acc., signifying primarily <i>touching on, +contact with</i>: I. local, w. dat.: a) <i>on, upon, in at</i> (of exterior +surface): on hēah-stede (<i>in the high place</i>), <a href="#li285">285</a>; on mīnre ēðel-tyrf +(<i>in my native place</i>), <a href="#li410">410</a>; on þǣm meðel-stede, <a href="#li1083">1083</a>; so, <a href="#li2004">2004</a>; on +þām holmclife, <a href="#li1422">1422</a>; so, <a href="#li1428">1428</a>; on foldan (<i>on earth</i>), <a href="#li1197">1197</a>; so, <a href="#li1533">1533</a>, +<a href="#li2997">2997</a>; on þǣre medu-bence (<i>on the mead-bench</i>), <a href="#li1053">1053</a>; beornas on +blancum (<i>the heroes on the dapple-greys</i>), <a href="#li857">857</a>, etc.; on rste (<i>in +bed</i>), <a href="#li1299">1299</a>; on stapole (<i>at, near, the pillar</i>), <a href="#li927">927</a>; on wealle, +<a href="#li892">892</a>; on wāge (<i>on the wall</i>), <a href="#li1663">1663</a>; on þǣm wl-stenge (<i>on the +battle-lance</i>), <a href="#li1639">1639</a>; on eaxle (<i>on his shoulder</i>), <a href="#li817">817</a>, <a href="#li1548">1548</a>; on +bearme, <a href="#li40">40</a>; on brēostum, <a href="#li552">552</a>; on hafelan, <a href="#li1522">1522</a>; on handa (<i>in his +hand</i>), <a href="#li495">495</a>, <a href="#li540">540</a>; so, <a href="#li555">555</a>, <a href="#li766">766</a>; on him byrne scān (<i>on him shone the +corselet</i>), <a href="#li405">405</a>; on ōre (<i>at the front</i>), <a href="#li1042">1042</a>; on corðre (<i>at +the head of, among, his troop</i>), <a href="#li1154">1154</a>; scip on ancre (<i>the ship at +anchor</i>), <a href="#li303">303</a>; þt hē on heoðe ge-stōd (<i>until he stood in the +hall</i>), <a href="#li404">404</a>; on fder stǣle (<i>in a father's place</i>), <a href="#li1480">1480</a>; on ȳðum +(<i>on the waves, in the water</i>), <a href="#li210">210</a>, <a href="#li421">421</a>, <a href="#li534">534</a>, <a href="#li1438">1438</a>; on holme, <a href="#li543">543</a>; on +ēg-strēamum, <a href="#li577">577</a>; on segl-rāde, <a href="#li1438">1438</a>, etc.; on flōde, <a href="#li1367">1367</a>. The prep. +postponed: Frēslondum on, <a href="#li2358">2358</a>.—b) <i>in, inside of</i> (of inside +surface): secg on searwum (<i>a champion in armor</i>), <a href="#li249">249</a>; so, <a href="#li963">963</a>; on +wīg-geatwum, <a href="#li368">368</a>; (reced) on þǣm se rīca bād (<i>in which the mighty one +abode</i>), <a href="#li310">310</a>; on Heorote (<i>in Heorot</i>), <a href="#li475">475</a>, <a href="#li497">497</a>, <a href="#li594">594</a>, <a href="#li1303">1303</a>; on +bēor-sele, <a href="#li492">492</a>, <a href="#li1095">1095</a>; on healle, <a href="#li615">615</a>, <a href="#li643">643</a>; so, <a href="#li639">639</a>, <a href="#li1017">1017</a>, <a href="#li1026">1026</a>, etc.; on +burgum (<i>in the cities, boroughs</i>), <a href="#li53">53</a>; on helle, <a href="#li101">101</a>; on sefan mīnum +(<i>in my mind</i>), <a href="#li473">473</a>; on mōde, <a href="#li754">754</a>; so, <a href="#li755">755</a>, <a href="#li949">949</a>, <a href="#li1343">1343</a>, <a href="#li1719">1719</a>, etc.; on +aldre (<i>in his vitals</i>), <a href="#li1435">1435</a>; on middan (in medio), <a href="#li2706">2706</a>.—c) +<i>among, amid</i>: on searwum (<i>among the arms</i>), <a href="#li1558">1558</a>; on gemonge +(<i>among the troop</i>), <a href="#li1644">1644</a>; on þām lēod-scipe (<i>among the +people</i>), <a href="#li2198">2198</a>; nymðe līges fðm swulge on swaðule (<i>unless the +embracing flame should swallow it in smoke</i>), <a href="#li783">783</a>;—<i>in, with, touched +by, possessing something</i>: þā ws on sālum sinces brytta (<i>then was +the dispenser of treasure in joy</i>), <a href="#li608">608</a>; so, <a href="#li644">644</a>, <a href="#li2015">2015</a>; ws on hrēon +mōde, <a href="#li1308">1308</a>; on sweofote (<i>in sleep</i>), <a href="#li1582">1582</a>, <a href="#li2296">2296</a>; hēo ws on ofste +(<i>she was in haste</i>), <a href="#li1293">1293</a>; so, <a href="#li1736">1736</a>, <a href="#li1870">1870</a>; þā ws on blōde brim +weallende (<i>there was the flood billowing in, with, blood</i>), <a href="#li848">848</a>; (hē) +ws on sunde (<i>was a-swimming</i>), <a href="#li1619">1619</a>; ws tō fore-mihtig fēond on +fēðe (<i>too powerful in speed</i>), <a href="#li971">971</a>; þǣr ws swīgra secg ... on +gylpsprǣce (<i>there was the champion more silent in his boasting +speech</i>), <a href="#li982">982</a>;—<i>in; full of, representing, something</i>: on weres +wstmum (<i>in man's form</i>), <a href="#li1353">1353</a>.—d) <i>attaching to</i>, hence +<i>proceeding from; from something</i>: ge-hȳrde on Bēowulfe fst-rǣdne +ge-þōht (<i>heard in, from, B. the fixed resolve</i>), <a href="#li610">610</a>; þt hē ne mētte +... on elran men mund-gripe māran, <a href="#li753">753</a>;—hence, with verbs of taking: on +rste genam (<i>took from his bed</i>), <a href="#li122">122</a>; so, <a href="#li748">748</a>, <a href="#li2987">2987</a>; hit ǣr on þē +gōde be-geāton (<i>took it before from thee</i>), <a href="#li2249">2249</a>.—e) <i>with</i>: +swā hit lungre wearð on hyra sinc-gifan sāre ge-endod (<i>as it, too, soon +painfully came to an end with the dispenser of treasure</i>), <a href="#li2312">2312</a>.—f) +<i>by</i>: mg þonne on þǣm golde ongitan Gēata dryhten (<i>the lord of the +Geatas may perceive by the gold</i>), <a href="#li1485">1485</a>.—g) +<i>to</i>, after weorðan: þt hē on fylle wearð (<i>that he came to a +fall</i>), <a href="#li1545">1545</a>.</p> + +<p>With acc.: a) w. verbs of moving, doing, giving, seeing, etc., <i>up to, +on, upon, in</i>: ā-lēdon þā lēofne þēoden ... on bearm scipes, <a href="#li35">35</a>; on +stefn (on wang) stigon, <a href="#li212">212</a>, <a href="#li225">225</a>; þā him mid scoldon on flōdes ǣht feor +ge-wītan, <a href="#li42">42</a>; sē þe wið Brecan wunne on sīdne sǣ (<i>who strovest in a +swimming-match with B. on the broad sea</i>), <a href="#li507">507</a>, cf. <a href="#li516">516</a>; þt ic on holma +ge-þring eorlscipe efnde (<i>that I should venture on the sea to do valiant +deeds</i>), <a href="#li2133">2133</a>; on fēonda geweald sīðian, <a href="#li809">809</a>; þāra þe on swylc starað, +<a href="#li997">997</a>; so, <a href="#li1781">1781</a>; on lufan lǣteð hworfan (<i>lets him turn his thoughts to +love?, to possessions?</i>), <a href="#li1729">1729</a>; him on mōd bearn (<i>came into his mind, +occurred to him</i>), <a href="#li67">67</a>; rǣsde on þone rōfan (<i>rushed on the powerful +one</i>), <a href="#li2691">2691</a>; (cwōm) on worðig (<i>came into the palace</i>), <a href="#li1973">1973</a>; so, +<a href="#li27">27</a>, <a href="#li242">242</a>, <a href="#li253">253</a>, <a href="#li512">512</a>, <a href="#li539">539</a>, <a href="#li580">580</a>, <a href="#li677">677</a>, <a href="#li726">726</a>, etc.; on weg (<i>away</i>), <a href="#li764">764</a>, +<a href="#li845">845</a>, <a href="#li1383">1383</a>, <a href="#li1431">1431</a>, <a href="#li2097">2097</a>.—b) <i>towards, on</i>: gōde gewyrcean ... on fder +wine (pl.), <a href="#li21">21</a>.—c) aim or object, <i>to, for the object, for, as, in, +on</i>: on þearfe (<i>in his need, in his strait</i>), <a href="#li1457">1457</a>; so, on hyra +man-dryhtnes miclan þearfe, <a href="#li2850">2850</a>; wrāðum on andan (<i>as a terror to the +foe</i>), <a href="#li709">709</a>; Hrōðgār maðelode him on andsware (<i>said to him in +reply</i>), <a href="#li1841">1841</a>; betst beado-rinca ws on bǣl gearu (<i>on the pyre +ready</i>), <a href="#li1110">1110</a>; wīg-heafolan br frēan on fultum (<i>for help</i>), <a href="#li2663">2663</a>; +wearð on bīd wrecen (<i>forced to wait</i>), <a href="#li2963">2963</a>.—d) ground, reason, +<i>according to, in conformity with</i>: rodera rǣdend hit on ryht gescēd +(<i>decided it in accordance with right</i>), <a href="#li1556">1556</a>; nē mē swōr fela āða on +unriht (<i>swore no oaths unjustly, falsely</i>), <a href="#li2740">2740</a>; on spēd +(<i>skilfully</i>), <a href="#li874">874</a>; nallas on gylp seleð fǣtte bēagas (<i>giveth no +gold-wrought rings as he promised</i>), <a href="#li1750">1750</a>; on sīnne selfes dōm +(<i>boastingly, at his own will</i>), <a href="#li2148">2148</a>; him eal worold wendeð on willan +(<i>according to his will</i>), <a href="#li1740">1740</a>.—e) w. verbs of buying, <i>for, in +exchange for</i>: mē ic on māðma hord mīne be-bohte frōde feorh-lege +(<i>for the hoard of jewels</i>), <a href="#li2800">2800</a>.—f) <i>of, as to</i>: ic on +Higelāce wāt, Gēata dryhten (<i>I know with respect to, as to, of, H.</i>), +<a href="#li1831">1831</a>; so, <a href="#li2651">2651</a>; þt hēo on ǣnigne eorl ge-lȳfde fyrena frōfre (<i>that she +should rely on any earl for help out of trouble</i>), <a href="#li628">628</a>; þā hīe +ge-truwedon on twā healfa (<i>on both sides, mutually</i>), <a href="#li1096">1096</a>; so, <a href="#li2064">2064</a>; +þt þū him ondrǣdan ne þearft ... on þā healfe (<i>from, on this side</i>), +<a href="#li1676">1676</a>.—g) after superlatives or virtual superlatives = +<i>among</i>: ns ... sinc-māððum sēlra (= þt ws sinc-māðma sēlest) +on sweordes hād (<i>there was no better jewel in sword's shape</i>, +i.e. among all swords there was none better), <a href="#li2194">2194</a>; sē ws Hrōðgāre +hleða lēofost on ge-sīðes hād (<i>dearest of men as, in the character +of, follower</i>, etc.), <a href="#li1298">1298</a>.</p> + +<p>II. Of time: a) w. dat., <i>in, inside of, during, at</i>: on fyrste +(<i>in time, within the time appointed</i>), <a href="#li76">76</a>; on ūhtan (<i>at +dawn</i>), <a href="#li126">126</a>; on mergenne (<i>at morn, on the morrow</i>), <a href="#li565">565</a>, +<a href="#li2940">2940</a>; on niht, <a href="#li575">575</a>; on wanre niht, <a href="#li703">703</a>; on tȳn dagum, <a href="#li3161">3161</a>; so, <a href="#li197">197</a>, +<a href="#li719">719</a>, <a href="#li791">791</a>, <a href="#li1063">1063</a>, etc.; on geogoðe (<i>in youth</i>), <a href="#li409">409</a>, <a href="#li466">466</a>; on +geogoð-fēore, <a href="#li537">537</a>; so, <a href="#li1844">1844</a>; on orlege (<i>in, during, battle</i>), +<a href="#li1327">1327</a>; hū lomp ēow on lāde (<i>on the way</i>), <a href="#li1988">1988</a>; on gange (<i>in +going, en route</i>), <a href="#li1885">1885</a>; on sweofote (<i>in sleep</i>), <a href="#li1582">1582</a>.—b) +w. acc., <i>towards, about</i>: on undern-mǣl (<i>in the morning, +about midday</i>), <a href="#li1429">1429</a>; on morgen-tīd, <a href="#li484">484</a>, <a href="#li518">518</a>; on morgen, <a href="#li838">838</a>; on +ende-stf (<i>toward the end, at last</i>), <a href="#li1754">1754</a>; oftor micle þonne on +ǣnne sīð (<i>far oftener than once</i>), <a href="#li1580">1580</a>.</p> + +<p>III. With particles: him on efn (<i>beside, alongside of, him</i>), +<a href="#li2904">2904</a>; on innan (<i>inside, within</i>), <a href="#li71">71</a>, <a href="#li1741">1741</a>, <a href="#li1969">1969</a>, <a href="#li2453">2453</a>, <a href="#li2716">2716</a>; +þǣr on innan (<i>in there</i>), <a href="#li2090">2090</a>, <a href="#li2215">2215</a>, <a href="#li2245">2245</a>. With the relative þē +often separated from its case: þē ic hēr on starie (<i>that I here +look on, at</i>), <a href="#li2797">2797</a>; þē gē þǣr on standað (<i>that ye there stand +in</i>), <a href="#li2867">2867</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gloncȳth">on-cȳð</a> (cf. Dietrich in Haupt's Zeits. XI., 412), st. f., +<i>pain, suffering</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1421">1421</a>; acc. sg. or pl. on-cȳððe, <a href="#li831">831</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glondrysne">on-drysne</a>, adj., <i>frightful, terrible</i>: acc. sg. firen +on-drysne, <a href="#li1933">1933</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glōnettan">ōnettan</a> (for <b>anettan</b>, from root an-, Goth. inf. anan, +<i>to breathe, pant</i>), w. v., <i>to hasten</i>: pret. pl. ōnetton, +<a href="#li306">306</a>, <a href="#li1804">1804</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glonlīcnes">on-līcnes</a>, st. f., <i>likeness, form, figure</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li1352">1352</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glonmēdla">on-mēdla</a>, w. m., <i>pride, arrogance</i>: dat. sg. for +on-mēdlan, <a href="#li2927">2927</a>. Cf. Bugge in Zacher's Zeits. 4, 218 seqq.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glonsǣge">on-sǣge</a>, adj., <i>tending to fall, fatal</i>: nom. sg. þā ws +Hondscīo (dat.) hild on-sǣge, <a href="#li2077">2077</a>; Hðcynne wearð ... gūð on-sǣge, +<a href="#li2484">2484</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glonweald">on-weald</a>, st. m., <i>power, authority</i>: acc. sg. (him) bēga +ge-hwðres ... onweald ge-tēah (<i>gave him power over, possession of, +both</i>), <a href="#li1044">1044</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glopen">open</a>, adj., <i>open</i>: acc. sg. hord-wynne fond ... opene +standan, <a href="#li2272">2272</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glopenian">openian</a>, w. v., <i>to open</i>, w. acc.: inf. openian, <a href="#li3057">3057</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glorc">orc</a> (O.S. orc, Goth. arkei-s), st. m., <i>crock, vessel, can +</i>: nom. pl. orcas, <a href="#li3048">3048</a>; acc. pl. orcas, <a href="#li2761">2761</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glorcnē">orcnē</a>, st. m., <i>sea-monster</i>: nom. pl. orcnēas, <a href="#li112">112</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glord">ord</a>, st. n. <i>point</i>: nom. sg. oð þt wordes ord +brēost-hord þurh-brc (<i>till the word-point broke through his +breast-hoard, came to utterance</i>), <a href="#li2792">2792</a>; acc. sg. ord +(<i>sword-point</i>), <a href="#li1550">1550</a>; dat. instr. orde (id.), <a href="#li556">556</a>; on orde +(<i>at the head of, in front</i> [of a troop]), <a href="#li2499">2499</a>, <a href="#li3126">3126</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glordfruma">ord-fruma</a>, w. m., <i>head lord, high prince</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li263">263</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gloretmecg">ōret-mecg</a>, st. m., <i>champion, warrior, military retainer</i>: +nom. pl. ōret-mecgas, <a href="#li363">363</a>, <a href="#li481">481</a>; acc. pl. ōret-mecgas, <a href="#li332">332</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gloretta">ōretta</a>, w. m., <i>champion, fighter, hero</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1533">1533</a>, +<a href="#li2539">2539</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glorleg">or-leg</a>, st. n., <i>war, battle</i>: dat. sg. on orlege, <a href="#li1327">1327</a>; +gen. sg. or-leges, <a href="#li2408">2408</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glorleghwīl">or-leg-hwīl</a>, st. f., <i>time of battle, war-time</i>: nom. sg. +[or-leg]-hwīl, <a href="#li2003">2003</a>; gen. sg. orleg-hwīle, <a href="#li2912">2912</a>; gen. pl orleg-hwīla, +<a href="#li2428">2428</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glorleahtre">or-leahtre</a>, adj., <i>blameless</i>: nom. sg <a href="#li1887">1887</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glorthanc">or-þanc</a> (cf. Gloss. Aldhelm. mid or-þance = argumento in Haupt +XI., 436; orþancum = machinamentis, <i>ibid.</i> <a href="#li477">477</a>; or-þanc-scipe = +mechanica, <a href="#li479">479</a>, st. m., <i>mechanical art, skill</i>: instr. pl. +or-þoncum, <a href="#li2088">2088</a>; smiðes or-þancum, <a href="#li406">406</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glorwēna">or-wēna</a>, adj. (weak form), <i>hopeless, despairing</i>, w. +gen.: aldres or-wēna (<i>hopeless of life</i>), <a href="#li1003">1003</a>, <a href="#li1566">1566</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glorwearde">or-wearde</a>, adj., <i>unguarded, without watch</i> or +<i>guard</i>: adv., <a href="#li3128">3128</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gloruth">oruð</a>, st. n., <i>breath, snorting</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2558">2558</a>; dat. +oreðe, <a href="#li2840">2840</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossOl">Ō</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gloth">oð</a> (Goth. und, O.H.G. unt, unz): 1) prep. w. acc., <i>to, till, +up to</i>, only temporal: oð þone ānne dg, <a href="#li2400">2400</a>; oð dōmes dg, <a href="#li3070">3070</a>; +ō woruld-ende, <a href="#li3084">3084</a>.—2) oð þt, conj. w. depend, indicative clause, +<i>till, until</i>, <a href="#li9">9</a>, <a href="#li56">56</a>, <a href="#li66">66</a>, <a href="#li100">100</a>, <a href="#li145">145</a>. <a href="#li219">219</a>, <a href="#li296">296</a>, <a href="#li307">307</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glōther">ōðer</a> (Goth. anþar), num.: 1) <i>one or other of two, a +second</i>, = alter: nom. sg. subs.: se ōðer, <a href="#li2062">2062</a>; ōðer(<i>one</i> +i.e. of my blood-relations, Hðcyn and Hygelāc), <a href="#li2482">2482</a>; ōðer ... ōðer +(<i>the one ... the other</i>), <a href="#li1350">1350-1352</a>. Adj.: ōðer ... mihtig +mān-sceaða (<i>the second mighty, fell foe</i>, referring to <a href="#li1350">1350</a>, +<a href="#li1339">1339</a>; se ōðer ... hle, <a href="#li1816">1816</a>; fem. niht ōðer, <a href="#li2118">2118</a>; neut. ōðer geār +(<i>the next, second, year</i>), <a href="#li1134">1134</a>; acc. sg. m. ōðerne, <a href="#li653">653</a>, <a href="#li1861">1861</a>, +<a href="#li2441">2441</a>, <a href="#li2485">2485</a>; þenden rēafode rinc ōðerne(<i>whilst one warrior robbed +the other</i>, i.e. Eofor robbed Ongenþēow), <a href="#li2986">2986</a>; neut. ōðer +swylc(<i>another such, an equal number</i>), <a href="#li1584">1584</a>; instr. sg. +ōðre sīðe (<i>for the second time, again</i>), <a href="#li2671">2671</a>, <a href="#li3102">3102</a>; dat. sg. +ōðrum, <a href="#li815">815</a>, <a href="#li1030">1030</a>, <a href="#li1166">1166</a>, <a href="#li1229">1229</a>, <a href="#li1472">1472</a>, <a href="#li2168">2168</a>, <a href="#li2172">2172</a>, etc.; gen. sg. m. +ōðres dōgores, <a href="#li219">219</a>, <a href="#li606">606</a>; neut. ōðres, <a href="#li1875">1875</a>.—2) <i>another, a +different one</i>, = alius: nom. sg., subs. ōðer, <a href="#li1756">1756</a>; ōðer nǣnig +(<i>no other</i>), <a href="#li860">860</a>. Adj.: ǣnig ōðer man, <a href="#li503">503</a>, <a href="#li534">534</a>; so, <a href="#li1561">1561</a>; ōðer +in (<i>a different house</i> or <i>room</i>), <a href="#li1301">1301</a>; acc. sg. ōðer +flet, <a href="#li1087">1087</a>; gen. sg. ōðres ... yrfe-weardes, <a href="#li2452">2452</a>; acc. pl. ealo +drincende ōðer sǣdan (<i>ale drinkers said other things</i>), <a href="#li1946">1946</a>; +acc. pl. neut. word ōðer, <a href="#li871">871</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glōfer">ōfer</a>, st. m., <i>shore</i>: dat. sg. on ōfre, <a href="#li1372">1372</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glofost">ofost</a>, st. f., <i>haste</i>: nom. sg. ofost is sēlest tō +gecȳðanne (<i>haste is best to make known, best to say at once</i>), +<a href="#li256">256</a>; so, <a href="#li3008">3008</a>; dat. sg. bēo þū on ofeste (ofoste) (<i>be in haste, +hasten</i>), <a href="#li386">386</a>, <a href="#li2748">2748</a>; on ofste, <a href="#li1293">1293</a>; on ofoste, <a href="#li2784">2784</a>, <a href="#li3091">3091</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glofostlīce">ofost-līce</a>, adv., <i>in haste, speedily</i>, <a href="#li3131">3131</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glōhwǣr">ō-hwǣr</a>, adv., <i>anywhere</i>, <a href="#li1738">1738</a>, <a href="#li2871">2871</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glōmig">ōmig</a>, adj., <i>rusty</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2764">2764</a>; nom. pl. ōmige, <a href="#li3050">3050</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glōr">ōr</a>, st. n., <i>beginning, origin; front</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1689">1689</a>; +acc. sg., <a href="#li2408">2408</a>; dat. sg. on ōre, <a href="#li1042">1042</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glōwiht">ō-wiht</a>, <i>anything, aught</i>: instr. sg. ō-wihte (<i>in any +way</i>), <a href="#li1823">1823</a>, <a href="#li2433">2433</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossP">P</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glpād">pād</a>, st. f., <i>dress</i>; in comp. here-pād.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glpth">pð</a>, st. m., <i>path, road, way</i>; in comp. ān-pð.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glplega">plega</a>, w. m., <i>play, emulous contest</i>; lind-plega, <a href="#li1074">1074</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossR">R</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrathe">raðe</a>, adv., <i>quickly, immediately</i>, <a href="#li725">725</a>, Cf. <a class="glentry" href="#glhrāthe">hrāðe</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrand">rand, rond</a>, st. m., <i>shield</i>: acc. sg, rand, <a href="#li683">683</a>; rond, +<a href="#li657">657</a>, <a href="#li2567">2567</a>, <a href="#li2610">2610</a>; dat. ronde (rond, MS.), <a href="#li2674">2674</a>; under rande, <a href="#li1210">1210</a>; bī +ronde, <a href="#li2539">2539</a>; acc. pl. randas, <a href="#li231">231</a>; rondas, <a href="#li326">326</a>, <a href="#li2654">2654</a>.—Comp.: bord-, +hilde-, sīd-rand.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrandhbbend">rand-hbbend</a>, pres. part., <i>shield-bearer</i>, i.e. <i>man at +arms, warrior</i>: gen. pl. rond-hbbendra, <a href="#li862">862</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrandwiga">rand-wiga</a>, w. m., <i>shield-warrior, shield-bearing +warrior</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1299">1299</a>; acc. sg. rand-wigan, <a href="#li1794">1794</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrād">rād</a>, st. f., <i>road, street</i>; in comp. hran-, segl-, +swan-rād.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgerād">rād</a>, adj., <i>clever, skilful, ready</i>: acc. pl. neut. +ge-rāde, <a href="#li874">874</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrāp">rāp</a>, st. m., <i>rope, bond, fetter</i>: in comp. wl-rāp.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrāsian">rāsian</a>, w. v., <i>to find, discover</i>: pret. part. þā ws +hord rāsod, <a href="#li2284">2284</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrst">rst</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glrest">rest</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrǣcan">rǣcan</a>, w. v., <i>to reach, reach after</i>: pret. sg. rǣhte +ongēan fēond mid folme (<i>reached out his hand toward the foe</i>), +<a href="#li748">748</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-rǣcan, <i>to attain, strike, attack</i>: pret. sg. hyne ... wǣpne +ge-rǣhte (<i>struck him with his sword</i>), <a href="#li2966">2966</a>; so, <a href="#li556">556</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrǣd">rǣd</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>advice, counsel, resolution; good counsel, +help</i>: nom. sg. nū is rǣd gelong eft t þē ānum (<i>now is help to +be found with thee alone</i>), <a href="#li1377">1377</a>; acc. sg. rǣd, <a href="#li172">172</a>, <a href="#li278">278</a>, <a href="#li3081">3081</a>.—2) +<i>advantage, gain, use</i>: acc. sg. þt rǣd talað (<i>counts that a +gain</i>), <a href="#li2028">2028</a>; ēcne rǣd (<i>the eternal gain, everlasting life</i>), +<a href="#li1202">1202</a>; acc. pl. ēce rǣdas, <a href="#li1761">1761</a>.—Comp.: folc-rǣd, and adj., ān-, +fst-rǣd.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrǣdan">rǣdan</a>, st. v., <i>to rule; reign; to possess</i>: pres. part. +rodera rǣdend (<i>the ruler of the heavens</i>), <a href="#li1556">1556</a>; inf. þone þe þū +mid rihte rǣdan sceoldest (<i>that thou shouldst possess by +rights</i>), <a href="#li2057">2057</a>; wolde dōm godes dǣdum rǣdan gumena gehwylcum +(<i>God's doom would rule over, dispose of, every man in deeds</i>), +<a href="#li2859">2859</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glselerǣdend">sele-rǣdend</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrǣdbora">rǣd-bora</a>, w. m. <i>counsellor, adviser</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1326">1326</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrǣden">rǣden</a>, st. f., <i>order, arrangement, law</i>: see +<a href="#note1143">Note on 1143</a>; comp. worold-rǣden(?).</p> + +<p>ā-<a class="glentry" name="glārǣran">rǣran</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to raise, lift up</i>: pret. pl. þā wǣron +monige þē his mǣg ... ricone ā-rǣrdon (<i>there were many that lifted +up his brother quickly</i>), <a href="#li2984">2984</a>.—2) figuratively, <i>to spread, +disseminate</i>: pret. part. blǣd is ā-rǣred (<i>thy renown is +far-spread</i>), <a href="#li1704">1704</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrǣs">rǣs</a>, st. m., <i>on-rush, attack, storm</i>: acc. sg. gūðe rǣs +(<i>the storm of battle, attack</i>), <a href="#li2627">2627</a>; instr. pl. gūðe rǣsum, +<a href="#li2357">2357</a>.—Comp.: gūð-, hand-, heaðo-, mgen-, wl-rǣs.</p> + +<p>(ge-)<a class="glentry" name="#glrǣsan">rǣsan</a>, w. v., <i>to rush (upon)</i>: pret. sg. rǣsde on +þone rōfan, <a href="#li2691">2691</a>, <a href="#li2840">2840</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrǣswa">rǣswa</a>, w. m., <i>prince, ruler</i>: dat. sg. weoroda rǣswan, +<a href="#li60">60</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glreccan">reccan</a>, w. v., <i>to explicate, recount, narrate</i>: inf. +frum-sceaft fīra feorran reccan (<i>recount the origin of man from +ancient times</i>), <a href="#li91">91</a>; gerund, tō lang is tō reccenne, hū ic ... +(<i>too long to tell how I</i>...), <a href="#li2094">2094</a>; pret. sg. syllīc spell rehte +(<i>told a wondrous tale</i>), <a href="#li2111">2111</a>; so intrans. feorran rehte +(<i>told of olden times</i>), <a href="#li2107">2107</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glreced">reced</a>, st. n., <i>building, house; hall</i> (complete in +itself): nom. sg., <a href="#li412">412</a>, <a href="#li771">771</a>, <a href="#li1800">1800</a>; acc. sg., <a href="#li1238">1238</a>; dat. sg. recede, +<a href="#li721">721</a>, <a href="#li729">729</a>, <a href="#li1573">1573</a>; gen. sg. recedes, <a href="#li326">326</a>, <a href="#li725">725</a>, <a href="#li3089">3089</a>; gen. pl. receda, +<a href="#li310">310</a>.—Comp.: eorð-, heal-, horn-, win-reced.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glregnheard">regn-heard</a>, adj., <i>immensely strong, firm</i>: acc. pl. +rondas regn-hearde, <a href="#li326">326</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glregnian">regnian, rēnian</a>, w. v., <i>to prepare, bring on</i> or +<i>about</i>: inf. dēað rēn[ian] hond-gesteallan (<i>prepare death for +his comrade</i>), <a href="#li2169">2169</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-regnian, <i>to prepare, deck out, adorn</i>: pret. part. medu-benc +monig ... golde ge-regnad, <a href="#li778">778</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glregn">regn-, rēn-weard</a>, st. m., <i>mighty guardian</i>: nom. pl. +rēn-weardas (of Bēowulf and Grendel contending for the possession of +the hall), <a href="#li771">771</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrest">rest, rst</a>, st. f.: 1) <i>bed, resting-place</i>: acc. sg. +rste, <a href="#li139">139</a>; dat. sg. on rste (genam) (<i>from his resting-place</i>), +<a href="#li1299">1299</a>, <a href="#li1586">1586</a>; tō rste (<i>to bed</i>), <a href="#li1238">1238</a>. Comp.: flet-rst, +sele-rest, wl-rest.—2) <i>repose, rest</i>; in comp. ǣfen-rst.</p> + +<p>ge-reste (M.H.G. reste), f., <i>resting-place</i>: in comp. +wind-gereste.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrestan">restan</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to rest</i>: inf. restan, <a href="#li1794">1794</a>; pret. sg. +reflex. reste hine þā rūm-heort, <a href="#li1800">1800</a>.—2) <i>to rest, cease</i>: +inf., <a href="#li1858">1858</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrēc">rēc</a> (O.H.G. rouh), st. m., <i>reek, smoke</i>: instr. sg. rēce, +<a href="#li3157">3157</a>.—Comp.: wl-, wudu-rēc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrēcan">rēcan</a> (O.H.G. ruohjan), w. v. w. gen., <i>to reck, care about +something, be anxious</i>: pres. sg. III. wǣpna ne rēceð (<i>recketh +not for weapons, weapons cannot hurt him</i>), <a href="#li434">434</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrēthe">rēðe</a>, adj., <i>wroth, furious</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li122">122</a>, <a href="#li1586">1586</a>; nom. +pl. rēðe, <a href="#li771">771</a>. Also, of things, <i>wild, rough, fierce</i>: gen. sg. +rēðes and-hāttres (<i>fierce, penetrating heat</i>), <a href="#li2524">2524</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrēaf">rēaf</a>, st. n., <i>booty, plunder in war; clothing, garments</i> +(as taken by the victor from the vanquished): in comp. heaðo-, +wl-rēaf.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrēafian">rēafian</a>, w. v., <i>to plunder, rob</i>, w. acc.: inf. hord +rēafian, <a href="#li2774">2774</a>; pret. sg. þenden rēafode rinc ōðerne, <a href="#li2986">2986</a>; wl +rēafode, <a href="#li3028">3028</a>; pret. pl. wl rēafedon, <a href="#li1213">1213</a>.</p> + +<p>be-rēafian, w. instr., <i>to bereave, rob of</i>: pret. part. since +be-rēafod, <a href="#li2747">2747</a>; golde be-rēafod, <a href="#li3019">3019</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glreord">reord</a>, st. f., <i>speech, language; tone of voice</i>: acc. sg. +on-cnīow mannes reorde (<i>knew, heard, a human voice</i>), <a href="#li2556">2556</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glreordian">reordian</a>, w. v., <i>to speak, talk</i>: inf. fela reordian +<i>(speak much</i>), <a href="#li3026">3026</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-reordian, <i>to entertain, to prepare for</i>: pret. part. þā ws +eft swā ǣr ... flet-sittendum fgere ge-reorded (<i>again, as before, +the guests were hospitably entertained</i>), 1789</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrēot">rēot</a>, st. m.?, f.?, <i>noise, tumult</i>? (<i>grave</i>?): instr. sg. +rēote, <a href="#li2458">2458</a>. Bugge, in Zachers Zeits. <a href="#li4">4</a>, <a href="#li215">215</a>, takes rēote as dat. from +rēot (<i>rest, repose</i>).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrēoc">rēoc</a>, adj., <i>savage, furious</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li122">122</a>.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glberēofan">rēofan</a>, st. v., <i>to rob of, bereave</i>: pret. part. w. +instr. acc. sg. fem. golde berofene, <a href="#li2932">2932</a>; instr. sg. rēote berofene, +<a href="#li2458">2458</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrēon">rēon</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glrōwan">rōwan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrēotan">rēotan</a>, st. v., <i>to weep</i>: pres. pl. oð þt ... roderas +rēotað, <a href="#li1377">1377</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrēow">rēow</a>, adj., <i>excited, fierce, wild</i>: in comp. blōd-, gūð-, +wl-rēow. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhrēow">hrēow</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glricone">ricone</a>, <i>hastily, quickly, immediately</i>, <a href="#li2984">2984</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glriht">riht</a>, st. n., <i>right</i> or <i>privilege; the</i> (abstract) +<i>right</i>: acc. sg. on ryht (<i>according to right</i>), <a href="#li1556">1556</a>; sōð +and riht (<i>truth and right</i>), <a href="#li1701">1701</a>; dat. sg. wið rihte, <a href="#li144">144</a>; +fter rihte (<i>in accordance with right</i>), <a href="#li1050">1050</a>; syllīc spell +rehte fter rihte <i>(told a wondrous tale truthfully</i>), <a href="#li2111">2111</a>; mid +rihte, <a href="#li2057">2057</a>; acc. pl. ealde riht (<i>the ten commandments</i>), <a href="#li2331">2331</a>; +—Comp. in ēðel-, folc-, land-, un-, word-riht.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glriht">riht</a>, adj., <i>straight, right</i>: in comp. up-riht.</p> + +<p>rihte, adv., <i>rightly, correctly</i>, <a href="#li1696">1696</a>. See t-<a class="glentry" href="#gltrihte">rihte</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrinc">rinc</a>, st. m., <i>man, warrior, hero</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li399">399</a>, <a href="#li2986">2986</a>; +also of Grendel, <a href="#li721">721</a>; acc. sg. rinc, <a href="#li742">742</a>, <a href="#li748">748</a>; dat. sg. rince, <a href="#li953">953</a>; of +Hrōðgār, <a href="#li1678">1678</a>; gen. pl. rinca, <a href="#li412">412</a>, <a href="#li729">729</a>.—Comp. in beado-, gūð-, here-, +heaðo-, hilde-, mago-, sǣ-rinc.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgerisne">risne</a>, ge-<b>rysne</b>, adj., <i>appropriate, proper</i>: +nom. sg. n. ge-rysne, <a href="#li2654">2654</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrīce">rīce</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>realm, land ruled over</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2200">2200</a>, +<a href="#li2208">2208</a>; acc. sg. rīce, <a href="#li913">913</a>, <a href="#li1734">1734</a>, <a href="#li1854">1854</a>, <a href="#li3005">3005</a>; gen. sg. rīces, <a href="#li862">862</a>, <a href="#li1391">1391</a>, +<a href="#li1860">1860</a>, <a href="#li2028">2028</a>, <a href="#li3081">3081</a>. Comp. Swīo-rīce.—2) <i>council of chiefs, the king +with his chosen advisers</i>(?): nom. sg. oft gest rīce tō rūne, <a href="#li172">172</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrīce">rīce</a>, adj., <i>mighty, powerful</i>: nom. sg. (of Hrōðgār), +<a href="#li1238">1238</a>; (of Hygelāc), <a href="#li1210">1210</a>; (of sc-here), <a href="#li1299">1299</a>; weak form, se rīca +(Hrōðgār), <a href="#li310">310</a>; (Bēowulf), <a href="#li399">399</a>; (Hygelāc), <a href="#li1976">1976</a>.—Comp. gimme-rīce.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrīcsian">rīcsian</a>, <b>rīxian</b>, w. v. intrans., <i>to rule, reign</i>: +inf. rīcsian, <a href="#li2212">2212</a>; pret. sg. rīxode, <a href="#li144">144</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrīdan">rīdan</a>, st. v., <i>to ride</i>: subj. pres. þt his byre rīde giong +on galgan, <a href="#li2446">2446</a>; pres. part. nom. pl. rīdend, <a href="#li2458">2458</a>; inf. wicge rīdan, <a href="#li234">234</a>; +mēarum rīdan, <a href="#li856">856</a>; pret. sg. sǣ-genga ... sē þe on ancre rād, <a href="#li1884">1884</a>; him +tō-gēanes rād (<i>rode to meet them</i>), <a href="#li1894">1894</a>; pret. pl. ymbe hlǣw riodan +(<i>rode round the grave-mound</i>), <a href="#li3171">3171</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-rīdan, w. acc., <i>to ride over</i>: pret. sg. sē þe ns ge-rād +(<i>who rode over the promontory</i>), <a href="#li2899">2899</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrīm">rīm</a>, st. n., <i>series, number</i>: in comp. dg-, un-rīm.</p> + +<p>ge-rīm, st. n., <i>series, number</i>: in comp. dōgor-ge-rim.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgerīman">rīman</a>, w. v., <i>to count together, enumerate in all</i>: +pret. part. in comp. forð-gerīmed.</p> + +<p>ā-rīsan, st. v., <i>to arise, rise</i>: imper. sg. ā-rīs, <a href="#li1391">1391</a>; pret. +sg. ā-rās þā se rīca, <a href="#li399">399</a>; so, <a href="#li652">652</a>, <a href="#li1791">1791</a>, <a href="#li3031">3031</a>; ā-rās þā bī ronde +(<i>arose by his shield</i>), <a href="#li2539">2539</a>; hwanan sīo fǣhð ā-rās (<i>whence +the feud arose</i>), <a href="#li2404">2404</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrodor">rodor</a>, st. m., <i>ether, firmament, sky</i> (from +<i>radius</i>?, Bugge): gen. sg. rodores candel, <a href="#li1573">1573</a>; nom. pl. +roderas, <a href="#li1377">1377</a>; dat. pl. under roderum, <a href="#li310">310</a>; gen. pl. rodera, <a href="#li1556">1556</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrōf">rōf</a>, adj., <i>fierce, of fierce, heroic, strength, strong</i>: +nom. sg., <a href="#li2539">2539</a>; also with gen. mgenes rōf (<i>strong in might</i>), +<a href="#li2085">2085</a>; so, þēah þe hē rōf sīe nīð-geweorca, <a href="#li683">683</a>; acc. sg. rōfne, <a href="#li1794">1794</a>; +on þone rōfan, <a href="#li2691">2691</a>.—Comp.: beadu-, brego-, ellen-, heaðo-, hyge-, +sige-rōf.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrōt">rōt</a>, adj., <i>glad, joyous</i>: in comp. un-rōt.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrōwan">rōwan</a>, st. v., <i>to row</i> (with the arms), <i>swim</i>: +pret. pl. rēon (for rēowon), <a href="#li512">512</a>, <a href="#li539">539</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrūm">rūm</a>, st. m., <i>space, room</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2691">2691</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrūm">rūm</a>, adj.: 1) <i>roomy, spacious</i>: nom. sg. þūhte him eall tō +rūm, wongas and wīc-stede (<i>fields and dwelling seemed to him all +too broad</i>, i.e. could not hide his shame at the unavenged death of +his murdered son), <a href="#li2462">2462</a>.—2) in moral sense, <i>great, magnanimous, +noble-hearted</i>: acc. sg. þurh rūmne sefan, <a href="#li278">278</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrūmheort">rūm-heort</a>, adj., <i>big-hearted, noble-spirited</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li1800">1800</a>, <a href="#li2111">2111</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgerūmlīc">rūm-līc</a>, adj., <i>commodious, comfortable</i>: compar. +ge-rūm-līcor, <a href="#li139">139</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrūn">rūn</a>, st. f., <i>secrecy, secret discussion, deliberation</i> or +<i>council</i>: dat. sg. ge-st rīce tō rūne, <a href="#li172">172</a>.—Comp. beado-rūn.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrūnstf">rūn-stf</a>, st. m., <i>rune-stave, runic letter</i>: acc. pl. +þurh rūn-stafas, <a href="#li1696">1696</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrūnwita">rūn-wita</a>, w. m., <i>rune-wit, privy councillor, trusted +adviser</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1326">1326</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgerysne">rysne</a>. See ge-<a class="glentry" href="#glgerisne">risne</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgerȳman">rȳman</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to make room for, prepare, provide +room</i>: pret. pl. þt hīe him ōðer flet eal ge-rȳmdon, <a href="#li1087">1087</a>; pret. +part. þā ws Gēat-mcgum ... benc gerȳmed, <a href="#li492">492</a>; so, <a href="#li1976">1976</a>.—2) <i>to +allow, grant, admit</i>: pret. part. þā mē ge-rȳmed ws (sīð) (<i>as +access was permitted me</i>), <a href="#li3089">3089</a>; þā him gerȳmed wearð, þt hīe +wl-stōwe wealdan mōston, <a href="#li2984">2984</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossS">S</a></b></p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesaca">saca</a>, w. m., <i>opponent, antagonist, foe</i>: acc. sg. +ge-sacan, <a href="#li1774">1774</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsacan">sacan</a>, st. v., <i>to strive, contend</i>: inf. ymb feorh sacan, +<a href="#li439">439</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-sacan, <i>to attain, gain by contending</i> (Grein): inf. gesacan +sceal sāwl-berendra ... gearwe stōwe <i>(gain the place prepared</i>, +i.e. the death-bed), <a href="#li1005">1005</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glonsacan">on-sacan</a>: 1) (originally in a lawsuit), <i>to withdraw, take +away, deprive of</i>: pres. subj. þtte freoðuwebbe fēores +on-sce ... lēofne mannan, <a href="#li1943">1943</a>.—2) <i>to contest, dispute, +withstand</i>: inf. þt hē sǣmannum on-sacan mihte (i.e. hord, bearn, +and brȳde), <a href="#li2955">2955</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsacu">sacu</a>, st. f., <i>strife, hostility, feud</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1858">1858</a>, +<a href="#li2473">2473</a>; acc. sg. sce, <a href="#li154">154</a>; scce, <a href="#li1978">1978</a>, <a href="#li1990">1990</a>, <a href="#li2348">2348</a>, <a href="#li2500">2500</a>, <a href="#li2563">2563</a>; dat. +sg. t (tō) scce, <a href="#li954">954</a>, <a href="#li1619">1619</a>, <a href="#li1666">1666</a>, <a href="#li2613">2613</a>, <a href="#li2660">2660</a>, <a href="#li2682">2682</a>, <a href="#li2687">2687</a>; gen. sg. +secce, <a href="#li601">601</a>; gen. pl. scca, <a href="#li2030">2030</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-sacu, st. f., <i>strife, enmity</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1738">1738</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsadol">sadol</a>, st. m., <i>saddle</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1039">1039</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsadolbeorht">sadol-beorht</a>, adj., <i>with bright saddles</i> (?): acc. pl. +sadol-beorht, <a href="#li2176">2176</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesaga">saga</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsecgan">secgan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsamne">samne, somne</a>, adv., <i>together, united</i>; in t-somne, +<i>together, united</i>, <a href="#li307">307</a>, <a href="#li402">402</a>, <a href="#li491">491</a>, <a href="#li544">544</a>, <a href="#li2848">2848</a>.</p> + +<p>tō-somne (<i>together</i>), <a href="#li3123">3123</a>; þā se wyrm ge-bēah snūde tō-somne +(<i>when the dragon quickly coiled together</i>), <a href="#li2569">2569</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsamod">samod, somod</a>: I. adv., <i>simultaneously, at the same time</i>: +somod, <a href="#li1212">1212</a>, <a href="#li1615">1615</a>, <a href="#li2175">2175</a>, <a href="#li2988">2988</a>; samod, <a href="#li2197">2197</a>; samod t-gdere, <a href="#li387">387</a>, <a href="#li730">730</a>, +<a href="#li1064">1064</a>.—II. prep. w. dat., <i>with, at the same time with</i>: samod +ǣr-dge (<i>with the break of day</i>), <a href="#li1312">1312</a>; somod ǣr-dge, <a href="#li2943">2943</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsand">sand</a>, st. n., <i>sand, sandy shore</i>: dat. sg. on sande, <a href="#li295">295</a>, +<a href="#li1897">1897</a>, <a href="#li3043">3043</a>(?); fter sande (<i>along the shore</i>), <a href="#li1965">1965</a>; wið sande, +<a href="#li213">213</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsang">sang</a>, st. m., <i>song, cry, noise</i>: nom. sg. sang, <a href="#li1064">1064</a>; +swutol sang scopes, <a href="#li90">90</a>; acc. sg. sige-lēasne sang (Grendel's cry of +woe), <a href="#li788">788</a>; sārigne sang (Hrēðel's dirge for Herebeald), <a href="#li2448">2448</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsāl">sāl</a>, st. m., <i>rope</i>: dat. sg. sāle, <a href="#li1907">1907</a>; on sāle (sole, +MS.), <a href="#li302">302</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsāl">sāl</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsǣl">sǣl</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsār">sār</a>, st. n., <i>wound, pain</i> (physical or spiritual): nom. +sg. sār, <a href="#li976">976</a>; sīo sār, <a href="#li2469">2469</a>; acc. sg. sār, <a href="#li788">788</a>; sāre, <a href="#li2296">2296</a>; dat. +(instr.) sg. sāre, <a href="#li1252">1252</a>, <a href="#li2312">2312</a>, <a href="#li2747">2747</a>.—Comp. līc-sār.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsār">sār</a>, adj., <i>sore, painful</i>: instr. pl. sārum wordum, <a href="#li2059">2059</a>.</p> + +<p>sāre, adv., <i>sorely, heavily, ill</i>, graviter: sē þe him [sā]re +gesceōd (<i>who injured him sorely</i>), <a href="#li2224">2224</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsārig">sārig</a>, adj., <i>painful, woeful</i>: acc. sg. sārigne sang, +<a href="#li2448">2448</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsārigferth">sārig-ferð</a>, adj., <i>sore-hearted, grieved</i>: nom. sg. +sārig-ferð (Wīglāf), <a href="#li2864">2864</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsārigmōd">sārig-mōd</a>, adj., <i>sorrowful-minded, saddened</i>: dat. pl. +sārig-mōdum, <a href="#li2943">2943</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsārlīc">sār-līc</a>, adj., <i>painful</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li843">843</a>; acc. sg. neut., +<a href="#li2110">2110</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsāwol">sāwol, sāwl</a>, st. f., <i>soul</i> (the immortal principle as +contrasted with līf, the physical life): nom. sg. sāwol, <a href="#li2821">2821</a>; acc. +sg. sāwle, <a href="#li184">184</a>, <a href="#li802">802</a>; hǣðene sāwle, <a href="#li853">853</a>; gen. sg. sāwele, <a href="#li1743">1743</a>; sāwle, +<a href="#li2423">2423</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsāwlberend">sāwl-berend</a>, pres. part., <i>endowed with a soul, human +being</i>: gen. pl. sāwl-berendra, <a href="#li1005">1005</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsāwuldrēor">sāwul-drēor</a>, st. n., (blood gushing from the seat of the soul), +<i>soul-gore, heart's blood, life's blood</i>: instr. sg. +sāwul-drīore, <a href="#li2694">2694</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsāwullēas">sāwul-lēas</a>, adj., <i>soulless, lifeless</i>: acc. sg. +sāwol-lēasne, <a href="#li1407">1407</a>; sāwul-lēasne, <a href="#li3034">3034</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsce">sce, scce</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsacu">sacu</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsd">sd</a>, adj., <i>satiated, wearied</i>: in comp. hilde-sd.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsl">sl</a>, st. n., <i>habitable space, house</i>, <i>hall</i>: dat. +sg. sel, <a href="#li167">167</a>; sl, <a href="#li307">307</a>, <a href="#li2076">2076</a>, <a href="#li2265">2265</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsld">sld</a>, st. n., <i>hall, king's hall</i> or <i>palace</i>: acc. +sg. geond þt sld (Heorot), <a href="#li1281">1281</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣ">sǣ</a>, st. m. and f., <i>sea, ocean</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li579">579</a>, <a href="#li1224">1224</a>; acc. +sg. on sīdne sǣ, <a href="#li507">507</a>; ofer sǣ, <a href="#li2381">2381</a>; ofer sǣ sīde, <a href="#li2395">2395</a>; dat. sg. tō +sǣ, <a href="#li318">318</a>; on sǣ, <a href="#li544">544</a>; dat. pl. be sǣm tweonum, <a href="#li859">859</a>, <a href="#li1298">1298</a>, <a href="#li1686">1686</a>, <a href="#li1957">1957</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣbāt">sǣ-bāt</a>, st. m., <i>sea-boat</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li634">634</a>, <a href="#li896">896</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣcyning">sǣ-cyning</a>, st. m., <i>sea-king, king ruling the sea</i>: gen. +pl. sǣ-cyninga, <a href="#li2383">2383</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣdēor">sǣ-dēor</a>, st. n., <i>sea-beast, sea-monster</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1511">1511</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣdraca">sǣ-draca</a>, w. m., <i>sea-dragon</i>: acc. pl. sǣ-dracan, <a href="#li1427">1427</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesǣgan">sǣgan</a>, w. v., <i>to fell, slay</i>: pret. part. hfdon +eal-fela eotena cynnes sweordum ge-sǣged (<i>felled with the +sword</i>), <a href="#li885">885</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣge">sǣge</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glonsǣge">on-sǣge</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣgenga">sǣ-genga</a>, w. m., <i>sea-goer</i>, i.e. sea-going ship: nom. +sg., <a href="#li1883">1883</a>, <a href="#li1909">1909</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣgēap">sǣ-gēap</a>, adj., <i>spacious</i> (broad enough for the sea): nom. +sg. sǣ-gēap naca, <a href="#li1897">1897</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣgrund">sǣ-grund</a>, st. m., <i>sea-bottom, ocean-bottom</i>: dat. sg. +sǣ-grunde, <a href="#li564">564</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣl">sǣl, sāl, sēl</a>, st. f.: 1) <i>favorable opportunity, good</i> or +<i>fit time</i>: nom. sg. sǣl, <a href="#li623">623</a>, <a href="#li1666">1666</a>, <a href="#li2059">2059</a>; sǣl and mǣl, <a href="#li1009">1009</a>; +acc. sg. sēle, <a href="#li1136">1136</a>; gen. pl. sǣla and mǣla, <a href="#li1612">1612</a>.—2) <i>Fate</i>(?): +see <a href="#note51">Note on l. 51</a>.—3) <i>happiness, joy</i>: dat. pl. on sālum, <a href="#li608">608</a>; +sǣlum, <a href="#li644">644</a>, <a href="#li1171">1171</a>, <a href="#li1323">1323</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsēl">sēl</a>, adj.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesǣlan">sǣlan</a>, w. v., <i>to turn out favorably, succeed</i>: pret. +sg. him ge-sǣlde þt ...(<i>he was fortunate enough to</i>, etc.), <a href="#li891">891</a>; +so, <a href="#li574">574</a>; efne swylce mǣla, swylce hira man-dryhtne þearf ge-sǣlde +(<i>at such times as need disposed it for their lord</i>), <a href="#li1251">1251</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣlan">sǣlan</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glsāl">sāl</a>), w. v., <i>to tie, bind</i>: pret. sg. +sǣlde ... sīð-fðme scip, <a href="#li1918">1918</a>; pl. sǣ-wudu sǣldon, <a href="#li226">226</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-sǣlan, <i>to bind together, weave, interweave</i>: pret. part. +earm-bēaga fela searwum ge-sǣled (<i>many curiously interwoven +armlets</i>, i.e. made of metal wire: see Guide to Scandinavian +Antiquities, p. 48), <a href="#li2765">2765</a>.</p> + +<p>on-sǣlan, with acc., <i>to unbind, unloose, open</i>: on-sǣl meoto, +sige-hrēð secgum (<i>disclose thy views to the men, thy victor's +courage</i>; or, <i>thy presage of victory</i>?), <a href="#li489">489</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣlāc">sǣ-lāc</a>, st. n., <i>sea-gift, sea-booty</i>: instr. sg. sǣ-lāce, +<a href="#li1625">1625</a>; acc. pl. þās sǣ-lāc, <a href="#li1653">1653</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣlād">sǣ-lād</a>, st. f., <i>sea-way, sea-journey</i>: dat. sg. sǣ-lāde, +<a href="#li1140">1140</a>, <a href="#li1158">1158</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣlīthend">sǣ-līðend</a>, pres. part., <i>seafarer</i>: nom. pl. sǣ-līðend, +<a href="#li411">411</a>, <a href="#li1819">1819</a>, <a href="#li2807">2807</a>; sǣ-līðende, <a href="#li377">377</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣman">sǣ-man</a>, m., <i>sea-man, sea-warrior</i>: dat. pl. sǣ-mannum, +<a href="#li2955">2955</a>; gen. pl. sǣ-manna, <a href="#li329">329</a> (both times said of the Gēatas).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣmra">sǣmra</a>, weak adj. compar., <i>the worse, the weaker</i>: nom. +sg. sǣmra, <a href="#li2881">2881</a>; dat. sg. sǣmran, <a href="#li954">954</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣmēthe">sǣ-mēðe</a>, adj., <i>sea-weary, exhausted by sea-travel</i>: nom. +pl. sǣ-mēðe, <a href="#li325">325</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣns">sǣ-ns</a>, st. m., <i>sea-promontory, cape, naze</i>: acc. pl. +sǣ-nssas, <a href="#li223">223</a>, <a href="#li571">571</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣne">sǣne</a>, adj., <i>careless, slow</i>: compar. sg. nom. hē on holme +ws sundes þē sǣnra, þē hyne swylt fornam (<i>was the slower in +swimming in the sea, whom death took away</i>), <a href="#li1437">1437</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣrinc">sǣ-rinc</a>, st. m., <i>sea-warrior</i> or <i>hero</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li691">691</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣsīth">sǣ-sīð</a>, st. m., <i>sea-way, path, journey</i>: dat. sg. fter +sǣ-sīðe, <a href="#li1150">1150</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣwang">sǣ-wang</a>, st. m., <i>sea-shore</i> or <i>beach</i>: acc. sg. +sǣ-wong, <a href="#li1965">1965</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣweal">sǣ-weal</a>, st. m., <i>(sea-wall), seashore</i>: dat. sg. +sǣ-wealle, <a href="#li1925">1925</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣwudu">sǣ-wudu</a>, st. m., <i>(sea-wood), vessel, ship</i>: acc. sg. +sǣ-wudu, <a href="#li226">226</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣwylm">sǣ-wylm</a>, st. m., <i>sea-surf, billow</i>: acc. pl. ofer +sǣ-wylmas, <a href="#li393">393</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscacan">scacan, sceacan</a>, st. v., properly, <i>to shake one's self</i>; +hence, <i>to go, glide, pass along</i> or <i>away</i>: pres. sg. þonne +mīn sceaceð līf of līce, <a href="#li2743">2743</a>; inf. þā cōm beorht [sunne] scacan [ofer +grundas], (<i>the bright sun came gliding over the fields</i>), <a href="#li1804">1804</a>; +pret. sg. duguð ellor scōc <i>(the chiefs are gone elsewhither</i>, +i.e. have died), <a href="#li2255">2255</a>; þonne strǣla storm ... scōc ofer scild-weall +(<i>when the storm of arrows leapt over the wall of shields</i>), +<a href="#li3119">3119</a>; pret. part. ws hira blǣd scacen (<i>their bravest men had +passed away</i>), <a href="#li1125">1125</a>; þā ws winter scacen (<i>the winter was +past</i>), <a href="#li1137">1137</a>; so, sceacen, <a href="#li2307">2307</a>, <a href="#li2728">2728</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscadu">scadu, sceadu</a>, st. f., <i>shadow, concealing veil of night</i>: +acc. sg. under sceadu bregdan (i.e. kill), <a href="#li708">708</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscadugenga">scadu-genga</a>, w. m., <i>shadow-goer, twilight-stalker</i> (of +Grendel): nom. sg. sceadu-genga, <a href="#li704">704</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscaduhelm">scadu-helm</a>, st. m., <i>shadow-helm, veil of darkness</i>: gen. +pl. scadu-helma ge-sceapu (<i>shapes of the shadow, evil spirits +wandering by night</i>), <a href="#li651">651</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscalu">scalu</a>, st. f., <i>retinue, band</i> (part of an armed force); +in comp. hand-scalu: mid his hand-scale (hond-scole), <a href="#li1318">1318</a>, <a href="#li1964">1964</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscamian">scamian</a>, w. v., <i>to be ashamed</i>: pres. part. nom. pl. +scamiende, <a href="#li2851">2851</a>; nō hē þǣre feoh-gyfte ... scamigan þorfte (<i>needed +not be ashamed of his treasure-giving</i>), <a href="#li1027">1027</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscawa">scawa</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glscēawlan">scēawlan</a>), w. m., <i>observer, visitor</i>: +nom. pl. scawan, <a href="#li1896">1896</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgescād">scād</a>, st. n., <i>difference, distinction</i>: acc. sg. +ǣg-hwðres gescād, worda and worca (<i>difference between, of, both +words and deeds</i>), <a href="#li288">288</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgescādan">scādan</a>, st. v., <i>to decide, adjudge</i>: pret. sg. rodera +rǣdend hit on ryht gescēd (<i>decided it in accordance with +right</i>), <a href="#li1556">1556</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscānan">scānan</a>? See <a class="glentry" href="#glscīnan">scīnan</a>, pret. pl. scionon, <a href="#li303">303</a>; the +imaginary scānan having been abandoned.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgescphwīle">scp-hwīle</a>, st. f., <i>fated hour, hour of death (appointed +rest?)</i>: dat. sg. tō gescp-hwīle (<i>at the fated hour</i>), <a href="#li26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsceththan">sceððan</a>, w. v., <i>to scathe, injure</i>: inf. w. dat. pers., <a href="#li1034">1034</a>; +aldre sceððan (<i>hurt her life</i>), <a href="#li1525">1525</a>; þt on land Dena lāðra +nǣnig mid scipherge sceððan ne meahte (<i>injure through robber +incursions</i>), <a href="#li243">243</a>; pret. sg. þǣr him nǣnig wter wihte ne sceðede, +<a href="#li1515">1515</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesceththan">sceððan</a>, the same: inf. þt him ... ne mihte eorres +inwit-feng aldre gesceððan, <a href="#li1448">1448</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscenc">scenc</a>, st. m., <i>vessel, can</i>: in comp. medu-scenc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscencan">scencan</a>, w. v., <i>to hand drink, pour out</i>: pret. sg. +scencte scīr wered, <a href="#li496">496</a> (cf. skinker = cup-bearer).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscenne">scenne</a>, w. f.?, <i>sword-guard?</i>: dat. pl. on þǣm scennum +scīran goldes, <a href="#li1695">1695</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsceran">sceran</a>, st. v., <i>to shear off, cleave, hew to pieces</i>: pres. +sg. þonne heoru bunden ... swīn ofer helme andweard scireð (<i>hews off the +boar-head on the helm</i>), <a href="#li1288">1288</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-sceran, <i>to divide, hew in two</i>: pret. sg. helm oft ge-scr +(<i>often clove the helm in two</i>), <a href="#li1527">1527</a>; so, gescer, <a href="#li2974">2974</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscerwen">scerwen</a>, st. f.?, in comp. ealu-scerwen (<i>ale-scare</i> or +<i>panic</i>?), <a href="#li770">770</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscēt">scēt</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glscēotan">scēotan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsceadu">sceadu</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glscadu">scadu</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsceatha">sceaða</a>, w. m.: 1) <i>scather, foe</i>: gen. pl. sceaðena, <a href="#li4">4</a>.—2) +<i>fighter, warrior</i>: nom. pl. scaðan, <a href="#li1804">1804</a>.—Comp.: attor-, dol-, +fēond-, gūð-, hearm-, lēod-, mān-, sin-, þēod-, ūht-sceaða.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsceathan">sceaðan</a>, st. v. w. dat., <i>to scathe, injure, crush</i>: pret. +sg. sē þe oft manegum scōd (<i>which has oft oppressed many</i>), +<a href="#li1888">1888</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-sceaðan, w. dat., the same: pret. sg. swā him ǣr gescōd hild t +Heorote, <a href="#li1588">1588</a>; sē þe him sāre ge-sceōd (<i>who injured him +sorely</i>), <a href="#li2224">2224</a>; nō þȳ ǣr in gescōd hālan līce, <a href="#li1503">1503</a>; bill ǣr gescōd +eald-hlāfordes þām þāra māðma mund-bora ws (<i>the weapon of the +ancient chieftain had before laid low the dragon, the guardian of the +treasure</i>), <a href="#li2778">2778</a> (or, <i>sheathed in brass</i>?, if ǣr and gescōd +form compound).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsceathenmǣl">sceaðen-mǣl</a>, st. n., <i>deadly weapon, hostile sword</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li1940">1940</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsceaft">sceaft</a>, st. m., <i>shaft, spear, missile</i>: nom. sg. sceft, +<a href="#li3119">3119</a>.—Comp.: here-, wl-sceaft.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesceaft">sceaft</a>, st. f.: 1) <i>creation, earth, earthly +existence</i>: acc. sg. þās lǣnan ge-sceaft, <a href="#li1623">1623</a>.—2) <i>fate, +destiny</i>: in comp. forð-, līf-, mǣl-gesceaft.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscealc">scealc</a>, st. m., <i>servant, military retainer</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li919">919</a>; (of Bēowulf), <a href="#li940">940</a>.—Comp bēor-scealc.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesceap">sceap</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>shape, creature</i>: nom. pl. +scadu-helma ge-sceapu, <a href="#li651">651</a>.—2) <i>fate, providence</i>: acc. sg. hēah +ge-sceap (<i>heavy fate</i>), <a href="#li3085">3085</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsceapan">sceapan, sceppan, scyppan</a>, st. v., <i>to shape, create, order, +arrange, establish</i>: pres. part. scyppend (<i>the Creator</i>), +<a href="#li106">106</a>; pret. sg. scōp him Heort naman (<i>shaped, gave, it the name +Heorot</i>), <a href="#li78">78</a>; pres. part. ws sīo wrōht scepen heard wið Hūgas, +syððan Hygelāc cwōm (<i>the contest with the Hūgas became sharp after +H. had come</i>), <a href="#li2915">2915</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-sceapan, <i>to shape, create</i>: pret. sg. līf ge-sceōp cynna +gehwylcum, <a href="#li97">97</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscear">scear</a>, st. m., <i>massacre</i>: in comp. gūð-, inwit-scear, +<a href="#li2429">2429</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscearp">scearp</a>, adj., <i>sharp, able, brave</i>: nom. sg. scearp +scyld-wiga, <a href="#li288">288</a>.—Comp.: beadu-, heaðo-scearp.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscearu">scearu</a>, st. f., <i>division, body, troop</i>: in comp. +folc-scearu; <i>that is decided</i> or <i>determined</i>, in +gūð-scearu (<i>overthrow</i>?), <a href="#li1214">1214</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsceat">sceat</a>, st. m., <i>money</i>; also <i>unit of value in +appraising</i> (cf. Rieger in Zacher's Zeits. 3, 415): acc. pl. +sceattas, <a href="#li1687">1687</a>. When numbers are given, sceat appears to be left out, +cf. <a href="#li2196">2196</a>, <a href="#li2995">2995</a> (see þūsend).—Comp. gif-sceat.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscēat">scēat</a>, st. m., <i>region, field</i>: acc. pl. gefrtwade foldan +scēatas leomum and lēafum, <a href="#li96">96</a>;—<i>top, surface, part</i>: gen. pl. +eorðan scēata, <a href="#li753">753</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscēawere">scēawere</a>, st. m., <i>observer, spy</i>: nom. pl. scēaweras, +<a href="#li253">253</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscēawian">scēawian</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to see, look at, observe</i>: inf. +scēawian, <a href="#li841">841</a>, <a href="#li1414">1414</a>, <a href="#li2403">2403</a>, <a href="#li2745">2745</a>, <a href="#li3009">3009</a>, <a href="#li3033">3033</a>; scēawigan, <a href="#li1392">1392</a>; pres. +sg. II. þt gē genōge nēan scēawiað bēagas and brād gold, <a href="#li3105">3105</a>; subj. +pres. þt ic ... scēawige swegle searo-gimmas, <a href="#li2749">2749</a>; pret. sg. +scēawode, <a href="#li1688">1688</a>, <a href="#li2286">2286</a>, <a href="#li2794">2794</a>; sg. for pl., <a href="#li844">844</a>; pret. pl. scēawedon, +<a href="#li132">132</a>, <a href="#li204">204</a>, <a href="#li984">984</a>, <a href="#li1441">1441</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-scēawian, <i>to see, behold, observe</i>: pret. part. ge-scēawod, +<a href="#li3076">3076</a>, <a href="#li3085">3085</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsceorp">sceorp</a>, st. n., <i>garment</i>: in comp. hilde-sceorp.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscēotan">scēotan</a>, st. v., <i>to shoot, hurl missiles</i>: pres. sg. sē +þe of flān-bogan fyrenum scēoteð, <a href="#li1745">1745</a>; pres. part. nom. pl. scēotend +(<i>the warriors, bowmen</i>), <a href="#li704">704</a>, <a href="#li1155">1155</a>; dat. pl. for scēotendum (MS. +scotenum), <a href="#li1027">1027</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-scēotan, w. acc., <i>to shoot off, hurry</i>: pret. sg. hord eft +gescēat (<i>the dragon darted again back to the treasure</i>), <a href="#li2320">2320</a>.</p> + +<p>of-scēotan, <i>to kill by shooting</i>: pret. sg. his mǣg of-scēt ... +blōdigan gāre <i>(killed his brother with bloody dart</i>), <a href="#li2440">2440</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscild">scild, scyld</a>, st. m., <i>shield</i>: nom. sg. scyld, <a href="#li2571">2571</a>; acc. +sg. scyld, <a href="#li437">437</a>, <a href="#li2076">2076</a>; acc. pl. scyldas, <a href="#li325">325</a>, <a href="#li333">333</a>, <a href="#li2851">2851</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscildan">scildan, scyldan</a>, w. v., <i>to shield, protect</i>: pret. subj. +nymðe mec god scylde (<i>if God had not shielded me</i>), <a href="#li1659">1659</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscildfreca">scild-freca</a>, w. m., <i>shield-warrior</i> (warrior armed with +a shield): nom. sg. scyld-freca, <a href="#li1034">1034</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscildweall">scild-weall</a>, st. m., <i>wall of shields</i>: acc. sg. +scild-weall, <a href="#li3119">3119</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscildwiga">scild-wiga</a>, w. m., <i>shield-warrior</i>: nom. sg. scyld-wiga, +<a href="#li288">288</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscinna">scinna</a>, w. m., <i>apparition, evil spirit</i>: dat. pl. +scynnum, <a href="#li940">940</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscip">scip</a>, st. n., <i>vessel, ship</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li302">302</a>; acc. sg., +<a href="#li1918">1918</a>; dat. sg. tō scipe, <a href="#li1896">1896</a>; gen. sg. scipes, <a href="#li35">35</a>, <a href="#li897">897</a>; dat pl. tō +scypum (scypon, MS.), <a href="#li1155">1155</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsciphere">scip-here</a>, st. m., (exercitus navalis) <i>armada, fleet</i>: +dat. sg. mid scip-herge, <a href="#li243">243</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgescīfe">scīfe</a> (for ge-<b>scȳfe</b>), adj., <i>advancing</i> (of the +dragon's movement), <a href="#li2571">2571</a>; = G. <i>schief</i>?</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscīnan">scīnan</a>, st. v., <i>to shine, flash</i>: pres. sg. sunne ... +sūðan scīneð, <a href="#li607">607</a>; so, <a href="#li1572">1572</a>; inf. geseah blācne lēoman beorhte scīnan, +<a href="#li1518">1518</a>; pret. sg. (gūð-byrne, woruld—candel) scān, <a href="#li321">321</a>, <a href="#li1966">1966</a>; on him +byrne scān, <a href="#li405">405</a>; pret. pl. gold-fāg scinon web fter wāgum, <a href="#li995">995</a>; +scionon, <a href="#li303">303</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscīr">scīr</a>, adj., <i>sheer, pure, shining</i>: nom. sg. hring-īren +scīr, <a href="#li322">322</a>; scīr metod, <a href="#li980">980</a>; acc. sg. n. scīr wered, <a href="#li496">496</a>; gen. sg. +scīran goldes, <a href="#li1695">1695</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscīrham">scīr-ham</a>, adj., <i>bright-armored, clad in bright mail</i>: +nom. pl. scīr-hame, <a href="#li1896">1896</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscoten">scoten</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glscēoten">scēoten</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgescōd">scōd</a>, pret. part., <i>shod</i> (calceatus), <i>covered</i>: +in comp. ǣr-ge-scōd(?). See ge-<a class="glentry" href="#glgesceathan">sceaðan</a>, and Note.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscop">scop</a>, st. m., <i>singer, shaper, poet</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li496">496</a>, <a href="#li1067">1067</a>; +gen. sg. scopes, <a href="#li90">90</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscrf">scrf</a>, st. n., <i>hole in the earth, cavern</i>: in comp. +eorð-scrf.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscrīthan">scrīðan</a>, st. v., <i>to stride, go</i>: pres. pl. scrīðað, <a href="#li163">163</a>; +inf. scrīðan, <a href="#li651">651</a>, <a href="#li704">704</a>; scrīðan tō, <a href="#li2570">2570</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscrīfan">scrīfan</a>, st. v., <i>to prescribe, impose</i> (punishment): inf. +hū him (Grendel) scīr metod scrīfan wille, <a href="#li980">980</a>.</p> + +<p>for-scrīfan, w. dat. pers., <i>to proscribe, condemn</i>: pret. part. +siððan him scyppend for-scrifen hfde, <a href="#li106">106</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-scrīfan, <i>to permit, prescribe</i>: pret. sg. swā him Wyrd ne +ge-scrāf (<i>as Weird did not permit him</i>), <a href="#li2575">2575</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscrūd">scrūd</a>, st. m., <i>clothing, covering; ornament</i>: in comp. +beadu-, byrdu-scrūd.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscucca">scucca</a>, w. m., <i>shadowy sprite, demon</i>: dat. pl. scuccum, +<a href="#li940">940</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsculan">sculan</a>, aux. v. w. inf.: 1) <i>shall, must</i> (obligation): +pres. sg. I., III. sceal, <a href="#li20">20</a>, <a href="#li24">24</a>, <a href="#li183">183</a>, <a href="#li251">251</a>, <a href="#li271">271</a>, <a href="#li287">287</a>, <a href="#li440">440</a>, <a href="#li978">978</a>, <a href="#li1005">1005</a>, +<a href="#li1173">1173</a>, <a href="#li1387">1387</a>, <a href="#li1535">1535</a>, etc.; scel, <a href="#li455">455</a>, <a href="#li2805">2805</a>, <a href="#li3011">3011</a>; II. scealt, <a href="#li589">589</a>, <a href="#li2667">2667</a>; +subj. pres. scyle, <a href="#li2658">2658</a>; scile, <a href="#li3178">3178</a>; pret. ind. sg. I., III. scolde, +<a href="#li10">10</a>, <a href="#li806">806</a>, <a href="#li820">820</a>, <a href="#li966">966</a>, <a href="#li1071">1071</a>, <a href="#li1444">1444</a>, <a href="#li1450">1450</a>, etc.; sceolde, <a href="#li2342">2342</a>, <a href="#li2409">2409</a>, <a href="#li2443">2443</a>, +<a href="#li2590">2590</a>, <a href="#li2964">2964</a>; II. sceoldest, <a href="#li2057">2057</a>; pl. scoldon, <a href="#li41">41</a>, <a href="#li833">833</a>, <a href="#li1306">1306</a>, <a href="#li1638">1638</a>; +subj. pret. scolde, <a href="#li1329">1329</a>, <a href="#li1478">1478</a>; sceolde, <a href="#li2709">2709</a>.—2) w. inf. following +it expresses futurity, = <i>shall, will</i>: pres. sg. I., III. sceal +bēodan (<i>shall offer</i>), <a href="#li384">384</a>; so, <a href="#li424">424</a>, <a href="#li438">438</a>, <a href="#li602">602</a>, <a href="#li637">637</a>, <a href="#li1061">1061</a>, <a href="#li1707">1707</a>, +<a href="#li1856">1856</a>, <a href="#li1863">1863</a>, <a href="#li2070">2070</a>; sceall, <a href="#li2499">2499</a>, <a href="#li2509">2509</a>, etc.; II. scealt, <a href="#li1708">1708</a>; pl. wit +sculon, <a href="#li684">684</a>; subj. pret. scolde, <a href="#li280">280</a>, <a href="#li692">692</a>, <a href="#li911">911</a>; sceolde, <a href="#li3069">3069</a>.—3) +sculan sometimes forms a periphrastic phrase or circumlocution for a +simple tense, usually with a slight feeling of obligation or +necessity: pres. sg. hē ge-wunian sceall (<i>he inhabits; is said to +inhabit?</i>), <a href="#li2276">2276</a>; pret. sg. sē þe wter-egesan wunian scolde, <a href="#li1261">1261</a>; +wcnan scolde (<i>was to awake</i>), <a href="#li85">85</a>; sē þone gomelan grētan +sceolde (<i>was to, should, approach</i>), <a href="#li2422">2422</a>; þt se byrn-wiga +būgan sceolde (<i>the corseleted warrior had to bow, fell</i>), <a href="#li2919">2919</a>; +pl. þā þe beado-grīman bȳwan sceoldon (<i>they that had to polish or +deck the battle-masks</i>), <a href="#li2258">2258</a>; so, <a href="#li230">230</a>, <a href="#li705">705</a>, <a href="#li1068">1068</a>.—4) w. omitted +inf., such as wesan, gangan: unc sceal worn fela māðma ge-mǣnra (i.e. +wesan). <a href="#li1784">1784</a>; so, <a href="#li2660">2660</a>; sceal se hearda helm ... fǣtum befeallen (i.e. +wesan), <a href="#li2256">2256</a>; ic him fter sceal (i.e. gangan), <a href="#li2817">2817</a>; subj. þonne þū +forð scyle (i.e. gangan), <a href="#li1180">1180</a>. A verb or inf. expressed in an +antecedent clause is not again expressed with a subsequent sceal: gǣð +ā Wyrd swā hīo scel (<i>Weird goeth ever as it shall</i> [go]), <a href="#li455">455</a>; +gūð-bill ge-swāc swā hit nō sceolde (i.e. ge-swīcan), <a href="#li2586">2586</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscūa">scūa</a>, w. m., <i>shadowy demon</i>: in comp. dēað-scūa.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscūfan">scūfan</a>, st. v.: 1) intrans., <i>to move forward, hasten</i>: +pret. part. þā ws morgen-lēoht scofen and scynded, <a href="#li919">919</a>.—2) w. acc., +<i>to shove, push</i>: pret. pl. guman ūt scufon ... wudu bundenne +(<i>pushed the vessel from the land</i>), <a href="#li215">215</a>; dracan scufun ... ofer +weall-clif (<i>pushed the dragon over the wall-like cliff</i>), <a href="#li3132">3132</a>. +See <a class="glentry" href="#glwīdscofen">wīd-scofen</a>(?)</p> + +<p>be-scūfan, w. acc., <i>to push, thrust down, in</i>: inf. wā bið þǣm +þe sceal ... sāwle be-scūfan in fȳres fðm (<i>woe to him that shall +thrust his soul into fire's embrace</i>), <a href="#li184">184</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscūr">scūr</a>, st. m., <i>shower, battle-shower</i>: in comp. +īsern-scūr.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscūrheard">scūr-heard</a>, adj., <i>fight-hardened? (file-hardened?</i>): nom. +pl. scūr-heard, <a href="#li1034">1034</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscyld">scyld, scyldan</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glscild">scild, scildan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscyldig">scyldig</a>, adj., <i>under obligations</i> or <i>bound for; guilty +of</i>, w. gen. and instr.: ealdres (morðres) scyldig, <a href="#li1339">1339</a>, <a href="#li1684">1684</a>, +<a href="#li2062">2062</a>; synnum scyldig (<i>guilty of evil deeds</i>), <a href="#li3072">3072</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscyndan">scyndan</a>, w. v., <i>to hasten</i>: inf. scyndan, <a href="#li2571">2571</a>; pret. +part, scynded, 919</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscynna">scynna</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glscinna">scinna</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscyppend">scyppend</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsceapan">sceapan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscȳran">scȳran</a>, w. v., <i>to arrange, decide</i>: inf. þt hit +sceaðen-mǣl scȳran mōste (<i>that the sword must decide it</i>), <a href="#li1940">1940</a>. +O.N. skora, <i>to score, decide</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscȳne">scȳne</a>, adj., <i>sheen, well-formed, beautiful</i>: nom. sg. +mgð scȳne, <a href="#li3017">3017</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glse">sē, se</a>, pron. dem. and article, <i>the</i>: m. nom., <a href="#li79">79</a>, <a href="#li84">84</a>, <a href="#li86">86</a>, <a href="#li87">87</a>, <a href="#li90">90</a>, +<a href="#li92">92</a>, <a href="#li102">102</a>, etc.; fem, sēo, <a href="#li66">66</a>, <a href="#li146">146</a>, etc.; neut. þt;—relative: sē +(<i>who</i>), <a href="#li1611">1611</a>, <a href="#li2866">2866</a>; sē þe (<i>he who</i>), <a href="#li2293">2293</a>; sēo þe (<i>she +who</i>), <a href="#li1446">1446</a>; sē þe (for sēo þe), <a href="#li1345">1345</a>, <a href="#li1888">1888</a>, <a href="#li2686">2686</a>; cf. <a href="#li1261">1261</a>, <a href="#li1498">1498</a>; +(Grendel's mother, as a wild, demonic creature, is conceived now as +man, now as woman: woman, as having borne a son; man, as the +incarnation of savage cunning and power); se for sēo, <a href="#li2422">2422</a>; dat. sg. +þām (for þām þe), <a href="#li2780">2780</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsecce">secce</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsacu">sacu</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsecg">secg</a>, st. m., <i>man, warrior, hero, spokesman</i> (secgan?): +nom. sg., <a href="#li208">208</a>, <a href="#li872">872</a>, <a href="#li2228">2228</a>, <a href="#li2407">2407</a>, etc.; (Bēowulf), <a href="#li249">249</a>, <a href="#li948">948</a>, <a href="#li1312">1312</a>, <a href="#li1570">1570</a>, +<a href="#li1760">1760</a>, etc.; (Wulfgār), <a href="#li402">402</a>; (Hunferð), <a href="#li981">981</a>; (Wīglāf), <a href="#li2864">2864</a>; acc. sg. +sinnigne secg (Grendel's mother, cf. <a class="glentry" href="#glse">se</a>), <a href="#li1380">1380</a>; dat. sg. secge, <a href="#li2020">2020</a>; +nom. pl. secgas, <a href="#li213">213</a>, <a href="#li2531">2531</a>, <a href="#li3129">3129</a>; dat. pl. secgum, <a href="#li490">490</a>; gen. pl. +secga, <a href="#li634">634</a>, <a href="#li843">843</a>, <a href="#li997">997</a>, <a href="#li1673">1673</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsecg">secg</a>, st. f., <i>sword</i> (sedge?): acc. sg. secge, <a href="#li685">685</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsecgan">secgan</a>, w. v., <i>to say, speak</i>: 1) w. acc.: pres. sg. gode +ic þanc secge, <a href="#li1998">1998</a>; so, <a href="#li2796">2796</a>; pres. part. swā se secg hwata secgende +ws lāðra spella (partitive gen.), <a href="#li3029">3029</a>; inf. secgan, <a href="#li582">582</a>, <a href="#li876">876</a>, <a href="#li881">881</a>, +<a href="#li1050">1050</a>; pret. sg. sgde him þs lēanes þanc, <a href="#li1810">1810</a>; pret. sg. II. hwt þū +worn fela ... sgdest from his sīðe, <a href="#li532">532</a>.—2) without acc inf. swā wē +sōðlīce secgan hȳrdon, <a href="#li273">273</a>; pret. sg. sgde, <a href="#li2633">2633</a>, <a href="#li2900">2900</a>—3) w. depend. +clause: pres. sg. ic secge, <a href="#li591">591</a>; pl. III. secgað, <a href="#li411">411</a>; inf. secgan, +<a href="#li51">51</a>, <a href="#li391">391</a>, <a href="#li943">943</a>, <a href="#li1347">1347</a>, <a href="#li1701">1701</a>, <a href="#li1819">1819</a>, <a href="#li2865">2865</a>, <a href="#li3027">3027</a>; gerund. tō secganne, <a href="#li473">473</a>, +<a href="#li1725">1725</a>; pret. sg. sgde, <a href="#li90">90</a>, <a href="#li1176">1176</a>; pl. sgdon, <a href="#li377">377</a>, <a href="#li2188">2188</a>; sǣdan, <a href="#li1946">1946</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-secgan (edicere), <i>to say out, deliver</i>: inf. wille ic ā-secgan +suna Healfdenes ... mīn ǣrende, <a href="#li344">344</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-secgan, <i>to say, relate</i>: imper. sg. II. ge-saga, <a href="#li388">388</a>; þt ic +his ǣrest þē eft ge-sgde (<i>that I should, after, tell thee its +origin</i>), <a href="#li2158">2158</a>; pret. part. gesgd, <a href="#li141">141</a>; gesǣd, <a href="#li1697">1697</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsefa">sefa</a>, w. m., <i>heart, mind, soul, spirit</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li49">49</a>, +<a href="#li490">490</a>, <a href="#li595">595</a>, <a href="#li2044">2044</a>, <a href="#li2181">2181</a>, <a href="#li2420">2420</a>, <a href="#li2601">2601</a>, <a href="#li2633">2633</a>; acc. sg. sefan, <a href="#li278">278</a>, <a href="#li1727">1727</a>, +<a href="#li1843">1843</a>; dat. sg. sefan, <a href="#li473">473</a>, <a href="#li1343">1343</a>, <a href="#li1738">1738</a>.—Comp. mōd-sefa.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesegen">segen</a>, st. f., <i>legend, tale</i>: in comp. eald-ge-segen.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsegl">segl</a>, st. n., <i>sail</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1907">1907</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glseglrād">segl-rād</a>, st. f., <i>sail-road</i>, i.e. sea: dat. sg. on +segl-rāde, <a href="#li1430">1430</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsegn">segn</a>, st. n., <i>banner</i>, vexillum: nom. sg., <a href="#li2768">2768</a>, <a href="#li2959">2959</a>; +acc. sg. segen, <a href="#li47">47</a>, <a href="#li1022">1022</a>; segn, <a href="#li2777">2777</a>; dat. sg. under segne, +<a href="#li1205">1205</a>.—Comp. hēafod-segn.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsel">sel</a>, st. n., <i>hall, palace</i>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsl">sl</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glseld">seld</a>, st. n., <i>dwelling, house</i>: in comp. medu-seld.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgeselda">selda</a>, w. m., contubernalis, <i>companion</i>: acc. sg. +geseldan, <a href="#li1985">1985</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glseldan">seldan</a>, adv., <i>seldom</i>: oft [nō] seldan, <a href="#li2030">2030</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glseldguma">seld-guma</a>, w. m., <i>house-man, home-stayer(?); common man?, +house-carl?</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li249">249</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsele">sele</a>, st. m. and n., <i>building consisting of one apartment; +apartment, room</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li81">81</a>, <a href="#li411">411</a>; acc. sg. sele, <a href="#li827">827</a>, <a href="#li2353">2353</a>; dat. sg. +tō sele, <a href="#li323">323</a>, <a href="#li1641">1641</a>; in (on, tō) sele þām hēan, <a href="#li714">714</a>, <a href="#li920">920</a>, <a href="#li1017">1017</a>, <a href="#li1985">1985</a>; on +sele (<i>in the den of the dragon</i>), <a href="#li3129">3129</a>.—Comp.: bēah-, bēor-, dryht-, +eorð-, gest-, gold-, grund-, gūð-, hēah-, hring-, hrōf-, nið-, win-sele.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glseledrēam">sele-drēam</a>, st. m., <i>hall-glee, joy in the hall</i>: acc. sg. +þāra þe þis līf ofgeaf, gesāwon sele-drēam (referring to the joy of +heaven?), <a href="#li2253">2253</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glseleful">sele-ful</a>, st. n., <i>hall-goblet</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li620">620</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glselegyst">sele-gyst</a>, st. m., <i>hall-guest, stranger in hall</i> or +<i>house</i>: acc. sg. þone sele-gyst, <a href="#li1546">1546</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glselerǣdend">sele-rǣdend</a>, pres. part., <i>hall-ruler, possessor of the +hall</i>: nom. pl., <a href="#li51">51</a>; acc. lēode mīne sele-rǣdende, <a href="#li1347">1347</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glselerest">sele-rest</a>, st. f., <i>bed in the hall</i>: acc. sg. sele-reste, +<a href="#li691">691</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glselethegn">sele-þegn</a>, st. m., <i>retainer, hall-thane, chamberlain</i>: +nom. sg., <a href="#li1795">1795</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glseleweard">sele-weard</a>, st. m., <i>hall-ward, guardian of the hall</i>: +acc. sg., <a href="#li668">668</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glself">self, sylf</a>, pron., <i>self</i>: nom. sg. strong form, self, +<a href="#li1314">1314</a>, <a href="#li1925">1925</a> (? selfa); þū self, <a href="#li595">595</a>; þū þē self, <a href="#li954">954</a>; self cyning +(<i>the king himself, the king too</i>), <a href="#li921">921</a>, <a href="#li1011">1011</a>; sylf, <a href="#li1965">1965</a>; in +weak form, selfa, <a href="#li1469">1469</a>; hē selfa, <a href="#li29">29</a>, <a href="#li1734">1734</a>; þǣm þe him selfa dēah +(<i>that can rely upon, trust to, himself</i>), <a href="#li1840">1840</a>; seolfa, <a href="#li3068">3068</a>; hē +sylfa, <a href="#li505">505</a>; god sylfa, <a href="#li3055">3055</a>; acc. sg. m. selfne, <a href="#li1606">1606</a>; hine selfne +(<i>himself</i>), <a href="#li962">962</a>; hyne selfne (<i>himself</i>, reflex.), <a href="#li2876">2876</a>; +wið sylfne (<i>beside</i>), <a href="#li1978">1978</a>; gen. sg. m. selfes, <a href="#li701">701</a>, <a href="#li896">896</a>; his +selfes, <a href="#li1148">1148</a>; on sīnne sylfes dōm (<i>at his own will</i>), <a href="#li2148">2148</a>; +sylfes, <a href="#li2224">2224</a>, <a href="#li2361">2361</a>, <a href="#li2640">2640</a>, <a href="#li2711">2711</a>, <a href="#li2777">2777</a>, <a href="#li3014">3014</a>; his sylfes, <a href="#li2014">2014</a>, <a href="#li2326">2326</a>; +fem. hire selfre, <a href="#li1116">1116</a>; nom. pl. selfe, <a href="#li419">419</a>; Sūð-Dene sylfe, <a href="#li1997">1997</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesella">sella</a>, w. m., <i>house-companion, comrade</i>: in comp. +hand-gesella.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsellan">sellan, syllan</a>, w. v.: 1) w. acc. of thing, dat. of pers., +<i>to give, deliver; permit, grant, present</i>: pres. sg. III. seleð +him on ēðle eorðan wynne, <a href="#li1731">1731</a>; inf. syllan, <a href="#li2161">2161</a>, <a href="#li2730">2730</a>; pret. sg. +sealde, <a href="#li72">72</a>, <a href="#li673">673</a>, <a href="#li1272">1272</a>, <a href="#li1694">1694</a>, <a href="#li1752">1752</a>, <a href="#li2025">2025</a>, <a href="#li2156">2156</a>, <a href="#li2183">2183</a>, <a href="#li2491">2491</a>, <a href="#li2995">2995</a>; nefne +god sylfa sealde þām þe hē wolde hord openian (<i>unless God himself +gave to whom he would to open the hoard</i>), <a href="#li3056">3056</a>; pret. sg. II. +sealdest, <a href="#li1483">1483</a>.—2) <i>to give, give up</i> (only w. acc. of thing): +ǣr hē feorh seleð (<i>he prefers to give up his life</i>), <a href="#li1371">1371</a>; +nallas on gylp seleð fǣtte bēagas (<i>giveth out gold-wrought +rings</i>, etc.), <a href="#li1750">1750</a>; pret. sg. sinc-fato sealde, <a href="#li623">623</a>; pl. byrelas +sealdon wīn of wunder-fatum, <a href="#li1162">1162</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-sellan, w. acc. and dat. of pers., <i>to give, deliver; grant, +present</i>: inf. ge-sellan, <a href="#li1030">1030</a>; pret. sg. ge-sealde, <a href="#li616">616</a>, <a href="#li1053">1053</a>, +<a href="#li1867">1867</a>, <a href="#li1902">1902</a>, <a href="#li2143">2143</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsellīc">sel-līc, syl-līc</a> (from seld-līc), adj., <i>strange, +wondrous</i>: nom. sg. glōf ... syllīc, <a href="#li2087">2087</a>; acc. sg. n. syllīc +spell, <a href="#li2110">2110</a>; acc. pl. sellīce sǣ-dracan, <a href="#li1427">1427</a>. Compar. acc. sg. +syllīcran wiht (the dragon), <a href="#li3039">3039</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsemninga">semninga</a>, adv., <i>straightway, at once</i> <a href="#li645">645</a>, <a href="#li1641">1641</a>, <a href="#li1768">1768</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsendan">sendan</a>, w. v. w. acc. of thing and dat. of pers., <i>to +send</i>: pret. sg. þone god sende folce tō frōfre (<i>whom God sent +as a comfort to the people</i>), <a href="#li13">13</a>; so, <a href="#li471">471</a>, <a href="#li1843">1843</a>.</p> + +<p>for-sendan, <i>to send away, drive off</i> pret. part. hē wearð on +fēonda geweald ... snūde for-sended, <a href="#li905">905</a>.</p> + +<p>on-sendan, <i>to send forth, away</i>, w. acc. of thing and dat. of +pers.: imper. sg. on-send, <a href="#li452">452</a>, <a href="#li1484">1484</a>; pret. sg. on-sende, <a href="#li382">382</a>; pl. þē hine +... forð on-sendon ǣnne ofer ȳðe (<i>who sent him forth alone over the +sea</i>), <a href="#li45">45</a>; pret. part. bealo-cwealm hafað fela feorh-cynna feorr +on-sended, <a href="#li2267">2267</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsendan">sendan</a> (cf. Gl. Aldhelm, sanda = ferculorum, epularum, in Haupt +IX. 444), w. v., <i>to feast, banquet</i>: pres. sg. III. sendeð, +<a href="#li601">601</a>.—Leo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glserce">serce, syrce</a>, w. f., <i>sark, shirt of mail</i>: nom. sg. +syrce, <a href="#li1112">1112</a>; nom. pl. syrcan, <a href="#li226">226</a>; acc. pl. grǣge syrcan, <a href="#li334">334</a>.—Comp.: +beadu-, heoro-serce; here-, leoðo-, līc-syrce.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsess">sess</a>, st. m., <i>seat, place for sitting</i>: dat. sg. sesse, +<a href="#li2718">2718</a>; þā hē bī sesse gēong (<i>by the seat</i>, i.e. before the +dragon's lair), <a href="#li2757">2757</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsetl">setl</a>, st. n., <i>seat, settle</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li2014">2014</a>; dat. sg. +setle, <a href="#li1233">1233</a>, <a href="#li1783">1783</a>, <a href="#li2020">2020</a>; gen. sg. setles, <a href="#li1787">1787</a>; dat. pl. setlum, +<a href="#li1290">1290</a>.—Comp.: hēah-, hilde-, meodu-setl.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsettan">settan</a>, w. v., <i>to set</i>: pret. sg. setton sǣ-mēðe sīde +scyldas ... wið þs recedes weall (<i>the sea-wearied ones set their +broad shields against the wall of the hall</i>), <a href="#li325">325</a>; so, <a href="#li1243">1243</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-settan, <i>to set, place, appoint</i>: pret. pl. hīe him ā-setton +segen [gyl]-denne hēah ofer hēafod, <a href="#li47">47</a>; pret. part. hfde kyninga +wuldor Grendle tō-gēanes ... sele-weard ā-seted, <a href="#li668">668</a>.</p> + +<p>be-settan, <i>to set with, surround</i>: pret. sg. (helm) besette +swīn-līcum (<i>set the helm with swine-bodies</i>), <a href="#li1454">1454</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-settan: 1) <i>to set, set down</i>: pret. part. swā ws ...þurh +rūn-stafas rihte ge-mearcod, ge-seted and ge-sǣd (<i>thus was ... in +rune-staves rightly marked, set down and said</i>), <a href="#li1697">1697</a>.—2) <i>to +set, ordain, create</i>: pret. sg. ge-sette ... sunnan and mōnan lēoman +tō lēohte land-būendum, <a href="#li94">94</a>.—3) = componere, <i>to lay aside, smooth +over, appease</i>: pret. sg. þt hē mid þȳ wīfe +wl-fǣhða ... dǣl ... ge-sette, <a href="#li2030">2030</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsēcan">sēcan</a>, w. v., <i>to follow after</i>, hence: 1) <i>to seek, +strive for</i>, w. acc.: pret. sg. sinc-ft sōhte <i>(sought the +costly cup</i>), <a href="#li2301">2301</a>; ne sōhte searo-nīðas, <a href="#li2739">2739</a>; so, <a href="#li3068">3068</a>. Without +acc.: þonne his myne sōhte (<i>than his wish demanded</i>), <a href="#li2573">2573</a>; +hord-weard sōhte georne fter grunde (<i>the hoard-warden sought +eagerly along the ground</i>), <a href="#li2294">2294</a>.—2) <i>to look for, come</i> or +<i>go some whither, attain something</i>, w. acc.: pres. sg. III. sē +þe ... biorgas sēceð, <a href="#li2273">2273</a>; subj. þēah þe hǣð-stapa holt-wudu sēce, +<a href="#li1370">1370</a>; imper. sēc gif þū dyrre (<i>look for her</i>, i.e. Grendel's +mother, <i>if thou dare</i>), <a href="#li1380">1380</a>; inf. sēcean, <a href="#li200">200</a>, <a href="#li268">268</a>, <a href="#li646">646</a>, <a href="#li1598">1598</a>, +<a href="#li1870">1870</a>, <a href="#li1990">1990</a>, <a href="#li2514">2514</a>(?), <a href="#li3103">3103</a>, etc.; sēcan, <a href="#li665">665</a>, <a href="#li1451">1451</a>; drihten sēcean +(<i>seek, go to, the Lord</i>), <a href="#li187">187</a>; sēcean wyn-lēas wīc (<i>Grendel +was to seek a joyless place</i>, i.e. Hell), <a href="#li822">822</a>; so, sēcan dēofla +gedrg, <a href="#li757">757</a>; sāwle sēcan (<i>seek the life, kill</i>), <a href="#li802">802</a>; so, sēcean +sāwle hord, <a href="#li2423">2423</a>; gerund. scce tō sēceanne, <a href="#li2563">2563</a>; pret. sg. I., III. +sōhte, <a href="#li139">139</a>, <a href="#li208">208</a>, <a href="#li376">376</a>, <a href="#li417">417</a>, <a href="#li2224">2224</a>; II. sōhtest, <a href="#li458">458</a>; pl. sōhton, +<a href="#li339">339</a>.—3) <i>to seek, attack</i>: þē ūs sēceað tō Swēona lēode, <a href="#li3002">3002</a>; +pret. pl. hine wrc-mcgas ofer sǣ sōhtan, <a href="#li2381">2381</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-sēcan: 1) <i>to seek</i>, w. acc.: inf. gif hē gesēcean dear wīg +ofer wǣpen, <a href="#li685">685</a>.—2) <i>to look for, come</i> or <i>go to +attain</i>, w. acc.: inf. ge-sēcean, <a href="#li693">693</a>; gerund, tō ge-sēcanne, <a href="#li1923">1923</a>; +pret. sg. ge-sōhte, <a href="#li463">463</a>, <a href="#li520">520</a>, <a href="#li718">718</a>, <a href="#li1952">1952</a>; pret. part. nom. pl. +feor-cȳððe bēoð sēlran ge-sōhte þām þe hine selfa dēah, <a href="#li1840">1840</a>.—3) +<i>to seek with hostile intent, to attack</i>: pres. sg. ge-sēceð +<a href="#li2516">2516</a>; pret. sg. ge-sōhte, <a href="#li2347">2347</a>; pl. ge-sōhton, <a href="#li2927">2927</a>; ge-sōhtan, <a href="#li2205">2205</a>.</p> + +<p>ofer-sēcan, w. acc., <i>to surpass, outdo</i> (in an attack): pres. +sg. ws sīo hond tō strong, sē þe mēca gehwane ... swenge ofer-sōhte, +þonne hē tō scce br wǣpen wundrum heard (<i>too strong was the hand, +that surpassed every sword in stroke, when he</i> [Bēowulf] <i>bore +the wondrous weapon to battle</i>, i.e. the hand was too strong for +any sword; its strength made it useless in battle), <a href="#li2687">2687</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsēl">sēl</a>, st. f. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsǣl">sǣl</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsēl">sēl, sǣl</a>, adj., <i>good, excellent, fit</i>, only in compar.: +nom. sg. m. sēlra, <a href="#li861">861</a>, <a href="#li2194">2194</a>; þǣm þǣr sēlra ws (<i>to the one that +was the better</i>, i.e. Hygelāc), <a href="#li2200">2200</a>; dēað bið sēlla þonne +edwīt-līf, <a href="#li2891">2891</a>; neut. sēlre, <a href="#li1385">1385</a>; acc. sg. m. sēlran þē (<i>a better +than thee</i>), <a href="#li1851">1851</a>; sēlran, <a href="#li1198">1198</a>; neut. þt sēlre, <a href="#li1760">1760</a>; dat. sg. m. +sēlran sweord-frecan, <a href="#li1469">1469</a>; nom. pl. fem. sēlran, <a href="#li1840">1840</a>. Superl., +strong form: nom. sg. neut. sēlest, <a href="#li173">173</a>, <a href="#li1060">1060</a>; hūsa sēlest, <a href="#li146">146</a>, <a href="#li285">285</a>, +<a href="#li936">936</a>; ofost is sēlest, <a href="#li256">256</a>; bolda sēlest, <a href="#li2327">2327</a>; acc. sg. neut. hrgla +sēlest, <a href="#li454">454</a>; hūsa sēlest, <a href="#li659">659</a>; billa sēlest, <a href="#li1145">1145</a>;—weak form: nom. +sg. m. reced sēlesta, <a href="#li412">412</a>; acc. sg. m. þone sēlestan, <a href="#li1407">1407</a>, <a href="#li2383">2383</a>; +(þs, MS.), <a href="#li1957">1957</a>; dat. sg. m. þǣm sēlestan, <a href="#li1686">1686</a>; nom. pl. sēlestan, +<a href="#li416">416</a>; acc. pl. þā sēlestan, <a href="#li3123">3123</a>.</p> + +<p>sēl, compar. adv., <i>better, fitter, more excellent</i>, <a href="#li1013">1013</a>, <a href="#li2531">2531</a>; +ne byð him wihte þē sēl (<i>he shall be nought the better for it</i>), +<a href="#li2278">2278</a>; so, <a href="#li2688">2688</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsealma">sealma</a> (Frisian selma, in bed-selma), w. m., <i>bed-chamber, +sleeping-place</i>: acc. sg. on sealman, <a href="#li2461">2461</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsealt">sealt</a>, adj., <i>salty</i>: acc. sg. neut. ofer sealt wter +(<i>the sea</i>), <a href="#li1990">1990</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsearo">searo</a> (G. sarwa, pl.), st. n.: 1) <i>armor, accoutrements, +war-gear</i>: nom. pl. sǣ-manna searo, <a href="#li329">329</a>; dat. pl. secg on searwum +(<i>a man, warrior, in panoply</i>), <a href="#li249">249</a>, <a href="#li2701">2701</a>; in (on) searwum, <a href="#li323">323</a>, +<a href="#li1558">1558</a>; <a href="#li2531">2531</a>, <a href="#li2569">2569</a>; instr. pl. searwum, <a href="#li1814">1814</a>.—2) <i>insidiae, +ambuscade, waylaying, deception, battle</i>: þā ic of searwum cwōm, +fāh from fēondum, <a href="#li419">419</a>.—3) <i>cunning, art, skill</i>: instr. pl. +sadol searwum fāh (<i>saddle cunningly ornamented</i>), <a href="#li1039">1039</a>; +earmbēaga fela, searwum ge-sǣled (<i>many cunningly-linked +armlets</i>), <a href="#li2765">2765</a>.—Comp. fyrd-, gūð-, inwit-searo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsearobend">searo-bend</a>, st. f., <i>band, bond, of curious workmanship</i>: +instr. pl. searo-bendum fst, <a href="#li2087">2087</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsearofāh">searo-fāh</a>, adj., <i>cunningly inlaid, ornamented, with +gold</i>: nom. sg. here-byrne hondum ge-brōden, sīd and searo-fāh, +<a href="#li1445">1445</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsearogethrc">searo-ge-þrc</a>, st. n., <i>heap of treasure-objects</i>: acc. +sg., <a href="#li3103">3103</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsearogim">searo-gim</a>, st. m., <i>cunningly set gem, rich jewel</i>: acc. +pl. searo-gimmas, <a href="#li2750">2750</a>; gen. pl. searo-gimma, <a href="#li1158">1158</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsearogrim">searo-grim</a>, adj., <i>cunning and fierce</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li595">595</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsearohbbend">searo-hbbend</a>, pres. part. as subst., <i>arms-bearing, warrior +with his trappings</i>: gen. pl. searo-hbbendra, <a href="#li237">237</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsearonet">searo-net</a>, st. n., <i>armor-net, shirt of mail, corselet</i>: +nom. sg., <a href="#li406">406</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsearonīth">searo-nīð</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>cunning hostility, plot, wiles</i>: +acc. pl. searo-nīðas, <a href="#li1201">1201</a>, <a href="#li2739">2739</a>.—2) also, only <i>hostility, feud, +contest</i>: acc. pl. searo-nīðas, <a href="#li3068">3068</a>; gen. pl. searo-nīða, <a href="#li582">582</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsearothanc">searo-þanc</a>, st. m., <i>ingenuity</i>: instr. pl. searo-þoncum, +<a href="#li776">776</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsearowundor">searo-wundor</a>, st. n., <i>rare wonder</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li921">921</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glseax">seax</a>, st. n., <i>shortsword, hip-knife; dagger</i>: instr. sg. +seaxe, <a href="#li1546">1546</a>.—Comp. wl-seax.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glseaxben">seax-ben</a>, st. f., <i>dagger-wound</i>: instr. pl. siex-bennum, +<a href="#li2905">2905</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glseofon">seofon</a>, num., <i>seven</i>, <a href="#li517">517</a>; seofan, <a href="#li2196">2196</a>; decl. acc. +syfone, <a href="#li3123">3123</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glseomian">seomian</a>, w. v.: 1) intrans., <i>to be tied; lie at rest</i>: +inf. siomian, <a href="#li2768">2768</a>; pret. sg. seomode, <a href="#li302">302</a>.—2) w. acc., <i>to put in +bonds, entrap, catch</i>: pret. sg. duguðe and geogoðe seomade (cf. +2086-<a href="#li2092">2092</a>, <a href="#li161">161</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glseonu">seonu</a>, st. f., <i>sinew</i>: nom. pl. seonowe, <a href="#li818">818</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsēoc">sēoc</a>, adj., <i>feeble, weak; fatally ill</i>: nom. sg. +feorh-bennum sēoc (of Bēowulf, <i>sick unto death</i>), <a href="#li2741">2741</a>; +siex-bennum sēoc (of the dead dragon), <a href="#li2905">2905</a>; nom. pl. mōdes sēoce +(<i>sick of soul</i>), <a href="#li1604">1604</a>.—Comp.: ellen-, feorh-, heaðo-sēoc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsēothan">sēoðan</a>, st. v. w. acc., <i>to seethe, boil</i>; figuratively, <i>be +excited over, brood</i>: pret. sg. ic þs mōd-ceare sorh-wylmum sēað (<i>I +pined in heart-grief for that</i>), <a href="#li1994">1994</a>; so, <a href="#li190">190</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glseoloth">seoloð</a>, st. m.?, <i>bight, bay</i> (cf. Dietrich in Haupt XI. +416): gen. pl. sioleða bi-gong (<i>the realm of bights</i> = the +[surface of the] sea?), <a href="#li2368">2368</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsēon">sēon, sȳn</a>, st. f., <i>aspect, sight</i>: in comp. wlite-, +wundor-sēon, an-sȳn.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsēon">sēon</a>, st. v., <i>to see</i>: a) w. acc.: inf. searo-wunder +sēon, <a href="#li921">921</a>; so, <a href="#li387">387</a>, <a href="#li1181">1181</a>, <a href="#li1276">1276</a>, <a href="#li3103">3103</a>; þǣr mg nihta ge-hwǣm nīð-wundor +sēon (<i>there may every night be seen a repulsive marvel</i>), <a href="#li1366">1366</a>; +pret. sg. ne seah ic ... heal-sittendra medudrēam māran, <a href="#li2015">2015</a>.—b) w. +acc. and predicate adj.: ne seah ic elþēodige þus manige men +mōdiglīcran, <a href="#li336">336</a>.—c) w. prep. or adv.: pret. sg. seah on enta +ge-weorc, <a href="#li2718">2718</a>; seah on un-lēofe, <a href="#li2864">2864</a>; pl. folc tō sǣgon (<i>looked +on</i>), <a href="#li1423">1423</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-sēon, <i>to see, behold</i>: a) w. acc.: pres. sg. III. sē þe bēah +ge-syhð, <a href="#li2042">2042</a>; inf. ge-sēon, <a href="#li396">396</a>, <a href="#li571">571</a>, <a href="#li649">649</a>, <a href="#li962">962</a>, <a href="#li1079">1079</a>, etc.; pret. sg. +geseah, <a href="#li247">247</a>, <a href="#li927">927</a>, <a href="#li1558">1558</a>, <a href="#li1614">1614</a>; pl. ge-sāwon, <a href="#li1606">1606</a>, <a href="#li2253">2253</a>.—b) w. acc. +and predicate adj., pres. sg. III. ge-syhð ... on his suna būre win-sele +wēstne (<i>sees in his son's house the wine-hall empty</i>; or, +<i>hall of friends</i>?), <a href="#li2456">2456</a>.—c) w. inf.: pret. sg. ge-seah ... beran +ofer bolcan beorhte randas (<i>saw shining shields borne over the +gang-plank</i>), <a href="#li229">229</a>; pret. pl. mǣre māððum-sweord monige ge-sāwon +beforan beorn beran, <a href="#li1024">1024</a>.—d) w. acc. and inf.: pret. sg. ge-seah, +<a href="#li729">729</a>, <a href="#li1517">1517</a>, <a href="#li1586">1586</a>, <a href="#li1663">1663</a>, <a href="#li2543">2543</a>, <a href="#li2605">2605</a>, etc.; pl. ge-sāwon, <a href="#li221">221</a>, <a href="#li1348">1348</a>, +<a href="#li1426">1426</a>; ge-sēgan, <a href="#li3039">3039</a>; ge-sēgon, <a href="#li3129">3129</a>.—e) w. depend, clause: inf. mg +þonne ... gesēon sunu Hrēðles, þt ic (<i>may the son of H. see that +I...</i>), <a href="#li1486">1486</a>; pret. pl. ge-sāwon, <a href="#li1592">1592</a>.</p> + +<p>geond-sēon, <i>to see, look through, over</i>, w. acc.: pret. sg. (ic) +þt eall geond-seh, <a href="#li3088">3088</a>.</p> + +<p>ofer-sēon, <i>to see clearly, plainly</i>: pret. pl. ofer-sāwon, <a href="#li419">419</a>.</p> + +<p>on-sēon, <i>to look on, at</i>, w. acc.: pret. pl. on-sāwon, <a href="#li1651">1651</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsēowian">sēowian</a>, w. v., <i>to sew, put together, link</i>: pret. part. +searo-net sēowed smiðes or-þancum (<i>the corselet woven by the +smith's craft</i>), <a href="#li406">406</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsib">sib</a>, st. f., <i>peace, friendship, relationship</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li1165">1165</a>, <a href="#li1858">1858</a>; sibb, <a href="#li2601">2601</a>; acc. sibbe, <a href="#li950">950</a>, <a href="#li2432">2432</a>, <a href="#li2923">2923</a>; instr. sg. sibbe +(<i>in peace</i>?), <a href="#li154">154</a>.—Comp.: dryht-, friðo-sib.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsibtheling">sib-ðeling</a>, st. m., <i>nobilis consanguineus, kindred +prince</i> or <i>nobleman</i>: nom. pl. -ðelingas, <a href="#li2709">2709</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsibbegedryht">sibbe-gedryht</a>, st. f., <i>body of allied</i> or <i>related +warriors</i>: acc. sg. sibbe-gedriht (the Danes), <a href="#li387">387</a>; (the Gēatas), +<a href="#li730">730</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsiththan">siððan, syððan</a>: 1) adv.: a) <i>since, after, from now on, +further</i>, <a href="#li142">142</a>, <a href="#li149">149</a>, <a href="#li283">283</a>, <a href="#li567">567</a>, <a href="#li1903">1903</a>, <a href="#li2052">2052</a>, <a href="#li2065">2065</a>, <a href="#li2176">2176</a>, <a href="#li2703">2703</a>, <a href="#li2807">2807</a>, +<a href="#li2921">2921</a>; seoððan, <a href="#li1876">1876</a>.—b) <i>then, thereupon, after</i>, <a href="#li470">470</a>, <a href="#li686">686</a>, +<a href="#li1454">1454</a>, <a href="#li1557">1557</a>, <a href="#li1690">1690</a>, <a href="#li2208">2208</a>; seoððan, <a href="#li1938">1938</a>; ǣr nē siððan (<i>neither before +nor after</i>), <a href="#li719">719</a>.</p> + +<p>2) Conj.: a) w. ind. pres., <i>as soon as, when</i>, <a href="#li413">413</a>, <a href="#li605">605</a>, <a href="#li1785">1785</a>, +<a href="#li2889">2889</a>, <a href="#li2912">2912</a>.—b) w. ind. pret., <i>when, whilst</i>, <a href="#li835">835</a>, <a href="#li851">851</a>, <a href="#li1205">1205</a>, +<a href="#li1207">1207</a>, <a href="#li1421">1421</a>, <a href="#li1590">1590</a>, <a href="#li2357">2357</a>, <a href="#li2961">2961</a>, <a href="#li2971">2971</a>, <a href="#li3128">3128</a>; seoððan, +<a href="#li1776">1776</a>;—<i>since</i>, <a href="#li649">649</a>, <a href="#li657">657</a>, <a href="#li983">983</a>, <a href="#li1199">1199</a>, <a href="#li1254">1254</a>, <a href="#li1309">1309</a>, +<a href="#li2202">2202</a>;—<i>after</i>, either with pluperf.: siððan him scyppend +forscrifen hfde (<i>after the Creator had proscribed him</i>), <a href="#li106">106</a>; +so, <a href="#li1473">1473</a>; or with pret. = pluperf.: syððan niht becōm (<i>after night +had come on</i>), <a href="#li115">115</a>; so, <a href="#li6">6</a>, <a href="#li132">132</a>, <a href="#li723">723</a>, <a href="#li887">887</a>, <a href="#li902">902</a>, <a href="#li1078">1078</a>, <a href="#li1149">1149</a>, <a href="#li1236">1236</a>, +<a href="#li1262">1262</a>, <a href="#li1282">1282</a>, <a href="#li1979">1979</a>, <a href="#li2013">2013</a>, <a href="#li2125">2125</a>; or pret. and pluperf. together, +<a href="#li2104">2104-2105</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsiex">siex</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glseax">seax</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsigedryhten">sige-dryhten</a>, st. m., <i>lord of victory, victorious lord</i>: +nom. sg. sige-drihten, <a href="#li391">391</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsigeēadig">sige-ēadig</a>, adj., <i>blest with victory, victorious</i>: acc. +sg. neut. sige-ēadig bil, <a href="#li1558">1558</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsigefolc">sige-folc</a>, st. n., <i>victorious people, troop</i>: gen. pl. +sige-folca, <a href="#li645">645</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsigehrēth">sige-hrēð</a>, st. f., <i>confidence of victory</i>(?): acc. sg., +<a href="#li490">490</a>. See <a href="#note489">Note</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsigehrēthig">sige-hrēðig</a>, adj., <i>victorious</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li94">94</a>, <a href="#li1598">1598</a>, <a href="#li2757">2757</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsigehwīl">sige-hwīl</a>, st. f., <i>hour</i> or <i>day of victory</i>: gen. +sg. sige-hwīle, <a href="#li2711">2711</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsigelēas">sige-lēas</a>, adj., <i>devoid of victory, defeated</i>: acc. sg. +sige-lēasne sang, <a href="#li788">788</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsigerōf">sige-rōf</a>, adj., <i>victorious</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li620">620</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsigethēod">sige-þēod</a>, st. f., <i>victorious warrior troop</i>: dat. sg. on +sige-þēode, <a href="#li2205">2205</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsigewǣpen">sige-wǣpen</a>, st. n., <i>victor-weapon, sword</i>: dat. pl. +sige-wǣpnum, <a href="#li805">805</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsigl">sigl</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>sun</i>: nom. sg. sigel, <a href="#li1967">1967</a>.—2) +<i>sun-shaped ornament</i>: acc. pl. siglu, <a href="#li3165">3165</a>; sigle (bracteates of +a necklace), <a href="#li1201">1201</a>; gen. pl. sigla, <a href="#li1158">1158</a>.—Comp. māððum-sigl.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsigor">sigor</a>, st. m., <i>victory</i>: gen. sg. sigores, <a href="#li1022">1022</a>; gen. pl. +sigora, <a href="#li2876">2876</a>, <a href="#li3056">3056</a>.—Comp.: hrēð-, wīg-sigor.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsigorēadig">sigor-ēadig</a>, adj., <i>victorious</i>: nom. sg. sigor-ēadig secg +(of Bēowulf), <a href="#li1312">1312</a>, <a href="#li2353">2353</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsin">sin</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsyn">syn</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsinc">sinc</a>, st. n., <i>treasure, jewel, property</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2765">2765</a>; +acc. sg. sinc, <a href="#li81">81</a>, <a href="#li1205">1205</a>, <a href="#li1486">1486</a>, <a href="#li2384">2384</a>, <a href="#li2432">2432</a>; instr. sg. since, <a href="#li1039">1039</a>, +<a href="#li1451">1451</a>, <a href="#li1616">1616</a>, <a href="#li1883">1883</a>, <a href="#li2218">2218</a>, <a href="#li2747">2747</a>; gen. sg. sinces, <a href="#li608">608</a>, <a href="#li1171">1171</a>, <a href="#li1923">1923</a>, <a href="#li2072">2072</a>; +gen. pl. sinca, <a href="#li2429">2429</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsincfāh">sinc-fāh</a>, adj., <i>treasure-decked</i>: acc. sg. neut. weak +form, sinc-fāge sel, <a href="#li167">167</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsincft">sinc-ft</a>, st. n., <i>costly vessel</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li2232">2232</a>, +<a href="#li2301">2301</a>;—<i>a costly object</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1201">1201</a> (i.e. mene); acc. pl. +sinc-fato, <a href="#li623">623</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsincgestrēon">sinc-ge-strēon</a>, st. n., <i>precious treasure, jewel of value +</i>: instr. pl. -gestrēonum, <a href="#li1093">1093</a>; gen. pl. -gestrēona, <a href="#li1227">1227</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsincgifa">sinc-gifa</a>, w. m., <i>jewel-giver, treasure-giver = prince, +ruler</i>: acc. sg. sinc-gyfan, <a href="#li1013">1013</a>; dat. sg. sinc-gifan (of +Bēowulf), <a href="#li2312">2312</a>; (of schere), <a href="#li1343">1343</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsincmāththum">sinc-māððum</a>, st. m., <i>treasure</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2194">2194</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsincthego">sinc-þego</a>, f., <i>acceptance, taking, of jewels</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li2885">2885</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsindolh">sin-dolh</a>, st. n., <i>perpetual</i>, i.e. incurable, +<i>wound</i>: nom. sg. syn-dolh, <a href="#li818">818</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsinfrēa">sin-frēa</a>, w. m., <i>wedded lord, husband</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1935">1935</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsingal">sin-gāl</a>, adj., <i>continual, lasting</i>: acc. sg. fem, +sin-gāle sce, <a href="#li154">154</a>.</p> + +<p>sin-gāles, adv. gen. sg., <i>continually, ever</i>, <a href="#li1778">1778</a>; syngales, +<a href="#li1136">1136</a>.</p> + +<p>singāla, adv. gen. pl., the same, <a href="#li190">190</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsingan">singan</a>, st. v., <i>to sound, ring, sing</i>: pret. sg. +hring-īren scīr song in searwum (<i>the ringed iron rang in the +armor</i>), <a href="#li323">323</a>; horn stundum song fūs-līc f[yrd]-lēoð (<i>at times +the horn rang forth a ready battle-song</i>), <a href="#li1424">1424</a>; scop hwīlum sang +(<i>the singer sang at whiles</i>), <a href="#li496">496</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-singan, <i>to sing out, sing to an end</i>: pret. part. lēoð ws +ā-sungen, <a href="#li1160">1160</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsinhere">sin-here</a>, st. m., (<i>army without end</i>?), <i>strong army, +host</i>: instr. sg. sin-herge, <a href="#li2937">2937</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsinniht">sin-niht</a>, st. f., <i>perpetual night, night after night</i>: +acc. pl. sin-nihte (<i>night after night</i>), <a href="#li161">161</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsinsceatha">sin-sceaða</a>, w. m., <i>irreconcilable foe</i>: nom. sg. +syn-scaða, <a href="#li708">708</a>; acc. sg. syn-scaðan, <a href="#li802">802</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsinsnǣd">sin-snǣd</a>, st. f., (<i>continuous biting</i>) <i>bite after +bite</i>: dat. pl. syn-snǣdum swealh (<i>swallowed bite after bite, in +great bites</i>), <a href="#li744">744</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsittan">sittan</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to sit</i>: pres. sg. Wīglāf siteð ofer +Bīowulfe, <a href="#li2907">2907</a>; imper. sg. site nū tō symle, <a href="#li489">489</a>; inf. þǣr swið-ferhðe +sittan ēodon (<i>whither the strong-minded went and sat</i>), <a href="#li493">493</a>; +ēode ... tō hire frēan sittan (<i>went to sit by her lord</i>), <a href="#li642">642</a>; +pret. sg. on wicge st (<i>sat on the horse</i>), <a href="#li286">286</a>; t fōtum st +(<i>sat at the feet</i>), <a href="#li500">500</a>, <a href="#li1167">1167</a>; þǣr Hrōðgār st (<i>where H. +sat</i>), <a href="#li356">356</a>; so, <a href="#li1191">1191</a>, <a href="#li2895">2895</a>; hē gewērgad st ... frēan eaxlum nēah, +<a href="#li2854">2854</a>; pret. pl. sǣton, <a href="#li1165">1165</a>; gistas sētan (MS. sēcan) ... and on mere +staredon (<i>the strangers sat and stared on the sea</i>), <a href="#li1603">1603</a>.—2) +<i>to be in a certain state</i> or <i>condition</i> (<i>quasi</i> +copula): pret. sg. mǣre þēoden ... unblīðe st, <a href="#li130">130</a>.—Comp.: flet-, +heal-sittend.</p> + +<p>be-sittan, obsidere, <i>to surround, besiege</i>, w. acc.: best þā +sin-herge sweorda lāfe wundum wērge (<i>then besieged he with a host +the leavings of the sword, wound-weary</i>), <a href="#li2937">2937</a>.</p> + +<p>for-sittan, obstrui, <i>to pass away, fail</i>: pres. sg. ēagena +bearhtm for-siteð (<i>the light of the eyes passeth away</i>), <a href="#li1768">1768</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-sittan: 1) <i>to sit, sit together</i>: pret. sg. monig-oft ge-st +rīce to rūne (<i>very often sat the king deliberating with his +council</i> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glrīce">rīce</a>), <a href="#li171">171</a>; wið earm ge-st (<i>supported +himself upon his arm, sat on his arm</i>?), <a href="#li750">750</a>; fēða eal ge-st +(<i>the whole troop sat down</i>), <a href="#li1425">1425</a>; ge-st þā wið sylfne (<i>sat +there beside, near to, him</i>, i.e. Hygelāc), <a href="#li1978">1978</a>;</p> + +<p>ge-st þā on nsse, <a href="#li2418">2418</a>; so, <a href="#li2718">2718</a>; pret. part. (syððan) ... wē tō +symble ge-seten hfdon, <a href="#li2105">2105</a>.—2) w. acc., <i>to seat one's self +upon</i> or <i>in something, to board</i>: pret. sg. þā ic ... sǣ-bāt +ge-st, <a href="#li634">634</a>.</p> + +<p>of-sittan, w. acc., <i>to sit over</i> or <i>upon</i>: pret. sg. +of-st þā þone sele-gyst, <a href="#li1546">1546</a>.</p> + +<p>ofer-sittan, w. acc., <i>to dispense with, refrain from</i> (cf. +<a class="glentry" href="#glofer">ofer</a>, 2 [c]): pres. sg. I. þt ic wið þone gūð-flogan gylp +ofer-sitte, <a href="#li2529">2529</a>; inf. secge ofer-sittan, <a href="#li685">685</a>.</p> + +<p>on-sittan (O.H.G. int-sizzan, <i>to start from one's seat, to be +startled</i>), w. acc., <i>to fear</i>: inf. þā fǣhðe, atole ecg-þrce +ēower lēode sīwðe onsittan <i>to dread the hostility, the fierce +contest, of your people</i>, <a href="#li598">598</a>.</p> + +<p>ymb-sittan, <i>to sit around</i>, w. acc.: pret. pl. (þt hīe) ... +symbel ymb-sǣton (<i>sat round the feast</i>), <a href="#li564">564</a>. See +<a class="glentry" href="#glymbsittend">ymb-sittend</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsīd">sīd</a>, adj.: 1) <i>wide, broad, spacious, large</i>: nom. sg. +(here-byrne, glōf) sīd, <a href="#li1445">1445</a>, <a href="#li2087">2087</a>; acc. sg. m. sīdne scyld, <a href="#li437">437</a>; on +sīdne sǣ, <a href="#li507">507</a>; fem. byrnan sīde (of a corselet extending over the +legs), <a href="#li1292">1292</a>; ofer sǣ sīde, <a href="#li2395">2395</a>; neut. sīde rīce, <a href="#li1734">1734</a>, <a href="#li2200">2200</a>; instr. +sg. sīdan herge, <a href="#li2348">2348</a>; acc. pl. sīde sǣ-nssas, <a href="#li223">223</a>; sīde scyldas, +<a href="#li325">325</a>; gen. pl. sīdra sorga (<i>of great sorrows</i>), <a href="#li149">149</a>.—2) in +moral sense, <i>great, noble</i>: acc. sg. þurh sīdne sefan, <a href="#li1727">1727</a>.</p> + +<p>side, adv., <i>far and wide, afar</i>, <a href="#li1224">1224</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsīdfthme">sīd-fðme</a>, adj., <i>broad-bosomed</i>: acc. sg. sīd-fðme scip, +<a href="#li1918">1918</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsīdfthmed">sīd-fðmed</a>, <i>quasi</i> pret. part., the same: nom. sg. +sīd-fðmed scip, <a href="#li302">302</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsīdrand">sīd-rand</a>, st. m., <i>broad shield</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1290">1290</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsīth">sīð</a> (G. seþu-s), adj., <i>late</i>: superl. nom. sg. sīðast +sige-hwīle (<i>the last hour, day, of victory</i>), <a href="#li2711">2711</a>; dat. sg. t +sīðestan (<i>in the end, at last</i>), <a href="#li3014">3014</a>.</p> + +<p>sīð, adv. compar., <i>later</i>: ǣr and sīð (<i>sooner and later, +early and late</i>), <a href="#li2501">2501</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsīth">sīð</a> (G. sinþ-s), st. m.: l) <i>road, way, journey, +expedition</i>; esp., <i>road to battle</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li501">501</a>, <a href="#li3059">3059</a>, +<a href="#li3090">3090</a>; ns þt ēðe sīð (<i>that was no easy road, task</i>), <a href="#li2587">2587</a>; so, +þt ws gēocor sīð, <a href="#li766">766</a>; acc. sg. sīð, <a href="#li353">353</a>, <a href="#li512">512</a>, <a href="#li909">909</a>, <a href="#li1279">1279</a>, <a href="#li1430">1430</a>, +<a href="#li1967">1967</a>; instr. dat. sīðe, <a href="#li532">532</a>, <a href="#li1952">1952</a>, <a href="#li1994">1994</a>; gen. sg. sīðes, <a href="#li579">579</a>, <a href="#li1476">1476</a>, +<a href="#li1795">1795</a>, <a href="#li1909">1909</a>. Also, <i>return</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1972">1972</a>.—2) <i>undertaking, +enterprise</i>; esp., <i>battle-work</i>: nom. sg. nis þt ēower sīð, +<a href="#li2533">2533</a>; ne bið swylc earges sīð (<i>such is no coward's enterprise</i>), +<a href="#li2542">2542</a>; acc. sg. sīð, <a href="#li873">873</a>. In pl.= <i>adventures</i>: nom. sīðas, <a href="#li1987">1987</a>; +acc. sīðas, <a href="#li878">878</a>; gen. sīða, <a href="#li318">318</a>.—3) time (as iterative): nom. sg. +ns þt forma sīð (<i>that was not the first time</i>), <a href="#li717">717</a>, <a href="#li1464">1464</a>; so, +<a href="#li1528">1528</a>, <a href="#li2626">2626</a>; acc. sg. oftor micle þonne on ǣnne sīð, <a href="#li1580">1580</a>; instr. sg. +(forman, ōðre, þriddan) sīðe, <a href="#li741">741</a>, <a href="#li1204">1204</a>, <a href="#li2050">2050</a>, <a href="#li2287">2287</a>, <a href="#li2512">2512</a>, <a href="#li2518">2518</a>, <a href="#li2671">2671</a>, +<a href="#li2689">2689</a>, <a href="#li3102">3102</a>.—Comp.: cear-, eft-, ellor-, gryre-, sǣ-, wil-, wrǣc-sīð.</p> + +<p>ge-sīð, st. m., <i>comrade, follower</i>: gen. sg. ge-sīðes, <a href="#li1298">1298</a>; +nom. pl. ge-sīðas, <a href="#li29">29</a>; acc. pl. ge-sīðas, <a href="#li2041">2041</a>, <a href="#li2519">2519</a>; dat. pl. +ge-sīðum, <a href="#li1314">1314</a>, <a href="#li1925">1925</a>, <a href="#li2633">2633</a>; gen. pl. ge-sīða, <a href="#li1935">1935</a>.—Comp.: eald-, +wil-gesīð.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsīthft">sīð-ft</a>, st. m., <i>way, journey</i>: acc. sg. þone sīð-ft, +<a href="#li202">202</a>; dat. sg. sīð-fate, <a href="#li2640">2640</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsīthfram">sīð-fram, -from</a>, adj., <i>ready for the journey</i>: nom. pl. +sīð-frome, <a href="#li1814">1814</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsīthian">sīðian</a>, w. v., <i>to journey, march</i>: inf., <a href="#li721">721</a>, <a href="#li809">809</a>; pret. +sg. sīðode, <a href="#li2120">2120</a>.</p> + +<p>for-sīðian, <i>iter fatale inire</i> (Grein): pret. sg. hfde þā +for-sīðod sunu Ecg-þēowes under gynne grund <i>(would have found his +death</i>, etc.), <a href="#li1551">1551</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsīe">sīe, sȳ</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glwesan">wesan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsīgan">sīgan</a>, st. v., <i>to descend, sink, incline</i>: pret. pl. +sigon t-somne (<i>descended together</i>), <a href="#li307">307</a>; sigon þā tō slǣpe +<i>(they sank to sleep</i>), <a href="#li1252">1252</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-sīgan, <i>to sink, fall</i>: inf. ge-sīgan t scce (<i>fall in +battle</i>), <a href="#li2660">2660</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsīn">sīn</a>, poss. pron., <i>his</i>: acc. sg. m. sīnne, <a href="#li1961">1961</a>, <a href="#li1985">1985</a>, +<a href="#li2284">2284</a>, <a href="#li2790">2790</a>; dat. sg. sīnum, <a href="#li1508">1508</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glslǣp">slǣp</a>, st. m., <i>sleep</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1743">1743</a>; dat. sg. tō slǣpe, +<a href="#li1252">1252</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glslǣpan">slǣpan</a>, st. v., <i>to sleep</i>: pres. part. nom. sg. +slǣpende, <a href="#li2220">2220</a>; acc. sg. hē gefēng ... slǣpendne rinc (<i>seized a +sleeping warrior]</i>, <a href="#li742">742</a>; acc. pl. slǣpende frt folces Denigea +fīftȳne men <i>(devoured, sleeping, fifteen of the people of the +Danes</i>), <a href="#li1582">1582</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glslēac">slēac</a>, adj., <i>slack, lazy</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2188">2188</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsleahan">sleahan, slēan</a>: 1) <i>to strike, strike at</i>: a) intrans.: +pres. subj. sg. þt hē mē ongēan slēa (<i>that he should strike at +me</i>), <a href="#li682">682</a>; pret. sg. yrringa slōh (<i>struck angrily</i>), <a href="#li1566">1566</a>; +so, slōh hilde-bille, <a href="#li2680">2680</a>. b) trans.: pret. sg. þt hē þone nīð-gst +nioðor hwēne slōh <i>(that he struck the dragon somewhat lower</i>, +etc.), <a href="#li2700">2700</a>.—2) w. acc.: <i>to slay, kill</i>: pret. sg. þs þe hē +Ābel slōg (<i>because he slew A.</i>), <a href="#li108">108</a>; so, slōg, <a href="#li421">421</a>, <a href="#li2180">2180</a>; slōh, +<a href="#li1582">1582</a>, <a href="#li2356">2356</a>; pl. slōgon, <a href="#li2051">2051</a>; pret. part. þā ws Fin slgen, <a href="#li1153">1153</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-slēan, w. acc.: 1) <i>to fight a battle</i>: pret. sg. ge-slōh þīn +fder fǣhðe mǣste, <a href="#li459">459</a>.—2) <i>to gain by fighting</i>: syððan hīe þā +mǣrða ge-slōgon, <a href="#li2997">2997</a>.</p> + +<p>of-slēan, <i>to ofslay, kill</i>, w. acc.: pret. sg. of-slōh, <a href="#li574">574</a>, +<a href="#li1666">1666</a>, <a href="#li3061">3061</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glslīthe">slīðe</a> (G. sleiþ-s), adj., <i>savage, fierce, dangerous</i>: acc. +sg. þurh slīðne nīð, <a href="#li184">184</a>; gen. pl. slīðra ge-slyhta, <a href="#li2399">2399</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glslīthen">slīðen</a>, adj., <i>furious, savage, deadly</i> nom. sg. +sweord-bealo slīðen, <a href="#li1148">1148</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glslītan">slītan</a>, st. v., <i>to slit, tear to pieces</i>, w. acc.: pret. +sg. slāt (slǣpendne rinc), <a href="#li742">742</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glslyht">slyht</a>, st. m., <i>blow</i>: in comp. and-slyht.</p> + +<p>ge-slyht, st. n. (collective), <i>battle, conflict</i>: gen. pl. +slīðra ge-slyhta, <a href="#li2399">2399</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsmith">smið</a>, st. m., <i>smith, armorer</i>: nom. sg. wǣpna smið, <a href="#li1453">1453</a>; +gen. sg. smiðes, <a href="#li406">406</a>.—Comp. wundor-smið.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbesmithian">smiðian</a>, w. v., <i>to surround with iron-work, bands</i>, +etc.: pret. part. hē (the hall Heorot) þs fste ws innan and ūtan +īren-bendum searo-þoncum besmiðod (i.e. the beams out of which the +hall was built were held together skilfully, within and without, by +iron clamps), <a href="#li776">776</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsnell">snell</a>, adj., <i>fresh, vigorous, lively; of martial temper</i>: +nom. sg. se snella, <a href="#li2972">2972</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsnellīc">snellīc</a>, adj., the same: nom. sg., <a href="#li691">691</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsnotor">snotor, snottor</a>, adj., <i>clever, wise, intelligent</i>: nom. +sg. snotor, <a href="#li190">190</a>, <a href="#li827">827</a>, <a href="#li909">909</a>, <a href="#li1385">1385</a>; in weak form, (se) snottra, <a href="#li1314">1314</a>, +<a href="#li1476">1476</a>, <a href="#li1787">1787</a>; snotra, <a href="#li2157">2157</a>, <a href="#li3121">3121</a>; nom. pl. snotere, <a href="#li202">202</a>, <a href="#li416">416</a>; snottre, +<a href="#li1592">1592</a>.—Comp. fore-snotor.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsnotorlīce">snotor-līce</a>, adv., <i>intelligently, wisely</i>: compar. +snotor-līcor, <a href="#li1483">1483</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsnūde">snūde</a>, adv., <i>hastily, quickly, soon</i>, <a href="#li905">905</a>, <a href="#li1870">1870</a>, <a href="#li1972">1972</a>, +<a href="#li2326">2326</a>, <a href="#li2569">2569</a>, <a href="#li2753">2753</a>.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbesnythian">snyðian</a>, w. v., <i>to rob, deprive of</i>: pret. sg. þtte +Ongenþīo ealdre be-snyðede Hðcyn, <a href="#li2925">2925</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsnyrian">snyrian</a>, w. v., <i>to hasten, hurry</i>: pret. pl. snyredon +t-somne (<i>hurried forward together</i>), <a href="#li402">402</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsnyttru">snyttru</a>, f., <i>intelligence, wisdom</i>: acc. sg. snyttru, +<a href="#li1727">1727</a>; dat. pl. mid mōdes snyttrum, <a href="#li1707">1707</a>; þē wē ealle ǣr ne meahton +snyttrum be-syrwan (<i>a deed which all of us together could not +accomplish before with all our wisdom</i>), <a href="#li943">943</a>. Adv., <i>wisely</i>, +<a href="#li873">873</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsomne">somne</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsamne">samne</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsorgian">sorgian</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to be grieved, sorrow</i>: imper. sg. II. +ne sorga! <a href="#li1385">1385</a>.—2) <i>to care for, trouble one's self about</i>: inf. +nō þū ymb mīnes ne þearft līces feorme leng sorgian (<i>thou needst +not care longer about my life's [body's] sustenance</i>), <a href="#li451">451</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsorh">sorh</a>, st. f., <i>grief, pain, sorrow</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1323">1323</a>; sorh +is mē tō secganne (<i>pains me to say</i>), <a href="#li473">473</a>; acc. sg. sorge, <a href="#li119">119</a>, +<a href="#li2464">2464</a>; dat. instr. sg. mid þǣre sorge, <a href="#li2469">2469</a>; sorge (<i>in sorrow, +grieved</i>), <a href="#li1150">1150</a>; gen. sg. worna fela ... sorge, <a href="#li2005">2005</a>; dat. pl. +sorgum, <a href="#li2601">2601</a>; gen. pl. sorga, <a href="#li149">149</a>.—Comp.: hyge-, inwit-, þegn-sorh.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsorhcearig">sorh-cearig</a>, adj., <i>curis sollicitus, heart-broken</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li2456">2456</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsorhful">sorh-ful</a>, adj., <i>sorrowful, troublesome, difficult</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li2120">2120</a>; acc. sg. sorh-fullne (sorh-fulne) sīð, <a href="#li512">512</a>, <a href="#li1279">1279</a>, <a href="#li1430">1430</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsorhlēas">sorh-lēas</a>, adj., <i>free from sorrow</i> or <i>grief</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li1673">1673</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsorhleoth">sorh-leoð</a>, st. n., <i>dirge, song of sorrow</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li2461">2461</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsorhwylm">sorh-wylm</a>, st. m., <i>wave of sorrow</i> nom. pl. sorh-wylmas, +<a href="#li905">905</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsōcn">sōcn</a>, st. f., <i>persecution, hostile pursuit</i> or +<i>attack</i> (see sēcan): dat, (instr.) þǣre sōcne (by reason of +Grendel's persecution), <a href="#li1778">1778</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsōth">sōð</a>, st. n., <i>sooth, truth</i>:: acc. sg. sōð, <a href="#li532">532</a>, <a href="#li701">701</a>, +<a href="#li1050">1050</a>, <a href="#li1701">1701</a>, <a href="#li2865">2865</a>; dat. sg. tō sōðe (<i>in truth</i>), <a href="#li51">51</a>, <a href="#li591">591</a>, <a href="#li2326">2326</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsōth">sōð</a>, adj., <i>true, genuine</i>: nom. sg, þt is sōð metod, +<a href="#li1612">1612</a>; acc. sg. n. gyd āwrc sōð and sār-līc, <a href="#li2110">2110</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsōthe">sōðe</a>, adv., <i>truly, correctly, accurately</i>, <a href="#li524">524</a>; sōðe +gebunden (of alliterative verse: <i>accurately put together</i>), <a href="#li872">872</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsōthcyning">sōð-cyning</a>, st. m., <i>true king</i>: nom. sg. sigora +sōð-cyning (<i>God</i>), <a href="#li3056">3056</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsōthfst">sōð-fst</a>, adj., <i>soothfast, established in truth, +orthodox</i> (here used of the Christian martyrs): gen. pl. sōð-fstra +dōm (<i>glory, realm, of the saints</i>), <a href="#li2821">2821</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsōthlīce">sōð-līce</a>, adv., <i>in truth, truly, truthfully</i>, <a href="#li141">141</a>, <a href="#li273">273</a>, +<a href="#li2900">2900</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsōfte">sōfte</a>, adv., <i>gently, softly</i>: compar. þȳ sēft (<i>the +more easily</i>), <a href="#li2750">2750</a>.—Comp. un-sōfte.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsōna">sōna</a>, adv., <i>soon, immediately</i>, <a href="#li121">121</a>, <a href="#li722">722</a>, <a href="#li744">744</a>, <a href="#li751">751</a>, <a href="#li1281">1281</a>, +<a href="#li1498">1498</a>, <a href="#li1592">1592</a>, <a href="#li1619">1619</a>, <a href="#li1763">1763</a>, etc.</p> + +<p>on-<a class="glentry" name="glonspannan">spannan</a>, st. v., <i>to un-span, unloose</i>: pret. sg. his helm +on-spēon (<i>loosed his helm</i>), <a href="#li2724">2724</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glspel">spel</a>, st. n., <i>narrative, speech</i>: acc. sg. spell, <a href="#li2110">2110</a>; +acc. pl. spel, <a href="#li874">874</a>; gen. pl. spella, <a href="#li2899">2899</a>, <a href="#li3030">3030</a>.—Comp. wēa-spel.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glspēd">spēd</a>, st. f.: 1) <i>luck, success</i>: in comp. here-, +wīg-spēd.—2) <i>skill, facility</i>: acc. sg. on spēd +(<i>skilfully</i>), <a href="#li874">874</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glspīwan">spīwan</a>, st. v., <i>to spit, spew</i>, w. instr.: inf. glēdum +spīwan (<i>spit fire</i>), 2313</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glspor">spor</a>, st. n., <i>spur</i>: in comp. hand-spor.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glspōwan">spōwan</a>, st. v., <i>to speed well, help, avail</i>: pret. sg. +him wiht ne spēow (<i>availed him naught</i>), <a href="#li2855">2855</a>; hū him t ǣte +spēow (<i>how he sped in the eating</i>), <a href="#li3027">3027</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsprǣc">sprǣc</a>, st. f., <i>speech, language</i>: instr. sg. frēcnan +sprǣce (<i>through bold, challenging, discourse</i>), <a href="#li1105">1105</a>.—Comp.: +ǣfen-, gylp-sprǣc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsprecan">sprecan</a>, st. v., <i>to speak</i>: inf. ic sceal forð sprecan +gēn ymbe Grendel <i>(I shall go on speaking about G.</i>), <a href="#li2070">2070</a>; w. +acc. sē þe wyle sōð sprecan (<i>he who will speak the truth</i>), +<a href="#li2865">2865</a>; imper. tō Gēatum sprec (sprǣc, MS.), <a href="#li1172">1172</a>; pret. sg. III. sprc, +<a href="#li1169">1169</a>, <a href="#li1699">1699</a>, <a href="#li2511">2511</a>, <a href="#li2725">2725</a>; word fter sprc, <a href="#li341">341</a>; nō ymbe þā fǣhðe sprc, +<a href="#li2619">2619</a>; II. hwt þū worn fela ... ymb Brecan sprǣce (<i>how much thou +hast spoken of Breca!</i>), <a href="#li531">531</a>; pl. hwt wit geō sprǣcon (<i>what we +two spoke of before</i>), <a href="#li1477">1477</a>; gomele ymb gōdne on-geador sprǣcon, +þt big ... <i>(the graybeards spoke together about the valiant one, +that they ...</i>), <a href="#li1596">1596</a>; swā wit furðum sprǣcon (<i>as we two spoke, +engaged, before</i>), <a href="#li1708">1708</a>; pret. part. þā ws ... þrȳð-word sprecen, +<a href="#li644">644</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-sprecan, w. acc., <i>to speak</i>: pret. sg. ge-sprc, <a href="#li676">676</a>, <a href="#li1399">1399</a>, +<a href="#li1467">1467</a>, <a href="#li3095">3095</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsprēot">sprēot</a>, st. m., <i>pole; spear, pike</i>: in comp. +eofor-sprēot.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glspringan">springan</a>, st. v., <i>to jump, leap; flash</i>: pret. sg. hrā +wīde sprong <i>(the body bounded far</i>), <a href="#li1589">1589</a>; swāt ǣdrum sprong +forð under fexe (<i>the blood burst out in streams from under his +hair</i>), <a href="#li2967">2967</a>; pl. wīde sprungon hilde-lēoman (<i>flashed afar</i>), +<a href="#li2583">2583</a>. Also figuratively: blǣd wīde sprang (<i>his repute spread +afar</i>), <a href="#li18">18</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-springan, <i>to spring forth</i>: pret. sg. swā þt blōd ge-sprang +(<i>as the blood burst forth</i>), <a href="#li1668">1668</a>. Figuratively, <i>to arise, +originate</i>: pret. sg. Sigemunde gesprong fter dēað-dge dōm +un-lȳtel, <a href="#li885">885</a>.</p> + +<p>on-springan, <i>to burst in two, spring asunder</i>: pret. pl. seonowe +onsprungon, burston bānlocan <a href="#li818">818</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstandan">standan</a>, st. v.: 1) absolutely or with prep., <i>to stand</i>: +pres. III. pl. ēored-geatwe þē gē þǣr on standað (<i>the warlike +accoutrements wherein ye there stand</i>), <a href="#li2867">2867</a>; inf. ge-seah ... +orcas stondan (<i>saw vessels standing</i>), <a href="#li2761">2761</a>; pret. sg. t hȳðe +stōd hringed-stefna (<i>in the harbor stood the curved-prowed?, +metal-covered?, ship</i>), <a href="#li32">32</a>; stōd on stapole (<i>stood near the +[middle] column</i>), <a href="#li927">927</a>; so, <a href="#li1914">1914</a>, <a href="#li2546">2546</a>; þt him on aldre stōd +here-strǣl hearda (<i>that the sharp war-arrow stood in his +vitals</i>), <a href="#li1435">1435</a>; so, <a href="#li2680">2680</a>; pl. gāras stōdon ... samod t-gdere +(<i>the spears stood together</i>), <a href="#li328">328</a>; him big stōdan bunan and +orcas (<i>by him stood cans and pots</i>), <a href="#li3048">3048</a>. Also of still water: +pres. sg. III. nis þt feor heonon ... þt se mere standeð, <a href="#li1363">1363</a>.—2) +with predicate adj., <i>to stand, continue in a certain state</i>: +subj. pres. þt þes sele stande ... rinca ge-hwylcum īdel and unnyt +(<i>that this hall stands empty and useless for every warrior</i>), +<a href="#li411">411</a>; inf. hord-wynne fand eald ūht-sceaða opene standan, <a href="#li2272">2272</a>; pret. +sg. oð þt īdel stōd hūsa sēlest, <a href="#li145">145</a>; so, <a href="#li936">936</a>; wter under stōd +drēorig and ge-drēfed, 1418—3) <i>to belong</i> or <i>attach to; +issue</i>: pret. sg. Norð-Denum stōd atelīc egesa (<i>great terror +clung to, overcame, the North Danes</i>), <a href="#li784">784</a>; þāra ānum stōd sadol +searwum fāh (<i>on one of the steeds lay an ingeniously-inlaid +saddle</i>), <a href="#li1038">1038</a>; byrne-lēoma eldum on andan (<i>burning light stood +forth, a horror to men</i>), <a href="#li2314">2314</a>; lēoht inne stōd (<i>a light stood +in it</i>, i.e. the sword), <a href="#li1571">1571</a>; him of ēagum stōd ... lēoht unfǣger +(<i>an uncanny light issued from his eyes</i>), <a href="#li727">727</a>; so, þt [fram] +þām gyste [gryre-] brōga stōd, <a href="#li2229">2229</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-standan, <i>to stand up, arise</i>: pret. sg. ā-stōd, <a href="#li760">760</a>, <a href="#li1557">1557</a>, +<a href="#li2093">2093</a>.</p> + +<p>t-standan, <i>to stand at, near</i>, or <i>in</i>: pret. sg. þt hit +(i.e. þt swurd) on wealle t-stōd, <a href="#li892">892</a>.</p> + +<p>for-standan, <i>to stand against</i> or <i>before</i>, hence: 1) <i>to +hinder, prevent</i>: pret. sg. (brēost-net) wið ord and wið ecge in-gang +for-stōd (<i>the shirt of mail prevented point or edge from entering</i>), +<a href="#li1550">1550</a>; subj. nefne him wītig god wyrd for-stōde (<i>if the wise God had not +warded off such a fate from them</i>, i.e. the men threatened by Grendel), +<a href="#li1057">1057</a>.—2) <i>defend</i>, w. dat. of person against whom: inf. þt hē ... +mihte hēaðo-līðendum hord for-standan, bearn and brȳde (<i>that he might +protect his treasure, his children, and his spouse from the +sea-farers</i>), <a href="#li2956">2956</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-standan, intrans., <i>to stand</i>: pret. sg. ge-stōd, <a href="#li358">358</a>, <a href="#li404">404</a>, +<a href="#li2567">2567</a>; pl. nealles him on hēape hand-gesteallan ... ymbe gestōdon +(<i>not at all did his boon-companions stand serried around him</i>), +<a href="#li2597">2597</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstapa">stapa</a>, w. m., <i>stepper, strider</i>: in comp. hǣð-, +mearc-stapa.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstapan">stapan</a>, st. v., <i>to step, stride, go forward</i>: pret. sg. +eorl furður stōp, <a href="#li762">762</a>; gum-fēða stop lind-hbbendra (<i>the troop of +shield-warriors strode on</i>), <a href="#li1402">1402</a>.</p> + +<p>t-stapan, <i>to stride up</i> or <i>to</i>: pret. sg. forð nēar +t-stōp (<i>strode up nearer</i>), <a href="#li746">746</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-stapan, <i>to walk, stride</i>: pret. sg. hē to forð gestōp dyrnan +crfte, dracan hēafde nēah (<i>he</i>, i.e. the man that robbed the +dragon of the vessel, <i>had through hidden craft come too near the +dragon's head</i>), <a href="#li2290">2290</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstapol">stapol</a>, st. m., (= βάσις), <i>trunk of a tree</i>; +hence, <i>support, pillar, column</i>: dat. sg. stōd on stapole +(<i>stood by</i> or <i>near the wooden middle column of Heorot</i>), +<a href="#li927">927</a>; instr. pl. þā stān-bogan stapulum fste (<i>the arches of stone +upheld by pillars</i>), <a href="#li2719">2719</a>. See <a href="#note927">Note</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstarian">starian</a>, w. v., <i>to stare, look intently at</i>: pres. sg. I. +þt ic on þone hafelan ... ēagum starige (<i>that I see the head with +my eyes</i>), <a href="#li1782">1782</a>; þāra frtwa ... þē ic hēr on starie (<i>for the +treasures ... that I here look upon</i>), <a href="#li2797">2797</a>; III. þonne hē on þt +sine starað, <a href="#li1486">1486</a>; sg. for pl. þāra þe on swylc starað, <a href="#li997">997</a>; pret. sg. +þt (sin-frēa) hire an dges ēagum starede, <a href="#li1936">1936</a>; pl. on mere +staredon, <a href="#li1604">1604</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstān">stān</a>, st. m., 1) <i>stone</i>: in comp. eorclan-stān.—2) +<i>rock</i>: acc. sg. under (ofer) hārne stān, <a href="#li888">888</a>, <a href="#li1416">1416</a>, <a href="#li2554">2554</a>, <a href="#li2745">2745</a>; +dat. sg. stāne, <a href="#li2289">2289</a>, <a href="#li2558">2558</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstānbeorh">stān-beorh</a>, st. m., <i>rocky elevation, stony mountain</i>: +acc. sg. stān-beorh stēapne, <a href="#li2214">2214</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstānboga">stān-boga</a>, w. m., <i>stone arch, arch hewn out of the rock</i>: dat. +sg. stān-bogan, <a href="#li2546">2546</a>; nom. pl. stān-bogan, <a href="#li2719">2719</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstānclif">stān-clif</a>, st. n., <i>rocky cliff</i>: acc. pl. stān-cleofu, <a href="#li2541">2541</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstānfāh">stān-fāh</a>, adj., <i>stone-laid, paved with stones of different +colors</i>: nom. sg. strǣt ws stān-fāh (<i>the street was of different +colored stones</i>), <a href="#li320">320</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstānhlith">stān-hlið</a>, st. n., <i>rocky slope</i>: acc. pl. stān-hliðo, <a href="#li1410">1410</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstf">stf</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>staff</i>: in comp. rūn-staf.—2) +<i>elementum</i>: in comp. ār-, ende-, fācen-stf.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstl">stǣl</a>, st. m., <i>place, stead</i>: dat. sg. þt þū mē ā wǣre +forð-gewitenum on fder stǣle (<i>that thou, if I died, wouldst +represent a father's place to me</i>), <a href="#li1480">1480</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstlan">stǣlan</a>, w. v., <i>to place; allure</i> or <i>instigate</i>: +inf. þā ic on morgne ge-frgn mǣg ōðerne billes ecgum on bonan stǣlan +<i>(then I learned that on the morrow one brother instigated the other +to murder with the sword's edge</i>; or, <i>one avenged the other on +the murderer</i>?, cf. <a href="#li2962">2962</a> seqq.), <a href="#li2486">2486</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-stǣlan, <i>to place, impose, institute</i>: pret. part. gē feor +hafað fǣhðe ge-stǣled (<i>Grendel's mother has further begun +hostilities against us</i>), <a href="#li1341">1341</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstede">stede</a>, st. m., <i>place, -stead</i>: in comp. bǣl-, burh-, +folc-, hēah-, meðel-, wang-, wīc-stede.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstefn">stefn</a>, st. f., <i>voice</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2553">2553</a>; instr. sg. nīwan +(nīowan) stefne (properly novā voce) = denuo, <i>anew, again</i>, +<a href="#li2595">2595</a>, <a href="#li1790">1790</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstefn">stefn</a>, st. m., <i>prow of a ship</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li213">213</a>; see +bunden-, hringed-, wunden-stefna.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glonstellan">on-stellan</a>, w. v., <i>constituere, to cause, bring about</i>: +pret. sg. sē þs or-leges ōr on-stealde, <a href="#li2408">2408</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsteng">steng</a>, st. m., <i>pole, pike</i>: in comp wl-steng.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesteppan">steppan</a>, w. v., <i>to stride, go</i>: pret. sg. folce +ge-stepte ofer sǣ sīde sunu Ōhtheres (<i>O.'s son</i>, i.e. Ēadgils, +<i>went with warriors over the broad sea</i>), <a href="#li2394">2394</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstede">stede</a> (O.H.G. stāti, M.H.G. stǣte), adj., <i>firm, steady</i>: +nom. sg. ws stēde ngla ge-hwylc stȳle ge-līcost (<i>each nail-place +was firm as steel</i>), <a href="#li986">986</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstēpan">stēpan</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to exalt, honor</i>: pret. sg. þēah +þe hine mihtig god ... eafeðum stēpte, <a href="#li1718">1718</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesteald">steald</a>, st. n., <i>possessions, property</i>: in comp. +in-gesteald, <a href="#li1156">1156</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgestealla">stealla</a>, w. m., (contubernalis), <i>companion, comrade</i>: +in comp. eaxl-, fyrd-, hand-, lind-, nȳd-ge-stealla.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstearcheort">stearc-heort</a>, adj., (fortis animo), <i>stout-hearted, +courageous</i>: nom. sg. (of the dragon), <a href="#li2289">2289</a>; (of Bēowulf), <a href="#li2553">2553</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstēap">stēap</a>, adj., <i>steep, projecting, towering</i>: acc. sg. +stēapne hrōf, <a href="#li927">927</a>; stān-beorh stēapne, <a href="#li2214">2214</a>; wið stēapne rond, <a href="#li2567">2567</a>; +acc. pl. m. beorgas stēape, <a href="#li222">222</a>; neut. stēap stān-hliðo, <a href="#li1410">1410</a>.—Comp. +heaðo-stēap.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstille">stille</a>, adj., <i>still, quiet</i>: nom. sg. wīd-floga wundum +stille, <a href="#li2831">2831</a>.</p> + +<p>stille, adv., <i>quietly</i>, <a href="#li301">301</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstincan">stincan</a>, st. v., <i>to smell; snuff</i>: pret. sg. stonc þā +fter stāne (<i>snuffed along the stone</i>), <a href="#li2289">2289</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstīth">stīð</a>, adj., <i>hard, stiff</i>: nom. sg. wunden-mǣl (swurd) ... +stīð and stȳlecg, <a href="#li1534">1534</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstīthmōd">stīð-mōd</a>, adj., <i>stout-hearted, unflinching</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li2567">2567</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstīg">stīg</a>, st. m., <i>way, path</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li320">320</a>, <a href="#li2214">2214</a>; acc. pl. +stīge nearwe, 1410—Comp. medu-stīg.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstīgan">stīgan</a>, st. v., <i>to go, ascend</i>: pret. sg. þā hē tō holme +[st]āg (<i>when he plunged forward into the sea</i>), <a href="#li2363">2363</a>; pl. +beornas ... on stefn stigon, <a href="#li212">212</a>; Wedera lēode on wang stigon, <a href="#li225">225</a>; +subj. pret. ǣr hē on bed stige, <a href="#li677">677</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-stīgan, <i>to ascend</i>: pres. sg. þonon ȳð-geblond up ā-stīgeð won +tō wolcnum, <a href="#li1374">1374</a>; gūð-rinc ā-stāh (<i>the fierce hero ascended</i>, +i.e. was laid on the pyre? or, <i>the fierce smoke</i> [rēc] +<i>ascended?</i>), <a href="#li1119">1119</a>; gamen eft ā-stāh (<i>joy again went up, +resounded</i>), <a href="#li1161">1161</a>; wudu-rēc ā-stāh sweart of swioðole, <a href="#li3145">3145</a>; swēg +up ā-stāg, <a href="#li783">783</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-stīgan, <i>to ascend, go up</i>: pret. sg. þā ic on holm ge-stāh, +<a href="#li633">633</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstorm">storm</a>, st. m., <i>storm</i>: nom. sg. strǣla storm (<i>storm of +missiles</i>), <a href="#li3118">3118</a>; instr. sg. holm storme wēol (<i>the sea billowed +stormily</i>), <a href="#li1132">1132</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstōl">stōl</a>, st. m., <i>chair, throne, seat</i>: in comp. brego-, +ēðel-, gif-, gum-stōl.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstōw">stōw</a>, st. f., <i>place, -stow</i>: nom. sg. nis þt hēoru stōw +(<i>a haunted spot</i>), <a href="#li1373">1373</a>; acc. sg. frēcne stōwe, <a href="#li1379">1379</a>; +grund-būendra gearwe stōwe <i>(the place prepared for men</i>, i.e. +death-bed; see <a class="glentry" href="#glgesacan">gesacan</a> and <a class="glentry" href="#glgenȳdan">ge-nȳdan</a>), <a href="#li1007">1007</a>: comp. +wl-stow.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstrang">strang, strong</a>, adj., <i>strong; valiant; mighty</i>: nom. sg. +ws þt ge-win tō strang (<i>that sorrow was too great</i>), <a href="#li133">133</a>; þū +eart mgenes strang (<i>strong of body</i>), <a href="#li1845">1845</a>; ws sīo hond tō +strong (<i>the hand was too powerful</i>), <a href="#li2685">2685</a>; superl. wigena +strengest (<i>strongest of warriors</i>), <a href="#li1544">1544</a>; mgenes strengest +(<i>strongest in might</i>), <a href="#li196">196</a>; mgene strengest, <a href="#li790">790</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstrādan">strādan</a>? (cf. <a class="glentry" href="#glstrǣde">strǣde</a> = passus, gressus), <i>to +tread</i>, (be)-<i>stride, stride over</i> (Grein): subj. pres. sē +þone wong strāde, <a href="#li3074">3074</a>. See <a href="#note3074">Note</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstrǣl">strǣl</a>, st. m., <i>arrow, missile</i>: instr. sg. biteran +strǣle, <a href="#li1747">1747</a>; gen. pl. strǣla storm, <a href="#li3118">3118</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstrǣt">strǣt</a>, st. f., <i>street, highway</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li320">320</a>; acc. sg. +strǣte, <a href="#li1635">1635</a>; fealwe strǣte, <a href="#li917">917</a>.—Comp.: lagu-, mere-strǣt.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstrengel">strengel</a>, st. m., (<i>endowed with strength</i>), <i>ruler, +chief</i>: acc. sg. wigena strengel, <a href="#li3116">3116</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstrengo">strengo</a>, st. f., <i>strength, power, violence</i>: acc. sg. +mgenes strenge, <a href="#li1271">1271</a>; dat. sg. strenge, <a href="#li1534">1534</a>; strengo, <a href="#li2541">2541</a>;—dat. +pl. strengum = <i>violently, powerfully</i> [<i>loosed from the +strings</i>?], <a href="#li3118">3118</a>: in comp. hilde-, mgen-, mere-strengo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstrēgan">strēgan</a> (O.S. strōwian), w. v., <i>to strew, spread</i>: pret. +part, ws þǣm yldestan ... morðorbed strēd (<i>the death-bed was +spread for the eldest one</i>), <a href="#li2437">2437</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstrēam">strēam</a>, st. m., <i>stream, flood, sea</i>: acc. sg. strēam, +<a href="#li2546">2546</a>; nom. pl. strēamas, <a href="#li212">212</a>; acc. pl. strēamas, <a href="#li1262">1262</a>: comp. brim-, +ēagor-, firgen-, lagu-strēam.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgestrēon">strēon</a> (cf. <a class="glentry" href="#glstrēon">strēon</a> = robur, vis), st. n., +<i>property, possessions</i>; hence, <i>valuables, treasure, +jewels</i>: nom. pl. Heaðo-beardna ge-strēon (<i>the costly treasure +of the Heathobeardas</i>, i.e. the accoutrements belonging to the +slain H.), <a href="#li2038">2038</a>; acc. pl. ðelinga, eorla ge-strēon, <a href="#li1921">1921</a>, +<a href="#li3168">3168</a>.—Comp.: ǣr-, eald-, eorl-, hēah-, hord-, long-, māðm-, sinc-, +þēod-ge-strēon.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstrūdan">strūdan</a>, st. v., <i>to plunder, carry off</i>: subj. pres. ns +þā on hlytme hwā þt hord strude, <a href="#li3127">3127</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgestrȳnan">strȳnan</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to acquire, gain</i>: inf. þs þe +(<i>because</i>) ic mōste mīnum lēodum ... swylc ge-strȳnan, <a href="#li2799">2799</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstund">stund</a>, st. f., <i>time, space of time, while</i>: adv. dat. pl. +stundum (<i>at times</i>), <a href="#li1424">1424</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstyrian">styrian</a>, w. v. w. acc.: 1) <i>to arrange, put in order, +tell</i>: inf. secg eft on-gan sīð Bēowulfes snyttrum styrian (<i>the +poet then began to tell B.'s feat skilfully</i>, i.e. put in poetic +form), <a href="#li873">873</a>.—2) <i>to rouse, stir up</i>: pres. sg. III. þonne wind +styreð lāð ge-widru (<i>when the wind stirreth up the loathly +weather</i>), <a href="#li1375">1375</a>.—3) <i>to move against, attack, disturb</i>: subj. +pres. þt hē ... hring-sele hondum styrede (<i>that he should attack the +ring-hall with his hands</i>), <a href="#li2841">2841</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstyrman">styrman</a>, w. v., <i>to rage, cry out</i>: pret. sg. styrmde, +<a href="#li2553">2553</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstȳle">stȳle</a>, st. n., <i>steel</i>: dat. sg. stȳle, <a href="#li986">986</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstȳlecg">stȳl-ecg</a>, adj., <i>steel-edged</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1534">1534</a>.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbestȳman">stȳman</a>, w. v., <i>to inundate, wet, flood</i>: pret. part. +(wǣron) eal benc-þelu blōde be-stȳmed, <a href="#li486">486</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsuhtorgefderan">suhtor-ge-fderan</a> (collective), w. m. pl., <i>uncle and nephew, +father's brother and brother's son</i>: nom. pl., <a href="#li1165">1165</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsum">sum</a>, pron.: 1) indef., <i>one, a, any, a certain</i>; neut. +<i>something</i>: a) without part. gen.: nom. sg. sum, <a href="#li1252">1252</a>; +hilde-rinc sum, <a href="#li3125">3125</a>; neut. ne sceal þǣr dyrne sum wesan (<i>naught +there shall be hidden</i>), <a href="#li271">271</a>; acc. sg. m. sumne, <a href="#li1433">1433</a>; instr. sg. +sume worde (<i>by a word, expressly</i>), <a href="#li2157">2157</a>; nom. pl. sume, <a href="#li400">400</a>, +<a href="#li1114">1114</a>; acc. pl. sume, <a href="#li2941">2941</a>. b) with part. gen.: nom. sg. gumena sum +(<i>one of men, a man</i>), <a href="#li1500">1500</a>, <a href="#li2302">2302</a>; mere-hrgla sum, <a href="#li1906">1906</a>; þt ws +wundra sum, <a href="#li1608">1608</a>; acc. sg. gylp-worda sum, <a href="#li676">676</a>. c) with gen. of +cardinals or notions of multitude: nom. sg. fīftȳna sum (<i>one of +fifteen, with fourteen companions</i>), <a href="#li207">207</a>; so, eahta sum, <a href="#li3124">3124</a>; +fēara sum (<i>one of few, with a few</i>), <a href="#li1413">1413</a>; acc. sg. manigra +sumne (<i>one of many, with many</i>), <a href="#li2092">2092</a>; manna cynnes sumne +(<i>one of the men</i>), i.e. one of the watchmen in Heorot), <a href="#li714">714</a>; +fēara sumne (<i>some few, one of few</i>; or, <i>one of the +foes</i>?), <a href="#li3062">3062</a>.—2) with part. gen. sum sometimes = <i>this, that, +the afore-mentioned</i>: nom. sg. ēower sum (<i>a certain one, that +one, of you</i>, i.e. Bēowulf), <a href="#li248">248</a>; gūð-beorna sum (<i>the +afore-mentioned warrior</i>, i.e. who had shown the way to Hrōðgār's +palace), <a href="#li314">314</a>; eorla sum (<i>the said knight</i>, i.e. Bēowulf), <a href="#li1313">1313</a>; +acc. sg. hord-rna sum (<i>a certain hoard-hall</i>), <a href="#li2280">2280</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsund">sund</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>swimming</i>: acc. sg. ymb sund, <a href="#li507">507</a>; dat. +sg. t sunde (<i>in swimming</i>), <a href="#li517">517</a>; on sunde (<i>a-swimming</i>), +<a href="#li1619">1619</a>; gen. sg. sundes, <a href="#li1437">1437</a>.—2) <i>sea, ocean, sound</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li223">223</a>; acc. sg. sund, <a href="#li213">213</a>, <a href="#li512">512</a>, <a href="#li539">539</a>, <a href="#li1427">1427</a>, <a href="#li1445">1445</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesund">sund</a>, adj., <i>sound, healthy, unimpaired</i>: acc. sg. m. +ge-sundne, <a href="#li1629">1629</a>, <a href="#li1999">1999</a>; nom. pl. ge-sunde, <a href="#li2076">2076</a>; acc. pl. w. gen. fder +alwalda ... ēowic ge-healde sīða ge-sunde (<i>the almighty Father keep +you safe and sound on your journey!</i>), <a href="#li318">318</a>.—Comp. an-sund.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsundgebland">sund-ge-bland</a>, st. n., (<i>the commingled sea</i>), +<i>sea-surge, sea-wave</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1451">1451</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsundnyt">sund-nyt</a>, st. f., <i>swimming-power</i> or <i>employment, +swimming</i>: acc. sg. sund-nytte drēah (<i>swam through the sea</i>), +<a href="#li2361">2361</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsundur">sundur, sundor</a>, adv., <i>asunder, in twain</i>: sundur gedǣlan +(<i>to separate, sunder</i>), <a href="#li2423">2423</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsundornyt">sundor-nyt</a>, st. f., <i>special service</i> (service in a +special case): acc. sg. sundor-nytte, <a href="#li668">668</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsundwudu">sund-wudu</a>, st. m., (<i>sea-wood</i>), <i>ship</i>: nom. acc. +sg. sund-wudu, <a href="#li208">208</a>, <a href="#li1907">1907</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsunne">sunne</a>, w. f., <i>sun</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li607">607</a>; gen. sg. sunnan, <a href="#li94">94</a>, +<a href="#li649">649</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsunu">sunu</a>, st. m., <i>son</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li524">524</a>, <a href="#li591">591</a>, <a href="#li646">646</a>, <a href="#li981">981</a>, <a href="#li1090">1090</a>, +<a href="#li1486">1486</a>, etc.; acc. sg. sunu, <a href="#li268">268</a>, <a href="#li948">948</a>, <a href="#li1116">1116</a>, <a href="#li1176">1176</a>, <a href="#li1809">1809</a>, <a href="#li2014">2014</a>, <a href="#li2120">2120</a>; +dat. sg. suna, <a href="#li344">344</a>, <a href="#li1227">1227</a>, <a href="#li2026">2026</a>, <a href="#li2161">2161</a>, <a href="#li2730">2730</a>; gen. sg. suna, <a href="#li2456">2456</a>, <a href="#li2613">2613</a>, +(<a href="#li1279">1279</a>); nom. pl. suna, <a href="#li2381">2381</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsūth">sūð</a>, adv., <i>south, southward</i>, <a href="#li859">859</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsūthan">sūðan</a>, adv., <i>from the south</i>, <a href="#li607">607</a>; sigel sūðan fūs +(<i>the sun inclined from the south</i>), <a href="#li1967">1967</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswathrian">swaðrian</a>, w. v., <i>to sink to rest, grow calm</i>: brimu +swaðredon (<i>the waves became calm</i>), <a href="#li570">570</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glswethrian">sweðrian</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswathu">swaðu</a>, st. f., <i>trace, track, pathway</i>: acc. sg. swaðe, +<a href="#li2099">2099</a>.—Comp.: swāt-, wald-swaðu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswathul">swaðul</a>, st. m.? n.?, <i>smoke, mist</i> (Dietrich in Haupt V. +215): dat. sg. on swaðule, <a href="#li783">783</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsweothol">sweoðol</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswancor">swancor</a>, adj., <i>slender, trim</i>: acc. pl. þrīo wicg +swancor, <a href="#li2176">2176</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswanrād">swan-rād</a>, st. f., <i>swan-road, sea</i>: acc. sg. ofer +swan-rāde, <a href="#li200">200</a>.</p> + +<p>and-<a class="glentry" name="glandswarian">swarian</a>, w. v., <i>to answer</i>: pret. sg. him se yldesta +and-swarode, <a href="#li258">258</a>; so, <a href="#li340">340</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswā">swā</a>: 1) demons, adv., <i>so, in such a manner, thus</i>: swā sceal +man dōn, <a href="#li1173">1173</a>, <a href="#li1535">1535</a>; swā þā driht-guman drēamum lifdon, <a href="#li99">99</a>; þt ge-fndon +swā (<i>that we thus accomplished</i>), <a href="#li538">538</a>; þǣr hīe meahton (i.e. feorh +ealgian), <a href="#li798">798</a>; so, <a href="#li20">20</a>, <a href="#li144">144</a>, <a href="#li189">189</a>, <a href="#li559">559</a>, <a href="#li763">763</a>, <a href="#li1104">1104</a>, <a href="#li1472">1472</a>, <a href="#li1770">1770</a>, <a href="#li2058">2058</a>, <a href="#li2145">2145</a>, +<a href="#li2178">2178</a>, <a href="#li2991">2991</a>; swā manlīce <i>(so like a man</i>), <a href="#li1047">1047</a>; swā fela (<i>so +many</i>), <a href="#li164">164</a>, <a href="#li592">592</a>; swā dēorlīce dǣd (<i>so valiant a deed</i>), <a href="#li585">585</a>; hine +swā gōdne (<i>him so good</i>), <a href="#li347">347</a>; on swā geongum feore (<i>in so +youthful age</i>), <a href="#li1844">1844</a>; ge-dēð him swā ge-wealdene worolde dǣlas þt ... +(<i>makes parts of the world so subject to him that</i>...), <a href="#li1733">1733</a>. In +comparisons = <i>ever, the</i> (adv.): mē þīn mōd-sefa līcað leng swā wēl +(<i>thy mind pleases me ever so well, the longer the better</i>), <a href="#li1855">1855</a>. As +an asseverative = <i>so</i>: swā mē Higelāc sīe ... mōdes blīðe (<i>so be +Higelac gracious-minded to me!</i>), <a href="#li435">435</a>; swā þēah (<i>nevertheless, +however</i>), <a href="#li973">973</a>, <a href="#li1930">1930</a>, <a href="#li2879">2879</a>; swā þēh, <a href="#li2968">2968</a>; hwðre swā þēah (<i>yet +however</i>), <a href="#li2443">2443</a>.—2): a) conj., <i>as, so as</i>: oð þt his byre mihte +eorlscipe efnan swā his ǣrfder (<i>until his son might do noble deeds, as +his old father did</i>), <a href="#li2623">2623</a>; eft swā ǣr (<i>again as before</i>), +<a href="#li643">643</a>;—with indic.: swā hē selfa bd (<i>as he himself requested</i>), <a href="#li29">29</a>; +swā hē oft dyde (<i>as he often did</i>), <a href="#li444">444</a>; gǣð ā Wyrd swā hīo sceal, +<a href="#li455">455</a>; swā guman gefrungon, <a href="#li667">667</a>; so, <a href="#li273">273</a>, <a href="#li352">352</a>, <a href="#li401">401</a>, <a href="#li561">561</a>, <a href="#li1049">1049</a>, <a href="#li1056">1056</a>, <a href="#li1059">1059</a>, +<a href="#li1135">1135</a>, <a href="#li1232">1232</a>, <a href="#li1235">1235</a>, <a href="#li1239">1239</a>, <a href="#li1253">1253</a>, <a href="#li1382">1382</a>, etc.;—with subj.: swā þīn sefa hwette +<i>(as pleases thy mind</i>, i.e. any way thou pleasest), <a href="#li490">490</a>. b) <i>as, as +then, how</i>, <a href="#li1143">1143</a>; swā hīe ā wǣron ... nȳd-gesteallan (<i>as they were ever +comrades in need</i>), <a href="#li882">882</a>; swā hit dīope ... be-nemdon þēodnas mǣre (<i>as, +[how?] the mighty princes had deeply cursed it</i>), <a href="#li3070">3070</a>; swā hē manna ws +wīgend weorðfullost (<i>as he of men the worthiest warrior was</i>), <a href="#li3099">3099</a>. +c) <i>just as, the moment when</i>: swā þt blōd gesprang, <a href="#li1668">1668</a>. d) <i>so +that</i>: swā hē ne mihte nō (<i>so that he might not...</i>), <a href="#li1509">1509</a>; so, +<a href="#li2185">2185</a>, <a href="#li2007">2007</a>.—3) = qui, quae, quod, German so: worhte wlite-beorhtne wang +swā wter bebūgeð (<i>wrought the beauteous plain which</i> (acc.) <i>water +surrounds</i>), <a href="#li93">93</a>.—4) swā ... swā = <i>so ... as</i>, <a href="#li595">595</a>, <a href="#li687">687-8</a>, <a href="#li3170">3170</a>; efne +swā ... swā (<i>even so ... as</i>), <a href="#li1093">1093-4</a>, <a href="#li1224">1224</a>, <a href="#li1284">1284</a>; efne swā hwylc mgða +swā (<i>such a woman as, whatsoever woman</i>), <a href="#li944">944</a>; efne swā hwylcum manna +swā (<i>even so to each man as</i>), <a href="#li3058">3058</a>.</p> + +<p>for-<a class="glentry" name="glforswāfan">swāfan</a>, st. v., <i>to carry away, sweep off</i>: pret. sg. +ealle Wyrd for-swēof mīne māgas tō metod-sceafte, <a href="#li2815">2815</a>.</p> + +<p>for-<a class="glentry" name="glforswāpan">swāpan</a>, st. v., <i>to sweep off, force</i>: pret. sg. hīe +Wyrd forswēop on Grendles gryre, <a href="#li477">477</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswāt">swāt</a>, st. m., (<i>sweat</i>), <i>wound-blood</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li2694">2694</a>, <a href="#li2967">2967</a>; instr. sg. swāte, <a href="#li1287">1287</a>.—Comp. heaðo-, hilde-swāt.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswātfāh">swāt-fāh</a>, adj., <i>blood-stained</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1112">1112</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswātig">swātig</a>, adj., <i>gory</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1570">1570</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswātswathu">swāt-swaðu</a>, st. f., <i>blood-trace</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2947">2947</a>.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbeswǣlan">swǣlan</a>, w. v., <i>to scorch</i>: pret. part. ws se +lēg-draca ... glēdum beswǣled, <a href="#li3042">3042</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswǣs">swǣs</a>, adj., <i>intimate, special, dear</i>: acc. sg. swǣsne +ēðel, <a href="#li520">520</a>; nom. pl. swǣse ge-sīðas, <a href="#li29">29</a>; acc. pl. lēode swǣse, <a href="#li1869">1869</a>; +swǣse ge-sīðas, <a href="#li2041">2041</a>; gen. pl. swǣsra ge-sīða, <a href="#li1935">1935</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswǣslīce">swǣs-līce</a>, adv., <i>pleasantly, in a friendly manner</i>, <a href="#li3090">3090</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswebban">swebban</a>, w. v., (<i>to put to sleep</i>), <i>to kill</i>: inf. +ic hine sweorde swebban nelle, <a href="#li680">680</a>; pres. sg. III. (absolutely) +swefeð, <a href="#li601">601</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-swebban, <i>to kill, slay</i>: pret. part. nom. pl. sweordum +ā-swefede, <a href="#li567">567</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswethrian">sweðrian</a>, w. v., <i>to lessen, diminish</i>: inf. þt þt fyr +ongan sweðrian, <a href="#li2703">2703</a>; pret. siððan Heremōdes hild sweðrode, <a href="#li902">902</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswefan">swefan</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to sleep</i>: pres. sg. III. swefeð, +<a href="#li1742">1742</a>; inf. swefan, <a href="#li119">119</a>, <a href="#li730">730</a>, <a href="#li1673">1673</a>; pret. sg. swf, <a href="#li1801">1801</a>; pl. swǣfon, +<a href="#li704">704</a>; swǣfun, <a href="#li1281">1281</a>.—2) <i>to sleep the death-sleep, die</i>: pres. sg. +III. swefeð, <a href="#li1009">1009</a>, <a href="#li2061">2061</a>, <a href="#li2747">2747</a>; pl. swefað, <a href="#li2257">2257</a>, <a href="#li2458">2458</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswegel">swegel</a>, st. n., <i>ether, clear sky</i>: dat. sg. under swegle, +<a href="#li1079">1079</a>, <a href="#li1198">1198</a>; gen. sg. under swegles begong, <a href="#li861">861</a>, <a href="#li1774">1774</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswegle">swegle</a>, adj., <i>bright, etherlike, clear</i>: acc. pl. swegle +searo-gimmas, <a href="#li2750">2750</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswegelwered">swegel-wered</a>, <i>quasi</i> pret. part., <i>ether-clad</i>: nom. +sg. sunne swegl-wered, <a href="#li607">607</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswelgan">swelgan</a>, st. v., <i>to swallow</i>: pret. sg. w. instr. +syn-snǣdum swealh (<i>swallowed in great bites</i>), <a href="#li744">744</a>; object +omitted, subj. pres. nymðe līges fðm swulge on swaðule, <a href="#li783">783</a>.</p> + +<p>for-swelgan, w. acc., <i>to swallow, consume</i>: pret. sg. +for-swealg, <a href="#li1123">1123</a>, <a href="#li2081">2081</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswellan">swellan</a>, st. v., <i>to swell</i>: inf. þā sīo wund +on-gan ... swelan and swellan, <a href="#li2714">2714</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsweltan">sweltan</a>, st. v., <i>to die, perish</i>: pret. sg. swealt, <a href="#li1618">1618</a>, +<a href="#li2475">2475</a>; draca morðre swealt (<i>died a violent death</i>), <a href="#li893">893</a>, <a href="#li2783">2783</a>; +wundor-dēaðe swealt, <a href="#li3038">3038</a>; hioro-dryncum swealt, <a href="#li2359">2359</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswencan">swencan</a>, w. v., <i>to swink, oppress, strike</i>: pret. sg. +hine wundra þs fela swencte (MS. swecte) on sunde, <a href="#li1511">1511</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-swencan, <i>to oppress, strike, injure</i>: pret. sg. syððan hine +Hðcyn ... flāne geswencte, <a href="#li2439">2439</a>; pret. part. synnum ge-swenced, <a href="#li976">976</a>; +hǣðstapa hundum ge-swenced, <a href="#li1369">1369</a>.—Comp. lyft-ge-swenced.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsweng">sweng</a>, st. m., <i>blow, stroke</i>: dat. sg. swenge, <a href="#li1521">1521</a>, +<a href="#li2967">2967</a>; swenge <i>(with its stroke</i>), <a href="#li2687">2687</a>; instr. pl. sweordes +swengum, <a href="#li2387">2387</a>.—Comp.: feorh-, hete-, heaðo-, heoro-sweng.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswerian">swerian</a>, st. v., <i>to swear</i>: pret. w. acc. I. nē mē swōr +fela āða on unriht (<i>swore no false oaths</i>), <a href="#li2739">2739</a>; hē mē āðas +swōr, <a href="#li472">472</a>.</p> + +<p>for-swerian, w. instr., <i>to forswear, renounce (protect with magic +formulǣ?)</i>: pret. part. hē sige-wǣpnum for-sworen hfde, <a href="#li805">805</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswēg">swēg</a>, st. m., <i>sound, noise, uproar</i>: nom. sg. swēg, <a href="#li783">783</a>; +hearpan swēg, <a href="#li89">89</a>, <a href="#li2459">2459</a>, <a href="#li3024">3024</a>; sige-folca swēg, <a href="#li645">645</a>; sang and swēg, +<a href="#li1064">1064</a>; dat. sg. swēge, <a href="#li1215">1215</a>.—Comp.: benc-, morgen-swēg.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswelan">swelan</a>, w. v., <i>to burn</i> (here of wounds): inf. swelan, +<a href="#li2714">2714</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glswǣlan">swǣlan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsweart">sweart</a>, adj., <i>swart, black, dark</i>: nom. sg. wudu-rēc +sweart, <a href="#li3146">3146</a>; dat. pl. sweartum nihtum, <a href="#li167">167</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsweothol">sweoðol</a> (cf. O.H.G. suedan, suethan = cremare; M.H.G. swadem = +vapor; and Dietrich in Haupt V., 215), st. m.? n.?, <i>vapor, smoke, +smoking flame</i>: dat. sg. ofer swioðole (MS. swic ðole), <a href="#li3146">3146</a>. See +<a class="glentry" href="#glswathul">swaðul</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsweofot">sweofot</a>, st. m., <i>sleep</i>: dat. sg. on sweofote, <a href="#li1582">1582</a>, +<a href="#li2296">2296</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsweoloth">sweoloð</a>, st. m., <i>heat, fire, flame</i>: dat. sg. sweoloðe, +<a href="#li1116">1116</a>. Cf. O.H.G. suilizo, suilizunga = ardor, cauma.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsweorcan">sweorcan</a>, st. v., <i>to trouble, darken</i>. pres. sg. III. nē +him inwit-sorh on sefan sweorceð (<i>darkens his soul</i>), <a href="#li1738">1738</a>.</p> + +<p>for-sweorcan, <i>to grow dark</i> or <i>dim</i>: pres. sg. III. +ēagena bearhtm for-siteð and for-sworceð, <a href="#li1768">1768</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-sweorcan (intrans.), <i>to darken</i>: pret. sg. niht-helm +ge-swearc, <a href="#li1790">1790</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsweord">sweord, swurd, swyrd</a>, st. n., <i>sword</i>: nom. sg. sweord, +<a href="#li1287">1287</a>, <a href="#li1290">1290</a>, <a href="#li1570">1570</a>, <a href="#li1606">1606</a>, <a href="#li1616">1616</a>, <a href="#li1697">1697</a>; swurd, <a href="#li891">891</a>; acc. sg. sweord, <a href="#li437">437</a>, +<a href="#li673">673</a>, <a href="#li1559">1559</a>, <a href="#li1664">1664</a>, <a href="#li1809">1809</a>, <a href="#li2253">2253</a>, <a href="#li2500">2500</a>, etc.; swurd, <a href="#li539">539</a>, <a href="#li1902">1902</a>; swyrd, <a href="#li2611">2611</a>, +<a href="#li2988">2988</a>; instr. sg. sweorde, <a href="#li561">561</a>, <a href="#li574">574</a>, <a href="#li680">680</a>, <a href="#li2493">2493</a>, <a href="#li2881">2881</a>; gen. sg. +sweordes, <a href="#li1107">1107</a>, <a href="#li2194">2194</a>, <a href="#li2387">2387</a>; acc. pl. sweord, <a href="#li2639">2639</a>; nom. pl., <a href="#li3049">3049</a>; +instr. pl. sweordum, <a href="#li567">567</a>, <a href="#li586">586</a>, <a href="#li885">885</a>; gen. pl. sweorda, <a href="#li1041">1041</a>, <a href="#li2937">2937</a>, +<a href="#li2962">2962</a>.—Comp.: gūð-, māððum-, wǣg-sweord.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsweord">sweord</a>, st. f., <i>oath</i>: in comp. āð-sweord +<i>(sword-oath</i>?), <a href="#li2065">2065</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsweordbealo">sweord-bealo</a>, st. n., <i>sword-bale, death by the sword</i>: +nom. sg., <a href="#li1148">1148</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsweordfreca">sweord-freca</a>, w. m., <i>sword-warrior</i>: dat. sg. +sweord-frecan, <a href="#li1469">1469</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsweordgifu">sweord-gifu</a>, st. f., <i>sword-gift, giving of swords</i>: nom. +sg. swyrd-gifu, <a href="#li2885">2885</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsweotol">sweotol, swutol</a>, adj.: 1) <i>clear, bright</i>: nom. sg. swutol +sang scopes, <a href="#li90">90</a>.—2) <i>plain, manifest</i>: nom. sg. syndolh +sweotol, <a href="#li818">818</a>; tācen sweotol, <a href="#li834">834</a>; instr. sg. sweotolan tācne, <a href="#li141">141</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswēof">swēof, swēop</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glswāfan">swāfan, swāpan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswith">swið</a>, st. n.? (O.N. swiði), <i>burning pain</i>: in comp. +þrȳð-swið(?).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswift">swift</a>, adj., <i>swift</i>: nom. sg. se swifta mearh, <a href="#li2265">2265</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswimman">swimman, swymman</a>, st. v., <i>to swim</i>: inf. swymman, <a href="#li1625">1625</a>.</p> + +<p>ofer-swimman, w. acc., <i>to swim over</i> or <i>through</i>: pret. +sg. ofer-swam sioleða bigong (<i>swam over the sea</i>), <a href="#li2368">2368</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswincan">swincan</a>, st. v., <i>to struggle, labor, contend</i>: pret. pl. +git on wteres ǣht seofon niht swuncon, <a href="#li517">517</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgeswing">swing</a>, st. n., <i>surge, eddy</i>: nom. sg. atol ȳða +geswing, <a href="#li849">849</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswingan">swingan</a>, st. v., <i>to swing one's self, fly</i>: pres. sg. +III. nē gōd hafoc geond sl swingeð, <a href="#li2265">2265</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswīcan">swīcan</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to deceive, leave in the lurch, +abandon</i>: pret. sg. nǣfre hit (<i>the sword</i>) t hilde ne swāc +manna ǣngum, <a href="#li1461">1461</a>.—2) <i>to escape</i>: subj. pret. būtan his līc +swice, <a href="#li967">967</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgeswīcan">swīcan</a>, <i>to deceive, leave in the lurch</i>: pret. sg. +gūð-bill ge-swāc nacod t nīðe, <a href="#li2585">2585</a>, <a href="#li2682">2682</a>; w. dat. sēo ecg ge-swāc +þēodne t þearfe (<i>the sword failed the prince in need</i>), <a href="#li1525">1525</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswīth">swīð, swȳð</a> (Goth, swinþ-s), adj., <i>strong, mighty</i>: nom. +sg. ws þt ge-win tō swȳð, <a href="#li191">191</a>.—Comp. nom. sg. sīo swīðre hand +(<i>the right hand</i>), <a href="#li2099">2099</a>; <i>harsh</i>, <a href="#li3086">3086</a>.</p> + +<p>swīðe, adv., <i>strongly, very, much</i>, <a href="#li598">598</a>, <a href="#li998">998</a>, <a href="#li1093">1093</a>, <a href="#li1744">1744</a>, <a href="#li1927">1927</a>; +swȳðe, <a href="#li2171">2171</a>, <a href="#li2188">2188</a>. Compar. swīðor, <i>more, rather, more strongly</i>, +<a href="#li961">961</a>, <a href="#li1140">1140</a>, <a href="#li1875">1875</a>, <a href="#li2199">2199</a>—Comp. un-swīðe.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gloferswīthian">ofer-swīðian</a>, w. v., <i>to overcome, vanquish</i>, w. acc. of +person: pres. sg. III. oferswȳðeð, <a href="#li279">279</a>, <a href="#li1769">1769</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswīthferhth">swīð-ferhð</a>, adj., (<i>fortis animo</i>), <i>strong-minded, +bold, brave</i>: nom. sg. swȳð-ferhð, <a href="#li827">827</a>; gen. sg. swīð-ferhðes, <a href="#li909">909</a>; +nom. pl. swīð-ferhðe, <a href="#li493">493</a>; dat. pl. swīð-ferhðum, <a href="#li173">173</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswīthhycgend">swīð-hycgend</a>, pres. part. (<i>strenue cogitans</i>), +<i>bold-minded, brave in spirit</i>: nom. sg. swīð-hycgende, <a href="#li920">920</a>; nom. +pl. swīð-hycgende, <a href="#li1017">1017</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswithmōd">swið-mōd</a>, adj., <i>strong-minded</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1625">1625</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glonswīfan">on-swīfan</a>, st. v. w. acc., <i>to swing, turn, at</i> or +<i>against, elevate</i>: pret. sg. biorn (Bēowulf) bord-rand on-swāf +wið þām gryre-gieste, <a href="#li2560">2560</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswīgian">swīgian</a>, w. v., <i>to be silent, keep silent</i>: pret. sg. lȳt +swīgode nīwra spella (<i>kept little of the new tidings silent</i>), +<a href="#li2898">2898</a>; pl. swīgedon ealle, <a href="#li1700">1700</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswīgor">swīgor</a>, adj., <i>silent, taciturn</i>: nom, sg. weak, þā ws +swīgra secg ... on gylp-sprǣce gūð-ge-weorca, <a href="#li981">981</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswīn">swīn, swȳn</a>, st. n., <i>swine, boar</i> (image on the helm): +nom. sg. swȳn, <a href="#li1112">1112</a>; acc. sg. swīn, <a href="#li1287">1287</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswīnlīc">swīn-līc</a>, st. n., <i>swine-image</i> or <i>body</i>: instr. pl. +swīn-līcum, <a href="#li1454">1454</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswōgan">swōgan</a>, st. v., <i>to whistle, roar</i>: pres. part. swōgende +lēg, <a href="#li3146">3146</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswutol">swutol</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsweotol">sweotol</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswylc">swylc, swilc</a> (Goth, swa-leik-s), demons, adj. = <i>talis, such, such +a</i>; relative = <i>qualis, as, which</i>: nom. sg. swylc, <a href="#li178">178</a>, <a href="#li1941">1941</a>, +<a href="#li2542">2542</a>, <a href="#li2709">2709</a>; swylc ... swylc=talis ... qualis, <a href="#li1329">1329</a>; acc. sg. swylc, <a href="#li2799">2799</a>; +eall ... swylc (<i>all ... which, as</i>), <a href="#li72">72</a>; ōðer swylc (<i>such +another</i>, i.e. hand), <a href="#li1584">1584</a>; on swylc (<i>on such things</i>), <a href="#li997">997</a>; dat. +sg. gūð-fremmendra swylcum (<i>to such a battle-worker</i>, i.e. Bēowulf), +<a href="#li299">299</a>; gen. sg. swylces hwt (<i>some such</i>), <a href="#li881">881</a>; acc. pl. swylce, <a href="#li2870">2870</a>; +call swylce ... swylce, <a href="#li3166">3166</a>; swylce twēgen (<i>two such</i>), <a href="#li1348">1348</a>; ealle +þearfe swylce (<i>all needs that</i>), <a href="#li1798">1798</a>; swylce hīe ... findan meahton +sigla searo-gimma (<i>such as they might find of jewels and cunning +gems</i>), <a href="#li1157">1157</a>; efne swylce mǣla swylce (<i>at just such times as</i>), +<a href="#li1250">1250</a>; gen. pl. swylcra searo-nīða, <a href="#li582">582</a>; swylcra fela ... ǣr-gestrēona, +<a href="#li2232">2232</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswylce">swylce</a>, adv., <i>as, as also, likewise, similarly</i>, <a href="#li113">113</a>, +<a href="#li293">293</a>, <a href="#li758">758</a>, <a href="#li831">831</a>, <a href="#li855">855</a>, <a href="#li908">908</a>, <a href="#li921">921</a>, <a href="#li1147">1147</a>, <a href="#li1166">1166</a>, <a href="#li1428">1428</a>, <a href="#li1483">1483</a>, <a href="#li2460">2460</a>, <a href="#li2825">2825</a>; gē +swylce (<i>and likewise</i>), <a href="#li2259">2259</a>; swilce, <a href="#li1153">1153</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswylt">swylt</a>, st. m., <i>death</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1256">1256</a>, <a href="#li1437">1437</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswyltdg">swylt-dg</a>, st. m., <i>death-day</i>: dat. sg. ǣr swylt-dge, +<a href="#li2799">2799</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswynsian">swynsian</a>, w. v., <i>to sound</i>: pret. sg. hlyn swynsode, <a href="#li612">612</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswyrd">swyrd</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsweord">sweord</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswȳthl">swȳðl</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glswīth">swīð</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswȳn">swȳn</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glswīn">swīn</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsyththan">syððan</a> (seðian, Gen. 1525), w. v., <i>to punish, avenge</i>, w. +acc.: inf. þonne hit sweordes ecg syððan scolde (<i>then the edge of +the sword should avenge it</i>), <a href="#li1107">1107</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsyththan">syððan</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsiththan">siððan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsyfanwintre">syfan-wintre</a>, adj., <i>seven-winters-old</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2429">2429</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsyhth">syhð</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsēon">sēon</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsyl">syl</a> (O.H.G. swella), st. f., <i>sill, bench-support</i>: dat. +sg. fram sylle, <a href="#li776">776</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsylfa">sylfa</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glselfa">selfa</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsyllan">syllan</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsellan">sellan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsyllīc">syllīc</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsellīc">sellīc</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsymbol">symbol, syml</a>, st. n., <i>banquet, entertainment</i>: acc. sg. +symbel, <a href="#li620">620</a>, <a href="#li1011">1011</a>; geaf mē sinc and symbel (<i>gave me treasure and +feasting</i>, i.e. made me his friend and table-companion), <a href="#li2432">2432</a>; þt +hīe ... symbel ymbsǣton (<i>that they might sit round their +banquet</i>), <a href="#li564">564</a>; dat. sg. symle, <a href="#li81">81</a>, <a href="#li489">489</a>, <a href="#li1009">1009</a>; symble, <a href="#li119">119</a>, <a href="#li2105">2105</a>; +gen. pl. symbla, <a href="#li1233">1233</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsymble">symble, symle</a>, adv., <i>continually, ever</i>: symble, <a href="#li2451">2451</a>; +symle, <a href="#li2498">2498</a>; symle ws þȳ sǣmra (<i>he was ever the worse, the +weaker</i>, i.e. the dragon), <a href="#li2881">2881</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsymbelwyn">symbel-wyn</a>, st. f., <i>banqueting-pleasure, joy at +feasting</i>: acc. sg. symbel-wynne drēoh, <a href="#li1783">1783</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsyn">syn</a>, st. f., <i>sin, crime</i>: nom. synn and sacu, <a href="#li2473">2473</a>; dat. +instr. pl. synnum, <a href="#li976">976</a>, <a href="#li1256">1256</a>, <a href="#li3072">3072</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsyn">syn</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsin">sin</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsynbysig">syn-bysig</a>, adj., (culpa laborans), <i>persecuted on account of +guilt?</i> (Rieger), <i>guilt-haunted?</i>: nom. sg. secg syn-[by]sig, +<a href="#li2228">2228</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesyngian">syngian</a>, w. v., <i>to sin, commit a crime</i>: pret. part. +þt ws feohlēas ge-feoht, fyrenum ge-syngad, <a href="#li2442">2442</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsynnig">synnig</a>, adj., <i>sin-laden, sinful</i>: acc. sg. m. sinnigne +secg, <a href="#li1380">1380</a>.—Comp.: fela-, un-synnig.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesynto">synto</a>, f., <i>health</i>: dat. pl. on gesyntum, <a href="#li1870">1870</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsyrce">syrce</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glserce">serce</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsyrwan">syrwan</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to entrap, catch unawares</i>: pret. +sg. duguðe and geogoðe seomade and syrede, <a href="#li161">161</a>.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbesyrwan">syrwan</a>: 1) <i>to compass</i> or <i>accomplish by finesse; +effect</i>: inf. dǣd þē wē ealle ǣr ne meahton snyttrum be-syrwan +(<i>a deed that all of us could not accomplish before with all our +wisdom</i>), <a href="#li943">943</a>.—2) <i>to entrap by guile and destroy</i>: inf. +mynte se mānscaða manna cynnes sumne be-syrwan (<i>the fell foe +thought to entrap some one (all?</i>, see <a class="glentry" href="#glsum">sum</a>) <i>of the +men</i>), <a href="#li714">714</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsȳn">sȳn</a>, f., <i>seeing, sight, scene</i>: comp, an-sȳn.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesȳne">sȳne</a>, adj., <i>visible, to be seen</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li1256">1256</a>, <a href="#li1404">1404</a>, +<a href="#li2948">2948</a>, <a href="#li3059">3059</a>, <a href="#li3160">3160</a>.—Comp.: ēð-ge-sȳne, ȳð-ge-sēne.</p> + +<p><b><a name="glossT">T</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltaligean">taligean</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to count, reckon, number; esteem, +think</i>: pres. sg. I. nō ic mē ... hnāgran gūð-geweorca þonne Grendel +hine (<i>count myself no worse than G. in battle-works</i>), <a href="#li678">678</a>; wēn +ic talige ...þt (<i>I count on the hope ... that</i>), <a href="#li1846">1846</a>; telge, +<a href="#li2068">2068</a>; sg. III. þt rǣd talað þt (<i>counts it gain that</i>), +<a href="#li2028">2028</a>.—2) <i>to tell, relate</i>: sōð ic talige (<i>I tell facts</i>), +<a href="#li532">532</a>; swā þū self talast (<i>as thou thyself sayst</i>), <a href="#li595">595</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltācen">tācen</a>, st. n., <i>token, sign, evidence</i>: nom. sg. tācen +sweotol, <a href="#li834">834</a>; dat. instr. sg. sweotolan tācne, <a href="#li141">141</a>; tīres tō tācne, +<a href="#li1655">1655</a>.—Comp. luf-tācen.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltān">tān</a>, st. m., <i>twig</i>: in comp. āter-tān. [emended to +āter-tēarum in text--KTH]</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgetǣcan">tǣcan</a>, w. v., <i>to show, point out</i>: pret. sg. him þā +hilde-dēor hof mōdigra torht ge-tǣhte (<i>the warrior pointed out to +them the bright dwelling of the bold ones</i>, i.e. Danes), <a href="#li313">313</a>. +Hence, <i>to indicate, assign</i>: pret. sōna mē se mǣra mago +Healfdenes ... wið his sylfes sunu setl getǣhte (<i>assigned me a seat +by his own son</i>), <a href="#li2014">2014</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltǣle">tǣle</a>, adj., <i>blameworthy</i>: in comp. un-tǣle.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgetǣse">tǣse</a>, adj., <i>quiet, still</i>: nom. sg. gif him +wǣre ... niht ge-tǣse (<i>whether he had a pleasant, quiet, night</i>), +<a href="#li1321">1321</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltela">tela</a>, adv., <i>fittingly, well</i>, <a href="#li949">949</a>, <a href="#li1219">1219</a>, <a href="#li1226">1226</a>, <a href="#li1821">1821</a>, +<a href="#li2209">2209</a>, <a href="#li2738">2738</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltelge">telge</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gltalian">talian</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltellan">tellan</a>, w. v., <i>to tell, consider, deem</i>: pret. sg. nē his +līf-dagas lēoda ǣnigum nytte tealde (<i>nor did he count his life useful to +any man</i>), <a href="#li795">795</a>; þt ic mē ǣnigne under swegles begong ge-sacan ne tealde +(<i>I believed not that I had any foe under heaven</i>), <a href="#li1774">1774</a>; cwð hē þone +gūð-wine gōdne tealde (<i>said he counted the war-friend good</i>), <a href="#li1811">1811</a>; +hē ūsic gār-wīgend gōde tealde (<i>deemed us good spear-warriors</i>), +<a href="#li2642">2642</a>; pl. swā (<i>so that</i>) hine Gēata beam gōdne ne tealdon, <a href="#li2185">2185</a>.—2) +<i>to ascribe, count against, impose</i>: pret. sg. (Þrȳðo) him wlbende +weotode tealde hand-gewriðene, <a href="#li1937">1937</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgetenge">tenge</a>, adj., <i>attached to, lying on</i>: w. dat. gold ... grunde +ge-tenge, <a href="#li2759">2759</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltēar">tēar</a>, st. m., <i>tear</i>: nom. pl. tēaras, <a href="#li1873">1873</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glteoh">teoh</a>, st. f., <i>troop, band</i>: dat. sg. earmre teohhe, <a href="#li2939">2939</a>.</p> + +<p>(ge?)-<a class="glentry" name="gl(ge?)teohhian">teohhian</a>, w. v., <i>to fix, determine, assign</i>: pret. +sg. ic for lǣssan lēan teohhode ... hnāhran rince, <a href="#li952">952</a>; pres. part. ws +ōðer in ǣr geteohhod (<i>assigned</i>)... mǣrum Gēate, <a href="#li1301">1301</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltēon">tēon</a>, st. v., <i>to draw, lead</i>: inf. heht ... eahta +mēaras ... on flet tēon (<i>bade eight horses be led into the hall</i>), +<a href="#li1037">1037</a>; pret. sg. mē tō grunde tēah fāh fēond-sceaða (<i>the many-hued +fiend-foe drew me to the bottom</i>), <a href="#li553">553</a>; eft-sīðas tēah +(<i>withdrew, returned</i>), <a href="#li1333">1333</a>; sg. for pl. ǣg-hwylcum ...þāra þe +mid Bēowulfe brim-lāde tēah (<i>to each of those that crossed the sea +with B.</i>) <a href="#li1052">1052</a>; pret. part. þā ws ... heard ecg togen (<i>then was +the hard edge drawn</i>), <a href="#li1289">1289</a>; wearð ... on ns togen (<i>was drawn to +the promontory</i>), <a href="#li1440">1440</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-tēon, <i>to wander, go</i>, intrans.: pret. sg. tō Heorute ā-tēah +(<i>drew to Heorot</i>), <a href="#li767">767</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgetēon">tēon</a>: 1) <i>to draw</i>: pret. sg. gomel swyrd ge-tēah, +<a href="#li2611">2611</a>; w. instr. and acc. hyre seaxe ge-tēah, brad brūn-ecg, <a href="#li1546">1546</a>.—2) +<i>to grant, give, lend</i>: imp. nō þū him wearne getēoh þīnra +gegn-cwida gldnian (<i>refuse not to gladden them with thy +answer</i>), <a href="#li366">366</a>; pret. sg. and þā Bēowulfe bēga gehwðres eodor +Ingwina onweald ge-tēah (<i>and the prince of the Ingwins gave B. +power over both</i>), <a href="#li1045">1045</a>; so, hē him ēst getēah (<i>gave possession +of</i>), <a href="#li2166">2166</a>.</p> + +<p>of-tēon, <i>to deprive, withdraw</i>, w. gen. of thing and dat. pers.: +pret. sg. Scyld Scēfing ... monegum mǣgðum meodo-setla of-tēah, <a href="#li5">5</a>; w. +acc. of thing, hond ... feorh-sweng ne of-tēah, <a href="#li2490">2490</a>; w. dat. hond +(hord, MS.) swenge ne of-tēah, <a href="#li1521">1521</a>.</p> + +<p>þurh-tēon, <i>to effect</i>: inf. gif hē torn-gemōt þurh-tēon mihte, +<a href="#li1141">1141</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltēon">tēon</a> (cf. tēoh, <i>materia</i>, O.H.G. ziuc), w. v. w. acc., +<i>to make, work</i>: pret. sg. tēode, <a href="#li1453">1453</a>;—<i>to furnish out, +deck</i>: pret. pl. nalas hī hine lǣssan lācum tēodan (<i>provided him +with no less gifts</i>), <a href="#li43">43</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-tēon, <i>to provide, do, bring on</i>: pres. sg. unc sceal weorðan +... swā unc Wyrd ge-tēoð, <a href="#li2527">2527</a>; pret. sg. þē him ... sāre ge-tēode +(<i>who had done him this harm</i>), <a href="#li2296">2296</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgetēona">tēona</a>, w. m., <i>injurer, harmer</i>: in comp. +lāð-ge-tēona.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltil">til</a>, adj., <i>good, apt, fit</i>: nom. sg. m. Hālga til, <a href="#li61">61</a>; +þegn ungemete till (of Wīglāf), <a href="#li2722">2722</a>; fem. ws sēo þēod tilu, <a href="#li1251">1251</a>; +neut. ne ws þt ge-wrixle til, <a href="#li1305">1305</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltilian">tilian</a>, w. v. w. gen., <i>to gain, win</i>: inf. gif ic ... +ōwihte mg þīnre mōd-lufan māran tilian (<i>if I ... gain</i>), <a href="#li1824">1824</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltimbrian">timbrian</a>, w. v., <i>to build</i>: pret. part. acc. sg. sl +timbred (<i>the well-built hall</i>), <a href="#li307">307</a>.</p> + +<p>be-timbrian, (construere), <i>to finish building, complete</i>: pret. +pl. betimbredon on tȳn dagum beadu-rōfes bēcn, <a href="#li3161">3161</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltīd">tīd</a>, st. f., <i>-tide, time</i>: acc. sg. twelf wintra tīd, +<a href="#li147">147</a>; lange tīd, <a href="#li1916">1916</a>; in þā tīde, <a href="#li2228">2228</a>.—Comp.: ān-, morgen-tīd.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgetīthian">tīðian</a> (from tigðian), w. v., <i>to grant</i>: pret. part. +impers. ws ... bēne (gen.) ge-tīðad fēasceaftum men, <a href="#li2285">2285</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltīr">tīr</a>, st. m., <i>glory, repute in war</i>. gen. sg. tīres, <a href="#li1655">1655</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltīrēadig">tīr-ēadig</a>, adj., <i>glorious, famous</i>: dat. sg. tīr-ēadigum +menn (of Bēowulf), <a href="#li2190">2190</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltīrfst">tīr-fst</a>, adj., <i>famous, rich in glory</i>. nom. sg. (of +Hrōðgār), <a href="#li923">923</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltīrlēas">tīr-lēas</a>, adj., <i>without glory, infamous</i>: gen. sg. (of +Grendel), <a href="#li844">844</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltoga">toga</a>, w. m., <i>leader</i>: in comp. folc-toga.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltorht">torht</a>, adj., <i>bright, brilliant</i>: acc. sg. neut. hof ... +torht, <a href="#li313">313</a>.—Comp.: wuldor-torht, heaðo-torht (<i>loud in battle</i>).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltorn">torn</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>wrath, insult, distress</i>: acc. sg. torn, +<a href="#li147">147</a>, <a href="#li834">834</a>; gen. pl. torna, <a href="#li2190">2190</a>.—2) <i>anger</i>: instr. sg. torne +ge-bolgen, <a href="#li2402">2402</a>.—Comp. līge-torn.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltorn">torn</a>, adj., <i>bitter, cruel</i>: nom. sg, hrēowa tornost, +<a href="#li2130">2130</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltorngemōt">torn-ge-mōt</a>, st. n., (<i>wrathful meeting</i>), <i>angry +engagement, battle</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1141">1141</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltō">tō</a>, I. prep. w. dat. indicating direction or tending to, hence: 1) +local = whither after verbs of motion, <i>to, up to, at</i>: cōm tō recede +(<i>to the hall</i>), <a href="#li721">721</a>; ēode tō sele, <a href="#li920">920</a>; ēode tō hire frēan sittan, +<a href="#li642">642</a>; gǣð eft ... tō medo (<i>goeth again to mead</i>), <a href="#li605">605</a>; wand tō wolcnum +(<i>wound to the welkin</i>), <a href="#li1120">1120</a>; sigon tō slǣpe (<i>sank to sleep</i>), +<a href="#li1252">1252</a>; <a href="#li28">28</a>, <a href="#li158">158</a>, <a href="#li234">234</a>, <a href="#li438">438</a>, <a href="#li553">553</a>, <a href="#li926">926</a>, <a href="#li1010">1010</a>, <a href="#li1014">1014</a>, <a href="#li1155">1155</a>, <a href="#li1159">1159</a>, <a href="#li1233">1233</a>, etc.; +līð-wǣge br hǣlum tō handa (<i>bore the ale-cup to the hands of the men? +at hand?</i>), <a href="#li1984">1984</a>; oð þt niht becōm ōðer tō yldum, <a href="#li2118">2118</a>; him tō bearme +cwōm māððum-ft mǣre (<i>came to his hands, into his possession</i>), <a href="#li2405">2405</a>; +sǣlde tō sande sīd-fðme scip (<i>fastened the broad-bosomed ship to the +shore</i>), <a href="#li1918">1918</a>; þat se harm-scaða tō Heorute ā-tēah (<i>went forth to +Heorot</i>), <a href="#li767">767</a>. After verb sittan: site nū tō symble (<i>sit now to the +meal</i>), <a href="#li489">489</a>; siððan ... wē tō symble geseten hfdon, <a href="#li2105">2105</a>; tō ham +(<i>home, at home</i>), <a href="#li124">124</a>, <a href="#li374">374</a>, <a href="#li2993">2993</a>. With verbs of speaking: maðelode tō +his wine-drihtne (<i>spake to his friendly lord</i>), <a href="#li360">360</a>; tō Gēatum sprec, +<a href="#li1172">1172</a>; so, heht þt heaðo-weorc tō hagan bīodan (<i>bade the battle-work be +told at the hedge</i>), <a href="#li2893">2893</a>.—2) with verbs of bringing and taking (cf. +under <a class="glentry" href="#glon">on</a>, I., d): hraðe ws tō būre Bēowulf fetod (<i>B. was hastily +brought from a room</i>), <a href="#li1311">1311</a>; siððan Hāma t-wg tō þǣre byrhtan byrig +Brōsinga mene (<i>since H. carried the Brōsing-necklace off from the bright +city</i>), <a href="#li1200">1200</a>; wēan āhsode. fǣhðo to Frȳsum (<i>suffered woe, feud as to, +from, the Frisians</i>), <a href="#li1208">1208</a>.—3) =end of motion, hence: a) <i>to, for, +as, in</i>: þone god sende folce tō frōfre (<i>for, as, a help to the +folk</i>), <a href="#li14">14</a>; gesette ... sunnan and mōnan lēoman to lēohte (<i>as a +light</i>), <a href="#li95">95</a>; ge-st ... tō rune (<i>sat in counsel</i>), <a href="#li172">172</a>; wearð hē +Heaðo-lāfe tō hand-bonan, <a href="#li460">460</a>; bringe ... tō helpe (<i>bring to, for, +help</i>), <a href="#li1831">1831</a>; Jofore forgeaf āngan dōhtor ... hyldo tō wedde (<i>as a +pledge of his favor</i>), <a href="#li2999">2999</a>; so, 508(?), <a href="#li666">666</a>, <a href="#li907">907</a>, <a href="#li972">972</a>, <a href="#li1022">1022</a>, <a href="#li1187">1187</a>, +<a href="#li1263">1263</a>, <a href="#li1331">1331</a>, <a href="#li1708">1708</a>, <a href="#li1712">1712</a>, <a href="#li2080">2080</a>, etc.; secgan tō sōðe (<i>to say in +sooth</i>), <a href="#li51">51</a>; so, <a href="#li591">591</a>, <a href="#li2326">2326</a>. b) with verbs of thinking, hoping, etc., +<i>on, for, at, against</i>: hē tō gyrn-wrce swīðor þōhte þonne tō sǣ-lāde +(<i>thought more on vengeance than on the sea-voyage</i>), <a href="#li1139">1139</a>; scce ne +wēneð tō Gār-Denum (<i>nor weeneth of conflict with the Spear-Danes</i>), +<a href="#li602">602</a>; þonne wēne ic tō þē wyrsan geþinges (<i>then I expect for thee a worse +result</i>), <a href="#li525">525</a>; nē ic to Swēoþēode sibbe oððe trēowe wihte ne wēne +(<i>nor expect at all of, from, the Swedes</i> ...), <a href="#li2923">2923</a>; wiste þǣm +āhlǣcan tō þǣm hēah-sele hilde ge-þinged (<i>battle prepared for the +monster in the high hall</i>), <a href="#li648">648</a>; wēl bið þǣm þe mot tō fder fðmum +freoðo wilnian (<i>well for him that can find peace in the Father's +arms</i>), <a href="#li188">188</a>; þāra þe hē ge-worhte tō West-Denum (<i>of those that he +wrought against the West-Danes</i>), <a href="#li1579">1579</a>.—4) with the gerund, inf.: tō +gefremmanne (<i>to do</i>), <a href="#li174">174</a>; tō ge-cȳðanne (<i>to make known</i>), <a href="#li257">257</a>; +tō secganne (<i>to say</i>), <a href="#li473">473</a>; to beflēonne (<i>to avoid, escape</i>), +<a href="#li1004">1004</a>; so, <a href="#li1420">1420</a>, <a href="#li1725">1725</a>, <a href="#li1732">1732</a>, <a href="#li1806">1806</a>, <a href="#li1852">1852</a>, <a href="#li1923">1923</a>, <a href="#li1942">1942</a>, etc. With inf.: tō +fēran, <a href="#li316">316</a>; tō friclan, <a href="#li2557">2557</a>.—5) temporal: gewāt him tō gescp-hwīle +(<i>went at(?) the hour of fate</i>; or, <i>to his fated rest?</i>), <a href="#li26">26</a>; tō +wīdan feore (<i>ever, in their lives</i>), <a href="#li934">934</a>; āwa tō aldre (<i>for life, +forever</i>), <a href="#li956">956</a>; so, tō aldre, <a href="#li2006">2006</a>, <a href="#li2499">2499</a>; tō life (<i>during life, +ever</i>), <a href="#li2433">2433</a>.—6) with particles: wōd under wolcnum tō þs þe ... +(<i>went under the welkin to the point where</i> ...), <a href="#li715">715</a>; so, elne +ge-ēodon tō þs þe, <a href="#li1968">1968</a>; so, <a href="#li2411">2411</a>; hē him þs lēan for-geald ... tō þs þe +hē on reste geseah Grendel licgan (<i>he paid him for that to the point +that he saw G. lying dead</i>), <a href="#li1586">1586</a>; ws þt blōd tō þs hāt (<i>the blood +was hot to that degree</i>), <a href="#li1617">1617</a>; ns þā long tō þon þt (<i>'twas not long +till</i>), <a href="#li2592">2592</a>, <a href="#li2846">2846</a>; ws him se man tō þon lēof þt (<i>the man was dear +to him to that degree</i>), <a href="#li1877">1877</a>; tō hwan siððan wearð hond-rǣs hleða +(<i>up to what point, how, the hand-contest turned out</i>), <a href="#li2072">2072</a>; tō +middes (<i>in the midst</i>), <a href="#li3142">3142</a>.</p> + +<p>II. Adverbial modifier, <i>quasi</i> preposition [better explained in many +cases as prep. postponed]: l) <i>to, towards, up to, at</i>: gēong sōna tō, +<a href="#li1786">1786</a>; so, <a href="#li2649">2649</a>; fēhð ōðer tō, <a href="#li1756">1756</a>; sǣ-lāc ... þē þū hēr tō lōcast (<i>upon +which thou here lookest</i>), <a href="#li1655">1655</a>; folc tō sǣgon (<i>the folk looked +on</i>), <a href="#li1423">1423</a>; þt hī him tō mihton gegnum gangan (<i>might proceed +thereto</i>), <a href="#li313">313</a>; sē þe him bealwa tō bōte gelȳfde (<i>who believed in +help out of evils from him</i>, i.e. Bēowulf), <a href="#li910">910</a>; him tō anwaldan āre +ge-lyfde (<i>trusted for himself to the Almighty's help</i>), <a href="#li1273">1273</a>; þē ūs +sēceað tō Swēona lēode (<i>that the Swedes will come against us</i>), +<a href="#li3002">3002</a>.—2) before adj. and adv., <i>too</i>: tō strang (<i>too mighty</i>), +<a href="#li133">133</a>; tō fst, <a href="#li137">137</a>; tō swȳð, <a href="#li191">191</a>; so, <a href="#li789">789</a>, <a href="#li970">970</a>, <a href="#li1337">1337</a>, <a href="#li1743">1743</a>, <a href="#li1749">1749</a>, etc.; tō +fela micles (<i>far too much</i>), <a href="#li695">695</a>; hē tō forð ge-stōp (<i>he had gone +too far</i>), <a href="#li2290">2290</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltōth">tōð</a> (G. tunþu-s), st. m., <i>tooth</i>: in comp. blōdig-tōð (adj.).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltredan">tredan</a>, st. v. w. acc., <i>to tread</i>: inf. sǣ-wong tredan, <a href="#li1965">1965</a>; +el-land tredan, <a href="#li3020">3020</a>; pret. sg. wrc-lāstas trd, <a href="#li1353">1353</a>; medo-wongas trd, +<a href="#li1644">1644</a>; grs-moldan trd, <a href="#li1882">1882</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltreddian">treddian, tryddian</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#gltrod">trod</a>), w. v., <i>to stride, +tread, go</i>: pret. sg. treddode, <a href="#li726">726</a>; tryddode getrume micle +(<i>strode about with a strong troop</i>), <a href="#li923">923</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltrem">trem</a>, st. n., <i>piece, part</i>: acc. sg. nē ... fōtes trem +(<i>not a foot's breadth</i>), <a href="#li2526">2526</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltrēow">trēow</a>, st. f., <i>fidelity, good faith</i>: acc. sg. trēowe, +<a href="#li1073">1073</a>; sibbe oððe trēowe, <a href="#li2923">2923</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltrēow">trēow</a>, st. n., <i>tree</i>: in comp. galg-trēow.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltrēowian">trēowian</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gltruwian">truwian</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltrēowloga">trēow-loga</a>, w. m., <i>troth-breaker, pledge-breaker</i>: nom. +pl. trēow-logan, <a href="#li2848">2848</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltrodu">trodu</a>, st. f., <i>track, step</i>: acc. sg. or pl. trode, <a href="#li844">844</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgetrum">trum</a>, st. n., <i>troop, band</i>: instr. sg. ge-trume micle, +<a href="#li923">923</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltrum">trum</a>, adj., <i>strong, endowed with</i>: nom. sg. heorot hornum +trum, <a href="#li1370">1370</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgetruwan">truwan</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to confirm, pledge solemnly</i>: +pret. sg. þā hīe getruwedon on twā healfe fste frioðu-wǣre, <a href="#li1096">1096</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltruwian">truwian, trēowan</a>, w. v., <i>to trust in, rely on, believe in</i>: 1) +w. dat.: pret. sg. sīðe ne truwode lēofes mannes (<i>I trusted not in the +dear man's enterprise</i>), <a href="#li1994">1994</a>; bearne ne truwode þt hē ... (<i>she +trusted not the child that</i> ...), <a href="#li2371">2371</a>; gehwylc hiora his ferhðe trēowde +þt hē ... (<i>each trusted his heart that</i> ...), <a href="#li1167">1167</a>.—2) w. gen.: pret. +sg. Gēata lēod georne truwode mōdgan mgnes, <a href="#li670">670</a>; wiðres ne truwode, <a href="#li2954">2954</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-truwian, <i>to rely on, trust in</i>, w. dat.: pret. sg. strenge +ge-truwode, mund-gripe mgenes, <a href="#li1534">1534</a>;—w. gen. pret. sg. beorges +ge-truwode, wīges and wealles, <a href="#li2323">2323</a>; strenge ge-truwode ānes mannes, <a href="#li2541">2541</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltryddian">tryddian</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gltreddian">treddian</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltrȳwe">trȳwe</a>, adj., <i>true, faithful</i>: nom. sg. þā gȳt ws ... +ǣghwylc ōðrum trȳwe, <a href="#li1166">1166</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-trȳwe, adj., <i>faithful</i>: nom. sg. hēr is ǣghwylc eorl ōðrum +ge-trȳwe, <a href="#li1229">1229</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glturf">turf</a>, st. f., <i>sod, soil, seat</i>: in comp. ēðel-turf.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltūx">tūx</a>, st. m., <i>tooth, tusk</i>: in comp. hilde-tūx.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgetwǣfan">twǣfan</a>, w. v. w. acc. of person and gen. thing, <i>to +separate, divide, deprive of, hinder</i>: pres. sg. III. þt þec ādl +oððe ecg eafoðes ge-twǣfeð (<i>robs of strength</i>), <a href="#li1764">1764</a>; inf. god +ēaðe mg þone dol-scaðan dǣda ge-twǣfan (<i>God may easily restrain +the fierce foe from his deeds</i>), <a href="#li479">479</a>; pret. sg. sumne Gēata lēod +... fēores getwǣfde (<i>cut him off from life</i>), <a href="#li1434">1434</a>; nō þǣr +wǣg-flotan wind ofer ȳðum sīðes ge-twǣfde (<i>the wind hindered not +the wave-floater in her course over the water</i>), <a href="#li1909">1909</a>; pret. part. +t rihte ws gūð ge-twǣfed (<i>almost had the struggle been +ended</i>), <a href="#li1659">1659</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgetwǣman">twǣman</a>, w. v. acc. pers. and gen. thing, <i>to hinder, +render incapable of, restrain</i>: inf. ic hine ne mihte ... ganges +getwǣman, <a href="#li969">969</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltwēgen">twēgen</a>, m. f. n. twā, num., <i>twain, two</i>: nom. m. twēgen, +<a href="#li1164">1164</a>; acc. m. twēgen, <a href="#li1348">1348</a>; dat. twǣm, <a href="#li1192">1192</a> gen. twēga, <a href="#li2533">2533</a>; acc. f. +twā, <a href="#li1096">1096</a>, <a href="#li1195">1195</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltwelf">twelf</a>, num., <i>twelve</i>, gen. twelfa, <a href="#li3172">3172</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltweone">tweone</a> (Frisian twine), num. = <i>bini, two</i>: dat. pl. be +sǣm tweonum, <a href="#li859">859</a>, <a href="#li1298">1298</a>; <a href="#li1686">1686</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltwidig">twidig</a>, adj., in comp. lang-twidig (<i>long-assured</i>), <a href="#li1709">1709</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltyder">tȳder</a>, st. m., <i>race, descendant</i>: in comp. un-tȳder, <a href="#li111">111</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltydre">tȳdre</a> (Frisian teddre), adj., <i>weak, unwarlike, cowardly</i>: +nom. pl. tȳdre, <a href="#li2848">2848</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltyn">tȳn</a>, num., <i>ten</i>: uninflect. dat. on tȳn dagum, <a href="#li3161">3161</a>; +inflect. nom. tȳne, <a href="#li2848">2848</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltyrwian">tyrwian</a>, w. v., <i>to tar</i>: pret. part. tyrwed in comp.: +nīw-tyrwed.</p> + +<p>on-<a class="glentry" name="glontyhtan">tyhtan</a>, w. v., <i>to urge on, incite, entice</i>: pret. sg. +on-tyhte, <a href="#li3087">3087</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossTH">Þ</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthafian">þafian</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to submit to, endure</i>: inf. þt se +þēod-cyning þafian sceolde Eofores ānne dōm, <a href="#li2964">2964</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthanc">þanc</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>thought</i>: in comp. fore-, hete-, or-, +searo-þanc; inwit-þanc (adj.).—2) <i>thanks</i> (w. gen. of thing): +nom. sg., <a href="#li929">929</a>, <a href="#li1779">1779</a>; acc. sg. þanc, <a href="#li1998">1998</a>, <a href="#li2795">2795</a>.—3) <i>content, favor, +pleasure</i>: dat. sg. þā þe gif-sceattas Gēata fyredon þyder tō þance +(<i>those that tribute for the Geātas carried thither for favor</i>). +<a href="#li379">379</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-þanc, st. m., <i>thought</i>: instr. pl. þēostrum ge-þoncum, +<a href="#li2333">2333</a>.—Comp. mōd-ge-þanc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthanchycgende">þanc-hycgende</a>, pres. part., <i>thoughtful</i>, <a href="#li2236">2236</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthancian">þancian</a>, w. v., <i>to thank</i>: pret. sg. gode þancode ... þs +þe hire se willa ge-lamp (<i>thanked God that her wish was +granted</i>), <a href="#li626">626</a>; so, <a href="#li1398">1398</a>; pl. þancedon, 627(?).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthanon">þanon, þonon, þonan</a>, adv., <i>thence</i>: 1) local: þanon eft +gewāt (<i>he went thence back</i>), <a href="#li123">123</a>; þanon up ... stigon (<i>went +up thence</i>), <a href="#li224">224</a>; so, þanon, <a href="#li463">463</a>, <a href="#li692">692</a>, <a href="#li764">764</a>, <a href="#li845">845</a>, <a href="#li854">854</a>, <a href="#li1293">1293</a>; þanan, +<a href="#li1881">1881</a>; þonon, <a href="#li520">520</a>, <a href="#li1374">1374</a>, <a href="#li2409">2409</a>; þonan, <a href="#li820">820</a>, <a href="#li2360">2360</a>, <a href="#li2957">2957</a>.—2) personal: +þanon untȳdras ealle on-wōcon (<i>from him</i>, i.e. Cain, etc.), <a href="#li111">111</a>; +so, þanan, <a href="#li1266">1266</a>; þonon, <a href="#li1961">1961</a>; unsōfte þonon feorh oð-ferede (i.e. from +Grendel's mother), <a href="#li2141">2141</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthā">þā</a>, adv.: l) <i>there, then</i>, <a href="#li3">3</a>, <a href="#li26">26</a>, <a href="#li28">28</a>, <a href="#li34">34</a>, <a href="#li47">47</a>, <a href="#li53">53</a>, etc. +With þǣr: þā þǣr, <a href="#li331">331</a>. With nū: nū þā (<i>now then</i>), <a href="#li658">658</a>.—2) +conjunction, <i>when, as, since</i>, w. indic., <a href="#li461">461</a>, <a href="#li539">539</a>, <a href="#li633">633</a>, +etc.;—<i>because, whilst, during, since</i>, <a href="#li402">402</a>, <a href="#li465">465</a>, <a href="#li724">724</a>, <a href="#li2551">2551</a>, +etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltht">þt</a>, I. demons, pron. acc. neut. of se: demons, nom. þt +(<i>that</i>), <a href="#li735">735</a>, <a href="#li766">766</a>, etc.; instr. sg. <b>þȳ</b>, <a href="#li1798">1798</a>, <a href="#li2029">2029</a>; þt ic þȳ +wǣpne ge-brd (<i>that I brandished as(?) a weapon; that I brandished the +weapon?</i>), <a href="#li1665">1665</a>; þȳ weorðra (<i>the more honored</i>), <a href="#li1903">1903</a>; þȳ sēft +(<i>the more easily</i>), <a href="#li2750">2750</a>; þȳ lǣs hym ȳðe þrym wudu wynsuman +for-wrecan meahte (<i>lest the force of the waves the winsome boat might +carry away</i>), <a href="#li1919">1919</a>; nō þȳ ǣr (<i>not sooner</i>), <a href="#li755">755</a>, <a href="#li1503">1503</a>, <a href="#li2082">2082</a>, <a href="#li2374">2374</a>, +<a href="#li2467">2467</a>; nō þȳ leng (<i>no longer, none the longer</i>), <a href="#li975">975</a>. <b>þȳ</b> =adv., +<i>therefore, hence</i>, <a href="#li1274">1274</a>, <a href="#li2068">2068</a>; <b>þē ... þē</b> = <i>on this account; +for this reason ... that, because</i>, <a href="#li2639">2639-2642</a>; wiste þē geornor (<i>knew +but too well</i>), <a href="#li822">822</a>; hē ... ws sundes þē sǣnra þē hine swylt fornam +(<i>he was the slower in swimming as [whom?] death carried him off</i>), +<a href="#li1437">1437</a>; ns him wihte þē sēl (<i>it was none the better for him</i>), <a href="#li2688">2688</a>; +so, <a href="#li2278">2278</a>. Gen. sg. <b>þs</b> = adv., <i>for this reason, therefore</i>, <a href="#li7">7</a>, +<a href="#li16">16</a>, <a href="#li114">114</a>, <a href="#li350">350</a>, <a href="#li589">589</a>, <a href="#li901">901</a>, <a href="#li1993">1993</a>, <a href="#li2027">2027</a>, <a href="#li2033">2033</a>, etc. <b>þs þe</b>, especially +after verbs of thanking, = <i>because</i>, <a href="#li108">108</a>, <a href="#li228">228</a>, <a href="#li627">627</a>, <a href="#li1780">1780</a>, <a href="#li2798">2798</a>;—also += secundum quod: þs þe hīe gewislīcost ge-witan meahton, +<a href="#li1351">1351</a>;—<i>therefore, accordingly</i>, <a href="#li1342">1342</a>, <a href="#li3001">3001</a>; tō þs (<i>to that point; +to that degree</i>), <a href="#li715">715</a>, <a href="#li1586">1586</a>, <a href="#li1617">1617</a>, <a href="#li1968">1968</a>, <a href="#li2411">2411</a>; þs georne (<i>so +firmly</i>), <a href="#li969">969</a>; ac hē þs fste ws ... besmiðod (<i>it was too firmly +set</i>), <a href="#li774">774</a>; nō þs frōd leofað gumena bearna þt þone grund wite +(<i>none liveth among men so wise that he should know its bottom</i>), +<a href="#li1368">1368</a>; hē þs (þǣm, MS.) mōdig ws (<i>had the courage for it</i>), <a href="#li1509">1509</a>.</p> + +<p>II. conj. (relative), <i>that, so that</i>, <a href="#li15">15</a>, <a href="#li62">62</a>, <a href="#li84">84</a>, <a href="#li221">221</a>, <a href="#li347">347</a>, <a href="#li358">358</a>, <a href="#li392">392</a>, +<a href="#li571">571</a>, etc.; oð þt (<i>up to that, until</i>); see <a class="glentry" href="#gloth">oð</a>.</p> + +<p>þtte (from þt þe, see <a class="glentry" href="#glthe">þē</a>), <i>that</i>, <a href="#li151">151</a>, <a href="#li859">859</a>, <a href="#li1257">1257</a>, <a href="#li2925">2925</a>, +etc.; þt þe (<i>that</i>), <a href="#li1847">1847</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthǣr">þǣr</a>: 1) demons. adv., <i>there (where)</i>, <a href="#li32">32</a>, <a href="#li36">36</a>, <a href="#li89">89</a>, <a href="#li400">400</a>, <a href="#li757">757</a>, +etc.; morðor-bealo māga, þǣr hēo ǣr mǣste hēold worolde wynne (<i>the +death-bale of kinsmen where before she had most worldly joy</i>), <a href="#li1080">1080</a>. +With þā: þā þǣr, <a href="#li331">331</a>; þǣr on innan (<i>therein</i>), <a href="#li71">71</a>. Almost like Eng. +expletive <i>there</i>, <a href="#li271">271</a>, <a href="#li550">550</a>, <a href="#li978">978</a>, etc.;—<i>then, at that time</i>, +<a href="#li440">440</a>;—<i>thither</i>: þǣr swīð-ferhðe sittan ēodon (<i>thither went the +bold ones to sit</i>, i.e. to the bench), <a href="#li493">493</a>, etc.—2) relative, +<i>where</i>, <a href="#li356">356</a>, <a href="#li420">420</a>, <a href="#li508">508</a>, <a href="#li513">513</a>, <a href="#li522">522</a>, <a href="#li694">694</a>, <a href="#li867">867</a>, etc.; ēode ... þǣr se +snottra bād (<i>went where the wise one tarried</i>), <a href="#li1314">1314</a>; so, +<a href="#li1816">1816</a>;—<i>if</i>, <a href="#li763">763</a>, <a href="#li798">798</a>, <a href="#li1836">1836</a>, <a href="#li2731">2731</a>, etc.;—<i>whither</i>: gā þǣr hē +wille, <a href="#li1395">1395</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthe">þē, þe</a>, I. relative particle, indecl., partly standing alone, +partly associated with se, sēo, þt: Hunferð maðelode, þē t fōtum +st (<i>H., who sat at his feet, spake</i>), <a href="#li500">500</a>; so, <a href="#li138">138</a>, etc.; ws +þt gewin tō swȳð þē on þā lēode be-cōm (<i>the misery that had come +on the people was too great</i>), <a href="#li192">192</a>, etc.; ic wille ... þē þā +and-sware ǣdre ge-cȳðan þē mē se gōda ā-gifan þenceð (<i>I will +straightway tell thee the answer that the good one shall give</i>), +<a href="#li355">355</a>; oð þone ānne dg þē hē ... (<i>till that very day that +he</i> ...), <a href="#li2401">2401</a>; hēo þā fǣhðe wrc þē þū ... Grendel cwealdest +(<i>the fight in which thou slewest G.</i>), <a href="#li1335">1335</a>; mid þǣre sorge þē +him sīo sār belamp (<i>with the sorrow wherewith the pain had visited +him</i>), <a href="#li2469">2469</a>; pl. þonne þā dydon þē ... (<i>than they did that</i> +...), <a href="#li45">45</a>; so, <a href="#li378">378</a>, <a href="#li1136">1136</a>; þā māðmas þē hē mē sealde (<i>the treasures +that he gave me</i>), <a href="#li2491">2491</a>; so, ginfstan gife þē him god sealde +(<i>the great gifts that God had given him</i>), <a href="#li2183">2183</a>. After þāra þe +(<i>of those that</i>), the depend. verb often takes sg. instead of +pl. (Dietrich, Haupt XI., 444 seqq.): wundor-sīona fela secga +ge-hwylcum þāra þe on swylc starað (<i>to each of those that look on +such</i>), <a href="#li997">997</a>; so, <a href="#li844">844</a>, <a href="#li1462">1462</a>, <a href="#li2384">2384</a>, <a href="#li2736">2736</a>. Strengthened by se, sēo, +þt: sgde sē þe cūðe (<i>said he that knew</i>), <a href="#li90">90</a>; ws se grimma +gst Grendel hāten, sē þe mōras hēold (<i>the grim stranger hight +Grendel, he that held the moors</i>), <a href="#li103">103</a>; here-byrne ... sēo þe +bān-cofan beorgan cūðe (<i>the corselet that could protect the +body</i>), <a href="#li1446">1446</a>, etc.; þǣr ge-lȳfan sceal dryhtnes dōme sē þe hine +dēað nimeð (<i>he shall believe in God's judgment whom death carrieth +off</i>), <a href="#li441">441</a>; so, <a href="#li1437">1437</a>, <a href="#li1292">1292</a> (cf. Heliand I., 1308).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glths the">þs þe</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gltht">þt</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthēah the">þēah þe</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glthēah">þēah</a>.</p> + +<p>for <b>þām þe</b>. See for-<a class="glentry" href="#glfortham">þām</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthȳ">þȳ, þē</a>, <i>the, by that</i>, instr. of se: āhte ic holdra þȳ lǣs ... +þē dēað for-nam (<i>I had the less friends whom death snatched away</i>), +<a href="#li488">488</a>; so, <a href="#li1437">1437</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltheccan">þeccan</a>, w. v., <i>to cover</i> (thatch), <i>cover over</i>: +inf. þā sceal brond fretan, ǣled þeccean (<i>fire shall eat, flame +shall cover, the treasures</i>), <a href="#li3016">3016</a>; pret. pl. þǣr git ēagor-strēam +earmum þehton (<i>in swimming</i>), <a href="#li513">513</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthegn">þegn</a>, st. m., <i>thane, liegeman, king's higher vassal; +knight</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li235">235</a>, <a href="#li494">494</a>, <a href="#li868">868</a>, <a href="#li2060">2060</a>, <a href="#li2710">2710</a>; (Bēowulf), <a href="#li194">194</a>; +(Wīglāf), <a href="#li2722">2722</a>; acc. sg. þegen (Bēowulf, MS. þegn), <a href="#li1872">1872</a>; dat. sg. +þegne, <a href="#li1342">1342</a>, <a href="#li1420">1420</a>; (Hengest), <a href="#li1086">1086</a>; (Wīglāf), <a href="#li2811">2811</a>; gen. sg. þegnes, +<a href="#li1798">1798</a>; nom. pl. þegnas, <a href="#li1231">1231</a>; acc. pl. þegnas, <a href="#li1082">1082</a>, <a href="#li3122">3122</a>; dat. pl. +þegnum, <a href="#li2870">2870</a>; gen. pl. þegna, <a href="#li123">123</a>, <a href="#li400">400</a>, <a href="#li1628">1628</a>, <a href="#li1674">1674</a>, <a href="#li1830">1830</a>, <a href="#li2034">2034</a>, +etc.—Comp.: ambiht-, ealdor-, heal-, magu-, sele-þegn.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthegnian">þegnian, þēnian</a>, w. v., <i>to serve, do liege service</i>: +pret. sg. ic him þēnode dēoran sweorde (<i>I served them with my good +sword</i>, i.e. slew them with it), <a href="#li560">560</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthegnsorh">þegn-sorh</a>, st. f., <i>thane-sorrow, grief for a liegeman</i>: +acc. sg. þegn-sorge, <a href="#li131">131</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthegu">þegu</a>, st. f., <i>taking</i>: in comp.: bēah-, bēor-, sinc-þegu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthel">þel</a>, st. n., <i>deal-board, board for benches</i>: in comp. +benc-þel, <a href="#li486">486</a>, <a href="#li1240">1240</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthencan">þencan</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to think</i>: absolutely: pres. sg. III. +sē þe wēl þenceð, <a href="#li289">289</a>; so, <a href="#li2602">2602</a>. With depend. clause: pres. sg. nǣnig +heora þōhte þt hē ... (<i>none of them thought that he</i>), <a href="#li692">692</a>.—2) +w. inf., <i>to intend</i>: pres. sg. III. þā and-sware ... þē mē se +gōda ā-gifan þenceð (<i>the answer that the good one intendeth to give +me</i>), <a href="#li355">355</a>; (blōdig wl) byrgean þenceð, <a href="#li448">448</a>; þonne hē ... gegān +þenceð longsumne lof (<i>if he will win eternal fame</i>), <a href="#li1536">1536</a>; pret. +sg. nē þt āglǣca yldan þōhte (<i>the monster did not mean to delay +that</i>), <a href="#li740">740</a>; pret. pl. wit unc wið hronfixas werian þōhton, <a href="#li541">541</a>; +(hine) on healfa ge-hwone hēawan þōhton, <a href="#li801">801</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-þencan, <i>to intend, think out</i>: pret. sg. (hē) þis ellen-weorc +āna ā-þōhte tō ge-fremmanne, <a href="#li2644">2644</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-þencan, w. acc.: 1) <i>to think of</i>: þt hē his selfa ne mg ... +ende ge-þencean (<i>so that he himself may not think of, know, its +limit</i>), <a href="#li1735">1735</a>.—2) <i>to be mindful</i>: imper. sg. ge-þenc nū ... +hwt wit geō sprǣcon, <a href="#li1475">1475</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthenden">þenden</a>: 1) adv., <i>at this time, then, whilst</i>: nalles +fācen-stafas Þēod-Scyldingas þenden fremedon (<i>not at all at this +time had the Scyldings done foul deeds</i>), <a href="#li1020">1020</a> (referring to <a href="#li1165">1165</a>; +cf. Wīdsīð, 45 seqq.); þenden rēafode rinc ōðerne (<i>whilst one +warrior robbed another</i>, i.e. Eofor robbed Ongenþēow), <a href="#li2986">2986</a>.—2) +conj., <i>so long as, whilst</i>, <a href="#li30">30</a>, <a href="#li57">57</a>, <a href="#li284">284</a>, <a href="#li1860">1860</a>, <a href="#li2039">2039</a>, <a href="#li2500">2500</a>, +<a href="#li3028">3028</a>;—<i>whilst</i>, <a href="#li2419">2419</a>. With subj., <i>whilst, as long as</i>: +þenden þū mōte, <a href="#li1178">1178</a>; þenden þū lifige, <a href="#li1255">1255</a>; þenden hyt sȳ (<i>whilst +the heat lasts</i>), <a href="#li2650">2650</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthengel">þengel</a>, st. m., <i>prince, lord, ruler</i>: acc. sg. hringa +þengel (Bēowulf), <a href="#li1508">1508</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthes">þes</a> (m.), <b>þēos</b> (f.), <b>þis</b> (n.), demons. pron., +<i>this</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li411">411</a>, <a href="#li432">432</a>, <a href="#li1703">1703</a>; f., <a href="#li484">484</a>; nom. acc. neut., <a href="#li2156">2156</a>, +<a href="#li2252">2252</a>, <a href="#li2644">2644</a>; þȳs, <a href="#li1396">1396</a>; acc. sg. m. þisne, <a href="#li75">75</a>; f. þās, <a href="#li1682">1682</a>; dat. sg. +neut. þissum, <a href="#li1170">1170</a>; þyssum, <a href="#li2640">2640</a>; f. þisse, <a href="#li639">639</a>; gen. m. þisses, <a href="#li1217">1217</a>; +f. þisse, <a href="#li929">929</a>; neut. þysses, <a href="#li791">791</a>, <a href="#li807">807</a>; nom. pl. and acc. þās, <a href="#li1623">1623</a>, +<a href="#li1653">1653</a>, <a href="#li2636">2636</a>, <a href="#li2641">2641</a>; dat. þyssum, <a href="#li1063">1063</a>, <a href="#li1220">1220</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthē">þē</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gltht">þt</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthēh">þēh</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glthēah">þēah</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthearf">þearf</a>, st. f., <i>need</i>: nom. sg. þearf, <a href="#li1251">1251</a>, <a href="#li2494">2494</a>, <a href="#li2638">2638</a>; +þā him ws manna þearf (<i>as he was in need of men</i>), <a href="#li201">201</a>; acc. +sg. þearfe, <a href="#li1457">1457</a>, <a href="#li2580">2580</a>, <a href="#li2850">2850</a>; fremmað gē nū lēoda þearfe (<i>do ye +now what is needful for the folk</i>), <a href="#li2802">2802</a>; dat. sg. t þearfe, <a href="#li1478">1478</a>, +<a href="#li1526">1526</a>, <a href="#li2695">2695</a>, <a href="#li2710">2710</a>; acc. pl. se for andrysnum ealle beweotede þegnes +þearfe (<i>who would supply in courtesy all the thane's needs</i>), +<a href="#li1798">1798</a> (cf. sele-þegn, <a href="#li1795">1795</a>.—Comp.: firen-, nearo-, ofer-þearf.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthearf">þearf</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glthurfan">þurfan</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgethearfian">þearfian</a>, w. v., = <i>necessitatem imponere</i>: pret. part. +þā him swā ge-þearfod ws (<i>since so they found it necessary</i>), +<a href="#li1104">1104</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthearle">þearle</a>, adv., <i>very, exceedingly</i>, <a href="#li560">560</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthēah">þēah, þēh</a>, conj., <i>though, even though</i> or <i>if</i>: 1) +with subj. þēah, <a href="#li203">203</a>, <a href="#li526">526</a>, <a href="#li588">588</a>, <a href="#li590">590</a>, <a href="#li1168">1168</a>, <a href="#li1661">1661</a>, <a href="#li2032">2032</a>, <a href="#li2162">2162</a>. +Strengthened by þe: þēah þe, <a href="#li683">683</a>, <a href="#li1369">1369</a>, <a href="#li1832">1832</a>, <a href="#li1928">1928</a>, <a href="#li1942">1942</a>, <a href="#li2345">2345</a>, <a href="#li2620">2620</a>; +þēah ... eal (<i>although</i>), <a href="#li681">681</a>.—2) with indic.: þēah, <a href="#li1103">1103</a>; þēh, +<a href="#li1614">1614</a>.—3) doubtful: þēah hē ūðe wēl, <a href="#li2856">2856</a>; swā þēah +(<i>nevertheless</i>), <a href="#li2879">2879</a>; nō ... swā þēah (<i>not then +however</i>), <a href="#li973">973</a>; ns þē forht swā þēh (<i>he was not, though, +afraid</i>), <a href="#li2968">2968</a>; hwðre swā þēah (<i>yet however</i>), <a href="#li2443">2443</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthēaw">þēaw</a>, st. m., <i>custom, usage</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li178">178</a>, <a href="#li1247">1247</a>; acc. +sg. þēaw, <a href="#li359">359</a>; instr. pl. þēawum (<i>in accordance with custom</i>), +<a href="#li2145">2145</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthed">þed</a>, st. f.: 1) <i>war-troop, retainers</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li644">644</a>, +<a href="#li1231">1231</a>, <a href="#li1251">1251</a>.—2) <i>nation, folk</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1692">1692</a>; gen. pl. þēoda, +<a href="#li1706">1706</a>.—Comp.: sige-, wer-þēod.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthēodcyning">þēod-cyning</a>, st. m., (=folc-cyning), <i>warrior-king, king of +the people</i>: nom. sg. (Hrōðgār), <a href="#li2145">2145</a>; (Ongenþēow), <a href="#li2964">2964</a>, <a href="#li2971">2971</a>; +þīod-cyning (Bēowulf), <a href="#li2580">2580</a>; acc. sg. þēod-cyning (Bēowulf), <a href="#li3009">3009</a>; +gen. sg. þēod-cyninges (Bēowulf), <a href="#li2695">2695</a>; gen. pl. þēod-cyninga, <a href="#li2">2</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthēoden">þēoden</a>, st. m., <i>lord of a troop, war-chief, king; ruler</i>: +nom. sg., <a href="#li129">129</a>, <a href="#li365">365</a>, <a href="#li417">417</a>, <a href="#li1047">1047</a>, <a href="#li1210">1210</a>, <a href="#li1676">1676</a>, etc.; þīoden, <a href="#li2337">2337</a>, <a href="#li2811">2811</a>; +acc. sg. þēoden, <a href="#li34">34</a>, <a href="#li201">201</a>, <a href="#li353">353</a>, <a href="#li1599">1599</a>, <a href="#li2385">2385</a>, <a href="#li2722">2722</a>, <a href="#li2884">2884</a>, <a href="#li3080">3080</a>; þīoden, +<a href="#li2789">2789</a>; dat. sg. þēodne, <a href="#li345">345</a>, <a href="#li1526">1526</a>, <a href="#li1993">1993</a>, <a href="#li2573">2573</a>, <a href="#li2710">2710</a>, etc.; þēoden, +<a href="#li2033">2033</a>; gen. sg. þēodnes <a href="#li798">798</a>, <a href="#li911">911</a>, <a href="#li1086">1086</a>, <a href="#li1628">1628</a>, <a href="#li1838">1838</a>, <a href="#li2175">2175</a>; þīodnes, +<a href="#li2657">2657</a>; nom. pl. þēodnas, <a href="#li3071">3071</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthēodenlēas">þēoden-lēas</a>, adj., <i>without chief</i> or <i>king</i>: nom. +pl. þēoden-lēase, <a href="#li1104">1104</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthēodgestrēon">þēod-gestrēon</a>, st. n., <i>people's-jewel, precious +treasure</i>: instr. pl. þēod-ge-strēonum, <a href="#li44">44</a>; gen. pl. +þēod-ge-strēona, <a href="#li1219">1219</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthēodig">þēodig</a>, adj., <i>appertaining to a</i> þēod: in comp. +el-þēodig.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthēodscatha">þēod-scaða</a>, w. m., <i>foe of the people, general foe</i>: nom. +sg. þēod-sceaða (<i>the dragon</i>), <a href="#li2279">2279</a>, <a href="#li2689">2689</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthēodthrēa">þēod-þrēa</a>, st. f. m., <i>popular misery, general distress</i>: +dat. pl. wið þēod-þrēaum, <a href="#li178">178</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthēof">þēof</a>, st. m., <i>thief</i>: gen. sg. þēofes crfte, <a href="#li2221">2221</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthēon">þēon</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to grow, ripen, thrive</i>: pret. sg. +weorðmyndum þāh (<i>grew in glory</i>), <a href="#li8">8</a>.—2) <i>to thrive in, +succeed</i>: pret. sg. hūru þt on lande lȳt manna þāh (<i>that throve +to few</i>), <a href="#li2837">2837</a>. See <a href="#note901">Note, l. 901</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-þēon, <i>to grow, thrive; increase in power and influence</i>: +imper. ge-þēoh tela, <a href="#li1219">1219</a>; inf. lof-dǣdum sceal ... man geþēon, <a href="#li25">25</a>; +þt þt þēodnes bearn ge-þēon scolde, <a href="#li911">911</a>.</p> + +<p>on-þēon? <i>to begin, undertake</i>, w. gen.: pret. hē þs ǣr onþāh, +<a href="#li901">901</a>. [In MS. Emended in text.--KTH] See <a href="#note901">Note l. 901</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthēon2">þēon</a> (for <b>þēowan</b>), w. v., <i>to oppress, restrain</i>: +inf. ns se folc-cyning ymb-sittendra ǣnig þāra þe mec ... dorste +egesan þēon (<i>that durst oppress me with terror</i>), <a href="#li2737">2737</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthēostor">þēostor</a>, adj., <i>dark, gloomy</i>: instr. pl. þēostrum +ge-þoncum, <a href="#li2333">2333</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthēow">þēow</a>, st. m., <i>slave, serf</i> <a href="#li2225">2225</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthicgan">þicgan</a>, st. v. w. acc., <i>to seize, attain, eat, +appropriate</i>: inf. þt hē (Grendel) mā mōste manna cynnes þicgean +ofer þā niht, <a href="#li737">737</a>; symbel þicgan (<i>take the meal, enjoy the +feast</i>), <a href="#li1011">1011</a>; pret. pl. þt hīe mē þēgon, <a href="#li563">563</a>; þǣr wē medu þēgun, +<a href="#li2634">2634</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-þicgan, w. acc., <i>to grasp, take</i>: pret. sg. (symbel and sele-ful, +ful) ge-þeah, <a href="#li619">619</a>, <a href="#li629">629</a>; Bēowulf ge-þah ful on flette, <a href="#li1025">1025</a>; pret. pl. +(medo-ful manig) ge-þǣgon, <a href="#li1015">1015</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthider">þider, þyder</a>, adv., <i>thither</i>: þyder, <a href="#li3087">3087</a>, <a href="#li379">379</a>, <a href="#li2971">2971</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthihtig">þīhtig, þȳhtig</a>, adj., <i>doughty, vigorous, firm</i>: acc. sg. +neut. sweord ... ecgum þȳhtig, <a href="#li1559">1559</a>.—Comp. hyge-þīhtig.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthincan">þincan</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glthyncan">þyncan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthing">þing</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>thing</i>: gen. pl. ǣnige þinga (<i>ullo +modo</i>), <a href="#li792">792</a>, <a href="#li2375">2375</a>, <a href="#li2906">2906</a>.—2) <i>affair, contest, controversy</i>: +nom. sg. mē wearð Grendles þing ... undyrne cūð (<i>Grendel's doings +became known to me</i>), <a href="#li409">409</a>.—3) <i>judgment, issue, judicial +assembly</i>(?): acc. sg. sceal ... āna gehegan þing wið þyrse +(<i>shall bring the matter alone to an issue against the giant</i>: +see <a class="glentry" href="#glhegan">hegan</a>), <a href="#li426">426</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-þing, st. n.: 1) <i>terms, covenant</i>: acc. pl. ge-þingo, +<a href="#li1086">1086</a>.—2) <i>fate, providence, issue</i>: gen. sg. ge-þinges, <a href="#li398">398</a>, +<a href="#li710">710</a>; (ge-þingea, MS.), <a href="#li525">525</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgethingan">þingan</a>, st. v., <i>to grow, mature, thrive</i> (Dietrich, +Haupt IX., 430): pret. part. cwēn mōde ge-þungen (<i>mature-minded, +high-spirited, queen</i>), <a href="#li625">625</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glwelthungen">wēl-þungen</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="#glgethingan2">þingan</a> (see ge-<a class="glentry" href="#glgething">þing</a>), w. v.: 1) <i>to conclude a +treaty</i>: w. refl. dat, <i>enter into a treaty</i>: pres. sg. III. +gif him þonne Hrēðrīc tō hofum Gēata ge-þingeð <i>(if H. enters into a +treaty</i> (seeks aid at?) <i>with the court of the Gēatas</i>, +referring to the old German custom of princes entering the service or +suite of a foreign king), <a href="#li1838">1838</a>. Leo.—2) <i>to prepare, appoint</i>: +pret. part. wiste [t] þǣm āhlǣcan ... hilde ge-þinged, <a href="#li648">648</a>; hraðe ws +... mēce ge-þinged, <a href="#li1939">1939</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthingian">þingian</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to speak in an assembly, make an +address</i>: inf. ne hȳrde ic snotor-līcor on swā geongum feore guman +þingian (<i>I never heard a man so young speak so wisely</i>), +<a href="#li1844">1844</a>.—2) <i>to compound, settle, lay aside</i>: inf. ne wolde +feorh-bealo ... fēo þingian (<i>would not compound the life-bale for +money</i>), <a href="#li156">156</a>; so, pret. sg. þā fǣhðe fēo þingode, <a href="#li470">470</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthīhan">þīhan</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glthēon">þēon</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthin">þin</a>, possess, pron., <i>thy, thine</i>, <a href="#li267">267</a>, <a href="#li346">346</a>, <a href="#li353">353</a>, <a href="#li367">367</a>, +<a href="#li459">459</a>, etc.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgethōht">þōht</a>, st. m., <i>thought, plan</i>: acc. sg. ān-fealdne +ge-þōht, <a href="#li256">256</a>; fst-rǣdne ge-þōht, <a href="#li611">611</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltholian">þolian</a>, w. v. w. acc.: 1) <i>to endure, bear</i>: inf. +(inwid-sorge) þolian, <a href="#li833">833</a>; pres. sg. III. þrēa-nȳd þolað, <a href="#li284">284</a>; pret. +sg. þolode þrȳðswȳð, <a href="#li131">131</a>.—2) <i>to hold out, stand, survive</i>: +pres. sg. (intrans.) þenden þis sweord þolað (<i>as long as this sword +holds out</i>), <a href="#li2500">2500</a>; pret. sg. (sēo ecg) þolode ǣr fela hand-gemōta, +<a href="#li1526">1526</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-þolian: 1) <i>to suffer, bear, endure</i>: gerund. tō +ge-þolianne, <a href="#li1420">1420</a>; pret. sg. earfoð-lice þrāge ge-þolode..., þt hē +... drēam gehȳrde (<i>bore ill that he heard the sound of joy</i>), +<a href="#li87">87</a>; torn ge-þolode (<i>bore the misery</i>), <a href="#li147">147</a>.—2) <i>to have +patience, wait</i>: inf. þǣr hē longe sceal on þs waldendes wǣre +ge-þolian, <a href="#li3110">3110</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthon">þon</a> (Goth, þan) = <i>tum, then, now</i>, <a href="#li504">504</a>; fter þon +(<i>after that</i>), <a href="#li725">725</a>; ǣr þon dg cwōme (<i>ere day came</i>), <a href="#li732">732</a>; +nō þon lange (<i>it was not long till then</i>), <a href="#li2424">2424</a>; ns þā long tō +þon (<i>it was not long till then</i>), <a href="#li2592">2592</a>, <a href="#li2846">2846</a>; ws him se man tō +þon lēof þt ... <i>(the man was to that degree dear to him that +...</i>), <a href="#li1877">1877</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthonne:">þonne:</a> 1) adv., <i>there, then, now</i>, <a href="#li377">377</a>, <a href="#li435">435</a>, <a href="#li525">525</a>, <a href="#li1105">1105</a>, +<a href="#li1456">1456</a>, <a href="#li1485">1485</a>, <a href="#li1672">1672</a>, <a href="#li1823">1823</a>, <a href="#li3052">3052</a>, <a href="#li3098">3098</a>(?).—2) conj., <i>if, when, +while</i>: a) w. indic., <a href="#li573">573</a>, <a href="#li881">881</a>, <a href="#li935">935</a>, <a href="#li1034">1034</a>, <a href="#li1041">1041</a>, <a href="#li1043">1043</a>, <a href="#li1144">1144</a>, <a href="#li1286">1286</a>, +<a href="#li1327">1327</a>, <a href="#li1328">1328</a>, <a href="#li1375">1375</a>, etc.; þt ic gum-cystum gōdne funde bēaga bryttan, +brēac þonne mōste (<i>that I found a good ring-giver and enjoyed him +whilst I could</i>), <a href="#li1488">1488</a>. b) w. subj., <a href="#li23">23</a>, <a href="#li1180">1180</a>, <a href="#li3065">3065</a>; þonne ...þonne +(<i>then ... when</i>), <a href="#li484">484-85</a>, <a href="#li2447">2447-48</a>; gif þonne ...þonne (<i>if +then ... then</i>), <a href="#li1105">1105-1107</a>. c) <i>than</i> after comparatives, <a href="#li44">44</a>, +<a href="#li248">248</a>, <a href="#li469">469</a>, <a href="#li505">505</a>, <a href="#li534">534</a>, <a href="#li679">679</a>, <a href="#li1140">1140</a>, <a href="#li1183">1183</a>, etc.; a comparative must be +supplied, l. <a href="#li70">70</a>, before þone: þt hē ... hātan wolde medo-rn micel men +ge-wyrcean þone yldo bearn ǣfre ge-frūnon (<i>a great mead-house</i> +(greater) <i>than men had ever known</i>).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthracu">þracu</a>, st. f., <i>strength, boldness</i>: in comp. mōd-þracu; = +impetus in ecg-þracu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthrag">þrāg</a>, st. f., <i>period of time, time</i>: nom. sg. þā hine sīo +þrāg be-cwōm (<i>when the</i> [battle]-<i>hour befell him</i>), <a href="#li2884">2884</a>; +acc. sg. þrāge (<i>for a time</i>), <a href="#li87">87</a>; longe (lange) þrāge, <a href="#li54">54</a>, +<a href="#li114">114</a>.—Comp. earfoð-þrāg.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgethrc">þrc</a>, st. n., <i>multitude, crowd</i>: in comp. +searo-ge-þrc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthrecwudu">þrec-wudu</a>, st. m., (<i>might-wood</i>), <i>spear</i> (cf. +mgen-wudu): acc. sg., <a href="#li1247">1247</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthrēa">þrēa</a>, st. m. f., <i>misery, distress</i>: in comp. þēod-þrēa, +þrēa-nēdla, -nȳd.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthrēanēdla">þrēa-nēdla</a>, w. m., <i>crushing distress, misery</i>: dat. sg. +for þrēa-nēdlan, <a href="#li2225">2225</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthreanȳd">þrea-nȳd</a>, st. f., <i>oppression, distress</i>: acc. sg. +þrēa-nȳd, <a href="#li284">284</a>; dat. pl. þrēa-nȳdum, <a href="#li833">833</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthrēat">þrēat</a>, st. m., <i>troop, band</i>: dat. sg. on þām þrēate, +<a href="#li2407">2407</a>; dat. pl. sceaðena þrēatum, <a href="#li4">4</a>.—Comp. īren-þrēat.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthrēatian">þrēatian</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to press, oppress</i>: pret. pl. +mec ...þrēatedon, <a href="#li560">560</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthreotteotha">þreot-teoða</a>, num. adj. w. m., <i>thirteenth</i>: nom. sg. +þreot-teoða secg, <a href="#li2407">2407</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthrēo">þrēo</a>, num. (neut.), <i>three</i>: acc. þrīo wicg, <a href="#li2175">2175</a>; þrēo +hund wintra, <a href="#li2279">2279</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthridda">þridda</a>, num. adj. w. m., <i>third</i>: instr. þriddan sīðe, +<a href="#li2689">2689</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgethring">þring</a>, st. n., <i>eddy, whirlpool, crush</i>: acc. on holma +ge-þring, <a href="#li2133">2133</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthringan">þringan</a>, st. v., <i>to press</i>: pret. sg. wergendra tō lȳt +þrong ymbe þēoden (<i>too few defenders pressed round the prince</i>), +<a href="#li2884">2884</a>; pret. pl. syððan Hrēðlingas tō hagan þrungon (<i>after the +Hrethlingas had pressed into the hedge</i>), <a href="#li2961">2961</a>.</p> + +<p>for-þringan, <i>to press out; rescue, protect</i>: inf. þt hē ne +mehte ...þā wēa-lāfe wīge for-þringan þēodnes þegne (<i>that he could +not rescue the wretched remnant from the king's thane by war</i>), +<a href="#li1085">1085</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-þringan, <i>to press</i>: pret. sg. cēol up geþrang (<i>the ship +shot up</i>), i.e. on the shore in landing), <a href="#li1913">1913</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthritig">þrītig</a>, num., <i>thirty</i> (neut. subst.): acc. sg. w. +partitive gen.: þrītig þegna, <a href="#li123">123</a>; gen. þrīttiges (XXXtiges MS.) +manna, <a href="#li379">379</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthrīsthȳdig">þrīst-hȳdig</a>, adj., <i>bold-minded, valorous</i>: nom. sg. +þīoden þrīst-hȳdig (Bēowulf), <a href="#li2811">2811</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthrowian">þrowian</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to suffer, endure</i>: inf. (hāt, +gnorn) þrowian, <a href="#li2606">2606</a>, <a href="#li2659">2659</a>; pret. sg. þrowade, <a href="#li1590">1590</a>, <a href="#li1722">1722</a>; þrowode, +<a href="#li2595">2595</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthryth">þrȳð</a>, st. f., <i>abundance, multitude</i>, <i>excellence, +power</i>: instr. pl. þrȳðum (<i>excellently, extremely; excellent in +strength?</i>), <a href="#li494">494</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthrythrn">þrȳð-rn</a>, st. n., <i>excellent house, royal hall</i>: acc. sg. +(of Heorot), <a href="#li658">658</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthrythlīc">þrȳðlīc</a>, adj., <i>excellent, chosen</i>: nom. sg. þrȳð-līc +þegna hēap, <a href="#li400">400</a>, <a href="#li1628">1628</a>; superl. acc. pl. þrȳð-līcost, <a href="#li2870">2870</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthrȳthswȳth">þrȳð-swȳð</a>, st. n.?, <i>great pain</i> (?): acc., <a href="#li131">131</a>, <a href="#li737">737</a> [? +adj., <i>very powerful, exceeding strong</i>].</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthrythword">þrȳð-word</a>, st. n., <i>bold speech, choice discourse</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li644">644</a>. (Great store was set by good table-talk: cf. Lachmann's +Nibelunge, 1612; Rīgsmāl, 29, 7, in Mbius, p. 79b, 22.)</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthrym">þrym</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>power, might, force</i>: nom. sg. ȳða þrym, +<a href="#li1919">1919</a>; instr. pl. = adv. þrymmum (<i>powerfully</i>), <a href="#li235">235</a>.—2) +<i>glory, renown</i>: acc. sg. þrym, <a href="#li2">2</a>.—Comp. hyge-þrym.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthrymlīc">þrym-līc</a>, adj., <i>powerful, mighty</i>: nom. sg. þrec-wudu +þrym-līc (<i>the mighty spear</i>), <a href="#li1247">1247</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthū">þū</a>, pron., <i>thou</i>, <a href="#li366">366</a>, <a href="#li407">407</a>, <a href="#li445">445</a>, etc.; acc. sg. þec +(poetic), <a href="#li948">948</a>, <a href="#li2152">2152</a>, etc.; þē, <a href="#li417">417</a>, <a href="#li426">426</a>, <a href="#li517">517</a>, etc.; after compar. +sēlran þē (<i>a better one than thee</i>), <a href="#li1851">1851</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glge">gē</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthunca">þunca</a>, w. m. See f-<a class="glentry" href="#glfthunca">þunca</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgethungen">þungen</a>. See ge-<a class="glentry" href="#glgethingan">þingan</a>, st. v.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthurfan">þurfan</a>, pret.-pres. v., <i>to need</i>: pres. sg. II. nō þū ne +þearft ... sorgian (<i>needest not care</i>), <a href="#li450">450</a>; so, <a href="#li445">445</a>, <a href="#li1675">1675</a>; III. +ne þearf ... onsittan (<i>need not fear</i>), <a href="#li596">596</a>; so, <a href="#li2007">2007</a>, <a href="#li2742">2742</a>; pres. +subj. þt hē ... sēcean þurfe, <a href="#li2496">2496</a>; pret. sg. þorfte, <a href="#li157">157</a>, <a href="#li1027">1027</a>, <a href="#li1072">1072</a>, +<a href="#li2875">2875</a>, <a href="#li2996">2996</a>; pl. nealles Hetware hrēmge þorfton (i.e. wesan) fēðe-wīges +(<i>needed not boast of their foot-fight</i>), <a href="#li2365">2365</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgethuren">þuren</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glthweran">þweran</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthurh">þurh</a>, prep. w. acc. signifying motion through, hence: I. local, +<i>through, throughout</i>: wōd þā þurh þone wl-rēc (<i>went then +through the battle-reek</i>), <a href="#li2662">2662</a>.—II. causal: l) <i>on account of, +for the sake of, owing to</i>: þurh slīðne nīð (<i>through fierce +hostility, heathenism</i>), <a href="#li184">184</a>; þurh holdne hige (<i>from +friendliness</i>), <a href="#li267">267</a>; so, þurh rūmne sefan, <a href="#li278">278</a>; þurh sīdne sefan, +<a href="#li1727">1727</a>; ēoweð þurh egsan uncūðne nīð (<i>shows unheard-of hostility by +the terror he causes</i>), <a href="#li276">276</a>; so, <a href="#li1102">1102</a>, <a href="#li1336">1336</a>, <a href="#li2046">2046</a>. 2) <i>by means +of, through</i>: heaðo-rǣs for-nam mihtig mere-dēor þurh mīne hand, +<a href="#li558">558</a>; þurh ānes crft, <a href="#li700">700</a>; so, <a href="#li941">941</a>, <a href="#li1694">1694</a>, <a href="#li1696">1696</a>, <a href="#li1980">1980</a>, <a href="#li2406">2406</a>, <a href="#li3069">3069</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthus">þus</a>, adv., <i>so, thus</i>, <a href="#li238">238</a>, <a href="#li337">337</a>, <a href="#li430">430</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthunian">þunian</a>, w. v., <i>to din, sound forth</i>: pret. sg. sund-wudu +þunede, <a href="#li1907">1907</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthūsend">þūsend</a>, num., <i>thousand</i>: 1) fem. acc. ic þē þūsenda þegna +bringe tō helpe, <a href="#li1830">1830</a>.—2) neut. with measure of value (sceat) +omitted: acc. seofan þūsendo, <a href="#li2196">2196</a>; gen. hund-þūsenda landes and +locenra bēaga (100,000 <i>sceattas' worth of land and rings</i>), +<a href="#li2995">2995</a>.—3) uninflected: acc. þūsend wintra, <a href="#li3051">3051</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthwǣre">þwǣre</a>, adj., <i>affable, mild</i>: in comp. man-þwǣre.</p> + +<p>ge-þwǣre, adj., <i>gentle, mild</i>: nom. pl. ge-þwǣre, <a href="#li1231">1231</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgethweran">þweran</a>, st. v., <i>to forge, strike</i>: pret. part. +heoru ... hamere ge-þuren (for ge-þworen) (<i>hammer-forged sword</i>), +<a href="#li1286">1286</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthyhtig">þȳhtig</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glthihtig">þīhtig</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgethyld">þyld</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#gltholian">þolian</a>), st. f.: 1) <i>patience, +endurance</i>: acc. sg. ge-þyld, <a href="#li1396">1396</a>.—2) <i>steadfastness</i>: +instr. pl. = adv.: ge-þyldum (<i>steadfastly, patiently</i>), <a href="#li1706">1706</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthyle">þyle</a>, st. m., <i>spokesman, leader of the conversation at +court</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1166">1166</a>, <a href="#li1457">1457</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthyncan">þyncan, þincean</a>, w. v. w. dat. of pers., <i>to seem, +appear</i>: pres. sg. III. þinceð him tō lȳtel (<i>it seems to him too +little</i>), <a href="#li1749">1749</a>; ne þynceð mē gerysne, þt wē <i>(it seemeth to me +not fit that we</i> ...), <a href="#li2654">2654</a>; pres. pl. hȳ ... wyrðe þinceað eorla +ge-htlan (<i>they seem worthy contenders with</i> (?) <i>earls</i>; +or, <i>worthy warriors</i>), <a href="#li368">368</a>; pres. subj. swā him ge-met þince, +<a href="#li688">688</a>; inf. þincean, <a href="#li1342">1342</a>; pret. sg. þūhte, <a href="#li2462">2462</a>, <a href="#li3058">3058</a>; nō his līf-gedāl +sār-līc þūhte secga ǣnigum (<i>his death seemed painful to none of +men</i>), <a href="#li843">843</a>; pret. pl. þǣr him fold-wegas fgere þūhton, <a href="#li867">867</a>.</p> + +<p>of-þincan, <i>to displease, offend</i>: inf. mg þs þonne of-þyncan +þēoden (dat.) Heaðo-beardna and þegna gehwām þāra lēoda, <a href="#li2033">2033</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthyrs">þyrs</a>, st. m., <i>giant</i>: dat. sg. wið þyrse (Grendel), <a href="#li426">426</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthyslīc">þys-līc</a>, adj., <i>such, of such a nature</i>: nom. sg. fem. +þys-līcu þearf, <a href="#li2638">2638</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthȳ">þȳ</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gltht">þt</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthȳwan">þȳwan</a> (M.H.G. diuhen, O.H.G. duhan), w. v., <i>to crush, +oppress</i>: inf. gif þec ymb-sittend egesan þȳwað (<i>if thy +neighbors oppress thee with dread</i>), <a href="#li1828">1828</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthȳstru">þȳstru</a>, st. f., <i>darkness</i>: dat. pl. in þȳstrum, <a href="#li87">87</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgethȳwe">þȳwe</a>, adj., <i>customary, usual</i>: nom. sg. swā him +ge-þȳwe ne ws (<i>as was not his custom</i>), <a href="#li2333">2333</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossU">U</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glufan">ufan</a>, <i>adv., from above</i>, <a href="#li1501">1501</a>; <i>above</i>, <a href="#li330">330</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glufera">ufera</a> (prop. <i>higher</i>), adj., <i>later</i>: dat. pl. +ufaran dōgrum, <a href="#li2201">2201</a>, <a href="#li2393">2393</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glufor">ufor</a>, adv., <i>higher</i>, <a href="#li2952">2952</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glumbor">umbor</a>, st. n., <i>child, infant</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li46">46</a>; dat. sg., +<a href="#li1188">1188</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunblīthe">un-blīðe</a>, adv.(?), <i>unblithely, sorrowfully</i>, <a href="#li130">130</a>, <a href="#li2269">2269</a>; +(adj., nom. pl.?), <a href="#li3032">3032</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunbyrnende">un-byrnende</a>, pres. part., <i>unburning, without burning</i>, +<a href="#li2549">2549</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunc">unc</a>, dat. and acc. of the dual wit, <i>us two, to us two</i>, +<a href="#li1784">1784</a>, <a href="#li2138">2138</a>, <a href="#li2527">2527</a>; gen. hwðer ... uncer twēga (<i>which of us two</i>), +<a href="#li2533">2533</a>; uncer Grendles (<i>of us two, G. and me</i>), <a href="#li2003">2003</a>.</p> + +<p>uncer, poss. pron., <i>of us two</i>: nom. sg. [uncer], 2002(?); dat. +pl. uncran eaferan, <a href="#li1186">1186</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gluncūth">un-cūð</a>, adj.: 1) <i>unknown</i>: nom. sg. stīg ... eldum uncūð, +<a href="#li2215">2215</a>; acc. sg. neut. uncūð ge-lād (<i>unknown ways</i>), <a href="#li1411">1411</a>.—2) +<i>unheard-of, barbarous, evil</i>: acc. sg. un-cūðne nīð, <a href="#li276">276</a>; gen. +sg. un-cūðes (<i>of the foe</i>, Grendel), <a href="#li961">961</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunder">under</a>, I. prep. w. dat. and acc.: 1) w. dat., answering +question where? = <i>under</i> (of rest), contrasted with <i>over</i>: +bāt (ws) under beorge, <a href="#li211">211</a>; þā cwōm Wealhþēo forð gān under gyldnum +bēage (<i>W. walked forth under a golden circlet</i>, i.e. decked +with), <a href="#li1164">1164</a>; siððan hē under segne sine ealgode (<i>under his +banner</i>), <a href="#li1205">1205</a>; hē under rande ge-cranc (<i>sank under his +shield</i>), <a href="#li1210">1210</a>; under wolcnum, <a href="#li8">8</a>, <a href="#li1632">1632</a>; under heofenum, <a href="#li52">52</a>, <a href="#li505">505</a>; +under roderum, <a href="#li310">310</a>; under helme, <a href="#li342">342</a>, <a href="#li404">404</a>; under here-grīman, <a href="#li396">396</a>, +<a href="#li2050">2050</a>, <a href="#li2606">2606</a>; so, <a href="#li711">711</a>, <a href="#li1198">1198</a>, <a href="#li1303">1303</a>, <a href="#li1929">1929</a>, <a href="#li2204">2204</a>, <a href="#li2416">2416</a>, <a href="#li3061">3061</a>, <a href="#li3104">3104</a>.—2) w. +acc.: a) answering question whither? = <i>under</i> (of motion): þā +secg wīsode under Heorotes hrōf, <a href="#li403">403</a>; siððan ǣfen-lēoht under heofenes +hādor be-holen weorðeð, <a href="#li414">414</a>; under sceadu bregdan, <a href="#li708">708</a>; flēon under +fen-hleoðu, <a href="#li821">821</a>; hond ālegde ... under gēapne hrōf, <a href="#li837">837</a>; tēon in under +eoderas, <a href="#li1038">1038</a>; so, <a href="#li1361">1361</a>, <a href="#li1746">1746</a>, <a href="#li2129">2129</a>, <a href="#li2541">2541</a>, <a href="#li2554">2554</a>, <a href="#li2676">2676</a>, <a href="#li2745">2745</a>; so, hfde +þā for-sīðod sunu Ecg-þēowes under gynne grund, <a href="#li1552">1552</a> (for-sīðian +requires acc.). b) after verbs of venturing and fighting, with acc. of +object had in view: hē under hārne stān ...āna ge-nēðde frēcne dǣde, +<a href="#li888">888</a>; ne dorste under ȳða ge-win aldre ge-nēðan, <a href="#li1470">1470</a>. c) indicating +extent, with acc. after expressions of limit, etc.: under swegles +begong (<i>as far as the sky extends</i>), <a href="#li861">861</a>, <a href="#li1774">1774</a>; under heofenes +hwealf (<i>as far as heaven's vault reaches</i>), <a href="#li2016">2016</a>.</p> + +<p>II. Adv., <i>beneath, below</i>: stīg under lg (<i>a path lay +beneath</i>, i.e. the rock), <a href="#li2214">2214</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glundernmǣl">undern-mǣl</a>, st. n., <i>midday</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1429">1429</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glundyrne">un-dyrne, un-derne</a>, adj., <i>without concealment, plain, +clear</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li127">127</a>, <a href="#li2001">2001</a>; un-derne, <a href="#li2912">2912</a>.</p> + +<p>un-dyrne, adv., <i>plainly, evidently</i>; un-dyrne cūð, <a href="#li150">150</a>, <a href="#li410">410</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunfger">un-fǣger</a>, adj., <i>unlovely, hideous</i>: nom. sg. lēoht +un-fǣger, <a href="#li728">728</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunfǣcne">un-fǣcne</a>, adj., <i>without malice, sincere</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2069">2069</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunfǣge">un-fǣge</a>, adj., <i>not death-doomed</i> or "<i>fey</i>": nom. +sg., <a href="#li2292">2292</a>; acc. sg. un-fǣgne eorl, <a href="#li573">573</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunflitme">un-flitme</a>, adv., <i>solemnly, incontestably</i>: Finn Hengeste +elne unflitme āðum benemde (<i>F. swore solemnly to H. with oaths</i>) +[if an adj., elne un-f. = <i>unconquerable in valor</i>], <a href="#li1098">1098</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunforht">un-forht</a>, adj., <i>fearless, bold</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li287">287</a>; acc. pl. +unforhte (adv.?), <a href="#li444">444</a>. See <a href="#note444">Note</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunfrom">un-from</a>, adj., <i>unfit, unwarlike</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2189">2189</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunfrōd">un-frōd</a>, adj., <i>not aged, young</i>: dat sg. guman un-frōdum, +<a href="#li2822">2822</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glungedēfelīce">un-gedēfelīce</a>, adv., <i>unjustly, contrary to right and +custom</i>, <a href="#li2436">2436</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glungemete">un-gemete</a>, adv., <i>immeasurably, exceedingly</i>, <a href="#li2421">2421</a>, <a href="#li2722">2722</a>, +<a href="#li2729">2729</a>.</p> + +<p>un-gemetes, adv. gen. sg., the same, <a href="#li1793">1793</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glungeāra">un-geāra</a>, adv., (<i>not old</i>), <i>recently, lately</i>, <a href="#li933">933</a>; +<i>soon</i>, <a href="#li603">603</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glungifethe">un-gifeðe</a>, adj., <i>not to be granted; refused</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li2922">2922</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunglēaw">un-glēaw</a>, adj., <i>regardless, reckless</i>: acc. sg. +sweord ... ecgum unglēaw (of a sharp-edged sword), <a href="#li2565">2565</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunhār">un-hār</a>, adj., <i>very gray</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li357">357</a>; (<i>bald</i>?).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunhǣlo">un-hǣlo</a>, st. f., <i>mischief, destruction</i>: gen. sg. wiht +un-hǣlo (<i>the demon of destruction</i>, Grendel), <a href="#li120">120</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunhēore">un-hēore, un-hȳre</a>, adj., <i>monstrous, horrible</i>: nom. sg. +m., weard un-hīore (the dragon), <a href="#li2414">2414</a>; neut. wīf un-hȳre (Grendel's +mother), <a href="#li2121">2121</a>; nom. pl. neut. hand-sporu ... unhēoru (of Grendel's +claws), <a href="#li988">988</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunhlytme">un-hlytme, un-hlitme</a>, adv. (cf. A.S. hlytm = <i>lot</i>; O.N. +hluti = <i>part division</i>), <i>undivided, unseparated</i>, +<i>united</i>, <a href="#li1130">1130</a> [unless = un-flitme, 1098]. See <a href="#note1130">Note</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunlēof">un-lēof</a>, adj., <i>hated</i>: acc. pl. seah on un-lēofe, <a href="#li2864">2864</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunlifigende">un-lifigende</a>, pres. part., <i>unliving, lifeless</i>: nom. sg. +un-lifigende, <a href="#li468">468</a>; acc. sg. un-lyfigendne, <a href="#li1309">1309</a>; dat. sg. +un-lifgendum, <a href="#li1390">1390</a>; gen. sg. un-lyfigendes, <a href="#li745">745</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunlȳtel">un-lȳtel</a>, adj., <i>not little, very large</i>: nom. sg. duguð +un-lȳtel (<i>a great band of warriors</i>? or <i>great joy</i>?), <a href="#li498">498</a>; +dōm un-lȳtel (<i>no little glory</i>), <a href="#li886">886</a>; acc. sg. torn un-lȳtel +(<i>very great shame, misery</i>), <a href="#li834">834</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunmurnlīce">un-murnlīce</a>, adv., <i>unpityingly, without sorrowing</i>, <a href="#li449">449</a>, +<a href="#li1757">1757</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunnan">unnan</a>, pret.-pres. v., <i>to grant, give; wish, will</i>: +pret.-pres. sg. I. ic þē an tela sinc-gestrēona, <a href="#li1226">1226</a>; weak pret. sg. +I. ūðe ic swīðor þt þū hine selfne ge-sēon mōste, <a href="#li961">961</a>; III. hē ne ūðe +þt ...(<i>he granted not that ...</i>), <a href="#li503">503</a>; him god ūðe þt ... hē hyne +sylfne ge-wrc (<i>God granted to him that he avenged himself</i>), +<a href="#li2875">2875</a>; þēah hē ūðe wēl (<i>though he well would</i>), <a href="#li2856">2856</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-unnan, <i>to grant, permit</i>: inf. gif hē ūs ge-unnan wile þt wē +hine ... grētan mōton, <a href="#li346">346</a>; mē ge-ūðe ylda waldend, þt ic ... ge-seah +hangian (<i>the Ruler of men permitted me to see hanging ...</i>), +<a href="#li1662">1662</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunnyt">un-nyt</a>, adj., <i>useless</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li413">413</a>, <a href="#li3170">3170</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunriht">un-riht</a>, st. n., <i>unright, injustice, wrong</i>: acc. sg. +unriht, <a href="#li1255">1255</a>, <a href="#li2740">2740</a>; instr. sg. un-rihte (<i>unjustly, wrongly</i>), +<a href="#li3060">3060</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunrīm">un-rīm</a>, st. n., <i>immense number</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1239">1239</a>, <a href="#li3136">3136</a>; +acc. sg., <a href="#li2625">2625</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunrīme">un-rīme</a>, adj., <i>countless, measureless</i>: nom. sg. gold +un-rīme, <a href="#li3013">3013</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunrōt">un-rōt</a>, adj., <i>sorrowing</i>: nom. pl. un-rōte, <a href="#li3149">3149</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunsnyttru">un-snyttru</a>, st. f., <i>lack of wisdom</i>: dat. pl. for his +un-snyttrum (<i>for his unwisdom</i>), <a href="#li1735">1735</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunsofte">un-softe</a>, adv., <i>unsoftly, with violence</i> +(<i>hardly</i>?), <a href="#li2141">2141</a>; <i>scarcely</i>, <a href="#li1656">1656</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunswȳthe">un-swȳðe</a>, adv., <i>not strongly</i> or <i>powerfully</i>: +compar. (ecg) bāt unswīðor þonne his þīod-cyning þearfe hfde (<i>the +sword bit less sharply than the prince of the people needed</i>), +<a href="#li2579">2579</a>; fȳr unswīðor wēoll, <a href="#li2882">2882</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunsynnig">un-synnig</a>, adj., <i>guiltless, sinless</i>: acc. sg. +un-synnigne, <a href="#li2090">2090</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunsynnum">un-synnum</a>, adv. instr. pl., <i>guiltlessly</i>, <a href="#li1073">1073</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gluntǣle">un-tǣle</a>, adj., <i>blameless</i>: acc. pl. un-tǣle, <a href="#li1866">1866</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gluntyder">un-tȳder</a>, st. m., <i>evil race, monster</i>: nom. pl. +un-tȳdras, <a href="#li111">111</a>. [Cf. Ger. un-mensch.]</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunwāclīc">un-wāclīc</a>, adj., <i>that cannot be shaken; firm, strong</i>: +acc. sg. ād ... un-wāclīcne, <a href="#li3139">3139</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunwearnum">un-wearnum</a>, adv. instr. pl., <i>unawares, suddenly</i>; +(<i>unresistingly</i>?), <a href="#li742">742</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunwrecen">un-wrecen</a>, pret. part., <i>unavenged</i>, <a href="#li2444">2444</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glup">up</a>, adv., <i>up, upward</i>, <a href="#li224">224</a>, <a href="#li519">519</a>, <a href="#li1374">1374</a>, <a href="#li1620">1620</a>, <a href="#li1913">1913</a>, <a href="#li1921">1921</a>, +<a href="#li2894">2894</a>; (of the voice), þā ws ... wōp up āhafen, <a href="#li128">128</a>; so, <a href="#li783">783</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gluplang">up-lang</a>, adj., <i>upright, erect</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li760">760</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gluppe">uppe</a> (adj., ūfe, ūffe), adv., <i>above</i>, <a href="#li566">566</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glupriht">up-riht</a>, adj., <i>upright, erect</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2093">2093</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gluton">uton</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glwuton">wuton</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossUl">Ū</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glūthgenge">ūð-genge</a>, adj., <i>transitory, evanescent, ready to depart</i>, +(<i>fled</i>?): þǣr ws sc-here ... feorh ūð-genge, <a href="#li2124">2124</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glūhte">ūhte</a>, w. f., <i>twilight</i> or <i>dawn</i>: dat. or acc. on +ūhtan, <a href="#li126">126</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glūhtfloga">ūht-floga</a>, w. m., <i>twilight-flier, dawn-flier</i> (epithet of +the dragon): gen. sg. ūht-flogan, <a href="#li2761">2761</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glūhthlem">ūht-hlem</a>, st. m., <i>twilight-cry, dawn-cry</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li2008">2008</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glūhtsceatha">ūht-sceaða</a>, w. m., <i>twilight-</i> or <i>dawn-foe</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li2272">2272</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glūs">ūs</a>, pers. pron. dat. and acc. of <b>wē</b> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glwe">wē</a>), +<i>us, to us</i>, <a href="#li1822">1822</a>, <a href="#li2636">2636</a>, <a href="#li2643">2643</a>, <a href="#li2921">2921</a>, <a href="#li3002">3002</a>, <a href="#li3079">3079</a>; acc. (poetic), ūsic, +<a href="#li2639">2639</a>, <a href="#li2641">2641</a>, <a href="#li2642">2642</a>;—gen. ūre: ūre ǣg-hwylc (<i>each of us</i>), <a href="#li1387">1387</a>; +ūser, <a href="#li2075">2075</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glūser">ūser</a>, possess, pron.: nom. sg. ūre man-drihten, <a href="#li2648">2648</a>; dat. sg. +ūssum hlāforde, <a href="#li2635">2635</a>; gen. sg. neut. ūsses cynnes, <a href="#li2814">2814</a>; dat. pl. ūrum +... bām (<i>to us both, two</i>) (for unc bām), <a href="#li2660">2660</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glūt">ūt</a>, adv., <i>out</i>, <a href="#li215">215</a>, <a href="#li537">537</a>, <a href="#li664">664</a>, <a href="#li1293">1293</a>, <a href="#li1584">1584</a>, <a href="#li2082">2082</a>, <a href="#li2558">2558</a>, +<a href="#li3131">3131</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glūtan">ūtan</a>, adv., <i>from without, without</i>, <a href="#li775">775</a>, <a href="#li1032">1032</a>, <a href="#li1504">1504</a>, +<a href="#li2335">2335</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glūtfūs">ūt-fūs</a>, adj., <i>ready to go</i>: nom. sg. hringed-stefna īsig +and ūt-fūs, <a href="#li33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glūtweard">ūt-weard</a>, adj., <i>outward, outside, free</i>: nom. sg. eoten +(Grendel) ws ūt-weard, <a href="#li762">762</a>.</p> + +<p>ūtan-weard, adj., <i>without, outward, from without</i>: acc. sg. hlǣw +... ealne ūtan-weardne, <a href="#li2298">2298</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossW">W</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwacian">wacian</a>, w. v., <i>to watch</i>: imper. sg. waca wið wrāðum! <a href="#li661">661</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwadan">wadan</a>, st. v., (cf. wade, waddle) <i>to traverse; stride, +go</i>: pret. sg. wōd þurh þone wl-rēc, <a href="#li2662">2662</a>; wōd under wolcnum +(<i>stalked beneath the clouds</i>), <a href="#li715">715</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-wadan, <i>to attain by moving, come to, reach</i>: pret. part. oð +þt ... wunden-stefna ge-waden hfde, þt þā līðende land ge-sāwon +(<i>till the ship had gone so far that the sailors saw land</i>), <a href="#li220">220</a>.</p> + +<p>on-wadan, w. acc., <i>to invade, befall</i>: pret. sg. hine fyren +on-wōd(?), <a href="#li916">916</a>.</p> + +<p>þurh-wadan, <i>to penetrate, pierce</i>: pret. sg. þt swurd þurh-wōd +wrǣt-līcne wyrm, <a href="#li891">891</a>; so, <a href="#li1568">1568</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwag">wāg</a>, st. m., <i>wall</i>: dat. sg. on wāge, <a href="#li1663">1663</a>; dat. pl. +fter wāgum (<i>along the walls</i>), <a href="#li996">996</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwala">wala</a>, w. m., <i>boss</i>: nom. pl. walan, <a href="#li1032">1032</a> (cf. Bouterwek +in Haupt XI., 85 seqq.).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwalda">walda</a>, w. m., <i>wielder, ruler</i>: in comp. an-, eal-walda.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwaldswathu">wald-swaðu</a>, st. f., <i>forest-path</i>: dat. pl. fter +wald-swaðum (<i>along the wood-paths</i>), <a href="#li1404">1404</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwam">wam, wom</a>, st. m., <i>spot, blot, sin</i>: acc. sg. him +be-beorgan ne con wom (<i>cannot protect himself from evil</i> or +<i>from the evil strange orders</i>, etc.; wom = wogum? = +<i>crooked</i>?), <a href="#li1748">1748</a>; instr. pl. wommum, <a href="#li3074">3074</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwan">wan, won</a>, adj., <i>wan, lurid, dark</i>: nom. sg, ȳð-geblond ... +won (<i>the dark waves</i>), <a href="#li1375">1375</a>; se wonna hrefn (<i>the black +raven</i>), <a href="#li3025">3025</a>; wonna lēg (<i>lurid flame</i>), <a href="#li3116">3116</a>; dat. sg. f. on +wanre niht, <a href="#li703">703</a>; nom. pl. neut. scadu-helma ge-sceapu ... wan, <a href="#li652">652</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwang">wang</a>, st. m., <i>mead, field; place</i>: acc. sg. wang, <a href="#li93">93</a>, +<a href="#li225">225</a>; wong, <a href="#li1414">1414</a>, <a href="#li2410">2410</a>, <a href="#li3074">3074</a>; dat. sg. wange, <a href="#li2004">2004</a>; wonge, <a href="#li2243">2243</a>, <a href="#li3040">3040</a>; +acc. pl. wongas, <a href="#li2463">2463</a>.—Comp.: freoðo-, grund-, medo-, sǣ-wang.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwangstede">wang-stede</a>, st. m., (locus campestris), <i>spot, place</i>: +dat. sg. wong-stede, <a href="#li2787">2787</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwanhȳd">wan-hȳd</a> (for hygd), st. f., <i>heedlessness, recklessness</i>: +dat. pl. for his won-hȳdum, <a href="#li434">434</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwanian">wanian</a>, w. v.: 1) intrans., <i>to decrease, wane</i>: inf. þā +þt sweord ongan ... wanian, <a href="#li1608">1608</a>.—2) w. acc., <i>to cause to +wane</i> or <i>lessen</i>: pret. sg. hē tō lange lēode mīne wanode, +<a href="#li1338">1338</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-wanian, <i>to decrease, diminish</i>: pret. part. is mīn flet-werod +... ge-wanod, <a href="#li477">477</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwansǣlig">wan-sǣlig</a>, adj., <i>unhappy, wretched</i>: nom. sg. won-sǣlig +wer (Grendel), <a href="#li105">105</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwansceaft">wan-sceaft</a>, st. f., <i>misery, want</i>: acc. sg. won-sceaft, +<a href="#li120">120</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwarian">warian</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to occupy, guard, possess</i>: pres. +sg. III. þǣr hē hǣðen gold warað (<i>where he guards heathen +gold</i>), <a href="#li2278">2278</a>; pl. III. hīe (Grendel and his mother) dȳgel land +warigeað, <a href="#li1359">1359</a>; pret. sg. (Grendel) goldsele warode, <a href="#li1254">1254</a>; (Cain) +wēsten warode, <a href="#li1266">1266</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwaroth">waroð</a>, st. m., <i>shore</i>: dat. sg. tō waroðe, <a href="#li234">234</a>; acc. pl. +wide waroðas, <a href="#li1966">1966</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwaru">waru</a>, st. f., <i>inhabitants</i>, (collective) +<i>population</i>: in comp. land-waru.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwā">wā</a>, interj., <i>woe!</i> wā bið þǣm þe... (<i>woe to him that...</i>), <a href="#li183">183</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwāthu">wāðu</a>, st. f., <i>way, journey</i>: in comp. gamen-wāðu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwānian">wānian</a>, w. v., <i>to weep, whine, howl</i>, w. acc.: inf. +gehȳrdon ... sār wānigean helle hftan (<i>they heard the +hell-fastened one lamenting his pain</i>), <a href="#li788">788</a>; pret. sg. [wānode], +3152(?).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwāt">wāt</a>. See witan.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwcean">wcean</a>, w. v., <i>to watch</i>: pret. part wccende, <a href="#li709">709</a>, <a href="#li2842">2842</a>; +acc. sg. m. wccendne wer, <a href="#li1269">1269</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glwacian">wacian</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwcnan">wcnan</a>, w. v., <i>to be awake, come forth</i>: inf., <a href="#li85">85</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="#glwcnan2">wcnan</a>, st. v., <i>to awake, arise, originate</i>: pret. sg. þanon +(from Cain) wōc fela geō-sceaft-gāsta, <a href="#li1266">1266</a>; so, <a href="#li1961">1961</a>; pl. þām fēower bearn +... in worold wōcun, <a href="#li60">60</a>.</p> + +<p>on-wcnan: 1) <i>to awake</i> (intrans.): pret. sg. þā se wyrm on-wōc +(<i>when the drake awoke</i>), <a href="#li2288">2288</a>.—2) <i>to be born</i>: pret. sg. him +on-wōc hēah Healfdene, <a href="#li56">56</a>; pl. on-wōcon, <a href="#li111">111</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwd">wd</a>, st. n., (the moving) <i>sea, ocean</i>: nom. wado +weallende, <a href="#li546">546</a>; wadu weallendu, <a href="#li581">581</a>; gen. pl. wada <a href="#li508">508</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwfre">wǣfre</a>, adj., <i>wavering</i> (like flame), <i>ghostlike, +without distinct bodily form</i>: nom. sg. wl-gǣst wǣfre (of +Grendel's mother), <a href="#li1332">1332</a>;—<i>flickering, expiring</i>: nom. sg. wǣfre +mōd, <a href="#li1151">1151</a>; him ws geōmor sefa, wǣfre and wl-fūs, <a href="#li2421">2421</a>.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbewgnan">wgnan</a>, w. v., <i>to offer</i>: pret part, him ws ... +frēond-laðu wordum be-wgned, <a href="#li1194">1194</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwl">wl</a>, st. n., <i>battle, slaughter, the slain in battle</i>: +acc. sg. wl, <a href="#li1213">1213</a>, <a href="#li3028">3028</a>, blōdig wl, <a href="#li448">448</a>; oððe on wl crunge (<i>or +in battle, among the slain, fall</i>), <a href="#li636">636</a>; dat. sg. sume on wle +crungon (<i>some fell in the slaughter</i>), <a href="#li1114">1114</a>; dat. sg. in Fr...es +wle (proper name in MS. destroyed), <a href="#li1071">1071</a>; nom. pl. walu, <a href="#li1043">1043</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlbed">wl-bed</a>, st. n., <i>slaughter-bed, deathbed</i>: dat. sg. on +wl-bedde, <a href="#li965">965</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlbend">wl-bend</a>, st. f., <i>death-bond</i>: acc. sg. or pl. wl-bende ... +hand-gewriðene, <a href="#li1937">1937</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlblēat">wl-blēat</a>, adj., <i>deadly, mortal, cruel</i>: acc. sg. wunde +wl-blēate, <a href="#li2726">2726</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwldēath">wl-dēað</a>, st. m., <i>death in battle</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li696">696</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwldrēor">wl-drēor</a>, st. m., <i>battle-gore</i>: instr. sg. wl-drēore, +<a href="#li1632">1632</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlfāh">wl-fāh</a>, adj., <i>slaughter-stained, blood-stained</i>: acc. +sg. wl-fāgne winter, <a href="#li1129">1129</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlfhth">wl-fhð</a>, st. f., <i>deadly feud</i>: gen. pl. wl-fǣhða, <a href="#li2029">2029</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlfeall">wl-feall</a>, st. m., <i>(fall of the slain), death, +destruction</i>: dat. sg. tō wl-fealle, <a href="#li1712">1712</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlfūs">wl-fūs</a>, adj., <i>ready for death, foreboding death</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li2421">2421</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlfyllo">wl-fyllo</a>, st. f., <i>fill of slaughter</i>: dat. sg. mid þǣre +wl-fulle (i.e. the thirty men nightly slaughtered at Heorot by +Grendel), <a href="#li125">125</a>; wl-fylla? <a href="#li3155">3155</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlfȳr">wl-fȳr</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>deadly fire</i>: instr. sg. wl-fȳre (of +the fire-spewing dragon), <a href="#li2583">2583</a>.—2) <i>corpse-consuming fire, funeral +pyre</i>: gen. pl. wl-fȳra mǣst, <a href="#li1120">1120</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlgǣst">wl-gǣst</a>, st. m., <i>deadly sprite</i> (of Grendel and his +mother): nom. sg. wl-gǣst, <a href="#li1332">1332</a>; acc. sg. þone wl-gǣst, <a href="#li1996">1996</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlhlem">wl-hlem</a>, st. m., <i>death-stroke</i>: acc. sg. wl-hlem þone, +<a href="#li1996">1996</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlm">wlm</a>, st. m., <i>flood, whelming water</i>: nom. sg. þǣre +burnan wlm, <a href="#li2547">2547</a>; gen. sg. þs wlmes (<i>of the surf</i>), +<a href="#li2136">2136</a>.—Comp. cear-wlm.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlnīth">wl-nīð</a>, st. m., <i>deadly hostility</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li3001">3001</a>; dat. +sg. fter wl-nīðe, <a href="#li85">85</a>; nom. pl. wl-nīðas, <a href="#li2066">2066</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlrāp">wl-rāp</a>, st. m., <i>flood-fetter, i.e. ice</i>: acc. pl. +wl-rāpas, <a href="#li1611">1611</a>; (cf. wll, wel, wyll = <i>well, flood</i>: leax sceal +on wle mid scēote scrīðan, Gnom. Cott. 39).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlrǣs">wl-rǣs</a>, st. m., <i>deadly onslaught</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2948">2948</a>; dat. +sg. wl-rǣse, <a href="#li825">825</a>, <a href="#li2532">2532</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlrest">wl-rest</a>, st. f., <i>death-bed</i>, acc. sg. wl-reste, <a href="#li2903">2903</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlrēc">wl-rēc</a>, st. m., <i>deadly reek</i> or <i>smoke</i>: acc. sg. +wōd þā þurh þone wl-rēc, <a href="#li2662">2662</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlrēaf">wl-rēaf</a>, st, n., <i>booty of the slain, battle-plunder</i>: +acc. sg., <a href="#li1206">1206</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlrēow">wl-rēow</a>, adj., <i>bold in battle</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li630">630</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlsceaft">wl-sceaft</a>, st. m., <i>deadly shaft, spear</i>: acc. pl. +wl-sceaftas, <a href="#li398">398</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlseax">wl-seax</a>, st. n., <i>deadly knife, war-knife</i>: instr. sg. +wll-seaxe, <a href="#li2704">2704</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlstenge">wl-stenge</a>, st. m., <i>battle-spear</i>: dat. sg. on þām +wl-stenge, <a href="#li1639">1639</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlstōw">wl-stōw</a>, st. f., <i>battle-field</i>: dat. sg. wl-stōwe, +<a href="#li2052">2052</a>, <a href="#li2985">2985</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwstm">wstm</a>, st. m., <i>growth, form, figure</i>: dat. sg. on weres +wstmum (<i>in man's form</i>), <a href="#li1353">1353</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwter">wter</a>, st. n., <i>water</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li93">93</a>, <a href="#li1417">1417</a>, <a href="#li1515">1515</a>, <a href="#li1632">1632</a>; +acc. sg. wter, <a href="#li1365">1365</a>, <a href="#li1620">1620</a>; dēop wter (<i>the deep</i>), <a href="#li509">509</a>, <a href="#li1905">1905</a>; +ofer wīd wter (<i>over the high sea]</i>, <a href="#li2474">2474</a>; dat. sg. fter wtere +<i>(along the Grendel-sea</i>), <a href="#li1426">1426</a>; under wtere (<i>at the bottom +of the sea</i>), <a href="#li1657">1657</a>; instr. wtere, <a href="#li2723">2723</a>; wtre, <a href="#li2855">2855</a>; gen. sg. ofer +wteres hrycg (<i>over the surface of the sea</i>), <a href="#li471">471</a>; on wteres +ǣht, <a href="#li516">516</a>; þurh wteres wylm (<i>through the sea-wave</i>), <a href="#li1694">1694</a>; gen. += instr. wteres weorpan (<i>to sprinkle with water</i>), <a href="#li2792">2792</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwteregesa">wter-egesa</a>, st. m., <i>water-terror</i>, i.e. <i>the fearful +sea</i>: acc. sg., 1261</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwterȳth">wter-ȳð</a>, st. f., <i>water-wave, billow</i>: dat. pl. +wter-ȳðum, <a href="#li2243">2243</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwǣd">wǣd</a>, st. f., <i>(weeds), garment</i>: in comp. here-, +hilde-wǣd.</p> + +<p>ge-wǣde, st. n., <i>clothing</i>, especially <i>battle-equipments</i>: +acc. pl. gewǣdu, <a href="#li292">292</a>.—Comp. eorl-gewǣde.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwǣg">wǣg</a>, st. m., <i>wave</i>: acc. sg. wǣg, <a href="#li3133">3133</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwǣgbora">wǣg-bora</a>, w. m., <i>wave-bearer, swimmer</i> (bearing or +propelling the waves before him): nom. sg. wundorlīc wǣg-bora (of a +sea-monster), <a href="#li1441">1441</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwǣgflota">wǣg-flota</a>, w. m., <i>sea-sailer, ship</i>: acc. sg. wēg-flotan, +<a href="#li1908">1908</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwǣgholm">wǣg-holm</a>, st. m., <i>the wave-filled sea</i>: acc. sg. ofer +wǣg-holm, <a href="#li217">217</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwǣge">wǣge</a>, st. n., <i>cup, can</i>: acc. sg. fǣted wǣge, <a href="#li2254">2254</a>, +<a href="#li2283">2283</a>.—Comp.: ealo-, līð-wǣge.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwǣglīthend">wǣg-līðend</a>, pres. part., <i>sea-farer</i>: dat. pl. +wǣg-līðendum (et līðendum, MS.), <a href="#li3160">3160</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwǣgsweord">wǣg-sweord</a>, st. n., <i>heavy sword</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1490">1490</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwǣn">wǣn</a>, st. m., <i>wain, wagon</i>: acc. sg. on wǣn, <a href="#li3135">3135</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwǣpen">wǣpen</a>, st. n., <i>weapon; sword</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1661">1661</a>; acc. sg. +wǣpen, <a href="#li686">686</a>, <a href="#li1574">1574</a>, <a href="#li2520">2520</a>, <a href="#li2688">2688</a>; instr. wǣpne, <a href="#li1665">1665</a>, <a href="#li2966">2966</a>; gen. wǣpnes, +<a href="#li1468">1468</a>; acc. pl. wǣpen, <a href="#li292">292</a>; dat. pl. wǣpnum, <a href="#li250">250</a>, <a href="#li331">331</a>, <a href="#li2039">2039</a>, <a href="#li2396">2396</a>. +—Comp.: hilde-, sige-wǣpen.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwǣpnedman">wǣpned-man</a>, st. m., <i>warrior, man</i>: dat. sg. wǣpned-men, +<a href="#li1285">1285</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwǣr">wǣr</a>, st. f., <i>covenant, treaty</i>: acc. sg. wǣre, +<a href="#li1101">1101</a>;—<i>protection, care</i>: dat. sg. on frēan (on þs waldendes) +wǣre (<i>into God's protection</i>), <a href="#li27">27</a>, <a href="#li3110">3110</a>.—Comp.: frioðo-wǣr.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwǣsma">wǣsma</a>, w. m., <i>fierce strength, war-strength</i>: in comp. +here-wǣsma, <a href="#li678">678</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwē">wē</a>, pers. pron., <i>we</i>, <a href="#li942">942</a>, <a href="#li959">959</a>, <a href="#li1327">1327</a>, <a href="#li1653">1653</a>, <a href="#li1819">1819</a>, <a href="#li1820">1820</a>, +etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweb">web</a>, st. n., <i>woven work, tapestry</i>:, nom. pl. web, <a href="#li996">996</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwebbe">webbe</a>, w. f., <i>webster, female weaver</i>: in comp. +freoðu-webbe.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweccan">weccan, weccean</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to wake, rouse; recall</i>: +inf. wīg-bealu weccan (<i>to stir up strife</i>), <a href="#li2047">2047</a>; nalles hearpan +swēg (sceal) wīgend weccean (<i>the sound of the harp shall not wake +up the warriors</i>), <a href="#li3025">3025</a>; ongunnon þā ... bǣl-fȳra mǣst wīgend +weccan (<i>the warriors then began to start the mightiest of funeral +pyres</i>), <a href="#li3145">3145</a>; pret. sg. wehte hine wtre (<i>roused him with +water</i>, i.e. Wīglāf recalled Bēowulf to consciousness), <a href="#li2855">2855</a>.</p> + +<p>tō-weccan, <i>to stir up, rouse</i>: pret, pl. hū þā folc mid him +(<i>with one another</i>), fǣhðe tō-wehton, <a href="#li2949">2949</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwed">wed</a>, st. n., (cf. wed-ding), <i>pledge</i>: dat. sg. hyldo tō +wedde (<i>as a pledge of his favor</i>), <a href="#li2999">2999</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweder">weder</a>, st. n., <i>weather</i>: acc. pl. wuldor-torhtan weder, +<a href="#li1137">1137</a>; gen. pl. wedera cealdost, <a href="#li546">546</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgewef">wef</a>, st. n., <i>woof, weaving</i>: acc. pl. wīg-spēda +ge-wiofu (<i>the woof of war-speed</i>: the battle-woof woven for weal +or woe by the Walkyries; cf. Njals-saga, 158), <a href="#li698">698</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweg">weg</a>, st. m., <i>way</i>: acc. sg. on weg (<i>away, off</i>), +<a href="#li264">264</a>, <a href="#li764">764</a>, <a href="#li845">845</a>, <a href="#li1431">1431</a>, <a href="#li2097">2097</a>; gyf þū on weg cymest (<i>if thou comest off +safe</i>, i.e. from the battle with Grendel's mother), <a href="#li1383">1383</a>.—Comp.: +feor-, fold-, forð-, wīd-weg.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwegan">wegan</a>, st. v. w. acc., <i>to bear, wear, bring, possess</i>: +subj. pres. nāh hwā sweord wege (<i>I have none that may bear the +sword</i>), <a href="#li2253">2253</a>; inf. nalles (sceal) eorl wegan māððum tō ge-myndum +(<i>no earl shall wear a memorial jewel</i>), <a href="#li3016">3016</a>; pret. ind. hē þā +frtwe wg ... ofer ȳða ful (<i>bore the jewels over the goblet of the +waves</i>), <a href="#li1208">1208</a>; wl-seaxe ... þt hē on byrnan wg, <a href="#li2705">2705</a>; heortan +sorge wg (<i>bore heart's sorrow</i>); so, <a href="#li152">152</a>, <a href="#li1778">1778</a>, <a href="#li1932">1932</a>, <a href="#li2781">2781</a>.</p> + +<p>t-wegan = <i>auferre, to carry off</i>: syððan Hāma t-wg tō þǣre +byrhtan byrig Brōsinga mene (<i>since H. bore from the bright city the +Brōsing-collar</i>), <a href="#li1199">1199</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgewegan">wegan</a> (O.N. wega), <i>to fight</i>: inf. þē hē wið þām wyrme +ge-wegan sceolde, <a href="#li2401">2401</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwel">wēl, well</a>, adv.: 1) <i>well</i>: wēl bið þǣm þe ... (<i>well for him +that ...!</i>), <a href="#li186">186</a>; sē þe wēl þenceð (<i>he that well thinketh, +judgeth</i>), <a href="#li289">289</a>; so, <a href="#li640">640</a>, <a href="#li1046">1046</a>, <a href="#li1822">1822</a>, <a href="#li1834">1834</a>, <a href="#li1952">1952</a>, <a href="#li2602">2602</a>; well, <a href="#li2163">2163</a>, +<a href="#li2813">2813</a>.—2) <i>very, very much</i>: Gēat ungemetes wēl ... restan lyste +(<i>the Geat longed sorely to rest</i>), <a href="#li1793">1793</a>.—3) <i>indeed, to be +sure</i>, <a href="#li2571">2571</a>, <a href="#li2856">2856</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwela">wela</a>, w. m., <i>wealth, goods, possessions</i>: in comp. ǣr-, +burg-, hord-, māððum-wela.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwelhwylc">wēl-hwylc</a>, indef. pron., = quivis, <i>any you please, any</i> +(each, all): gen. pl. wēl-hwylcra wilna, <a href="#li1345">1345</a>; w. partitive gen.: nom. +sg. witena wēl-hwylc, <a href="#li266">266</a>;—substantively: acc. neut. wēl-hwylc, <a href="#li875">875</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwelig">welig</a>, adj., <i>wealthy, rich</i>: acc. sg. wīc-stede weligne +Wǣgmundinga, <a href="#li2608">2608</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwelthungen">wēl-þungen</a>, pres. part., <i>well-thriven</i> (in mind), +<i>mature, high-minded</i>: nom. sg. Hygd (ws) swīðe geong, wīs, +wēl-þungen, <a href="#li1928">1928</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwenian">wenian</a>, w. v., <i>to accustom, attract, honor</i>: subj. pret. +þt ... Folcwaldan sunu ... Hengestes hēap hringum wenede (<i>sh. +honor</i>), <a href="#li1092">1092</a>.</p> + +<p>be-(bi-)wenian, <i>entertain, care for, attend</i>: pret. sg. mg þs +þonne of-þyncan þēoden Heaðo-beardna ... þonne hē mid fǣmnan on flet +gǣð, dryht-bearn Dena duguða bi-wenede (<i>may well displease the +prince of the H.... when he with the woman goes into the hall, that a +noble scion of the Danes should entertain, bear wine to, the +knights</i>, cf. <a href="#li494">494</a> seqq.; or, <i>a noble scion of the Danes should +attend on her?</i>), <a href="#li2036">2036</a>; pret. part. nom. pl. wǣron hēr tela willum +be-wenede, <a href="#li1822">1822</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwendan">wendan</a>, w. v., <i>to turn</i>: pres. sg. III. him eal worold +wendeð on willan (<i>all the world turns at his will</i>), <a href="#li1740">1740</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-wendan, w. acc.: l) <i>to turn, turn round</i>: pret. sg. wicg +gewende (<i>turned his horse</i>), <a href="#li315">315</a>.—2) <i>to turn</i> (intrans.), +<i>change</i>: inf. wā bið þǣm þe sceal ... frōfre ne wēnan, wihte +ge-wendan (<i>woe to him that shall have no hope, shall not change at +all</i>), <a href="#li186">186</a>.</p> + +<p>on-wendan, <i>to avert, set aside</i>: 1) w. acc.: inf. ne mihte +snotor hleð wēan on-wendan, <a href="#li191">191</a>.—2) intrans.: sibb ǣfre ne mg wiht +on-wendan þām þe wēl þenceð (<i>in, to, him that is well thinking +friendship can not be set aside</i>), <a href="#li2602">2602</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwer">wer</a>, st. m., <i>man, hero</i>: nom. sg. (Grendel), <a href="#li105">105</a>; acc. +sg. wer (Bēowulf), <a href="#li1269">1269</a>, <a href="#li3174">3174</a>; gen. sg. on weres wstmum (<i>in man's +form</i>), <a href="#li1353">1353</a>; nom. pl. weras, <a href="#li216">216</a>, <a href="#li1223">1223</a>, <a href="#li1234">1234</a>, <a href="#li1441">1441</a>, <a href="#li1651">1651</a>; dat. pl. +werum, <a href="#li1257">1257</a>; gen. pl. wera, <a href="#li120">120</a>, <a href="#li994">994</a>, <a href="#li1732">1732</a>, <a href="#li3001">3001</a>; (MS. weora), <a href="#li2948">2948</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwered">wered</a>, st. n., (as adj. = <i>sweet</i>), <i>a sort of beer</i> +(probably without hops or such ingredients): acc. sg. scīr wered, <a href="#li496">496</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwerefeohte">were-feohte</a>, f., <i>defensive fight, fight in self-defence</i>: +dat. pl. for were-fyhtum (fere fyhtum, MS.), <a href="#li457">457</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwerhtho">werhðo</a>, st. f., <i>curse, outlawry, condemnation</i>: acc. sg. +þū in helle scealt werhðo drēogan, <a href="#li590">590</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwerian">werian</a>, <i>to defend, protect</i>: w. vb., pres. sg. III. +beaduscrūda ... þt mīne brēost wereð, <a href="#li453">453</a>; inf. wit unc wið hron-fixas +werian þōhton, <a href="#li541">541</a>; pres. part. w. gen. pl. wergendra tō lȳt (<i>too +few defenders</i>), <a href="#li2883">2883</a>; pret. ind. wl-rēaf werede (<i>guarded the +battle-spoil</i>), <a href="#li1206">1206</a>; se hwīta helm hafelan werede (<i>the shining +helm protected his head</i>), <a href="#li1449">1449</a>; pl. hafelan weredon, <a href="#li1328">1328</a>; pret. +part. nom. pl. gē ... byrnum werede (<i>ye</i> ... +<i>corselet-clad</i>), <a href="#li238">238</a>, <a href="#li2530">2530</a>.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbewerian">werian</a>, <i>to protect, defend</i>: pret. pl. þt hīe ... +lēoda land-geweorc lāðum be-weredon scuccum and scinnum (<i>that they +the people's land-work from foes, from monsters and demons, might +defend</i>), 939</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwerig">werig</a>, adj., <i>accursed, outlawed</i>: gen. sg. wergan gāstes +(Grendel), <a href="#li133">133</a>; (of the devil), <a href="#li1748">1748</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwerod">werod, weorod</a>, st. n., <i>band of men, warrior-troop</i>: nom. +sg. werod, <a href="#li652">652</a>; weorod, <a href="#li290">290</a>, <a href="#li2015">2015</a>, <a href="#li3031">3031</a>; acc. sg. werod, <a href="#li319">319</a>; dat. +instr. sg. weorode, <a href="#li1012">1012</a>, <a href="#li2347">2347</a>; werede, <a href="#li1216">1216</a>; gen. sg. werodes, <a href="#li259">259</a>; +gen. pl. wereda, <a href="#li2187">2187</a>; weoroda, <a href="#li60">60</a>.—Comp.: eorl-, flet-werod.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwerthēod">wer-þēod</a>, st. f., <i>people, humanity</i>: dat. sg. ofer +wer-þēode, <a href="#li900">900</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwesan">wesan</a>, v., <i>to be</i>: pres. sg. I. ic eom, <a href="#li335">335</a>, <a href="#li407">407</a>; II. þū +eart, <a href="#li352">352</a>, <a href="#li506">506</a>; III. is, <a href="#li256">256</a>, <a href="#li272">272</a>, <a href="#li316">316</a>, <a href="#li343">343</a>, <a href="#li375">375</a>, <a href="#li473">473</a>, etc.; nū is +þīnes mgenes blǣd āne hwīle (<i>the prime [fame?] of thy powers +lasteth now for a while</i>), <a href="#li1762">1762</a>; ys, <a href="#li2911">2911</a>, <a href="#li3000">3000</a>, <a href="#li3085">3085</a>; pl. I. wē +synt, <a href="#li260">260</a>, <a href="#li342">342</a>; II. syndon, <a href="#li237">237</a>, <a href="#li393">393</a>; III. syndon, <a href="#li257">257</a>, <a href="#li361">361</a>, <a href="#li1231">1231</a>; +synt, <a href="#li364">364</a>; sint, <a href="#li388">388</a>; subj. pres. sīe, <a href="#li435">435</a>, <a href="#li683">683</a>, etc.; sȳ, <a href="#li1832">1832</a>, etc.; +sig, <a href="#li1779">1779</a>, etc.; imper. sg. II. wes, <a href="#li269">269</a> (cf. wassail, wes hǣl), <a href="#li407">407</a>, +<a href="#li1171">1171</a>, <a href="#li1220">1220</a>, <a href="#li1225">1225</a>, etc.; inf. wesan, <a href="#li272">272</a>, <a href="#li1329">1329</a>, <a href="#li1860">1860</a>, <a href="#li2709">2709</a>, etc. The +inf. wesan must sometimes be supplied: nealles Hetware hrēmge þorfton +(i.e. wesan) fēðe-wīges, <a href="#li2364">2364</a>; so, <a href="#li2498">2498</a>, <a href="#li2660">2660</a>, <a href="#li618">618</a>, <a href="#li1858">1858</a>; pres. part. +wesende, <a href="#li46">46</a>; dat. sg. wesendum, <a href="#li1188">1188</a>; pret. sg. I., III. ws, <a href="#li11">11</a>, <a href="#li12">12</a>, +<a href="#li18">18</a>, <a href="#li36">36</a>, <a href="#li49">49</a>, <a href="#li53">53</a>, etc.; ws on sunde (<i>was a-swimming</i>), <a href="#li1619">1619</a>; so, +<a href="#li848">848</a>, <a href="#li850">850</a>(?), <a href="#li970">970</a>, <a href="#li981">981</a>, <a href="#li1293">1293</a>; progressive, ws secgende (for sǣde), +<a href="#li3029">3029</a>; II. wǣre, <a href="#li1479">1479</a>, etc.; pl. wǣron, <a href="#li233">233</a>, <a href="#li536">536</a>, <a href="#li544">544</a>, etc.; wǣran (w. +reflex, him), <a href="#li2476">2476</a>; pret. subj. wǣre, <a href="#li173">173</a>, <a href="#li203">203</a>, <a href="#li594">594</a>, <a href="#li946">946</a>, etc.; +progressive, myndgiend wǣre (for myndgie), <a href="#li1106">1106</a>.—Contracted neg. +forms: , nis = ne + is, <a href="#li249">249</a>, <a href="#li1373">1373</a>, etc.; ns = ne + ws, <a href="#li134">134</a>, <a href="#li1300">1300</a>, +<a href="#li1922">1922</a>, <a href="#li2193">2193</a>, etc. (cf. uncontracted: ne ws, <a href="#li890">890</a>, <a href="#li1472">1472</a>); nǣron = ne + +wǣron, <a href="#li2658">2658</a>; nǣre = ne + wǣre, <a href="#li861">861</a>, <a href="#li1168">1168</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glcnihtwesende">cniht-wesende</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwēg">wēg</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glwǣg">wǣg</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwēn">wēn</a>, st. f., <i>expectation, hope</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li735">735</a>, <a href="#li1874">1874</a>, +<a href="#li2324">2324</a>; nū is lēodum wēn orleg-hwīle (gen.) (<i>now the people have +weening of a time of strife</i>), <a href="#li2911">2911</a>; acc. sg. þs ic wēn hbbe +(<i>as I hope, expect</i>), <a href="#li383">383</a>; so, þs þe ic [wēn] hafo, <a href="#li3001">3001</a>; wēn +ic talige, <a href="#li1846">1846</a>; dat. pl. bēga on wēnum <i>(in expectation of +both</i>, i.e. the death and the return of Bēowulf), <a href="#li2896">2896</a>. See +<a class="glentry" href="#glorwēna">or-wēna</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwēnan">wēnan</a>, w. v., <i>to ween, expect, hope</i>: 1) absolutely; +pres. sg. I. þs ic wēne (<i>as I hope</i>), <a href="#li272">272</a>; swā ic þē wēne tō +<i>(as I hope thou wilt</i>: Bēowulf hopes Hrōðgār will now suffer no +more pain), <a href="#li1397">1397</a>.—2) w. gen. or acc. pres. sg. I. þonne wēne ic tō +þē wyrsan ge-þinges, <a href="#li525">525</a>; ic þǣr heaðu-fȳres hātes wēne, <a href="#li2523">2523</a>; III. +secce ne wēneð to Gār Denum (<i>weeneth not of contest with the +Gar-Danes</i>), <a href="#li601">601</a>; inf. (beorhtre bōte) wēnan (<i>to expect, count +on, a brilliant</i> [? <i>a lighter penalty</i>] <i>atonement</i>), <a href="#li157">157</a>; +pret. pl. þs ne wēndon ǣr witan Scyldinga þt ... <i>the wise men of +the Scyldings weened not of this before, that</i>...), <a href="#li779">779</a>; þt hig +þs ðelinges eft ne wēndon þt hē ... sēcean cōme <i>(that they looked +not for the atheling again that he</i> ... <i>would come to +seek</i> ...), <a href="#li1598">1598</a>.—3) w. acc. inf.: pret. sg. wēnde, <a href="#li934">934</a>.—4) w. +depend, clause: pres. sg. I. wēne ic þt..., <a href="#li1185">1185</a>; wēn' ic þt..., +<a href="#li338">338</a>, <a href="#li442">442</a>; pret. sg. wēnde, <a href="#li2330">2330</a>; pl. wēndon, <a href="#li938">938</a>, <a href="#li1605">1605</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwēpan">wēpan</a>, st. v., <i>to weep</i>: pret. sg. [wēop], <a href="#li3152">3152</a> (?).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwerig">werig</a>, adj., <i>weary, exhausted</i>, w. gen.: nom. sg. siðes +wērig (<i>weary from the journey, way-weary</i>), <a href="#li579">579</a>; dat. sg. siðes +wērgum, <a href="#li1795">1795</a>;—w. instr.: acc. pl. wundum wērge <i>(wound-weary</i>), +<a href="#li2938">2938</a>.—Comp.: dēað-, fyl-, gūð-wērig.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgewerigean">werigean</a>, w. v., <i>to weary, exhaust</i>: pret. part. +ge-wērgad, <a href="#li2853">2853</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwērigmōd">wērig-mōd</a>, adj., <i>weary-minded (animo defessus)</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li845">845</a>, <a href="#li1544">1544</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwēste">wēste</a>, adj., <i>waste, uninhabited</i>: acc. sg. win-sele +wēstne, <a href="#li2457">2457</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwēsten">wēsten</a>, st. n., <i>waste, wilderness</i>: acc. sg. wēsten, +<a href="#li1266">1266</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwēsten">wēsten</a>, st. f., <i>waste, wilderness</i>: dat. sg. on þǣre +wēstenne, <a href="#li2299">2299</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweal">weal</a>, st. m.: 1 <i>wall, rampart</i>: dat. instr. sg. wealle, +<a href="#li786">786</a>, <a href="#li892">892</a>, <a href="#li3163">3163</a>; gen. sg. wealles, <a href="#li2308">2308</a>.—2) <i>elevated +sea-shore</i>: dat. sg. of wealle, <a href="#li229">229</a>; acc. pl. windige weallas, <a href="#li572">572</a>, +<a href="#li1225">1225</a>.—3) <i>wall of a building</i>: acc, sg. wið þs recedes weal, +<a href="#li326">326</a>; dat. sg. be wealle, <a href="#li1574">1574</a>; hence, the inner and outer rock-walls +of the dragon's lair (cf. Heyne's essay: Halle Heorot, p. 59): dat. +sg., <a href="#li2308">2308</a>, <a href="#li2527">2527</a>, <a href="#li2717">2717</a>, <a href="#li2760">2760</a>, <a href="#li3061">3061</a>, <a href="#li3104">3104</a>; gen. sg. wealles, +<a href="#li2324">2324</a>.—Comp.: bord-, eorð-, sǣ-, scyld-weal.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgewealc">wealc</a>, st. n., <i>rolling</i>: acc. sg. ofer ȳða ge-wealc, +<a href="#li464">464</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgeweald">weald</a>, st. n., <i>power, might</i>: acc. sg. on fēonda +ge-weald <i>(into the power of his foes</i>), <a href="#li809">809</a>, <a href="#li904">904</a>; so, <a href="#li1685">1685</a>; +geweald āgan, hbban, ā-bēodan (w. gen. of object = <i>to present) = +to have power over</i>, <a href="#li79">79</a>, <a href="#li655">655</a>, <a href="#li765">765</a>, <a href="#li951">951</a>, <a href="#li1088">1088</a>, <a href="#li1611">1611</a>, <a href="#li1728">1728</a>. See +on-<a class="glentry" href="#glonweald">weald</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwealdan">wealdan</a>, st. v., <i>to wield, govern, rule over, prevail</i>: +1) absolutely or with depend, clause: inf. gif hē wealdan mōt (<i>if +he may prevail</i>), <a href="#li442">442</a>; þǣr hē ... wealdan mōste swā him Wyrd ne +ge-scrāf (<i>if [where?] he was to prevail, as Weird had not destined +for him</i>), <a href="#li2575">2575</a>; pres. part. waldend (<i>God</i>), <a href="#li1694">1694</a>; dat. +wealdende, <a href="#li2330">2330</a>; gen. waldendes, <a href="#li2293">2293</a>, <a href="#li2858">2858</a>, <a href="#li3110">3110</a>.—2) with instr. or +dat.: inf. þām wǣpnum wealdan (<i>to wield, prevail with, the +weapons</i>), <a href="#li2039">2039</a>; Gēatum wealdan (<i>to rule the Gēatas</i>), <a href="#li2391">2391</a>; +þēah-hordum wealdan (<i>to rule over, control, the treasure of +rings</i>), <a href="#li2828">2828</a>; wl-stōwe wealdan (<i>to hold the field of +battle</i>), <a href="#li2985">2985</a>; pret. sg. wēold, <a href="#li465">465</a>, <a href="#li1058">1058</a>, <a href="#li2380">2380</a>, <a href="#li2596">2596</a>; þenden +wordum wēold wine Scyldinga (<i>while the friend of the S. ruled the +G.</i>), <a href="#li30">30</a>; pl. wēoldon, <a href="#li2052">2052</a>.—3) with gen.: pres. sg. I. þenden ic +wealde wīdan rīces, <a href="#li1860">1860</a>; pres. part. wuldres wealdend(waldend), <a href="#li17">17</a>, +<a href="#li183">183</a>, <a href="#li1753">1753</a>; weard, <a href="#li2514">2514</a>; the <i>'dragon</i> is called ylda waldend, +<a href="#li1662">1662</a>; waldend fīra, <a href="#li2742">2742</a>; sigora waldend, <a href="#li2876">2876</a> (designations of God); +pret. sg. wēold, <a href="#li703">703</a>, <a href="#li1771">1771</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-wealdan, <i>to wield, have power over, arrange</i>: 1) w. acc.: +pret. sg. hālig god ge-wēold wīg-sigor, <a href="#li1555">1555</a>.—2) w. dat.: pret. +cyning ge-wēold his ge-witte (<i>the king possessed his senses</i>), +<a href="#li2704">2704</a>.—3) w. gen.: inf. hē ne mihte nō ... wǣpna ge-wealdan, <a href="#li1510">1510</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-wealden, pret. part., <i>subject, subjected</i>: acc. pl. gedēð him +swā gewealdene worolde dǣlas, <a href="#li1733">1733</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweallan">weallan</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to toss, be agitated</i> (of the sea): +pres. part. nom. pl. wadu weallende (weallendu), <a href="#li546">546</a>, <a href="#li581">581</a>; nom. sg. +brim weallende, <a href="#li848">848</a>; pret. ind. wēol, <a href="#li515">515</a>, <a href="#li850">850</a>, <a href="#li1132">1132</a>; wēoll, <a href="#li2139">2139</a>.—2) +figuratively (of emotions), <i>to be agitated</i>: pres. pl. III. +syððan Ingelde weallað wl-nīðas (<i>deadly hate thus agitates +Ingeld</i>), <a href="#li2066">2066</a>; pres. part. weallende, <a href="#li2465">2465</a>; pret. sg. hreðer inne +wēoll (<i>his heart was moved within him</i>), <a href="#li2114">2114</a>; hreðer ǣðme wēoll +(<i>his breast</i> [the dragon's] <i>swelled from breathing, +snorting</i>), <a href="#li2594">2594</a>; brēost innan wēoll þēostrum ge-þoncum, <a href="#li2332">2332</a>; so, +wēoll, <a href="#li2600">2600</a>, <a href="#li2715">2715</a>, <a href="#li2883">2883</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweallclif">weall-clif</a>, st. n., <i>sea-cliff</i>: acc. sg. ofer weall-clif, +<a href="#li3133">3133</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweallian">weallian</a>, w. v., <i>to wander, rove about</i>: pres. part. in +comp. heoro-weallende, <a href="#li2782">2782</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweard">weard</a>, st. m., <i>warden, guardian; owner</i>: nom. sg. weard +Scyldinga (<i>the Scyldings' warden of the march</i>), <a href="#li229">229</a>; weard, +<a href="#li286">286</a>, <a href="#li2240">2240</a>; se weard, sāwele hyrde, <a href="#li1742">1742</a>; the <i>king</i> is called +bēah-horda weard, <a href="#li922">922</a>; rīces weard, <a href="#li1391">1391</a>; folces weard, <a href="#li2514">2514</a>; the +<i>dragon</i> is called weard, <a href="#li3061">3061</a>; weard un-hīore, <a href="#li2414">2414</a>; beorges +weard, <a href="#li2581">2581</a>; acc. sg, weard, <a href="#li669">669</a>; (dragon), <a href="#li2842">2842</a>; beorges weard +(dragon), <a href="#li2525">2525</a>, <a href="#li3067">3067</a>.—Comp.: bāt-, ēðel-, gold-, hēafod-, hord-, +hȳð-, land-, rēn-, sele-, yrfe-weard.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweard">weard</a>, st. m., <i>possession</i> (Dietrich in Haupt XI., 415): +in comp. eorð-weard, <a href="#li2335">2335</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweard">weard</a>, st. f., <i>watch, ward</i>: acc. sg. wearde healdan, +<a href="#li319">319</a>; wearde hēold, <a href="#li305">305</a>.—Comp. ǣg-weard.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweard">weard</a>, adj., <i>-ward</i>: in comp. and-, innan-, ūt-weard, +<a href="#li1288">1288</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweardian">weardian</a>, w. v. w. acc.: 1) <i>to watch, guard, keep</i>: inf. +hē his folme forlēt tō līf-wraðe, lāst weardian (<i>Grendel left his +hand behind as a life-saver, to guard his track</i> [Kemble]), <a href="#li972">972</a>; +pret. sg. him sīo swīðre swaðe weardade hand on Hiorte (<i>his right +hand kept guard for him in H.</i>, i.e. showed that he had been +there), <a href="#li2099">2099</a>; sg. for pl. hȳrde ic þt þām frtwum fēower mēaras +lungre gelīce last weardode (<i>I heard that four horses, quite alike, +followed in the traces of the armor</i>), <a href="#li2165">2165</a>.—2) <i>to +hold, possess, inhabit</i>: pret. sg. fīfel-cynnes eard ... weardode +(<i>dwelt in the abode of the sea-fiends</i>), <a href="#li105">105</a>; reced weardode +un-rīm eorla (<i>an immense number of earls held the hall</i>), <a href="#li1238">1238</a>; +pl. þǣr wē gesunde sl weardodon, <a href="#li2076">2076</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwearh">wearh</a>, st. m., <i>the accursed one; wolf</i>: in comp. +heoro-wearg, <a href="#li1268">1268</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwearn">wearn</a>, st. f.: 1) <i>resistance, refusal</i>, <a href="#li366">366</a>.—2) +<i>warning?, resistance?</i> See <a class="glentry" href="#glunwearnum">un-wearnum</a>, <a href="#li742">742</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweaxan">weaxan</a>, st. v., <i>to wax, grow</i>: pres. sg. III. oð þt him on +innan ofer-hygda dǣl weaxeð (<i>till within him pride waxeth</i>), <a href="#li1742">1742</a>; +inf. weaxan, <a href="#li3116">3116</a>; pret. sg. wēox, <a href="#li8">8</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-weaxan, <i>to grow up</i>: pret. sg. oft þt sēo geogoð ge-wēox, +<a href="#li66">66</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-weaxan to, <i>to grow to</i> or <i>for something</i>: pret. sg. ne +ge-wēox hē him to willan (<i>grew not for their benefit</i>), <a href="#li1712">1712</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwēa">wēa</a>, w. m., <i>woe, evil, misfortune</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li937">937</a>; acc. +sg. wean, <a href="#li191">191</a>, <a href="#li423">423</a>, <a href="#li1207">1207</a>, <a href="#li1992">1992</a>, <a href="#li2293">2293</a>, <a href="#li2938">2938</a>; gen. pl. wēana, <a href="#li148">148</a>, <a href="#li934">934</a>, +<a href="#li1151">1151</a>, <a href="#li1397">1397</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwēalāf">wēa-lāf</a>, st. f., <i>wretched remnant</i>: acc. pl. þā wēa-lāfe +(<i>the wretched remnant</i>, i.e. Finn's almost annihilated band), +<a href="#li1085">1085</a>, <a href="#li1099">1099</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwēaspel">wēa-spel</a>, st. n., <i>woe-spell, evil tidings</i>: dat. sg. +wēa-spelle, <a href="#li1316">1316</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgeweoldum">weoldum</a>. See ge-<a class="glentry" href="#glgewild">wild</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweorc">weorc</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>work, labor, deed</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li74">74</a>; +(<i>war-deed</i>), <a href="#li1657">1657</a>; instr. sg. weorce, <a href="#li1570">1570</a>; dat. pl. weorcum, +<a href="#li2097">2097</a>; wordum ne (and) worcum, <a href="#li1101">1101</a>, <a href="#li1834">1834</a>; gen. pl. worda and worca, +<a href="#li289">289</a>.—2) <i>work, trouble, suffering</i>: acc. sg. þs gewinnes weorc +(<i>misery on account of this strife</i>), <a href="#li1722">1722</a>; dat. pl. adv. weorcum +(<i>with labor</i>), <a href="#li1639">1639</a>.—Comp.: bǣdo-, ellen-, heaðo-, niht-weorc.</p> + +<p>ge-weorc, st. n.: 1) <i>work, deed, labor</i>: nom. acc. sg., <a href="#li455">455</a>, +<a href="#li1563">1563</a>, <a href="#li1682">1682</a>, <a href="#li2718">2718</a>, <a href="#li2775">2775</a>; gen. sg. ge-weorces, <a href="#li2712">2712</a>. Comp.: ǣr-, fyrn-, +gūð-, hond-, nīð-ge-weorc.—2) <i>fortification, rampart</i>: in comp. +land-geweorc, <a href="#li939">939</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweorce">weorce</a>, adj., <i>painful, bitter</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1419">1419</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweorth">weorð</a>, st. n., <i>precious object, valuable</i>: dat. sg. +weorðe, <a href="#li2497">2497</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweorth">weorð</a>, adj., <i>dear, precious</i>: nom. sg. weorð Denum +ðeling (<i>the atheling dear to the Danes</i>, Bēowulf), <a href="#li1815">1815</a>; +compar. nom. sg. þt hē syððan ws ... māðme þȳ weorðra (<i>more +honored from the jewel</i>), <a href="#li1903">1903</a>; cf. <a class="glentry" href="#glwyrthe">wyrðe</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweorthan">weorðan</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to become</i>: pres. sg. III. beholen +weorðeð (<i>is concealed</i>), <a href="#li414">414</a>; underne weorðeð (<i>becomes +known</i>), <a href="#li2914">2914</a>; so, pl. III. weorðað, <a href="#li2067">2067</a>; wurðað, <a href="#li282">282</a>; inf. +weorðan, <a href="#li3179">3179</a>; wurðan, <a href="#li808">808</a>; pret. sg. I., III. wearð, <a href="#li6">6</a>, <a href="#li77">77</a>, <a href="#li149">149</a>, <a href="#li409">409</a>, +<a href="#li555">555</a>, <a href="#li754">754</a>, <a href="#li768">768</a>, <a href="#li819">819</a>, <a href="#li824">824</a>, etc.; pl. wurdon, <a href="#li228">228</a>; subj. pret. wurde, +<a href="#li2732">2732</a>.—2) inf. to frōfre weorðan (<i>to become a help</i>), <a href="#li1708">1708</a>; +pret. sg. wearð hē Heaðolāfe tō hand-bonan, <a href="#li460">460</a>; so, wearð, <a href="#li906">906</a>, <a href="#li1262">1262</a>; +ne wearð Heremōd swā (i.e. to frōfre) eaforum Ecgwelan, <a href="#li1710">1710</a>; pl. +wurdon, <a href="#li2204">2204</a>; subj. pret. sg. II. wurde, <a href="#li588">588</a>.—3) pret. sg. þt hē on +fylle wearð (<i>that he came to a fall</i>), <a href="#li1545">1545</a>.—4) <i>to happen, +befall</i>: inf. unc sceal weorðan ... swā unc Wyrd ge-tēoð (<i>it +shall befall us two as Fate decrees</i>), <a href="#li2527">2527</a>; þurh hwt his worulde +gedāl weorðan sceolde, <a href="#li3069">3069</a>; pret. sg. þā þǣr sōna wearð ed-hwyrft +eorlum (<i>there was soon a renewal to the earls</i>, i.e. of the +former perils), <a href="#li1281">1281</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-weorðan: 1) <i>to become</i>: pret. sg. ge-wearð, <a href="#li3062">3062</a>; pret. part. +cearu ws genīwod ge-worden (<i>care was renewed</i>), <a href="#li1305">1305</a>; swā us +ge-worden is, <a href="#li3079">3079</a>.—2) <i>to finish; complete?</i>: inf. þt þū ... +lēte Sūð-Dene sylfe ge-weorðan gūðe wið Grendel (<i>that thou wouldst +let the S. D. put an end to their war with Grendel</i>), <a href="#li1997">1997</a>.—3) +impersonally with acc., <i>to agree, decide</i>: pret. sg. þā þs +monige ge-wearð þt ... (<i>since many agreed that</i> ...), <a href="#li1599">1599</a>; +pret. part. hafað þs ge-worden wine Scyldinga, rīces hyrde, and þt +rǣd talað þt hē ... (<i>therefore hath it so appeared(?) advisable to +the friend of the S., the guardian of the realm, and he counts it a +gain that</i> ...), <a href="#li2027">2027</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweorthful">weorð-ful</a>, adj., <i>glorious, full of worth</i>: nom. sg. +weorð-fullost, <a href="#li3100">3100</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweorthian">weorðian</a>, w. v., <i>to honor, adorn</i>: pret. sg. þǣr ic ... +þīne lēode weorðode weorcum (<i>there honored I thy people by my +deeds</i>), <a href="#li2097">2097</a>; subj. pret. (þt hē) t feoh-gyftum ... Dene +weorðode (<i>that he would honor the Danes at, by, +treasure-giving</i>), <a href="#li1091">1091</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-weorðian, ge-wurðian, <i>to deck, ornament</i>: pret. part. hire +syððan ws fter bēah-þege brēost ge-weorðod, <a href="#li2177">2177</a>; wǣpnum ge-weorðad, +<a href="#li250">250</a>; since ge-weorðad, <a href="#li1451">1451</a>; so, ge-wurðad, <a href="#li331">331</a>, <a href="#li1039">1039</a>, <a href="#li1646">1646</a>; wide +ge-weorðad (<i>known, honored, afar</i>), <a href="#li1960">1960</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweorthlīce">weorð-līce</a>, adv., <i>worthily, nobly</i>: superl. weorð-līcost, +<a href="#li3163">3163</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweorthmynd">weorð-mynd</a>, st. f. n., <i>dignity, honor, glory</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li65">65</a>; acc. sg. geseah þā eald sweord ..., wigena weorðmynd (<i>saw an +ancient sword there, the glory of warriors</i>), <a href="#li1560">1560</a>; dat. instr. pl. +weorð-myndum, <a href="#li8">8</a>; tō worð-myndum, <a href="#li1187">1187</a>; gen. pl. weorð-mynda dǣl, <a href="#li1753">1753</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweorthung">weorðung</a>, st. f., <i>ornament</i>: in comp. brēost-, +hām-, heorft-, hring-, wīg-weorðung.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweorod">weorod</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glwerod">werod</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweorpan">weorpan</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to throw, cast away</i>, w. acc.: pret. +sg. wearp þā wunden-mǣl wrǣttum gebunden yrre ōretta, þt hit on +eorðan lg (<i>the wrathful warrior threw the ornamented sword, that +it lay on the earth</i>), <a href="#li1532">1532</a>.—2) <i>to throw around</i> or +<i>about</i>, w. instr.: pret. sg. beorges weard . .. wearp wl-fȳre +(<i>threw death-fire around</i>), <a href="#li2583">2583</a>.—3) <i>to throw upon</i>: inf. +hē hine eft ongan wteres (instr. gen.) weorpan (<i>began to cast +water upon him again</i>), <a href="#li2792">2792</a>.</p> + +<p>for-weorpan, w. acc., <i>to cast away, squander</i>: subj. pret. þt +hē gēnunga gūð-gewǣdu wrāðe for-wurpe (<i>that he squandered uselessly +the battle-weeds</i>, i.e. gave them to the unworthy), <a href="#li2873">2873</a>.</p> + +<p>ofer-weorpan, <i>to stumble</i>: pret. sg. ofer-wearp þā ... wigena +strengest, <a href="#li1544">1544</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweotian">weotian</a>, w. v., <i>to provide with, adjust</i>(?): pret. part. +acc. pl. wl-bende weotode, <a href="#li1937">1937</a>.</p> + +<p>be-weotian, be-witian, w. v. w. acc., <i>to regard, observe, care +for</i>: pres. pl. III. be-witiað, <a href="#li1136">1136</a>; pret. sg. þegn ... sē þe ... +ealle be-weotede þegnes þearfe (<i>who would attend to all the needs +of a thane</i>), <a href="#li1797">1797</a>; draca sē þe ... hord be-weotode (<i>the drake +that guarded a treasure</i>), <a href="#li2213">2213</a>;—<i>to carry out, undertake</i>: +pres. pl. III. þā ... oft be-witigað sorh-fulne sīð on segl-rāde, <a href="#li1429">1429</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwicg">wicg</a>, st. n., <i>steed, riding-horse</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1401">1401</a>; acc. +sg. wicg, <a href="#li315">315</a>; dat. instr. sg. wicge, <a href="#li234">234</a>; on wicge, <a href="#li286">286</a>; acc. pl. +wicg, <a href="#li2175">2175</a>; gen. pl. wicga, <a href="#li1046">1046</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgewidor">widor</a>, st. n., <i>storm, tempest</i>: acc. pl. lāð ge-widru +(<i>loathly weather</i>), <a href="#li1376">1376</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwith">wið</a> prep. w. dat. and acc., with fundamental meanings of division +and opposition: 1) w. dat., <i>against, with</i> (in hostile sense), +<i>from</i>: þā wið gode wunnon, <a href="#li113">113</a>; āna (wan) wið eallum, <a href="#li145">145</a>; ymb feorh +sacan, lāð wið lāðum, <a href="#li440">440</a>; so, <a href="#li426">426</a>, <a href="#li439">439</a>, <a href="#li550">550</a>, <a href="#li2372">2372</a>, <a href="#li2521">2521</a>, <a href="#li2522">2522</a>, <a href="#li2561">2561</a>, <a href="#li2840">2840</a>, +<a href="#li3005">3005</a>; þt him holt-wudu ... helpan ne meahte, lind wið līge, <a href="#li2342">2342</a>; +hwt ... sēlest wǣre wið fǣr-gryrum tō ge-fremmanne, <a href="#li174">174</a>; þt him gāst-bona +gēoce gefremede wið þēod-þrēaum, <a href="#li178">178</a>; wið rihte wan (<i>strove against +right</i>), <a href="#li144">144</a>; hfde ... sele Hrōðgāres ge-nered wið nīðe (<i>had saved +H.'s hall from strife</i>), <a href="#li828">828</a>; (him dyrne langað ...) beorn wið blōde +(<i>the hero longeth secretly contrary to his blood</i>, i.e. H. feels a +secret longing for the non-related Bēowulf), <a href="#li1881">1881</a>; sundur ge-dǣlan līf wið +līce (<i>to sunder soul from body</i>), <a href="#li2424">2424</a>; strēamas wundon sund wið +sande (<i>the currents rolled the sea against the sand</i>), <a href="#li213">213</a>; līg-ȳðum +forborn bord wið ronde (rond, MS.) (<i>with waves of flame burnt the shield +against, as far as, the rim</i>), <a href="#li2674">2674</a>; holm storme wēol, won wið winde +(<i>the sea surged, wrestled with the wind</i>), <a href="#li1133">1133</a>; so, hiora in ānum +wēoll sefa wið sorgum (<i>in one of them surged the soul with sorrow</i> +[<i>against</i>?, Heyne]), <a href="#li2601">2601</a>; þt hire wið healse heard grāpode (<i>that +the sharp sword bit against her neck</i>), <a href="#li1567">1567</a>.—2) w. acc.: a) +<i>against, towards</i>: wan wið Hrōðgār (<i>fought against H.</i>), <a href="#li152">152</a>; +wið fēonda gehwone, <a href="#li294">294</a>; wið wrāð werod, <a href="#li319">319</a>; so, <a href="#li540">540</a>, <a href="#li1998">1998</a>, <a href="#li2535">2535</a>; hine +hālig god ūs on-sende wið Grendles gryre, <a href="#li384">384</a>; þt ic wið þone gūð-flogan +gylp ofer-sitte (<i>that I refrain from boastful speech against the +battle-flier</i>), <a href="#li2529">2529</a>; ne wolde wið manna ge-hwone ... feorh-bealo feorran +(<i>would not cease his life-plotting against any of the men</i>; or, +<i>withdraw life-bale from</i>, etc.? or, <i>peace would not have with any +man..., mortal bale withdraw</i>?, Kemble), <a href="#li155">155</a>; ic þā lēode wāt gē wið +fēond gē wið frēond fste geworhte (<i>towards foe and friend</i>), <a href="#li1865">1865</a>; +hēold hēah-lufan wið hleða brego (<i>cherished high love towards the +prince of heroes</i>), <a href="#li1955">1955</a>; wið ord and wið ecge ingang forstōd +(<i>prevented entrance to spear-point and sword-edge</i>), <a href="#li1550">1550</a>. b) +<i>against, on, upon, in</i>: setton sīde scyldas ... wið þs recedes weal +(<i>against the wall of the hall</i>), <a href="#li326">326</a>; wið eorðan fðm (eardodon) +(<i>in the bosom of the earth</i>), <a href="#li3050">3050</a>; wið earm ge-st (<i>sat on, +against, his arm</i>), <a href="#li750">750</a>; so, stīð-mōd ge-stōd wið stēapne rond, <a href="#li2567">2567</a>; +[wið duru healle ēode] (<i>went to the door of the hall</i>), <a href="#li389">389</a>; wið +Hrefna-wudu (<i>over against, near, H.</i>), <a href="#li2926">2926</a>; wið his sylfes sunu setl +ge-tǣhte (<i>showed me to a seat with, near, beside, his own son</i>), +<a href="#li2014">2014</a>. c) <i>towards, with</i> (of contracting parties): þt hīe healfre +ge-weald wið Eotena bearn āgan mōston (<i>that they power over half the +hall with the Eotens' sons were to possess</i>), <a href="#li1089">1089</a>; þenden hē wið wulf +wl rēafode (<i>whilst with the wolf he was robbing the slain</i>), +<a href="#li3028">3028</a>.—3) Alternately with dat. and acc., <i>against</i>: nū wið Grendel +sceal, wið þām āglǣcan, āna gehegan þing wið þyrse, <a href="#li424">424-426</a>;—<i>with, +beside</i>: ge-st þā wið sylfne..., mǣg wið mǣge, <a href="#li1978">1978-79</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwithergyld">wiðer-gyld</a>, st. n., <i>compensation</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2052">2052</a>, +[proper name?].</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwitherrhtes">wiðer-rhtes</a>, adv., <i>opposite, in front of</i>, <a href="#li3040">3040</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwithre">wiðre</a>, st. n., <i>resistance</i>: gen. sg. wiðres ne truwode, +<a href="#li2954">2954</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwiht">wiht</a>, st. f.: 1) <i>wight, creature, demon</i>: nom. sg. wiht +unhǣlo (<i>the demon of destruction</i>, Grendel), <a href="#li120">120</a>; acc. sg. +syllīcran wiht (the dragon), <a href="#li3039">3039</a>.—2) <i>thing, something, aught</i>: +nom. sg. w. negative, nē hine wiht dweleð (<i>nor does aught check +him</i>), <a href="#li1736">1736</a>; him wiht ne spēow (<i>it helped him naught</i>), <a href="#li2855">2855</a>; +acc. sg. nē him þs wyrmes wīg for wiht dyde (<i>nor did he count the +worm's warring for aught</i>), <a href="#li2349">2349</a>; ne meahte ic ... wiht gewyrcan +<i>(I could not do aught</i> ...), <a href="#li1661">1661</a>;—w. partitive gen.: nō ... wiht +swylcra searo-niða, <a href="#li581">581</a>;—the acc. sg. = adv. like Germ. <i>nicht</i>: +nē hīe hūru wine-drihten wiht ne lōgon (<i>did not blame their +friendly lord aught</i>), <a href="#li863">863</a>; so, ne wiht = <i>naught, in no +wise</i>, <a href="#li1084">1084</a>, <a href="#li2602">2602</a>, <a href="#li2858">2858</a>; nō wiht, <a href="#li541">541</a>; instr. sg. wihte (<i>in +aught, in any way</i>), <a href="#li1992">1992</a>; ne ... wihte (<i>by no means</i>), <a href="#li186">186</a>, +<a href="#li2278">2278</a>, <a href="#li2688">2688</a>; wihte ne, <a href="#li1515">1515</a>, <a href="#li1996">1996</a>, <a href="#li2465">2465</a>, <a href="#li2924">2924</a>.—Comp.: ā-wiht (āht = +<i>aught</i>), l-wiht, ō-wiht.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwilcuma">wil-cuma</a>, w. m., <i>one welcome</i> (qui gratus advenit): nom. +pl. wil-cuman Denigea lēodum (<i>welcome to the people of the +Danes</i>), <a href="#li388">388</a>; so, him (the lord of the Danes) wil-cuman, <a href="#li394">394</a>; +wil-cuman Wedera lēodum (<i>welcome to the Gēatas</i>), <a href="#li1895">1895</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgewild">wild</a>, st. f., <i>free-will</i>? dat. pl. nealles mid +ge-weoldum (<i>sponte, voluntarily</i>, Bugge), <a href="#li2223">2223</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwildēor">wil-dēor</a> (for wild-dēor), st. n., <i>wild beast</i>: acc. pl. +wil-dēor, <a href="#li1431">1431</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwilgesīth">wil-gesīð</a>, st. m., <i>chosen</i> or <i>willing companion</i>: +nom. pl. -ge-sīðas, <a href="#li23">23</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwilgeofa">wil-geofa</a>, w. m., <i>ready giver</i> (= voti largitor: princely +designation), <i>joy-giver</i>?: nom. sg. wil-geofa Wedra lēoda, <a href="#li2901">2901</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwilla">willa</a>, w. m.: 1) <i>will, wish, desire, sake</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li627">627</a>, +<a href="#li825">825</a>; acc. sg. willan, <a href="#li636">636</a>, <a href="#li1740">1740</a>, <a href="#li2308">2308</a>, <a href="#li2410">2410</a>; instr. sg. ānes willan +(<i>for the sake of one</i>), <a href="#li3078">3078</a>; so, <a href="#li2590">2590</a>; dat. sg. tō willan, +<a href="#li1187">1187</a>, <a href="#li1712">1712</a>; instr. pl. willum (<i>according to wish</i>), <a href="#li1822">1822</a>; sylfes +willum, <a href="#li2224">2224</a>, <a href="#li2640">2640</a>; gen. pl. wilna, <a href="#li1345">1345</a>.—2) <i>desirable thing, +valuable</i>: gen. pl. wilna, <a href="#li661">661</a>, <a href="#li951">951</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwillan">willan</a>, aux. v., <i>will</i>: in pres. also <i>shall</i> (when +the future action is depend. on one's free will): pres. sg. I. wille +ic ā-secgan (<i>I will set forth, tell out</i>), <a href="#li344">344</a>; so, <a href="#li351">351</a>, <a href="#li427">427</a>; ic +tō sǣ wille (<i>I will to sea</i>), <a href="#li318">318</a>; wylle, <a href="#li948">948</a>, <a href="#li2149">2149</a>, <a href="#li2513">2513</a>; sg. +II. þū wylt, <a href="#li1853">1853</a>; sg. III. hē wile, <a href="#li346">346</a>, <a href="#li446">446</a>, <a href="#li1050">1050</a>, <a href="#li1182">1182</a>, <a href="#li1833">1833</a>; wyle, +<a href="#li2865">2865</a>; wille, <a href="#li442">442</a>, <a href="#li1004">1004</a>, <a href="#li1185">1185</a>, <a href="#li1395">1395</a>; ǣr hē in wille (<i>ere he will +in</i>, i.e. go or flee into the fearful sea), <a href="#li1372">1372</a>; wylle, <a href="#li2767">2767</a>; pl. +I. wē ... wyllað, <a href="#li1819">1819</a>; pret. sg. I., III. wolde, <a href="#li68">68</a>, <a href="#li154">154</a>, <a href="#li200">200</a>, <a href="#li646">646</a>, +<a href="#li665">665</a>, <a href="#li739">739</a>, <a href="#li756">756</a>, <a href="#li797">797</a>, <a href="#li881">881</a>, etc.; nō ic fram him wolde (i.e. flēotan), +<a href="#li543">543</a>; so, swā hē hira mā wolde (i.e. ā-cwellan), <a href="#li1056">1056</a>; pret. pl. +woldon, <a href="#li482">482</a>, <a href="#li2637">2637</a>, <a href="#li3173">3173</a>; subj. pret., <a href="#li2730">2730</a>.—Forms contracted w. +negative: pres. sg. I. nelle (= ne + wille, <i>I will not</i>, nolo), +<a href="#li680">680</a>, <a href="#li2525">2525</a>(?); pret. sg. III. nolde (= ne + wolde), <a href="#li792">792</a>, <a href="#li804">804</a>, <a href="#li813">813</a>, <a href="#li1524">1524</a>; +w. omitted inf. þā metod nolde, <a href="#li707">707</a>, <a href="#li968">968</a>; pret. subj. nolde, <a href="#li2519">2519</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwilnian">wilnian</a>, w. v., <i>to long for, beseech</i>: inf. wēl bið þǣm +þe mōt ... tō fder fðmum freoðo wilnian (<i>well for him that may +beseech protection in the Father's arms</i>), <a href="#li188">188</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwilsīth">wil-sīð</a>, st. m., <i>chosen journey</i>: acc. sg. wil-sīð, <a href="#li216">216</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgewin">win</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>strife, struggle, enmity, conflict</i>: +acc. sg., <a href="#li878">878</a>; þā hīe ge-win drugon (<i>endured strife</i>), <a href="#li799">799</a>; +under ȳða ge-win (<i>under the tumult of the waves</i>), <a href="#li1470">1470</a>; gen. +sg. þs ge-winnes weorc (<i>misery for this strife</i>), <a href="#li1722">1722</a>.—2) +<i>suffering, oppression</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li133">133</a>, <a href="#li191">191</a>; acc. sg. eald +ge-win, <a href="#li1782">1782</a>.—Comp.: fyrn-, ȳð-ge-win.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīnrn">wīn-rn</a>, st. n., <i>hall of hospitality, hall, wine-hall</i>: +gen. sg. wīn-rnes, <a href="#li655">655</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwind">wind</a>, st. m., <i>wind, storm</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li547">547</a>, <a href="#li1375">1375</a>, <a href="#li1908">1908</a>; +dat. instr. sg. winde, <a href="#li217">217</a>; wið winde, <a href="#li1133">1133</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwindan">windan</a>, st. v.: 1) intrans., <i>to wind, whirl</i>: pret. sg. +wand tō wolcnum wl-fȳra mǣst, <a href="#li1120">1120</a>.—2) w. acc., <i>to twist, wind, +curl</i>: pret. pl. strēamas wundon sund wið sande, <a href="#li212">212</a>; pret. part. +wunden gold (<i>twisted, spirally-twined, gold</i>), <a href="#li1194">1194</a>, <a href="#li3135">3135</a>; +instr. pl. wundnum (wundum, MS.) golde, <a href="#li1383">1383</a>.</p> + +<p>t-windan, <i>to wrest one's self from, escape</i>: pret. sg. sē þǣm +fēonde t-wand, <a href="#li143">143</a>.</p> + +<p>be-windan, <i>to wind with</i> or <i>round, clasp, surround, +envelop</i> (involvere): pret. sg. þē hit (the sword) mundum be-wand, +<a href="#li1462">1462</a>; pret. part. wīrum be-wunden (<i>wound with wires</i>) <a href="#li1032">1032</a>; +feorh ... flǣsce be-wunden (<i>flesh-enclosed</i>), <a href="#li2425">2425</a>; gār ... mundum +be-wunden (<i>a spear grasped with the hands</i>), <a href="#li3023">3023</a>; iū-manna gold +galdre be-wunden (<i>spell-encircled gold</i>), <a href="#li3053">3053</a>; (āstāh ...) lēg +wōpe be-wunden (<i>uprose the flame mingled with a lament</i>), <a href="#li3147">3147</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-windan, <i>to writhe, get loose, escape</i>: inf. wīdre ge-windan +(<i>to flee further</i>), <a href="#li764">764</a>; pret. sg. on flēam ge-wand, <a href="#li1002">1002</a>.</p> + +<p>on-windan, <i>to unwind, loosen</i>: pres. sg. (þonne fder) on-windeð +wl-rāpas, <a href="#li1611">1611</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwindg">win-dg</a>, st. m., <i>day of struggle</i> or <i>suffering</i>: +dat. pl. on þyssum win-dagum (<i>in these days of sorrow</i>, i.e. of +earthly existence), <a href="#li1063">1063</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwindbland (blond)">wind-bland (blond)</a>, st. n., <i>wind-roar</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li3147">3147</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwindgereste">wind-gereste</a>, f., <i>resting-place of the winds</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li2457">2457</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwindig">windig</a>, adj., <i>windy</i>: acc. pl. windige (weallas, nssas), +<a href="#li572">572</a>, <a href="#li1359">1359</a>; windige weallas (wind geard weallas, MS.), <a href="#li1225">1225</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwine">wine</a>, st. m., <i>friend, protector</i>, especially the <i>beloved +ruler</i>: nom. sg. wine Scyldinga, lēof land-fruma (Scyld), <a href="#li30">30</a>; wine +Scyldinga (Hrōðgār), <a href="#li148">148</a>, <a href="#li1184">1184</a>. As vocative: mīn wine, <a href="#li2048">2048</a>; wine mīn, +Bēowulf (Hunferð), <a href="#li457">457</a>, <a href="#li530">530</a>, <a href="#li1705">1705</a>; acc. sg. holdne wine (Hrōðgār), <a href="#li376">376</a>; +wine Deniga, Scyldinga, <a href="#li350">350</a>, <a href="#li2027">2027</a>; dat. sg. wine Scyldinga, <a href="#li170">170</a>; gen. sg. +wines (Bēowulf), <a href="#li3097">3097</a>; acc. pl. wine, <a href="#li21">21</a>; dat. pl. Denum eallum, winum +Scyldinga, <a href="#li1419">1419</a>; gen. pl. winigea lēasum, <a href="#li1665">1665</a>; winia bealdor, +<a href="#li2568">2568</a>.—Comp.: frēa-, frēo-, gold-, gūð-, mǣg-wine.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwinedryhten">wine-dryhten</a>, st. m., (dominus amicus), <i>friendly lord, lord and +friend</i>: acc. sg. wine-drihten, <a href="#li863">863</a>, <a href="#li1605">1605</a>; wine-dryhten, <a href="#li2723">2723</a>, <a href="#li3177">3177</a>; +dat. sg. wine-drihtne, <a href="#li360">360</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwinegeōmor">wine-geōmor</a>, adj., <i>friend-mourning</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2240">2240</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwinelēas">wine-lēas</a>, adj., <i>friendless</i>: dat. sg. wine-lēasum, <a href="#li2614">2614</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwinemǣg">wine-mǣg</a>, st. m., <i>dear kinsman</i>: nom. pl. wine-māgas, <a href="#li65">65</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgewinna">winna</a>, w. m., <i>striver, struggler, foe</i>: comp. eald-, +ealdor-gewinna.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwinnan">winnan</a>, st. v., <i>to struggle, fight</i>: pret. sg. III. wan +āna wið eallum, <a href="#li144">144</a>; Grendel wan ... wið Hrōðgār, <a href="#li151">151</a>; holm ... won wið +winde (<i>the sea fought with the wind</i>: cf. wan wind endi water, +Heliand, 2244), <a href="#li1133">1133</a>; II. eart þū se Bēowulf, sē þe wið Brecan wunne, +<a href="#li506">506</a>; pl. wið gode wunnon, <a href="#li113">113</a>; þǣr þā graman wunnon (<i>where the foes +fought</i>), <a href="#li778">778</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīnreced">wīn-reced</a>, st. n., <i>wine-hall, guest-hall, house for +entertaining guests</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li715">715</a>, <a href="#li994">994</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīnsele">wīn-sele</a>, st. m., the same, <i>wine-hall</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li772">772</a>; +dat. sg. wīn-sele, <a href="#li696">696</a> (cf. Heliand Glossary, 369 [364]).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwinter">winter</a>, st. m. n.: 1) <i>winter</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1133">1133</a>, <a href="#li1137">1137</a>; acc. +sg. winter, <a href="#li1129">1129</a>; gen. sg. wintres, <a href="#li516">516</a>.—2) <i>year</i> (counted by +winters): acc. pl. fīftig wintru (neut.), <a href="#li2210">2210</a>; instr. pl. wintrum, +<a href="#li1725">1725</a>, <a href="#li2115">2115</a>, <a href="#li2278">2278</a>; gen. pl. wintra, <a href="#li147">147</a>, <a href="#li264">264</a>, <a href="#li1928">1928</a>, <a href="#li2279">2279</a>, <a href="#li2734">2734</a>, <a href="#li3051">3051</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwintre">wintre</a>, adj., <i>so many winters</i> (old): in comp. +syfan-wintre.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgewislīce">wislīce</a>, adv., <i>certainly, undoubtedly</i>: superl. +gewislīcost, <a href="#li1351">1351</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwist">wist</a>, st. f., fundamental meaning = <i>existentia</i>, hence: +1) <i>good condition, happiness, abundance</i>: dat. sg. wunað hē on +wiste, <a href="#li1736">1736</a>.—2) <i>food, subsistence, booty</i>: dat. sg. þā ws +fter wiste wōp up ā-hafen (<i>a cry was then uplifted after the +meal</i>, i.e. Grendel's meal of thirty men), <a href="#li128">128</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwistfyllo">wist-fyllo</a>, st. f., <i>fulness</i> or <i>fill of food, rich +meal</i>: gen. sg. wist-fylle, <a href="#li735">735</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwit">wit</a>, st. n., (wit), <i>understanding</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li590">590</a>.—Comp.: fyr-, in-wit.</p> + +<p>ge-wit, st. n.: 1) <i>consciousness</i>. dat. sg. ge-wēold his +ge-witte, <a href="#li2704">2704</a>.—2) <i>heart, breast</i>: dat. sg. fȳr unswīðor wēoll +(<i>the fire surged less strongly from the dragon's breast</i>), <a href="#li2883">2883</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwit">wit</a>, pers. pron. dual of wē, <i>we two</i>, <a href="#li535">535</a>, <a href="#li537">537</a>, <a href="#li539">539</a>, <a href="#li540">540</a>, +<a href="#li544">544</a>, <a href="#li1187">1187</a>, etc. See <a class="glentry" href="#glunc">unc, uncer</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwita">wita, weota</a>, w. m., <i>counsellor, royal adviser</i>; pl., +<i>the king's council of nobles</i>: nom. pl. witan, <a href="#li779">779</a>: gen. pl. +witena, <a href="#li157">157</a>, <a href="#li266">266</a>, <a href="#li937">937</a> weotena, <a href="#li1099">1099</a>.—Comp.: fyrn-, rūn-wita.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwitan">witan</a>, pret.-pres. v., <i>to wot, know</i>. 1) w. depend, +clause: pres. sg. I., III. wāt, <a href="#li1332">1332</a>, <a href="#li2657">2657</a>; ic on Higelāce wāt þt +hē ... (<i>I know as to H., that he</i> ...), <a href="#li1831">1831</a>; so, god wāt on mec +þt ...(<i>God knows of me, that</i> ...), <a href="#li2651">2651</a>; sg. II. þū wāst, <a href="#li272">272</a>; +weak pret. sg. I., III. wiste, <a href="#li822">822</a>; wisse, <a href="#li2340">2340</a>, <a href="#li2726">2726</a>; pl. wiston, +<a href="#li799">799</a>, <a href="#li1605">1605</a>; subj. pres. I. gif ic wiste, <a href="#li2520">2520</a>.—2) w. acc. and inf.: +pres. sg. I. ic wāt, <a href="#li1864">1864</a>.—3) w. object, predicative part, or adj.: +pret. sg. III. tō þs hē win-reced ... gearwost wisse, fǣttum fāhne, +<a href="#li716">716</a>; so, <a href="#li1310">1310</a>; wiste þǣm āhlǣcan hilde ge-binged, <a href="#li647">647</a>.—4) w. acc., +<i>to know</i>: inf. witan, <a href="#li252">252</a>, <a href="#li288">288</a>; pret. sg. wisse, <a href="#li169">169</a>; wiste his +fingra ge-weald on grames grāpum, <a href="#li765">765</a>; pl. II. wisson, <a href="#li246">246</a>; wiston, +<a href="#li181">181</a>.</p> + +<p>nāt = ne + wāt, <i>I know not</i>: 1) elliptically with hwylc, +indef. pronoun = <i>some or other</i>: sceaða ic nāt hwylc.—2) w. +gen. and depend. clause: nāt hē þāra gōda, þt hē mē on-gēan slēa, +<a href="#li682">682</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-witan, <i>to know, perceive</i>: inf. þs þe hīe gewis-līcost +ge-witan meahton, <a href="#li1351">1351</a>.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbewitian">witian</a>. See be-<a class="glentry" href="#glbeweotian">weotian</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwītig">wītig</a>, adj., <i>wise, sagacious</i>: nom. sg. wītig god, <a href="#li686">686</a>, +<a href="#li1057">1057</a>; wītig drihten (God), <a href="#li1555">1555</a>; wittig drihten, <a href="#li1842">1842</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-wittig, adj., <i>conscious</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li3095">3095</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgewītnian">wītnian</a>, w. v., <i>to chastise, punish</i>: wommum gewītnad +(<i>punished with plagues</i>), <a href="#li3074">3074</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīc">wīc</a>, st. n., <i>dwelling, house</i>: acc. sg. wīc, <a href="#li822">822</a>, +<a href="#li2590">2590</a>;—often in pl. because houses of nobles were complex: dat. wīcum, +<a href="#li1305">1305</a>, <a href="#li1613">1613</a>, <a href="#li3084">3084</a>; gen. wīca, <a href="#li125">125</a>, <a href="#li1126">1126</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgewīcan">wīcan</a>, st. v., <i>to soften, give way, yield</i> (here +chiefly of swords): pret. sg. ge-wāc, <a href="#li2578">2578</a>, <a href="#li2630">2630</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīcstede">wīc-stede</a>, st. m., <i>dwelling-place</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li2463">2463</a>; acc. +sg. wīc-stede, <a href="#li2608">2608</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīd">wīd</a>, adj., <i>wide, extended</i>: 1) space: acc. sg. neut. ofer +wīd wter, <a href="#li2474">2474</a>; gen. sg. wīdan rīces, <a href="#li1860">1860</a>; acc. pl. wīde sīðas, +waroðas, <a href="#li878">878</a>, <a href="#li1966">1966</a>.—2) temporal: acc. sg. wīdan feorh (acc. of time), +<a href="#li2015">2015</a>; dat. sg. tō wīdan feore, <a href="#li934">934</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīde">wīde</a>, adv., <i>widely, afar</i>, <a href="#li18">18</a>, <a href="#li74">74</a>, <a href="#li79">79</a>, <a href="#li266">266</a>, <a href="#li1404">1404</a>, <a href="#li1589">1589</a>, +<a href="#li1960">1960</a>, etc.; wīde cūð (<i>widely, universally, known</i>), <a href="#li2136">2136</a>, <a href="#li2924">2924</a>; +so, underne wīde, <a href="#li2914">2914</a>; wīde geond eorðan (<i>over the whole earth, +widely</i>), <a href="#li3100">3100</a>;—modifier of superl.: wreccena wīde mǣrost (<i>the +most famous of wanderers, exiles</i>), <a href="#li899">899</a>.—Compar. wīdre, <a href="#li764">764</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīdcūth">wīd-cūð</a>, adj., <i>widely known, very celebrated</i>: nom. sg. +neut., <a href="#li1257">1257</a>; acc. sg. m. wīd-cūðne man (Bēowulf), <a href="#li1490">1490</a>; wīd-cūðne +wēan, <a href="#li1992">1992</a>; wīd-cūðes (Hrōðgār), <a href="#li1043">1043</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīdeferhth">wīde-ferhð</a>, st. m. n., (<i>long life</i>), <i>great length of +time</i>: acc. sg. as acc. of time: wīde-ferhð (<i>down to distant +times, always</i>), <a href="#li703">703</a>, <a href="#li938">938</a>; ealne wīde-ferhð, <a href="#li1223">1223</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīdfloga">wīd-floga</a>, w. m., <i>wide-flier</i> (of the dragon): nom. sg., +<a href="#li2831">2831</a>; acc. sg. wīd-flogan, <a href="#li2347">2347</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīdscofen">wīd-scofen</a>, pret. part., <i>wide-spread</i>? <i>causing fear +far and wide</i>? <a href="#li937">937</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīdweg">wīd-weg</a>, st. m., <i>wide way, long journey</i>: acc. pl. +wīd-wegas, <a href="#li841">841</a>, <a href="#li1705">1705</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīf">wīf</a>, st. n., <i>woman, lady, wife</i>: nom. sg. frēo-līc wīf +(Queen Wealhþēow), <a href="#li616">616</a>; wīf un-hȳre (Grendel's mother), <a href="#li2121">2121</a>; acc. sg. +drihtlīce wīf (Finn's wife), <a href="#li1159">1159</a>; instr. sg. mid þȳ wīfe (Hrōðgār's +daughter, Frēawaru), <a href="#li2029">2029</a>; dat. sg. þām wīfe (Wealhþēow), <a href="#li640">640</a>; gen. +sg. wīfes (as opposed to <i>man</i>), <a href="#li1285">1285</a>; gen. pl. wera and wīfa, +<a href="#li994">994</a>.—Comp.: āglǣc-, mere-wīf.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīflufe">wīf-lufe</a>, w. f., <i>wife-love, love for a wife, woman's +love</i>: nom. pl. wīf-lufan, <a href="#li2066">2066</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīg">wīg</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>war, battle</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li23">23</a>, <a href="#li1081">1081</a>, <a href="#li2317">2317</a>, +<a href="#li2873">2873</a>; acc. sg., <a href="#li686">686</a>, <a href="#li1084">1084</a>, <a href="#li1248">1248</a>; dat. sg. wīge, wigge, <a href="#li1338">1338</a>, <a href="#li2630">2630</a>, <a href="#li1657">1657</a>, <a href="#li1771">1771</a>; as instr., +<a href="#li1085">1085</a>; ; gen. sg. wīges, <a href="#li65">65</a>, <a href="#li887">887</a>, <a href="#li1269">1269</a>.—2) +<i>valor, warlike prowess</i>: nom. sg. ws his mōd-sefa manegum +ge-cȳðed, wīg and wīsdōm, <a href="#li350">350</a>; wīg, <a href="#li1043">1043</a>; wīg ... eafoð and ellen, +<a href="#li2349">2349</a>; gen. sg. wīges, <a href="#li2324">2324</a>.—Comp. fēðe-wīg.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwiga">wiga</a>, w. m., <i>warrior, fighter</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li630">630</a>; dat. pl. +wigum, <a href="#li2396">2396</a>; gen. pl. wigena, <a href="#li1544">1544</a>, <a href="#li1560">1560</a>, <a href="#li3116">3116</a>.—Comp.: sc-, byrn-, +gār-, gūð-, lind-, rand-, scyld-wiga.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīgan">wīgan</a>, st. v., <i>to fight</i>: pres. sg. III. wīgeð, <a href="#li600">600</a>; +inf., <a href="#li2510">2510</a>.</p> + +<p>wīgend, pres. part., <i>fighter, warrior</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li3100">3100</a>; nom. pl. +wīgend, <a href="#li1126">1126</a>, <a href="#li1815">1815</a>, <a href="#li3145">3145</a>; acc. pl. wīgend, <a href="#li3025">3025</a>; gen. pl. wīgendra, +<a href="#li429">429</a>, <a href="#li900">900</a>, <a href="#li1973">1973</a>, <a href="#li2338">2338</a>.—Comp. gārwīgend.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīgbealu">wīg-bealu</a>, st. n., <i>war-bale, evil contest</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li2047">2047</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīgbil">wīg-bil</a>, st. n., <i>war-bill, battle-sword</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1608">1608</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīgbord">wīg-bord</a>, st. n., <i>war-board</i> or <i>shield</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li2340">2340</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīgcrft">wīg-crft</a>, st. m., <i>war-power</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li2954">2954</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīgcrftig">wīg-crftig</a>, adj., <i>vigorous in fight, strong in war</i>: +acc. sg. wīg-crftigne (of the sword Hrunting), <a href="#li1812">1812</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīgfreca">wīg-freca</a>, w. m., <i>war-wolf, war-hero</i>: acc. sg. +wīg-frecan, <a href="#li2497">2497</a>; nom. pl. wīg-frecan, <a href="#li1213">1213</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīgfruma">wīg-fruma</a>, w. m., <i>war-chief</i> or <i>king</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li665">665</a>; acc. sg. wīg-fruman, <a href="#li2262">2262</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīggeatwe">wīg-geatwe</a>, st. f. pl., <i>war-ornaments, war-gear</i>: dat. +pl. on wīg-geatwum (-getawum, MS.), <a href="#li368">368</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīggeweorthad">wīg-ge-weorðad</a>, pret. part., <i>war-honored, distinguished in +war</i>, 1784? See <a href="#note1784">Note</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīggryre">wīg-gryre</a>, st. m., <i>war-horror</i> or <i>terror</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li1285">1285</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīghete">wīg-hete</a>, st. m., <i>war-hate, hostility</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2121">2121</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīgheafola">wīg-heafola</a>, w. m., <i>war head-piece, helmet</i>: acc. sg. +wīg-heafolan, <a href="#li2662">2662</a>.—Leo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīghēap">wīg-hēap</a>, st. m., <i>war-band</i>: nom sg., <a href="#li447">447</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīghryre">wīg-hryre</a>, st. m., <i>war-ruin, slaughter, carnage</i>: acc. +sg., <a href="#li1620">1620</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīgsigor">wīg-sigor</a>, st. m., <i>war-victory</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1555">1555</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīgsped">wīg-sped</a>, st. f.?, <i>war-speed, success in war</i>: gen. pl. +wīg-spēda, <a href="#li698">698</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwigweorthung">wīg-weorðung</a>, st. f., <i>idol-worship, idolatry, sacrifice to +idols</i>: acc. pl. -weorðunga, <a href="#li176">176</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīn">wīn</a>, st. n., <i>wine</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1163">1163</a>, <a href="#li1234">1234</a>; instr. wīne, +<a href="#li1468">1468</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīr">wīr</a>, st. n., <i>wire, spiral ornament of wire</i>: instr. pl. +wīrum, <a href="#li1032">1032</a>; gen. pl. wīra, <a href="#li2414">2414</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīs">wīs</a>, adj., <i>wise, experienced, discreet</i>: nom. sg. m. wīs +(<i>in his mind, conscious</i>), <a href="#li3095">3095</a>; f. wīs, <a href="#li1928">1928</a>; in w. form, se +wīsa, <a href="#li1401">1401</a>, <a href="#li1699">1699</a>, <a href="#li2330">2330</a>; acc. sg. þone wīsan, <a href="#li1319">1319</a>; gen. pl. wīsra, +<a href="#li1414">1414</a>; w. gen. nom. sg. wīs wordcwida (<i>wise of speech</i>), <a href="#li1846">1846</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīsa">wīsa</a>, w. m., <i>guide, leader</i>: nom. sg. werodes wīsa, +<a href="#li259">259</a>.—Comp.: brim-, here-, hilde-wīsa.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīscte">wīscte</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glwȳscan">wȳscan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīsdōm">wīs-dōm</a>, st. m., <i>wisdom, experience</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li350">350</a>; +instr. sg. wīs-dōme, <a href="#li1960">1960</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīse">wīse</a>, w. f., <i>fashion, wise, custom</i>: acc. sg. (instr.) +ealde wīsan (<i>after ancient custom</i>), <a href="#li1866">1866</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīsfst">wīs-fst</a>, adj., <i>wise, sagacious</i> (sapientiā firmus): nom. +sg. f., <a href="#li627">627</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīshycgende">wīs-hycgende</a>, pres. part. <i>wise-thinking, wise</i>, <a href="#li2717">2717</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīsian">wīsian</a>, w. v., <i>to guide</i> or <i>lead to, direct, point +out</i>: 1) w. acc.: inf. hēan wong wīsian, <a href="#li2410">2410</a>; pret. sg. secg +wīsade land-gemyrcu, <a href="#li208">208</a>.—2) w. dat.: pres. sg. I. ic ēow wīsige +(<i>I shall guide you</i>), <a href="#li292">292</a>, <a href="#li3104">3104</a>; pret. sg. sē þǣm heaðo-rincum +hider wīsade, <a href="#li370">370</a>; sōna him sele-þegn ... forð wīsade <i>(the +hall-thane led him thither forthwith</i>, i.e. to his couch), <a href="#li1796">1796</a>; +stīg wīsode gumum t-gdere, <a href="#li320">320</a>; so, <a href="#li1664">1664</a>.—3) w. prep.?: pret. sg. +þā secg wīsode under Heorotes hrōf (<i>when the warrior showed them +the way under Heorot's roof</i>, [but under H.'s hrōf depends rather +on snyredon tsomne]), <a href="#li402">402</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwītan">wītan</a>, st. v., properly <i>to look at; to look at with censure, +to blame, reproach, accuse</i>, w. dat. of pers. and acc. of thing: +inf. for-þām mē wītan ne þearf waldend fīra morðor-bealo māga, <a href="#li2742">2742</a>.</p> + +<p>t-wītan, <i>to blame, censure</i> (cf. 'twit), w. acc. of thing: +pret. pl. t-witon wēana dǣl, <a href="#li1151">1151</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-wītan, properly <i>spectare aliquo; to go</i> (most general verb of +motion): 1) with inf. after verbs of motion: pret. sg. þanon eft +ge-wāt ... tō hām faran, <a href="#li123">123</a>; so, <a href="#li2570">2570</a>; pl. þanon eft gewiton ... +mēarum rīdan, <a href="#li854">854</a>. Sometimes with reflex, dat.: pres. sg. him þā Scyld +ge-wāt ... fēran on frēan wǣre, <a href="#li26">26</a>; gewāt him ... rīdan, <a href="#li234">234</a>; so, +<a href="#li1964">1964</a>; pl. ge-witon, <a href="#li301">301</a>.—2) associated with general infinitives of +motion and aim: imper. pl. ge-wītað forð beran wǣpen and gewǣdu, <a href="#li291">291</a>; +pret. sg. ge-wāt þā nēosian hēan hūses, <a href="#li115">115</a>; hē þā fāg ge-wāt ... +man-drēam flēon, <a href="#li1264">1264</a>; nyðer eft gewāt dennes nīosian, <a href="#li3045">3045</a>; so, <a href="#li1275">1275</a>, +<a href="#li2402">2402</a>, <a href="#li2820">2820</a>. So, with reflex, dat.: him eft gewāt ... hāmes nīosan, +<a href="#li2388">2388</a>; so, <a href="#li2950">2950</a>; pl. ge-witon, <a href="#li1126">1126</a>.—3) without inf. and with prep, or +adv.: pres. sg. III. þǣr firgen-strēam under nssa genipu niðer +ge-wīteð, <a href="#li1361">1361</a>; ge-wīteð on sealman, <a href="#li2461">2461</a>; inf. on flōdes ǣht feor +ge-wītan, <a href="#li42">42</a>; pret. sg. ge-wāt, <a href="#li217">217</a>; him ge-wāt, <a href="#li1237">1237</a>, <a href="#li1904">1904</a>; of līfe, +ealdre ge-wāt (<i>died</i>), <a href="#li2472">2472</a>, <a href="#li2625">2625</a>; fyrst forð ge-wāt (<i>time +went on</i>), <a href="#li210">210</a>; him ge-wāt ūt of healle, <a href="#li663">663</a>; ge-wāt him hām, <a href="#li1602">1602</a>; +pret. part. dat. sg. mē forð-ge-witenum (<i>me defuncto, I dead</i>), +<a href="#li1480">1480</a>.</p> + +<p>oð-wītan, <i>to blame, censure, reproach</i>: inf. ne þorfte him þā +lēan oð-wītan mon on middan-gearde, <a href="#li2997">2997</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlanc">wlanc, wlonc</a>, adj., <i>proud, exulting</i>: nom. sg. wlanc, +<a href="#li341">341</a>; w. instr. ǣse wlanc (<i>proud of, exulting in, her prey, +meal</i>), <a href="#li1333">1333</a>; wlonc, <a href="#li331">331</a>; w. gen. māðm-ǣhta wlonc (<i>proud of the +treasures</i>), <a href="#li2834">2834</a>; gen. sg. wlonces, <a href="#li2954">2954</a>.—Comp. gold-wlanc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlātian">wlātian</a>, w. v., <i>to look</i> or <i>gaze out, forth</i>: pret. +sg. sē þe ǣr ... feor wlātode, <a href="#li1917">1917</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlenco">wlenco</a>, st. f., <i>pride, heroism</i>: dat. sg. wlenco, <a href="#li338">338</a>, +<a href="#li1207">1207</a>; wlence, <a href="#li508">508</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlite">wlite</a>, st. m. <i>form, noble form, look, beauty</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li250">250</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlitebeorht">wlite-beorht</a>, adj., <i>beauteous, brilliant in aspect</i>: acc. +sg. wlite-beorhtne wang, <a href="#li93">93</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlitesēon">wlite-sēon</a>, st. n. f., <i>sight, spectacle</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1651">1651</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlitig">wlitig</a>, adj., <i>beautiful, glorious, fair in form</i>: acc. +sg. wlitig (sweord), <a href="#li1663">1663</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlītan">wlītan</a>, st. v., <i>to see, look, gaze</i>: pret. sg. hē fter +recede wlāt (<i>looked along the hall</i>), <a href="#li1573">1573</a>; pret. pl. on holm +wliton (<i>looked on the sea</i>), <a href="#li1593">1593</a>; wlitan on Wīglāf, <a href="#li2853">2853</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeondwlītan">geond-wlītan</a>, w. acc., <i>to examine, look through, scan</i>: +inf. wrǣte giond-wlītan, <a href="#li2772">2772</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwōhbogen">wōh-bogen</a>, pret. part., (<i>bent crooked), crooked, +twisted</i>: nom. sg. wyrm wōh-bogen, <a href="#li2828">2828</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwolcen">wolcen</a>, st. n. m., <i>cloud</i> (cf. welkin): dat. pl. under +wolcnum (<i>under the clouds, on earth</i>), <a href="#li8">8</a>, <a href="#li652">652</a>, <a href="#li715">715</a>, <a href="#li1771">1771</a>; tō +wolcnum, <a href="#li1120">1120</a>, <a href="#li1375">1375</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwollentēar">wollen-tēar</a>, adj., <i>tear-flowing, with flowing tears</i>: +nom. pl. wollen-tēare, <a href="#li3033">3033</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwom">wom</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glwam">wam</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwon">won</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glwan">wan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glworc">worc</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glweorc">weorc</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glword">word</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>word, speech</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2818">2818</a>; acc. sg. +þt word, <a href="#li655">655</a>, <a href="#li2047">2047</a>; word, <a href="#li315">315</a>, <a href="#li341">341</a>, <a href="#li390">390</a>, <a href="#li871">871</a>, <a href="#li2552">2552</a>; instr. sg. worde, +<a href="#li2157">2157</a>; gen. sg. wordes, <a href="#li2792">2792</a>; nom. pl. þā word, <a href="#li640">640</a>; word, <a href="#li613">613</a>; acc. +pl. word (of an alliterative song), <a href="#li871">871</a>; instr. pl, wordum, <a href="#li176">176</a>, <a href="#li366">366</a>, +<a href="#li627">627</a>, <a href="#li875">875</a>, <a href="#li1101">1101</a>, <a href="#li1173">1173</a>, <a href="#li1194">1194</a>, <a href="#li1319">1319</a>, <a href="#li1812">1812</a>, etc.; ge-saga him wordum +(<i>tell them in words, expressly</i>), <a href="#li388">388</a>. The instr. wordum +accompanies biddan, þancian, be-wgnan, secgan, hērgan, to emphasize +the verb, <a href="#li176">176</a>, <a href="#li627">627</a>, <a href="#li1194">1194</a>, <a href="#li2796">2796</a>, <a href="#li3177">3177</a>; gen. pl. worda, <a href="#li289">289</a>, <a href="#li398">398</a>, <a href="#li2247">2247</a>, +<a href="#li2263">2263</a>(?), <a href="#li3031">3031</a>.—2) <i>command, order</i>: gen. sg. his wordes geweald +habban (<i>to rule, reign</i>), <a href="#li79">79</a>; so, instr. pl. wordum wēold, +<a href="#li30">30</a>.—Comp.: bēot-, gylp-, meðel-, þrȳð-word.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwordcwide">word-cwide</a>, st. m., (<i>word-utterance</i>), <i>speech</i>: +acc. pl. word-cwydas, <a href="#li1842">1842</a>; dat. pl. word-cwydum, <a href="#li2754">2754</a>; gen. pl. +word-cwida, <a href="#li1846">1846</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwordgid">word-gid</a>, st. m, <i>speech, saying</i>: acc. sg. word-gyd, +<a href="#li3174">3174</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwordhord">word-hord</a>, st. n., <i>word-hoard, treasury of speech, +mouth</i>: acc. sg. word-hord on-lēac (<i>unlocked his word-hoard</i>, +opened his mouth, spoke), <a href="#li259">259</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwordriht">word-riht</a>, st. n., <i>right speech, suitable word</i>: gen. pl. +Wīglāf maðelode word-rihta fela, <a href="#li2632">2632</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glworthmynd">worð-mynd</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glweorthmynd">weorð-mynd</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glworthig">worðig</a> (for <b>weorðig</b>), st. m., <i>palace, estate, +court</i>: acc. sg. on worðig (<i>into the palace</i>), <a href="#li1973">1973</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glworn">worn</a>, st. n., <i>multitude, number</i>: acc. sg. worn eall +(<i>very many</i>), <a href="#li3095">3095</a>; wintra worn (<i>many years</i>), <a href="#li264">264</a>; þonne +hē wintrum frōd worn ge-munde (<i>when he old in years thought of +their number</i>), <a href="#li2115">2115</a>. Used with fela to strengthen the meaning: +nom. acc. sg. worn fela, <a href="#li1784">1784</a>; hwt þū worn fela ... sprǣce (<i>how +very much thou hast spoken!</i>), <a href="#li530">530</a>; so, eal-fela eald-gesegena +worn, <a href="#li871">871</a>; gen. pl. worna fela, <a href="#li2004">2004</a>, <a href="#li2543">2543</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glworuld">woruld, worold</a>, st. f., <i>humanity, world, earth</i>: nom. sg. +eal worold, <a href="#li1739">1739</a>; acc. sg. in worold (wacan) (<i>to be born, come into +the world</i>), <a href="#li60">60</a>; worold oflǣtan, of-gifan (<i>die</i>), <a href="#li1184">1184</a>, <a href="#li1682">1682</a>; +gen. sg. worolde, <a href="#li951">951</a>, <a href="#li1081">1081</a>, <a href="#li1388">1388</a>, <a href="#li1733">1733</a>; worulde, <a href="#li2344">2344</a>; his worulde +ge-dāl (<i>his separation from the world, death</i>), <a href="#li3069">3069</a>; worolde +brūcan (<i>to enjoy life, live</i>), <a href="#li1063">1063</a>; worlde, <a href="#li2712">2712</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glworoldār">worold-ār</a>, st. f., <i>worldly honor</i> or <i>dignity</i>: acc. +sg. worold-āre, <a href="#li17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glworuldcandel">woruld-candel</a>, st. f., <i>world-candle, sun</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li1966">1966</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glworoldcyning">worold-cyning</a>, st. m., <i>world king, mighty king</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li3182">3182</a>; gen. pl. worold-cyninga, <a href="#li1685">1685</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glworuldende">woruld-ende</a>, st. m., <i>world's end</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li3084">3084</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glworoldrǣden">worold-rǣden</a>, st. f., <i>usual course, fate of the world, +customary fate</i>: dat. sg. worold-rǣdenne, 1143?</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwōp">wōp</a>, st. m., (<i>whoop</i>), <i>cry of grief, lament</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li128">128</a>; acc. sg. wōp, <a href="#li786">786</a>; instr. sg. wōpe, <a href="#li3147">3147</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwracu">wracu</a>, st. f., <i>persecution, vengeance, revenge</i>: nom. sg. +wracu (MS, uncertain), <a href="#li2614">2614</a>; acc. sg. wrce, <a href="#li2337">2337</a>.—Comp.: gyrn-, +nȳd-wracu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrathu">wraðu</a>, st. f., <i>protection, safety</i>: in comp. līf-wraðu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrāth">wrāð</a>, adj., <i>wroth, furious, hostile</i>: acc. sg. neut. +wrāð, <a href="#li319">319</a>; dat. sg. wrāðum, <a href="#li661">661</a>, <a href="#li709">709</a>; gen. pl. wrāðra, <a href="#li1620">1620</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrāthe">wrāðe</a>, adv., <i>contemptibly, disgracefully</i>, <a href="#li2873">2873</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrāthlīce">wrāð-līce</a>, adv., <i>wrathfully, hostilely</i> (in battle), +<a href="#li3063">3063</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrāsn">wrāsn</a>, st. f., <i>circlet of gold for the head, diadem, +crown</i>: in comp. frēa-wrāsn.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrclāst">wrc-lāst</a>, st. m., <i>exile-step, exile, banishment</i>: acc. +sg. wrc-lāstas trd (<i>trod exile-steps, wandered in exile</i>), +<a href="#li1353">1353</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrcmcg">wrc-mcg</a>, st. m., <i>exile, outcast</i>: nom. pl. wrc-mcgas, +<a href="#li2380">2380</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrcsīth">wrc-sīð</a>, st. m., <i>exile-journey, banishment, exile, +persecution</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li2293">2293</a>; dat. sg. -sīðum, <a href="#li338">338</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrt">wrǣt</a>, st. f., <i>ornament, jewel</i>: acc. pl. wrǣte (wrǣce, +MS.), <a href="#li2772">2772</a>, <a href="#li3061">3061</a>; instr. pl. wrǣttum, <a href="#li1532">1532</a>; gen. pl. wrǣtta, <a href="#li2414">2414</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrtlīc">wrǣt-līc</a>, adj.: 1) <i>artistic, ornamental; valuable</i>: acc. +sg. wrǣt-līcne wundur-māððum, <a href="#li2174">2174</a>; wrǣt-līc wǣg-sweord, <a href="#li1490">1490</a>; +wīg-bord wrǣt-līc, <a href="#li2340">2340</a>.—2) <i>wondrous, strange</i>: acc. sg. +wrǣt-līcne wyrm [from its rings or spots?], <a href="#li892">892</a>; wlite-sēon wrǣt-līc, +<a href="#li1651">1651</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrǣc">wrǣc</a>, st. f., <i>persecution</i>; hence, <i>wretchedness, +misery</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li170">170</a>; acc. sg. wrǣc, <a href="#li3079">3079</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrecan">wrecan</a>, st. v. w. acc.: 1) <i>to press, force</i>: pret. part. +þǣr ws Ongenþēo ... on bīd wrecen, <a href="#li2963">2963</a>.—2) <i>to drive out, +expel</i>: pret. sg. ferh ellen wrc, <a href="#li2707">2707</a>.—3) <i>to wreak</i> or +<i>utter</i>: gid, spel wrecan (<i>to utter words or songs</i>); subj. +pres. sg. III. hē gyd wrece, <a href="#li2447">2447</a>; inf. wrecan spel ge-rāde, <a href="#li874">874</a>; +word-gyd wrecan, <a href="#li3174">3174</a>; pret. sg. gyd fter wrc, <a href="#li2155">2155</a>; pres. part. þǣr +ws ... gid wrecen, <a href="#li1066">1066</a>.—4) <i>to avenge, punish</i>: subj. pres. +þt hē his frēond wrece, <a href="#li1386">1386</a>; inf. wolde hire mǣg wrecan, <a href="#li1340">1340</a>; so, +<a href="#li1279">1279</a>, <a href="#li1547">1547</a>; pres. part. wrecend (<i>an avenger</i>), <a href="#li1257">1257</a>; pret. sg. +wrc Wedera nīð, <a href="#li423">423</a>; so, <a href="#li1334">1334</a>, <a href="#li1670">1670</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-wrecan, <i>to tell, recount</i>: pret. sg. ic þis gid be þē ā-wrc +(<i>I have told this tale for thee</i>), <a href="#li1725">1725</a>; so, <a href="#li2109">2109</a>.</p> + +<p>for-wrecan, w. acc., <i>to drive away, expel; carry away</i>: inf. þȳ +lǣs him ȳða þrym wudu wyn-suman for-wrecan meahte (<i>lest the force +of the waves might carry away the winsome ship</i>), <a href="#li1920">1920</a>; pret. sg. +hē hine feor for-wrc ... man-cynne fram, <a href="#li109">109</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-wrecan, w. acc., <i>to avenge, wreak vengeance upon, punish</i>: +pret. sg. ge-wrc, <a href="#li107">107</a>, <a href="#li2006">2006</a>; hē ge-wrc (i.e. hit, <i>this</i>) +cealdum cear-sīðum, <a href="#li2396">2396</a>; hē hine sylfne ge-wrc (<i>avenged +himself</i>), <a href="#li2876">2876</a>; pl. ge-wrǣcan, <a href="#li2480">2480</a>; pret. part. ge-wrecen, <a href="#li3063">3063</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrecca">wrecca</a>, w. m., (<i>wretch</i>), <i>exile, adventurer, wandering +soldier, hero</i>: nom. sg. wrecca (Hengest), <a href="#li1138">1138</a>; gen. pl. wreccena +wīde mǣrost (Sigemund), <a href="#li899">899</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwreothenhilt">wreoðen-hilt</a>, adj., <i>wreathen-hilted, with twisted hilt</i>: +nom. sg., <a href="#li1699">1699</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwridian">wridian</a>, w. v., <i>to flourish, spring up</i>: pret. sg. III. +wridað, <a href="#li1742">1742</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwritha">wriða</a>, w. m., <i>band</i>: in comp. bēag-wriða +(<i>bracelet</i>), <a href="#li2019">2019</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrixl">wrixl</a>, st. n., <i>exchange, change</i>: instr. sg. wyrsan wrixle +(<i>in a worse way, with a worse exchange</i>), <a href="#li2970">2970</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-wrixle, st. n., <i>exchange, arrangement, bargain</i>: nom. sg. ne +ws þt ge-wrixle til (<i>it was not a good arrangement, trade</i>), +<a href="#li1305">1305</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrixlan">wrixlan</a>, w. v., <i>to exchange</i>: inf. wordum wrixlan (<i>to +exchange words, converse</i>), <a href="#li366">366</a>; <a href="#li875">875</a> (<i>tell</i>).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrīthan">wrīðan</a>, st. v. w. acc.: 1) <i>to bind, fasten, wreathe +together</i>: inf. ic hine (him, MS.) ... on wl-bedde wrīðan þōhte, +<a href="#li965">965</a>.—2) <i>to bind up</i> (a wounded person, a wound): pret. pl. þā +wǣron monige þē his mǣg wriðon, <a href="#li2983">2983</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhandgewrithen">hand-gewriðen</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrītan">wrītan</a>, st. v., <i>to incise, engrave</i>: pret. part. on þǣm +(hilte) ws ōr writen fyrn-gewinnes (<i>on which was engraved the +origin of an ancient struggle</i>), <a href="#li1689">1689</a>.</p> + +<p>for-wrītan, <i>to cut to pieces</i> or <i>in two</i>: pret. sg. +for-wrāt Wedra helm wyrm on middan, <a href="#li2706">2706</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrōht">wrōht</a>, st. m. f., <i>blame, accusation, crime</i>; here +<i>strife, contest, hostility</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2288">2288</a>, <a href="#li2474">2474</a>, <a href="#li2914">2914</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwudu">wudu</a>, st. m., <i>wood</i>: 1) <i>material, timber</i>: nom. pl. +wudu, <a href="#li1365">1365</a>; hence, <i>the wooden spear</i>: acc. pl. wudu, <a href="#li398">398</a>.—2) +<i>forest, wood</i>: acc. sg. wudu, <a href="#li1417">1417</a>.—3) <i>wooden ship</i>: nom. +sg. <a href="#li298">298</a>; acc. sg. wudu, <a href="#li216">216</a>, <a href="#li1920">1920</a>.—Comp.: bǣl-, bord-, gamen-, heal-, +holt-, mgen-, sǣ-, sund-, þrec-wudu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwudurēc">wudu-rēc</a>, st. m., <i>wood-reek</i> or <i>smoke</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li3145">3145</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwuldor">wuldor</a>, st. n., <i>glory</i>: nom. sg. kyninga wuldor +(<i>God</i>), <a href="#li666">666</a>; gen. sg. wuldres wealdend, <a href="#li17">17</a>, <a href="#li183">183</a>, <a href="#li1753">1753</a>; wuldres +hyrde, <a href="#li932">932</a>, (designations of God).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwuldorcyning">wuldor-cyning</a>, st. m., <i>king of glory, God</i>. dat. sg. +wuldur-cyninge, 2796</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwuldortorht">wuldor-torht</a>, adj., <i>glory-bright, brilliant, clear</i>: acc. +pl. wuldor-torhtan weder, <a href="#li1137">1137</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwulf">wulf</a>, st. m., <i>wolf</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li3028">3028</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwulfhlith">wulf-hlið</a>, st. n., <i>wolf-slope, wolf's retreat, slope +whereunder wolves house</i>: acc. pl. wulf-hleoðu, <a href="#li1359">1359</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwund">wund</a>, st. f., <i>wound</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2712">2712</a>, <a href="#li2977">2977</a>; acc. sg. +wunde, <a href="#li2532">2532</a>, <a href="#li2907">2907</a>; acc. sg. wunde, <a href="#li2726">2726</a>; instr. pl. wundum, <a href="#li1114">1114</a>, +<a href="#li2831">2831</a>, <a href="#li2938">2938</a>.—Comp. feorh-wund.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwund">wund</a>, adj., <i>wounded, sore</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2747">2747</a>; dat. sg. +wundum, <a href="#li2754">2754</a>; nom. pl. wunde, <a href="#li565">565</a>, <a href="#li1076">1076</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwundenfeax">wunden-feax</a>, adj., <i>curly-haired</i> (of a horse's mane): +nom. sg., <a href="#li1401">1401</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwundenheals">wunden-heals</a>, adj., <i>with twisted</i> or <i>curved neck</i> +or <i>prow</i>: nom. sg. wudu wunden-hals (<i>the ship</i>), <a href="#li298">298</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwundenheorde">wunden-heorde</a>?, <i>curly-haired</i>?: nom. sg. f., <a href="#li3153">3153</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwundenmǣl">wunden-mǣl</a>, adj., <i>damascened, etched, with wavy +ornaments</i>(?): nom. sg. neut., <a href="#li1532">1532</a> (of a sword).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwundenstefna">wunden-stefna</a>, w. m. <i>curved prow, ship</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li220">220</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwundor">wundor</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>wonder, wonderwork</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li772">772</a>, +<a href="#li1725">1725</a>; wundur, <a href="#li3063">3063</a>; acc. sg. wundor, <a href="#li841">841</a>; wunder, <a href="#li932">932</a>; wundur, <a href="#li2760">2760</a>, +<a href="#li3033">3033</a>, <a href="#li3104">3104</a>; dat. sg. wundre, <a href="#li932">932</a>; instr. pl. wundrum +(<i>wondrously</i>), <a href="#li1453">1453</a>, <a href="#li2688">2688</a>; gen. pl. wundra, <a href="#li1608">1608</a>.—2) +<i>portent, monster</i>: gen. pl. wundra, <a href="#li1510">1510</a>.—Comp.: hand-, nīð-, +searo-wundor.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwundorbebod">wundor-bebod</a>, st. n., <i>wondrous command, strange order</i>: +instr. pl. -bebodum, <a href="#li1748">1748</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwundordēath">wundor-dēað</a>, st. m., <i>wonder-death, strange death</i>: instr. +sg. wundor dēaðe, <a href="#li3038">3038</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwundorft">wundor-ft</a>, st. n., <i>wonder-vat, strange vessel</i>: dat. pl. of +wundor-fatum (<i>from wondrous vessels</i>), <a href="#li1163">1163</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwundorlīc">wundor-līc</a>, adj., <i>wonder like, remarkable</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li1441">1441</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwundormāththum">wundor-māððum</a>, st. m., <i>wonder-jewel, wonderful treasure</i>: +acc. sg., <a href="#li2174">2174</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwundorsmith">wundor-smið</a>, st. m., <i>wonder-smith, skilled smith, worker of +marvellous things</i>: gen. pl. wundor-smiða geweorc (the ancient +giant's sword), <a href="#li1682">1682</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwundorsēon">wundor-sēon</a>, st. f., <i>wondrous sight</i>: gen. pl. +wunder-sīona, <a href="#li996">996</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwunian">wunian</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to stand, exist, remain</i>: pres. sg. +III. þenden þǣr wunað on hēah-stede hūsa sēlest (<i>as long as the +best of houses stands there on the high place</i>), <a href="#li284">284</a>; wunað hē on +wiste (<i>lives in plenty</i>), <a href="#li1736">1736</a>; inf. on sele wunian (<i>to +remain in the hall</i>), <a href="#li3129">3129</a>; pret. sg. wunode mid Finne (<i>remained +with F.</i>), <a href="#li1129">1129</a>.—2) w. acc. or dat., <i>to dwell in, to inhabit, +to possess</i>: pres. sg. III. wunað wl-reste (<i>holds his +death-bed</i>), <a href="#li2903">2903</a>; inf. wter-egesan wunian scolde..., strēamas, +<a href="#li1261">1261</a>; wīcum wunian, <a href="#li3084">3084</a>; w. prep.: pres. sg. Higelāc þǣr t hām +wunað, <a href="#li1924">1924</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-wunian, w. acc.: 1) <i>to inhabit</i>: inf. ge-[wunian], <a href="#li2276">2276</a>.—2) +<i>to remain with, stand by</i>: subj. pres. þt hine on ylde eft +ge-wunigen wil-ge-sīðas, <a href="#li22">22</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwurthan">wurðan</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glweorthan">weorðan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwuton">wuton</a>, v. from wītan, used as interj., <i>let us go! up!</i> w. +inf.: wutun gangan tō (<i>let us go to him!</i>), <a href="#li2649">2649</a>; uton hraðe +fēran! <a href="#li1391">1391</a>; uton nū efstan, <a href="#li3102">3102</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwylf">wylf</a>, st. f., <i>she-wolf</i>: in comp. brim-wylf.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwylm">wylm</a>, st. m., <i>surge, surf, billow</i>: num. sg. flōdes wylm, +<a href="#li1765">1765</a>; dat. wintres wylme (<i>with winter's flood</i>), <a href="#li516">516</a>; acc. sg. +þurh wteres wylm, <a href="#li1694">1694</a>; acc. pl. heortan wylmas, <a href="#li2508">2508</a>.—Comp.: +brēost-, brim-, byrne-, cear-, fȳr-, heaðo-, holm-, sǣ-, sorh-wylm. +See <a class="glentry" href="#glwlm">wlm</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwyn">wyn</a>, st. f., <i>pleasantness, pleasure, joy, enjoyment</i>: +acc. sg. mǣste ... worolde wynne (<i>the highest earthly joy</i>), +<a href="#li1081">1081</a>; eorðan wynne (<i>earth-joy, the delightful earth</i>), <a href="#li1731">1731</a>; +heofenes wynne (<i>heaven's joy</i>, the rising sun), <a href="#li1802">1802</a>; hearpan +wynne (<i>harp-joy, the pleasant harp</i>), <a href="#li2108">2108</a>; þt hē ... ge-drogen +hfde eorðan wynne (<i>that he had had his earthly joy</i>), <a href="#li2728">2728</a>; +dat. sg. weorod ws on wynne, <a href="#li2015">2015</a>; instr. pl. mgenes wynnum (<i>in +joy of strength</i>), <a href="#li1717">1717</a>; so, <a href="#li1888">1888</a>.—Comp.: ēðel-, hord-, līf-, +lyft-, symbel-wyn.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwynlēas">wyn-lēas</a>, adj., <i>joyless</i>: acc. sg. wyn-lēasne wudu, <a href="#li1417">1417</a>; +wyn-lēas wīc, <a href="#li822">822</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwynsum">wyn-sum</a>, adj., <i>winsome, pleasant</i>: acc. sg. wudu +wyn-suman (<i>the ship</i>), <a href="#li1920">1920</a>; nom. pl. word wǣron wyn-sume, <a href="#li613">613</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwyrcan">wyrcan</a>, v. irreg.: 1) <i>to do, effect</i>, w. acc.: inf. +(wundor) wyrcan, <a href="#li931">931</a>.—2) <i>to make, create</i>, w. acc.: pret. sg. +þt se l-mihtiga eorðan worh[te], <a href="#li92">92</a>; swā hine <i>(the helmet</i>) +worhte wǣpna smið, <a href="#li1453">1453</a>.—3) <i>to gain, win, acquire</i>, w. gen.: +subj. pres. wyrce, sē þe mōte, dōmes ǣr dēaðe, <a href="#li1388">1388</a>.</p> + +<p>be-wyrcan, <i>to gird, surround</i>: pret. pl. bronda betost wealle +be-worhton, <a href="#li3163">3163</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-wyrcan: 1) intrans., <i>to act, behave</i>: inf. swā sceal geong +guma gōde gewyrcean ... on fder wine þt ... (<i>a young man shall so +act with benefits towards his father's friends that</i> ...), <a href="#li20">20</a>.—2) +w. acc., <i>to do, make, effect, perform</i>: inf. ne meahte ic t +hilde mid Hruntinge wiht ge-wyrcan, <a href="#li1661">1661</a>; sweorde ne meahte on þām +āglǣcan ... wunde ge-wyrcean, <a href="#li2907">2907</a>; pret. sg. ge-worhte, <a href="#li636">636</a>, <a href="#li1579">1579</a>, +<a href="#li2713">2713</a>; pret. part. acc. ic þā lēode wāt ... fste ge-worhte. <a href="#li1865">1865</a>.—3) +<i>to make, construct</i>: inf. (medo-rn) ge-wyrcean, <a href="#li69">69</a>; (wīg-bord) +ge-wyrcean, <a href="#li2338">2338</a>; (hlǣw) ge-wyrcean, <a href="#li2803">2803</a>; pret. pl. II. ge-worhton, +<a href="#li3097">3097</a>; III. ge-worhton, <a href="#li3158">3158</a>; pret. part. ge-worht, <a href="#li1697">1697</a>.—4) <i>to +win, acquire</i>: pres. sg. ic mē mid Hruntinge dōm ge-wyrce, <a href="#li1492">1492</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glWyrd">Wyrd</a>, st. f., <i>Weird</i> (one of the Norns, guide of human +destiny; mostly weakened down = <i>fate, providence</i>): nom. sg., +<a href="#li455">455</a>, <a href="#li477">477</a>, <a href="#li572">572</a>, <a href="#li735">735</a>, <a href="#li1206">1206</a>, <a href="#li2421">2421</a>, <a href="#li2527">2527</a>, <a href="#li2575">2575</a>, <a href="#li2815">2815</a>; acc. sg. wyrd, <a href="#li1057">1057</a>, +<a href="#li1234">1234</a>; gen. pl. wyrda, <a href="#li3031">3031</a>. (Cf. Weird Sisters of Macbeth.)</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwyrdan">wyrdan</a>, w. v., <i>to ruin, kill, destroy</i>: pret. sg. hē tō +lange lēode mine wanode and wyrde, <a href="#li1338">1338</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-wyrdan, w. v., <i>to destroy, kill</i>: pret. part.: ðeling monig +wundum ā-wyrded, <a href="#li1114">1114</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwyrthe">wyrðe</a>, adj., <i>noble; worthy, honored, valued</i>: acc. sg. m. +wyrðne (ge-dōn) (<i>to esteem worthy</i>), <a href="#li2186">2186</a>; nom. pl. wyrðe, <a href="#li368">368</a>; +compar. nom. sg. rīces wyrðra (<i>worthier of rule</i>), <a href="#li862">862</a>.—Comp. +fyrd-wyrðe. See <a class="glentry" href="#glweorth">weorð</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwyrgen">wyrgen</a>, st, f., <i>throttler</i> [cf. sphinx], <i>she-wolf</i>; +in comp. grund-wyrgen.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgewyrht">wyrht</a>, st. n., <i>work; desert</i>; in comp. eald-gewyrht, +<a href="#li2658">2658</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwyrm">wyrm</a>, st. m., <i>worm, dragon, drake</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li898">898</a>, <a href="#li2288">2288</a>, +<a href="#li2344">2344</a>, <a href="#li2568">2568</a>, <a href="#li2630">2630</a>, <a href="#li2670">2670</a>, <a href="#li2746">2746</a>, <a href="#li2828">2828</a>; acc. sg. wyrm, <a href="#li887">887</a>, <a href="#li892">892</a>, <a href="#li2706">2706</a>, +<a href="#li3040">3040</a>, <a href="#li3133">3133</a>; dat. sg. wyrme, <a href="#li2308">2308</a>, <a href="#li2520">2520</a>; gen. wyrmes, <a href="#li2317">2317</a>, <a href="#li2349">2349</a>, <a href="#li2760">2760</a>, +<a href="#li2772">2772</a>, <a href="#li2903">2903</a>; acc. pl. wyrmas, <a href="#li1431">1431</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwyrmcyn">wyrm-cyn</a>, st. m., <i>worm-kin, race of reptiles, dragons</i>: +gen. sg. wyrm-cynnes fela, <a href="#li1426">1426</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwyrmfāh">wyrm-fāh</a>, adj., <i>dragon-ornamented, snake-adorned</i> +(ornamented with figures of dragons, snakes, etc.: cf. Dietrich in +Germania X., 278): nom. sg. sweord ... wreoðen-hilt and wyrm-fāh, +<a href="#li1699">1699</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwyrmhord">wyrm-hord</a>, st. n., <i>dragon-hoard</i>: gen. pl. wyrm-horda, +<a href="#li2223">2223</a>.</p> + +<p>for-<a class="glentry" name="glforwyrnan">wyrnan</a>, w. v., <i>to refuse, reject</i>: subj. pres. II. +þt þū mē nō for-wyrne, þt... (<i>that thou refuse me not +that</i>...), <a href="#li429">429</a>; pret. sg. hē ne for-wyrnde worold-rǣdenne, <a href="#li1143">1143</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgewyrpan">wyrpan</a>, w. v. reflex., <i>to refresh one's self, +recover</i>: pret. sg. hē hyne ge-wyrpte, <a href="#li2977">2977</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwyrpe">wyrpe</a>, st. m., <i>change</i>: acc. sg. fter wēa-spelle wyrpe +ge-fremman (<i>after the woe-spell to bring about a change of +things</i>), <a href="#li1316">1316</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwyrsa">wyrsa</a>, compar. adj., <i>worse</i>: acc. sg. neut. þt wyrse, +<a href="#li1740">1740</a>; instr. sg. wyrsan wrixle, <a href="#li2970">2970</a>; gen. sg. wyrsan geþinges, <a href="#li525">525</a>; +nom. acc. pl. wyrsan wīg-frecan, <a href="#li1213">1213</a>, <a href="#li2497">2497</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwyrt">wyrt</a>, st. f., [<i>-wort</i>], <i>root</i>: instr. pl. wudu +wyrtum fst, <a href="#li1365">1365</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwȳscan">wȳscan</a>, w. v., <i>to wish, desire</i>: pret. sg. wīscte (rihde, +MS.) þs yldan (<i>wished to delay that</i> or <i>for this reason</i>, +<a href="#li2440">2440</a>, <a href="#li1605">1605</a>(?). See <a href="#note1605">Note</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossY">Y</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glyfel">yfel</a>, st n., <i>evil</i>: gen. pl. yfla, <a href="#li2095">2095</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glyldan">yldan</a>, w. v., <i>to delay, put off</i>: inf. nē þt se āglǣca +yldan þōhte, <a href="#li740">740</a>; weard wine-geōmor wīscte þs yldan, þt hē lȳtel fc +long-gestrēona brūcan mōste, <a href="#li2240">2240</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glylde">ylde</a>, st. m. pl., <i>men</i>: dat. pl. yldum, <a href="#li77">77</a>, <a href="#li706">706</a>, <a href="#li2118">2118</a>; +gen. pl. ylda, <a href="#li150">150</a>, <a href="#li606">606</a>, <a href="#li1662">1662</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glelde">elde</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glyldest">yldest</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gleald">eald</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glyldo">yldo</a>, st. f., <i>age (senectus), old age</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1737">1737</a>, +<a href="#li1887">1887</a>; atol yldo, <a href="#li1767">1767</a>; dat. sg. on ylde, <a href="#li22">22</a>.—2) <i>age (ǣtas), time, +era</i>: gen. sg. yldo bearn, <a href="#li70">70</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gleldo">eldo</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glyldra">yldra</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gleald">eald</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glylf">ylf</a>, st. f., <i>elf (incubus, alp</i>): nom. pl. ylfe, <a href="#li112">112</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glymb">ymb</a>, prep. w. acc.: 1) local, <i>around, about, at, upon</i>: +ymb hine (<i>around, with, him</i>), <a href="#li399">399</a>. With prep, postponed: hine +ymb, <a href="#li690">690</a>; ymb brontne ford (<i>around the seas, on the high sea</i>), +<a href="#li568">568</a>; ymb þā gif-healle (<i>around the gift-hall, throne-hall</i>), +<a href="#li839">839</a>; ymb þs helmes hrōf (<i>around the helm's roof, crown</i>), +<a href="#li1031">1031</a>.—2) temporal, <i>about, after</i>: ymb ān-tīd ōðres dōgores +(<i>about the same time the next day</i>), <a href="#li219">219</a>; ymb āne niht (<i>after +a night</i>), <a href="#li135">135</a>.—3) causal, <i>about, on account of, for, owing +to</i>: (frīnan) ymb þīnne sīð (<i>on account of, concerning?, thy +journey</i>), <a href="#li353">353</a>; hwt þū ... ymb Brecan sprǣce (<i>hast spoken about +B.</i>), <a href="#li531">531</a>; so, <a href="#li1596">1596</a>, <a href="#li3174">3174</a>; nā ymb his līf cearað (<i>careth not for +his life</i>), <a href="#li1537">1537</a>; so, <a href="#li450">450</a>; ymb feorh sacan, <a href="#li439">439</a>; sundor-nytte +behēold ymb aldor Dena, <a href="#li669">669</a>; ymb sund (<i>about the swimming, the +prize for swimming</i>), <a href="#li507">507</a>.</p> + +<p>ymbe, I. prep. w. acc. = ymb: 1) local, <a href="#li2884">2884</a>, <a href="#li3171">3171</a>; hlǣw oft ymbe +hwearf (prep, postponed), <a href="#li2297">2297</a>. 2) causal, <a href="#li2071">2071</a>, <a href="#li2619">2619</a>.—II. adv., +<i>around</i>: him ... ymbe, <a href="#li2598">2598</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glymbsittend">ymb-sittend</a>, pres. part., <i>neighbor</i> gen. pl. +ymb-sittendra, <a href="#li9">9</a>.</p> + +<p>ymbe-sittend, the same: nom. pl. ymbe-sittend, <a href="#li1828">1828</a>; gen. pl. +ymbe-sittendra, <a href="#li2735">2735</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glyppe">yppe</a>, w. f., <i>high seat, dais, throne</i>: dat. sg. ēode ... +tō yppan, <a href="#li1816">1816</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glyrfe">yrfe</a>, st. n., <i>bequest, legacy</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li3052">3052</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glyrfelāf">yrfe-lāf</a>, st. f., <i>sword left as a bequest</i>: acc. sg. +yrfe-lāfe, <a href="#li1054">1054</a>; instr. sg. yrfe-lāfe, <a href="#li1904">1904</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glyrfeweard">yrfe-weard</a>, st. m., <i>heir, son</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2732">2732</a>; gen. sg. +yrfe-weardes, <a href="#li2454">2454</a>. (-as, MS.)</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glyrmtho">yrmðo</a>, st. f., <i>misery, shame, wretchedness</i>: acc. sg. +yrmðe, <a href="#li1260">1260</a>, <a href="#li2006">2006</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glyrre">yrre</a>, st. n., <i>anger, ire, excitement</i>: acc. sg. godes +yrre, <a href="#li712">712</a>; dat. sg, on yrre, <a href="#li2093">2093</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glyrre">yrre</a>, adj., <i>angry, irate, furious</i>: nom. sg. yrre ōretta +(Bēowulf), <a href="#li1533">1533</a>; þegn yrre (the same), <a href="#li1576">1576</a>; gst yrre (Grendel), +<a href="#li2074">2074</a>; nom. pl. yrre, <a href="#li770">770</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gleorre">eorre</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glyrringa">yrringa</a>, adv., <i>angrily, fiercely</i>, <a href="#li1566">1566</a>, <a href="#li2965">2965</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glyrremōd">yrre-mōd</a>, adj., <i>wrathful-minded, wild</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li727">727</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glys">ys</a>, <i>he is</i>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glwesan">wesan</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossYl">Ȳ</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glȳth">ȳð</a> (O.H.G. unda), st. f., <i>wave; sea</i>: nom. pl. ȳða, <a href="#li548">548</a>; acc. +pl. ȳðe, <a href="#li46">46</a>, <a href="#li1133">1133</a>, <a href="#li1910">1910</a>; dat. pl. ȳðum, <a href="#li210">210</a>, <a href="#li421">421</a>, <a href="#li534">534</a>, <a href="#li1438">1438</a>, <a href="#li1908">1908</a>; ȳðum +weallan (<i>to surge with waves</i>), <a href="#li515">515</a>, <a href="#li2694">2694</a>; gen. pl. ȳða, <a href="#li464">464</a>, <a href="#li849">849</a>, +<a href="#li1209">1209</a>, <a href="#li1470">1470</a>, <a href="#li1919">1919</a>.—Comp: flōd-, līg-, wter-ȳð.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glȳthan">ȳðan</a>, w. v., <i>to ravage, devastate, destroy</i>: pret. sg. +ȳðde eotena cyn, <a href="#li421">421</a> (cf. īðende = <i>depopulating</i>, Bosworth, from +AElfric's Glossary; pret. ȳðde, Wanderer, 85).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glȳthe">ȳðe</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glēathe">ēaðe</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glȳthelīce">ȳðe-līce</a>, adv., <i>easily</i>: ȳðe-līce hē eft ā-stōd (<i>he +easily arose afterwards</i>), <a href="#li1557">1557</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glȳthgebland">ȳð-gebland</a>, st. n., <i>mingling</i> or <i>surging waters, +water-tumult</i>: nom. sg. -geblond, <a href="#li1374">1374</a>, <a href="#li1594">1594</a>; nom. pl. -gebland, +<a href="#li1621">1621</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glȳthgewin">ȳð-gewin</a>, st. n., <i>strife with the sea, wave-struggle, +rushing of water</i>: dat. sg. ȳð-gewinne, <a href="#li2413">2413</a>; gen. sg. -gewinnes, +<a href="#li1435">1435</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glȳthlād">ȳð-lād</a>, st. f., <i>water-journey, sea-voyage</i>: nom. pl. +ȳð-lāde, <a href="#li228">228</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glȳthlāf">ȳð-lāf</a>, st. f., <i>water-leaving, what is left by the water +(undarum reliquiae), shore</i>: dat. sg. be ȳð-lāfe, <a href="#li566">566</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glȳthlida">ȳð-lida</a>, w. m., <i>wave-traverser, ship</i>: acc. sg. ȳð-lidan, +<a href="#li198">198</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glȳthnaca">ȳð-naca</a>, w. m., <i>sea-boat</i>: acc. sg. [ȳð-]nacan, <a href="#li1904">1904</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glȳthgesēne">ȳð-gesēne</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glēthgesȳne">ēð-gesȳne</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glȳwan">ȳwan</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to show</i>: pret. sg. an-sȳn ȳwde +(<i>showed itself, appeared</i>), <a href="#li2835">2835</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glēawan">ēawan, ēowan</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-ȳwan, w. acc. of thing, dat. of pers., <i>to lay before, offer</i>: +inf., <a href="#li2150">2150</a>.</p> + +<h3><a name="glossFin"></a>GLOSSARY TO FINNSBURH.</h3> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glābrecan">ābrecan</a>, st. v., <i>to shatter</i>: part. his byrne ābrocen +wǣre (<i>his byrnie was shattered</i>).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glānyman">ānyman</a>, st. v., <i>to take, take away</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbānhelm">bān-helm</a>, st. m., <i>bone-helmet; skull</i>, [<i>shield</i>, +Bosw.].</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glburuhthelu">buruh-þelu</a>, st. f., <i>castle-floor</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcēlod">cēlod</a>, part, (adj.?), <i>keeled</i>, i.e. boat-shaped or +hollow.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldagian">dagian</a>, w. v., <i>to dawn</i>: nē þis nē dagiað ēastan +(<i>this is not dawning from the east</i>).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldēormōd">dēor-mōd</a>, adj., <i>brave in mood</i>: dēor-mōd hleð.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrihtgesīth">driht-gesīð</a>, st m., <i>companion, associate</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēastan">ēastan</a>, adv., <i>from the east</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorthbūend">eorð-būend</a>, st. m., <i>earth-dweller, man</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfēr">fēr</a>, st. m. <i>fear, terror</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfȳren">fȳren</a>, adj., <i>flaming, afire</i>: nom. f. swylce eal +Finns-buruh fȳrenu wǣre (<i>as if all Finnsburh were afire</i>).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgehlyn">gehlyn</a>, st. n., <i>noise, tumult</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgellan">gellan</a>, st. v., <i>to sing</i> (i.e. ring or resound): pres. +sg. gylleð grǣg-hama (<i>the gray garment</i> [byrnie] <i>rings</i>); +(<i>the gray wolf yelleth</i>?).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgenesan">genesan</a>, st. v., <i>to survive, recover from</i>: pret. pl. þā +wīgend hyra wunda genǣson (<i>the warriors were recovering from their +wounds</i>).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgoldhladen">gold-hladen</a>, adj., <i>laden with gold</i> (wearing heavy gold +ornaments).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrǣghama">grǣg-hama</a>, w. m., <i>gray garment, mail-coat</i>; +(<i>wolf</i>?—Brooke).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthwudu">gūð-wudu</a>, st. m., <i>war-wood, spear</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhgsteald">hg-steald</a>, st. m., <i>one who lives in his lord's house, a +house-carl.</i></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathogeong">heaðo-geong</a>, adj., <i>young in war.</i></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheresceorp">here-sceorp</a>, st. n., <i>war-dress, coat of mail</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhleothrian">hleoðrian</a>, w. v., <i>to speak, exclaim</i>: pret. sg. hleoðrode +... cyning (<i>the prince exclaimed</i>).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrǣw">hrǣw</a>, st. n., <i>corpse</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrōr">hrōr</a>, adj., <i>strong</i>: here-sceorpum hrōr (<i>strong</i> +[though it was] <i>as armor</i>, Bosw.).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllac">lac</a> (<b>lað</b>?)? for <b>flacor</b>, <i>fluttering?</i></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gloncwethan">oncweðan</a>, st. v., <i>to answer</i>: pres. sg. scyld scefte +oncwyð (<i>the shield answers the spear</i>).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glonwacnian">onwacnian</a>, w. v., <i>to awake, arouse one's self</i>: imper. +pl. onwacnigeað ..., wīgend mine (<i>awake, my warriors!</i>).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsceft">sceft</a> (sceaft), st. m., <i>spear, shaft</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsealobrūn">sealo-brūn</a>, adj., <i>dusky-brown</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsigebeorn">sige-beorn</a>, st. m., <i>victorious hero, valiant warrior</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswther">swðer</a> (swā hwðer), pron., <i>which of two, which</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswān">swān</a>, st. m., <i>swain, youth; warrior</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsweart">sweart</a>, adj., <i>swart, black</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswēt">swēt</a>, adj., <i>sweet</i>: acc. m. swētne medo ... forgyldan +(<i>requite the sweet mead</i>, i.e. repay, by prowess in battle, the +bounty of their chief).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswurdlēoma">swurd-lēoma</a>, w. m., <i>sword-flame, flashing of swords</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthyrl">þyrl</a>, adj., <i>pierced, cloven</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glundearninga">undearninga</a>, adv., <i>without concealment, openly</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwandrian">wandrian</a>, w. v., <i>to fly about, hover</i>: pret. sg. hrfn +wandrode (<i>the raven hovered</i>).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwathol">waðol</a>, st. m., <i>the full moon</i> [Grein]; [adj., +<i>wandering</i>, Bosw.].</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlsliht">wl-sliht</a> (<b>-sleaht</b>), st. m., <i>combat, deadly +struggle</i>: gen. pl. wl-slihta gehlyn (<i>the din of combats</i>)</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweādǣd">weā-dǣd</a>, st. f., <i>deed of woe</i>: nom. pl. ārisað weā-dǣda.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwitian">witian</a> (<b>weotian</b>), w. v., <i>to appoint, determine</i>: +part. þē is ... witod.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwurthlīce">wurðlīce</a> (<b>weorðlīce</b>), adv., <i>worthily, gallantly</i>: +compar. wurð-līcor.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwg">wg, weg</a>, st. m., <i>way</i>.</p> + +<h3><a name="corr"></a>CORRECTIONS MADE TO THE SOURCE TEXT:</h3> + +<p>ARGUMENT, recals = recalls +ll. 131, 737 þryð-swyð = þrȳð-sw̄ð +l. 256 ōfest = ōfost +l. 303 scīonon = scionon +l. 706 buton = būton +l. 1115 āt = t +l. 1133 wīð = wið +ll. 1304, 1560, 1616 missing caesuras supplied +l. 1436 here-strl = here-strǣl +l. 1642 feōwer- = fēower +l. 1747 strle = strǣle +l. 1828 þywað = þȳwað +l. 1926 betlic = betlīc +l. 2224 gescēod = gesceōd +ll. 2288, 3036 wās = ws +l. 2453 to = tō +l. 2503 Huga = Hūga (marked long, correctly, in the list of names, but not elsewhere) +l. 2586 niðe = nīðe +l. 2587 sið = sīð +l. 2684 irenna = īrenna +l. 2915 Hugas = Hūgas +l. 2956 hēaðo-liðendum = heaðo-līðendum +l. 3000 Þāt = Þt; feōnd- = fēond- +l. 3056 sð = sōð +l. 3137 Hrōnes = Hrones +list of names, under: + Dene, Scedenīgge = Scedenigge + Ēadgils, Ohthere = Ōhthere + Frēawaru, Freawaru = Frēawaru + Hrōðgār, Hrōð-gāre = Hrōðgāre + Hygelac, Hǣreð = Hreð +notes, for +l. 31, of l. 31 = of l. 30 +l. 1441, wōð- = wǣg- +l. 1916, leōfra = lēofra +glossary, under: + ðele, Beowulf's = Bēowulf's + ān, gehwilces = gehwylces + ǣg-hwā, ǣgh-ws = ǣghws + t-beran, beadolāce = beadulāce + beadu-lāc, beado- = beadu- (twice) + bēag, beages = bēages + beorh, hēaford- = hēafod + bēodan, leodum = lēodum + bēon, cwēnlic = cwēnlīc + biddan, bliðne = blīðne + bitter, strle = strǣle + ge-bīdan, therefor = therefore + on-bīdan, earfōðlīce = earfoðlīce + brecan, lētdse = lēt se + burne, of of = of + būtan, swīce = swice + cempa, Huga = Hūga + ge-cēosan, usic = ūsic + on-cirran, wealdendas = wealdendes + corðer, þ = þā + cūð, wīð- = wīd- + cunnan, þēawe = þēaw + dōgor, gehwam = gehwām + dōn, ymbsittend = ymbesittend; hettend = hetend; þywað = þȳwað + drīfan, feoran = feorran + dryhten, frēah- = frēa- + dryht-scipe, drihtscipe = drihtscype + ge-dȳgan, wrcsið = wrcsīð + eal, oncyððe = oncȳððe + ealdor, herestrl = herestrǣl + ēacen-crftig, iūmanna = iūmonna + eofor-sprēot, hocyhtum = hōcyhtum + eorlīc, eorlic [ellen] = eorlīc + fāh, wāldrēore = wldrēore + fela, maððum- = māððum- + oð-ferian, panon = þonan + fēran, wre = wǣre + fēond, feonda = fēonda + flēon, fenhōpu = fenhopu + floga, wīð- = wīd- + folc-toga, Hrōðgar = Hrōðgār + for, wonhydum = wonhȳdum; handgeweorc = hondgeweorc + fōt-gemearc, long = lang + ge-frignan, þeodcyninga = þēodcyninga + ge-fyrðran, fratwum = frtwum + ge-fȳsan, to sēcanne = tō sēceanne + gān, swa = swā; [or] giong = gīong; flore = flōre; sīttan = sittan + ge-gan, Wīglaf = Wīglāf + gār-wiga, Wīglaf = Wīglāf + gst, fēde- = fēðe- + gegn-cwide, þinra = þīnra + ge-gyrwan, yðlidan = ȳðlidan + gēoc, gst = gāst + geōmore-līc, [bið] geōmorlic = geōmorlīc + for-gildan, therefor = therefore + gold-wlanc, guðrinc = gūðrinc + grētan, walgǣst = wlgǣst + grim, searo-grimm = searo-grim + habban, gecorene = gecorone + wið-habban, winsele = wīnsele + hatan, sǣliðend = sǣlīðend + hatian, guð-sceaða = gūð-sceaða + hār, heāre = hēare + here-strǣl, -strl = strǣl + heard, -strl = -strǣl; regen- = regn- + heorte, starc- = stearc + heoro-drēor, heoro-dreore (citation) = heoro-drēore + hlið, hliðu = hliðo (twice) + hōp, hōp = hop (twice) + hreow, þāt = þt + hrōf, gesēah = geseah + hwīl, seo = sēo + hȳran, ǣghwilc = ǣghwylc + inne, abēad = ābēad + īren, drihtlīc = dryhtlīc + lāð, gewiðru = gewidru; scynnum = scinnum + be-lēan, beleān = belēan + mētan, Aescheres = scheres + mearcian, mōrhōpu = mōrhopu + ge-mearian, hwam = hwām + morðor-bed, stred = strēd + mōd, stið- = stīð + nǣnig, horð-māðum = hord-māððum + on, hēaðe = heoðe; willen = willan + rǣd, fǣst- = fst + reccan, hu = hū + rīdan, gealgan = galgan + sang, -leasne = lēasne + sceapan, Hugas = Hūgas (twice) + scānan, scīonon = scionon + scīnan, scīnon = scinon + secg, synnigne = sinnigne + ge-sēcan, -cyððe = cȳððe + ge-sīgan, tscce = t scce + ge-slēan, ge-slōgan = ge-slōgon + standan, strl = strǣl + stapan, furðor = furður + ge-steppan, Ohtheres = Ōhteres + stincan, þ = þā + styrian, ge-wiðru = ge-widru + sweord, maððum- = māððum + ge-swīcan, þeodne = þēodne + tēon (w. v.), nals = nalas; teodan = tēodan + tō, hlum = hǣlum; sitte = site; Eofore = Jofore + ge-trūwan, -wre = wǣre + ge-twǣfan, ōððe = oððe + þǣr, snotera = snottra + þē, gimfstan = ginfstan + of-þincan, gehwam = gehwām + ge-þolian, þāt = þt + þū, sǣlran = selran + þūsend, sēofon = seofan + un-hēore, -speru = -sporu + ūs, ǣg-hwilc = ǣg-hwylc + wacan, wōcon = wōcun + werian, beaduscrūd = beaduscrūda + be-werian, scynnum = scinnum + wēn, orlēg = orleg; ōr-wena = or-wēna + weorðian, leōde = lēode + willa, wyllum = willum + wilnian, fðer = fder + nāt, hwilc = hwylc (twice) + ge-wītan, wre = wǣre</p> + +<p>Changes to Vowel Quantities in the Revised Edition: (<i>Revisions +that were mentioned in the source text have been siltently +incorporated and aren't listed here. Unless otherwise noted, changes +are to all related forms of the word.</i>) + + Abel = Ābel + aglǣc (glǣc) = āglǣc (ǣglǣc) + āttor = attor + āwā = āwa + begen = bēgen + gebrd = gebrǣd + breme = brēme + Brosinga = Brōsinga + cōfa = cofa + cymlīcor = cȳlīcor + drusian = drūsian + ēfstan = efstan + eode (-iode) [pret. of gān] = ēode (-īode) [and in compounds] + fger = fǣ [in cpd. un- and l. 774 only] + fīftena = fīftȳna + feor(-e/-es/-um) = fēor- [except ll. 73, 934, 1844] + forþam = forþām + Fresan/Frysan = Frēsan/Frȳsan + frinan (gefrunon) = frīnan (gefrūnon) + (of)geāfon = (of)gēafon + gen = gēn + genunga = gēnunga + gēo/gīo = geō/gio [and in compounts] + gigant = gīgant + Hǣðcyn = Hðcyn + hēht = heht + her = hēr + ofer-higian = ofer-hīgian + hliðe/hliðes = hlīðe/hlīðes [dat. and gen. of hlið] + hlifian = hlīfian + Hreosna- = Hrēosna + (H)ūnferð = (H)unferð + hydig = hȳdig + hyda = hȳda + ls = lǣs + lixan = līxan + lyt(el) = lȳt(el) [and in compounds] + Merewioingas = Merewīoingas + meagol = mēagol + mearh [oblique cases], mear- = mēar- + missere = missēre + ne = nē [as conjunct/disjunct] + niwe = nīwe + geniwian = genīwian + niw-tyrwed = nīw-tyrwed + ōfost = ofost + onettan = ōnettan + oret/oretta = ōret/ōretta + ōð = oð [and as verbal prefix] + scōp = scop [n. only] + scyran = scȳran + se = sē [as substantive and relative] + singal = singāl + sīoloð (sēoloð) = sioloð + sleac = slēac + stl = stǣl + swēlan = swelan + Sweon = Swēon + (ge)trūwan = (ge)truwan + tux = tūx + twegen = twēgen + tydre = tȳdre + (un)tyder = (un)tȳder + tyn = tȳn + þrag = þrā + þritig = þrītig + þryð = þrȳð + þihtig/þyhtig = þīhtig/þȳhtig + wag = wāg + wfre = wǣfre + wel = wēl [and in compounds] + weōx = wēox + wīga = wiga + Wihstān (Weohstān) = Wīhstān (Wēohstān) + witig = wītig + ge-witnian = ge-wītnian + wrt = wrǣt + uhte = ūhte [and in compounds] +</p> +</div> +</div> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Beowulf +by James A. 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Do not change or edit the +header without written permission. + +Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the +eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is +important information about your specific rights and restrictions in +how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** + + +Title: Beowulf + +Author: James A. Harrison and Robert Sharp, eds. + +Release Date: January, 2006 [EBook #9701] +[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] +[This file was first posted on October 12, 2003] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BEOWULF *** + + + + +Produced by Karl Hagen and PG Distributed Proofreaders + + + + +** Preface to the Project Gutenberg Edition of Beowulf ** + +This text is a revised and corrected version of the fourth edition of +Harrison and Sharp in its entirety. It comes in two basic versions. The +base version (available in plain-text and HTML) presents the original text +as printed. It preserves the source-text's idiosyncratic use of accented +vowels with the exception of y-circumflex (ŷ), which is replaced by y-acute +(ý) to fit within the Latin-1 character set. Manifestly unintentional +errors in the text have been corrected. In general, this has only been done +when the text is internally inconsistent (e.g., a quotation in the glossary +does not match the main text). Forms that represent deliberate editorial +choice have not been altered, even where they appear wrong. (For example, +some of the markings of vowel length do not reflect current scholarly +consensus.) In a few instances, quotations in the glossary use the correct +vowel length where the main text does not. These have not been altered. +Where an uncorrected problem may confuse the reader, I have inserted a note +explaining the difficulty, signed KTH. A complete list of the changes made +is appended at the end of the file. In order to make the text more useful +to modern readers, I have also produced a revised edition (HTML only). The +file you are reading is this revised version. Notes from the source text +that indicate changes adopted in later editions have been incorporated +directly into the text and apparatus. Further, long vowels are indicated +with macrons, as is the common practice of most modern editions. Finally, +the quantity of some words has been altered to the values currently +accepted as correct. Quantities have not been changed when the difference +is a matter of editorial interpretation (e.g., gæst vs. gǣst in l. 102, +etc.) A list of these altered quantities appears at the end of the list of +corrections. Your browser must support the Unicode character set to use +this file. To tell if your browser supports the necessary characters, check +the table of vowel equivalents below. If you see any empty boxes or +question marks in the "revised" columns, you should use the basic version. + +Explanation of the Vowel Accenting + +In general, Harrison and Sharp use circumflex accents over vowels to mark +long vowels. For ash, however, the actual character 'æ' represents the long +vowel. Short ash is rendered with a-umlaut (ä). The long diphthongs (ēo, +ēa, etc.) are indicated with an acute accent over the second vowel (eó, eá, +etc.). + +Vowel Equivalents in Different Versions: + +Orig. Revised Orig. Revised + ä æ Ô Ō + Ä Æ û ū + æ ǣ Û Ū + Æ Ǣ ý ȳ + â ā Ý Ȳ + Â Ā eá ēa + ê ē Eá Ēa + Ê Ē eó ēo + î ī Eó Ēo + Î Ī ié īe + ô ō ió īo + +** End of PG Preface ** + +I. BĒOWULF: + +AN ANGLO-SAXON POEM. + +II. THE FIGHT AT FINNSBURH: + +A FRAGMENT. + +WITH TEXT AND GLOSSARY ON THE + +BASIS OF M. HEYNE. + +EDITED, CORRECTED, AND ENLARGED, BY + +JAMES A. HARRISON, LL.D., LITT. D., + +PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH AND MODERN LANGUAGES, +WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY, + +AND + +ROBERT SHARP (PH.D. LIPS.), +PROFESSOR OF GREEK AND ENGLISH, +TULANE UNIVERSITY OF LOUISIANA. + +FOURTH EDITION. REVISED, WITH NOTES. + +GINN & COMPANY +BOSTON-NEW YORK-CHICAGO-LONDON + +Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1883, by +JAMES ALBERT HARRISON AND ROBERT SHARP +in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. + +DEDICATED + +TO + +PROFESSOR F. A. MARCH, +OF LAFAYETTE COLLEGE, PA., + +AND + +FREDERICK J. FURNIVALL, ESQ. +FOUNDER OF THE "NEW SHAKSPERE SOCIETY," +THE "CHAUCER SOCIETY," ETC., ETC. + + +PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION. + +The favor with which the successive editions of "Bēowulf" have been +received during the past thirteen years emboldens the editors to continue +the work of revision in a fourth issue, the most noticeable feature of +which is a considerable body of explanatory Notes, now for the first time +added. These Notes mainly concern themselves with new textual readings, +with here and there grammatical, geographical, and archæological points +that seemed worthy of explanation. Parallelisms and parallel passages are +constantly compared, with the view of making the poem illustrate and +explain itself. A few emendations and textual changes are suggested by the +editors with all possible diffidence; numerous corrections have been made +in the Glossary and List of Names; and the valuable parts of former +Appendices have been embodied in the Notes. + +For the Notes, the editors are much indebted to the various German +periodicals mentioned on page 116, to the recent publications of Professors +Earle and J. L. Hall, to Mr. S. A. Brooke, and to the Heyne-Socin edition +of "Bēowulf." No change has been made in the system of accentuation, though +a few errors in quantity have been corrected. The editors are looking +forward to an eventual fifth edition, in which an entirely new text will be +presented. + +October, 1893. + + +NOTE TO THE THIRD EDITION. + +This third edition of the American issue of Bēowulf will, the editors hope, +be found more accurate and useful than either of the preceding editions. +Further corrections in text and glossary have been made, and some +additional new readings and suggestions will be found in two brief +appendices at the back of the book. Students of the metrical system of +Bēowulf will find ample material for their studies in Sievers' exhaustive +essay on that subject (Beiträge, X. 209-314). + +Socin's edition of Heyne's Bēowulf (called the fifth edition) has been +utilized to some extent in this edition, though it unfortunately came too +late to be freely used. While it repeats many of the omissions and +inaccuracies of Heyne's fourth edition, it contains much that is valuable +to the student, particularly in the notes and commentary. Students of the +poem, which has been subjected to much searching criticism during the last +decade, will also derive especial help from the contributions of Sievers +and Kluge on difficult questions appertaining to it. Wülker's new edition +(in the Grein Bibliothek) is of the highest value, however one may dissent +from particular textual views laid down in the 'Berichtigter Text.' Paul +and Braune's Beiträge contain a varied miscellany of hints, corrections, +and suggestions principally embodying the views of Kluge, Cosijn, Sievers, +and Bugge, some of the more important of which are found in the appendices +to the present and the preceding edition. Holder and Zupitza, Sarrazin and +Hermann Möller (Kiel, 1883), Heinzel (Anzeiger f.d. Alterthum, X.), Gering +(Zacher's Zeitschrift, XII.), Brenner (Eng. Studien, IX.), and the +contributors to Anglia, have assisted materially in the textual and +metrical interpretation of the poem. + +The subject of Anglo-Saxon quantity has been discussed in several able +essays by Sievers, Sweet, Ten Brink (Anzeiger, f.d. Alterthum, V.), Kluge +(Beiträge, XI.), and others; but so much is uncertain in this field that +the editors have left undisturbed the marking of vowels found in the text +of their original edition, while indicating in the appendices the now +accepted views of scholars on the quantity of the personal pronouns (mē, +wē, þū, þē, gē, hē); the adverb nū, etc. Perhaps it would be best to banish +absolutely all attempts at marking quantities except in cases where the Ms. +has them marked. + +An approximately complete Bibliography of Bēowulf literature will be found +in Wülker's Grundriss and in Garnett's translation of the poem. + +JAMES A. HARRISON, + +ROBERT SHARP. + +WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY, LEXINGTON, VA., May, 1888. + + +NOTE TO THE SECOND REVISED EDITION. + +The editors feel so encouraged at the kind reception accorded their edition +of Bēowulf (1883), that, in spite of its many shortcomings, they have +determined to prepare a second revised edition of the book, and thus +endeavor to extend its sphere of usefulness. About twenty errors had, +notwithstanding a vigilant proof-reading, crept into the text,-errors in +single letters, accents, and punctuation. These have been corrected, and it +is hoped that the text has been rendered generally accurate and +trustworthy. In the List of Names one or two corrections have been made, +and in the Glossary numerous mistakes in gender, classification, and +translation, apparently unavoidable in a first edition, have been +rectified. Wherever these mistakes concern single letters, or occupy very +small space, they have been corrected in the plates; where they are longer, +and the expense of correcting them in the plates would have been very +great, the editors have thought it best to include them in an Appendix of +Corrections and Additions, which will be found at the back of the book. +Students are accordingly referred to this Appendix for important longer +corrections and additions. It is believed that the value of the book has +been much enhanced by an Appendix of Recent Readings, based on late +criticisms and essays from the pens of Sievers, Kluge, Cosijn, Holder, +Wülker, and Sweet. A perplexed student, in turning to these suggested +readings, will often find great help in unravelling obscure or corrupt +passages. + +The objectionable ä and æ, for the short and the long diphthong, have been +retained in the revised edition, owing to the impossibility of removing +them without entirely recasting the plates. + +In conclusion, the editors would acknowledge their great indebtedness to +the friends and critics whose remarks and criticisms have materially aided +in the correction of the text,-particularly to Profs. C.P.G. Scott, +Baskervill, Price, and J.M. Hart; to Prof. J.W. Bright; and to the +authorities of Cornell University, for the loan of periodicals necessary to +the completeness of the revision. While the second revised edition still +contains much that might be improved, the editors cannot but hope that it +is an advance on its predecessor, and that it will continue its work of +extending the study of Old English throughout the land. + +JUNE, 1885. + + +NOTE I. + +The present work, carefully edited from Heyne's fourth edition, (Paderborn, +1879), is designed primarily for college classes in Anglo-Saxon, rather +than for independent investigators or for seekers after a restored or ideal +text. The need of an American edition of "Bēowulf" has long been felt, as, +hitherto, students have had either to send to Germany for a text, or +secure, with great trouble, one of the scarce and expensive English +editions. Heyne's first edition came out in 1863, and was followed in 1867 +and 1873 by a second and a third edition, all three having essentially the +same text. + +So many important contributions to the "Bēowulf" literature were, however, +made between 1873 and 1879 that Heyne found it necessary to put forth a new +edition (1879). In this new, last edition, the text was subjected to a +careful revision, and was fortified by the views, contributions, and +criticisms of other zealous scholars. In it the collation of the unique +"Bēowulf" Ms. (Vitellius A. 15: Cottonian Mss. of the British Museum), as +made by E. Kölbing in Herrig's Archiv (Bd. 56; 1876), was followed wherever +the present condition of the Ms. had to be discussed; and the researches of +Bugge, Bieger, and others, on single passages, were made use of. The +discussion of the metrical structure of the poem, as occurring in the +second and third editions, was omitted in the fourth, owing to the many +controversies in which the subject is still involved. The present editor +has thought it best to do the same, though, happily, the subject of Old +English Metrik is undergoing a steady illumination through the labors of +Schipper and others. + +Some errors and misplaced accents in Heyne's text have been corrected in +the present edition, in which, as in the general revision of the text, the +editor has been most kindly aided by Prof. J.M. Garnett, late Principal of +St. John's College, Maryland. + +In the preparation of the present school edition it has been thought best +to omit Heyne's notes, as they concern themselves principally with +conjectural emendations, substitutions of one reading for another, and +discussions of the condition of the Ms. Until Wülker's text and the +photographic fac-simile of the original Ms. are in the hands of all +scholars, it will be better not to introduce such matters in the school +room, where they would puzzle without instructing. + +For convenience of reference, the editor has added a head-line to each +"fit" of the poem, with a view to facilitate a knowledge of its episodes. + +WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY, LEXINGTON, VA., June, 1882. + + +NOTE II. + +The editors now have the pleasure of presenting to the public a complete +text and a tolerably complete glossary of "Bēowulf." The edition is the +first published in America, and the first of its special kind presented to +the English public, and it is the initial volume of a "Library of +Anglo-Saxon Poetry," to be edited under the same auspices and with the +coöperation of distinguished scholars in this country. Among these scholars +may be mentioned Professors F.A. March of Lafayette College, T.K. Price of +Columbia College, and W.M. Baskervill of Vanderbilt University. + +In the preparation of the Glossary the editors found it necessary to +abandon a literal and exact translation of Heyne for several reasons, and +among others from the fact that Heyne seems to be wrong in the translation +of some of his illustrative quotations, and even translates the same +passage in two or three different ways under different headings. The +orthography of his glossary differs considerably from the orthography of +his text. He fails to discriminate with due nicety the meanings of many of +the words in his vocabulary, while criticism more recent than his latest +edition (1879) has illustrated or overthrown several of his renderings. The +references were found to be incorrect in innumerable instances, and had to +be verified in every individual case so far as this was possible, a few +only, which resisted all efforts at verification, having to be indicated by +an interrogation point (?). The references are exceedingly numerous, and +the labor of verifying them was naturally great. To many passages in the +Glossary, where Heyne's translation could not be trusted with entire +certainty, the editors have added other translations of phrases and +sentences or of special words; and in this they have been aided by a +careful study of the text and a comparison and utilization of the views of +Kemble and Professor J.M. Garnett (who takes Grein for his foundation). +Many new references have been added; and the various passages in which +Heyne fails to indicate whether a given verb is weak or strong, or fails to +point out the number, etc., of the illustrative form, have been corrected +and made to harmonize with the general plan of the work. Numerous misprints +in the glossary have also been corrected, and a brief glossary to the +Finnsburh-fragment, prepared by Dr. Wm. Hand Browne, and supplemented and +adapted by the editor-in-chief, has been added. + +The editors think that they may without immodesty put forth for themselves +something more than the claim of being re-translators of a translation: the +present edition is, so far as they were able to make it so, an adaptation, +correction, and extension of the work of the great German scholar to whose +loving appreciation of the Anglo-Saxon epic all students of Old English owe +a debt of gratitude. While following his usually sure and cautious +guidance, and in the main appropriating his results, they have thought it +best to deviate from him in the manner above indicated, whenever it seemed +that he was wrong. The careful reader will notice at once the marks of +interrogation which point out these deviations, or which introduce a point +of view illustrative of, or supplementary to, the one given by the German +editor. No doubt the editors are wrong themselves in many places,-"Bēowulf" +is a most difficult poem,-but their view may at least be defended by a +reference to the original text, which they have faithfully and constantly +consulted. + +A good many cognate Modern English words have been introduced here and +there in the Glossary with a view to illustration, and other addenda will +be found between brackets and parenthetical marks. + +It is hoped that the present edition of the most famous of Old English +poems will do something to promote a valuable and interesting study. + +JAMES A. HARRISON, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Va. + +ROBERT SHARP, University of Louisiana, New Orleans. + +April, 1883. + +The responsibility of the editors is as follows: H. is responsible for the +Text, and for the Glossary from hrīnan on; S. for the List of Names, and +for the Glossary as far as hrīnan. + + +ARGUMENT. + +The only national [Anglo-Saxon] epic which has been preserved entire is +Bēowulf. Its argument is briefly as follows:-The poem opens with a few +verses in praise of the Danish Kings, especially Scild, the son of Sceaf. +His death is related, and his descendants briefly traced down to Hroðgar. +Hroðgar, elated with his prosperity and success in war, builds a +magnificent hall, which he calls Heorot. In this hall Hroðgar and his +retainers live in joy and festivity, until a malignant fiend, called +Grendel, jealous of their happiness, carries off by night thirty of +Hroðgar's men, and devours them in his moorland retreat. These ravages go +on for twelve years. Bēowulf, a thane of Hygelac, King of the Goths, +hearing of Hroðgar's calamities, sails from Sweden with fourteen +warriors-to help him. They reach the Danish coast in safety; and, after an +animated parley with Hroðgar's coastguard, who at first takes them for +pirates, they are allowed to proceed to the royal hall, where they are well +received by Hroðgar. A banquet ensues, during which Bēowulf is taunted by +the envious Hunferhð about his swimming-match with Breca, King of the +Brondings. Bēowulf gives the true account of the contest, and silences +Hunferhð. At night-fall the King departs, leaving Bēowulf in charge of the +hall. Grendel soon breaks in, seizes and devours one of Bēowulf's +companions; is attacked by Bēowulf, and, after losing an arm, which is torn +off by Bēowulf, escapes to the fens. The joy of Hroðgar and the Danes, and +their festivities, are described, various episodes are introduced, and +Bēowulf and his companions receive splendid gifts. The next night Grendel's +mother revenges her son by carrying off AEschere, the friend and councillor +of Hroðgar, during the absence of Bēowulf. Hroðgar appeals to Bēowulf for +vengeance, and describes the haunts of Grendel and his mother. They all +proceed thither; the scenery of the lake, and the monsters that dwell in +it, are described. Bēowulf plunges into the water, and attacks Grendel's +mother in her dwelling at the bottom of the lake. He at length overcomes +her, and cuts off her head, together with that of Grendel, and brings the +heads to Hroðgar. He then takes leave of Hroðgar, sails back to Sweden, and +relates his adventures to Hygelac. Here the first half of the poem ends. +The second begins with the accession of Bēowulf to the throne, after the +fall of Hygelac and his son Heardred. He rules prosperously for fifty +years, till a dragon, brooding over a hidden treasure, begins to ravage the +country, and destroys Bēowulf's palace with fire. Bēowulf sets out in quest +of its hiding-place, with twelve men. Having a presentiment of his +approaching end, he pauses and recalls to mind his past life and exploits. +He then takes leave of his followers, one by one, and advances alone to +attack the dragon. Unable, from the heat, to enter the cavern, he shouts +aloud, and the dragon comes forth. The dragon's scaly hide is proof against +Bēowulf's sword, and he is reduced to great straits. Then Wiglaf, one of +his followers, advances to help him. Wiglaf's shield is consumed by the +dragon's fiery breath, and he is compelled to seek shelter under Bēowulf's +shield of iron. Bēowulf's sword snaps asunder, and he is seized by the +dragon. Wiglaf stabs the dragon from underneath, and Bēowulf cuts it in two +with his dagger. Feeling that his end is near, he bids Wiglaf bring out the +treasures from the cavern, that he may see them before he dies. Wiglaf +enters the dragon's den, which is described, returns to Bēowulf, and +receives his last commands. Bēowulf dies, and Wiglaf bitterly reproaches +his companions for their cowardice. The disastrous consequences of +Bēowulf's death are then foretold, and the poem ends with his funeral.-H. +Sweet, in Warton's History of English Poetry, Vol. II. (ed. 1871). Cf. also +Ten Brink's History of English Literature. + + + + +BĒOWULF. + +I. THE PASSING OF SCYLD. + + Hwæt! wē Gār-Dena in geār-dagum + þēod-cyninga þrym gefrūnon, + hū þā æðelingas ellen fremedon. + Oft Scyld Scēfing sceaðena þrēatum, +5 monegum mǣgðum meodo-setla oftēah. + Egsode eorl, syððan ǣrest wearð + fēa-sceaft funden: hē þæs frōfre gebād, + wēox under wolcnum, weorð-myndum ðāh, + oð þæt him ǣghwylc þāra ymb-sittendra +10 ofer hron-rāde hȳran scolde, + gomban gyldan: þæt wæs gōd cyning! + þǣm eafera wæs æfter cenned + geong in geardum, þone god sende + folce tō frōfre; fyren-þearfe ongeat, +15 þæt hīe ǣr drugon aldor-lēase + lange hwīle. Him þæs līf-frēa, + wuldres wealdend, worold-āre forgeaf; + Bēowulf wæs brēme (blǣd wīde sprang), + Scyldes eafera Scede-landum in. +20 Swā sceal geong guma, gōde gewyrcean, + fromum feoh-giftum on fæder wine, + þæt hine on ylde eft gewunigen + wil-gesīðas, þonne wīg cume, + lēode gelǣsten: lof-dǣdum sceal +25 in mǣgða gehwǣre man geþēon. + Him þā Scyld gewāt tō gescæp-hwīle + fela-hrōr fēran on frēan wǣre; + hī hyne þā ætbǣron tō brimes faroðe. + swǣse gesīðas, swā hē selfa bæd, +30 þenden wordum wēold wine Scyldinga, + lēof land-fruma lange āhte. + Þǣr æt hȳðe stōd hringed-stefna, + īsig and ūtfūs, æðelinges fær; + ā-lēdon þā lēofne þēoden, +35 bēaga bryttan on bearm scipes, + mǣrne be mæste. Þǣr wæs mādma fela, + of feor-wegum frætwa gelǣded: + ne hȳrde ic cȳmlīcor cēol gegyrwan + hilde-wǣpnum and heaðo-wǣdum, +40 billum and byrnum; him on bearme læg + mādma mænigo, þā him mid scoldon + on flōdes ǣht feor gewītan. + Nalas hī hine lǣssan lācum tēodan, + þēod-gestrēonum, þonne þā dydon, +45 þē hine æt frumsceafte forð onsendon + ǣnne ofer ȳðe umbor wesende: + þā gȳt hīe him āsetton segen gyldenne + hēah ofer hēafod, lēton holm beran, + gēafon on gār-secg: him wæs geōmor sefa, +50 murnende mōd. Men ne cunnon + secgan tō soðe sele-rǣdende, + hæleð under heofenum, hwā þǣm hlæste onfēng. + + +II. THE HALL HEOROT. + + Þā wæs on burgum Bēowulf Scyldinga, + lēof lēod-cyning, longe þrāge +55 folcum gefrǣge (fæder ellor hwearf, + aldor of earde), oð þæt him eft onwōc + hēah Healfdene; hēold þenden lifde, + gamol and gūð-rēow, glæde Scyldingas. + Þǣm fēower bearn forð-gerīmed +60 in worold wōcun, weoroda rǣswan, + Heorogār and Hrōðgār and Hālga til; + hȳrde ic, þat Elan cwēn Ongenþēowes wæs + Heaðoscilfinges heals-gebedde. + Þā wæs Hrōðgāre here-spēd gyfen, +65 wīges weorð-mynd, þæt him his wine-māgas + georne hȳrdon, oð þæt sēo geogoð gewēox, + mago-driht micel. Him on mōd bearn, + þæt heal-reced hātan wolde, + medo-ærn micel men gewyrcean, +70 þone yldo bearn ǣfre gefrūnon, + and þǣr on innan eall gedǣlan + geongum and ealdum, swylc him god sealde, + būton folc-scare and feorum gumena. + Þā ic wīde gefrægn weorc gebannan +75 manigre mǣgðe geond þisne middan-geard, + folc-stede frætwan. Him on fyrste gelomp + ǣdre mid yldum, þæt hit wearð eal gearo, + heal-ærna mǣst; scōp him Heort naman, + sē þe his wordes geweald wīde hæfde. +80 Hē bēot ne ālēh, bēagas dǣlde, + sinc æt symle. Sele hlīfade + hēah and horn-gēap: heaðo-wylma bād, + lāðan līges; ne wæs hit lenge þā gēn + þæt se ecg-hete āðum-swerian +85 æfter wæl-nīðe wæcnan scolde. + Þā se ellen-gǣst earfoðlīce + þrāge geþolode, sē þe in þȳstrum bād, + þæt hē dōgora gehwām drēam gehȳrde + hlūdne in healle; þǣr wæs hearpan swēg, +90 swutol sang scopes. Sægde sē þe cūðe + frum-sceaft fīra feorran reccan, + cwæð þæt se ælmihtiga eorðan worhte, + wlite-beorhtne wang, swā wæter bebūgeð, + gesette sige-hrēðig sunnan and mōnan +95 lēoman tō lēohte land-būendum, + and gefrætwade foldan scēatas + leomum and lēafum; līf ēac gesceōp + cynna gehwylcum, þāra þe cwice hwyrfað. + Swā þā driht-guman drēamum lifdon +100 ēadiglīce, oð þæt ān ongan + fyrene fremman, fēond on helle: + wæs se grimma gæst Grendel hāten, + mǣre mearc-stapa, sē þe mōras hēold, + fen and fæsten; fīfel-cynnes eard +105 won-sǣlig wer weardode hwīle, + siððan him scyppend forscrifen hæfde. + In Caines cynne þone cwealm gewræc, + ēce drihten, þæs þe hē Ābel slōg; + ne gefeah hē þǣre fǣhðe, ac hē hine feor forwræc, +110 metod for þȳ māne man-cynne fram. + Þanon untȳdras ealle onwōcon, + eotenas and ylfe and orcnēas, + swylce gīgantas, þā wið gode wunnon + lange þrāge; hē him þæs lēan forgeald. + + +III. GRENDEL'S VISITS. + +115 Gewāt þā nēosian, syððan niht becōm, + hēan hūses, hū hit Hring-Dene + æfter bēor-þege gebūn hæfdon. + Fand þā þǣr inne æðelinga gedriht + swefan æfter symble; sorge ne cūðon, +120 won-sceaft wera. Wiht unhǣlo + grim and grǣdig gearo sōna wæs, + rēoc and rēðe, and on ræste genam + þrītig þegna: þanon eft gewāt + hūðe hrēmig tō hām faran, +125 mid þǣre wæl-fylle wīca nēosan. + Þā wæs on ūhtan mid ǣr-dæge + Grendles gūð-cræft gumum undyrne: + þā wæs æfter wiste wōp up āhafen, + micel morgen-swēg. Mǣre þēoden, +130 æðeling ǣr-gōd, unblīðe sæt, + þolode þrȳð-swȳð, þegn-sorge drēah, + syððan hīe þæs lāðan lāst scēawedon, + wergan gāstes; wæs þæt gewin tō strang, + lāð and longsum. Næs hit lengra fyrst, +135 ac ymb āne niht eft gefremede + morð-beala māre and nō mearn fore + fǣhðe and fyrene; wæs tō fæst on þām. + Þā wæs ēað-fynde, þē him elles hwǣr + gerūmlīcor ræste sōhte, +140 bed æfter būrum, þā him gebēacnod wæs, + gesægd sōðlīce sweotolan tācne + heal-þegnes hete; hēold hine syððan + fyr and fæstor, sē þǣm fēonde ætwand. + Swā rīxode and wið rihte wan +145 āna wið eallum, oð þæt īdel stōd + hūsa sēlest. Wæs sēo hwīl micel: + twelf wintra tīd torn geþolode + wine Scyldinga, wēana gehwelcne, + sīdra sorga; forþām syððan wearð +150 ylda bearnum undyrne cūð, + gyddum geōmore, þætte Grendel wan, + hwīle wið Hrōðgār;-- hete-nīðas wæg, + fyrene and fǣhðe fela missēra, + singāle sæce, sibbe ne wolde +155 wið manna hwone mægenes Deniga + feorh-bealo feorran, fēo þingian, + nē þǣr nǣnig witena wēnan þorfte + beorhtre bōte tō banan folmum; + atol ǣglǣca ēhtende wæs, +160 deorc dēað-scūa duguðe and geogoðe + seomade and syrede. Sin-nihte hēold + mistige mōras; men ne cunnon, + hwyder hel-rūnan hwyrftum scrīðað. + Swā fela fyrena fēond man-cynnes, +165 atol ān-gengea, oft gefremede + heardra hȳnða; Heorot eardode, + sinc-fāge sel sweartum nihtum + (nō hē þone gif-stōl grētan mōste, + māððum for metode, nē his myne wisse); +170 þæt wæs wrǣc micel wine Scyldinga, + mōdes brecða. Monig-oft gesæt + rīce tō rūne; rǣd eahtedon, + hwæt swīð-ferhðum sēlest wǣre + wið fǣr-gryrum tō gefremmanne. +175 Hwīlum hīe gehēton æt hærg-trafum + wīg-weorðunga, wordum bǣdon, + þæt him gāst-bona gēoce gefremede + wið þēod-þrēaum. Swylc wæs þēaw hyra, + hǣðenra hyht; helle gemundon +180 in mōd-sefan, metod hīe ne cūðon, + dǣda dēmend, ne wiston hīe drihten god, + nē hīe hūru heofena helm herian ne cūðon, + wuldres waldend. Wā bið þǣm þe sceal + þurh slīðne nīð sāwle bescūfan +185 in fȳres fæðm, frōfre ne wēnan, + wihte gewendan; wēl bið þǣm þe mōt + æfter dēað-dæge drihten sēcean + and tō fæder fæðmum freoðo wilnian. + + +IV. HYGELAC'S THANE. + + Swā þā mǣl-ceare maga Healfdenes +190 singāla sēað; ne mihte snotor hæleð + wēan onwendan: wæs þæt gewin tō swȳð, + lāð and longsum, þē on þā lēode becōm, + nȳd-wracu nīð-grim, niht-bealwa mǣst. + Þæt fram hām gefrægn Higelāces þegn, +195 gōd mid Gēatum, Grendles dǣda: + sē wæs mon-cynnes mægenes strengest + on þǣm dæge þysses līfes, + æðele and ēacen. Hēt him ȳð-lidan + gōdne gegyrwan; cwæð hē gūð-cyning +200 ofer swan-rāde sēcean wolde, + mǣrne þēoden, þā him wæs manna þearf. + Þone sīð-fæt him snotere ceorlas + lȳt-hwōn lōgon, þēah hē him lēof wǣre; + hwetton higerōfne, hǣl scēawedon. +205 Hæfde se gōda Gēata lēoda + cempan gecorone, þāra þe hē cēnoste + findan mihte; fīftȳna sum + sund-wudu sōhte; secg wīsade, + lagu-cræftig mon, land-gemyrcu. +210 Fyrst forð gewāt: flota wæs on ȳðum, + bāt under beorge. Beornas gearwe + on stefn stigon; strēamas wundon + sund wið sande; secgas bǣron + on bearm nacan beorhte frætwe, +215 gūð-searo geatolīc; guman ūt scufon, + weras on wil-sīð wudu bundenne. + Gewāt þā ofer wǣg-holm winde gefȳsed + flota fāmig-heals fugle gelīcost, + oð þæt ymb ān-tīd ōðres dōgores +220 wunden-stefna gewaden hæfde, + þæt þā līðende land gesāwon, + brim-clifu blīcan, beorgas stēape, + sīde sǣ-næssas: þā wæs sund liden, + eoletes æt ende. Þanon up hraðe +225 Wedera lēode on wang stigon, + sǣ-wudu sǣldon (syrcan hrysedon, + gūð-gewǣdo); gode þancedon, + þæs þe him ȳð-lāde ēaðe wurdon. + Þā of wealle geseah weard Scildinga, +230 sē þe holm-clifu healdan scolde, + beran ofer bolcan beorhte randas, + fyrd-searu fūslīcu; hine fyrwyt bræc + mōd-gehygdum, hwæt þā men wǣron. + Gewāt him þā tō waroðe wicge rīdan +235 þegn Hrōðgāres, þrymmum cwehte + mægen-wudu mundum, meðel-wordum frægn: + "Hwæt syndon gē searo-hæbbendra + "byrnum werede, þē þus brontne cēol + "ofer lagu-strǣte lǣdan cwōmon, +240 "hider ofer holmas helmas bǣron? + "Ic wæs ende-sǣta, ǣg-wearde hēold, + "þæt on land Dena lāðra nǣnig + "mid scip-herge sceððan ne meahte. + "Nō hēr cūðlīcor cuman ongunnon +245 "lind-hæbbende; nē gē lēafnes-word + "gūð-fremmendra gearwe ne wisson, + "māga gemēdu. Nǣfre ic māran geseah + "eorla ofer eorðan, þonne is ēower sum, + "secg on searwum; nis þæt seld-guma +250 "wǣpnum geweorðad, næfne him his wlite lēoge, + "ǣnlīc an-sȳn. Nū ic ēower sceal + "frum-cyn witan, ǣr gē fyr heonan + "lēase scēaweras on land Dena + "furður fēran. Nū gē feor-būend, +255 "mere-līðende, mīnne gehȳrað + "ān-fealdne geþōht: ofost is sēlest + "tō gecȳðanne, hwanan ēowre cyme syndon." + + +V. THE ERRAND. + + Him se yldesta andswarode, + werodes wīsa, word-hord onlēac: +260 "Wē synt gum-cynnes Gēata lēode + "and Higelāces heorð-genēatas. + "Wæs mīn fæder folcum gecȳðed, + "æðele ord-fruma Ecgþēow hāten; + "gebād wintra worn, ǣr hē on weg hwurfe, +265 "gamol of geardum; hine gearwe geman + "witena wēl-hwylc wīde geond eorðan.- + "Wē þurh holdne hige hlāford þinne, + "sunu Healfdenes, sēcean cwōmon, + "lēod-gebyrgean: wes þū ūs lārena gōd! +270 "Habbað wē tō þǣm mǣran micel ǣrende + "Deniga frēan; ne sceal þǣr dyrne sum + "wesan, þæs ic wēne. Þū wāst, gif hit is, + "swā wē sōðlice secgan hȳrdon, + "þæt mid Scyldingum sceaða ic nāt hwylc, +275 "dēogol dǣd-hata, deorcum nihtum + "ēaweð þurh egsan uncūðne nīð, + "hȳnðu and hrā-fyl. Ic þæs Hrōðgār mæg + "þurh rūmne sefan rǣd gelǣran, + "hū hē frōd and gōd fēond oferswȳðeð, +280 "gyf him ed-wendan ǣfre scolde + "bealuwa bisigu, bōt eft cuman + "and þā cear-wylmas cōlran wurðað; + "oððe ā syððan earfoð-þrāge, + "þrēa-nȳd þolað, þenden þǣr wunað +285 "on hēah-stede hūsa sēlest." + Weard maðelode, þǣr on wicge sæt + ombeht unforht: "Ǣghwæðres sceal + "scearp scyld-wiga gescād witan, + "worda and worca, sē þe wēl þenceð. +290 "Ic þæt gehȳre, þæt þis is hold weorod + "frēan Scyldinga. Gewītað forð beran + "wǣpen and gewǣdu, ic ēow wīsige: + "swylce ic magu-þegnas mīne hāte + "wið fēonda gehwone flotan ēowerne, +295 "nīw-tyrwedne nacan on sande + "ārum healdan, oð þæt eft byreð + "ofer lagu-strēamas lēofne mannan + "wudu wunden-hals tō Weder-mearce. + "Gūð-fremmendra swylcum gifeðe bið, +300 "þæt þone hilde-rǣs hāl gedīgeð." + Gewiton him þā fēran (flota stille bād, + seomode on sāle sīd-fæðmed scyp, + on ancre fæst); eofor-līc scionon + ofer hlēor-beran gehroden golde +305 fāh and fȳr-heard, ferh wearde hēold. + Gūðmōde grummon, guman ōnetton, + sigon ætsomne, oð þæt hȳ sæl timbred + geatolīc and gold-fāh ongytan mihton; + þæt wæs fore-mǣrost fold-būendum +310 receda under roderum, on þǣm se rīca bād; + līxte se lēoma ofer landa fela. + Him þā hilde-dēor hof mōdigra + torht getǣhte, þæt hīe him tō mihton + gegnum gangan; gūð-beorna sum +315 wicg gewende, word æfter cwæð: + "Mǣl is mē tō fēran; fæder alwalda + "mid ār-stafum ēowic gehealde + "sīða gesunde! ic tō sǣ wille, + "wið wrāð werod wearde healdan." + + +VI. BĒOWULF'S SPEECH. + +320 Strǣt wæs stān-fāh, stīg wīsode + gumum ætgædere. Gūð-byrne scān + heard hond-locen, hring-īren scīr + song in searwum, þā hīe tō sele furðum + in hyra gryre-geatwum gangan cwōmon. +325 Setton sǣ-mēðe sīde scyldas, + rondas regn-hearde wið þæs recedes weal, + bugon þā tō bence; byrnan hringdon, + gūð-searo gumena; gāras stōdon, + sǣ-manna searo, samod ætgædere, +330 æsc-holt ufan grǣg: wæs se īren-þrēat + wǣpnum gewurðad. Þā þǣr wlonc hæleð + ōret-mecgas æfter æðelum frægn: + "Hwanon ferigeað gē fǣtte scyldas, + "grǣge syrcan and grīm-helmas, +335 "here-sceafta hēap?-- Ic eom Hrōðgāres + "ār and ombiht. Ne seah ic el-þēodige + "þus manige men mōdiglīcran. + "Wēn' ic þæt gē for wlenco, nalles for wræc-sīðum, + "ac for hige-þrymmum Hrōðgār sōhton." +340 Him þā ellen-rōf andswarode, + wlanc Wedera lēod word æfter spræc, + heard under helme: "Wē synt Higelāces + "bēod-genēatas; Bēowulf is mīn nama. + "Wille ic āsecgan suna Healfdenes, +345 "mǣrum þēodne mīn ǣrende, + "aldre þīnum, gif hē ūs geunnan wile, + "þæt wē hine swā gōdne grētan mōton." + Wulfgār maðelode (þæt wæs Wendla lēod, + wæs his mōd-sefa manegum gecȳðed, +350 wīg and wīs-dōm): "ic þæs wine Deniga, + "frēan Scildinga frīnan wille, + "bēaga bryttan, swā þū bēna eart, + "þēoden mǣrne ymb þīnne sīð ; + "and þē þā andsware ǣdre gecȳðan, +355 "þē mē se gōda āgifan þenceð." + Hwearf þā hrædlīce, þǣr Hrōðgār sæt, + eald and unhār mid his eorla gedriht; + ēode ellen-rōf, þæt hē for eaxlum gestōd + Deniga frēan, cūðe hē duguðe þēaw. +360 Wulfgār maðelode tō his wine-drihtne: + "Hēr syndon geferede feorran cumene + "ofer geofenes begang Gēata lēode: + "þone yldestan ōret-mecgas + "Bēowulf nemnað. Hȳ bēnan synt, +365 "þæt hīe, þēoden mīn, wið þē mōton + "wordum wrixlan; nō þū him wearne getēoh, + "þīnra gegn-cwida glædnian, Hrōðgār! + "Hȳ on wīg-geatwum wyrðe þinceað + "eorla geæhtlan; hūru se aldor dēah, +370 "sē þǣm heaðo-rincum hider wīsade." + + +VII. HROTHGAR'S WELCOME. + + Hrōðgār maðelode, helm Scyldinga: + "Ic hine cūðe cniht-wesende. + "Wæs his eald-fæder Ecgþēo hāten, + "þǣm tō hām forgeaf Hrēðel Gēata +375 "āngan dōhtor; is his eafora nū + "heard hēr cumen, sōhte holdne wine. + "þonne sægdon þæt sǣ-līðende, + "þā þe gif-sceattas Gēata fyredon + "þyder tō þance, þæt hē þrīttiges +380 "manna mægen-cræft on his mund-grīpe + "heaðo-rōf hæbbe. Hine hālig god + "for ār-stafum us onsende, + "tō West-Denum, þæs ic wēn hæbbe, + "wið Grendles gryre: ic þǣm gōdan sceal +385 "for his mōd-þræce mādmas bēodan. + "Bēo þū on ofeste, hāt hig in gān, + "sēon sibbe-gedriht samod ætgædere; + "gesaga him ēac wordum, þæt hīe sint wil-cuman + "Deniga lēodum." Þā wið duru healle +390 Wulfgār ēode, word inne ābēad: + "Ēow hēt secgan sige-drihten mīn, + "aldor Ēast-Dena, þæt hē ēower æðelu can + "and gē him syndon ofer sǣ-wylmas, + "heard-hicgende, hider wil-cuman. +395 "Nū gē mōton gangan in ēowrum guð-geatawum, + "under here-grīman, Hrōðgār gesēon; + "lǣtað hilde-bord hēr onbidian, + "wudu wæl-sceaftas, worda geþinges." + Ārās þā se rīca, ymb hine rinc manig, +400 þrȳðlīc þegna hēap; sume þǣr bidon, + heaðo-rēaf hēoldon, swā him se hearda bebēad. + Snyredon ætsomne, þā secg wīsode + under Heorotes hrōf; hyge-rōf ēode, + heard under helme, þæt hē on heoðe gestōd. +405 Bēowulf maðelode (on him byrne scān, + searo-net sēowed smiðes or-þancum): + "Wes þū Hrōðgār hāl! ic eom Higelāces + "mǣg and mago-þegn; hæbbe ic mǣrða fela + "ongunnen on geogoðe. Mē wearð Grendles þing +410 "on mīnre ēðel-tyrf undyrne cūð: + "secgað sǣ-līðend, þæt þes sele stande, + "reced sēlesta, rinca gehwylcum + "īdel and unnyt, siððan ǣfen-lēoht + "under heofenes hādor beholen weorðeð. +415 "Þā mē þæt gelǣrdon lēode mīne, + "þā sēlestan, snotere ceorlas, + "þēoden Hrōðgār, þæt ic þē sōhte; + "forþan hīe mægenes cræft mīnne cūðon: + "selfe ofersāwon, þā ic of searwum cwōm, +420 "fāh from fēondum, þǣr ic fīfe geband, + "ȳðde eotena cyn, and on ȳðum slōg + "niceras nihtes, nearo-þearfe drēah, + "wræc Wedera nīð (wēan āhsodon) + "forgrand gramum; and nū wið Grendel sceal, +425 "wið þām āglǣcan, āna gehegan + "þing wið þyrse. Ic þē nū þā, + "brego Beorht-Dena, biddan wille, + "eodor Scyldinga, ānre bēne; + "þæt þū mē ne forwyrne, wīgendra hlēo, +430 "frēo-wine folca, nū ic þus feorran cōm, + "þæt ic mōte āna and mīnra eorla gedryht, + "þes hearda hēap, Heorot fǣlsian. + "Hæbbe ic ēac geāhsod, þæt se ǣglǣca + "for his won-hȳdum wǣpna ne rēceð; +435 "ic þæt þonne forhicge, swā mē Higelāc sīe, + "mīn mon-drihten, mōdes blīðe, + "þæt ic sweord bere oððe sīdne scyld + "geolo-rand tō gūðe; ac ic mid grāpe sceal + "fōn wið fēonde and ymb feorh sacan, +440 "lāð wið lāðum; þǣr gelȳfan sceal + "dryhtnes dōme sē þe hine dēað nimeð. + "Wēn' ic þæt hē wille, gif hē wealdan mōt, + "in þǣm gūð-sele Gēatena lēode + "etan unforhte, swā hē oft dyde +445 "mægen Hrēðmanna. Nā þū mīnne þearft + "hafalan hȳdan, ac hē mē habban wile + "drēore fāhne, gif mec dēað nimeð; + "byreð blōdig wæl, byrgean þenceð, + "eteð ān-genga unmurnlīce, +450 "mearcað mōr-hopu: nō þū ymb mīnes ne þearft + "līces feorme leng sorgian. + "Onsend Higelāce, gif mec hild nime, + "beadu-scrūda betst, þæt mīne brēost wereð, + "hrægla sēlest; þæt is Hrēðlan lāf, +455 "Wēlandes geweorc. Gǣð ā Wyrd swā hīo scel!" + + +VIII. HROTHGAR TELLS OF GRENDEL. + + Hrōðgār maðelode, helm Scyldinga: + "for were-fyhtum þū, wine mīn Bēowulf, + "and for ār-stafum ūsic sōhtest. + "Geslōh þin fæder fǣhðe mǣste, +460 "wearð hē Heaðolāfe tō hand-bonan + "mid Wilfingum; þā hine Wedera cyn + "for here-brōgan habban ne mihte. + "Þanon hē gesōhte Sūð-Dena folc + "ofer ȳða gewealc, Ār-Scyldinga; +465 "þā ic furðum wēold folce Deninga, + "and on geogoðe hēold gimme-rīce + "hord-burh hæleða: þā wæs Heregār dēad, + "mīn yldra mǣg unlifigende, + "bearn Healfdenes. Sē wæs betera þonne ic! +470 "Siððan þā fǣhðe fēo þingode; + "sende ic Wylfingum ofer wæteres hrycg + "ealde mādmas: hē mē āðas swōr. + "Sorh is mē tō secganne on sefan mīnum + "gumena ǣngum, hwæt mē Grendel hafað +475 "hȳnðo on Heorote mid his hete-þancum, + "fǣr-nīða gefremed. Is mīn flet-werod, + "wīg-hēap gewanod; hīe Wyrd forswēop + "on Grendles gryre. God ēaðe mæg + "þone dol-scaðan dǣda getwǣfan! +480 "Ful oft gebēotedon bēore druncne + "ofer ealo-wǣge ōret-mecgas, + "þæt hīe in bēor-sele bīdan woldon + "Grendles gūðe mid gryrum ecga. + "Þonne wæs þēos medo-heal on morgen-tīd, +485 "driht-sele drēor-fāh, þonne dæg līxte, + "eal benc-þelu blōde bestȳmed, + "heall heoru-drēore: āhte ic holdra þȳ lǣs, + "dēorre duguðe, þē þā dēað fornam. + "Site nū tō symle and onsǣl meoto, +490 "sige-hrēð secgum, swā þīn sefa hwette!" + Þā wæs Gēat-mæcgum geador ætsomne + on bēor-sele benc gerȳmed; + þǣr swīð-ferhðe sittan ēodon + þrȳðum dealle. Þegn nytte behēold, +495 sē þe on handa bær hroden ealo-wǣge, + scencte scīr wered. Scop hwīlum sang + hādor on Heorote; þǣr wæs hæleða drēam, + duguð unlȳtel Dena and Wedera. + + +IX. HUNFERTH OBJECTS TO BĒOWULF. + + Unferð maðelode, Ecglāfes bearn, +500 þē æt fōtum sæt frēan Scyldinga; + onband beadu-rūne (wæs him Bēowulfes sīð, + mōdges mere-faran, micel æf-þunca, + forþon þe hē ne ūðe, þæt ǣnig ōðer man + ǣfre mǣrða þon mā middan-geardes +505 gehēdde under heofenum þonne hē sylfa): + "Eart þū sē Bēowulf, sē þe wið Brecan wunne, + "on sīdne sǣ ymb sund flite, + "þǣr git for wlence wada cunnedon + "and for dol-gilpe on dēop wæter +510 "aldrum nēðdon? Nē inc ǣnig mon, + "nē lēof nē lāð, belēan mihte + "sorh-fullne sīð; þā git on sund rēon, + "þǣr git ēagor-strēam earmum þehton, + "mǣton mere-strǣta, mundum brugdon, +515 "glidon ofer gār-secg; geofon ȳðum wēol, + "wintres wylme. Git on wæteres ǣht + "seofon niht swuncon; hē þē æt sunde oferflāt, + "hæfde māre mægen. Þā hine on morgen-tīd + "on Heaðo-rǣmas holm up ætbær, +520 "þonon hē gesōhte swǣsne ēðel + "lēof his lēodum lond Brondinga, + "freoðo-burh fægere, þǣr hē folc āhte, + "burg and bēagas. Bēot eal wið þē + "sunu Bēanstānes sōðe gelǣste. +525 "Þonne wēne ic tō þē wyrsan geþinges, + "þēah þū heaðo-rǣsa gehwǣr dohte, + "grimre gūðe, gif þū Grendles dearst + "niht-longne fyrst nēan bīdan!" + Bēowulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþēowes: +530 "Hwæt! þū worn fela, wine mīn Unferð, + "bēore druncen ymb Brecan sprǣce, + "sægdest from his sīðe! Sōð ic talige, + "þæt ic mere-strengo māran āhte, + "earfeðo on ȳðum, þonne ǣnig ōðer man. +535 "Wit þæt gecwǣdon cniht-wesende + "and gebēotedon (wǣron bēgen þā gīt + "on geogoð-feore) þæt wit on gār-secg ūt + "aldrum nēðdon; and þæt geæfndon swā. + "Hæfdon swurd nacod, þā wit on sund rēon, +540 "heard on handa, wit unc wið hron-fixas + "werian þōhton. Nō hē wiht fram mē + "flōd-ȳðum feor flēotan meahte, + "hraðor on holme, nō ic fram him wolde. + "Þā wit ætsomne on sǣ wǣron +545 "fīf nihta fyrst, oð þæt unc flōd tōdrāf, + "wado weallende, wedera cealdost, + "nīpende niht and norðan wind + "heaðo-grim andhwearf; hrēo wǣron ȳða, + "Wæs mere-fixa mōd onhrēred: +550 "þǣr mē wið lāðum līc-syrce mīn, + "heard hond-locen, helpe gefremede; + "beado-hrægl brōden on brēostum læg, + "golde gegyrwed. Mē tō grunde tēah + "fāh fēond-scaða, fæste hæfde +555 "grim on grāpe: hwæðre mē gyfeðe wearð, + "þæt ic āglǣcan orde gerǣhte, + "hilde-bille; heaðo-rǣs fornam + "mihtig mere-dēor þurh mīne hand. + + +X. BĒOWULF'S CONTEST WITH BRECA.-THE FEAST. + + "Swā mec gelōme lāð-getēonan +560 "þrēatedon þearle. Ic him þēnode + "dēoran sweorde, swā hit gedēfe wæs; + "næs hīe þǣre fylle gefēan hæfdon, + "mān-fordǣdlan, þæt hīe mē þēgon, + "symbel ymb-sǣton sǣ-grunde nēah, +565 "ac on mergenne mēcum wunde + "be ȳð-lāfe uppe lǣgon, + "sweordum āswefede, þæt syððan nā + "ymb brontne ford brim-līðende + "lāde ne letton. Lēoht ēastan cōm, +570 "beorht bēacen godes; brimu swaðredon, + "þæt ic sǣ-næssas gesēon mihte, + "windige weallas. Wyrd oft nereð + "unfǣgne eorl, ðonne his ellen dēah! + "Hwæðere mē gesǣlde, þæt ic mid sweorde ofslōh +575 "niceras nigene. Nō ic on niht gefrægn + "under heofones hwealf heardran feohtan, + "nē on ēg-strēamum earmran mannan; + "hwæðere ic fāra feng fēore gedīgde, + "siðes wērig. Þā mec sǣ oðbær, +580 "flōd æfter faroðe, on Finna land, + "wadu weallendu. Nō ic wiht fram þē + "swylcra searo-nīða secgan hȳrde, + "billa brōgan: Breca nǣfre gīt + "æt heaðo-lāce, nē gehwæðer incer +585 "swā dēorlīce dǣd gefremede + "fāgum sweordum . . . . . . . + ". . . . . . . nō ic þæs gylpe; + "þēah þū þīnum brōðrum tō banan wurde, + "hēafod-mǣgum; þæs þū in helle scealt +590 "werhðo drēogan, þēah þīn wit duge, + "Secge ic þē tō sōðe, sunu Ecglāfes, + "þæt nǣfre Grendel swā fela gryra gefremede, + "atol ǣglǣca ealdre þīnum, + "hȳnðo on Heorote, gif þīn hige wǣre, +595 "sefa swā searo-grim, swā þū self talast. + "Ac hē hafað onfunden, þæt hē þā fǣhðe ne þearf, + "atole ecg-þræce ēower lēode + "swīðe onsittan, Sige-Scyldinga; + "nymeð nȳd-bāde, nǣnegum ārað +600 "lēode Deniga, ac hē on lust wīgeð, + "swefeð ond sendeð, secce ne wēneð + "tō Gār-Denum. Ac him Gēata sceal + "eafoð and ellen ungeāra nū + "gūðe gebēodan. Gǣð eft sē þe mōt +605 "tō medo mōdig, siððan morgen-lēoht + "ofer ylda bearn ōðres dōgores, + "sunne swegl-wered sūðan scīneð!" + Þā wæs on sālum sinces brytta + gamol-feax and gūð-rōf, gēoce gelȳfde +610 brego Beorht-Dena; gehȳrde on Bēowulfe + folces hyrde fæst-rǣdne geþōht. + Þǣr wæs hæleða hleahtor; hlyn swynsode, + word wǣron wynsume. Ēode Wealhþēow forð, + cwēn Hrōðgāres, cynna gemyndig, +615 grētte gold-hroden guman on healle, + and þā frēolīc wīf ful gesealde + ǣrest Ēast-Dena ēðel-wearde, + bæd hine blīðne æt þǣre bēor-þege, + lēodum lēofne; hē on lust geþeah +620 symbel and sele-ful, sige-rōf kyning. + Ymb-ēode þā ides Helminga + duguðe and geogoðe dǣl ǣghwylcne; + sinc-fato sealde, oð þæt sǣl ālamp, + þæt hīo Bēowulfe, bēag-hroden cwēn, +625 mōde geþungen, medo-ful ætbær; + grētte Gēata lēod, gode þancode + wīs-fæst wordum, þæs þe hire se willa gelamp, + þæt hēo on ǣnigne eorl gelȳfde + fyrena frōfre. Hē þæt ful geþeah, +630 wæl-rēow wiga æt Wealhþēon, + and þā gyddode gūðe gefȳsed, + Bēowulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþēowes: + "Ic þæt hogode, þā ic on holm gestāh, + "sǣ-bāt gesæt mid mīnra secga gedriht, +635 "þæt ic ānunga ēowra lēoda + "willan geworhte, oððe on wæl crunge, + "fēond-grāpum fæst. Ic gefremman sceal + "eorlīc ellen, oððe ende-dæg + "on þisse meodu-healle mīnne gebīdan." +640 Þām wīfe þā word wēl līcodon, + gilp-cwide Gēates; ēode gold-hroden + frēolīcu folc-cwēn tō hire frēan sittan. + Þā wæs eft swā ǣr inne on healle + þrȳð-word sprecen, þēod on sǣlum, +645 sige-folca swēg, oð þæt semninga + sunu Healfdenes sēcean wolde + ǣfen-ræste; wiste æt þǣm āhlǣcan + tō þǣm hēah-sele hilde geþinged, + siððan hīe sunnan lēoht gesēon ne meahton, +650 oððe nīpende niht ofer ealle, + scadu-helma gesceapu scrīðan cwōman, + wan under wolcnum. Werod eall ārās. + Grētte þā giddum guma ōðerne, + Hrōðgār Bēowulf, and him hǣl ābēad, +655 wīn-ærnes geweald and þæt word ācwæð: + "Nǣfre ic ǣnegum men ǣr ālȳfde, + "siððan ic hond and rond hebban mihte, + "þrȳð-ærn Dena būton þē nū þā. + "Hafa nū and geheald hūsa sēlest; +660 "gemyne mǣrðo, mægen-ellen cȳð, + "waca wið wrāðum! Ne bið þē wilna gād, + "gif þū þæt ellen-weorc aldre gedīgest." + + +XI. THE WATCH FOR GRENDEL. + + Þā him Hrōðgār gewāt mid his hæleða gedryht, + eodur Scyldinga ūt of healle; +665 wolde wīg-fruma Wealhþēo sēcan, + cwēn tō gebeddan Hæfde kyninga wuldor + Grendle tō-gēanes, swā guman gefrungon, + sele-weard āseted, sundor-nytte behēold + ymb aldor Dena, eoton weard ābēad; +670 hūru Gēata lēod georne truwode + mōdgan mægnes, metodes hyldo. + Þā hē him of dyde īsern-byrnan, + helm of hafelan, sealde his hyrsted sweord, + īrena cyst ombiht-þegne, +675 and gehealdan hēt hilde-geatwe. + Gespræc þā se gōda gylp-worda sum + Bēowulf Gēata, ǣr hē on bed stige: + "Nō ic mē an here-wǣsmum hnāgran talige + "gūð-geweorca, þonne Grendel hine; +680 "forþan ic hine sweorde swebban nelle, + "aldre benēotan, þēah ic eal mǣge. + "Nāt hē þāra gōda, þæt hē mē on-gēan slēa, + "rand gehēawe, þēah þe hē rōf sīe + "nīð-geweorca; ac wit on niht sculon +685 "secge ofersittan, gif hē gesēcean dear + "wīg ofer wǣpen, and siððan wītig god + "on swā hwæðere hond hālig dryhten + "mǣrðo dēme, swā him gemet þince." + Hylde hine þā heaðo-dēor, hlēor-bolster onfēng +690 eorles andwlitan; and hine ymb monig + snellīc sǣ-rinc sele-reste gebēah. + Nǣnig heora þōhte þæt hē þanon scolde + eft eard-lufan ǣfre gesēcean, + folc oððe frēo-burh, þǣr hē āfēded wæs, +695 ac hīe hæfdon gefrūnen, þæt hīe ǣr tō fela micles + in þǣm wīn-sele wæl-dēað fornam, + Denigea lēode. Ac him dryhten forgeaf + wīg-spēda gewiofu, Wedera lēodum + frōfor and fultum, þæt hīe fēond heora +700 þurh ānes cræft ealle ofercōmon, + selfes mihtum: sōð is gecȳðed, + þæt mihtig god manna cynnes + wēold wīde-ferhð. Cōm on wanre niht + scrīðan sceadu-genga. Scēotend swǣfon, +705 þā þæt horn-reced healdan scoldon, + ealle būton ānum. Þæt wæs yldum cūð, + þæt hīe ne mōste, þā metod nolde, + se syn-scaða under sceadu bregdan; + ac hē wæccende wrāðum on andan +710 bād bolgen-mōd beadwa geþinges. + + +XII. GRENDEL'S RAID. + + Þā cōm of mōre under mist-hleoðum + Grendel gongan, godes yrre bær. + Mynte se mān-scaða manna cynnes + sumne besyrwan in sele þām hēan; +715 wōd under wolcnum, tō þæs þe hē wīn-reced, + gold-sele gumena, gearwost wisse + fǣttum fāhne. Ne wæs þæt forma sīð, + þæt hē Hrōðgāres hām gesōhte: + nǣfre hē on aldor-dagum ǣr nē siððan +720 heardran hæle, heal-þegnas fand! + Cōm þā tō recede rinc sīðian + drēamum bedǣled. Duru sōna onarn + fȳr-bendum fæst, syððan hē hire folmum hrān; + onbræd þā bealo-hȳdig, þā hē ābolgen wæs, +725 recedes mūðan. Raðe æfter þon + on fāgne flōr fēond treddode, + ēode yrre-mōd; him of ēagum stōd + līge gelīcost lēoht unfǣger. + Geseah hē in recede rinca manige, +730 swefan sibbe-gedriht samod ætgædere, + mago-rinca hēap: þā his mōd āhlōg, + mynte þæt hē gedǣlde, ǣr þon dæg cwōme, + atol āglǣca, ānra gehwylces + līf wið līce, þā him ālumpen wæs +735 wist-fylle wēn. Ne wæs þæt wyrd þā gēn, + þæt hē mā mōste manna cynnes + þicgean ofer þā niht. Þrȳð-swȳð behēold + mǣg Higelāces, hū se mān-scaða + under fǣr-gripum gefaran wolde. +740 Nē þæt se āglǣca yldan þōhte, + ac hē gefēng hraðe forman siðe + slǣpendne rinc, slāt unwearnum, + bāt bān-locan, blōd ēdrum dranc, + syn-snǣdum swealh: sōna hæfde +745 unlyfigendes eal gefeormod + fēt and folma. Forð nēar ætstōp, + nam þā mid handa hige-þīhtigne + rinc on ræste; rǣhte ongēan + fēond mid folme, hē onfēng hraðe +750 inwit-þancum and wið earm gesæt. + Sōna þæt onfunde fyrena hyrde, + þæt hē ne mētte middan-geardes + eorðan scēata on elran men + mund-gripe māran: hē on mōde wearð +755 forht on ferhðe, nō þȳ ǣr fram meahte; + hyge wæs him hin-fūs, wolde on heolster flēon, + sēcan dēofla gedræg: ne wæs his drohtoð þǣr, + swylce hē on ealder-dagum ǣr gemētte. + Gemunde þā se gōda mǣg Higelāces +760 ǣfen-sprǣce, up-lang āstōd + and him fæste wiðfēng. Fingras burston; + eoten wæs ūt-weard, eorl furður stōp. + Mynte se mǣra, þǣr hē meahte swā, + wīdre gewindan and on weg þanon +765 flēon on fen-hopu; wiste his fingra geweald + on grames grāpum. Þæt wæs gēocor sīð, + þæt se hearm-scaða tō Heorute ātēah: + dryht-sele dynede, Denum eallum wearð, + ceaster-būendum, cēnra gehwylcum, +770 eorlum ealu-scerwen. Yrre wǣron bēgen, + rēðe rēn-weardas. Reced hlynsode; + þā wæs wundor micel, þæt se wīn-sele + wiðhæfde heaðo-dēorum, þæt hē on hrūsan ne fēol, + fǣger fold-bold; ac hē þæs fæste wæs +775 innan and ūtan īren-bendum + searo-þoncum besmiðod. Þǣr fram sylle ābēag + medu-benc monig mīne gefrǣge, + golde geregnad, þǣr þā graman wunnon; + þæs ne wēndon ǣr witan Scyldinga, +780 þæt hit ā mid gemete manna ǣnig + betlīc and bān-fāg tōbrecan meahte, + listum tōlūcan, nymðe līges fæðm + swulge on swaðule. Swēg up āstāg + nīwe geneahhe; Norð-Denum stōd +785 atelīc egesa ānra gehwylcum + þāra þe of wealle wōp gehȳrdon, + gryre-lēoð galan godes andsacan, + sige-lēasne sang, sār wānigean + helle hæftan. Hēold hine tō fæste +790 sē þe manna wæs mægene strengest + on þǣm dæge þysses līfes. + + +XIII. BĒOWULF TEARS OFF GRENDEL'S ARM. + + Nolde eorla hlēo ǣnige þinga + þone cwealm-cuman cwicne forlǣtan, + nē his līf-dagas lēoda ǣnigum +795 nytte tealde. Þǣr genehost brægd + eorl Bēowulfes ealde lāfe, + wolde frēa-drihtnes feorh ealgian + mǣres þēodnes, þǣr hīe meahton swā; + hīe þæt ne wiston, þā hīe gewin drugon, +800 heard-hicgende hilde-mecgas, + and on healfa gehwone hēawan þōhton, + sāwle sēcan, þæt þone syn-scaðan + ǣnig ofer eorðan īrenna cyst, + gūð-billa nān grētan nolde; +805 ac hē sige-wǣpnum forsworen hæfde, + ecga gehwylcre. Scolde his aldor-gedāl + on þǣm dæge þysses līfes + earmlīc wurðan and se ellor-gāst + on fēonda geweald feor sīðian. +810 Þā þæt onfunde sē þe fela ǣror + mōdes myrðe manna cynne + fyrene gefremede (hē wæs fāg wið god) + þæt him se līc-homa lǣstan nolde, + ac hine se mōdega mǣg Hygelāces +815 hæfde be honda; wæs gehwæðer ōðrum + lifigende lāð. Līc-sār gebād + atol ǣglǣca, him on eaxle wearð + syn-dolh sweotol, seonowe onsprungon + burston bān-locan. Bēowulfe wearð +820 gūð-hrēð gyfeðe; scolde Grendel þonan + feorh-sēoc flēon under fen-hleoðu, + sēcean wyn-lēas wīc; wiste þē geornor, + þæt his aldres wæs ende gegongen, + dōgera dæg-rīm. Denum eallum wearð +825 æfter þām wæl-rǣse willa gelumpen. + Hæfde þā gefǣlsod, sē þe ǣr feorran cōm, + snotor and swȳð-ferhð sele Hrōðgāres, + genered wið nīðe. Niht-weorce gefeh, + ellen-mǣrðum; hæfde Ēast-Denum +830 Gēat-mecga lēod gilp gelǣsted, + swylce oncȳððe ealle gebētte, + inwid-sorge, þē hīe ǣr drugon + and for þrēa-nȳdum þolian scoldon, + torn unlȳtel. Þæt wæs tācen sweotol, +835 syððan hilde-dēor hond ālegde, + earm and eaxle (þǣr wæs eal geador + Grendles grāpe) under gēapne hrōf. + + +XIV. THE JOY AT HEOROT. + + Þā wæs on morgen mīne gefrǣge + ymb þā gif-healle gūð-rinc monig: +840 fērdon folc-togan feorran and nēan + geond wīd-wegas wundor scēawian, + lāðes lāstas. Nō his līf-gedāl + sārlīc þūhte secga ǣnegum, + þāra þe tīr-lēases trode scēawode, +845 hū hē wērig-mōd on weg þanon, + nīða ofercumen, on nicera mere + fǣge and geflȳmed feorh-lāstas bær. + Þǣr wæs on blōde brim weallende, + atol ȳða geswing eal gemenged +850 hātan heolfre, heoro-drēore wēol; + dēað-fǣge dēog, siððan drēama lēas + in fen-freoðo feorh ālegde + hǣðene sāwle, þǣr him hel onfēng. + Þanon eft gewiton eald-gesīðas, +855 swylce geong manig of gomen-wāðe, + fram mere mōdge, mēarum rīdan, + beornas on blancum. Þǣr wæs Bēowulfes + mǣrðo mǣned; monig oft gecwæð, + þætte sūð nē norð be sǣm tweonum +860 ofer eormen-grund ōðer nǣnig + under swegles begong sēlra nǣre + rond-hæbbendra, rīces wyrðra. + Nē hīe hūru wine-drihten wiht ne lōgon, + glædne Hrōðgār, ac þæt wæs gōd cyning. +865 Hwīlum heaðo-rōfe hlēapan lēton, + on geflīt faran fealwe mēaras, + þǣr him fold-wegas fægere þūhton, + cystum cūðe; hwīlum cyninges þegn, + guma gilp-hlæden gidda gemyndig, +870 sē þe eal-fela eald-gesegena + worn gemunde, word ōðer fand + sōðe gebunden: secg eft ongan + sīð Bēowulfes snyttrum styrian + and on spēd wrecan spel gerāde, +875 wordum wrixlan, wēl-hwylc gecwæð, + þæt hē fram Sigemunde secgan hȳrde, + ellen-dǣdum, uncūðes fela, + Wælsinges gewin, wīde sīðas, + þāra þe gumena bearn gearwe ne wiston, +880 fǣhðe and fyrene, būton Fitela mid hine, + þonne hē swylces hwæt secgan wolde + ēam his nefan, swā hīe ā wǣron + æt nīða gehwām nȳd-gesteallan: + hæfdon eal-fela eotena cynnes +885 sweordum gesǣged. Sigemunde gesprong + æfter dēað-dæge dōm unlȳtel, + syððan wīges heard wyrm ācwealde, + hordes hyrde; hē under hārne stān, + æðelinges bearn, āna genēðde +890 frēcne dǣde; ne wæs him Fitela mid. + Hwæðre him gesǣlde, þæt þæt swurd þurhwōd + wrǣtlīcne wyrm, þæt hit on wealle ætstōd, + dryhtlīc īren; draca morðre swealt. + Hæfde āglǣca elne gegongen, +895 þæt hē bēah-hordes brūcan mōste + selfes dōme: sǣ-bāt gehlōd, + bær on bearm scipes beorhte frætwa, + Wælses eafera; wyrm hāt gemealt. + Sē wæs wreccena wīde mǣrost +900 ofer wer-þēode, wīgendra hlēo + ellen-dǣdum: hē þæs āron þāh. + Siððan Heremōdes hild sweðrode + eafoð and ellen. Hē mid eotenum wearð + on fēonda geweald forð forlācen, +905 snūde forsended. Hine sorh-wylmas + lemede tō lange, hē his lēodum wearð, + eallum æðelingum tō aldor-ceare; + swylce oft bemearn ǣrran mǣlum + swīð-ferhðes sīð snotor ceorl monig, +910 sē þe him bealwa tō bōte gelȳfde, + þæt þæt þēodnes bearn geþēon scolde, + fæder-æðelum onfōn, folc gehealdan, + hord and hlēo-burh, hæleða rīce, + ēðel Scyldinga. Hē þǣr eallum wearð, +915 mǣg Higelāces manna cynne, + frēondum gefægra; hine fyren onwōd. + + Hwīlum flītende fealwe strǣte + mēarum mǣton. Þā wæs morgen-lēoht + scofen and scynded. Ēode scealc monig +920 swīð-hicgende tō sele þām hēan, + searo-wundor sēon, swylce self cyning, + of brȳd-būre bēah-horda weard, + tryddode tīr-fæst getrume micle, + cystum gecȳðed, and his cwēn mid him +925 medo-stīg gemæt mægða hōse. + + +XV. HROTHGAR'S GRATULATION. + + Hrōðgār maðelode (hē tō healle gēong, + stōd on stapole, geseah stēapne hrōf + golde fāhne and Grendles hond): + "þisse ansȳne al-wealdan þanc +930 "lungre gelimpe! Fela ic lāðes gebād, + "grynna æt Grendle: ā mæg god wyrcan + "wunder æfter wundre, wuldres hyrde! + "Þæt wæs ungeāra, þæt ic ǣnigra mē + "wēana ne wēnde tō wīdan feore +935 "bōte gebīdan þonne blōde fāh + "hūsa sēlest heoro-drēorig stōd; + "wēa wīd-scofen witena gehwylcne + "þāra þe ne wēndon, þæt hīe wīde-ferhð + "lēoda land-geweorc lāðum beweredon +940 "scuccum and scinnum. Nū scealc hafað + "þurh drihtnes miht dǣd gefremede, + "þē wē ealle ǣr ne meahton + "snyttrum besyrwan. Hwæt! þæt secgan mæg + "efne swā hwylc mægða, swā þone magan cende +945 "æfter gum-cynnum, gyf hēo gȳt lyfað, + "þæt hyre eald-metod ēste wǣre + "bearn-gebyrdo. Nū ic Bēowulf + "þec, secg betsta, mē for sunu wylle + "frēogan on ferhðe; heald forð tela +950 "nīwe sibbe. Ne bið þē nǣnigra gād + "worolde wilna, þē ic geweald hæbbe. + "Ful-oft ic for lǣssan lēan teohhode + "hord-weorðunge hnāhran rince, + "sǣmran æt sæcce. Þū þē self hafast +955 "dǣdum gefremed, þæt þīn dōm lyfað + "āwa tō aldre. Alwalda þec + "gōde forgylde, swā hē nū gȳt dyde!" + Bēowulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþēowes: + "Wē þæt ellen-weorc ēstum miclum, +960 "feohtan fremedon, frēcne genēðdon + "eafoð uncūðes; ūðe ic swīðor, + "þæt þū hinc selfne gesēon mōste, + "fēond on frætewum fyl-wērigne! + "Ic hine hrædlīce heardan clammum +965 "on wæl-bedde wrīðan þōhte, + "þæt hē for mund-gripe mīnum scolde + "licgean līf-bysig, būtan his līc swice; + "ic hine ne mihte, þā metod nolde, + "ganges getwǣman, nō ic him þæs georne ætfealh, +970 "feorh-genīðlan; wæs tō fore-mihtig + "fēond on fēðe. Hwæðere hē his folme forlēt + "tō līf-wraðe lāst weardian, + "earm and eaxle; nō þǣr ǣnige swā þēah + "fēa-sceaft guma frōfre gebohte: +975 "nō þȳ leng leofað lāð-getēona + "synnum geswenced, ac hyne sār hafað + "in nȳd-gripe nearwe befongen, + "balwon bendum: þǣr ābīdan sceal + "maga māne fāh miclan dōmes, +980 "hū him scīr metod scrīfan wille." + Þā wæs swīgra secg, sunu Ecglāfes, + on gylp-sprǣce gūð-geweorca, + siððan æðelingas eorles cræfte + ofer hēahne hrōf hand scēawedon, +985 fēondes fingras, foran ǣghwylc; + wæs stēde nægla gehwylc, stȳle gelīcost, + hǣðenes hand-sporu hilde-rinces + egle unhēoru; ǣg-hwylc gecwæð, + þæt him heardra nān hrīnan wolde +990 īren ǣr-gōd, þæt þæs āhlǣcan + blōdge beadu-folme onberan wolde. + + +XVI. THE BANQUET AND THE GIFTS. + + Þā wæs hāten hreðe Heort innan-weard + folmum gefrætwod: fela þǣra wæs + wera and wīfa, þē þæt wīn-reced, +995 gest-sele gyredon. Gold-fāg scinon + web æfter wāgum, wundor-sīona fela + secga gehwylcum þāra þe on swylc starað + Wæs þæt beorhte bold tōbrocen swīðe + eal inne-weard īren-bendum fæst, +1000 heorras tōhlidene; hrōf āna genæs + ealles ansund, þā se āglǣca + fyren-dǣdum fāg on flēam gewand, + aldres or-wēna. Nō þæt ȳðe byð + tō beflēonne (fremme sē þe wille!) +1005 ac gesacan sceal sāwl-berendra + nȳde genȳdde niðða bearna + grund-būendra gearwe stōwe, + þǣr his līc-homa leger-bedde fæst + swefeð æfter symle. Þā wæs sǣl and mǣl, +1010 þæt tō healle gang Healfdenes sunu; + wolde self cyning symbel þicgan. + Ne gefrægen ic þā mǣgðe māran weorode + ymb hyra sinc-gyfan sēl gebǣran. + Bugon þā tō bence blǣd-āgende, +1015 fylle gefǣgon. Fægere geþǣgon + medo-ful manig māgas þāra + swīð-hicgende on sele þām hēan, + Hrōðgār and Hrōðulf. Heorot innan wæs + frēondum āfylled; nalles fācen-stafas +1020 Þēod-Scyldingas þenden fremedon. + Forgeaf þā Bēowulfe bearn Healfdenes + segen gyldenne sigores tō lēane, + hroden hilte-cumbor, helm and byrnan; + mǣre māððum-sweord manige gesāwon +1025 beforan beorn beran. Bēowulf geþah + ful on flette; nō hē þǣre feoh-gyfte + for scēotendum scamigan þorfte, + ne gefrægn ic frēondlīcor fēower mādmas + golde gegyrede gum-manna fela +1030 in ealo-bence ōðrum gesellan. + Ymb þæs helmes hrōf hēafod-beorge + wīrum bewunden walan ūtan hēold, + þæt him fēla lāfe frēcne ne meahton + scūr-heard sceððan, þonne scyld-freca +1035 ongēan gramum gangan scolde. + Heht þā eorla hlēo eahta mēaras, + fǣted-hlēore, on flet tēon + in under eoderas; þāra ānum stōd + sadol searwum fāh since gewurðad, +1040 þæt wæs hilde-setl hēah-cyninges, + þonne sweorda gelāc sunu Healfdenes + efnan wolde; nǣfre on ōre læg + wīd-cūðes wīg, þonne walu fēollon. + And þā Bēowulfe bēga gehwæðres +1045 eodor Ingwina onweald getēah, + wicga and wǣpna; hēt hine wēl brūcan. + Swā manlīce mǣre þēoden, + hord-weard hæleða heaðo-rǣsas geald + mēarum and mādmum, swā hȳ nǣfre man lyhð, +1050 sē þe secgan wile sōð æfter rihte. + + +XVII. SONG OF HROTHGAR'S POET-THE LAY OF HNAEF AND HENGEST. + + Þā gȳt ǣghwylcum eorla drihten + þāra þe mid Bēowulfe brim-lāde tēah, + on þǣre medu-bence māððum gesealde, + yrfe-lāfe, and þone ǣnne heht +1055 golde forgyldan, þone þe Grendel ǣr + māne ācwealde, swā hē hyra mā wolde, + nefne him wītig god wyrd forstōde + and þæs mannes mōd: metod eallum wēold + gumena cynnes, swā hē nū gīt dēð; +1060 forþan bið andgit ǣghwǣr sēlest, + ferhðes fore-þanc! fela sceal gebīdan + lēofes and lāðes, sē þe longe hēr + on þyssum win-dagum worolde brūceð. + Þǣr wæs sang and swēg samod ætgædere +1065 fore Healfdenes hilde-wīsan, + gomen-wudu grēted, gid oft wrecen, + þonne heal-gamen Hrōðgāres scop + æfter medo-bence mǣnan scolde + Finnes eaferum, þā hīe se fǣr begeat: +1070 "Hæleð Healfdenes, Hnæf Scyldinga, + "in Fr..es wæle feallan scolde. + "Nē hūru Hildeburh herian þorfte + "Eotena trēowe: unsynnum wearð + "beloren lēofum æt þām lind-plegan +1075 "bearnum and brōðrum; hīe on gebyrd hruron + "gāre wunde; þæt wæs geōmuru ides. + "Nalles hōlinga Hōces dōhtor + "meotod-sceaft bemearn, syððan morgen cōm, + "þā hēo under swegle gesēon meahte +1080 "morðor-bealo māga, þǣr hēo ǣr mǣste hēold + "worolde wynne: wīg ealle fornam + "Finnes þegnas, nemne fēaum ānum, + "þæt hē ne mehte on þǣm meðel-stede + "wīg Hengeste wiht gefeohtan, +1085 "nē þā wēa-lāfe wīge forþringan + "þōodnes þegne; ac hig him geþingo budon, + "þæt hīe him ōðer flet eal gerȳmdon, + "healle and hēah-setl, þæt hīe healfre geweald + "wið Eotena bearn āgan mōston, +1090 "and æt feoh-gyftum Folcwaldan sunu + "dōgra gehwylce Dene weorðode, + "Hengestes hēap hringum wenede, + "efne swā swīðe sinc-gestrēonum + "fǣttan goldes, swā hē Frēsena cyn +1095 "on bēor-sele byldan wolde. + "Þā hīe getruwedon on twā healfa + "fæste frioðu-wǣre; Fin Hengeste + "elne unflitme āðum benemde, + "þæt hē þā wēa-lāfe weotena dōme +1100 "ārum heolde, þæt þǣr ǣnig mon + "wordum nē worcum wǣre ne brǣce, + "nē þurh inwit-searo ǣfre gemǣnden, + "þēah hīe hira bēag-gyfan banan folgedon + "þēoden-lēase, þā him swā geþearfod wæs: +1105 "gyf þonne Frȳsna hwylc frēcnan sprǣce + "þæs morðor-hetes myndgiend wǣre, + "þonne hit sweordes ecg syððan scolde. + "Āð wæs geæfned and icge gold + "āhæfen of horde. Here-Scyldinga +1110 "betst beado-rinca wæs on bǣl gearu; + "æt þǣm āde wæs ēð-gesȳne + "swāt-fāh syrce, swȳn eal-gylden, + "eofer īren-heard, æðeling manig + "wundum āwyrded; sume on wæle crungon. +1115 "Hēt þā Hildeburh æt Hnæfes āde + "hire selfre sunu sweoloðe befæstan, + "bān-fatu bærnan and on bǣl dōn. + "Earme on eaxle ides gnornode, + "geōmrode giddum; gūð-rinc āstāh. +1120 "Wand tō wolcnum wæl-fȳra mǣst, + "hlynode for hlāwe; hafelan multon, + "ben-geato burston, þonne blōd ætspranc + "lāð-bite līces. Līg ealle forswealg, + "gǣsta gīfrost, þāra þe þǣr gūð fornam +1125 "bēga folces; wæs hira blǣd scacen. + + +XVIII. THE GLEEMAN'S TALE IS ENDED. + + "Gewiton him þā wīgend wīca nēosian, + "frēondum befeallen Frȳsland gesēon, + "hāmas and hēa-burh. Hengest þā gȳt + "wæl-fāgne winter wunode mid Finne +1130 "ealles unhlitme; eard gemunde, + "þēah þe hē ne meahte on mere drīfan + "hringed-stefnan; holm storme wēol, + "won wið winde; winter ȳðe belēac + "īs-gebinde oð þæt ōðer cōm +1135 "geār in geardas, swā nū gȳt dēð, + "þā þe syngales sēle bewitiað, + "wuldor-torhtan weder. Þā wæs winter scacen, + "fæger foldan bearm; fundode wrecca, + "gist of geardum; hē tō gyrn-wræce +1140 "swīðor þōhte, þonne tō sǣ-lāde, + "gif hē torn-gemōt þurhtēon mihte, + "þæt hē Eotena bearn inne gemunde. + "Swā hē ne forwyrnde worold-rǣdenne, + "þonne him Hūnlāfing hilde-lēoman, +1145 "billa sēlest, on bearm dyde: + "þæs wǣron mid Eotenum ecge cūðe. + "Swylce ferhð-frecan Fin eft begeat + "sweord-bealo slīðen æt his selfes hām, + "siððan grimne gripe Gūðlaf ond Ōslāf +1150 "æfter sǣ-siðe sorge mǣndon, + "ætwiton wēana dǣl; ne meahte wǣfre mōd + "forhabban in hreðre. Þā wæs heal hroden + "fēonda fēorum, swilce Fin slægen, + "cyning on corðre, and sēo cwēn numen. +1155 "Scēotend Scyldinga tō scypum feredon + "eal in-gesteald eorð-cyninges, + "swylce hīe æt Finnes hām findan meahton + "sigla searo-gimma. Hīe on sǣ-lāde + "drihtlīce wīf tō Denum feredon, +1160 "lǣddon tō lēodum." Lēoð wæs āsungen, + glēo-mannes gyd. Gamen eft āstāh, + beorhtode benc-swēg, byrelas sealdon + wīn of wunder-fatum. Þā cwōm Wealhþēo forð + gān under gyldnum bēage, þǣr þā gōdan twēgen +1165 sǣton suhter-gefæderan; þā gȳt wæs hiera sib ætgædere + ǣghwylc ōðrum trȳwe. Swylce þǣr Unferð þyle + æt fōtum sæt frēan Scyldinga: gehwylc hiora his ferhðe trēowde, + þæt hē hæfde mōd micel, þēah þe hē his māgum nǣre + ārfæst æt ecga gelācum. Spræc þā ides Scyldinga: +1170 "Onfōh þissum fulle, frēo-drihten mīn, + "sinces brytta; þū on sǣlum wes, + "gold-wine gumena, and tō Gēatum sprec + "mildum wordum! Swā sceal man dōn. + "Bēo wið Gēatas glæd, geofena gemyndig; +1175 "nēan and feorran þū nū friðu hafast. + "Mē man sægde, þæt þū þē for sunu wolde + "here-rinc habban. Heorot is gefǣlsod, + "bēah-sele beorhta; brūc þenden þū mōte + "manigra mēda and þīnum māgum lǣf +1180 "folc and rīce, þonne þū forð scyle + "metod-sceaft sēon. Ic mīnne can + "glædne Hrōðulf, þæt hē þā geogoðe wile + "ārum healdan, gyf þū ǣr þonne hē, + "wine Scildinga, worold oflǣtest; +1185 "wēne ic, þæt hē mid gōde gyldan wille + "uncran eaferan, gif hē þæt eal gemon, + "hwæt wit tō willan and tō worð-myndum + "umbor wesendum ǣr ārna gefremedon." + Hwearf þā bī bence, þǣr hyre byre wǣron, +1190 Hrēðrīc and Hrōðmund, and hæleða bearn, + giogoð ætgædere; þǣr se gōda sæt + Bēowulf Gēata be þǣm gebrōðrum twǣm. + + +XIX. BĒOWULF'S JEWELLED COLLAR. THE HEROES REST. + + Him wæs ful boren and frēond-laðu + wordum bewægned and wunden gold +1195 ēstum geēawed, earm-hrēade twā, + hrægl and hringas, heals-bēaga mǣst + þāra þe ic on foldan gefrægen hæbbe. + Nǣnigne ic under swegle sēlran hȳrde + hord-māððum hæleða, syððan Hāma ætwæg +1200 tō þǣre byrhtan byrig Brōsinga mene, + sigle and sinc-fæt, searo-nīðas fealh + Eormenrīces, gecēas ēcne rǣd. + Þone hring hæfde Higelāc Gēata, + nefa Swertinges, nȳhstan sīðe, +1205 siððan hē under segne sinc ealgode, + wæl-rēaf werede; hyne Wyrd fornam, + syððan hē for wlenco wēan āhsode, + fǣhðe tō Frȳsum; hē þā frætwe wæg, + eorclan-stānas ofer ȳða ful, +1210 rīce þēoden, hē under rande gecranc; + gehwearf þā in Francna fæðm feorh cyninges, + brēost-gewǣdu and se bēah somod: + wyrsan wīg-frecan wæl rēafedon + æfter gūð-sceare, Gēata lēode +1215 hreā-wīc hēoldon. Heal swēge onfēng. + Wealhþēo maðelode, hēo fore þǣm werede spræc: + "Brūc þisses bēages, Bēowulf, lēofa + "hyse, mid hǣle, and þisses hrægles nēot + "þēod-gestrēona, and geþēoh tela, +1220 "cen þec mid cræfte and þyssum cnyhtum wes + "lāra līðe! ic þē þæs lēan geman. + "Hafast þū gefēred, þæt þē feor and nēah + "ealne wīde-ferhð weras ehtigað, + "efne swā sīde swā sǣ bebūgeð +1225 "windige weallas. Wes, þenden þū lifige, + "æðeling ēadig! ic þē an tela + "sinc-gestrēona. Bēo þū suna mīnum + "dǣdum gedēfe drēam healdende! + "Hēr is ǣghwylc eorl ōðrum getrȳwe, +1230 "mōdes milde, man-drihtne hold, + "þegnas syndon geþwǣre, þēod eal gearo: + "druncne dryht-guman, dōð swā ic bidde!" + Ēode þā tō setle. Þǣr wæs symbla cyst, + druncon wīn weras: wyrd ne cūðon, +1235 geō-sceaft grimme, swā hit āgangen wearð + eorla manegum, syððan ǣfen cwōm + and him Hrōðgār gewāt tō hofe sīnum, + rīce tō ræste. Reced weardode + unrīm eorla, swā hīe oft ǣr dydon: +1240 benc-þelu beredon, hit geond-brǣded wearð + beddum and bolstrum. Bēor-scealca sum + fūs and fǣge flet-ræste gebēag. + Setton him tō hēafdum hilde-randas, + bord-wudu beorhtan; þǣr on bence wæs +1245 ofer æðelinge ȳð-gesēne + heaðo-stēapa helm, hringed byrne, + þrec-wudu þrymlīc. Wæs þēaw hyra, + þæt hīe oft wǣron an wīg gearwe, + gē æt hām gē on herge, gē gehwæðer þāra +1250 efne swylce mǣla, swylce hira man-dryhtne + þearf gesǣlde; wæs sēo þēod tilu. + + +XX. GRENDEL'S MOTHER ATTACKS THE RING-DANES. + + Sigon þā tō slǣpe. Sum sāre angeald + ǣfen-ræste, swā him ful-oft gelamp, + siððan gold-sele Grendel warode, +1255 unriht æfnde, oð þæt ende becwōm, + swylt æfter synnum. Þæt gesȳne wearð, + wīd-cūð werum, þætte wrecend þā gȳt + lifde æfter lāðum, lange þrāge + æfter gūð-ceare; Grendles mōdor, +1260 ides āglǣc-wīf yrmðe gemunde, + sē þe wæter-egesan wunian scolde, + cealde strēamas, siððan Cain wearð + tō ecg-banan āngan brēðer, + fæderen-mǣge; hē þā fāg gewāt, +1265 morðre gemearcod man-drēam flēon, + wēsten warode. Þanon wōc fela + geōsceaft-gāsta; wæs þǣra Grendel sum, + heoro-wearh hetelīc, sē æt Heorote fand + wæccendne wer wīges bīdan, +1270 þǣr him āglǣca æt-grǣpe wearð; + hwæðre hē gemunde mægenes strenge, + gim-fæste gife, þē him god sealde, + and him tō anwaldan āre gelȳfde, + frōfre and fultum: þȳ hē þone fēond ofercwōm, +1275 gehnǣgde helle gāst: þā hē hēan gewāt, + drēame bedǣled dēað-wīc sēon, + man-cynnes fēond. And his mōdor þā gȳt + gīfre and galg-mōd gegān wolde + sorh-fulne sīð, suna dēað wrecan. +1280 Cōm þā tō Heorote, þǣr Hring-Dene + geond þæt sæld swǣfun. Þā þǣr sōna wearð + ed-hwyrft eorlum, siððan inne fealh + Grendles mōdor; wæs se gryre lǣssa + efne swā micle, swā bið mægða cræft, +1285 wīg-gryre wīfes be wǣpned-men, + þonne heoru bunden, hamere geþuren, + sweord swāte fāh swīn ofer helme, + ecgum dyhtig andweard scireð. + Þā wæs on healle heard-ecg togen, +1290 sweord ofer setlum, sīd-rand manig + hafen handa fæst; helm ne gemunde, + byrnan sīde, þe hine se brōga angeat. + Hēo wæs on ofste, wolde ūt þanon + fēore beorgan, þā hēo onfunden wæs; +1295 hraðe hēo æðelinga ānne hæfde + fæste befangen, þā hēo tō fenne gang; + sē wæs Hrōðgāre hæleða lēofost + on gesīðes hād be sǣm tweonum, + rīce rand-wiga, þone þe hēo on ræste ābrēat, +1300 blǣd-fæstne beorn. Næs Bēowulf þǣr, + ac wæs ōðer in ǣr geteohhod + æfter māððum-gife mǣrum Gēate. + Hrēam wearð on Heorote. Hēo under heolfre genam + cūðe folme; cearu wæs genīwod +1305 geworden in wīcum: ne wæs þæt gewrixle til, + þæt hīe on bā healfa bicgan scoldon + frēonda fēorum. Þā wæs frōd cyning, + hār hilde-rinc, on hrēon mōde, + syððan hē aldor-þegn unlyfigendne, +1310 þone dēorestan dēadne wisse. + Hraðe wæs tō būre Bēowulf fetod, + sigor-ēadig secg. Samod ǣr-dæge + ēode eorla sum, æðele cempa + self mid gesīðum, þǣr se snottra bād, +1315 hwæðre him al-walda ǣfre wille + æfter wēa-spelle wyrpe gefremman. + Gang þā æfter flōre fyrd-wyrðe man + mid his hand-scale (heal-wudu dynede) + þæt hē þone wīsan wordum hnǣgde +1320 frēan Ingwina; frægn gif him wǣre + æfter nēod-laðu niht getǣse. + + +XXI. SORROW AT HEOROT: AESCHERE'S DEATH + + Hrōðgār maðelode, helm Scildinga: + "Ne frīn þū æfter sǣlum! Sorh is genīwod + "Denigea lēodum. Dēad is Æsc-here, +1325 "Yrmenlāfes yldra brōðor, + "mīn rūn-wita and mīn rǣd-bora, + "eaxl-gestealla, þonne wē on orlege + "hafelan weredon, þonne hniton fēðan, + "eoferas cnysedan; swylc scolde eorl wesan +1330 "æðeling ǣr-gōd, swylc Æsc-here wæs. + "Wearð him on Heorote tō hand-banan + "wæl-gǣst wǣfre; ic ne wāt hwæder + "atol ǣse wlanc eft-sīðas tēah, + "fylle gefrǣgnod. Hēo þā fǣhðe wræc, +1335 "þē þū gystran niht Grendel cwealdest + "þurh hǣstne hād heardum clammum, + "forþan hē tō lange lēode mīne + "wanode and wyrde. Hē æt wīge gecrang + "ealdres scyldig, and nū ōðer cwōm +1340 "mihtig mān-scaða, wolde hyre mǣg wrecan, + "gē feor hafað fǣhðe gestǣled, + "þæs þe þincean mæg þegne monegum, + "sē þe æfter sinc-gyfan on sefan grēoteð, + "hreðer-bealo hearde; nū sēo hand ligeð, +1345 "sē þe ēow wēl-hwylcra wilna dohte. + "Ic þæt lond-būend lēode mīne + "sele-rǣdende secgan hȳrde, + "þæt hīe gesāwon swylce twēgen + "micle mearc-stapan mōras healdan, +1350 "ellor-gǣstas: þǣra ōðer wæs, + "þæs þe hīe gewislīcost gewitan meahton, + "idese onlīcnes, ōðer earm-sceapen + "on weres wæstmum wræc-lāstas træd, + "næfne hē wæs māra þonne ǣnig man ōðer, +1355 "þone on geār-dagum Grendel nemdon + "fold-būende: nō hīe fæder cunnon, + "hwæðer him ǣnig wæs ǣr ācenned + "dyrnra gāsta. Hīe dȳgel lond + "warigeað, wulf-hleoðu, windige næssas, +1360 "frēcne fen-gelād, þǣr fyrgen-strēam + "under næssa genipu niðer gewīteð, + "flōd under foldan; nis þæt feor heonon + "mīl-gemearces, þæt se mere standeð, + "ofer þǣm hongiað hrīmge bearwas, +1365 "wudu wyrtum fæst, wæter oferhelmað. + "Þǣr mæg nihta gehwǣm nīð-wundor sēon, + "fȳr on flōde; nō þæs frōd leofað + "gumena bearna, þæt þone grund wite; + "þēah þe hǣð-stapa hundum geswenced, +1370 "heorot hornum trum holt-wudu sēce, + "feorran geflȳmed, ǣr hē feorh seleð, + "aldor on ōfre, ǣr hē in wille, + "hafelan hȳdan. Nis þæt hēoru stōw: + "þonon ȳð-geblond up āstīgeð +1375 "won tō wolcnum, þonne wind styreð + "lāð gewidru, oð þæt lyft drysmað, + "roderas rēotað. Nū is rǣd gelang + "eft æt þē ānum! Eard gīt ne const, + "frēcne stōwe, þǣr þū findan miht +1380 "sinnigne secg: sēc gif þū dyrre! + "Ic þē þā fǣhðe fēo lēanige, + "eald-gestrēonum, swā ic ǣr dyde, + "wundnum golde, gyf þū on weg cymest." + + +XXII. BĒOWULF SEEKS THE MONSTER IN THE HAUNTS OF THE NIXIES. + + Bēowulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþēowes: +1385 "Ne sorga, snotor guma! sēlre bið ǣghwǣm, + "þæt hē his frēond wrece, þonne hē fela murne; + "ūre ǣghwylc sceal ende gebīdan + "worolde līfes; wyrce sē þe mōte + "dōmes ǣr dēaðe! þæt bið driht-guman +1390 "unlifgendum æfter sēlest. + "Ārīs, rīces weard; uton hraðe fēran, + "Grendles māgan gang scēawigan! + "Ic hit þē gehāte: nō hē on helm losað, + "nē on foldan fæðm, nē on fyrgen-holt, +1395 "nē on gyfenes grund, gā þǣr hē wille. + "Þȳs dōgor þū geþyld hafa + "wēana gehwylces, swā ic þē wēne tō!" + Āhlēop þā se gomela, gode þancode, + mihtigan drihtne, þæs se man gespræc. +1400 Þā wæs Hrōðgāre hors gebǣted, + wicg wunden-feax. Wīsa fengel + geatolīc gengde; gum-fēða stōp + lind-hæbbendra. Lāstas wǣron + æfter wald-swaðum wīde gesȳne, +1405 gang ofer grundas; gegnum fōr þā + ofer myrcan mōr, mago-þegna bær + þone sēlestan sāwol-lēasne, + þāra þe mid Hrōðgāre hām eahtode. + Ofer-ēode þā æðelinga bearn +1410 stēap stān-hliðo, stīge nearwe, + enge ān-paðas, un-cūð gelād, + neowle næssas, nicor-hūsa fela; + hē fēara sum beforan gengde + wīsra monna, wong scēawian, +1415 oð þæt hē fǣringa fyrgen-bēamas + ofer hārne stān hleonian funde, + wyn-lēasne wudu; wæter under stōd + drēorig and gedrēfed. Denum eallum wæs, + winum Scyldinga, weorce on mōde, +1420 tō geþolianne þegne monegum, + oncȳð eorla gehwǣm, syððan Æsc-heres + on þām holm-clife hafelan mētton. + Flōd blōde wēol (folc tō sǣgon) + hātan heolfre. Horn stundum song +1425 fūslīc fyrd-lēoð. Fēða eal gesæt; + gesāwon þā æfter wætere wyrm-cynnes fela, + sellīce sǣ-dracan sund cunnian, + swylce on næs-hleoðum nicras licgean, + þā on undern-mǣl oft bewitigað +1430 sorh-fulne sīð on segl-rāde, + wyrmas and wil-dēor; hīe on weg hruron + bitere and gebolgne, bearhtm ongeāton, + gūð-horn galan. Sumne Gēata lēod + of flān-bogan fēores getwǣfde, +1435 ȳð-gewinnes, þæt him on aldre stōd + here-strǣl hearda; hē on holme wæs + sundes þē sǣnra, þē hyne swylt fornam. + Hræðe wearð on ȳðum mid eofer-sprēotum + heoro-hōcyhtum hearde genearwod, +1440 nīða genǣged and on næs togen + wundorlīc wǣg-bora; weras scēawedon + gryrelīcne gist. Gyrede hine Bēowulf + eorl-gewǣdum, nalles for ealdre mearn: + scolde here-byrne hondum gebrōden, +1445 sīd and searo-fāh, sund cunnian, + sēo þe bān-cofan beorgan cūðe, + þæt him hilde-grāp hreðre ne mihte, + eorres inwit-feng, aldre gesceððan; + ac se hwīta helm hafelan werede, +1450 sē þe mere-grundas mengan scolde, + sēcan sund-gebland since geweorðad, + befongen frēa-wrāsnum, swā hine fyrn-dagum + worhte wǣpna smið, wundrum tēode, + besette swīn-līcum, þæt hine syððan nō +1455 brond nē beado-mēcas bītan ne meahton. + Næs þæt þonne mǣtost mægen-fultuma, + þæt him on þearfe lāh þyle Hrōðgāres; + wæs þǣm hæft-mēce Hrunting nama, + þæt wæs ān foran eald-gestrēona; +1460 ecg wæs īren āter-tēarum fāh, + āhyrded heaðo-swāte; nǣfre hit æt hilde ne swāc + manna ǣngum þāra þe hit mid mundum bewand, + sē þe gryre-sīðas gegān dorste, + folc-stede fāra; næs þæt forma sīð, +1465 þæt hit ellen-weorc æfnan scolde. + Hūru ne gemunde mago Ecglāfes + eafoðes cræftig, þæt hē ǣr gespræc + wīne druncen, þā hē þæs wǣpnes onlāh + sēlran sweord-frecan: selfa ne dorste +1470 under ȳða gewin aldre genēðan, + driht-scype drēogan; þǣr hē dōme forlēas, + ellen-mǣrðum. Ne wæs þǣm ōðrum swā, + syððan hē hine tō gūðe gegyred hæfde. + + +XXIII. THE BATTLE WITH THE WATER-DRAKE. + + Bēowulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþēowes: +1475 "geþenc nū, se mǣra maga Healfdenes, + "snottra fengel, nū ic eom sīðes fūs, + "gold-wine gumena, hwæt wit geō sprǣcon, + "gif ic æt þearfe þīnre scolde + "aldre linnan, þæt þū mē ā wǣre +1480 "forð-gewitenum on fæder stǣle; + "wes þū mund-bora mīnum mago-þegnum, + "hond-gesellum, gif mec hild nime: + "swylce þū þā mādmas, þē þū mē sealdest, + "Hrōðgār lēofa, Higelāce onsend. +1485 "Mæg þonne on þǣm golde ongitan Gēata dryhten, + "gesēon sunu Hrēðles, þonne hē on þæt sinc starað, + "þæt ic gum-cystum gōdne funde + "bēaga bryttan, brēac þonne mōste. + "And þū Unferð lǣt ealde lāfe, +1490 "wrǣtlīc wǣg-sweord wīd-cūðne man + "heard-ecg habban; ic mē mid Hruntinge + "dōm gewyrce, oððe mec dēað nimeð." + Æfter þǣm wordum Weder-Gēata lēod + efste mid elne, nalas andsware +1495 bīdan wolde; brim-wylm onfēng + hilde-rince. Þā wæs hwīl dæges, + ǣr hē þone grund-wong ongytan mehte. + Sōna þæt onfunde, sē þe flōda begong + heoro-gīfre behēold hund missēra, +1500 grim and grǣdig, þæt þǣr gumena sum + æl-wihta eard ufan cunnode. + Grāp þā tōgēanes, gūð-rinc gefēng + atolan clommum; nō þȳ ǣr in gescōd + hālan līce: hring ūtan ymb-bearh, +1505 þæt hēo þone fyrd-hom þurh-fōn ne mihte, + locene leoðo-syrcan lāðan fingrum. + Bær þā sēo brim-wylf, þā hēo tō botme cōm, + hringa þengel tō hofe sīnum, + swā hē ne mihte nō (hē þæs mōdig wæs) +1510 wǣpna gewealdan, ac hine wundra þæs fela + swencte on sunde, sǣ-dēor monig + hilde-tūxum here-syrcan bræc, + ēhton āglǣcan. Þā se eorl ongeat, + þæt hē in nið-sele nāt-hwylcum wæs, +1515 þǣr him nǣnig wæter wihte ne sceðede, + nē him for hrōf-sele hrīnan ne mehte + fǣr-gripe flōdes: fȳr-lēoht geseah, + blācne lēoman beorhte scīnan. + Ongeat þā se gōda grund-wyrgenne, +1520 mere-wīf mihtig; mægen-rǣs forgeaf + hilde-bille, hond swenge ne oftēah, + þæt hire on hafelan hring-mǣl āgōl + grǣdig gūð-lēoð. Þā se gist onfand, + þæt se beado-lēoma bītan nolde, +1525 aldre sceððan, ac sēo ecg geswāc + þēodne æt þearfe: þolode ǣr fela + hond-gemōta, helm oft gescær, + fǣges fyrd-hrægl: þæt wæs forma sīð + dēorum māðme, þæt his dōm ālæg. +1530 Eft wæs ān-rǣd, nalas elnes læt, + mǣrða gemyndig mǣg Hygelāces; + wearp þā wunden-mǣl wrǣttum gebunden + yrre ōretta, þæt hit on eorðan læg, + stīð and stȳl-ecg; strenge getruwode, +1535 mund-gripe mægenes. Swā sceal man dōn, + þonne hē æt gūðe gegān þenceð + longsumne lof, nā ymb his līf cearað. + Gefēng þā be eaxle (nalas for fǣhðe mearn) + Gūð-Gēata lēod Grendles mōdor; +1540 brægd þā beadwe heard, þā hē gebolgen wæs, + feorh-genīðlan, þæt hēo on flet gebēah. + Hēo him eft hraðe and-lēan forgeald + grimman grāpum and him tōgēanes fēng; + oferwearp þā wērig-mōd wigena strengest, +1545 fēðe-cempa, þæt hē on fylle wearð. + Ofsæt þā þone sele-gyst and hyre seaxe getēah, + brād and brūn-ecg wolde hire bearn wrecan, + āngan eaferan. Him on eaxle læg + brēost-net brōden; þæt gebearh fēore, +1550 wið ord and wið ecge ingang forstōd. + Hæfde þā forsīðod sunu Ecgþēowes + under gynne grund, Gēata cempa, + nemne him heaðo-byrne helpe gefremede, + here-net hearde, and hālig god +1555 gewēold wīg-sigor, wītig drihten; + rodera rǣdend hit on ryht gescēd, + ȳðelīce syððan hē eft āstōd. + + +XXIV. BĒOWULF SLAYS THE SPRITE. + + Geseah þā on searwum sige-ēadig bil, + eald sweord eotenisc ecgum þȳhtig, +1560 wigena weorð-mynd: þæt wæs wǣpna cyst, + būton hit wæs māre þonne ǣnig mon ōðer + tō beadu-lāce ætberan meahte + gōd and geatolīc gīganta geweorc. + Hē gefēng þā fetel-hilt, freca Scildinga, +1565 hrēoh and heoro-grim hring-mǣl gebrægd, + aldres orwēna, yrringa slōh, + þæt hire wið halse heard grāpode, + bān-hringas bræc, bil eal þurh-wōd + fǣgne flǣsc-homan, hēo on flet gecrong; +1570 sweord wæs swātig, secg weorce gefeh. + Līxte se lēoma, lēoht inne stōd, + efne swā of hefene hādre scīneð + rodores candel. Hē æfter recede wlāt, + hwearf þā be wealle, wǣpen hafenade +1575 heard be hiltum Higelāces þegn, + yrre and ān-rǣd. Næs sēo ecg fracod + hilde-rince, ac hē hraðe wolde + Grendle forgyldan gūð-rǣsa fela + þāra þe hē geworhte tō West-Denum +1580 oftor micle þonne on ǣnne sīð, + þonne hē Hrōðgāres heorð-genēatas + slōh on sweofote, slǣpende fræt + folces Denigea fȳf-tȳne men + and ōðer swylc ūt of-ferede, +1585 lāðlīcu lāc. Hē him þæs lēan forgeald, + rēðe cempa, tō þæs þe hē on ræste geseah + gūð-wērigne Grendel licgan, + aldor-lēasne, swā him ǣr gescōd + hild æt Heorote; hrā wīde sprong, +1590 syððan hē æfter dēaðe drepe þrowade, + heoro-sweng heardne, and hine þā hēafde becearf, + Sōna þæt gesāwon snottre ceorlas, + þā þe mid Hrōðgāre on holm wliton, + þæt wæs ȳð-geblond eal gemenged, +1595 brim blōde fāh: blonden-feaxe + gomele ymb gōdne ongeador sprǣcon, + þæt hig þæs æðelinges eft ne wēndon, + þæt hē sige-hrēðig sēcean cōme + mǣrne þēoden; þā þæs monige gewearð, +1600 þæt hine sēo brim-wylf ābroten hæfde. + Þā cōm nōn dæges. Næs ofgēafon + hwate Scyldingas; gewāt him hām þonon + gold-wine gumena. Gistas sētan, + mōdes sēoce, and on mere staredon, +1605 wiston and ne wēndon, þæt hīe heora wine-drihten + selfne gesāwon. Þā þæt sweord ongan + æfter heaðo-swāte hilde-gicelum + wīg-bil wanian; þæt wæs wundra sum, + þæt hit eal gemealt īse gelīcost, +1610 þonne forstes bend fæder onlǣteð, + onwindeð wæl-rāpas, sē þe geweald hafað + sǣla and mǣla; þæt is sōð metod. + Ne nom hē in þǣm wīcum, Weder-Gēata lēod, + māðm-ǣhta mā, þēh hē þǣr monige geseah, +1615 būton þone hafelan and þā hilt somod, + since fāge; sweord ǣr gemealt, + forbarn brōden mǣl: wæs þæt blōd tō þæs hāt, + ǣttren ellor-gǣst, sē þǣr inne swealt. + Sōna wæs on sunde, sē þe ǣr æt sæcce gebād +1620 wīg-hryre wrāðra, wæter up þurh-dēaf; + wǣron ȳð-gebland eal gefǣlsod, + ēacne eardas, þā se ellor-gāst + oflēt līf-dagas and þās lǣnan gesceaft. + Cōm þā tō lande lid-manna helm +1625 swīð-mōd swymman, sǣ-lāce gefeah, + mægen-byrðenne þāra þe hē him mid hæfde. + Ēodon him þā tōgēanes, gode þancodon, + þrȳðlīc þegna hēap, þēodnes gefēgon, + þæs þe hī hyne gesundne gesēon mōston. +1630 Þā wæs of þǣm hrōran helm and byrne + lungre ālȳsed: lagu drūsade, + wæter under wolcnum, wæl-drēore fāg. + Fērdon forð þonon fēðe-lāstum + ferhðum fægne, fold-weg mǣton, +1635 cūðe strǣte; cyning-balde men + from þǣm holm-clife hafelan bǣron + earfoðlīce heora ǣghwæðrum + fela-mōdigra: fēower scoldon + on ðæm wæl-stenge weorcum geferian +1640 tō þǣm gold-sele Grendles hēafod, + oð þæt semninga tō sele cōmon + frome fyrd-hwate fēower-tȳne + Gēata gongan; gum-dryhten mid + mōdig on gemonge meodo-wongas træd. +1645 Þā cōm in gān ealdor þegna, + dǣd-cēne mon dōme gewurðad, + hæle hilde-dēor. Hrōðgār grētan: + Þā wæs be feaxe on flet boren + Grendles hēafod, þǣr guman druncon, +1650 egeslīc for eorlum and þǣre idese mid: + wlite-sēon wrǣtlīc weras onsāwon. + + +XXV. HROTHGAR'S GRATITUDE: HE DISCOURSES. + + Bēowulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþēowes: + "Hwæt! wē þē þās sǣ-lāc, sunu Healfdenes, + "lēod Scyldinga, lustum brōhton, +1655 "tīres tō tācne, þē þū hēr tō lōcast. + "Ic þæt unsōfte ealdre gedīgde: + "wigge under wætere weorc genēðde + "earfoðlīce, æt-rihte wæs + "gūð getwǣfed, nymðe mec god scylde. +1660 "Ne meahte ic æt hilde mid Hruntinge + "wiht gewyrcan, þēah þæt wǣpen duge, + "ac mē geūðe ylda waldend, + "þæt ic on wāge geseah wlitig hangian + "eald sweord ēacen (oftost wīsode +1665 "winigea lēasum) þæt ic þȳ wǣpne gebrǣ. + "Ofslōh þā æt þǣre sæcce (þā mē sǣl āgeald) + "hūses hyrdas. Þā þæt hilde-bil + "forbarn, brogden mǣl, swā þæt blōd gesprang, + "hātost heaðo-swāta: ic þæt hilt þanan +1670 "fēondum ætferede; fyren-dǣda wræc, + "dēað-cwealm Denigea, swā hit gedēfe wæs. + "Ic hit þē þonne gehāte, þæt þū on Heorote mōst + "sorh-lēas swefan mid þīnra secga gedryht, + "and þegna gehwylc þīnra lēoda, +1675 "duguðe and iogoðe, þæt þū him ondrǣdan ne þearft, + "þēoden Scyldinga, on þā healfe, + "aldor-bealu eorlum, swā þū ǣr dydest." + Þā wæs gylden hilt gamelum rince. + hārum hild-fruman, on hand gyfen, +1680 enta ǣr-geweorc, hit on ǣht gehwearf + æfter dēofla hryre Denigea frēan, + wundor-smiða geweorc, and þā þās worold ofgeaf + grom-heort guma, godes andsaca, + morðres scyldig, and his mōdor ēac; +1685 on geweald gehwearf worold-cyninga + þǣm sēlestan be sǣm twēonum + þāra þe on Sceden-igge sceattas dǣlde. + Hrōðgār maðelode, hylt scēawode, + ealde lāfe, on þǣm wæs ōr writen +1690 fyrn-gewinnes: syððan flōd ofslōh, + gifen gēotende, gīganta cyn, + frēcne gefērdon: þæt wæs fremde þēod + ēcean dryhtne, him þæs ende-lēan + þurh wæteres wylm waldend sealde. +1695 Swā wæs on þǣm scennum scīran goldes + þurh rūn-stafas rihte gemearcod, + geseted and gesǣd, hwām þæt sweord geworht, + īrena cyst ǣrest wǣre, + wreoðen-hilt and wyrm-fāh. þā se wīsa spræc +1700 sunu Healfdenes (swīgedon ealle): + "Þæt lā mæg secgan, sē þe sōð and riht + "fremeð on folce, (feor eal gemon + "eald ēðel-weard), þæt þes eorl wǣre + "geboren betera! Blǣd is ārǣred +1705 "geond wīd-wegas, wine mīn Bēowulf, + "þīn ofer þēoda gehwylce. Eal þū hit geþyldum healdest, + "mægen mid mōdes snyttrum. Ic þē sceal mīne gelǣstan + "frēode, swā wit furðum sprǣcon; þū scealt tō frōfre weorðan + "eal lang-twidig lēodum þīnum, +1710 "hæleðum tō helpe. Ne wearð Heremōd swā + "eaforum Ecgwelan, Ār-Scyldingum; + "ne gewēox hē him tō willan, ac tō wæl-fealle + "and tō dēað-cwalum Deniga lēodum; + "brēat bolgen-mōd bēod-genēatas, +1715 "eaxl-gesteallan, oð þæt hē āna hwearf, + "mǣre þēoden. mon-drēamum from: + "þēah þe hine mihtig god mægenes wynnum, + "eafeðum stēpte, ofer ealle men + "forð gefremede, hwæðere him on ferhðe grēow +1720 "brēost-hord blōd-rēow: nallas bēagas geaf + "Denum æfter dōme; drēam-lēas gebād, + "þæt hē þæs gewinnes weorc þrowade, + "lēod-bealo longsum. Þū þē lǣr be þon, + "gum-cyste ongit! ic þis gid be þē +1725 "āwræc wintrum frōd. Wundor is tō secganne, + "hū mihtig god manna cynne + "þurh sīdne sefan snyttru bryttað, + "eard and eorl-scipe, hē āh ealra geweald. + "Hwīlum hē on lufan lǣteð hworfan +1730 "monnes mōd-geþonc mǣran cynnes, + "seleð him on ēðle eorðan wynne, + "tō healdanne hlēo-burh wera, + "gedēð him swā gewealdene worolde dǣlas, + "sīde rīce, þæt hē his selfa ne mæg +1735 "for his un-snyttrum ende geþencean; + "wunað hē on wiste, nō hine wiht dweleð, + "ādl nē yldo, nē him inwit-sorh + "on sefan sweorceð, nē gesacu ōhwǣr, + "ecg-hete ēoweð, ac him eal worold +1740 "wendeð on willan; hē þæt wyrse ne con, + "oð þæt him on innan ofer-hygda dǣl + "weaxeð and wridað, þonne se weard swefeð, + "sāwele hyrde: bið se slǣp tō fæst, + "bisgum gebunden, bona swīðe nēah, +1745 "sē þe of flān-bogan fyrenum scēoteð. + + +XXVI. THE DISCOURSE IS ENDED.-BĒOWULF PREPARES TO LEAVE. + + "Þonne bið on hreðre under helm drepen + "biteran strǣle: him bebeorgan ne con + "wom wundor-bebodum wergan gāstes; + "þinceð him tō lȳtel, þæt hē tō lange hēold, +1750 "gȳtsað grom-hȳdig, nallas on gylp seleð + "fǣtte bēagas and hē þā forð-gesceaft + "forgyteð and forgȳmeð, þæs þe him ǣr god sealde + "wuldres waldend, weorð-mynda dǣl. + "Hit on ende-stæf eft gelimpeð, +1755 "þæt se līc-homa lǣne gedrēoseð, + "fǣge gefealleð; fēhð ōðer tō, + "sē þe unmurnlīce mādmas dǣleð, + "eorles ǣr-gestrēon, egesan ne gȳmeð. + "Bebeorh þē þone bealo-nīð, Bēowulf lēofa, +1760 "secg se betsta, and þē þæt sēlre gecēos, + "ēce rǣdas; oferhȳda ne gȳm, + "mǣre cempa! Nū is þīnes mægnes blǣd + "āne hwīle; eft sōna bið, + "þæt þec ādl oððe ecg eafoðes getwǣfeð, +1765 "oððe fȳres feng oððe flōdes wylm, + "oððe gripe mēces oððe gāres fliht, + "oððe atol yldo, oððe ēagena bearhtm + "forsiteð and forsworceð; semninga bið, + "þæt þec, dryht-guma, dēað oferswȳðeð. +1770 "Swā ic Hring-Dena hund missēra + "wēold under wolcnum, and hig wigge belēac + "manigum mǣgða geond þysne middan-geard, + "æscum and ecgum, þæt ic mē ǣnigne + "under swegles begong gesacan ne tealde. +1775 "Hwæt! mē þæs on ēðle edwenden cwōm, + "gyrn æfter gomene, seoððan Grendel wearð, + "eald-gewinna, in-genga mīn: + "ic þǣre sōcne singāles wæg + "mōd-ceare micle. Þæs sig metode þanc, +1780 "ēcean drihtne, þæs þe ic on aldre gebād, + "þæt ic on þone hafelan heoro-drēorigne + "ofer eald gewin ēagum starige! + "Gā nū tō setle, symbel-wynne drēoh + "wīgge weorðad: unc sceal worn fela +1785 "māðma gemǣnra, siððan morgen bið." + Gēat wæs glæd-mōd, gēong sōna tō, + setles nēosan, swā se snottra heht. + Þā wæs eft swā ǣr ellen-rōfum, + flet-sittendum fægere gereorded +1790 nīowan stefne. Niht-helm geswearc + deorc ofer dryht-gumum. Duguð eal ārās; + wolde blonden-feax beddes nēosan, + gamela Scylding. Gēat ungemetes wēl, + rōfne rand-wigan restan lyste: +1795 sōna him sele-þegn sīðes wērgum, + feorran-cundum forð wīsade, + se for andrysnum ealle beweotede + þegnes þearfe, swylce þȳ dōgore + hēaðo-līðende habban scoldon. +1800 Reste hine þā rūm-heort; reced hlīfade + gēap and gold-fāh, gæst inne swæf, + oð þæt hrefn blaca heofones wynne + blīð-heort bodode. Þā cōm beorht sunne + scacan ofer grundas; scaðan ōnetton, +1805 wǣron æðelingas eft tō lēodum + fūse tō farenne, wolde feor þanon + cuma collen-ferhð cēoles nēosan. + Heht þā se hearda Hrunting beran, + sunu Ecglāfes, heht his sweord niman, +1810 lēoflīc īren; sægde him þæs lēanes þanc, + cwæð hē þone gūð-wine gōdne tealde, + wīg-cræftigne, nales wordum lōg + mēces ecge: þæt wæs mōdig secg. + And þā sīð-frome searwum gearwe +1815 wīgend wǣron, ēode weorð Denum + æðeling tō yppan, þǣr se ōðer wæs + hæle hilde-dēor, Hrōðgār grētte. + + +XXVII. THE PARTING WORDS. + + Bēowulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþēowes: + "Nū wē sǣ-līðend secgan wyllað +1820 "feorran cumene, þæt wē fundiað + "Higelāc sēcan. Wǣron hēr tela + "willum bewenede; þū ūs wēl dohtest. + "Gif ic þonne on eorðan ōwihte mæg + "þīnre mōd-lufan māran tilian, +1825 "gumena dryhten, þonne ic gȳt dyde, + "gūð-geweorca ic bēo gearo sōna. + "Gif ic þæt gefricge ofer flōda begang, + "þæt þec ymbe-sittend egesan þȳwað, + "swā þec hetende hwīlum dydon, +1830 "ic þē þūsenda þegna bringe, + "hæleða tō helpe. Ic on Higelāce wāt, + "Gēata dryhten, þēah þe hē geong sȳ, + "folces hyrde, þæt hē mec fremman wile + "wordum and worcum, þæt ic þē wēl herige, +1835 "and þē tō gēoce gār-holt bere + "mægenes fultum, þǣr þē bið manna þearf; + "gif him þonne Hrēðrīc tō hofum Gēata + "geþingeð, þēodnes bearn, hē mæg þǣr fela + "frēonda findan: feor-cȳððe bēoð +1840 "sēlran gesōhte þǣm þe him selfa dēah." + Hrōðgār maðelode him on andsware: + "Þē þā word-cwydas wittig drihten + "on sefan sende! ne hȳrde ic snotorlīcor + "on swā geongum feore guman þingian: +1845 "þū eart mægenes strang and on mōde frōd, + "wīs word-cwida. Wēn ic talige, + "gif þæt gegangeð, þæt þe gār nymeð, + "hild heoru-grimme Hrēðles eaferan, + "ādl oððe īren ealdor þīnne, +1850 "folces hyrde, and þū þīn feorh hafast, + "þæt þe Sǣ-Gēatas sēlran næbben + "tō gecēosenne cyning ǣnigne, + "hord-weard hæleða, gif þū healdan wylt + "māga rīce. Mē þīn mōd-sefa +1855 "līcað leng swā wēl, lēofa Bēowulf: + "hafast þū gefēred, þæt þām folcum sceal, + "Gēata lēodum and Gār-Denum + "sib gemǣnum and sacu restan, + "inwit-nīðas, þē hīe ǣr drugon; +1860 "wesan, þenden ic wealde wīdan rīces, + "māðmas gemǣne, manig ōðerne + "gōdum gegrētan ofer ganotes bæð; + "sceal hring-naca ofer hēaðu bringan + "lāc and luf-tācen. Ic þā lēode wāt +1865 "gē wið fēond gē wið frēond fæste geworhte + "ǣghwæs untǣle ealde wīsan." + Þā gīt him eorla hlēo inne gesealde, + mago Healfdenes māðmas twelfe, + hēt hine mid þǣm lācum lēode swǣse +1870 sēcean on gesyntum, snūde eft cuman. + Gecyste þā cyning æðelum gōd, + þēoden Scildinga, þegen betstan + and be healse genam; hruron him tēaras, + blonden-feaxum: him wæs bēga wēn, +1875 ealdum infrōdum, ōðres swīðor, + þæt hī seoððan gesēon mōston + mōdige on meðle. Wæs him se man tō þon lēof, + þæt hē þone brēost-wylm forberan ne mehte, + ac him on hreðre hyge-bendum fæst +1880 æfter dēorum men dyrne langað + beorn wið blōde. Him Bēowulf þanan, + gūð-rinc gold-wlanc græs-moldan træd, + since hrēmig: sǣ-genga bād + āgend-frēan, sē þe on ancre rād. +1885 Þā wæs on gange gifu Hrōðgāres + oft geæhted: þæt wæs ān cyning + ǣghwæs orleahtre, oð þæt hine yldo benam + mægenes wynnum, sē þe oft manegum scōd. + + +XXVIII. BĒOWULF RETURNS TO GEATLAND.-THE QUEENS HYGD AND THRYTHO. + + Cwōm þā tō flōde fela-mōdigra +1890 hæg-stealdra hēap; hring-net bǣron, + locene leoðo-syrcan. Land-weard onfand + eft-sīð eorla, swā hē ǣr dyde; + nō hē mid hearme of hlīðes nosan + gæstas grētte, ac him tōgēanes rād; +1895 cwæð þæt wilcuman Wedera lēodum + scawan scīr-hame tō scipe fōron. + Þā wæs on sande sǣ-gēap naca + hladen here-wǣdum, hringed-stefna + mēarum and māðmum: mæst hlīfade +1900 ofer Hrōðgāres hord-gestrēonum. + Hē þǣm bāt-wearde bunden golde + swurd gesealde, þæt hē syððan wæs + on meodu-bence māðme þȳ weorðra, + yrfe-lāfe. Gewāt him on ȳð-nacan, +1905 drēfan dēop wæter, Dena land ofgeaf. + Þā wæs be mæste mere-hrægla sum, + segl sāle fæst. Sund-wudu þunede, + nō þǣr wēg-flotan wind ofer ȳðum + sīðes getwǣfde; sǣ-genga fōr, +1910 flēat fāmig-heals forð ofer ȳðe, + bunden-stefna ofer brim-strēamas, + þæt hīe Gēata clifu ongitan meahton, + cūðe næssas. Cēol up geþrang, + lyft-geswenced on lande stōd. +1915 Hraðe wæs æt holme hȳð-weard gearo, + sē þe ǣr lange tīd, lēofra manna + fūs, æt faroðe feor wlātode; + sǣlde tō sande sīd-fæðme scip + oncer-bendum fæst, þȳ lǣs hym ȳða þrym +1920 wudu wynsuman forwrecan meahte. + Hēt þā up beran æðelinga gestrēon, + frætwe and fǣt-gold; næs him feor þanon + tō gesēcanne sinces bryttan: + Higelāc Hrēðling þǣr æt hām wunað, +1925 selfa mid gesīðum sǣ-wealle nēah; + bold wæs betlīc, brego-rōf cyning, + hēa on healle, Hygd swīðe geong, + wīs, wēl-þungen, þēah þe wintra lȳt + under burh-locan gebiden hæbbe +1930 Hæreðes dōhtor: næs hīo hnāh swā þēah, + nē tō gnēað gifa Gēata lēodum, + māðm-gestrēona. Mod Þrȳðo wæg, + fremu folces cwēn, firen ondrysne: + nǣnig þæt dorste dēor genēðan +1935 swǣsra gesīða, nefne sin-frēa, + þæt hire an dæges ēagum starede; + ac him wæl-bende weotode tealde, + hand-gewriðene: hraðe seoððan wæs + æfter mund-gripe mēce geþinged, +1940 þæt hit sceaðen-mǣl scȳran mōste, + cwealm-bealu cȳðan. Ne bið swylc cwēnlīc þēaw + idese tō efnanne, þēah þe hīo ǣnlīcu sȳ, + þætte freoðu-webbe fēores onsæce + æfter līge-torne lēofne mannan. +1945 Hūru þæt onhōhsnode Heminges mǣg; + ealo drincende ōðer sǣdan, + þæt hīo lēod-bealewa lǣs gefremede, + inwit-nīða, syððan ǣrest wearð + gyfen gold-hroden geongum cempan, +1950 æðelum dīore, syððan hīo Offan flet + ofer fealone flōd be fæder lāre + sīðe gesōhte, þǣr hīo syððan wēl + in gum-stōle, gōde mǣre, + līf-gesceafta lifigende brēac, +1955 hīold hēah-lufan wið hæleða brego, + ealles mon-cynnes mīne gefrǣge + þone sēlestan bī sǣm twēonum + eormen-cynnes; forþām Offa wæs + geofum and gūðum gār-cēne man, +1960 wīde geweorðod; wīsdōme hēold + ēðel sīnne, þonon Ēomǣr wōc + hæleðum tō helpe, Heminges mǣg, + nefa Gārmundes, nīða cræftig. + + +XXIX. HIS ARRIVAL. HYGELAC'S RECEPTION. + + Gewāt him þā se hearda mid his hond-scole +1965 sylf æfter sande sǣ-wong tredan, + wīde waroðas. Woruld-candel scān, + sigel sūðan fūs: hī sīð drugon, + elne geēodon, tō þæs þe eorla hlēo, + bonan Ongenþēowes burgum on innan, +1970 geongne gūð-cyning gōdne gefrūnon + hringas dǣlan. Higelāce wæs + sīð Bēowulfes snūde gecȳðed, + þæt þǣr on worðig wīgendra hlēo, + lind-gestealla lifigende cwōm, +1975 heaðo-lāces hāl tō hofe gongan. + Hraðe wæs gerȳmed, swā se rīca bebēad, + fēðe-gestum flet innan-weard. + Gesæt þā wið sylfne, sē þā sæcce genæs, + mǣg wið mǣge, syððan man-dryhten +1980 þurh hlēoðor-cwyde holdne gegrētte + mēaglum wordum. Meodu-scencum + hwearf geond þæt reced Hæreðes dōhtor: + lufode þā lēode, līð-wǣge bær + hǣlum tō handa. Higelāc ongan +1985 sīnne geseldan in sele þām hēan + fægre fricgean, hyne fyrwet bræc, + hwylce Sǣ-Gēata sīðas wǣron: + "Hū lomp ēow on lāde, lēofa Bīowulf, + "þā þū fǣringa feorr gehogodest, +1990 "sæcce sēcean ofer sealt wæter, + "hilde tō Hiorote? Ac þū Hrōðgāre + "wīd-cūðne wēan wihte gebēttest, + "mǣrum þēodne? Ic þæs mōd-ceare + "sorh-wylmum sēað, sīðe ne truwode +1995 "lēofes mannes; ic þē lange bæd, + "þæt þū þone wæl-gǣst wihte ne grētte, + "lēte Sūð-Dene sylfe geweorðan + "gūðe wið Grendel. Gode ic þanc secge, + "þæs þe ic þē gesundne gesēon mōste." +2000 Bīowulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþīowes: + "Þæt is undyrne, dryhten Higelāc, + "mǣre gemēting monegum fīra, + "hwylc orleg-hwīl uncer Grendles + "wearð on þām wange, þǣr hē worna fela +2005 "Sige-Scildingum sorge gefremede, + "yrmðe tō aldre; ic þæt eal gewræc, + "swā ne gylpan þearf Grendeles māga + "ǣnig ofer eorðan ūht-hlem þone, + "sē þe lengest leofað lāðan cynnes, +2010 "fenne bifongen. Ic þǣr furðum cwōm, + "tō þām hring-sele Hrōðgār grētan: + "sōna mē se mǣra mago Healfdenes, + "syððan hē mōd-sefan mīnne cūðe, + "wið his sylfes sunu setl getǣhte. +2015 "Weorod wæs on wynne; ne seah ic wīdan feorh + "under heofenes hwealf heal-sittendra + "medu-drēam māran. Hwīlum mǣru cwēn, + "friðu-sibb folca flet eall geond-hwearf, + "bǣdde byre geonge; oft hīo bēah-wriðan +2020 "secge sealde, ǣr hīo tō setle gēong. + "Hwīlum for duguðe dōhtor Hrōðgāres + "eorlum on ende ealu-wǣge bær, + "þā ic Frēaware flet-sittende + "nemnan hȳrde, þǣr hīo nægled sinc +2025 "hæleðum sealde: sīo gehāten wæs, + "geong gold-hroden, gladum suna Frōdan; + "hafað þæs geworden wine Scyldinga + "rīces hyrde and þæt rǣd talað, + "þæt hē mid þȳ wīfe wæl-fǣhða dǣl, +2030 "sæcca gesette. Oft nō seldan hwǣr + "æfter lēod-hryre lȳtle hwīle + "bon-gār būgeð, þēah sēo brȳd duge! + + +XXX. BĒOWULF'S STORY OF THE SLAYINGS. + + "Mæg þæs þonne ofþyncan þēoden Heaðobeardna + "and þegna gehwām þāra lēoda, +2035 "þonne hē mid fǣmnan on flett gǣð, + "dryht-bearn Dena duguða biwenede: + "on him gladiað gomelra lāfe + "heard and hring-mǣl, Heaðobeardna gestrēon, + "þenden hīe þām wǣpnum wealdan mōston, +2040 "oð þæt hīe forlǣddan tō þām lind-plegan + "swǣse gesīðas ond hyra sylfra feorh. + "Þonne cwið æt bēore, sē þe bēah gesyhð, + "eald æsc-wiga, sē þe eall geman + "gār-cwealm gumena (him bið grim sefa), +2045 "onginneð geōmor-mōd geongne cempan + "þurh hreðra gehygd higes cunnian, + "wīg-bealu weccean and þæt word ācwyð: + "'Meaht þū, mīn wine, mēce gecnāwan, + "'þone þin fæder tō gefeohte bær +2050 "'under here-grīman hindeman sīðe, + "'dȳre īren, þǣr hyne Dene slōgon, + "'wēoldon wæl-stōwe, syððan wiðer-gyld læg, + "'æfter hæleða hryre, hwate Scyldungas? + "'Nu hēr þāra banena byre nāt-hwylces, +2055 "'frætwum hrēmig on flet gǣð, + "'morðres gylpeð and þone māððum byreð, + "'þone þe þū mid rihte rǣdan sceoldest!'" + "Manað swā and myndgað mǣla gehwylce + "sārum wordum, oð þæt sǣl cymeð, +2060 "þæt se fǣmnan þegn fore fæder dǣdum + "æfter billes bite blōd-fāg swefeð, + "ealdres scyldig; him se ōðer þonan + "losað lifigende, con him land geare. + "Þonne bīoð brocene on bā healfe +2065 "āð-sweord eorla; syððan Ingelde + "weallað wæl-nīðas and him wīf-lufan + "æfter cear-wælmum cōlran weorðað. + "Þȳ ic Heaðobeardna hyldo ne telge, + "dryht-sibbe dǣl Denum unfǣcne, +2070 "frēond-scipe fæstne. Ic sceal forð sprecan + "gēn ymbe Grendel, þæt þū geare cunne, + "sinces brytta, tō hwan syððan wearð + "hond-rǣs hæleða. Syððan heofones gim + "glād ofer grundas, gæst yrre cwōm, +2075 "eatol ǣfen-grom, ūser nēosan, + "þǣr wē gesunde sæl weardodon; + "þǣr wæs Hondscīo hild onsǣge, + "feorh-bealu fǣgum, hē fyrmest læg, + "gyrded cempa; him Grendel wearð, +2080 "mǣrum magu-þegne tō mūð-bonan, + "lēofes mannes līc eall forswealg. + "Nō þȳ ǣr ūt þā gēn īdel-hende + "bona blōdig-tōð bealewa gemyndig, + "of þām gold-sele gongan wolde, +2085 "ac hē mægnes rōf mīn costode, + "grāpode gearo-folm. Glōf hangode + "sīd and syllīc searo-bendum fæst, + "sīo wæs orþoncum eall gegyrwed + "dēofles cræftum and dracan fellum: +2090 "hē mec þǣr on innan unsynnigne, + "dīor dǣd-fruma, gedōn wolde, + "manigra sumne: hyt ne mihte swā, + "syððan ic on yrre upp-riht āstōd. + "Tō lang ys tō reccenne, hū ic þām lēod-sceaðan +2095 "yfla gehwylces ond-lēan forgeald; + "þǣr ic, þēoden mīn, þīne lēode + "weorðode weorcum. Hē on weg losade, + "lȳtle hwīle līf-wynna brēac; + "hwæðre him sīo swīðre swaðe weardade +2100 "hand on Hiorte and hē hēan þonan, + "mōdes geōmor mere-grund gefēoll. + "Mē þone wæl-rǣs wine Scildunga + "fǣttan golde fela lēanode, + "manegum māðmum, syððan mergen cōm +2105 "and wē tō symble geseten hæfdon. + "Þǣr wæs gidd and glēo; gomela Scilding + "fela fricgende feorran rehte; + "hwīlum hilde-dēor hearpan wynne, + "gomen-wudu grētte; hwīlum gyd āwræc +2110 "sōð and sārlīc; hwīlum syllīc spell + "rehte æfter rihte rūm-heort cyning. + "Hwīlum eft ongan eldo gebunden, + "gomel gūð-wiga gioguðe cwīðan + "hilde-strengo; hreðer inne wēoll, +2115 "þonne hē wintrum frōd worn gemunde. + "Swā wē þǣr inne andlangne dæg + "nīode nāman, oð þæt niht becwōm + "ōðer tō yldum. Þā wæs eft hraðe + "gearo gyrn-wræce Grendeles mōdor, +2120 "sīðode sorh-full; sunu dēað fornam, + "wīg-hete Wedra. Wīf unhȳre + "hyre bearn gewræc, beorn ācwealde + "ellenlīce; þǣr wæs Æsc-here, + "frōdan fyrn-witan, feorh ūðgenge; +2125 "nōðer hȳ hine ne mōston, syððan mergen cwōm, + "dēað-wērigne Denia lēode + "bronde forbærnan, nē on bǣl hladan + "lēofne mannan: hīo þæt līc ætbær + "fēondes fæðmum under firgen-strēam. +2130 "Þæt wæs Hrōðgāre hrēowa tornost + "þāra þe lēod-fruman lange begeāte; + "þā se þēoden mec þīne līfe + "healsode hrēoh-mōd, þæt ic on holma geþring + "eorl-scipe efnde, ealdre genēðde, +2135 "mǣrðo fremede: hē mē mēde gehēt. + "Ic þā þæs wælmes, þē is wīde cūð, + "grimne gryrelīcne grund-hyrde fond. + "Þǣr unc hwīle wæs hand gemǣne; + "holm heolfre wēoll and ic hēafde becearf +2140 "in þām grund-sele Grendeles mōdor + "ēacnum ecgum, unsōfte þonan + "feorh oðferede; næs ic fǣge þā gȳt, + "ac mē eorla hlēo eft gesealde + "māðma menigeo, maga Healfdenes. + + +XXXI. HE GIVES PRESENTS TO HYGELAC. HYGELAC REWARDS HIM. HYGELAC'S DEATH. BĒOWULF REIGNS. + +2145 "Swā se þēod-kyning þēawum lyfde; + "nealles ic þām lēanum forloren hæfde, + "mægnes mēde, ac hē mē māðmas geaf, + "sunu Healfdenes, on sīnne sylfes dōm; + "þā ic þē, beorn-cyning, bringan wylle, +2150 "ēstum geȳwan. Gēn is eall æt þē + "lissa gelong: ic lȳt hafo + "hēafod-māga, nefne Hygelāc þec!" + Hēt þā in beran eafor, hēafod-segn, + heaðo-stēapne helm, hāre byrnan, +2155 gūð-sweord geatolīc, gyd æfter wræc: + "Mē þis hilde-sceorp Hrōðgār sealde, + "snotra fengel, sume worde hēt, + "þæt ic his ǣrest þē eft gesægde, + "cwæð þæt hyt hæfde Hiorogār cyning, +2160 "lēod Scyldunga lange hwīle: + "nō þȳ ǣr suna sīnum syllan wolde, + "hwatum Heorowearde, þēah hē him hold wǣre, + "brēost-gewǣdu. Brūc ealles well!" + Hȳrde ic þæt þām frætwum fēower mēaras +2165 lungre gelīce lāst weardode, + æppel-fealuwe; hē him ēst getēah + mēara and māðma. Swā sceal mǣg dōn, + nealles inwit-net ōðrum bregdan, + dyrnum cræfte dēað rēnian +2170 hond-gesteallan. Hygelāce wæs, + nīða heardum, nefa swȳðe hold + and gehwæðer ōðrum hrōðra gemyndig. + Hȳrde ic þæt hē þone heals-bēah Hygde gesealde, + wrǣtlīcne wundur-māððum, þone þe him Wealhþēo geaf, +2175 þēodnes dōhtor, þrīo wicg somod + swancor and sadol-beorht; hyre syððan wæs + æfter bēah-þege brēost geweorðod. + Swā bealdode bearn Ecgþēowes, + guma gūðum cūð, gōdum dǣdum, +2180 drēah æfter dōme, nealles druncne slōg + heorð-genēatas; næs him hrēoh sefa, + ac hē man-cynnes mǣste cræfte + gin-fæstan gife, þē him god sealde, + hēold hilde-dēor. Hēan wæs lange, +2185 swā hyne Gēata bearn gōdne ne tealdon, + nē hyne on medo-bence micles wyrðne + drihten wereda gedōn wolde; + swȳðe oft sægdon, þæt hē slēac wǣre, + æðeling unfrom: edwenden cwōm +2190 tīr-ēadigum menn torna gehwylces. + Hēt þā eorla hlēo in gefetian, + heaðo-rōf cyning, Hrēðles lāfe, + golde gegyrede; næs mid Gēatum þā + sinc-māððum sēlra on sweordes hād; +2195 þæt hē on Bīowulfes bearm ālegde, + and him gesealde seofan þūsendo, + bold and brego-stōl. Him wæs bām samod + on þām lēod-scipe lond gecynde, + eard ēðel-riht, ōðrum swīðor +2200 sīde rīce, þām þǣr sēlra wæs. + Eft þæt geīode ufaran dōgrum + hilde-hlæmmum, syððan Hygelāc læg + and Heardrēde hilde-mēceas + under bord-hrēoðan tō bonan wurdon, +2205 þā hyne gesōhtan on sige-þēode + hearde hilde-frecan, Heaðo-Scilfingas, + nīða genǣgdan nefan Hererīces. + Syððan Bēowulfe brāde rīce + on hand gehwearf: hē gehēold tela +2210 fīftig wintru (wæs þā frōd cyning, + eald ēðel-weard), oð þæt ān ongan + deorcum nihtum draca rīcsian, + sē þe on hēare hǣðe hord beweotode, + stān-beorh stēapne: stīg under læg, +2215 eldum uncūð. Þǣr on innan gīong + niða nāt-hwylces nēode gefēng + hǣðnum horde hond . d . . geþ . . hwylc + since fāhne, hē þæt syððan . . . . . + . . . þ . . . lð . þ . . l . g +2220 slǣpende be fȳre, fyrena hyrde + þēofes cræfte, þæt sie . . . . ðioð . . . . . + . idh . folc-beorn, þæt hē gebolgen wæs. + + +XXXII. THE FIRE-DRAKE. THE HOARD. + + Nealles mid geweoldum wyrm-horda . . . cræft + sōhte sylfes willum, sē þe him sāre gesceōd, +2225 ac for þrēa-nēdlan þēow nāt-hwylces + hæleða bearna hete-swengeas flēah, + for ofer-þearfe and þǣr inne fealh + secg syn-bysig. Sōna in þā tīde + þæt . . . . . þām gyste . . . . br . g . stōd, +2230 hwæðre earm-sceapen . . . . . . . + . . ð . . . sceapen o . . . . i r . . e se fǣs begeat, + sinc-fæt geseah: þǣr wæs swylcra fela + in þām eorð-scræfe ǣr-gestrēona, + swā hȳ on geār-dagum gumena nāt-hwylc +2235 eormen-lāfe æðelan cynnes + þanc-hycgende þǣr gehȳdde, + dēore māðmas. Ealle hīe dēað fornam + ǣrran mǣlum, and se ān þā gēn + lēoda duguðe, sē þǣr lengest hwearf, +2240 weard wine-geōmor wīscte þæs yldan, + þæt hē lȳtel fæc long-gestrēona + brūcan mōste. Beorh eal gearo + wunode on wonge wæter-ȳðum nēah, + nīwe be næsse nearo-cræftum fæst: +2245 þǣr on innan bær eorl-gestrēona + hringa hyrde hard-fyrdne dǣl + fǣttan goldes, fēa worda cwæð: + "Heald þū nū, hrūse, nū hæleð ne mōston, + "eorla ǣhte. Hwæt! hit ǣr on þē +2250 "gōde begeāton; gūð-dēað fornam, + "feorh-bealo frēcne fȳra gehwylcne, + "lēoda mīnra, þāra þe þis līf ofgeaf, + "gesāwon sele-drēam. Nāh hwā sweord wege + "oððe fetige fǣted wǣge, +2255 "drync-fæt dēore: duguð ellor scōc. + "Sceal se hearda helm hyrsted golde + "fǣtum befeallen: feormiend swefað, + "þā þe beado-grīman bȳwan sceoldon, + "gē swylce sēo here-pād, sīo æt hilde gebād +2260 "ofer borda gebræc bite īrena, + "brosnað æfter beorne. Ne mæg byrnan hring + "æfter wīg-fruman wīde fēran + "hæleðum be healfe; næs hearpan wyn, + "gomen glēo-bēames, nē gōd hafoc +2265 "geond sæl swingeð, nē se swifta mearh + "burh-stede bēateð. Bealo-cwealm hafað + "fela feorh-cynna feorr onsended!" + Swā giōmor-mōd giohðo mǣnde, + ān æfter eallum unblīðe hwēop, +2270 dæges and nihtes, oð þæt dēaðes wylm + hrān æt heortan. Hord-wynne fond + eald ūht-sceaða opene standan, + sē þe byrnende biorgas sēceð + nacod nīð-draca, nihtes flēogeð +2275 fȳre befangen; hyne fold-būend + wīde gesāwon. Hē gēwunian sceall + hlāw under hrūsan, þǣr hē hǣðen gold + warað wintrum frōd; ne byð him wihte þē sēl. + Swā se þēod-sceaða þrēo hund wintra +2280 hēold on hrūsan hord-ærna sum + ēacen-cræftig, oð þæt hyne ān ābealh + mon on mōde: man-dryhtne bær + fǣted wǣge, frioðo-wǣre bæd + hlāford sīnne. Þā wæs hord rāsod, +2285 onboren bēaga hord, bēne getīðad + fēa-sceaftum men. Frēa scēawode + fīra fyrn-geweorc forman sīðe. + Þā se wyrm onwōc, wrōht wæs genīwad; + stonc þā æfter stāne, stearc-heort onfand +2290 fēondes fōt-lāst; hē tō forð gestōp, + dyrnan cræfte, dracan hēafde nēah. + Swā mæg unfǣge ēaðe gedīgan + wēan and wræc-sīð, sē þe waldendes + hyldo gehealdeð. Hord-weard sōhte +2295 georne æfter grunde, wolde guman findan, + þone þe him on sweofote sāre getēode: + hāt and hrēoh-mōd hlǣw oft ymbe hwearf, + ealne ūtan-weardne; nē þǣr ǣnig mon + wæs on þǣre wēstenne. Hwæðre hilde gefeh, +2300 beado-weorces: hwīlum on beorh æthwearf, + sinc-fæt sōhte; hē þæt sōna onfand, + þæt hæfde gumena sum goldes gefandod + hēah-gestrēona. Hord-weard onbād + earfoðlīce, oð þæt ǣfen cwōm; +2305 wæs þā gebolgen beorges hyrde, + wolde se lāða līge forgyldan + drinc-fæt dȳre. Þā wæs dæg sceacen + wyrme on willan, nō on wealle leng + bīdan wolde, ac mid bǣle fōr, +2310 fȳre gefȳsed. Wæs se fruma egeslīc + lēodum on lande, swā hyt lungre wearð + on hyra sinc-gifan sāre geendod. + + +XXXIII. BEOWULF RESOLVES TO KILL THE FIRE-DRAKE. + + Þā se gæst ongan glēdum spīwan, + beorht hofu bærnan; bryne-lēoma stōd +2315 eldum on andan; nō þǣr āht cwices + lāð lyft-floga lǣfan wolde. + Wæs þæs wyrmes wīg wīde gesȳne, + nearo-fāges nīð nēan and feorran, + hū se gūð-sceaða Gēata lēode +2320 hatode and hȳnde: hord eft gescēat, + dryht-sele dyrnne ǣr dæges hwīle. + Hæfde land-wara līge befangen, + bǣle and bronde; beorges getruwode, + wīges and wealles: him sēo wēn gelēah. +2325 Þā wæs Bīowulfe brōga gecȳðed + snūde tō sōðe, þæt his sylfes him + bolda sēlest bryne-wylmum mealt, + gif-stōl Gēata. Þæt þām gōdan wæs + hrēow on hreðre, hyge-sorga mǣst: +2330 wēnde se wīsa, þæt hē wealdende, + ofer ealde riht, ēcean dryhtne + bitre gebulge: brēost innan wēoll + þēostrum geþoncum, swā him geþȳwe ne wæs. + Hæfde līg-draca lēoda fæsten, +2335 ēa-lond ūtan, eorð-weard þone + glēdum forgrunden. Him þæs gūð-cyning, + Wedera þīoden, wræce leornode. + Heht him þā gewyrcean wīgendra hlēo + eall-īrenne, eorla dryhten +2340 wīg-bord wrǣtlīc; wisse hē gearwe, + þæt him holt-wudu helpan ne meahte, + lind wið līge. Sceolde lǣn-daga + æðeling ǣr-gōd ende gebīdan + worulde līfes and se wyrm somod; +2345 þēah þe hord-welan hēolde lange. + Oferhogode þā hringa fengel, + þæt hē þone wīd-flogan weorode gesōhte, + sīdan herge; nō hē him þā sæcce ondrēd, + nē him þæs wyrmes wīg for wiht dyde, +2350 eafoð and ellen; forþon hē ǣr fela + nearo nēðende nīða gedīgde, + hilde-hlemma, syððan hē Hrōðgāres, + sigor-ēadig secg, sele fǣlsode + and æt gūðe forgrāp Grendeles mǣgum, +2355 lāðan cynnes. Nō þæt lǣsest wæs + hond-gemota, þǣr mon Hygelāc slōh, + syððan Gēata cyning gūðe rǣsum, + frēa-wine folces Frēslondum on, + Hrēðles eafora hioro-dryncum swealt, +2360 bille gebēaten; þonan Bīowulf cōm + sylfes cræfte, sund-nytte drēah; + hæfde him on earme ... XXX + hilde-geatwa, þā hē tō holme stāg. + Nealles Hetware hrēmge þorfton +2365 fēðe-wīges, þē him foran ongēan + linde bǣron: lȳt eft becwōm + fram þām hild-frecan hāmes nīosan. + Oferswam þā sioleða bigong sunu Ecgþēowes, + earm ān-haga eft tō lēodum, +2370 þǣr him Hygd gebēad hord and rīce, + bēagas and brego-stōl: bearne ne truwode, + þæt hē wið æl-fylcum ēðel-stōlas + healdan cūðe, þā wæs Hygelāc dēad. + Nō þȳ ǣr fēa-sceafte findan meahton +2375 æt þām æðelinge ǣnige þinga, + þæt hē Heardrēde hlāford wǣre, + oððe þone cyne-dōm cīosan wolde; + hwæðre hē him on folce frēond-lārum hēold, + ēstum mid āre, oð þæt hē yldra wearð, +2380 Weder-Gēatum wēold. Hyne wræc-mæcgas + ofer sǣ sōhtan, suna Ōhteres: + hæfdon hȳ forhealden helm Scylfinga, + þone sēlestan sǣ-cyninga, + þāra þe in Swīo-rīce sinc brytnade, +2385 mǣrne þēoden. Him þæt tō mearce wearð; + hē þǣr orfeorme feorh-wunde hlēat + sweordes swengum, sunu Hygelāces; + and him eft gewāt Ongenþīowes bearn + hāmes nīosan, syððan Heardrēd læg; +2390 lēt þone brego-stōl Bīowulf healdan, + Gēatum wealdan: þæt wæs gōd cyning. + + +XXXIV. RETROSPECT OF BĒOWULF.--STRIFE BETWEEN SWEONAS AND GEATAS. + + Sē þæs lēod-hryres lēan gemunde + uferan dōgrum, Ēadgilse wearð + fēa-sceaftum fēond. Folce gestepte +2395 ofer sǣ sīde sunu Ōhteres + wigum and wǣpnum: hē gewræc syððan + cealdum cear-sīðum, cyning ealdre binēat. + Swā hē nīða gehwane genesen hæfde, + slīðra geslyhta, sunu Ecgþīowes, +2400 ellen-weorca, oð þone ānne dæg, + þē hē wið þām wyrme gewegan sceolde. + Gewāt þā twelfa sum torne gebolgen + dryhten Gēata dracan scēawian; + hæfde þā gefrūnen, hwanan sīo fǣhð ārās, +2405 bealo-nīð biorna; him tō bearme cwōm + māððum-fæt mǣre þurh þæs meldan hond, + Sē wæs on þām þrēate þreotteoða secg, + sē þæs orleges ōr onstealde, + hæft hyge-giōmor, sceolde hēan þonon +2410 wong wīsian: hē ofer willan gīong + tō þæs þe hē eorð-sele ānne wisse, + hlǣw under hrūsan holm-wylme nēh, + ȳð-gewinne, sē wæs innan full + wrǣtta and wīra: weard unhīore, +2415 gearo gūð-freca, gold-māðmas hēold, + eald under eorðan; næs þæt ȳðe cēap, + tō gegangenne gumena ǣnigum. + Gesæt þā on næsse nīð-heard cyning, + þenden hǣlo ābēad heorð-genēatum +2420 gold-wine Gēata: him wæs geōmor sefa, + wǣfre and wæl-fūs, Wyrd ungemete nēah, + sē þone gomelan grētan sceolde, + sēcean sāwle hord, sundur gedǣlan + līf wið līce: nō þon lange wæs +2425 feorh æðelinges flǣsce bewunden. + Bīowulf maðelade, bearn Ecgþēowes: + "Fela ic on giogoðe guð-rǣsa genæs, + "orleg-hwīla: ic þæt eall gemon. + "Ic wæs syfan-wintre, þā mec sinca baldor, +2430 "frēa-wine folca æt mīnum fæder genam, + "hēold mec and hæfde Hrēðel cyning, + "geaf mē sinc and symbel, sibbe gemunde; + "næs ic him tō līfe lāðra ōwihte + "beorn in burgum, þonne his bearna hwylc, +2435 "Herebeald and Hæðcyn, oððe Hygelāc mīn. + "Wæs þām yldestan ungedēfelīce + "mǣges dǣdum morðor-bed strēd, + "syððan hyne Hæðcyn of horn-bogan, + "his frēa-wine flāne geswencte, +2440 "miste mercelses and his mǣg ofscēt, + "brōðor ōðerne, blōdigan gāre: + "þæt wæs feoh-lēas gefeoht, fyrenum gesyngad + "hreðre hyge-mēðe; sceolde hwæðre swā þēah + "æðeling unwrecen ealdres linnan. +2445 "Swā bið geōmorlīc gomelum ceorle + "tō gebīdanne, þæt his byre rīde + "giong on galgan, þonne hē gyd wrece, + "sārigne sang, þonne his sunu hangað + "hrefne tō hrōðre and hē him helpe ne mæg, +2450 "eald and in-frōd, ǣnige gefremman. + "Symble bið gemyndgad morna gehwylce + "eaforan ellor-sīð; ōðres ne gȳmeð + "tō gebīdanne burgum on innan + "yrfe-weardes, þonne se ān hafað +2455 "þurh dēaðes nȳd dǣda gefondad. + "Gesyhð sorh-cearig on his suna būre + "wīn-sele wēstne, wind-gereste, + "rēote berofene; rīdend swefað + "hæleð in hoðman; nis þǣr hearpan swēg, +2460 "gomen in geardum, swylce þǣr iū wǣron. + + +XXXV. MEMORIES OF PAST TIME.-THE FEUD WITH THE FIRE-DRAKE. + + "Gewīteð þonne on sealman, sorh-lēoð gæleð + "ān æfter ānum: þūhte him eall tō rūm, + "wongas and wīc-stede. Swā Wedra helm + "æfter Herebealde heortan sorge +2465 "weallende wæg, wihte ne meahte + "on þām feorh-bonan fǣhðe gebētan: + "nō þȳ ǣr hē þone heaðo-rinc hatian ne meahte + "lāðum dǣdum, þēah him lēof ne wæs. + "Hē þā mid þǣre sorge, þē him sīo sār belamp, +2470 "gum-drēam ofgeaf, godes lēoht gecēas; + "eaferum lǣfde, swā dēð ēadig mon, + "lond and lēod-byrig, þā hē of līfe gewāt. + "Þā wæs synn and sacu Swēona and Gēata, + "ofer wīd wæter wrōht gemǣne, +2475 "here-nīð hearda, syððan Hrēðel swealt, + "oððe him Ongenþēowes eaferan wǣran + "frome fyrd-hwate, frēode ne woldon + "ofer heafo healdan, ac ymb Hrēosna-beorh + "eatolne inwit-scear oft gefremedon. +2480 "Þæt mǣg-wine mīne gewrǣcan, + "fǣhðe and fyrene, swā hyt gefrǣge wæs, + "þēah þe ōðer hit ealdre gebohte, + "heardan cēape: Hæðcynne wearð, + "Gēata dryhtne, gūð onsǣge. +2485 "Þā ic on morgne gefrægn mǣg ōðerne + "billes ecgum on bonan stǣlan, + "þǣr Ongenþēow Eofores nīosade: + "gūð-helm tōglād, gomela Scylfing + "hrēas heoro-blāc; hond gemunde +2490 "fǣhðo genōge, feorh-sweng ne oftēah. + "Ic him þā māðmas, þē hē mē sealde, + "geald æt gūðe, swā mē gifeðe wæs, + "lēohtan sweorde: hē mē lond forgeaf, + "eard ēðel-wyn. Næs him ǣnig þearf, +2495 "þæt hē tō Gifðum oððe tō Gār-Denum + "oððe in Swīo-rīce sēcean þurfe + "wyrsan wīg-frecan, weorðe gecȳpan; + "symle ic him on fēðan beforan wolde, + "āna on orde, and swā tō aldre sceall +2500 "sæcce fremman, þenden þis sweord þolað, + "þæt mec ǣr and sīð oft gelǣste, + "syððan ic for dugeðum Dæghrefne wearð + "tō hand-bonan, Hūga cempan: + "nalles hē þā frætwe Frēs-cyninge, +2505 "brēost-weorðunge bringan mōste, + "ac in campe gecrong cumbles hyrde, + "æðeling on elne. Ne wæs ecg bona, + "ac him hilde-grāp heortan wylmas, + "bān-hūs gebræc. Nū sceall billes ecg, +2510 "hond and heard sweord ymb hord wīgan." + Bēowulf maðelode, bēot-wordum spræc + nīehstan sīðe: "Ic genēðde fela + "gūða on geogoðe; gȳt ic wylle, + "frōd folces weard, fǣhðe sēcan, +2515 "mǣrðum fremman, gif mec se mān-sceaða + "of eorð-sele ūt gesēceð!" + Gegrētte þā gumena gehwylcne, + hwate helm-berend hindeman sīðe, + swǣse gesīðas: "Nolde ic sweord beran, +2520 "wǣpen tō wyrme, gif ic wiste hū + "wið þām āglǣcean elles meahte + "gylpe wiðgrīpan, swā ic giō wið Grendle dyde; + "ac ic þǣr heaðu-fȳres hātes wēne, + "rēðes and-hāttres: forþon ic mē on hafu +2525 "bord and byrnan. Nelle ic beorges weard + "oferflēon fōtes trem, fēond unhȳre, + "ac unc sceal weorðan æt wealle, swā unc Wyrd getēoð, + "metod manna gehwæs. Ic eom on mōde from, + "þæt ic wið þone gūð-flogan gylp ofersitte. +2530 "Gebīde gē on beorge byrnum werede, + "secgas on searwum, hwæðer sēl mǣge + "æfter wæl-rǣse wunde gedȳgan + "uncer twēga. Nis þæt ēower sīð, + "nē gemet mannes, nefne mīn ānes, +2535 "þæt hē wið āglǣcean eofoðo dǣle, + "eorl-scype efne. Ic mid elne sceall + "gold gegangan oððe gūð nimeð, + "feorh-bealu frēcne, frēan ēowerne!" + Ārās þā bī ronde rōf ōretta, +2540 heard under helm, hioro-sercean bær + under stān-cleofu, strengo getruwode + ānes mannes: ne bið swylc earges sīð. + Geseah þā be wealle, sē þe worna fela, + gum-cystum gōd, gūða gedīgde, +2545 hilde-hlemma, þonne hnitan fēðan, + (stōd on stān-bogan) strēam ūt þonan + brecan of beorge; wæs þǣre burnan wælm + heaðo-fȳrum hāt: ne meahte horde nēah + unbyrnende ǣnige hwīle +2550 dēop gedȳgan for dracan lēge. + Lēt þā of brēostum, þā hē gebolgen wæs, + Weder-Gēata lēod word ūt faran, + stearc-heort styrmde; stefn in becōm + heaðo-torht hlynnan under hārne stān. +2555 Hete wæs onhrēred, hord-weard oncnīow + mannes reorde; næs þǣr māra fyrst, + frēode tō friclan. From ǣrest cwōm + oruð āglǣcean ūt of stāne, + hāt hilde-swāt; hrūse dynede. +2560 Biorn under beorge bord-rand onswāf + wið þām gryre-gieste, Gēata dryhten: + þā wæs hring-bogan heorte gefȳsed + sæcce tō sēceanne. Sweord ǣr gebrǣ + gōd gūð-cyning gomele lāfe, +2565 ecgum unglēaw, ǣghwæðrum wæs + bealo-hycgendra brōga fram ōðrum. + Stīð-mōd gestōd wið stēapne rond + winia bealdor, þā se wyrm gebēah + snūde tōsomne: hē on searwum bād. +2570 Gewāt þā byrnende gebogen scrīðan tō, + gescīfe scyndan. Scyld wēl gebearg + līfe and līce lǣssan hwīle + mǣrum þēodne, þonne his myne sōhte, + þǣr hē þȳ fyrste forman dōgore +2575 wealdan mōste, swā him Wyrd ne gescrāf + hrēð æt hilde. Hond up ābræd + Gēata dryhten, gryre-fāhne slōh + incge lāfe, þæt sīo ecg gewāc + brūn on bāne, bāt unswīðor, +2580 þonne his þīod-cyning þearfe hæfde, + bysigum gebǣded. Þā wæs beorges weard + æfter heaðu-swenge on hrēoum mōde, + wearp wæl-fȳre, wīde sprungon + hilde-lēoman: hrēð-sigora ne gealp +2585 gold-wine Gēata, gūð-bill geswāc + nacod æt nīðe, swā hyt nō sceolde, + īren ǣr-gōd. Ne wæs þæt ēðe sīð, + þæt se mǣra maga Ecgþēowes + grund-wong þone ofgyfan wolde; +2590 sceolde wyrmes willan wīc eardian + elles hwergen, swā sceal ǣghwylc mon + ālǣtan lǣn-dagas. Næs þā long tō þon, + þæt þā āglǣcean hȳ eft gemētton. + Hyrte hyne hord-weard, hreðer ǣðme wēoll, +2595 nīwan stefne: nearo þrowode + fȳre befongen sē þe ǣr folce wēold. + Nealles him on hēape hand-gesteallan, + æðelinga bearn ymbe gestōdon + hilde-cystum, ac hȳ on holt bugon, +2600 ealdre burgan. Hiora in ānum wēoll + sefa wið sorgum: sibb ǣfre ne mæg + wiht onwendan, þām þe wēl þenceð. + + +XXXVI. WIGLAF HELPS BĒOWULF IN THE FEUD + + Wīglāf wæs hāten Wēoxstānes sunu, + lēoflīc lind-wiga, lēod Scylfinga, +2605 mǣg Ælfheres: geseah his mon-dryhten + under here-grīman hāt þrowian. + Gemunde þā þā āre, þē hē him ǣr forgeaf + wīc-stede weligne Wǣgmundinga, + folc-rihta gehwylc, swā his fæder āhte; +2610 ne mihte þā forhabban, hond rond gefēng, + geolwe linde, gomel swyrd getēah, + þæt wæs mid eldum Ēanmundes lāf, + suna Ōhteres, þām æt sæcce wearð + wracu wine-lēasum Wēohstānes bana +2615 mēces ecgum, and his māgum ætbær + brūn-fāgne helm, hringde byrnan, + eald sweord eotonisc, þæt him Onela forgeaf, + his gædelinges gūð-gewǣdu, + fyrd-searo fūslīc: nō ymbe þā fǣhðe spræc, +2620 þēah þe hē his brōðor bearn ābredwade. + Hē frætwe gehēold fela missēra, + bill and byrnan, oð þæt his byre mihte + eorl-scipe efnan, swā his ǣr-fæder; + geaf him þā mid Gēatum gūð-gewǣda +2625 ǣghwæs unrīm; þā hē of ealdre gewāt, + frōd on forð-weg. Þā wæs forma sīð + geongan cempan, þæt hē gūðe rǣs + mid his frēo-dryhtne fremman sceolde; + ne gemealt him se mōd-sefa, nē his mǣges lāf +2630 gewāc æt wīge: þæt se wyrm onfand, + syððan hīe tōgædre gegān hæfdon. + Wīglāf maðelode word-rihta fela, + sægde gesīðum, him wæs sefa geōmor: + "Ic þæt mǣl geman, þǣr wē medu þēgun, +2635 "þonne wē gehēton ūssum hlāforde + "in bīor-sele, þē ūs þās bēagas geaf, + "þæt wē him þā gūð-geatwa gyldan woldon, + "gif him þyslīcu þearf gelumpe, + "helmas and heard sweord: þē hē ūsic on herge gecēas +2640 "tō þyssum sīð-fate sylfes willum, + "onmunde ūsic mǣrða and mē þās māðmas geaf, + "þē hē ūsic gār-wīgend gōde tealde, + "hwate helm-berend, þēah þe hlāford ūs + "þis ellen-weorc āna āþōhte +2645 "tō gefremmanne, folces hyrde, + "forþām hē manna mǣst mǣrða gefremede, + "dǣda dollīcra. Nū is sē dæg cumen, + "þæt ūre man-dryhten mægenes behōfað + "gōdra gūð-rinca: wutun gangan tō, +2650 "helpan hild-fruman, þenden hyt sȳ, + "glēd-egesa grim! God wāt on mec, + "þæt mē is micle lēofre, þæt mīnne līc-haman + "mid mīnne gold-gyfan glēd fæðmie. + "Ne þynceð mē gerysne, þæt wē rondas beren +2655 "eft tō earde, nemne wē ǣror mǣgen + "fāne gefyllan, feorh ealgian + "Wedra þīodnes. Ic wāt geare, + "þæt nǣron eald-gewyrht, þæt hē āna scyle + "Gēata duguðe gnorn þrowian, +2660 "gesīgan æt sæcce: sceal ūrum þæt sweord and helm, + "byrne and byrdu-scrūd bām gemǣne." + Wōd þā þurh þone wæl-rēc, wīg-heafolan bær + frēan on fultum, fēa worda cwæð: + "Lēofa Bīowulf, lǣst eall tela, +2665 "swā þū on geoguð-fēore geāra gecwǣde, + "þæt þū ne ālǣte be þē lifigendum + "dōm gedrēosan: scealt nū dǣdum rōf, + "æðeling ān-hȳdig, ealle mægene + "feorh ealgian; ic þē fullǣstu!" +2670 Æfter þām wordum wyrm yrre cwōm, + atol inwit-gæst ōðre sīðe, + fȳr-wylmum fāh fīonda nīosan, + lāðra manna; līg-ȳðum forborn + bord wið ronde: byrne ne meahte +2675 geongum gār-wigan gēoce gefremman: + ac se maga geonga under his mǣges scyld + elne geēode, þā his āgen wæs + glēdum forgrunden. Þā gēn gūð-cyning + mǣrða gemunde, mægen-strengo, +2680 slōh hilde-bille, þæt hyt on heafolan stōd + nīðe genȳded: Nægling forbærst, + geswāc æt sæcce sweord Bīowulfes + gomol and grǣg-mǣl. Him þæt gifeðe ne wæs, + þæt him īrenna ecge mihton +2685 helpan æt hilde; wæs sīo hond tō strong, + sē þe mēca gehwane mīne gefrǣge + swenge ofersōhte, þonne hē tō sæcce bær + wǣpen wundrum heard, næs him wihte þē sēl. + Þā wæs þēod-sceaða þriddan sīðe, +2690 frēcne fȳr-draca fǣhða gemyndig, + rǣsde on þone rōfan, þā him rūm āgeald, + hāt and heaðo-grim, heals ealne ymbefēng + biteran bānum; hē geblōdegod wearð + sāwul-drīore; swāt ȳðum wēoll. + + +XXXVII. BĒOWULF WOUNDED TO DEATH. + +2695 Þā ic æt þearfe gefrægn þēod-cyninges + and-longne eorl ellen cȳðan, + cræft and cēnðu, swā him gecynde wæs; + ne hēdde hē þæs heafolan, ac sīo hand gebarn + mōdiges mannes, þǣr hē his mǣges healp, +2700 þæt hē þone nīð-gæst nioðor hwēne slōh, + secg on searwum, þæt þæt sweord gedēaf + fāh and fǣted, þæt þæt fȳr ongon + sweðrian syððan. Þā gēn sylf cyning + gewēold his gewitte, wæll-seaxe gebrǣ, +2705 biter and beadu-scearp, þæt hē on byrnan wæg: + forwrāt Wedra helm wyrm on middan. + Fēond gefyldan (ferh ellen wræc), + and hī hyne þā bēgen ābroten hæfdon, + sib-æðelingas: swylc sceolde secg wesan, +2710 þegn æt þearfe. Þæt þām þēodne wæs + sīðast sīge-hwīle sylfes dǣdum, + worlde geweorces. Þā sīo wund ongon, + þē him se eorð-draca ǣr geworhte, + swelan and swellan. Hē þæt sōna onfand, +2715 þæt him on brēostum bealo-nīð wēoll, + attor on innan. Þā se æðeling gīong, + þæt hē bī wealle, wīs-hycgende, + gesæt on sesse; seah on enta geweorc, + hū þā stān-bogan stapulum fæste +2720 ēce eorð-reced innan hēoldon. + Hyne þā mid handa heoro-drēorigne + þēoden mǣrne þegn ungemete till, + wine-dryhten his wætere gelafede, + hilde-sædne and his helm onspēon. +2725 Bīowulf maðelode, hē ofer benne spræc, + wunde wæl-blēate (wisse hē gearwe, + þæt hē dæg-hwīla gedrogen hæfde + eorðan wynne; þā wæs eall sceacen + dōgor-gerīmes, dēað ungemete nēah): +2730 "Nū ic suna mīnum syllan wolde + "gūð-gewǣdu, þǣr mē gifeðe swā + "ǣnig yrfe-weard æfter wurde, + "līce gelenge. Ic þās lēode hēold + "fīftig wintra: næs se folc-cyning +2735 "ymbe-sittendra ǣnig þāra, + "þē mec gūð-winum grētan dorste, + "egesan þēon. Ic on earde bād + "mǣl-gesceafta, hēold mīn tela, + "ne sōhte searo-nīðas, nē mē swōr fela +2740 "āða on unriht. Ic þæs ealles mæg, + "feorh-bennum sēoc, gefēan habban: + "forþām mē wītan ne þearf waldend fīra + "morðor-bealo māga, þonne mīn sceaceð + "līf of līce. Nū þū lungre +2745 "geong, hord scēawian under hārne stān, + "Wīglāf lēofa, nū se wyrm ligeð, + "swefeð sāre wund, since berēafod. + "Bīo nū on ofoste, þæt ic ǣr-welan, + "gold-ǣht ongite, gearo scēawige +2750 "swegle searo-gimmas, þæt ic þȳ sēft mǣge + "æfter māððum-welan mīn ālǣtan + "līf and lēod-scipe, þone ic longe hēold." + + +XXXVIII. THE JEWEL-HOARD. THE PASSING OF BEOWULF. + + Þā ic snūde gefrægn sunu Wīhstānes + æfter word-cwydum wundum dryhtne +2755 hȳran heaðo-sīocum, hring-net beran, + brogdne beadu-sercean under beorges hrōf. + Geseah þā sige-hrēðig, þā hē bī sesse gēong, + mago-þegn mōdig māððum-sigla fela, + gold glitinian grunde getenge, +2760 wundur on wealle and þæs wyrmes denn, + ealdes ūht-flogan, orcas stondan, + fyrn-manna fatu feormend-lēase, + hyrstum behrorene: þǣr wæs helm monig, + eald and ōmig, earm-bēaga fela, +2765 searwum gesǣled. Sinc ēaðe mæg, + gold on grunde, gumena cynnes + gehwone ofer-hīgian, hȳde sē þe wylle! + Swylce hē siomian geseah segn eall-gylden + hēah ofer horde, hond-wundra mǣst, +2770 gelocen leoðo-cræftum: of þām lēoma stōd, + þæt hē þone grund-wong ongitan meahte, + wrǣte giond-wlītan. Næs þæs wyrmes þǣr + onsȳn ǣnig, ac hyne ecg fornam. + Þā ic on hlǣwe gefrægn hord rēafian, +2775 eald enta geweorc ānne mannan, + him on bearm hladan bunan and discas + sylfes dōme, segn ēac genom, + bēacna beorhtost; bill ǣr-gescōd + (ecg wæs īren) eald-hlāfordes +2780 þām þāra māðma mund-bora wæs + longe hwīle, līg-egesan wæg + hātne for horde, hioro-weallende, + middel-nihtum, oð þæt hē morðre swealt. + Ār wæs on ofoste eft-sīðes georn, +2785 frætwum gefyrðred: hyne fyrwet bræc, + hwæðer collen-ferð cwicne gemētte + in þām wong-stede Wedra þēoden, + ellen-sīocne, þǣr hē hine ǣr forlēt. + Hē þā mid þām māðmum mǣrne þīoden, +2790 dryhten sīnne drīorigne fand + ealdres æt ende: hē hine eft ongon + wæteres weorpan, oð þæt wordes ord + brēost-hord þurhbræc. Bēowulf maðelode, + gomel on giohðe (gold scēawode): +2795 "Ic þāra frætwa frēan ealles þanc + "wuldur-cyninge wordum secge, + "ēcum dryhtne, þē ic hēr on starie, + "þæs þe ic mōste mīnum lēodum + "ǣr swylt-dæge swylc gestrȳnan. +2800 "Nū ic on māðma hord mīne bebohte + "frōde feorh-lege, fremmað gē nū + "lēoda þearfe; ne mæg ic hēr leng wesan. + "Hātað heaðo-mǣre hlǣw gewyrcean, + "beorhtne æfter bǣle æt brimes nosan; +2805 "se scel tō gemyndum mīnum lēodum + "hēah hlīfian on Hrones næsse, + "þæt hit sǣ-līðend syððan hātan + "Bīowulfes biorh, þā þe brentingas + "ofer flōda genipu feorran drīfað." +2810 Dyde him of healse hring gyldenne + þīoden þrīst-hȳdig, þegne gesealde, + geongum gār-wigan, gold-fāhne helm, + bēah and byrnan, hēt hyne brūcan well: + "Þū eart ende-lāf ūsses cynnes, +2815 "Wǣgmundinga; ealle Wyrd forswēof, + "mīne māgas tō metod-sceafte, + "eorlas on elne: ic him æfter sceal." + Þæt wæs þām gomelan gingeste word + brēost-gehygdum, ǣr hē bǣl cure, +2820 hāte heaðo-wylmas: him of hreðre gewāt + sāwol sēcean sōð-fæstra dōm. + + +XXXIX. THE COWARD-THANES. + + Þā wæs gegongen guman unfrōdum + earfoðlīce, þæt hē on eorðan geseah + þone lēofestan līfes æt ende +2825 blēate gebǣran. Bona swylce læg, + egeslīc eorð-draca, ealdre berēafod, + bealwe gebǣded: bēah-hordum leng + wyrm wōh-bogen wealdan ne mōste, + ac him īrenna ecga fornāmon, +2830 hearde heaðo-scearpe homera lāfe, + þæt se wīd-floga wundum stille + hrēas on hrūsan hord-ærne nēah, + nalles æfter lyfte lācende hwearf + middel-nihtum, māðm-ǣhta wlonc +2835 ansȳn ȳwde: ac hē eorðan gefēoll + for þæs hild-fruman hond-geweorce. + Hūru þæt on lande lȳt manna þāh + mægen-āgendra mīne gefrǣge, + þēah þe hē dǣda gehwæs dyrstig wǣre, +2840 þæt hē wið attor-sceaðan oreðe gerǣsde, + oððe hring-sele hondum styrede, + gif hē wæccende weard onfunde + būan on beorge. Bīowulfe wearð + dryht-māðma dǣl dēaðe forgolden; +2845 hæfde ǣghwæðer ende gefēred + lǣnan līfes. Næs þā lang tō þon, + þæt þā hild-latan holt ofgēfan, + tȳdre trēow-logan tȳne ætsomne, + þā ne dorston ǣr dareðum lācan +2850 on hyra man-dryhtnes miclan þearfe; + ac hȳ scamiende scyldas bǣran, + gūð-gewǣdu, þǣr se gomela læg: + wlitan on Wīglāf. Hē gewērgad sæt, + fēðe-cempa frēan eaxlum nēah, +2855 wehte hyne wætre; him wiht ne spēow; + ne meahte hē on eorðan, þēah hē ūðe wēl, + on þām frum-gāre feorh gehealdan, + nē þæs wealdendes willan wiht oncirran; + wolde dōm godes dǣdum rǣdan +2860 gumena gehwylcum, swā hē nū gēn dēð. + Þā wæs æt þām geongan grim andswaru + ēð-begēte þām þe ǣr his elne forlēas. + Wīglāf maðelode, Wēohstānes sunu, + secg sārig-ferð seah on unlēofe: +2865 "Þæt lā mæg secgan, sē þe wyle sōð sprecan, + "þæt se mon-dryhten, se ēow þā māðmas geaf, + "ēored-geatwe, þē gē þǣr on standað, + "þonne hē on ealu-bence oft gesealde + "heal-sittendum helm and byrnan, +2870 "þēoden his þegnum, swylce hē þrȳðlīcost + "ōhwǣr feor oððe nēah findan meahte, + "þæt hē gēnunga gūð-gewǣdu + "wrāðe forwurpe. Þā hyne wīg beget, + "nealles folc-cyning fyrd-gesteallum +2875 "gylpan þorfte; hwæðre him god ūðe, + "sigora waldend, þæt hē hyne sylfne gewræc + "āna mid ecge, þā him wæs elnes þearf, + "Ic him līf-wraðe lȳtle meahte + "ætgifan æt gūðe and ongan swā þēah +2880 "ofer mīn gemet mǣges helpan: + "symle wæs þȳ sǣmra, þonne ic sweorde drep + "ferhð-genīðlan, fȳr unswīðor + "wēoll of gewitte. Wergendra tō lȳt + "þrong ymbe þēoden, þā hyne sīo þrāg becwōm. +2885 "Nū sceal sinc-þego and swyrd-gifu + "eall ēðel-wyn ēowrum cynne, + "lufen ālicgean: lond-rihtes mōt + "þǣre mǣg-burge monna ǣghwylc + "īdel hweorfan, syððan æðelingas +2890 "feorran gefricgean flēam ēowerne, + "dōm-lēasan dǣd. Dēað bið sēlla + "eorla gehwylcum þonne edwīt-līf!" + + +XL. THE SOLDIER'S DIRGE AND PROPHECY. + + Heht þā þæt heaðo-weorc tō hagan bīodan + up ofer ēg-clif, þǣr þæt eorl-weorod +2895 morgen-longne dæg mōd-giōmor sæt, + bord-hæbbende, bēga on wēnum + ende-dōgores and eft-cymes + lēofes monnes. Lȳt swīgode + nīwra spella, sē þe næs gerād, +2900 ac hē sōðlīce sægde ofer ealle; + "Nū is wil-geofa Wedra lēoda, + "dryhten Gēata dēað-bedde fæst, + "wunað wæl-reste wyrmes dǣdum; + "him on efn ligeð ealdor-gewinna, +2905 "siex-bennum sēoc: sweorde ne meahte + "on þām āglǣcean ǣnige þinga + "wunde gewyrcean. Wīglāf siteð + "ofer Bīowulfe, byre Wīhstānes, + "eorl ofer ōðrum unlifigendum, +2910 "healdeð hige-mēðum hēafod-wearde + "lēofes and lāðes. Nū ys lēodum wēn + "orleg-hwīle, syððan underne + "Froncum and Frȳsum fyll cyninges + "wīde weorðeð. Wæs sīo wrōht scepen +2915 "heard wið Hūgas, syððan Higelāc cwōm + "faran flot-herge on Frēsna land, + "þǣr hyne Hetware hilde gehnǣgdon, + "elne geēodon mid ofer-mægene, + "þæt se byrn-wiga būgan sceolde, +2920 "fēoll on fēðan: nalles frætwe geaf + "ealdor dugoðe; ūs wæs ā syððan + "Merewīoinga milts ungyfeðe. + "Nē ic tō Swēo-þēode sibbe oððe trēowe + "wihte ne wēne; ac wæs wīde cūð, +2925 "þætte Ongenþīo ealdre besnyðede + "Hæðcyn Hrēðling wið Hrefna-wudu, + "þā for on-mēdlan ǣrest gesōhton + "Gēata lēode Gūð-scilfingas. + "Sōna him se frōda fæder Ōhtheres, +2930 "eald and eges-full ond-slyht āgeaf, + "ābrēot brim-wīsan, brȳd āhēorde, + "gomela īo-meowlan golde berofene, + "Onelan mōdor and Ōhtheres, + "and þā folgode feorh-genīðlan +2935 "oð þæt hī oðēodon earfoðlīce + "in Hrefnes-holt hlāford-lēase. + "Besæt þā sin-herge sweorda lāfe + "wundum wērge, wēan oft gehēt + "earmre teohhe andlonge niht: +2940 "cwæð hē on mergenne mēces ecgum + "gētan wolde, sume on galg-trēowum + "fuglum tō gamene. Frōfor eft gelamp + "sārig-mōdum somod ǣr-dæge, + "syððan hīe Hygelāces horn and bȳman +2945 "gealdor ongeāton. Þā se gōda cōm + "lēoda dugoðe on lāst faran. + + +XLI. HE TELLS OF THE SWEDES AND THE GEATAS + + "Wæs sīo swāt-swaðu Swēona and Gēata, + "wæl-rǣs wera wīde gesȳne, + "hū þā folc mid him fǣhðe tōwehton. +2950 "Gewāt him þā se gōda mid his gædelingum, + "frōd fela geōmor fæsten sēcean, + "eorl Ongenþīo ufor oncirde; + "hæfde Higelāces hilde gefrūnen, + "wlonces wīg-cræft, wiðres ne truwode, +2955 "þæt hē sǣ-mannum onsacan mihte, + "hēaðo-līðendum hord forstandan, + "bearn and brȳde; bēah eft þonan + "eald under eorð-weall. Þā wæs ǣht boden + "Swēona lēodum, segn Higelāce. +2960 "Freoðo-wong þone forð oferēodon, + "syððan Hrēðlingas tō hagan þrungon. + "Þǣr wearð Ongenþīo ecgum sweorda, + "blonden-fexa on bīd wrecen, + "þæt se þēod-cyning þafian sceolde +2965 "Eofores ānne dōm: hyne yrringa + "Wulf Wonrēding wǣpne gerǣhte, + "þæt him for swenge swāt ǣdrum sprong + "forð under fexe. Næs hē forht swā þēh, + "gomela Scilfing, ac forgeald hraðe +2970 "wyrsan wrixle wæl-hlem þone, + "syððan þēod-cyning þyder oncirde: + "ne meahte se snella sunu Wonrēdes + "ealdum ceorle ond-slyht giofan, + "ac hē him on hēafde helm ǣr gescer, +2975 "þæt hē blōde fāh būgan sceolde, + "fēoll on foldan; næs hē fǣge þā gīt, + "ac hē hyne gewyrpte, þēah þe him wund hrīne, + "Lēt se hearda Higelāces þegn + "brādne mēce, þā his brōðor læg, +2980 "eald sweord eotonisc, entiscne helm, + "brecan ofer bord-weal: þā gebēah cyning, + "folces hyrde, wæs in feorh dropen. + "Þā wǣron monige, þē his mǣg wriðon, + "ricone ārǣrdon, þā him gerȳmed wearð, +2985 "þæt hīe wæl-stōwe wealdan mōston. + "Þenden rēafode rinc ōðerne, + "nam on Ongenþīo īren-byrnan, + "heard swyrd hilted and his helm somod; + "hāres hyrste Higelāce bær. +2990 "Hē þām frætwum fēng and him fægre gehēt + "lēana fore lēodum and gelǣste swā: + "geald þone gūð-rǣs Gēata dryhten, + "Hrēðles eafora, þā hē tō hām becōm, + "Jofore and Wulfe mid ofer-māðmum, +2995 "sealde hiora gehwæðrum hund þūsenda + "landes and locenra bēaga; ne þorfte him þā lēan oðwītan + "mon on middan-gearde, syððan hīe þā mǣrða geslōgon; + "and þā Jofore forgeaf āngan dōhtor, + "hām-weorðunge, hyldo tō wedde. +3000 "Þæt ys sīo fǣhðo and se fēond-scipe, + "wæl-nīð wera, þæs þe ic wēn hafo, + "þē ūs sēceað tō Swēona lēode, + "syððan hīe gefricgeað frēan ūserne + "ealdor-lēasne, þone þe ǣr gehēold +3005 "wið hettendum hord and rīce, + "æfter hæleða hryre hwate Scylfingas, + "folc-rǣd fremede oððe furður gēn + "eorl-scipe efnde. Nū is ofost betost, + "þæt wē þēod-cyning þǣr scēawian +3010 "and þone gebringan, þē ūs bēagas geaf, + "on ād-fære. Ne scel ānes hwæt + "meltan mid þām mōdigan, ac þǣr is māðma hord. + "gold unrīme grimme gecēapod + "and nū æt sīðestan sylfes fēore +3015 "bēagas gebohte; þā sceal brond fretan, + "ǣled þeccean, nalles eorl wegan + "māððum tō gemyndum, nē mægð scȳne + "habban on healse hring-weorðunge, + "ac sceall geōmor-mōd golde berēafod +3020 "oft nalles ǣne el-land tredan, + "nū se here-wīsa hleahtor ālegde, + "gamen and glēo-drēam. Forþon sceall gār wesan + "monig morgen-ceald mundum bewunden, + "hæfen on handa, nalles hearpan swēg +3025 "wīgend weccean, ac se wonna hrefn + "fūs ofer fǣgum, fela reordian, + "earne secgan, hū him æt ǣte spēow, + "þenden hē wið wulf wæl rēafode." + Swā se secg hwata secgende wæs +3030 lāðra spella; hē ne lēag fela + wyrda nē worda. Weorod eall ārās, + ēodon unblīðe under Earna næs + wollen-tēare wundur scēawian. + Fundon þā on sande sāwul-lēasne +3035 hlim-bed healdan, þone þe him hringas geaf + ǣrran mǣlum: þā wæs ende-dæg + gōdum gegongen, þæt se gūð-cyning, + Wedra þēoden, wundor-dēaðe swealt. + Ǣr hī gesēgan syllīcran wiht, +3040 wyrm on wonge wiðer-ræhtes þǣr + lāðne licgean: wæs se lēg-draca, + grimlīc gryre-gæst, glēdum beswǣled, + sē wæs fīftiges fōt-gemearces. + lang on legere, lyft-wynne hēold +3045 nihtes hwīlum, nyðer eft gewāt + dennes nīosian; wæs þā dēaðe fæst, + hæfde eorð-scrafa ende genyttod. + Him big stōdan bunan and orcas, + discas lāgon and dȳre swyrd, +3050 ōmige þurh-etone, swā hīe wið eorðan fæðm + þūsend wintra þǣr eardodon: + þonne wæs þæt yrfe ēacen-cræftig, + iū-monna gold galdre bewunden, + þæt þām hring-sele hrīnan ne mōste +3055 gumena ǣnig, nefne god sylfa, + sigora sōð-cyning, sealde þām þe hē wolde + (hē is manna gehyld) hord openian, + efne swā hwylcum manna, swā him gemet þūhte. + + +XLII. WĪGLAF SPEAKS. THE BUILDING OF THE BALE-FIRE. + + Þā wæs gesȳne, þæt se sīð ne þāh +3060 þām þe unrihte inne gehȳdde + wrǣte under wealle. Weard ǣr ofslōh + fēara sumne; þā sīo fǣhð gewearð + gewrecen wrāðlīce. Wundur hwār, þonne + eorl ellen-rōf ende gefēre +3065 līf-gesceafta, þonne leng ne mæg + mon mid his māgum medu-seld būan. + Swā wæs Bīowulfe, þā hē biorges weard + sōhte, searo-nīðas: seolfa ne cūðe, + þurh hwæt his worulde gedāl weorðan sceolde; +3070 swā hit oð dōmes dæg dīope benemdon + þēodnas mǣre, þā þæt þǣr dydon, + þæt se secg wǣre synnum scildig, + hergum geheaðerod, hell-bendum fæst, + wommum gewītnad, sē þone wong strāde. +3075 Næs hē gold-hwæt: gearwor hæfde + āgendes ēst ǣr gescēawod. + Wīglāf maðelode, Wīhstānes sunu: + "Oft sceall eorl monig ānes willan + "wrǣc ādrēogan, swā ūs geworden is. +3080 "Ne meahton wē gelǣran lēofne þēoden, + "rīces hyrde rǣd ǣnigne, + "þæt hē ne grētte gold-weard þone, + "lēte hyne licgean, þǣr hē longe wæs, + "wīcum wunian oð woruld-ende. +3085 "Hēoldon hēah gesceap: hord ys gescēawod, + "grimme gegongen; wæs þæt gifeðe tō swīð, + "þē þone þēoden þyder ontyhte. + "Ic wæs þǣr inne and þæt eall geond-seh, + "recedes geatwa, þā mē gerȳmed wæs, +3090 "nealles swǣslīce sīð ālȳfed + "inn under eorð-weall. Ic on ofoste gefēng + "micle mid mundum mægen-byrðenne + "hord-gestrēona, hider ūt ætbær + "cyninge mīnum: cwico wæs þā gēna, +3095 "wīs and gewittig; worn eall gespræc + "gomol on gehðo and ēowic grētan hēt, + "bæd þæt gē geworhton æfter wines dǣdum + "in bǣl-stede beorh þone hēan + "micelne and mǣrne, swā hē manna wæs +3100 "wīgend weorð-fullost wīde geond eorðan, + "þenden hē burh-welan brūcan mōste. + "Uton nū efstan ōðre sīðe + "sēon and sēcean searo-geþræc, + "wundur under wealle! ic ēow wīsige, +3105 "þæt gē genōge nēan scēawiað + "bēagas and brād gold. Sīe sīo bǣr gearo + "ǣdre geæfned, þonne wē ūt cymen, + "and þonne geferian frēan ūserne, + "lēofne mannan, þǣr hē longe sceal +3110 "on þæs waldendes wǣre geþolian." + Hēt þā gebēodan byre Wīhstānes, + hæle hilde-dīor, hæleða monegum + bold-āgendra, þæt hīe bǣl-wudu + feorran feredon, folc-āgende +3115 gōdum tōgēnes: "Nū sceal glēd fretan + "(weaxan wonna lēg) wigena strengel, + "þone þe oft gebād īsern-scūre, + "þonne strǣla storm, strengum gebǣded, + "scōc ofer scild-weall, sceft nytte hēold, +3120 "feðer-gearwum fūs flāne full-ēode." + Hūru se snotra sunu Wīhstānes + ācīgde of corðre cyninges þegnas + syfone tōsomne þā sēlestan, + ēode eahta sum under inwit-hrōf; +3125 hilde-rinc sum on handa bær + ǣled-lēoman, sē þe on orde gēong. + Næs þā on hlytme, hwā þæt hord strude, + syððan or-wearde ǣnigne dǣl + secgas gesēgon on sele wunian, +3130 lǣne licgan: lȳt ǣnig mearn, + þæt hī ofostlice ūt geferedon + dȳre māðmas; dracan ēc scufun, + wyrm ofer weall-clif, lēton wǣg niman, + flōd fæðmian frætwa hyrde. +3135 Þǣr wæs wunden gold on wǣn hladen, + ǣghwæs unrīm, æðeling boren, + hār hilde-rinc tō Hrones næsse. + + +XLIII. BĒOWULF'S FUNERAL PYRE. + + Him þā gegiredan Gēata lēode + ād on eorðan un-wāclīcne, +3140 helmum behongen, hilde-bordum, + beorhtum byrnum, swā hē bēna wæs; + ālegdon þā tō-middes mǣrne þēoden + hæleð hīofende, hlāford lēofne. + Ongunnon þā on beorge bǣl-fȳra mǣst +3145 wīgend weccan: wudu-rēc āstāh + sweart ofer swioðole, swōgende lēg, + wōpe bewunden (wind-blond gelæg) + oð þæt hē þā bān-hūs gebrocen hæfde, + hāt on hreðre. Higum unrōte +3150 mōd-ceare mǣndon mon-dryhtnes cwealm; + swylce giōmor-gyd lat . con meowle + . . . . . wunden heorde . . . + serg (?) cearig sǣlde geneahhe + þæt hīo hyre . . . . gas hearde +3155 . . . . . ede wælfylla wonn . . + hildes egesan hyðo + haf mid heofon rēce swealh (?) + Geworhton þā Wedra lēode + hlǣw on hlīðe, sē wæs hēah and brād, +3160 wǣg-līðendum wīde gesȳne, + and betimbredon on tȳn dagum + beadu-rōfes bēcn: bronda betost + wealle beworhton, swā hyt weorðlīcost + fore-snotre men findan mihton. +3165 Hī on beorg dydon bēg and siglu, + eall swylce hyrsta, swylce on horde ǣr + nīð-hȳdige men genumen hæfdon; + forlēton eorla gestrēon eorðan healdan, + gold on grēote, þǣr hit nū gēn lifað +3170 eldum swā unnyt, swā hit ǣror wæs. + Þā ymbe hlǣw riodan hilde-dēore, + æðelinga bearn ealra twelfa, + woldon ceare cwīðan, kyning mǣnan, + word-gyd wrecan and ymb wer sprecan, +3175 eahtodan eorl-scipe and his ellen-weorc + duguðum dēmdon, swā hit ge-dēfe bið, + þæt mon his wine-dryhten wordum herge, + ferhðum frēoge, þonne hē forð scile + of līc-haman lǣne weorðan. +3180 Swā begnornodon Gēata lēode + hlāfordes hryre, heorð-genēatas, + cwǣdon þæt hē wǣre woruld-cyning + mannum mildust and mon-þwǣrust, + lēodum līðost and lof-geornost. + + + +APPENDIX + +THE ATTACK IN FINNSBURG. + + ". . . . . . . . . . . næs byrnað nǣfre." + Hleoðrode þā heaðo-geong cyning: + "Ne þis ne dagað ēastan, ne hēr draca ne flēogeð, + "ne hēr þisse healle hornas ne byrnað, +5 "ac fēr forð berað fugelas singað, + "gylleð grǣg-hama, gūð-wudu hlynneð, + "scyld scefte oncwyð. Nū scȳneð þes mōna + "waðol under wolcnum; nū ārīsað wēa-dǣda, + "þē þisne folces nīð fremman willað. +10 "Ac onwacnigeað nū, wīgend mīne, + "hebbað ēowre handa, hicgeað on ellen, + "winnað on orde, wesað on mōde!" + Þā ārās monig gold-hladen þegn, gyrde hine his swurde; + þā tō dura ēodon drihtlīce cempan, +15 Sigeferð and Eaha, hyra sweord getugon, + and æt ōðrum durum Ordlāf and Gūðlāf, + and Hengest sylf; hwearf him on lāste. + Þā gīt Gārulf Gūðere styrode, + þæt hīe swā frēolīc feorh forman sīðe +20 tō þǣre healle durum hyrsta ne bǣran, + nū hyt nīða heard ānyman wolde: + ac hē frægn ofer eal undearninga, + dēor-mōd hæleð, hwā þā duru hēolde. + "Sigeferð is mīn nama (cwæð hē), ic eom Secgena lēod, +25 "wrecca wīde cūð. Fela ic wēana gebād, + "heardra hilda; þē is gȳt hēr witod, + "swæðer þū sylf tō mē sēcean wylle." + Þā wæs on wealle wæl-slihta gehlyn, + sceolde cēlod bord cēnum on handa +30 bān-helm berstan. Buruh-þelu dynede, + oð þæt æt þǣre gūðe Gārulf gecrang, + ealra ǣrest eorð-būendra, + Gūðlāfes sunu; ymbe hine gōdra fela. + Hwearf flacra hrǣw hræfn, wandrode +35 sweart and sealo-brūn; swurd-lēoma stōd + swylce eal Finns-buruh fȳrenu wǣre. + Ne gefrægn ic nǣfre wurðlīcor æt wera hilde + sixtig sige-beorna sēl gebǣran, + ne nǣfre swānas swētne medo sēl forgyldan, +40 þonne Hnæfe guldon his hæg-stealdas. + Hig fuhton fīf dagas, swā hyra nān ne fēol + driht-gesīða, ac hig þā duru hēoldon. + Þā gewāt him wund hæleð on wæg gangan, + sǣde þæt his byrne ābrocen wǣre, +45 here-sceorpum hrōr, and ēac wæs his helm þyrl. + Þā hine sōna frægn folces hyrde, + hū þā wīgend hyra wunda genǣson + oððe hwæðer þǣra hyssa . . . . . . . + + + + +LIST OF NAMES; NOTES; AND GLOSSARY. + +ABBREVIATIONS + +m.: masculine. +f.: feminine. +n.: neuter. +nom., gen.: nominative, genitive, etc. +w.: weak. +w. v.: weak verb. +st.: strong. +st. v.: strong verb. +I., II., III.: first, second, third person. +comp.: compound. +imper.: imperative. +w.: with. +instr.: instrumental. +G. and Goth.: Gothic. +O.N.: Old Norse. +O.S.: Old Saxon. +O.H.G.: Old High German. +M.H.G.: Middle High German. + +The vowel æ = _a_ in _glad_ } +The diphthong ǣ = _a_ in _hair_ } approximately. + +The names Leo, Bugge, Rieger, etc., refer to authors of emendations. + +Words beginning with ge- will be found under their root-word. + +Obvious abbreviations, like subj., etc., are not included in this list. + + + +LIST OF NAMES. + +Ābel, Cain's brother, 108. + +Ælf-here (gen. Ælf-heres, 2605), a kinsman of Wīglāf's, 2605. + +Æsc-here, confidential adviser of King Hrōðgār (1326), older brother of +Yrmenlāf (1325), killed by Grendel's mother, 1295, 1324, 2123. + +Bān-stān, father of Breca, 524. + +Bēo-wulf, son of Scyld, king of the Danes, 18, 19. After the death of his +father, he succeeds to the throne of the Scyldings, 53. His son is +Healfdene, 57. + +Bēo-wulf (Bīowulf, 1988, 2390; gen. Bēowulfes, 857, etc., Bīowulfes, 2195, +2808, etc.; dat. Bēowulfe, 610, etc., Bīowulfe, 2325, 2843), of the race of +the Gēatas. His father is the Wǣgmunding Ecgþēow (263, etc.); his mother a +daughter of Hrēðel, king of the Gēatas (374), at whose court he is brought +up after his seventh year with Hrēðel's sons, Herebeald, Hæðcyn, and +Hygelāc, 2429 ff. In his youth lazy and unapt (2184 f., 2188 f.); as man he +attains in the gripe of his hand the strength of thirty men, 379. Hence his +victories in his combats with bare hands (711 ff., 2502 ff.), while fate +denies him the victory in the battle with swords, 2683 f. His +swimming-match with Breca in his youth, 506 ff. Goes with fourteen Gēatas +to the assistance of the Danish king, Hrōðgār, against Grendel, 198 ff. His +combat with Grendel, and his victory, 711 ff., 819 ff. He is, in +consequence, presented with rich gifts by Hrōðgār, 1021 ff. His combat with +Grendel's mother, 1442 ff. Having again received gifts, he leaves Hrōðgār +(1818-1888), and returns to Hygelāc, 1964 ff.--After Hygelāc's last battle +and death, he flees alone across the sea, 2360 f. In this battle he crushes +Dæghrefn, one of the Hūgas, to death, 2502 f. He rejects at the same time +Hygelāc's kingdom and the hand of his widow (2370 ff.), but carries on the +government as guardian of the young Heardrēd, son of Hygelāc, 2378 ff. +After Heardrēd's death, the kingdom falls to Bēowulf, 2208, +2390.--Afterwards, on an expedition to avenge the murdered Heardrēd, he +kills the Scylfing, Ēadgils (2397), and probably conquers his country. +--His fight with the drake, 2539 ff. His death, 2818. His burial, 3135 ff. + +Breca (acc. Brecan, 506, 531), son of Bēanstān, 524. Chief of the +Brondings, 521. His swimming-match with Bēowulf, 506 ff. + +Brondingas (gen. Brondinga, 521), Breca, their chief, 521. + +Brōsinga mene, corrupted from, or according to Müllenhoff, written by +mistake for, Breosinga mene (O.N., Brisinga men, cf. Haupts Zeitschr. XII. +304), collar, which the Brisingas once possessed. + +Cain (gen. Caines, 107): descended from him are Grendel and his kin, 107, +1262 ff. + +Dæg-hrefn (dat. Dæghrefne, 2502), a warrior of the Hūgas, who, according to +2504-5, compared with 1203, and with 1208, seems to have been the slayer of +King Hygelāc, in his battle against the allied Franks, Frisians, and Hūgas. +Is crushed to death by Bēowulf in a hand-to-hand combat, 2502 ff. + +Dene (gen. Dena, 242, etc., Denia, 2126, Deniga, 271, etc.; dat. Denum, +768, etc.), as subjects of Scyld and his descendants, they are also called +Scyldings; and after the first king of the East Danes, Ing (Runenlied, 22), +Ing-wine, 1045, 1320. They are also once called Hrēðmen, 445. On account of +their renowned warlike character, they bore the names Gār-Dene, 1, 1857, +Hring-Dene (Armor-Danes), 116, 1280, Beorht-Dene, 427, 610. The great +extent of this people is indicated by their names from the four quarters of +the heavens: Ēast-Dene, 392, 617, etc., West-Dene, 383, 1579, Sūð-Dene, +463, Norð-Dene, 784.--Their dwelling-place "in Scedelandum," 19, "on +Scedenigge," 1687, "be sǣm twēonum," 1686. + +Ecg-lāf (gen. Ecglāfes, 499), Hunferð's father, 499. + +Ecg-þēow (nom. Ecgþēow, 263, Ecgþēo, 373; gen. Ecgþēowes, 529, etc., +Ecgþīowes, 2000), a far-famed hero of the Gēatas, of the house of the +Wǣgmundings. Bēowulf is the son of Ecgþēow, by the only daughter of Hrēðel, +king of the Gēatas, 262, etc. Among the Wylfings, he has slain Heaðolāf +(460), and in consequence he goes over the sea to the Danes (463), whose +king, Hrōðgār, by means of gold, finishes the strife for him, 470. + +Ecg-wela (gen. Ecg-welan, 1711). The Scyldings are called his descendants, +1711. Grein considers him the founder of the older dynasty of Danish kings, +which closes with Heremōd. See Heremōd. + +Elan, daughter of Healfdene, king of the Danes, (?) 62. According to the +restored text, she is the wife of Ongenþēow, the Scylfing, 62, 63. + +Earna-næs, the Eagle Cape in the land of the Gēatas, where occurred +Bēowulf's fight with the drake, 3032. + +Ēadgils (dat. Ēadgilse, 2393), son of Ōhthere, and grandson of Ongenþēow, +the Scylfing, 2393. His older brother is + +Ēanmund (gen. Ēanmundes, 2612). What is said about both in our poem +(2201-2207, 2380-2397, 2612-2620) is obscure, but the following may be +conjectured:-- + +The sons of Ōhthere, Ēanmund and Ēadgils, have rebelled against their +father (2382), and must, in consequence, depart with their followers from +Swīorīce, 2205-6, 2380. They come into the country of the Gēatas to +Heardrēd (2380), but whether with friendly or hostile intent is not stated; +but, according to 2203 f., we are to presume that they came against +Heardrēd with designs of conquest. At a banquet (on feorme; or feorme, MS.) +Heardrēd falls, probably through treachery, by the hand of one of the +brothers, 2386, 2207. The murderer must have been Ēanmund, to whom, +according to 2613, "in battle the revenge of Wēohstān brings death." +Wēohstān takes revenge for his murdered king, and exercises upon Ēanmund's +body the booty-right, and robs it of helm, breastplate, and sword +(2616-17), which the slain man had received as gifts from his uncle, Onela, +2617-18. But Wēohstān does not speak willingly of this fight, although he +has slain Onela's brother's son, 2619-20.--After Heardrēd's and Ēanmund's +death, the descendant of Ongenþēow, Ēadgils, returns to his home, 2388. He +must give way before Bēowulf, who has, since Heardrēd's death, ascended the +throne of the Gēatas, 2390. But Bēowulf remembers it against him in after +days, and the old feud breaks out anew, 2392-94. Ēadgils makes an invasion +into the land of the Gēatas (2394-95), during which he falls at the hands +of Bēowulf, 2397. The latter must have then obtained the sovereignty over +the Swēonas (3005-6, where only the version, Scylfingas, can give a +satisfactory sense). + +Eofor (gen. Eofores, 2487, 2965; dat. Jofore, 2994, 2998), one of the +Gēatas, son of Wonrēd and brother of Wulf (2965, 2979), kills the Swedish +king, Ongenþēow (2487 ff., 2978-82), for which he receives from King +Hygelāc, along with other gifts, his only daughter in marriage, 2994-99. + +Eormen-rīc (gen. Eormenrīces, 1202), king of the Goths (cf. about him, W. +Grimm, Deutsche Heldensage, p. 2, ff.). Hāma has wrested the Brōsinga mene +from him, 1202. + +Eomǣr, son of Offa and Þrȳðo (cf. Þrȳðo), 1961. + +Eotenas (gen. pl. Eotena, 1073, 1089, 1142; dat. Eotenum, 1146), the +subjects of Finn, the North Frisians: distinguished from eoton, _giant_. +Vid eoton. Cf. Bugge, Beit., xii. 37; Earle, Beowulf in Prose, pp. 146, +198. + +Finn (gen. Finnes, 1069, etc.; dat. Finne, 1129), son of Folcwalda (1090), +king of the North Frisians, i.e. of the Eotenas, husband of Hildeburg, a +daughter of Hōc, 1072, 1077. He is the hero of the inserted poem on the +Attack in Finnsburg, the obscure incidents of which are, perhaps, as +follows: In Finn's castle, Finnsburg, situated in Jutland (1126-28), the +Hōcing, Hnæf, a relative--perhaps a brother--of Hildeburg is spending some +time as guest. Hnæf, who is a liegeman of the Danish king, Healfdene, has +sixty men with him (Finnsburg, 38). These are treacherously attacked one +night by Finn's men, 1073. For five days they hold the doors of their +lodging-place without losing one of their number (Finnsburg, 41, 42). Then, +however, Hnæf is slain (1071), and the Dane, Hengest, who was among Hnæf's +followers, assumes the command of the beleaguered band. But on the +attacking side the fight has brought terrible losses to Finn's men. Their +numbers are diminished (1081 f.), and Hildeburg bemoans a son and a brother +among the fallen (1074 f., cf. 1116, 1119). Therefore the Frisians offer +the Danes peace (1086) under the conditions mentioned (1087-1095), and it +is confirmed with oaths (1097), and money is given by Finn in propitiation +(1108). Now all who have survived the battle go together to Friesland, the +homo proper of Finn, and here Hengest remains during the winter, prevented +by ice and storms from returning home (Grein). But in spring the feud +breaks out anew. Gūðlāf and Oslāf avenge Hnæf's fall, probably after they +have brought help from home (1150). In the battle, the hall is filled with +the corpses of the enemy. Finn himself is killed, and the queen is captured +and carried away, along with the booty, to the land of the Danes, +1147-1160. + +Finna land. Bēowulf reaches it in his swimming-race with Breca, 580. + +Fitela, the son and nephew of the Wälsing, Sigemund, and his companion in +arms, 876-890. (Sigemund had begotten Fitela by his sister, Signȳ. Cf. +more at length Leo on Bēowulf, p. 38 ff., where an extract from the legend +of the Walsungs is given.) + +Folc-walda (gen. Folc-waldan, 1090), Finn's father, 1090. + +Francan (gen. Francna, 1211; dat. Froncum, 2913). King Hygelāc fell on an +expedition against the allied Franks, Frisians, and Hūgas, 1211, 2917. + +Frēsan, Frȳsan (gen. Frēsena, 1094, Frȳsna, 1105, Frēsna, 2916: dat. +Frȳsum, 1208, 2913). To be distinguished, are: 1) North Frisians, whose +king is Finn, 1069 ff.; 2) West Frisians, in alliance with the Franks and +Hūgas, in the war against whom Hygelāc falls, 1208, 2916. The country of +the former is called Frȳsland, 1127; that of the latter, Frēsna land, +2916. + +Fr..es wæl (in Fr..es wæle, 1071), mutilated proper name. + +Frēawaru, daughter of the Danish king, Hrōðgār; given in marriage to +Ingeld, the son of the Heaðobeard king, Frōda, in order to end a war +between the Danes and the Heaðobeardnas, 2023 ff., 2065. + +Frōda (gen. Frōdan), father of Ingeld, the husband of Frēaware, 2026. + +Gārmund (gen. Gārmundes, 1963) father of Offa. His grandson is Ēomǣr, +1961-63. + +Gēatas (gen. Gēata, 205, etc.; dat. Gēatum, 195, etc.), a tribe in Southern +Scandinavia, to which the hero of this poem belongs; also called +Wedergēatas, 1493, 2552; or, Wederas, 225, 423, etc.; Gūðgēatas, 1539; +Sǣgēatas, 1851, 1987. Their kings named in this poem are: Hrēðel; Hæðcyn, +second son of Hrēðel; Hygelāc, the brother of Hæðcyn; Heardrēd, son of +Hygelāc; then Bēowulf. + +Gifðas (dat. Gifðum, 2495), Gepidǣ, mentioned in connection with Danes and +Swedes, 2495. + +Grendel, a fen-spirit (102-3) of Cain's race, 107, 111, 1262, 1267. He +breaks every night into Hrōðgār's hall and carries off thirty warriors, 115 +ff., 1583ff. He continues this for twelve years, till Bēowulf fights with +him (147, 711 ff.), and gives him a mortal wound, in that he tears out one +of his arms (817), which is hung up as a trophy in the roof of Heorot, 837. +Grendel's mother wishes to avenge her son, and the following night breaks +into the hall and carries off Æschere, 1295. Bēowulf seeks for and finds +her home in the fen-lake (1493 ff.), fights with her (1498 ff.), and kills +her (1567); and cuts off the head of Grendel, who lay there dead (1589), +and brings it to Hrōðgār, 1648. + +Gūð-lāf and Oslāf, Danish warriors under Hnæf, whose death they avenge on +Finn, 1149. + +Hālga, with the surname, _til_, the younger brother of the Danish king, +Hrōðgār, 61. His son is Hrōðulf, 1018, 1165, 1182. + +Hāma wrests the _Brōsinga mene_ from Eormenrīc, 1199. + +Hæreð (gen. Hæreðes, 1982), father of Hygd, the wife of Hygelāc, 1930, +1982. + +Hæðcyn (dat. Hæðcynne, 2483), second son of Hrēðel, king of the Gēatas, +2435. Kills his oldest brother, Herebeald, accidentally, with an arrow, +2438 ff. After Hrēðel's death, he obtains the kingdom, 2475, 2483. He falls +at Ravenswood, in the battle against the Swedish king, Ongenþēow, 2925. His +successor is his younger brother, Hygelāc, 2944 ff., 2992. + +Helmingas (gen. Helminga, 621). From them comes Wealhþēow, Hrōðgār's wife, +621. + +Heming (gen. Heminges, 1945, 1962). Offa is called Heminges mǣg, 1945; +Ēomǣr, 1962. According to Bachlechner (Pfeiffer's Germania, I., p. 458), +Heming is the son of the sister of Gārmund, Offa's father. + +Hengest (gen. Hengestes, 1092; dat. Hengeste, 1084): about him and his +relations to Hnæf and Finn, see Finn. + +Here-beald (dat. Herebealde, 2464), the oldest son of Hrēðel, king of the +Gēatas (2435), accidentally killed with an arrow by his younger brother, +Hæðcyn, 2440. + +Here-mōd (gen. Heremōdes, 902), king of the Danes, not belonging to the +Scylding dynasty, but, according to Grein, immediately preceding it; is, on +account of his unprecedented cruelty, driven out, 902 ff., 1710. + +Here-rīc (gen. Hererīces, 2207) Heardrēd is called Hererīces nefa, 2207. +Nothing further is known of him. + +Het-ware or Franks, in alliance with the Frisians and the Hūgas, conquer +Hygelāc, king of the Gēatas, 2355, 2364 ff., 2917. + +Healf-dene (gen. Healfdenes, 189, etc.), son of Bēowulf, the Scylding (57); +rules the Danes long and gloriously (57 f.); has three sons, Heorogār, +Hrōðgār, and Hālga (61), and a daughter, Elan, who, according to the +renewed text of the passage, was married to the Scylfing, Ongenþēow, 62, +63. + +Heard-rēd (dat. Heardrēde, 2203, 2376), son of Hygelāc, king of the Gēatas, +and Hygd. After his father's death, while still under age, he obtains the +throne (2371, 2376, 2379); wherefore Bēowulf, as nephew of Heardrēd's +father, acts as guardian to the youth till he becomes older, 2378. He is +slain by Ōhthere's sons, 2386. This murder Bēowulf avenges on Ēadgils, +2396-97. + +Heaðo-beardnas (gen. -beardna, 2033, 2038, 2068), the tribe of the +Lombards. Their king, Frōda, has fallen in a war with the Danes, 2029, +2051. In order to end the feud, King Hrōðgār has given his daughter, +Frēawaru, as wife to the young Ingeld, the son of Frōda, a marriage that +does not result happily; for Ingeld, though he long defers it on account of +his love for his wife, nevertheless takes revenge for his father, 2021-2070 +(Wīdsīð, 45-49). + +Heaðo-lāf (dat. Heaðo-lāfe, 460), a Wylfingish warrior. Ecgþēow, Bēowulf's +father, kills him, 460. + +Heaðo-rǣmas reached by B. in the swimming-race with Bēowulf, 519. + +Heoro-gār (nom. 61; Heregār, 467; Hiorogār, 2159), son of Healfdene, and +older brother of Hrōðgār, 61. His death is mentioned, 467. He has a son, +Heoroweard, 2162. His coat of mail Bēowulf has received from Hrōðgār +(2156), and presents it to Hygelāc, 2158. + +Heoro-weard (dat. Heorowearde, 2162), Heorogār's son, 2161-62. + +Heort, 78. Heorot, 166 (gen. Heorotes, 403; dat. Heorote, 475, Heorute, +767, Hiorte, 2100). Hrōðgār's throne-room and banqueting hall and +assembly-room for his liegemen, built by him with unusual splendor, 69, 78. +In it occurs Bēowulf's fight with Grendel, 720 ff. The hall receives its +name from the stag's antlers, of which the one-half crowns the eastern +gable, the other half the western. + +Hildeburh, daughter of Hōc, relative of the Danish leader, Hnæf, consort of +the Frisian king, Finn. After the fall of the latter, she becomes a captive +of the Danes, 1072, 1077, 1159. See also under Finn. + +Hnæf (gen. Hnæfes, 1115), a Hōcing (Wīdsīð, 29), the Danish King +Healfdene's general, 1070 ff. For his fight with Finn, his death and +burial, see under Finn. + +Hond-scīo, warrior of the Gēatas: dat. 2077. + +Hōc (gen. Hōces, 1077), father of Hildeburh, 1077; probably also of Hnæf +(Wīdsīð, 29). + +Hrēðel (gen. Hrēðles, 1486), son of Swerting, 1204. King of the Gēatas, +374. He has, besides, a daughter, who is married to Ecgþēow, and has borne +him Bēowulf, (374), three sons, Herebeald, Hæðcyn, and Hygelāc, 2435. The +eldest of these is accidentally killed by the second, 2440. On account of +this inexpiable deed, Hrēðel becomes melancholy (2443), and dies, 2475. + +Hrēðla (gen. Hrēðlan, MS. Hrǣdlan, 454), the same as Hrēðel (cf. Müllenhoff +in Haupts Zeitschrift, 12, 260), the former owner of Bēowulf's coat of +mail, 454. + +Hrēðling, son of Hrēðel, Hygelāc: nom. sg. 1924; nom. pl., the subjects of +Hygelāc, the Geats, 2961. + +Hrēð-men (gen. Hrēð-manna, 445), the Danes are so called, 445. + +Hrēð-rīc, son of Hrōðgār, 1190, 1837. + +Hrefna-wudu, 2926, or Hrefnes-holt, 2936, the thicket near which the +Swedish king, Ongenþēow, slew Hæðcyn, king of the Gēatas, in battle. + +Hrēosna-beorh, promontory in the land of the Gēatas, near which Ongenþēow's +sons, Ōhthere and Onela, had made repeated robbing incursions into the +country after Hrēðel's death. These were the immediate cause of the war in +which Hrēðel's son, King Hæcyn, fell, 2478 ff. + +Hrōð-gār (gen. Hrōðgāres, 235, etc.; dat. Hrōðgāre, 64, etc.), of the +dynasty of the Scyldings; the second of the three sons of King Healfdene, +61. After the death of his elder brother, Heorogār, he assumes the +government of the Danes, 465, 467 (yet it is not certain whether Heorogār +was king of the Danes before Hrōðgār, or whether his death occurred while +his father, Healfdene, was still alive). His consort is Wealhþēow (613), of +the stock of the Helmings (621), who has borne him two sons, Hrēðrīc and +Hrōðmund (1190), and a daughter, Frēaware (2023), who has been given in +marriage to the king of the Heaðobeardnas, Ingeld. His throne-room (78 +ff.), which has been built at great cost (74 ff.), is visited every night +by Grendel (102, 115), who, along with his mother, is slain by Bēowulf (711 +ff., 1493 ff). Hrōðgār's rich gifts to Bēowulf, in consequence, 1021, 1818; +he is praised as being generous, 71 ff., 80, 1028 ff., 1868 ff.; as being +brave, 1041 ff., 1771 ff.; and wise, 1699, 1725.--Other information about +Hrōðgār's reign for the most part only suggested: his expiation of the +murder which Ecgþēow, Bēowulf's father, committed upon Heaðolāf, 460, 470; +his war with the Heaðobeardnas; his adjustment of it by giving his +daughter, Frēaware, in marriage to their king, Ingeld; evil results of this +marriage, 2021-2070.--Treachery of his brother's son, Hrōðulf, intimated, +1165-1166. + +Hrōð-mund, Hrōðgār's son, 1190. + +Hrōð-ulf, probably a son of Hālga, the younger brother of King Hrōðgār, +1018, 1182. Wealhþēow expresses the hope (1182) that, in case of the early +death of Hrōðgār, Hrōð-ulf would prove a good guardian to Hrōðgār's young +son, who would succeed to the government; a hope which seems not to have +been accomplished, since it appears from 1165, 1166 that Hrōð-ulf has +abused his trust towards Hrōðgār. + +Hrones-næs (dat. -næsse, 2806, 3137), a promontory on the coast of the +country of the Gēatas, visible from afar. Here is Bēowulf's grave-mound, +2806, 3137. + +Hrunting (dat. Hruntinge, 1660), Hunferð's sword, is so called, 1458, 1660. + +Hūgas (gen. Hūga, 2503), Hygelāc wars against them allied with the Franks +and Frisians, and falls, 2195 ff. One of their heroes is called Dæghrefn, +whom Bēowulf slays, 2503. + +[H]ūn-ferð, the son of Ecglāf, þyle of King Hrōðgār. As such, he has his +place near the throne of the king, 499, 500, 1167. He lends his sword, +Hrunting, to Bēowulf for his battle with Grendel's mother, 1456 f. +According to 588, 1168, he slew his brothers. Since his name is always +alliterated with vowels, it is probable that the original form was, as +Rieger (Zachers Ztschr., 3, 414) conjectures, Unferð. + +Hūn-lāfing, name of a costly sword, which Finn presents to Hengest, 1144. +See Note. + +Hygd (dat. Hygde, 2173), daughter of Hæreð, 1930; consort of Hygelāc, king +of the Gēatas, 1927; her son, Heardrēd, 2203, etc.--Her noble, womanly +character is emphasized, 1927 ff. + +Hyge-lāc (gen. Hige-lāces, 194, etc., Hygelāces, 2387; dat. Higelāce, 452, +Hygelāce, 2170), king of the Gēatas, 1203, etc. His grandfather is +Swerting, 1204; his father, Hrēðel, 1486, 1848; his older brothers, +Herebeald and Hæðcyn, 2435; his sister's son, Bēowulf, 374, 375. After his +brother, Hæðcyn, is killed by Ongenþēow, he undertakes the government (2992 +in connection with the preceding from 2937 on). To Eofor he gives, as +reward for slaying Ongenþēow, his only daughter in marriage, 2998. But much +later, at the time of the return of Bēowulf from his expedition to Hrōðgār, +we see him married to the very young Hygd, the daughter of Hæreð, 1930. The +latter seems, then, to have been his second wife. Their son is Heardrēd, +2203, 2376, 2387.--Hygelāc falls during an expedition against the Franks, +Frisians, and Hūgas, 1206, 1211, 2356-59, 2916-17. + +Ingeld (dat. Ingelde, 2065), son of Frōda, the Heaðobeard chief, who fell +in a battle with the Danes, 2051 ff. in order to end the war, Ingeld is +married to Frēawaru, daughter of the Danish king, Hrōðgār, 2025-30. Yet his +love for his young wife can make him forget only for a short while his +desire to avenge his father. He finally carries it out, excited thereto by +the repeated admonitions of an old warrior, 2042-70 (Wīdsīð, 45-59). + +Ing-wine (gen. Ingwina, 1045, 1320), friends of Ing, the first king of the +East Danes. The Danes are so called, 1045, 1320. + +Mere-wīoingas (gen. Mere-wīoinga, 2922), as name of the Franks, 2922. + +Nægling, the name of Bēowulf's sword, 2681. + +Offa (gen. Offan, 1950), king of the Angles (Wīdsīð, 35), the son of +Gārmund, 1963; married (1950) to Þrȳðo (1932), a beautiful but cruel +woman, of unfeminine spirit (1932 ff.), by whom he has a son, Ēomǣr, 1961. + +Ōht-here (gen. Ōhtheres, 2929, 2933; Ōhteres, 2381, 2393, 2395, 2613), son +of Ongenþēow, king of the Swedes, 2929. His sons are Ēanmund (2612) and +Ēadgils, 2393. + +Onela (gen. Onelan, 2933), Ōhthere's brother, 2617, 2933. + +Ongen-þēow (nom. -þēow, 2487, -þīo, 2952; gen. -þēowes, 2476, -þīowes, +2388; dat. -þīo, 2987), of the dynasty of the Scylfings; king of the +Swedes, 2384. His wife is, perhaps, Elan, daughter of the Danish king, +Healfdene (62), and mother of two sons, Onela and Ōhthere, 2933. She is +taken prisoner by Hæðcyn, king of the Gēatas, on an expedition into Sweden, +which he undertakes on account of her sons' plundering raids into his +country, 2480 ff. She is set free by Ongenþēow (2931), who kills Hæðcyn, +2925, and encloses the Gēatas, now deprived of their leader, in the +Ravenswood (2937 ff.), till they are freed by Hygelāc, 2944. A battle then +follows, which is unfavorable to Ongenþēow's army. Ongenþēow himself, +attacked by the brothers, Wulf and Eofor, is slain by the latter, 2487 ff., +2962 ff. + +Ōs-lāf, a warrior of Hnæf's, who avenges on Finn his leader's death, 1149 +f. + +Scede-land, 19. Sceden-īg (dat. Sceden-īgge, 1687), O.N., Scān-ey, the most +southern portion of the Scandinavian peninsula, belonging to the Danish +kingdom, and, in the above-mentioned passages of our poem, a designation of +the whole Danish kingdom. + +Scēf or Scēaf. See Note. + +Scēfing, the son (?) of Scēf, or Scēaf, reputed father of Scyld, 4. See +Note. + +Scyld (gen. Scyldes, 19), a Scēfing. 4. His son is Bēowulf, 18, 53: his +grandson, Healfdene, 57; his great-grandson, Hrōðgār, who had two brothers +and a sister, 59 ff.--Scyld dies, 26; his body, upon a decorated ship, is +given over to the sea (32 ff.), just as he, when a child, drifted alone, +upon a ship, to the land of the Danes, 43 ff. After him his descendants +bear his name. + +Scyldingas (Scyldungas, 2053; gen. Scyldinga, 53, etc., Scyldunga, 2102, +2160; dat. Scyldingum, 274, etc.), a name which is extended also to the +Danes, who are ruled by the Scyldings, 53, etc. They are also called +Ār-Scyldingas, 464; Sige-Scyldingas, 598, 2005; Þēod-Scyldingas, 1020; +Here-Scyldingas, 1109. + +Scylfingas, a Swedish royal family, whose relationship seems to extend to +the Gēatas, since Wīglāf, the son of Wīhstān, who in another place, as a +kinsman of Bēowulf, is called a Wǣgmunding (2815), is also called lēod +Scylfinga, 2604. The family connections are perhaps as follows:-- + + Scylf. + | + ------------------------ + Wǣgmund. ....... + | | +------------------ ---------- +Ecgþēow. Wēohstān. Ongenþēow. + | | | +-------- -------- --------------- +Bēowulf. Wīglāf. Onela. Ōhthere. + | + ----------------- + Ēaumund. Ēadgils. + +The Scylfings are also called Heaðo-Scilfingas, 63, Gūð-Scylfingas, 2928. + +Sige-mund (dat. -munde, 876, 885), the son of Wæls, 878, 898. His (son and +) nephew is Fitela, 880, 882. His fight with the drake, 887 ff. + +Swerting (gen. Swertinges, 1204), Hygelāc's grandfather, and Hrēðel's +father, 1204. + +Swēon (gen. Swēona, 2473, 2947, 3002), also Swēo-þēod, 2923. The dynasty of +the Scylfings rules over them, 2382, 2925. Their realm is called Swīorice, +2384, 2496. + +Þrȳðo, consort of the Angle king, Offa, 1932, 1950. Mother of Ēomǣr, 1961, +notorious on account of her cruel, unfeminine character, 1932 ff. She is +mentioned as the opposite to the mild, dignified Hygd, the queen of the +Gēatas. + +Wæls (gen. Wælses, 898), father of Sigemund, 878, 898. + +Wǣg-mundingas (gen. Wǣgmundinga, 2608, 2815). The Wǣgmundings are on one +side, Wīhstān and his son Wīglāf; on the other side, Ecgþēow and his son +Bēowulf (2608, 2815). See under Scylfingas. + +Wederas (gen. Wedera, 225, 423, 498, etc.), or Weder-gēatas. See Gēatas. + +Wēland (gen. Wēlandes, 455), the maker of Bēowulf's coat of mail, 455. + +Wendlas (gen. Wendla, 348): their chief is Wulfgār. See Wulfgār. The +Wendlas are, according to Grundtvig and Bugge, the inhabitants of Vendill, +the most northern part of Jutland, between Limfjord and the sea. + +Wealh-þēow (613, Wealh-þēo, 665, 1163), the consort of King Hrōðgār, of the +stock of the Helmings, 621. Her sons are Hrēðrīc and Hrōðmund, 1190; her +daughter, Frēawaru, 2023. + +Wēoh-stān (gen. Wēox-stānes, 2603, Wēoh-stānes, 2863, Wih-stānes, 2753, +2908, etc.), a Wǣgmunding (2608), father of Wīglāf, 2603. In what +relationship to him Ælfhere, mentioned 2605, stands, is not +clear.--Wēohstān is the slayer of Ēanmund (2612), in that, as it seems, he +takes revenge for his murdered king, Heardrēd. See Ēanmund. + +Wīg-lāf, Wēohstān's son, 2603, etc., a Wǣgmunding, 2815, and so also a +Scylfing, 2604; a kinsman of Ælfhere, 2605. For his relationship to +Bēowulf, see the genealogical table under Scylfingas.--He supports Bēowulf +in his fight with the drake, 2605 ff., 2662 ff. The hero gives him, before +his death, his ring, his helm, and his coat of mail, 2810 ff. + +Won-rēd (gen. Wonrēdes, 2972), father of Wulf and Eofor, 2966, 2979. + +Wulf (dat. Wulfe, 2994), one of the Gēatas, Wonrēd's son. He fights in the +battle between the armies of Hygelāc and Ongenþēow with Ongenþēow himself, +and gives him a wound (2966), whereupon Ongenþēow, by a stroke of his +sword, disables him, 2975. Eofor avenges his brother's fall by dealing +Ongenþēow a mortal blow, 2978 ff. + +Wulf-gār, chief of the Wendlas, 348, lives at Hrōðgār's court, and is his +"ār and ombiht," 335. + +Wylfingas (dat. Wylfingum, 461). Ecgþēow has slain Heoðolāf, a warrior of +this tribe, 460. + +Yrmen-lāf, younger brother of Æschere, 1325. + + + + +ABBREVIATIONS. + +B.: Bugge. +Br.: S.A. Brooke, Hist. of Early Eng. Lit. +C.: Cosijn. +E.: Earle, Deeds of Beowulf in Prose. +G.: Garnett, Translation of Beowulf +Gr.: Grein. +H.: Heyne. +Ha.: Hall, Translation of Beowulf. +H.-So.: Heyne-Socin, 5th ed. +Ho.: Holder. +K.: Kemble. +Kl.: Kluge. +Müllenh.: Müllenhoff. +R.: Rieger. +S.: Sievers. +Sw.: Sweet, Anglo-Saxon Reader, 6th ed. +Ten Br.: Ten Brink. +Th.: Thorpe. +Z.: Zupitza. + +PERIODICALS. + +Ang.: Anglia. +Beit.: Paul und Branne's Beiträge. +Eng. Stud.: Englische Studien. +Germ.: Germania. +Haupts Zeitschr.: Haupts Zeitschrift, etc. +Mod. Lang. Notes: Modern Language Notes. +Tidskr.: Tidskrift for Philologi. +Zachers Zeitschr.: Zachers Zeitschrift, etc. + + +NOTES. + +l. 1. hwæt: for this interjectional formula opening a poem, cf. _Andreas, +Daniel, Juliana, Exodus, Fata Apost., Dream of the Rood_, and the +"Listenith lordinges!" of mediaeval lays.--E. Cf. Chaucer, Prologue, ed. +Morris, l. 853: + +"Sin I shal beginne the game, _What_, welcome be the cut, a Goddes name!" + +wē ... gefrūnon is a variant on the usual epic formulǣ ic gefrægn (l. 74) +and mīne gefrǣge (l. 777). _Exodus, Daniel, Phoenix_, etc., open with the +same formula. + +l. 1. "Gār was the javelin, armed with two of which the warrior went into +battle, and which he threw over the 'shield-wall.' It was barbed."--Br. +124. Cf. _Maldon_, l. 296; _Judith_, l. 224; _Gnom. Verses_, l. 22; etc. + +l. 4. "Scild of the Sheaf, not 'Scyld the son of Scaf'; for it is too +inconsistent, even in myth, to give a patronymic to a foundling. According +to the original form of the story, Scēaf was the foundling; he had come +ashore with a sheaf of corn, and from that was named. This form of the +story is preserved in Ethelwerd and in William of Malmesbury. But here the +foundling is Scyld, and we must suppose he was picked up with the sheaf, +and hence his cognomen."--E., p. 105. Cf. the accounts of Romulus and +Remus, of Moses, of Cyrus, etc. + +l. 6. egsian is also used in an active sense (not in the Gloss.), = _to +terrify_. + +l. 15. S. suggests þā (_which_) for þæt, as object of drēogan; and for +aldor-lēase, Gr. suggested aldor-ceare.--_Beit_. ix. 136. + +S. translates: "For God had seen the dire need which the rulerless ones +before endured." + +l. 18. "Beowulf (that is, Beaw of the Anglo-Saxon genealogists, not our +Beowulf, who was a Geat, not a Dane), 'the son of Scyld in Scedeland.' This +is our ancestral myth,--the story of the first culture-hero of the North; +'the patriarch,' as Rydberg calls him, 'of the royal families of Sweden, +Denmark, Angeln, Saxland, and England.'"--Br., p. 78. Cf. _A.-S. Chron._ +an. 855. + +H.-So. omits parenthetic marks, and reads (after S., _Beit._ ix. 135) +eaferan; cf. _Fata Apost._: lof wīde sprang þēodnes þegna. + +"The name _Bēowulf_ means literally 'Bee-wolf,' wolf or ravager of the +bees, = bear. Cf. _beorn_, 'hero,' originally 'bear,' and _bēohata_, +'warrior,' in Cǣdmon, literally 'bee-hater' or 'persecutor,' and hence +identical in meaning with _bēowulf_."--Sw. + +Cf. + +"Arcite and Palamon, That foughten _breme_, as it were bores two." +--Chaucer, _Knightes Tale_, l. 841, ed. Morris. + +Cf. M. Müller, _Science of Lang._, Sec. Series, pp. 217, 218; and Hunt's +_Daniel_, 104. + +l. 19. Cf. l. 1866, where Scedenig is used, = _Scania_, in Sweden(?). + +l. 21. wine is pl.; cf. its apposition wil-gesīðas below. H.-So. compares +_Héliand_, 1017, for language almost identical with ll. 20, 21. + +l. 22. on ylde: cf. + +"_In elde_ is bothe wisdom and usage." --Chaucer, _Knightes Tale_, l. 1590, +ed. Morris. + +l. 26. Reflexive objects often pleonastically accompany verbs of motion; +cf. ll. 234, 301, 1964, etc. + +l. 31. The object of āhte is probably geweald, to be supplied from wordum +wēold of l. 30.--H.-So. + +R., Kl., and B. all hold conflicting views of this passage: _Beit._ xii. +80, ix. 188; _Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 382, etc. Kl. suggests lǣndagas for +lange. + +l. 32. "hringed-stefna is sometimes translated 'with curved prow,' but it +means, I think, that in the prow were fastened rings through which the +cables were passed that tied it to the shore."--Br., p. 26. Cf. ll. 1132, +1898. Hring-horni was the mythic ship of the Edda. See Toller-Bosworth for +three different views; and cf. wunden-stefna (l. 220), hring-naca (l. +1863). + +ll. 34-52. Cf. the burial of Haki on a funeral-pyre ship, _Inglinga Saga;_ +the burial of Balder, Sinfiötli, Arthur, etc. + +l. 35. "And this [their joy in the sea] is all the plainer from the number +of names given to the ship-names which speak their pride and affection. It +is the AEtheling's vessel, the Floater, the Wave-swimmer, the Ring-sterned, +the Keel, the Well-bound wood, the Sea-wood, the Sea-ganger, the Sea-broad +ship, the Wide-bosomed, the Prow-curved, the Wood of the curved neck, the +Foam-throated floater that flew like a bird."--Br., p. 168. + +l. 49. "We know from Scandinavian graves ... that the illustrious dead were +buried ... in ships, with their bows to sea-ward; that they were however +not sent to sea, but were either burnt in that position, or mounded over +with earth."--E. See Du Chaillu, _The Viking Age_, xix. + +l. 51. (1) sele-rǣdende (K., S., C.); (2) sēle-rǣdenne (H.); (3) +sele-rǣdende (H.-So.). Cf. l. 1347; and see Ha. + +l. 51. E. compares with this canto Tennyson's "Passing of Arthur" and the +legendary burial-journey of St. James of Campostella, an. 800. + +l. 53. The poem proper begins with this, "There was once upon a time," the +first 52 lines being a prelude. Eleven of the "fitts," or cantos, begin +with the monosyllable þā, four with the verb gewītan, nine with the formula +Hrōðgār (Bēowulf, Unferð) maðelode, twenty-four with monosyllables in +general (him, swā, sē, hwæt, þā, heht, wæs, mæg, cwōm, strǣt). + +l. 58. gamel. "The ... characteristics of the poetry are the use of archaic +forms and words, such as mec for mé, the possessive sín, gamol, dógor, swát +for eald, dǣg, blód, etc., after they had become obsolete in the prose +language, and the use of special compounds and phrases, such as hildenǣdre +(_war-adder_) for 'arrow,' gold-gifa (_gold-giver_) for 'king,' ... +goldwine gumena (_goldfriend of men, distributor of gold to men_) for +'king,'" etc.--Sw. Other poetic words are ides, ielde (_men_), etc. + +l. 60. H.-So. reads rǣswa (referring to Heorogār alone), and places a point +(with the Ms.) after Heorogār instead of after rǣswa. Cf. l. 469; see B., +_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 193. + +l. 62. Elan here (OHG. _Elana, Ellena, Elena, Elina, Alyan_) is thought by +B. (_Tidskr._ viii. 43) to be a remnant of the masc. name Onela, and he +reads: [On-]elan ewēn, Heaðoscilfingas(=es) healsgebedda. + +l. 68. For hē, omitted here, cf. l. 300. Pronouns are occasionally thus +omitted in subord. clauses.--Sw. + +l. 70. þone, here = þonne, _than_, and micel = māre? The passage, by a +slight change, might be made to read, medo-ærn micle mā gewyrcean,--þone = +_by much larger than_,--in which þone (þonne) would come in naturally. + +l. 73. folc-scare. Add _folk-share_ to the meanings in the Gloss.; and cf. +gūð-scearu. + +l. 74. ic wide gefrægn: an epic formula very frequent in poetry, = _men +said._ Cf. _Judith_, ll. 7, 246; _Phoenix_, l. 1; and the parallel (noun) +formula, mīne gefrǣge, ll. 777, 838, 1956, etc. + +ll. 78-83. "The hall was a rectangular, high-roofed, wooden building, its +long sides facing north and south. The two gables, at either end, had +stag-horns on their points, curving forwards, and these, as well as the +ridge of the roof, were probably covered with shining metal, and glittered +bravely in the sun."--Br., p. 32. + +l. 84. _Son-in-law and father-in-law;_ B., a so-called _dvanda_ compound. +Cf. l. 1164, where a similar compound means _uncle and nephew;_ and +Wīdsīð's suhtorfǣdran, used of the same persons. + +l. 88. "The word drēam conveys the buzz and hum of social happiness, and +more particularly the sound of music and singing."--E. Cf. l. 3021; and +_Judith_, l. 350; _Wanderer_, l. 79, etc. + +ll. 90-99. There is a suspicious similarity between this passage and the +lines attributed by Bede to Cǣdmon: + +Nū wē sculan herian heofonrices Weard, etc. --Sw., p. 47. + +ll. 90-98 are probably the interpolation of a Christian scribe. + +ll. 92-97. "The first of these Christian elements [in _Bēowulf_] is the +sense of a fairer, softer world than that in which the Northern warriors +lived.... Another Christian passage (ll. 107, 1262) derives all the demons, +eotens, elves, and dreadful sea-beasts from the race of Cain. The folly of +sacrificing to the heathen gods is spoken of (l. 175).... The other point +is the belief in immortality (ll. 1202, 1761)."--Br. 71. + +l. 100. Cf. l. 2211, where the third dragon of the poem is introduced in +the same words. Beowulf is the forerunner of that other national +dragon-slayer, St. George. + +l. 100. onginnan in _Bēowulf_ is treated like verbs of motion and modal +auxiliaries, and takes the object inf. without tō; cf. ll. 872, 1606, 1984, +244. Cf. _gan_ (= _did_) in Mid. Eng.: _gan_ espye (Chaucer, _Knightes +Tale_, l. 254, ed. Morris). + +l. 101. B. and H.-So. read, fēond on healle; cf. l. 142.--_Beit._ xii. + +ll. 101-151. "Grimm connects [Grendel] with the Anglo-Saxon grindel (_a +bolt_ or _bar_).... It carries with it the notion of the bolts and bars of +hell, and hence _a fiend._ ... Ettmüller was the first ... to connect the +name with grindan, _to grind, to crush to pieces, to utterly destroy._ +Grendel is then _the tearer, the destroyer_."--Br., p. 83. + +l. 102. gæst = _stranger_ (Ha.); cf. ll. 1139, 1442, 2313, etc. + +l. 103. See Ha., p. 4. + +l. 105 MS. and Ho. read won-sǣli. + +l. 106. "The perfect and pluperfect are often expressed, as in Modern +English, by hǣfð and hǣfde with the past participle."--Sw. Cf. ll. 433, +408, 940, 205 (p. p. inflected in the last two cases), etc. + +l. 106. S. destroys period here, reads in Caines, etc., and puts þone ... +drihten in parenthesis. + +l. 108. þæs þe = _because_, especially after verbs of thanking (cf. ll. +228, 627, 1780, 2798); _according as_ (l. 1351). + +l. 108. The def. article is omitted with Drihten (_Lord_) and Deofol +(_devil_; cf. l. 2089), as it is, generally, sparingly employed in poetry; +cf. tō sǣ (l. 318), ofer sǣ (l. 2381), on lande (l. 2311), tō ræste (l. +1238), on wicge (l. 286), etc., etc. + +l. 119. weras (S., H.-So.); wera (K., Th.).--_Beit._ ix. 137. + +l. 120. unfǣlo = _uncanny_ (R.). + +l. 131. E. translates, _majestic rage;_ adopting Gr.'s view that swyð is = +Icel. sviði, _a burn_ or _burning_. Cf. l. 737. + +l. 142. B. supposes heal-þegnes to be corrupted from helþegnes; cf. l. +101.--_Beit._ xii. 80. See Gūðlāc, l. 1042. + +l. 144. See Ha., p. 6, for S.'s rearrangement. + +l. 146. S. destroys period after sēlest, puts wæs ... micel in parenthesis, +and inserts a colon after tīd. + +l. 149. B. reads sārcwidum for syððan. + +l. 154. B. takes sibbe for accus. obj. of wolde, and places a comma after +Deniga.--_Beit._ xii. 82. + +l. 159. R. suggests ac se for atol. + +l. 168. H.-So. plausibly conjectures this parenthesis to be a late +insertion, as, at ll. 180-181, the Danes also are said to be heathen. +Another commentator considers the throne under a "spell of enchantment," +and therefore it could not be touched. + +l. 169. nē ... wisse: _nor had he desire to do so_ (W.). See Ha., p. 7, for +other suggestions. + +l. 169. myne wisse occurs in _Wanderer_, l. 27. + +l. 174. The gerundial inf. with tō expresses purpose, defines a noun or +adjective, or, with the verb be, expresses duty or necessity passively; cf. +ll. 257, 473, 1004, 1420, 1806, etc. Cf. tō + inf. at ll. 316, 2557. + +ll. 175-188. E. regards this passage as dating the time and place of the +poem relatively to the times of heathenism. Cf. the opening lines, _In days +of yore_, etc., as if the story, even then, were very old. + +l. 177. gāst-bona is regarded by Ettmüller and G. Stephens (_Thunor_, p. +54) as an epithet of Thor (= _giant-killer_), a kenning for Thunor or Thor, +meaning both _man_ and _monster_.--E. + +l. 189. Cf. l. 1993, where similar language is used. H.-So. takes both +mōd-ceare and mǣl-ceare as accus., others as instr. + +ll. 190, 1994. sēað: for this use of sēoðan cf. Bede, _Eccles. Hist._, ed. +Miller, p. 128, where p. p. soden is thus used. + +l. 194. fram hām = _in his home_ (S., H.-So.); but fram hām may be for fram +him (_from them_, i.e. _his people_, or _from Hrothgar's_). Cf. Ha., p. 8. + +l. 197. Cf. ll. 791, 807, for this fixed phrase. + +l. 200. See _Andreas, Elene_, and _Juliana_ for swan-rād (_= sea_). "The +swan is said to breed wild now no further away than the North of Sweden." +--E. Cf. ganotes bæð, l. 1862. + +l. 203. Concessive clauses with þēah, þēah þe, þēah ... eal, vary with +subj. and ind., according as fact or contingency is dominant in the mind; +cf. ll. 526, 1168, 2032, etc. (subj.), 1103, 1614 (ind.). Cf. gif, nefne. + +l. 204. hǣl, an OE. word found in Wülker's Glossaries in various forms, = +_augury, omen, divination_, etc. Cf. hǣlsere, _augur_; hǣl, _omen;_ +hǣlsung, _augurium_, hǣlsian, etc. Cf. Tac., _Germania_, 10. + +l. 207. C. adds "= _impetrare_" to the other meanings of findan given in +the Gloss. + +l. 217. Cf. l. 1910; and _Andreas_, l. 993.--E. E. compares Byron's + +"And fast and falcon-like the vessel flew," --_Corsair_, i. 17. + +and Scott's + +"Merrily, merrily bounds the bark." --_Lord of the Isles_, iv. 7. + +l. 218. Cf. + +"The fomy stedes on the golden brydel Gnawinge." --Chaucer, _Knightes +Tale_, l. 1648, ed. Morris. + +l 218. MS. and Ho. read fāmi-heals. + +l. 219. Does ān-tīd mean _hour_ (Th.), or _corresponding hour_ = ānd-tīd +(H.-So.), or _in due time_ (E.), or _after a time_, when ōþres, etc., would +be adv. gen.? See C., _Beit._ viii. 568. + +l. 224. eoletes may = (1) _voyage_; (2) _toil, labor_; (3) _hurried +journey;_ but _sea_ or _fjord_ appears preferable. + +ll. 229-257. "The scenery ... is laid on the coast of the North Sea and the +Kattegat, the first act of the poem among the Danes in Seeland, the second +among the Geats in South Sweden."--Br., p. 15. + +l. 239. "A shoal of simple terms express in _Bēowulf_ the earliest +sea-thoughts of the English.... The simplest term is Sǣ.... To this they +added Wǣter, Flod, Stream, Lagu, Mere, Holm, Grund, Heathu, Sund, Brim, +Garsecg, Eagor, Geofon, Fifel, Hron-rad, Swan-rad, Segl-rad, +Ganotes-bǣð."--Br., p. 163-166. + +l. 239. "The infinitive is often used in poetry after a verb of motion +where we should use the present participle."--Sw. Cf. ll. 711, 721, 1163 +1803, 268, etc. Cf. German _spazieren fahren reiten_, etc., and similar +constructions in French, etc. + +l. 240, W. reads hringed-stefnan for helmas bǣron. B. inserts (?) after +holmas and begins a new line at the middle of the verse. S. omits B.'s "on +the wall." + +l. 245. Double and triple negatives strengthen each other and do not +produce an affirmative in A.-S. or M. E. The neg. is often prefixed to +several emphatic words in the sentence, and readily contracts with vowels, +and h or w; cf. ll. 863, 182, 2125, 1509, 575, 583, 3016, etc. + +l. 249. seld-guma = _man-at-arms in another's house_ (Wood); = _low-ranking +fellow_ (Ha.); stubenhocker, _stay-at-home_ (Gr.), Scott's "carpet knight," +_Marmion_, i. 5. + +l. 250. næfne (nefne, nemne) usually takes the subj., = _unless_; cf. ll. +1057, 3055, 1553. For ind., = _except_, see l. 1354. Cf. būtan, gif, þēah. + +l. 250. For a remarkable account of armor and weapons in _Bēowulf_, see S. +A. Brooke, _Hist. of Early Eng. Lit._ For general "Old Teutonic Life in +Bēowulf," see J. A. Harrison, _Overland Monthly_. + +l. 252. ǣr as a conj. generally has subj., as here; cf. ll. 264, 677, 2819, +732. For ind., cf. l. 2020. + +l. 253. lēas = _loose_, _roving_. Ettmüller corrected to lēase. + +l. 256. This proverb (ofest, etc.) occurs in _Exod._ (Hunt), l. 293. + +l. 258. An "elder" may be a very young man; hence yldesta, = _eminent_, may +be used of Beowulf. Cf. _Laws of AElfred_, C. 17: Nā þæt ǣlc eald sȳ, ac +þæt hē eald sȳ on wīsdōme. + +l. 273. Verbs of hearing and seeing are often followed by acc. with inf.; +cf. ll. 229, 1024, 729, 1517, etc. Cf. German construction with _sehen, +horen_, etc., French construction with _voir, entendre_, etc., and the +classical constructions. + +l. 275. dǣd-hata = _instigator_. Kl. reads dǣd-hwata. + +l. 280. ed-wendan, n. (B.; cf. 1775), = edwenden, limited by bisigu. So ten +Br. = _Tidskr._ viii. 291. + +l. 287. "Each is denoted ... also by the strengthened forms ǽghwæðer +(ǽgðer), éghwæðer, etc. This prefixed ǽ, óe corresponds to the Goth, _aiw_, +OHG. _eo_, _io_, and is umlauted from á, ó by the i of the gi which +originally followed."--Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 190. + +l. 292. "All through the middle ages suits of armour are called +'weeds.'"--E. + +l. 299. MS. reads gōd-fremmendra. So H.-So. + +l. 303. "An English warrior went into battle with a boar-crested helmet, +and a round linden shield, with a byrnie of ringmail ... with two javelins +or a single ashen spear some eight or ten feet long, with a long two-edged +sword naked or held in an ornamental scabbard.... In his belt was a short, +heavy, one-edged sword, or rather a long knife, called the seax ... used +for close quarters."--Br., p. 121. + +l. 303. For other references to the boar-crest, cf. ll. 1112, 1287, 1454; +Grimm, _Myth._ 195; Tacitus, _Germania_, 45. "It was the symbol of their +[the Baltic AEstii's] goddess, and they had great faith in it as a +preservative from hard knocks."--E. See the print in the illus. ed. of +Green's _Short History_, Harper & Bros. + +l. 303. "See Kemble, _Saxons in England_, chapter on heathendom, and +Grimm's _Teutonic Mythology_, chapter on Freyr, for the connection these +and other writers establish between the Boar-sign and the golden boar which +Freyr rode, and his worship."--Br., p. 128. Cf. _Elene_, l. 50. + +l. 304. Gering proposes hlēor-bergan = _cheek-protectors_; cf. _Beit._ xii. +26. "A bronze disk found at Öland in Sweden represents two warriors in +helmets with boars as their crests, and cheek-guards under; these are the +hlēor-bergan."--E. Cf. hauberk, with its diminutive habergeon, < A.-S. +heals, _neck_ + beorgan, _to cover_ or _protect_; and harbor, < A.-S. here, +_army_ + beorgan, id.--_Zachers Zeitschr._ xii. 123. Cf. cinberge, Hunt's +_Exod._ l. 175. + +l. 305. For ferh wearde and gūðmōde grummon, B. and ten Br. read +ferh-wearde (l. 305) and gūðmōdgum men (l. 306), = _the boar-images ... +guarded the lives of the warlike men_. + +l. 311. lēoma: cf. Chaucer, _Nonne Preestes Tale_, l. 110, ed. Morris: + +"To dremen in here dremes Of armes, and of fyr with rede _lemes_." + +l. 318. On the double gender of sǣ, cf. Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 147; and +note the omitted article at ll. 2381, 318, 544, with the peculiar tmesis of +_between_ at ll. 859, 1298, 1686, 1957. So _Cǣdmon_, l. 163 (Thorpe), +_Exod._ l. 562 (Hunt), etc. + +l. 320. Cf. l. 924; and _Andreas_, l. 987, where almost the same words +occur. "Here we have manifestly before our eye one of those ancient +causeways, which are among the oldest visible institutions of +civilization." --E. + +l. 322. S. inserts comma after scīr, and makes hring-īren (= _ring-mail_) +parallel with gūð-byrne. + +l. 325. Cf. l. 397. "The deposit of weapons outside before entering a house +was the rule at all periods.... In provincial Swedish almost everywhere a +church porch is called våkenhus,... i.e. _weapon-house_, because the +worshippers deposited their arms there before they entered the house."--E., +after G. Stephens. + +l. 333. Cf. Dryden's "mingled metal _damask'd_ o'er with gold."--E. + +l. 336. "ǣl-, el-, kindred with Goth. _aljis_, other, e.g. in ǣlþéodig, +elþéodig, foreign."--Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 47. + +l. 336. Cf. l. 673 for the functions of an ombiht-þegn. + +l. 338. Ho. marks wræc- and its group long. + +l. 343. Cf. l. 1714 for the same bēod-genēatas,--"the predecessor title to +that of the Knights of the Table Round."--E. Cf. _Andreas_ (K.), l. 2177. + +l. 344. The future is sometimes expressed by willan + inf., generally with +some idea of volition involved; cf. ll. 351, 427, etc. Cf. the use of +willan as principal vb. (with omitted inf.) at ll. 318, 1372, 543, 1056; +and sculan, ll. 1784, 2817. + +l. 353. sīð here, and at l. 501, probably means _arrival_. E. translates +the former by _visit_, the latter by _adventure_. + +l. 357. unhār = _hairless, bald_ (Gr., etc.). + +l. 358. ēode is only one of four or five preterits of gān (gongan, gangan, +gengan), viz. gēong (gīong: ll. 926, 2410, etc.), gang (l. 1296, etc.), +gengde (ll. 1402, 1413). Sievers, p. 217, apparently remarks that ēode is +"probably used only in prose." (?!). Cf. geng, _Gen._ ll. 626, 834; _Exod._ +(Hunt) l. 102. + +l. 367. The MS. and H.-So. read with Gr. and B. glædman Hrōðgār, abandoning +Thorkelin's glædnian. There is a glass. hilaris glædman.--_Beit._ xii. 84; +same as glæd. + +l. 369. dugan is a "preterit-present" verb, with new wk. preterit, like +sculan, durran, magan, etc. For various inflections, see ll. 573, 590, +1822, 526. Cf. _do_ in "that will _do_"; _doughty_, etc. + +l. 372. Cf. l. 535 for a similar use; and l. 1220. Bede, _Eccles. Hist._, +ed. Miller, uses the same expression several times. "Here, and in all other +places where cniht occurs in this poem, it seems to carry that technical +sense which it bore in the military hierarchy [of a noble youth placed out +and learning the elements of the art of war in the service of a qualified +warrior, to whom he is, in a military sense, a servant], before it bloomed +out in the full sense of _knight_."--E. + +l. 373. E. remarks of the hyphened eald-fæder, "hyphens are risky toys to +play with in fixing texts of pre-hyphenial antiquity"; eald-fæder could +only = _grandfather_. eald here can only mean _honored_, and the hyphen is +unnecessary. Cf. "old fellow," "my old man," etc.; and Ger. _alt-vater_. + +l. 378. Th. and B. propose Gēatum, as presents from the Danish to the +Geatish king.--_Beit._ xii. + +l. 380. hæbbe. The subj. is used in indirect narration and question, wish +and command, purpose, result, and hypothetical comparison with swelce = _as +if_. + +ll. 386, 387. Ten Br. emends to read: "Hurry, bid the kinsman-throng go +into the hall together." + +l. 387. sibbe-gedriht, for Beowulf's friends, occurs also at l. 730. It is +subject-acc. to sēon. Cf. ll. 347, 365, and Hunt's _Exod._ l. 214. + +l. 404. "Here, as in the later Icelandic halls, Beowulf saw Hrothgar +enthroned on a high seat at the east end of the hall. The seat is sacred. +It has a supernatural quality. Grendel, the fiend, cannot approach +it."--Br., p. 34. Cf. l. 168. + +l. 405. "At Benty Grange, in Derbyshire, an Anglo-Saxon barrow, opened in +1848, contained a coat of mail. 'The iron chain work consists of a large +number of links of two kinds attached to each other by small rings half an +inch in diameter; one kind flat and lozenge-shaped ... the others all of +one kind, but of different lengths.'"--Br., p. 126. + +l. 407. Wes ... hāl: this ancient Teutonic greeting afterwards grew into +wassail. Cf. Skeat's _Luke_, i. 28; _Andreas_ (K.), 1827; Layamon, l. +14309, etc. + +l. 414. "The distinction between wesan and weorðan [in passive relations] +is not very clearly defined, but wesan appears to indicate a state, weorðan +generally an action."--Sw. Cf. Mod. German _werden_ and _sein_ in similar +relations. + +l. 414. Gr. translates hādor by _receptaculum_; cf. Gering, _Zachers +Zeitschr._ xii. 124. Toller-Bosw. ignores Gr.'s suggestion. + +ll. 420, 421. B. reads: þǣr ic (_on_) fīfelgeban (= _ocean_) ȳðde eotena +cyn. Ten Br. reads: þǣr ic fīfelgeban ȳðde, eotena hām. Ha. suggests +fīfelgeband = _monster-band_, without further changes. + +l. 420. R. reads þǣra = _of them_, for þǣr.--_Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 399; +_Beit._ xii. 367. + +l. 420. "niht has a gen., nihtes, used for the most part only adverbially, +and almost certainly to be regarded as masculine."--Cook's Sievers' Gram., +p. 158. + +l. 425. Cf. also ll. 435, 635, 2345, for other examples of Beowulf's +determination to fight single-handed. + +l. 441. þe hine = _whom_, as at l. 1292, etc. The indeclinable þe is often +thus combined with personal pronouns, = relative, and is sometimes +separated from them by a considerable interval.--Sw. + +l. 443. The MS. has Geotena. B. and Fahlbeck, says H.-So., do not consider +the Gēatas, but the Jutes, as the inhabitants of Swedish West-Gothland. +Alfred translates Juti by Gēatas, but _Jutland_ by _Gotland_. In the laws +they are called Guti.--_Beit._ xii. 1, etc. + +l. 444. B., Gr., and Ha. make unforhte an adv. = _fearlessly_, modifying +etan. Kl. reads anforhte = _timid_. + +l. 446. Cf. l. 2910. Th. translates: _thou wilt not need my head to hide_ +(i.e. _bury_). Simrock supposes a dead-watch or lyke-wake to be meant. +Wood, _thou wilt not have to bury so much as my head!_ H.-So. supposes +hēafod-weard, _a guard of honor_, such as sovereigns or presumptive rulers +had, to be meant by hafalan hȳdan; hence, _you need not give me any +guard_, etc. Cf. Schmid, _Gesetze der A._, 370-372. + +l. 447. S. places a colon after nimeð. + +l. 451. H.-So., Ha., and B. (_Beit._ xii. 87) agree essentially in +translating feorme, _food_. R. translates _consumption of my corpse. +Maintenance, support_, seems preferable to either. + +l. 452. Rönning (after Grimm) personifies Hild.--_Beovulfs Kvadet_, l. 59. +Hildr is the name of one of the Scandinavian Walkyries, or battle-maidens, +who transport the spirits of the slain to Walhalla. Cf. Kent's _Elene_, l. +18, etc. + +l. 455. "The war-smiths, especially as forgers of the sword, were garmented +with legend, and made into divine personages. Of these Weland is the type, +husband of a swan maiden, and afterwards almost a god."-- Br., p. 120. Cf. +A. J. C. Hare's account of "Wayland Smith's sword with which Henry II. was +knighted," and which hung in Westminster Abbey to a late date.--_Walks in +London_, ii. 228. + +l. 455. This is the ǣlces mannes wyrd of Boethius (Sw., p. 44) and the wyrd +bið swīðost of Gnomic Verses, 5. There are about a dozen references to it +in _Bēowulf_. + +l. 455. E. compares the fatalism of this concluding hemistich with the +Christian tone of l. 685 _seq._ + +ll. 457, 458. B. reads wǣre-ryhtum ( = _from the obligations of +clientage_). + +l. 480. Cf. l. 1231, where the same sense, "flown with wine," occurs. + +l. 488. "The duguð, the mature and ripe warriors, the aristocracy of the +nation, are the support of the throne."--E. The M. E. form of the word, +_douth_, occurs often. Associated with geogoð, ll. 160 and 622. + +l. 489. Kl. omits comma after meoto and reads (with B.) sige-hrēð-secgum, = +_disclose thy thought to the victor-heroes_. Others, as Körner, convert +meoto into an imperative and divide on sǣl = _think upon happiness_. But +cf. onband beadu-rūne, l. 501. B. supposes onsǣl meoto =_speak courteous +words_. _Tidskr._ viii. 292; _Haupts Zeitschr._ xi. 411; _Eng. Stud._ ii. +251. + +l. 489. Cf. the invitation at l. 1783. + +l. 494. Cf. Grimm's _Andreas_, l. 1097, for deal, =_proud, elated, +exulting_; _Phoenix_ (Bright), l. 266. + +l. 499. MS. has Hunferð, but the alliteration requires Unferð, as at ll. +499, 1166, 1489; and cf. ll. 1542, 2095, 2930. See _List of Names_. + +l. 501. sīð = _arrival_ (?); cf. l. 353. + +l. 504. þon mā = _the more_ (?), may be added to the references under þon. + +l. 506. E. compares the taunt of Eliab to David, I Sam. xvii. 28. + +l. 509. dol-gilp = _idle boasting_. The second definition in the Gloss. is +wrong. + +l. 513. "Eagor-stream might possibly be translated the stream of Eagor, the +awful terror-striking stormy sea in which the terrible [Scandinavian] giant +dwelt, and through which he acted."--Br., p. 164. He remarks, "The English +term _eagre_ still survives in provincial dialect for the tide-wave or bore +on rivers. Dryden uses it in his _Threnod. Angust._ 'But like an _eagre_ +rode in triumph o'er the tide.' Yet we must be cautious," etc. Cf. Fox's +_Boethius_, ll. 20, 236; Thorpe's _Cǣdmon_, 69, etc. + +l. 524. Krüger and B. read Bānstānes.--_Beit._ ix. 573. + +l. 525. R. reads wyrsan (= wyrses: cf. Mod. Gr. _guten Muthes_) geþinges; +but H.-So. shows that the MS. wyrsan ... þingea = wyrsena þinga, _can +stand_; cf. gen. pl. banan, _Christ_, l. 66, etc. + +l. 545 _seq._ "Five nights Beowulf and Breca kept together, not swimming, +but sailing in open boats (to swim the seas is to sail the seas), then +storm drove them asunder ... Breca is afterwards chief of the Brondings, a +tribe mentioned in _Wīdsíth_. The story seems legendary, not +mythical."--Br., pp. 60, 61. + +ll. 574-578. B. suggests swā þǣr for hwæðere, = _so there it befell me_. +But the word at l. 574 seems = _however_, and at l. 578 = _yet_; cf. l. +891; see S.; _Beit._ ix. 138; _Tidskr._ viii. 48; _Zacher_, iii. 387, etc. + +l. 586. Gr. and Grundt. read fāgum sweordum (no ic þæs fela gylpe!), +supplying fela and blending the broken half-lines into one. Ho. and Kl. +supply geflites. + +l. 599. E. translates nȳd-bāde by _blackmail_; adding "nēd bād, _toll_; +nēd bādere, _tolltaker_."--Land Charters, Gloss, v. + +l. 601. MS. has ond = _and_ in three places only (601, 1149, 2041); +elsewhere it uses the symbol 7 = _and_. + +l. 612. _seq._ Cf. the drinking ceremony at l. 1025. "The royal lady offers +the cup to Beowulf, not in his turn where he sate among the rest, but after +it has gone the round; her approach to Beowulf is an act apart."--E. + +l. 620. "The [loving] cup which went the round of the company and was +tasted by all," like the Oriel and other college anniversary cups.--E. + +l. 622. Cf. ll. 160, 1191, for the respective places of young and old. + +l. 623. Cf. the circlet of gold worn by Wealhþēow at l. 1164. + +l. 631. gyddode. Cf. Chaucer, _Prol._ l. 237 (ed. Morris): + +"Of _yeddynges_ he bar utterly the prys." + +Cf. _giddy_. + +l. 648. Kl. suggests a period after geþinged, especially as B. (_Tidskr._ +viii. 57) has shown that oþþe is sometimes = ond. Th. supplies ne. + +l. 650. oþþe here and at ll. 2476, 3007, probably = _and_. + +l. 651. Cf. 704, where sceadu-genga (the _night-ganger_ of _Leechdoms_, ii. +344) is applied to the demon.--E. + +l. 659. Cf. l. 2431 for same formula, "to have and to hold" of the Marriage +Service.--E. + +l. 681. B. considers þēah ... eal a precursor of Mod. Eng. _although_. + +l. 682. gōdra = _advantages in battle_ (Gr.), _battle-skill_ (Ha.), _skill +in war_ (H.-So.). Might not nāt be changed to nah = ne + āh (cf. l. 2253), +thus justifying the translation _ability_ (?) --_he has not the ability +to_, etc. + +l. 695. Kl. reads hiera.--_Beit._ ix. 189. B. omits hīe as occurring in the +previous hemistich.--_Beit._ xii. 89. + +l. 698. "Here Destiny is a web of cloth."--E., who compares the Greek +Clotho, "spinster of fate." Women are also called "weavers of peace," as l. +1943. Cf. Kent's _Elene_, l. 88; _Wīdsīð_, l. 6, etc. + +l. 711. B. translates þā by _when_ and connects with the preceding +sentences, thus rejecting the ordinary canto-division at l. 711. He objects +to the use of cōm as principal vb. at ll. 703, 711, and 721. (_Beit_, xii.) + +l. 711. "Perhaps the Gnomic verse which tells of Thyrs, the giant, is +written with Grendel in the writer's mind,--þyrs sceal on fenne gewunian +āna inuan lande, _the giant shall dwell in the fen, alone in the land_ +(Sweet's Read., p. 187)."--Br. p. 36. + +l. 717. Dietrich, in _Haupt._ xi. 419, quotes from AElfric, _Hom._ ii. 498: +hē beworhte þā bigelsas mid gyldenum lǣfrum, _he covered the arches with +gold-leaf_,--a Roman custom derived from Carthage. Cf. Mod. Eng. _oriel_ = +_aureolum_, a gilded room.--E. (quoting Skeat). Cf. ll. 2257, 1097, 2247, +2103, 2702, 2283, 333, 1751, for various uses of gold-sheets. + +l. 720. B. and ten Br. suggest _hell-thane_ (Grendel) for heal-þegnas, and +make hæle refer to Beowulf. Cf. l. 142. + +l. 723. Z. reads [ge]hrān. + +l. 727. For this use of standan, cf. ll. 2314, 2770; and Vergil, _Ecl._ ii. +26: + +"Cum placidum ventis _staret_ mare." + +l. 757. gedræg. _Tumult_ is one of the meanings of this word. Here, appar. += _occupation, lair_. + +l. 759. R. reads mōdega for gōda, "because the attribute cannot be +separated from the word modified unless the two alliterate." + +l. 762. Cf. _Andreas_, l. 1537, for a similar use of ūt = _off_.--E. + +l. 769. The foreign words in _Bēowulf_ (as ceaster-here) are not numerous; +others are (aside from proper names like _Cain, Abel_, etc.) dēofol +(diabolus), candel (l. 1573), ancor (l. 303), scrīfan (for- ge-), segn (l. +47), gīgant (l. 113), mīl- (l. 1363), strǣt (l. 320), ombeht (l. 287), gim +(l. 2073), etc. + +l. 770. MS. reads cerwen, a word conceived by B. and others to be part of a +fem. compd.: -scerwen like -wenden in ed-wenden, -rǣden, etc. (cf. +meodu-scerpen in _Andreas_, l. 1528); emended to -scerwen, _a great scare +under the figure of a mishap at a drinking-bout_; one might compare +bescerwan, _to deprive_, from bescyrian (Grein, i. 93), hence ealu-seerwen +would = _a sudden taking away, deprivation, of the beer_.--H.-So., p. 93. +See B., _Tidskr._ viii. 292. + +l. 771. Ten Br. reads rēðe, rēnhearde, = _raging, exceeding bold_. + +l. 792. Instrumental adverbial phrases like ǣnige þinga, nǣnige þinga (_not +at all_), hūru þinga (_especially_) are not infrequent. See Cook's Sievers' +Gram., p. 178; March, _A.-S. Gram._, p. 182. + +l. 811. myrðe. E. translates _in wanton mood_. Toller-Bosw. does not +recognize _sorrow_ as one of the meanings of this word. + +ll. 850, 851. S. reads dēop for dēog and erases semicolon after wēol, = +_the death-stained deep welled with sword-gore_; cf. l. 1424. B. reads +dēað-fǣges dēop, etc., = _the deep welled with the doomed one's +gore_.--_Beit._ xii. 89. + +l. 857. The meaning of blaneum is partly explained by fealwe mēaras below, +l. 866. Cf. Layamon's "and leop on his _blancke" = steed_, l. 23900; Kent's +_Elene_, l. 1185. + +l. 859. Körner, _Eng. Stud._ i. 482, regards the oft-recurring be sǣm +twēonum as a mere formula = _on earth_; cf. ll. 1298, 1686. twēone is part +of the separable prep. _between_; see be-. Cf. Baskerville's _Andreas_, l. +558. + +l. 865. Cf. _Voyage of Ōhthere and Wulfstān_ for an account of funeral +horse-racing, Sweet's Read., p. 22. + +l. 868. See Ha., p. 31, for a variant translation. + +l. 871 _seq._ R. considers this a technical description of improvised +alliterative verse, suggested by and wrought out on the spur of the moment. + +l. 872. R. and B. propose secg[an], = _rehearse_, for secg, which suits the +verbs in the next two lines. + +ll. 878-98. "It pleases me to think that it is in English literature we +possess the first sketch of that mighty saga [the Volsunga Saga = Wælsinges +gewin] which has for so many centuries engaged all the arts, and at last in +the hands of Wagner the art of music."--Br., p. 63. Cf. _Nibelung. Lied_, +l. 739. + +l. 894. Intransitive verbs, as gān, weorðan, sometimes take habban, "to +indicate independent action."--Sw. Cf. hafað ... geworden, l. 2027. + +l. 895. "brūcan (_enjoy_) always has the genitive."--Sw.; cf. l. 895; acc., +gen., instr., dat., according to March, _A.-S. Gram._, p. 151. + +l. 898. Scherer proposes hāte, = _from heat_, instr. of hāt, _heat_; cf. l. +2606. + +l. 901. hē þæs āron þāh = _he throve in honor_ (B.). Ten Br. inserts comma +after þāh, making siððan introduce a depend. clause.--_Beit._ viii. 568. +Cf. weorð-myndum þāh, l. 8; ll. 1155, 1243.--H.-So. + +l. 902. Heremōdes is considered by Heinzel to be a mere epithet = _the +valiant_; which would refer the whole passage to Sigmund (Sigfrid), the +eotenas, l. 903, being the Nibelungen. This, says H.-So., gets rid of the +contradiction between the good "Heremōd" here and the bad one, l. 1710 +_seq._--B. however holds fast to Heremōd.--_Beit._ xii. 41. on fēonda +geweald, l. 904,--_into the hands of devils_, says B.; cf. ll. 809, 1721, +2267; _Christ_, l. 1416; _Andreas_, l. 1621; for hine fyren onwōd, cf. +_Gen._ l. 2579; Hunt's _Dan._ 17: hīe wlenco anwōd. + +l. 902 _seq._ "Heremōd's shame is contrasted with the glory of Sigemund, +and with the prudence, patience, generosity, and gentleness of Beowulf as a +chieftain."--Br., p. 66. + +l. 906. MS. has lemede. Toller-Bosw. corrects to lemedon. + +l. 917. Cf. Hunt's _Exod._, l. 170, for similar language. + +l. 925. hōs, G. hansa, _company_, "the word from which the mercantile +association of the 'Hanseatic' towns took their designation."--E. + +l. 927. on staþole = _on the floor_ (B., Rask, ten Br.).--_Beit._ xii. 90. + +l. 927. May not stēapne here = _bright_, from its being immediately +followed by golde fāhne? Cf. Chaucer's "his eyen _stepe_," _Prol._ l. 201 +(ed. Morris); Cockayne's _Ste. Marherete_, pp. 9, 108; _St. Kath._, l. +1647. + +l. 931. grynna may be for gyrnna (= _sorrows_), gen. plu. of gyrn, as +suggested by one commentator. + +l. 937. B. (_Beit._ xii. 90) makes gehwylcne object of wīd-scofen (hæfde). +Gr. makes wēa nom. absolute. + +l. 940. scuccum: cf. G. scheuche, scheusal; Prov. Eng. _old-shock_; perhaps +the pop. interjection _O shucks!_ (!) + +l. 959. H. explains wē as a "plur. of majesty," which Bēowulf throws off at +l. 964. + +l. 963. fēond þone frætgan (B. _Beit._ xii. 90). + +l. 976. synnum. "Most abstract words in the poetry have a very wide range +of meanings, diverging widely from the prose usage, synn, for instance, +means simply _injury, mischief, hatred_, and the prose meaning _sin_ is +only a secondary one; hata in poetry is not only _hater_, but _persecutor, +enemy_, just as nīð is both _hatred_ and _violence, strength_; heard is +_sharp_ as well as _hard_."--Sw. + +l. 986. S. places wæs at end of l. 985 and reads stīðra nægla, omitting +gehwylc and the commas after that and after scēawedon. _Beit._ ix. 138; +stēdra (H.-So.); hand-sporu (H.-So.) at l. 987. + +l. 986. Miller (_Anglia_, xii. 3) corrects to ǣghwylene, in apposition to +fingras. + +l. 987. hand-sporu. See _Anglia_, vii. 176, for a discussion of the +intrusion of u into the nom. of n-stems. + +l. 988. Cf. ll. 2121, 2414, for similar use of unhēoru = ungeheuer. + +l. 992. B. suggests hēatimbred for hāten, and gefrætwon for -od; Kl., +hroden (_Beit._ ix. 189). + +l. 995, 996. Gold-embroidered tapestries seem to be meant by web = +_aurifrisium_. + +l. 997. After þāra þe = _of those that_, the depend, vb. often takes sg. +for pl.; cf. ll. 844, 1462, 2384, 2736.--Sw.; Dietrich. + +l. 998. "Metathesis of l takes place in seld for setl, bold for botl," +etc.--Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 96. Cf. Eng. proper names, _Bootle, +Battle_field, etc.--Skeat, _Principles_, i. 250. + +l. 1000. heorras: cf. Chaucer, _Prol._ (ed. Morris) l. 550: + +"Ther was no dore that he nolde heve of _harre_." + +ll. 1005-1007. See _Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 391, and _Beit._ xii. 368, for +R.'s and B.'s views of this difficult passage. + +l. 1009. Cf. l. 1612 for sǣl and mǣl, surviving still in E. Anglia in "mind +your _seals and meals_," = _times and occasions_, i.e. have your wits about +you.--E. + +ll. 1012, 1013. Cf. ll. 753, 754 for two similar comparatives used in +conjunction. + +l. 1014. Cf. l. 327 for similar language. + +ll. 1015, 1016. H.-So. puts these two lines in parentheses (fylle ... +þāra). Cf. B., _Beit._ xii. 91. + +l. 1024. One of the many famous swords spoken of in the poem. See Hrunting, +ll. 1458, 1660; Hūnlāfing, l. 1144, etc. Cf. Excalibur, Roland's sword, the +Nibelung Balmung, etc. + +l. 1034. scūr-heard. For an ingenious explanation of this disputed word see +Professor Pearce's article in _Mod. Lang. Notes_, Nov. 1, 1892, and ensuing +discussion. + +l. 1039. eoderas is of doubtful meaning. H. and Toller-Bosw. regard the +word here = _enclosure, palings of the court_. Cf. _Cǣdmon_, ll. 2439, +2481. The passage throws interesting light on horses and their trappings + +l. 1043. Grundt. emends wīg to wicg, = _charger_; and E. quotes Tacitus, +_Germania_, 7. + +l. 1044. "Power over each and both"; cf. "all and some," "one and all." + +For Ingwin, see _List of Names_. + +l. 1065. Gr. contends that fore here = de, _concerning, about_ (Ebert's +_Jahrb._, 1862, p. 269). + +l. 1069. H.-So. supplies fram after eaferum, to govern it, = _concerning_ +(?). Cf. _Fight at Finnsburg_, Appendix. + +l. 1070. For the numerous names of the Danes, "bright-" "spear-" "east-" +"west-" "ring-" Danes, see these words. + +l. 1073. Eotenas = _Finn's people, the Frisians_; cf. ll. 1089, 1142, 1146, +etc., and _Beit._ xii. 37. Why they are so called is not known. + +l. 1084. R. proposes wiht Hengeste wið gefeohtan (_Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. +394). Kl., wið H. wiht gefeohtan. + +ll. 1085 and 1099. wēa-lāf occurs in Wulfstan, _Hom._ 133, ed. Napier.--E. +Cf. daroða lāf, _Brunanb._, l. 54; ādes lāfe, _Phoenix_, 272 (Bright), etc. + +l. 1098. elne unflitme = _so dass der eid (der inhalt des eides) nicht +streitig war_.--B., _Beit._ iii. 30. But cf. 1130, where Hengist and Finn +are again brought into juxtaposition and the expression ealles (?) unhlitme +occurs. + +l. 1106. The pres. part. + be, as myndgiend wǣre here, is comparatively +rare in original A.-S. literature, but occurs abundantly in translations +from the Latin. The periphrasis is generally meaningless. Cf. l. 3029. + +l. 1108. Körner suggests ecge, = _sword_, in reference to a supposed old +German custom of placing ornaments, etc., on the point of a sword or spear +(_Eng. Stud._ i. 495). Singer, ince-gold = _bright gold_; B., andīege = +Goth, _andaugjo, evidently_. Cf. incge lāfe, l. 2578. Possibly: and inge (= +_young men_) gold āhōfon of horde. For inge, cf. Hunt's _Exod._ l. 190. + +ll. 1115-1120. R. proposes (hēt þā ...) bānfatu bærnan ond on bǣl dōn, +earme on eaxe = _to place the arms in the ashes_, reading gūðrēc = +_battle-reek_, for -rinc (_Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 395). B., Sarrazin +(_Beit._ xi. 530), Lichtenfeld (_Haupts Zeitschr._ xvi. 330), C., etc., +propose various emendations. See H.-So., p. 97, and _Beit._ viii. 568. For +gùðrinc āstāh, cf. Old Norse, _stiga á bál_, "ascend the bale-fire." + +l. 1116. sweoloðe. "On Dartmoor the burning of the furze up the hillsides +to let new grass grow, is called _zwayling_."--E. Cf. _sultry_, G. +_schwül_, etc. + +l. 1119. Cf. wudu-rēc āstāh, l. 3145; and _Exod._ (Hunt), l. 450: wǣlmist +āstāh. + +l. 1122. ætspranc = _burst forth, arose_ (omitted from the Gloss.), < æt + +springan. + +l. 1130. R. and Gr. read elne unflitme, = _loyally and without contest_, as +at l. 1098. Cf. Ha., p. 39; H.-So., p. 97. + +l. 1137. scacen = _gone_; cf. ll. 1125, 2307, 2728. + +l. 1142. "The sons of the Eotenas" (B., _Beit._ xii. 31, who conjectures a +gap after 1142). + +l. 1144. B. separates thus: Hūn Lāfing, = _Hūn placed the sword Lāfing_, +etc.--_Beit._ xii. 32; cf. R., _Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 396. Heinzel and +Homburg make other conjectures (Herrig's _Archiv_, 72, 374, etc.). + +l. 1143. B., H.-So., and Möller read: worod rǣdenne, þonne him Hūn Lāfing, += _military brotherhood, when Hūn laid upon his breast_ (the sword) +_Lāfing_. There is a sword _Laufi, Lövi_ in the Norse sagas; but swords, +armor, etc., are often called the _leaving_ (lāf) of files, hammers, etc., +especially a precious heirloom; cf. ll. 454, 1033, 2830, 2037, 2629, 796, +etc., etc. + +l. 1152. roden = _reddened_ (B., _Tidskr._ viii. 295). + +l. 1160. For ll. 1069-1160, containing the Finn episode, cf. Möller, +_Alteng. Volksepos_, 69, 86, 94; Heinzel, _Anz. f. dtsch. Altert._, 10, +226; B., _Beit._ xii. 29-37. Cf. _Wīdsīð_, l. 33, etc. + +ll. 1160, 1161. lēoð (lied = _song, lay_) and gyd here appear synonyms. + +ll. 1162-1165. "Behind the wars and tribal wanderings, behind the +contentions of the great, we watch in this poem the steady, continuous life +of home, the passions and thoughts of men, the way they talked and moved +and sang and drank and lived and loved among one another and for one +another."--Br., p. 18. + +l. 1163. Cf. _wonderwork_. So _wonder-death, wonder-bidding, +wonder-treasure, -smith, -sight_, etc. at ll. 1748, 3038, 2174, 1682, 996, +etc. Cf. the German use of the same intensive, = _wondrous_, in +_wunder-schön_, etc. + +l. 1165. þā gȳt points to some future event when "each" was not "true to +other," undeveloped in this poem, suhtor-gefæderan = Hrōðgār and Hrōðulf, +l. 1018. Cf. āðum-swerian, l. 84. + +l. 1167 almost repeats l. 500, æt fōtum, etc., where Unferð is first +introduced. + +l. 1191. E. sees in this passage separate seats for youth and middle-aged +men, as in English college halls, chapels, convocations, and churches +still. + +l. 1192. ymbutan, _round about_, is sometimes thus separated: ymb hīe ūtan; +cf. _Voyage of Ōhthere_, etc. (Sw.), p. 18, l. 34, etc.; _Bēowulf_, ll. +859, 1686, etc. + +l. 1194. bewægned, a ἃπαξ λεγόμενον, tr. _offered_ by Th. Probably a p. p. +wægen, made into a vb. by -ian, like _own, drown_, etc. Cf. hafenian ( < +hafen, < hebban), etc. + +l. 1196. E. takes the expression to mean "mantle and its rings or +broaches." "Rail" long survived in Mid. Eng. (_Piers Plow._, etc.). + +l. 1196. This necklace was afterwards given by Beowulf to Hygd, ll. 2173, +2174. + +ll. 1199-1215. From the obscure hints in the passage, a part of the poem +may be approximately dated,--if Hygelāc is the _Chochi-laicus_ of Gregory +of Tours, _Hist. Francorum_, iii. 3,--about A.D. 512-20. + +l. 1200. The Breosinga men (Icel. _Brisinga men_) is the necklace of the +goddess Freya; cf. _Elder Edda, Hamarshemt._ Hāma stole the necklace from +the Gothic King Eormenrīc; cf. _Traveller's Song_, ll. 8, 18, 88, 111. The +comparison of the two necklaces leads the poet to anticipate Hygelāc's +history,--a suggestion of the poem's mosaic construction. + +l. 1200. For Brōsinga mene, cf. B., _Beit._ xii. 72. C. suggests flēah, = +_fled_, for fealh, placing semicolon after byrig, and making hē subject of +flēah and gecēas. + +l. 1202. B. conjectures gecēas ēcne rǣd to mean _he became a pious man and +at death went to heaven_. Heime (Hāma) in the _Thidrekssaga_ goes into a +cloister = to choose the better part (?). Cf. H.-So., p. 98. But cf. +Hrōðgār's language to Beowulf, ll. 1760, 1761. + +l. 1211. S. proposes feoh, = _property_, for feorh, which would be a +parallel for brēost-gewǣdu ... bēah below. + +l. 1213. E. remarks that in the _Laws of Cnut_, i. 26, the devil is called +se wōdfreca werewulf, _the ravening werwolf_. + +l. 1215. C. proposes heals-bēge onfēng. _Beit._ viii. 570. For hreā- Kl. +suggests hrǣ-. + +l. 1227. The son referred to is, according to Ettmüller, the one that +reigns after Hrōðgār. + +l. 1229. Kl. suggests sī, = _be_, for _is_. + +l. 1232. S. gives _wine-elated_ as the meaning of druncne.--_Beit._ ix. +139; Kl. _ibid._ 189, 194. But cf. _Judith_, ll. 67, 107. + +l. 1235. Cf. l. 119 for similarity of language. + +l. 1235. Kl. proposes gea-sceaft; but cf. l. 1267. + +l. 1246. Ring armor was common in the Middle Ages. E. points out the +numerous forms of byrne in cognate languages,--Gothic, Icelandic, OHG., +Slavonic, O. Irish, Romance, etc. Du Chaillu, _The Viking Age_, i. 126. Cf. +Murray's _Dict._ s. v. + +l. 1248. ānwīg-gearwe = _ready for single combat_ (C.); but cf. Ha. p. 43; +_Beit._ ix. 210, 282. + +l. 1252. Some consider this _fitt_ the beginning of Part (or Lay) II. of +the original epic, if not a separate work in itself. + +l. 1254. K., W., and Ho. read farode = _wasted;_ Kolbing reads furode; but +cf. wēsten warode, l. 1266. MS. has warode. + +ll. 1255-1258. This passage is a good illustration of the constant +parallelism of word and phrase characteristic of A.-S. poetry, and is +quoted by Sw. The changes are rung on ende and swylt, on gesȳne and +wīdcūð, etc. + +l. 1259. "That this story of Grendel's mother was originally a separate lay +from the first seems to be suggested by the fact that the monsters are +described over again, and many new details added, such as would be inserted +by a new singer who wished to enhance and adorn the original tale."--Br., +p. 41. + +l. 1259. Cf. l. 107, which also points to the ancestry of murderers and +monsters and their descent from "Cain." + +l. 1261. The MS. has sē þe, m.; changed by some to seo þe. At ll. 1393, +1395, 1498, Grendel's mother is referred to as m.; at ll. 1293, 1505, +1541-1546, etc., as f., the uncertain pronoun designating a creature female +in certain aspects, but masculine in demonic strength and +savageness.--H.-So.; Sw. p. 202. Cf. the masc. epithets at ll. 1380, 2137, +etc. + +l. 1270. āglǣca = _Grendel_, though possibly referring to Beowulf, as at l. +1513.--Sw. + +l. 1273. "It is not certain whether anwalda stands for onwealda, or whether +it should be read ānwealda, = _only ruler_.--Sw. + +l. 1279. The MS. has sunu þeod wrecan, which R. changes to sunu +þēod-wrecan, þēod- = _monstrous_; but why not regard þēod as opposition to +sunu, = _her son, the prince?_ See Sweet's Reader, and Körner's discussion, +_Eng. Stud._ i. 500. + +l. 1281. Ten Br. suggests (for sōna) sāra = _return of sorrows._ + +l. 1286. "geþuren (twice so written in MSS.) stands for geþrúen, _forged_, +and is an isolated p. p."--Cook's Sievers' Gram., 209. But see Toller-Bosw. +for examples; Sw., Gloss.; March, p. 100, etc. + +ll. 1292. þe hine = _whom;_ cf. ll. 441, 1437, 1292; _Hēliand_, l. 1308. + +l. 1298. be sǣm tweonum; cf. l. 1192; Hunt's _Exod._ l. 442; and Mod. Eng. +"to _us_-ward, etc.--Earle's _Philol._, p. 449. Cf. note, l. 1192. + +l. 1301. C. proposes ōðer him ærn = _another apartment was assigned him_. + +l. 1303. B. conjectures under hrōf genam; but Ha., p. 45, shows this to be +unnecessary, under also meaning _in_, as _in_ (or _under_) these +circumstances. + +l. 1319. E. and Sw. suggest nǣgde or nēgde, _accosted_, < nēgan = Mid. Ger. +_nēhwian_, pr. p. _nēhwiandans, approach_. For hnǣgan, _press down, +vanquish_, see ll. 1275, 1440, etc. + +l. 1321. C. suggests nēad-lāðum for nēod-laðu, _after crushing hostility_; +but cf. frēond-laðu, l. 1193. + +l. 1334. K. and ten Br. conjecture gefægnod = _rejoicing in her fill_, a +parallel to ǣse wlanc, l. 1333. + +l. 1340. B. translates: "and she has executed a deed of blood-vengeance of +far-reaching consequence."--_Beit._ xii. 93. + +l. 1345. B. reads gēo for ēow (_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 205). + +ll. 1346-1377. "This is a fine piece of folk-lore in the oldest extant +form.... The authorities for the story are the rustics (ll. 1346, 1356)." +--E. + +l. 1347. Cf. sele-rǣdende at l. 51. + +l. 1351. "The ge [of gewitan] may be merely a scribal error,--a repetition +(dittography) of the preceding ge of gewislīcost."--Sw. + +l. 1352. ides, like fīras, _men_, etc., is a poetic word supposed by Grimm +to have been applied, like Gr. νύμφη, to superhuman or semi-divine women. + +ll. 1360-1495 _seq._ E. compares this Dantesque tarn and scenery with the +poetical accounts of _AEneid_, vii. 563; _Lucretius_, vi. 739, etc. + +l. 1360. firgenstrēam occurs also in the _Phoenix_ (Bright, p. 168) l. 100; +_Andreas_, ll. 779, 3144 (K.); _Gnomic Verses_, l. 47, etc. + +l. 1363. The genitive is often thus used to denote measure = by or in +miles; cf. l. 3043; and contrast with partitive gen. at l. 207. + +l. 1364. The MS. reads hrinde = hrīnende (?), which Gr. adopts; K. and Th. +read hrinde-bearwas; hringde, _encircling_ (Sarrazin, _Beit._ xi. 163); +hrīmge = _frosty_ (Sw.); _with frost-whiting covered_ (Ha.). See Morris, +_Blickling Hom._, Preface, vi., vii. + +l. 1364. Cf. Ruin, hrīmige edoras behrofene, _rimy, roofless halls_. + +l. 1366. nīðwundor may = nið- (as in nið-sele, _q. v._) wundor, _wonder of +the deep_. + +l. 1368. The personal pronoun is sometimes omitted in subordinate and even +independent clauses; cf. wite here; and Hunt's _Exod._, l. 319. + +l. 1370. hornum. Such "datives of manner or respect" are not infrequent +with adj. + +l. 1371. "seleð is not dependent on ǣr, for in that case it would be in the +subjunctive, but ǣr is simply an adverb, correlative with the conjunction +ǣr in the next line: 'he will (sooner) give up his life, before he will,' +etc."--Sw. + +l. 1372. Cf. ll. 318 and 543 for willan with similar omitted inf. + +l. 1373. heafola is found only in poetry.--Sw. It occurs thirteen or +fourteen times in this poem. Cf. the poetic gamol, swāt (l. 2694), etc., +for eald, blōd. + +l. 1391. uton: hortatory subj. of wītan, _go_, = _let us go;_ cf. French +_allons_, Lat. _eamus_, Ital. _andiamo_, etc. + inf. Cf. ll. 2649, 3102. + +l. 1400. H. is dat. of person indirectly affected, = advantage. + +l. 1402. geatolīc probably = _in his equipments_, as B. suggests (_Beit._ +xii. 83), comparing searolīc. + +ll. 1402, 1413 reproduce the wk. form of the pret. of gān (Goth, +_gaggida_). Cf. _Andreas_, l. 1096, etc. + +l. 1405. S. (_Beit._ ix. 140) supplies [þǣr hēo] gegnum fōr; B. (_ibid._ +xii. 14) suggests hwǣr hēo. + +l. 1411. B., Gr., and E. take ān-paðas = paths wide enough for only one, +like Norwegian _einstig_; cf. stīge nearwe, just above. _Trail_ is the +meaning. Cf. enge ānpaðas, uncūð gelād, _Exod._ (Hunt), l. 58. + +l. 1421. Cf. oncȳð, l. 831. The whole passage (ll. 1411-1442) is replete +with suggestions of walrus-hunting, seal-fishing, harpooning of sea-animals +(l. 1438), etc. + +l. 1425. E. quotes from the 8th cent. Corpus Gloss., "_Falanx_ foeða." + +l. 1428. For other mention of nicors, cf. ll. 422, 575, 846. E. remarks, +"it survives in the phrase 'Old Nick' ... a word of high authority ... +Icel. _nykr_, water-goblin, Dan. _nök, nisse_, Swed. _näcken_, G. _nix, +nixe_, etc." See Skeat, _Nick._ + +l. 1440. Sw. reads gehnǣged, _prostrated_, and regards nīða as gen. pl. +"used instrumentally," = _by force._ + +l. 1441. -bora = _bearer, stirrer;_ occurs in other compds., as mund-, +rǣd-, wǣg-bora. + +l. 1447. him = _for him_, a remoter dative of reference.--Sw. + +l. 1455. Gr. reads brondne, = _flaming_. + +l. 1457. lēon is the inf. of lāh; cf. onlāh (< onlēon) at l. 1468. līhan +was formerly given as the inf.; cf. lǣne = lǣhne. + +l. 1458. Cf. the similar dat. of possession as used in Latin. + +l. 1458. H.-So. compares the Icelandic saga account of Grettir's battle +with the giant in the cave. hæft-mēce may be = Icel. _heptisax_ (_Anglia_, +iii. 83), "hip-knife." + +l. 1459. "The sense seems to be 'pre-eminent among the old treasures.' ... +But possibly foran is here a prep. with the gen.: 'one before the old +treasures.'".--Sw. For other examples of foran, cf. ll. 985, 2365. + +l. 1460. āter-tēarum = _poison-drops_ (C., _Beit._ viii. 571; S., _ibid._ +xi. 359). + +l. 1467. þæt, comp. relative, = _that which_; "we testify _that_ we do +know." + +l. 1480. forð-gewitenum is in appos. to me, = _mihi defuncto_.--M. +Callaway, _Am. Journ. of Philol._, October, 1889. + +l. 1482. nime. Conditional clauses of doubt or future contingency take gif +or būton with subj.; cf. ll. 452, 594; of fact or certainty, the ind.; cf. +ll. 442, 447, 527, 662, etc. For būton, cf. ll. 967, 1561. + +l. 1487. "findan sometimes has a preterit funde in W. S. after the manner +of the weak preterits."--Cook's Sievers' Cram., p, 210. + +l. 1490. Kl. reads wæl-sweord, = _battle-sword_. + +l. 1507. "This cave under the sea seems to be another of those natural +phenomena of which the writer had personal knowledge (ll. 2135, 2277), and +which was introduced by him into the mythical tale to give it a local +color. There are many places of this kind. Their entrance is under the +lowest level of the tide."--Br., p. 45. + +l. 1514. B. (_Beit._ xii. 362) explains niðsele, hrōfsele as _roof-covered +hall in the deep_; cf. Grettir Saga (_Anglia_, iii. 83). + +l. 1538. Sw., R., and ten Br. suggest feaxe for eaxle, = _seized by the +hair_. + +l. 1543. and-lēan (R.); cf. l. 2095. The MS. has hand-lēan. + +l. 1546. Sw. and S. read seax.--_Beit._ ix. 140. + +l. 1557. H.-So. omits comma and places semicolon after ȳðelīce; Sw. and S. +place comma after gescēd. + +l. 1584. ōðer swylc = _another fifteen_ (Sw.); = _fully as many_ (Ha.). + +ll. 1592-1613 _seq._ Cf. _Anglia_, iii; 84 (Grettir Saga). + +l. 1595. blondenfeax = _grizzly-haired_ (Bright, Reader, p. 258); cf. +_Brunanb._, l. 45 (Bright). + +l. 1599. gewearð, impers. vb., = _agree, decide = many agreed upon this, +that_, etc. (Ha., p. 55; cf. ll. 2025-2027, 1997; B., _Beit._ xii. 97). + +l. 1605. C. supposes wiston = wīscton = _wished_.--_Beit._ viii. 571. + +l. 1607. brōden mǣl is now regarded as a comp. noun, = _inlaid or +damascened sword_.--W., Ho. + +l. 1611. wæl-rāpas = _water-ropes = bands of frost_ (l. 1610) (?). Possibly +the Prov. Eng. weele, _whirlpool_. Cf. wǣl, _gurges_, Wright, Voc., _Gnom. +Verses_, l. 39.--E. + +l. 1611. wǣgrāpas (Sw.) = _wave-bands_ (Ha.). + +l. 1622. B. suggests eatna = eotena, eardas, _haunts of the giants_ +(Northumbr. ea for eo). + +l. 1635. cyning-holde (B., _Beit._ xii. 369); cf. l. 290. + +l. 1650. H., Gr., and Ettmüller understand idese to refer to the queen. + +l. 1651. Cf. _Anglia_, iii. 74, _Beit._ xi. 167, for coincidences with the +Grettir Saga (13th cent.). + +l. 1664. B. proposes eotenise ... èste for ēacen ... oftost, omitting +brackets (_Zackers Zeitschr._ iv. 206). G. translates _mighty ... often_. + +l. 1675. ondrǣdan. "In late texts the final n of the preposition on is +frequently lost when it occurs in a compound word or stereotyped phrase, +and the prefix then appears as a: abútan, amang, aweg, aright, +adr'ǣdan."--Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 98. + +ll. 1680-1682. Giants and their work are also referred to at ll. 113, 455, +1563, 1691, etc. + +l. 1680. Cf. ceastra ... orðanc enta geweorc, _Gnomic Verses_, l. 2; +Sweet's Reader, p. 186. + +ll. 1687-1697. "In this description of the writing on the sword, we see the +process of transition from heathen magic to the notions of Christian times +.... The history of the flood and of the giants ... were substitutes for +names of heathen gods, and magic spells for victory."--E. Cf. Mohammedan +usage. + +ll. 1703, 1704. þæt þē eorl nǣre geboren betera (B., _Tidskr._ 8, 52). + +l. 1715. āna hwearf = _he died solitary and alone_ (B., _Beit._ xii. 38); = +_lonely_ (Ha.); = _alone_ (G.). + +l. 1723. lēod-bealo longsum = _eternal hell-torment_ (B., _Beit._ xii. 38, +who compares _Ps. Cott._ 57, līf longsum). + +l. 1729. E. translates on lufan, _towards possession_; Ha., _to +possessions_. + +l. 1730. mōdgeþonc, like lig, sǣ, segn, niht, etc., is of double gender +(m., n. in the case of mōdgeþ.). + +l. 1741. The doctrine of nemesis following close on ὓβρις, or overweening +pride, is here very clearly enunciated. The only protector against the +things that "assault and hurt" the soul is the "Bishop and Shepherd of our +souls" (l. 1743). + +l. 1745 appears dimly to fore-shadow the office of the evil archer Loki, +who in the Scandinavian mythology shoots Balder with a mistletoe twig. The +language closely resembles that of Psalm 64. + +l. 1748. Kl. regards wom = wō(u)m; cf. wōh-bogen, l. 2828. See Gloss., p. +295, under wam. Contrast the construction of bebeorgan a few lines below +(l. 1759), where the dat. and acc. are associated. + +l. 1748. See Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 167, for declension of wōh, _wrong_ += gen. wōs or wōges, dat. wō(u)m, etc.; pl. gen. wōra, dat. wō(u)m, etc.; +and cf. declension of hēah, hrēoh, rūh, etc. + +l. 1748. wergan gāstes; cf. _Blickl. Hom._ vii.; _Andreas_, l. 1171. "_Auld +Wearie_ is used in Scotland, or was used a few years ago, ... to mean the +devil."--E. Bede's _Eccles. Hist._ contains (naturally) many examples of +the expression = devil. + +l. 1750. on gyld = _in reward_ (B. _Beit._ xii. 95); Ha. translates +_boastfully_; G., _for boasting_; Gr., _to incite to boastfulness_. Cf. +_Christ_, l. 818. + +l. 1767. E. thinks this an allusion to the widespread superstition of the +evil eye (_mal occhio, mauvais ǣil_). Cf. Vergil, _Ecl._ iii. 103. He +remarks that Pius IX., Gambetta, and President Carnot were charged by their +enemies with possessing this weapon. + +l. 1784. wigge geweorðad (MS. wigge weorðad) is C.'s conjecture; cf. +_Elene_, l. 150. So G., _honored in war_. + +l. 1785. The future generally implied in the present of bēon is plainly +seen in this line; cf. ll. 1826, 661, 1830, 1763, etc. + +l. 1794. Some impers. vbs. take acc. (as here, Geat) of the person +affected; others (as þyncan) take the dat. of the person, as at ll. 688, +1749, etc. Cf. verbs of dreaming, being ashamed, desiring, etc.--March, +A.-S. Gram., p. 145. + +l. 1802. E. remarks that the blaca hrefn here is a bird of good omen, as +opposed to se wonna hrefn of l. 3025. The raven, wolf, and eagle are the +regular epic accompaniments of battle and carnage. Cf. ll. 3025-3028; +_Maldon_, 106; _Judith_, 205-210, etc. + +l. 1803. S. emends to read: "then came the light, going bright after +darkness: the warriors," etc. Cf. Ho., p. 41, l. 23. G. puts period before +"the warriors." For ōnettan, cf. Sw.'s Gloss, and Bright's Read., Gloss. + +ll. 1808-1810. Müllenh. and Grundt. refer se hearda to Beowulf, correct +sunu (MS.) to suna Ecglāfes (i.e. Unferth); [_he_] (Beo.) _thanked him_ +(Un.) _for the loan_. Cf. ll. 344, 581, 1915. + +ll. 1823-1840. "Beowulf departing pledges his services to Hroðgar, to be +what afterwards in the mature language of chivalry was called his 'true +knight'"--E. + +l. 1832. Kl. corrects to dryhtne, in appos. with Higelāce. + +l. 1835 gār-holt more properly means _spear-shaft_; cf. æsc-holt. + +l. 1855. sēl = _better_ (Grundt.; B., _Beit._ xii. 96), instead of MS. wēl. + +ll. 1855-1866. "An ideal picture of international amity according to the +experience and doctrine of the eighth century."--E. + +l. 1858. S. and Kl. correct to gemǣne, agreeing with sib.--_Beit._ ix. 140, +190. + +l. 1862. "The gannet is a great diver, plunging down into the sea from a +considerable height, such as forty feet."--E. + +l. 1863. Kl. suggests heafu, = _seas_. + +l. 1865. B. proposes geþōhte, = _with firm thought_, for geworhte; cf. l. +611. + +l. 1876. gesēon = _see again_ (Kl., _Beit._ ix. 190). S. and B. insert nā +to modify gesēon and explain Hrōðgār's tears. Ha. and G. follow Heyne's +text. Cf. l. 567. + +l. 1881. Is beorn here = bearn (be-arn?) of l. 67? or more likely = born, +barn, = _burned?_--S., Th. + +l. 1887. orleahtre is a ἃπαξ λεγόμενον. E. compares Tennyson's "blameless" +king. Cf. also ll. 2015, 2145; and the gōd cyning of l. 11. + +l. 1896. scaðan = _warriors_ (cf. l. 1804) has been proposed by C.; but cf. +l. 253. + +l. 1897. The boat had been left, at ll. 294-302, in the keeping of +Hrōðgār's men; at l. 1901 the bāt-weard is specially honored by Beowulf +with a sword and becomes a "sworded squire."--E. This circumstance appears +to weld the poem together. Cf. also the speed of the journey home with ymb +ān-tīd ōþres dōgores of l. 219, and the similarity of language in both +passages (fāmig-heals, clifu, næssas, sǣlde, brim, etc.).--The nautical +terms in Beowulf would form an interesting study. + +l. 1904. R. proposes, gewāt him on naca, = _the vessel set out_, on +alliterating as at l. 2524 (_Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 402). B. reads on +nacan, but inserts irrelevant matter (_Beit._ xii. 97). + +l. 1913. Cf. the same use of cēol, = _ship_, in the _A.-S. Chron._, ed. +Earle-Plummer; _Gnomic Verses_, etc. + +l. 1914. S. inserts þæt hē before on lande. + +l. 1916. B. makes lēofra manna depend on wlātode, = _looked for the dear +men ready at the coast_ (_Beit._ xii. 97). + +l. 1924. Gr., W., and Ho. propose wunade, = _remained;_ but cf. l. 1929. S. +conceives ll. 1924, 1925 as "direct speech" (_Beit._ ix. 141). + +l. 1927 _seq._ "The women of Beowulf are of the fine northern type; trusted +and loved by their husbands and by the nobles and people; generous, gentle, +and holding their place with dignity."--Br., p. 67. Thrytho is the +exception, l. 1932 _seq._ + +l. 1933. C. suggests frēcnu, = _dangerous, bold_, for Thrytho could not be +called "excellent." G. writes "Modthrytho" as her name. The womanly Hygd +seems purposely here contrasted with the terrible Thrytho, just as, at l. +902 _seq._, Sigemund and Heremōd are contrasted. For Thrytho, etc., cf. +Gr., _Jahrb. für rom. u. eng. Lit._ iv. 279; Müllenhoff, _Haupts Zeitschr._ +xiv. 216; Matthew Paris; Suchier, _Beit._ iv. 500-521; R. _Zachers +Zeitschr._ iii. 402; B., _ibid._ iv. 206; Körner, _Eng. Stud._ i. 489-492; +H.-So., p. 106. + +l. 1932-1963. K. first pointed out the connection between the historical +Offa, King of Mercia, and his wife Cwendrida, and the Offa and Þrȳðo +(Gr.'s _Drida_ of the _Vita Offǣ Secundi_) of the present passage. The tale +is told of her, not of Hygd. + +l. 1936. Suchier proposes andǣges, = _eye to eye_; Leo proposes āndǣges, = +_the whole day_; G., _by day_. No change is necessary if an be taken to +govqern hire, = _on her_, and dæges be explained (like nihtes, etc.) as a +genitive of time, = _by day_. + +l. 1943. R. and Suchier propose onsēce, = _seek, require_; but cf. 2955. + +l. 1966. Cf. the _heofoncandel_ of _Exod._ l. 115 (Hunt). Shak.'s 'night's +candles.' + +l. 1969. Cf. l. 2487 _seq._ for the actual slayer of Ongenþēow, i.e. Eofor, +to whom Hygelāc gave his only daughter as a reward, l. 2998. + +l. 1981. meodu-scencum = _with mead-pourers_ or _mead-cups_ (G., Ha.); +_draught or cup of mead_ (Toller-Bosw.). + +l. 1982. K., Th., W., H. supply [heal-]reced; Holler [hēa-]. + +l. 1984. B. defends the MS., reading hǣ nū (for hǣðnū), which he regards as += Heinir, the inhabitants of the Jutish "heaths" (hǣð). Cf. H.-So., p. 107; +_Beit._ xii. 9. + +l. 1985. sīnne. "In poetry there is a reflexive possessive of the third +person, sīn (declined like mīn). It is used not only as a true reflexive, +but also as a non-reflexive (= Lat. _ejus_)"--Sw.; Cook's Sievers' Gram., +p. 185. Cf. ll. 1508, 1961, 2284, 2790. + +l. 1994. Cf. l. 190 for a similar use of sēað; cf. to "glow" with emotion, +"boil" with indignation, "burn" with anger, etc. weallan is often so used; +cf. ll. 2332, 2066, etc. + +l. 2010. B. proposes fācne, = _in treachery_, for fenne. Cf. _Juliana_, l. +350; _Beit._ xii. 97. + +l. 2022. Food of specific sorts is rarely, if at all, mentioned in the +poem. Drink, on the other hand, occurs in its primitive varieties,--_ale_ +(as here: ealu-wǣg), _mead, beer, wine, līð_ (cider? Goth. _leiþus_, Prov. +Ger. _leit-_ in _leit-haus_, ale-house), etc. + +l. 2025. Kl. proposes is for wæs. + +l. 2027. Cf. l. 1599 for a similar use of weorðan, = _agree, be pleased +with_ (Ha.); _appear_ (Sw., Reader, 6th ed.). + +ll. 2030, 2031. Ten Br. proposes: oft seldan ( = _gave_) wǣre æfter +lēod-hryre: lȳtle hwīle bongār būgeð, þēah sēo brȳd duge = _oft has a +treaty been given after the fall of a prince: but little while the +murder-spear resteth, however excellent the bride be._ Cf. Kl., _Beit._ ix. +190; B., _Beit._ xii. 369; R., _Zachers Zeitschr._ in. 404; Ha., p. 69; G., +p. 62. + +l. 2036. Cf. Kl, _Beit._ ix. 191; R., _Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 404. + +l. 2042. For bēah B. reads bā, = _both_, i.e. Freaware and the Dane. + +l. 2063. Thorkelin and Conybeare propose wīgende, = _fighting_, for +lifigende. + +l. 2068. W.'s edition begins section xxx. (not marked in the MS.) with this +line. Section xxxix. (xxxviii. in copies A and B, xxxix. in Thorkelin) is +not so designated in the MS., though þā (at l. 2822) is written with +capitals and xl. begins at l. 2893. + +l. 2095. Cf. l. 1542, and note. + +l. 2115 _seq._ B. restores thus: + + Þǣr on innan gīong + niðða nāthwylc, nēode tō gefēng + hǣðnum horde; hond ætgenam + seleful since fāh; nē hē þæt syððan āgeaf, + þēah þe hē slǣpende besyrede hyrde + þēofes cræfte: þæt se þīoden onfand, + bȳ-folc beorna, þæt hē gebolgen wæs. + --_Beit._ xii. 99; _Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 210. + +l. 2129. B. proposes fǣrunga, = _suddenly_, for Gr.'s reading in the +text.--_Beit._ xii. 98. + +l. 2132. MS. has þine life, which Leo translates _by thy leave_ (= ON. +_leyfi_); B., _by thy life_.--_Beit._ xii. 369. + +l. 2150. B. renders gēn, etc., by "now I serve thee alone again as my +gracious king" (_Beit._ xii. 99). + +l. 2151. The forms hafu [hafo], hafast, hafað, are poetic archaisms.--Sw. + +l. 2153. Kl. proposes ealdor, = _prince_, for eafor. W. proposes the compd. +eafor-hēafodsegn, = _helm_; cf. l. 1245. + +l. 2157. The wk. form of the adj. is frequent in the vocative, especially +when postponed: "Beowulf lēofa," l. 1759. So, often, in poetry in nom.: +wudu selesta, etc. + +l. 2158. ǣrest is possibly the verbal subs. from ārīsan, _to arise, = +arising, origin_. R. suggested ǣrist, _arising, origin_. Cf. Bede, _Eccles. +Hist._, ed. Miller, where the word is spelt as above, but = (as usual) +_resurrection_. See Sweet, Reader, p. 211; E.-Plummer's _Chronicle_, p. +302, etc. The MS. has est. See Ha., p. 73; S., _Beit._ x. 222; and cf. l. +2166. + +l. 2188. Gr., W., H. supply [wēn]don, = _weened_, instead of Th.'s [oft +sæg]don. + +l. 2188. The "slack" Beowulf, like the sluggish Brutus, ultimately reveals +his true character, and is presented with a historic sword of honor. It is +"laid on his breast" (l. 2195) as Hun laid Lāfing on Hengest's breast, l. +1145. + +l. 2188. "The boy was at first slothful, and the Geats thought him an +unwarlike prince, and long despised him. Then, like many a lazy third son +in the folk tales, a change came, he suddenly showed wonderful daring and +was passionate for adventure."--Br., p. 22. + +l. 2196. "Seven of thousands, manor and lordship" (Ha.). Kl., _Beit._ ix. +191, thinks with Ettm. that þūsendo means a hide of land (see Schmid, _Ges. +der Angl_, 610), Bede's familia = 1/2 sq. meter; seofan being used (like +hund, l. 2995) only for the alliteration. + +l. 2196. "A vast Honour of 7000 hides, a mansion, and a judgment-seat" +[throne].--E. + +l. 2210. MS. has the more correct wintra. + +l. 2211. Cf. similar language about the dragon at l. 100. Beowulf's +"jubilee" is fitly solemnized by his third and last dragon-fight. + +l. 2213. B. proposes sē þe on hearge hǣðen hord beweotode; cf. Ha., p. 75. + +l. 2215. "The dragon lies round the treasures in a cave, as Fafnir, like a +Python, lay coiled over his hoard. So constant was this habit among the +dragons that gold is called Worms' bed, Fafnir's couch, Worms' bed-fire. +Even in India, the cobras ... are guardians of treasure."--Br., p. 50. + +l. 2216. nēode. E. translates _deftly_; Ha., _with ardor_. H.-So. reads +nēode, = _with desire, greedily_, instr. of nēod. + +l. 2223. E. begins his "Part Third" at this point as he begins "Part +Second" at l. 1252, each dragon-fight forming part of a trilogy. + +ll. 2224, 2225. B. proposes: nealles mid gewealdum wyrmes weard gæst sylfes +willum.--_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 211; _Beit._ xii. 100. + +l. 2225. For þēow read þegn.--K. and Z. + +l. 2227. For ofer-þearfe read ǣrnes þearfa.--Z. + +ll. 2229-2231. B. proposes: + + secg synbysig sōna onwlātode, + þēah þām gyste gryrebrōga stōd, + hwæðre earmsceapen innganges þearfa + . . . . . . . . . . + fēasceapen, þā hyne se fǣr begeat. + --_Beit._ xii. 101. Cf. Ha., p. 69. + +l. 2232. W. suggests seah or seīr for geseah, and Gr. suggests searolīc. + +l. 2233. Z. surmises eorð-hūse (for -scræfe). + +l. 2241. B. proposes lǣn-gestrēona, = _transitory_, etc.; Th., R. propose +leng (= _longer_) gestrēona; S. accepts the text but translates "the long +accumulating treasure." + +l. 2246. B. proposed (1) hard-fyndne, = _hard to find_; (2) hord-wynne +dǣl,--_a deal of treasure-joy_ (cf. l. 2271).--_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 211; +_Beit._ xii. 102. + +l. 2247. fecword = _banning words_ (?) MS. has fec. + +l. 2254. Others read feor-[mie], = _furbish_, for fetige: _I own not one +who may_, etc. + +l. 2261. The Danes themselves were sometimes called the "Ring-Danes," = +clad in ringed (or a ring of) armor, or possessing rings. Cf. ll. 116, +1280. + +l. 2263. Koeppel suggests nis for næs. + +The editors are much indebted to E. Koeppel (in _Eng. Stud._ xiii. 3) for +numerous corrections in text and glossary. + +l. 2264. Note the early reference to hawking. Minstrelsy (hearpan wyn), +saga-telling, racing, swimming, harpooning of sea-animals, feasting, and +the bestowal of jewels, swords, and rings, are the other amusements most +frequent in _Bēowulf_. + +l. 2264. Cf. _Maldon_, ll. 8, 9, for a reference to hawking. + +l. 2276. Z. suggests swȳðe ondrǣdað; Ho. puts gesēcean for Gr.'s gewunian. + +l. 2277. Z. and K. read: hord on hrūsan. "Three hundred winters," at l. +2279, is probably conventional for "a long time," like hund missēra, l. +1499; hund þūsenda, l. 2995; þrītig (of Beowulf's strength), l. 379; þrītig +(of the men slain by Grendel), l. 123; seofan þūsendo, l. 2196, etc. + +l. 2285. B. objects to hord as repeated in ll. 2284, 2285; but cf. Ha., p. +77. C. prefers sum to hord. onboren = _inminutus_; cf. B., _Beit._ xii. +102. + +l. 2285. onberan is found also at line 991, = _carry off_, with on- = E. +_un--(un-bind, -loose, -tie_, etc.), G. _ent-_. The negro still pronounces +_on-do_, etc. + +l. 2299. Cf. H.-So., p. 112, for a defense of the text as it stands. B. +proposes "nor was there any man in that desert who rejoiced in conflict," +etc. So ten Br. + +l. 2326. B. and ten Br,. propose hām, = _home_, for him.--_Beit._ xii. 103. + +l. 2335. E. translates ēalond utan by _the sea-board front, the +water-washed land on the (its) outside_. See B., _Beit._ xii. 1, 5. + +l. 2346. Cf. l. 425, where Beowulf resolves to fight the dragon +single-handed. E. compares _Guy of Warwick_, ll. 49, 376. + +l. 2355. Ten Br. proposes laðan cynne as apposition to mǣgum. + +l. 2360. Cf. Beowulf's other swimming-feat with Breca, ll. 506 _seq._ + +l. 2362. Gr. inserts āna, = _lone-going_, before xxx.: approved by B.; and +Krüger, _Beit._ ix. 575. Cf. l. 379. + +l. 2362. "Beowulf has the strength of thirty men in the original tale. +Here, then, the new inventor makes him carry off thirty coats of +mail."--Br., p. 48. + +l. 2364. Hetware = Chattuarii, a nation allied against Hygelāc in his +Frisian expedition; cf. ll. 1208 _seq._, 2917, etc. + +l. 2368. B. proposes _quiet sea_ as trans, of sioleða bigong, and compares +Goth. _anasilan_, to be still; Swed. dial, _sil_, still water between +waterfalls.--_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 214. + +l. 2380. hyne--Heardrēd; so him, l. 2358. + +l. 2384. E. calls attention to Swīo-rīce as identical with the modern +_Sverige_ = Sweden; cf. l. 2496. + +l. 2386. Gr. reads on feorme, = _at the banquet_; cf. Möller, _Alteng. +Volksepos_, 111, who reads (f)or feorme. The MS. has or. + +l. 2391. Cf. l. 11. + +l. 2394. B., Gr., and Mūllenh. understand ll. 2393-2397 to mean that +Ēadgils, Ōhthere's son, driven from Sweden, returns later, supported by +Beowulf, takes the life of his uncle Onela, and probably becomes himself +O.'s successor and king of Sweden. For another view see H.-So., p. 115. MS. +has freond (l. 2394), which Leo, etc., change to fēond. G. translates +_friend_.--_Beit._ xii. 13; _Anzeiger f. d. Altert._ iii. 177. + +l. 2395. Ēadgils is Ōhthere's son; cf. l. 2381; Onela is Ōhthere's brother; +cf. ll. 2933, 2617. + +l. 2402. "Twelfsome"; cf. "fifteensome" at l. 207, etc. As _Bēowulf_ is +essentially _the_ Epic of Philanthropy, of the true love of man, as +distinguished from the ordinary love-epic, the number twelve in this +passage may be reminiscent of another Friend of Man and another Twelve. In +each case all but one desert the hero. + +l. 2437. R. proposes stȳred, = _ordered, decreed_, for strēd.--_Zachers +Zeitschr._ iii. 409. + +l. 2439. B. corrects to frēo-wine = _noble friend_, asking, "How can +Herebeald be called Hæðcyn's frēa-wine [MS.], _lord?_" + +l. 2442. feohlēas gefeoht, "a homicide which cannot be atoned for by +money--in this case an unintentional fratricide."--Sw. + +l. 2445. See Ha., pp. 82, 83, for a discussion of ll. 2445-2463. Cf. G., p. +75. + +l. 2447. MS. reads wrece, justified by B. (_Tidskr._ viii. 56). W. +conceives wrece as optative or hortative, and places a colon before þonne. + +l. 2449. For helpan read helpe.--K., Th., S. (_Zeitschr. f. D. Phil._ xxi. +3, 357). + +ll. 2454-2455. (1) Müllenh. (_Haupts Zeitschr._ xiv. 232) proposes: + + þonne se ān hafað + þurh dǣda nȳd dēaðes gefandod. + +(2) B. proposes: + + þurh dǣda nīð dēaðes gefondad. + --_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 215. + +l. 2458. Cf. scēotend, pl., ll. 704, 1155, like rīdend. Cf. _Judith_, l. +305, etc. + +l. 2474. Th. considers the "wide water" here as the Mälar lake, the +boundary between Swedes and Goths. + +l. 2477. On oþþe = _and_, cf. B., _Tidskr._ viii. 57. See Ha., p. 83. + +l. 2489. B. proposes hrēa-blāc for Gr.'s heoro-.--_Tikskr._ viii. 297. + +l. 2494. S. suggests ēðel-wynne. + +l. 2502. E. translates for dugeðum, _of my prowess_; so Ettmüller. + +ll. 2520-2522. Gr. and S. translate, "if I knew how else I might combat the +monster's boastfulness."--Ha., p. 85. + +l. 2524. and-hāttres is H.'s invention. Gr. reads oreðes and attres, _blast +and venom_. Cf. oruð, l. 2558, and l. 2840 (where attor- also occurs). + +l. 2526. E. quotes flēon fōtes trym from _Maldon_, l. 247. + +l. 2546. Gr., H.-So., and Ho. read standan stān-bogan (for stōd on +stān-bogan) depending on geseah. + +l. 2550. Grundt. and B. propose dēor, _brave one_, i.e. Beowulf, for dēop. + +L. 2565. MS. has ungleaw (K., Th.), unglaw (Grundt.). B. proposes unslāw, = +_sharp_.--_Beit._ xii. 104. So H.-So., Ha., p. 86. + +ll. 2570, 2571. (1) May not gescīfe (MS. to gscipe) = German _schief_, +"crooked," "bent," "aslant," and hence be a parallel to gebogen, _bent, +coiled?_ cf. l. 2568, þā se wyrm gebēah snūde tōsomne, and l. 2828. Coiled +serpents spring more powerfully for the coiling. (2) Or perhaps destroy +comma after tō and read gescæpe, = _his fate_; cf. l. 26: him þā Scyld +gewāt tō gescæp-hwīle. G. appar. adopts this reading, p. 78. + +l. 2589. grund-wong = _the field_, not _the earth_ (so B.); H.-So., _cave_, +as at l. 2771. So Ha., p. 87. + +l. 2595. S. proposes colon after stefne.--_Beit._ ix. 141. + +l. 2604. Müllenh. explains lēod Scylfinga in _Anzeiger f. d. Altert._ iii. +176-178. + +l. 2607. āre = _possessions, holding_ (Kl., _Beit._ ix. 192; Ha., p. 88). + +l. 2609. folcrihta. Add "folk-right" to the meanings in the Gloss.; and cf. +ēðel-, land-riht, word-riht. + +l. 2614. H.-So. reads with Gr. wrǣccan winelēasum Wēohstān bana, = _whom, a +friendless exile, W. had slain_. + +ll. 2635-61. E. quotes Tacitus, _Germania_, xiv.: "turpe comitatui virtutem +principis non adaequare." Beowulf had been deserted by his _comitatus_. + +l. 2643. B. proposes ūser.--_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 216. + +l. 2649. wutun; l. 3102, uton = pres. subj. pl. 1st person of wītan, _to +go_, used like Mod. Eng. _let us_ + inf., Lat. _eamus_, Ital. _andiamo_, +Fr. _allons_; M. E. (_Layamon_) _uten_. Cf. Psa. ii. 3, etc. March, _A.-S. +Gram._, pp. 104, 196. + +l. 2650. B. suggests hāt for hyt,.--_Beit._ xii. 105. + +l. 2656. fāne = fāh-ne; cf. fāra = fāh-ra, l. 578; so hēanne (MS.) = +hēah-ne, etc., l. 984. See Cook's Sievers' Gram. + +ll. 2660, 2661. Why not read beadu-scrūd, as at l. 453, = _battle-shirt?_ +B. and R. suppose two half-verses omitted between byrdu-scrūd and bām +gemǣne. B. reads bȳwdu, = _handsome_, etc. Gr. suggests unc nū, = _to us +two now_, for ūrum; and K. and Grundt. read bēon gemǣne for bām, etc. This +makes sense. Cf. Ha., p. 89. + +l. 2666. Cf. the dat. absolute without preposition. + +l. 2681. Nægling; cf. Hrunting, Lāfing, and other famous wundor-smiða +geweorc of the poem. + +l. 2687. B. changes þonne into þone (rel. pro.) = _which_.--_Beit._ xii. +105. + +l. 2688. B. supports the MS. reading, wundum. + +l. 2688. Cf. l. 2278 for similar language. + +l. 2698. B. (_Beit._ xii. 105) renders: "he did not heed the head of the +dragon (which Beowulf with his sword had struck without effect), but he +struck the dragon somewhat further down." Cf. Saxo, vi. p. 272. + +l. 2698. Cf. the language used at ll. 446 and 1373, where hafelan also +occurs; and hȳdan. + +l. 2700. hwēne; cf. Lowl. Sc. _wheen_, a number; Chaucer's _woon_, number. + +l. 2702. S. proposes þā (for þæt) þæt fȳr, etc., = _when the fire began_, +etc. + +l. 2704. "The (hup)-seax has often been found in Saxon graves on the hip of +the skeleton."--E. + +l. 2707. Kl. proposes: feorh ealne wræc, = _drove out all the life_; cf. +_Gen._ l. 1385.--_Beit._ ix. 192. S. suggests gefylde,--_he felled the +foe_, etc.--_Ibid._ Parentheses seem unnecessary. + +l. 2727. dæg-hwīl = _time allotted, lifetime_. + +l. 2745, 2745. Ho. removes geong from the beginning of l. 2745 and places +it at the end of l. 2744. + +l. 2750. R. proposes sigle searogimmas, as at l. 1158. + +l. 2767. (1) B. proposes doubtfully oferhīgean or oferhīgan, = Goth, +_ufarhauhjan_, p. p. _ufarhauhids_ (Gr. τυφωθείς) = _exceed in +value_.--_Tidskr._ viii. 60. (2) Kl. proposes oferhȳdian, = _to make +arrogant, infatuate_; cf. oferhȳd.--_Beit._ ix. 192. + +l. 2770. gelocen leoðocræftum = (1) _spell-bound_ (Th., Arnold, E.); (2) +_wrought with hand-craft_ (G.); (3) _meshed, linked together_ (H., Ho.); +cf. _Elene_, ll. 1251, 522. + +l. 2778. B. considers bill ... ealdhlāfordes as Beowulf's short sword, with +which he killed the dragon, l. 2704 (_Tidskr._ viii. 299). R. proposes +ealdhlāforde. Müllenh. understands ealdhlāford to mean the former possessor +of the hoard. W. agrees to this, but conceives ǣrgescōd as a compd. = ǣre +calceatus, _sheathed in brass_. Ha. translates ǣrgescōd as vb. and adv. + +l. 2791. Cf. l. 224, eoletes æt ende; landes æt ende, _Exod._ (Hunt). + +l. 2792. MS. reads wæteres weorpan, which R. would change to wætere +sweorfan. + +l. 2806. "Men saw from its height the whales tumbling in the waves, and +called it Whale's Ness (Hrones-nǣs)."--Br. p. 28. Cf. l. 3137. + +l. 2815. Wīglāf was the next of kin, the last of the race, and hence the +recipient of Beowulf's kingly insignia. There is a possible play on the +word lāf (Wīg-_lāf_, ende-_lāf_). + +l. 2818. gingeste word; cf. _novissima verba_, and Ger. _jüngst_, lately. + +l. 2837. E. translates on lande, _in the world_, comparing _on līfe, on +worulde_. + +l. 2840. gerǣsde = pret. of gerǣsan (omitted from the Gloss.), same as +rǣsan; cf. l. 2691. + +l. 2859. B. proposes dēað ārǣdan, = _determine death_.--_Beit._ xii. 106. + +l. 2861. Change geongum to geongan as a scribal error (?), but cf. +Lichtenheld, _Haupts Zeitschr._ xvi. 353-355. + +l. 2871. S. and W. propose ōwēr.--_Beit._ ix. 142. + +l. 2873. S. punctuates: wrāðe forwurpe, þā, etc. + +l. 2874. H.-So. begins a new sentence with nealles, ending the preceding +one with beget. + +l. 2879. ætgifan = _to render, to afford_; omitted in Gloss. + +ll. 2885-2892. "This passage ... equals the passage in Tacitus which +describes the tie of chief to companion and companion to chief among the +Germans, and which recounts the shame that fell on those who survived their +lord."--Br., p. 56. + +l. 2886. cyn thus has the meaning of _gens_ or clan, just as in many +Oriental towns all are of one blood. E. compares Tacitus, _Germania_, 7; +and cf. "kith and kin." + +l. 2892. Death is preferable to dishonor. Cf. Kemble, _Saxons_, i. 235. + +l. 2901. The ἄγγελος begins his ἀγγελία here. + +l. 2910. S. proposes higemēðe, _sad of soul;_ cf. ll. 2853 and 2864 +(_Beit._ ix. 142). B. considers higemēðum a dat. or instr. pl. of an +abstract in -u (_Beit._ xii. 106). H. makes it a dat. pl. = _for the dead_. +For heafod-wearde, etc., cf. note on l. 446. + +l. 2920-2921. B. explains "he could not this time, as usual, give jewels to +his followers."--_Beit._ xii. 106. + +l. 2922. The Merovingian or Frankish race. + +l. 2940 _seq._ B. conjectures: + + cwæð hīe on mergenne mēces ecgum + gētan wolde, sumon galgtreowu + āhēawan on holte ond hīe āhōan on þā + fuglum tō gamene. + --_Beit._ xii. 107, 372. + +Cf. S., _Beit._ ix. 143. gētan = _cause blood to be shed._ + +l. 2950. B. proposes gomela for gōda; "a surprising epithet for a Geat to +apply to the 'terrible' Ongentheow."--Ha. p. 99. But "good" does not +necessarily mean "morally excellent," as a "good" hater, a "good" fighter. + +l. 2959. See H.-So. for an explanatory quotation from Paulus Diaconus, etc. +B., K., and Th. read segn Higelāces, = H.'s banner uplifted began to pursue +the Swede-men.--_Beit._ xii. 108. S. suggests sǣce, = _pursuit_. + +l. 2977. gewyrpton: this vb. is also used reflexively in _Exod._ (Hunt), l. +130: wyrpton hīe wērige. + +l. 2989. bær is Grundt.'s reading, after the MS. "The surviving victor is +the heir of the slaughtered foe."--H.-So. Cf. _Hildebrands Lied_, ll. 61, +62. + +l. 2995. "A hundred of thousands in land and rings" (Ha., p. 100). Cf. ll. +2196, 3051. Cf. B., _Beit._ xii. 20, who quotes Saxo's _bis senas gentes_ +and remarks: "Hrolf Kraki, who rewards his follower, for the slaying of the +foreign king, with jewels, rich lands, and his only daughter's hand, +answers to the Jutish king Hygelāc, who rewards his liegeman, for the +slaying of Ongenthēow, with jewels, enormous estates, and _his_ only +daughter's hand." + +l. 3006. H.-So. suggests Scilfingas for Scyldingas, because, at l. 2397, +Beowulf kills the Scylfing Ēadgils and probably acquires his lands. Thus +ll. 3002, 3005, 3006, would indicate that, after Beowulf's death, the +Swedes desired to shake off his hated yoke. Müllenh., however, regards l. +3006 as a thoughtless repetition of l. 2053.--_Haupts Zeitschr._ xiv. 239. + +l. 3008. Cf. the same proverb at l. 256; and _Exod._ (Hunt.) l. 293. + +l. 3022. E. quotes: + + "Thai token an harp _gle and game_ + And maked a lai and yaf it name." + --_Weber_, l. 358. + +and from Percy, "The word _glee_, which peculiarly denoted their art (the +minstrels'), continues still in our own language ... it is to this day used +in a musical sense, and applied to a peculiar piece of composition." + +l. 3025. "This is a finer use than usual of the common poetic attendants of +a battle, the wolf, the eagle, and the raven. The three are here like three +Valkyrie, talking of all that they have done."--Br., p. 57. + +l. 3033. Cf. Hunt's _Dan._ l. 731, for similar language. + +l. 3039. B. supplies a supposed gap here: + + [banan ēac fundon bennum sēocne + (nē) ǣr hī þǣm gesēgan syllīcran wiht] + wyrm on wonge... + --_Beit._ xii. 372. + +Cf. Ha., p. 102. W. and Ho. insert [þǣr] before gesēgan. + +l. 3042. Cf. l. 2561, where gryre-giest occurs as an epithet of the dragon. +B. proposes gry[re-fāh]. + +l. 3044. lyft-wynne, _in the pride of the air_, E.; _to rejoice in the +air_, Ha. + +l. 3057. (1) He (God) is men's hope; (2) he is the heroes' hope; (3) gehyld += the secret place of enchanters; cf. hēlsmanna gehyld, Gr.'s reading, +after A.-S. hǣlsere, haruspex, augur. + +l. 3060. B. suggests gehȳðde, = _plundered_ (i.e. by the thief), for +gehȳdde. + +ll. 3063-3066. (1) B. suggests wundur [dēaðe] hwār þonne eorl ellenrof ende +gefēre = _let a brave man then somewhere meet his end by wondrous venture_, +etc.--_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 241; cf. l. 3038. (2) S. supposes an indirect +question introduced by hwār and dependent upon wundur, = _a mystery is it +when it happens that the hero is to die, if he is no longer to linger among +his people_.--_Beit._ ix. 143. (3) Müllenh. suggests: _is it to be wondered +at that a man should die when he can no longer live?_--_Zachers Zeitschr._ +xiv. 241. (4) Possibly thus: + + Wundrað hwæt þonne, + eorl ellen-rōf, ende gefēre + līf-gesceafta, þonne leng ne mæg (etc.), + +in which hwæt would = þurh hwæt at l. 3069, and eorl would be subject of +the conjectural vb. wundrað: "the valiant earl wondereth then through what +he shall attain his life's end, when he no longer may live. ... So Bēowulf +knew not (wondered how) through what _his_ end should come," etc. W. and +Ho. join þonne to the next line. Or, for hwār read wǣre: Wundur wǣre þonne +(= gif), etc., = "would it be any wonder if a brave man," etc., which is +virtually Müllenhoff's. + +l. 3053. galdre bewunden, _spell-bound_, throws light on l. 2770, gelocen +leoðo-cræftum. The "accursed" gold of legend is often dragon-guarded and +placed under a spell. Even human ashes (as Shakespeare's) are thus banned. +ll. 3047-3058 recall the so-called "Treasury of Atreus." + +l. 3070. H.-So. begins a new line with swā. + +l. 3073. herh, hearh, _temple_, is conjectured by E. to survive in _Harrow. +Temple, barrow_, etc., have thus been raised to proper names. Cf. Bīowulfes +biorh of l. 2808. + +l. 3074. H.-So. has strude, = _ravage_, and compares l. 3127. MS. has +strade. S. suggests stride, = _tread_. + +l. 3074. H.-So. omits strādan, = _tread, stride over_, from the Gloss., +referring ll. 3174 and 3074 to strūdan, q. v. + +l. 3075. S. proposes: næs hē goldhwætes gearwor hæfde, etc., = _Beowulf had +not before seen the greedy possessor's favor_.--_Beit._ ix. 143. B. reads, +goldhwæte gearwor hæfde, etc., making goldhwæte modify ēst, = _golden +favor_; but see _Beit._ xii. 373, for B.'s later view. + +l. 3086-3087. B. translates, "that which (i.e. the treasure) drew the king +thither was granted indeed, but it overwhelmed us."--_Beit._ xii. 109. + +l. 3097. B. and S. propose æfter wine dēadum, = _in memory of the dead +friend_.--_Beit._ ix. 144. + +l. 3106. The brād gold here possibly includes the iū-monna gold of l. 3053 +and the wunden gold of l. 3135. E. translates brād by _bullion_. + +l. 3114. B. supposes folc-āgende to be dat. sg. to gōdum, referring to +Beowulf. + +l. 3116. C. considers weaxan, = Lat. _vescor_, to devour, as a parallel to +fretan, and discards parentheses.--_Beit._ viii. 573. + +l. 3120. fūs = _furnished with_; a meaning which must be added to those in +the Gloss. + +ll. 3124-3125. S. proposes: + + ēode eahta sum under inwit-hrōf + hilderinca: sum on handa bær, etc. + --_Beit._ ix. 144. + +l. 3136. H.-So. corrects (after B.) to æðeling_c_, the MS. having _e_. + +l. 3145. "It was their [the Icelanders'] belief that the higher the smoke +rose in the air the more glorious would the burnt man be in heaven."-- +_Ynglinga Saga_, 10 (quoted by E.). Cf. the funeral pyre of Herakles. + +l. 3146-3147. B. conjectures: + + ... swōgende lēc + wōpe bewunden windblonda lēg + +(lēc from lācan, see Gloss.).--_Beit._ xii. 110. Why not windblonda lāc? + +l. 3147. Müllenhoff rejected wind-blond gelæg because a great fire raises +rather than "lays" the wind; hence B., as above, = "swoughing sported the +flame wound with the howling of wind-currents." + +l. 3151 _seq._ B. restores conjecturally: + + swylce giōmor-gyd sio geō-meowle + [æfter Bēowulfe] bunden-heorde + [song] sorg-cearig, sǣde geneahhe, + þæt hīo hyre [hearm-]dagas hearde on [dr]ēde, + wælfylla worn, [w]īgendes egesan, + hȳ[n]ðo ond hæftnȳd, hēof on rīce wealg. + --_Beit._ xii. 100. + +Here geō-meowle = _old woman_ or _widow;_ bunden-heorde = _with bound +locks;_ hēof = _lamentation;_ cf. l. 3143. on rīce wealg is less preferable +than the MS. reading, heofon rēce swealg = _heaven swallowed the +smoke_.--H.-So. B. thinks Beowulf's widow (geōmeowle) was probably Hygd; +cf. ll. 2370, 3017-3021. + +l. 3162. H.-So. reads (with MS.) bronda be lāfe, for betost, and omits +colon after bēcn. So B., _Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 224. + +l. 3171. E. quotes Gibbon's accounts of the burial of Attila when the +"chosen squadrons of the Hun, wheeling round in measured evolutions, +chanted a funeral song to the memory of a hero." + +ll. 3173-3174. B. proposes: + + woldon gēn cwīðan [ond] kyning + wordgyd wrecan ond ymb wēl sprecan. + --_Beit._ xii. 112. + +l. 3183. Z., K., Th. read manna for mannum. + +l. 3184. "It is the English ideal of a hero as it was conceived by an +Englishman some twelve hundred years ago."--Br., p. 18. + + +NOTES TO THE FIGHT AT FINNSBURG. + +The original MS. of this fragment has vanished, but a copy had been made +and printed by Hickes in his _Thesaurus Linguarum Septentrionalium_, i. +192. The original was written on a single sheet attached to a codex of +homilies in the Lambeth Library. Möller, _Alteng. Epos_, p. 65, places the +fragment in the Finn episode, between ll. 1146 and 1147. Bugge (_Beit._ +xii. 20) makes it illustrate the conflict in which Hnæf fell, _i.e._ as +described in _Bēowulf_ as antecedent to the events there given. Heinzel +(_Anzeiger f. d. Altert._), however, calls attention to the fact that +Hengest in the fragment is called cyning, whereas in _Bēowulf_, l. 1086, he +is called þegn. See H.-So., p. 125. + +"The _Fight at Finnsburg_ and the lays from which our _Bēowulf_ was +composed were, as it seems to me, sung among the English who dwelt in the +north of Denmark and the south of Sweden, and whose tribal name was the +Jutes or Goths."--Br., p. 101. + +l. 1. R. supposes [hor]nas, and conjectures such an introductory +conversation as follows: "Is it dawning in the east, or is a fiery dragon +flying about, or are the turrets of some castle burning?" questions which +the king negatives in the same order. Then comes the positive declaration, +"rather they are warriors marching whose armor gleams in the moonlight." +--_Alt- und Angels. Lesebuch_, 1861. Heinzel and B. conjecture, [beorhtor +hor]nas byrnað nǣfre. So. G.--_Beit._ xii. 22; _Anzeiger f. d. Altert._ x. +229. + +l. 5. B. conjectures fugelas to mean _arrows_, and supplies: + + ac hēr forð berað [fyrdsearu rincas, + flacre flānbogan], fugelas singað. + +He compares Saxo, p. 95, _cristatis galeis hastisque sonantibus instant_, +as explanatory of l. 6.--_Beit._ xii. 22. But see Brooke, _Early Eng. +Literature_, who supposes fugelas = _raven_ and _eagle_, while grǣg-hama is += _wulf_ (the "grey-coated one"), the ordinary accompaniers of battle. + +l. 11. hicgeað, etc.: cf. _Maldon_, l. 5; _Exod._ l. 218. + +l. 15. Cf. B. (_Beit._ xii. 25), etc., and Saxo, p. 101, for l. 13. + +ll. 18-21. H.-So. remarks: "If, according to Möller and Bugge, Gārulf is +one of the attackers, one of Finn's men, this does not harmonize with his +character as Gūðlāf's son (l. 33), who (l. 16, and _Bēowulf_, l. 1149) is a +Dane, therefore one of Finn's antagonists." B. (_Beit._ xii. 25) +conjectures: + + þā gȳt Gūðdene Gārulf styrode, + þæt hē swā frēolīc feorh forman sīðe + tō þǣre healle durum hyrsta ne bǣre, + nū hīe nīða heard ānyman wolde; + +in which Gūðdene is the same as Sigeferð, l. 24; hē (l. 22) refers to +Gārulf; and hīe (l. 21) to hyrsta. + +l. 27. swæðer = _either_ (bad or good, life or death).--H.-So. + +l. 29. cēlod: meaning doubtful; cf. _Maldon_, l. 283. G. renders "curved +board"; Sw. suggests "round"? "hollow"? + +l. 30. B. suggests bār-helm, = _boar-helm._ Cf. Saxo, p. 96.--_Beit._ xii. +26. + +l. 34. B. conjectures: (1) hwearf flacra hrǣw hræfen, wandrode; (2) hwearf +flacra hrǣw hræfen fram ōðrum = _flew from one corpse to another_.--_Beit._ +xii. 27. + +l. 43. B. supposes wund hæleð to be a Dane, folces hyrde to be Hnæf, in +opposition to Holtzmann (_Germania_, viii. 494), who supposes the wounded +man to be a Frisian, and folces hyrde to be their king, Finn.--_Beit._ xii. +28. + +l. 45. B. adopts Th.'s reading heresceorp unhrōr = _equipments +useless_.--_Beit._ xii. 28. + +l. 47. "Though wounded, they had retained their strength and activity in +battle."--B., _Beit._ xii. 28. + + + +GLOSSARY + +A + +ac, conj. denoting contrariety: hence 1) _but_ (like N.H.G. sondern), 109, +135, 339, etc.--2) _but_ (N.H.G. aber), _nevertheless_, 602, 697, etc.--3) +in direct questions: nonne, numquid, 1991. + +āglǣca, āhlǣca, ǣglǣca, -cea, w. m. (cf. Goth, aglo, _trouble_, O.N. agi, +_terror_, + lāc, _gift, sport: = misery, vexation, = bringer of trouble_; +hence): 1) _evil spirit, demon, a demon-like being_; of Grendel, 159, 433, +593, etc.; of the drake, 2535, 2906, etc.--2) _great hero, mighty warrior_; +of Sigemund, 894; of Bēowulf: gen. sg. āglǣcan(?), 1513; of Bēowulf and the +drake: nom. pl. þā āglǣcean, 2593. + +āglǣc-wīf, st. n., _demon, devil, in the form of a woman_; of Grendel's +mother, 1260. + +aldor. See ealdor. + +al-wealda. See eal-w. + +am-biht (from and-b., Goth, and-baht-s), st. m., _servant, man-servant_: +nom. sg. ombeht, of the coast-guard, 287; ombiht, of Wulfgār, 336. + +ambiht-þegn (from ambiht n. officium and þegn, which see), _servant, +man-servant_: dat. sg. ombiht-þegne, of Bēowulf's servant, 674. + +an, prep, with the dat., _on, in, with respect to_, 678; _with, among, at, +upon_ (position after the governed word), 1936; with the acc., 1248. +Elsewhere on, which see. + +ancor, st. m., _anchor_: dat. sg. ancre, 303, 1884. + +ancor-bend, m. (?) f. (?), _anchor-cable_: dat. pl. oncer-bendum, 1919. + +and, conj. (ond is usual form; for example, 601, 1149, 2041), and 33, 39, +40, etc. (See Appendix.) + +anda, w. m., _excitement, vexation, horror_: dat. wrāðum on andan, 709, +2315. + +and-git, st. n., _insight, understanding_: nom. sg., 1060. See gitan. + +and-hātor, st. m. n., _heat coming against one_: gen. sg. rēðes +and-hāttres, 2524. + +and-lang, -long, adj., _very long._ hence 1) _at whole length, raised up +high_: acc. andlongne eorl, 2696 (cf. Bugge upon this point, Zachers +Ztschr., 4, 217).--2) _continual, entire_; andlangne dæg, 2116, _the whole +day_; andlonge niht, 2939. + +and-lēan, st. n., _reward, payment in full_: acc. sg., 1542, 2095 (hand-, +hond-lean, MS.). + +and-risno, st. f. (see rīsan, surgere, decere), _that which is to be +observed, that which is proper, etiquette_: dat. pl. for andrysnum, +_according to etiquette_, 1797. + +and-saca, w. m., _adversary_: godes andsaca (Grendel), 787, 1683. + +and-slyht, st. m., _blow in return_: acc. sg., 2930, 2973 (MS. both times +hond-slyht). + +and-swaru, st. f., _act of accosting_: 1) to persons coming up, _an +address_, 2861.--2) in reply to something said, _an answer_, 354, 1494, +1841. + +and-weard, adj., _present, existing_: acc. sg. n. swīn ofer helme and-weard +(_the image of the boar, which stands on his helm_), 1288. + +and-wlita, w. m., _countenance_: acc. sg. -an, 690. + +an-sund, adj., _entirely unharmed_: nom. sg. m., 1001. + +an-sȳn, f., _the state of being seen_: hence 1) _the exterior, the form_, +251: ansȳn ȳwde, _showed his form_, i.e. appeared, 2835.--2) _aspect, +appearance_, 929; on-sȳn, 2773. + +an-walda, w. m., _He who rules over all, God_, 1273. See Note. + +atelīc, adj., _terrible, dreadful_: atelīc egesa, 785. + +atol, adj. (also eatol, 2075, etc.), _hostile, frightful, cruel_: of +Grendel, 159, 165, 593, 2075, etc.; of Grendel's mother's hands (dat. pl. +atolan), 1503; of the undulation of the waves, 849; of battle, 597, +2479.--cf. O.N. atall, fortis, strenuus. + +attor, st. n., _poison_, here of the poison of the dragon's bite: nom., +2716. + +attor-sceaða, w. m., _poisonous enemy, of the poisonous dragon_: gen. sg. +-sceaðan, 2840. + +āwa, adv. (certainly not the dative, but a reduplicated form of ā, which +see), _ever_: āwa tō aldre, _fōr ever and ever_, 956. + +Ā + +ā, adv. (Goth, áiv, acc. from aiv-s aevum), _ever, always_, 455, 882, 931, +1479: ā syððan, _ever afterwards, ever, ever after_, 283, 2921.--_ever_, +780.--Comp. nā. + +ād st. m. _funeral pile_: acc. sg. ād, 3139; dat. sg. āde, 1111, 1115. + +ād-faru, st. f., _way to the funeral pile_, dat. sg. on ād-fære, 3011. + +ādl, st. f. _sickness_, 1737, 1764, 1849. + +āð, st. m., _oath in general_, 2740; _oath of allegiance_, 472 (?); _oath +of reconciliation of two warring peoples_, 1098, 1108. + +āð-sweord, st. n., _the solemn taking of an oath, the swearing of an oath_: +nom. pl., 2065. See sweord. + +āðum-swerian, m. pl., _son-in-law and father-in-law_: dat. pl., 84. + +āgan, verb, pret. and pres., _to have, to possess_, w. acc.: III. prs. sg. +āh, 1728; inf. āgan, 1089; prt. āhte, 487, 522, 533; with object, geweald, +to be supplied, 31. Form contracted with the negative: prs. sg. I. nāh hwā +sweord wege (_I have no one to wield the sword_), 2253. + +āgen, adj., _own, peculiar_, 2677. + +āgend (prs. part. of āgan), _possessor, owner, lord_: gen. sg. āgendes, _of +God_, 3076.--Compounds: blǣd-, bold-, folc-, mægen-āgend. + +āgend-frēa, w. m., _owner, lord_: gen. sg. āgend-frēan, 1884. + +āhsian, ge-āhsian, w. v.: 1) _to examine, to find out by inquiring_: pret. +part. ge-āhsod, 433.--2) _to experience, to endure_: pret. āhsode, 1207; +pl. āhsodon, 423. + +āht, st. n. (contracted from ā-wiht, which see), _something, anything_: āht +cwices, 2315. + +ān, num. The meaning of this word betrays its apparent demonstrative +character: 1) _this, that_, 2411, of the hall in the earth mentioned +before; similarly, 100 (of Grendel; already mentioned), cf. also 2775.--2) +_one_, a particular one among many, a single one, in numerical sense: ymb +āne niht (_the next night_), 135; þurh ānes cræft, 700; þāra ānum, 1038; ān +æfter ānum, _one for the other_ (Hrēðel for Herebeald), 2462: similarly, ān +æfter eallum, 2269; ānes hwæt, _some single thing, a part_, 3011; se ān +lēoda duguðe, _the one of the heroes of the people_, 2238; ānes willan, +_for the sake of a single one_, 3078, etc.--Hence, again, 3) _alone, +distinguished_, 1459, 1886.--4) _a_, in the sense of an indefinite article: +ān ... fēond, 100; gen. sg. ānre bēne (or to No.2[?]), 428; ān ... draca, +2211--5) gen. pl. ānra, in connection with a pronoun, _single_; ānra +gehwylces, _every single one_, 733; ānra gehwylcum, 785. Similarly, the +dat. pl. in this sense: nemne fēaum ānum, _except a few single ones_, +1082.--6) solus, _alone_: in the strong form, 1378, 2965; in the weak form, +145, 425, 431, 889, etc.; with the gen., āna Gēata duguðe, _alone of the +warriors of the Gēatas_, 2658.--7) solitarius, _alone, lonely_, see +ǣn.--Comp. nān. + +ān-feald, adj., _simple, plain, without reserve_: acc. sg. ānfealdne +geþōht, _simple opinion_, 256. + +ān-genga, -gengea, w. m., _he who goes alone_, of Grendel, 165, 449. + +ān-haga, w. m., _he who stands alone_, solitarius, 2369. + +ān-hȳdig, adj. (like the O.N. ein-rād-r, _of one resolve_, i.e. of firm +resolve), _of one opinion_, i.e. firm, brave, decided, 2668. + +ānga, adj. (only in the weak form), _single, only_: acc. sg. āngan dōhtor, +375, 2998; āngan eaferan, 1548; dat. sg. āngan brēðer, 1263. + +ān-pæð, st. m., _lonely way, path_: acc. pl. ānpaðas, 1411. + +ān-rǣd, adj. (cf. under ān-hȳdig), _of firm resolution, resolved_, 1530, +1576. + +ān-tīd, st. f., _one time_, i.e. the same time, ymb ān-tīd ōðres dōgores, +_about the same time the second day_ (they sailed twenty-four hours), +219.--ān stands as in ān-mod, O.H.G. ein-muoti, _harmonious, of the same +disposition_. + +ānunga, adv., _throughout, entirely, wholly_, 635. + +ār, st. m., _ambassador, messenger_, 336, 2784. + +ār, st. f., 1) _honor, dignity_: ārum healdan, _to hold in honor_, 296; +similarly, 1100, 1183.--2) _favor, grace, support_: acc. sg. āre, 1273, +2607; dat. sg. āre, 2379; gen. pl. hwæt ... ārna, 1188.--Comp. worold-ār; +also written ǣr. + +ār-fæst, adj., _honorable, upright_, 1169; of Hunferð (with reference to +588). See fæst. + +ārian, w. v., (_to be gracious_), _to spare_: III. sg. prs. w. dat. nǣnegum +ārað; of Grendel, 599. + +ār-stæf, st. m.,(elementum honoris), _grace, favor_: dat. pl. mid ārstafum, +317.--_Help, support_: dat. pl. for ār-stafum, _to the assistance_, 382, +458. See stæf. + +āter-tēar, m., _poisonous drop_: dat. pl. īren āter-tēarum fāh (steel which +is dipped in poison or in poisonous sap of plants), 1460. + +Æ + +æðele, adj., _noble_: nom. sg., of Bēowulf, 198, 1313; of Bēowulf's father, +263, where it can be understood as well in a moral as in a genealogical +sense; the latter prevails decidedly in the gen. sg. æðelan cynnes, 2235. + +æðeling, st. m., _nobleman, man of noble descent_, especially the +appellation of a man of royal birth; so of the kings of the Danes, 3; of +Scyld, 33; of Hrōðgār, 130; of Sigemund, 889; of Bēowulf, 1226, 1245, 1597, +1816, 2189, 2343, 2375, 2425, 2716, 3136; perhaps also of Dæghrefn, +2507;--then, in a broader sense, also denoting other noble-born men: +Æschere, 1295; Hrōðgār's courtiers, 118, 983; Heremōd's courtiers, 907; +Hengest's warriors, 1113; Bēowulf's retinue, 1805, 1921, 3172; noble-born +in general, 2889. --Comp. sib-æðeling. + +æðelu, st. n., only in the pl., _noble descent, nobility_, in the sense of +noble lineage: acc. pl. æðelu, 392; dat. pl. cyning æðelum gōd, _the king, +of noble birth_, 1871; æðelum dīore, _worthy on account of noble lineage_, +1950; æðelum (hǣleþum, MS.), 332.--Comp. fæder-æðelu. + +æfnan, w. v. w. acc., _to perform, to carry out, to accomplish_: inf. +ellen-weorc æfnan, _to do a heroic deed_, 1465; pret. unriht æfnde, +_perpetrated wrong_, 1255. + +ge-æfnan, 1) _to carry out, to do, to accomplish_: pret. pl. þæt geæfndon +swā, _so carried that out_, 538; pret. part. āð wæs geæfned, _the oath was +sworn_, 1108.--2) _get ready, prepare_: pret. part. geæfned, 3107. See +efnan. + +æfter (comparative of af, Ags. of, which see; hence it expresses the idea +of _forth, away, from, back_), a) adv., _thereupon, afterwards_, 12, 341, +1390, 2155.--ic him æfter sceal, _I shall go after them_, 2817; in word +æfter cwæð, 315, the sense seems to be, _spoke back, having turned_; b) +prep. w. dat., 1) (temporal) _after_, 119, 128, 187, 825, 1939, etc.; æfter +beorne, _after the_ (death of) _the hero_, 2261, so 2262; æfter +māððum-welan, _after_ (obtaining) _the treasure_, 2751.--2) (causal) as +proceeding from something, denoting result and purpose, hence, _in +consequence of, conformably to_: æfter rihte, _in accordance with right_, +1050, 2111; æfter faroðe, _with the current_, 580; so 1321, 1721, 1944, +2180, etc., æfter heaðo-swāte, _in consequence of the blood of battle_, +1607; æfter wælnīðe, _in consequence of mortal enmity_, 85; _in accordance +with, on account of, after, about_: æfter æðelum (hǣleþum, MS.)frægn, +_asked about the descent_, 332; ne frīn þū æfter sǣlum, _ask not after my +welfare_, 1323; æfter sincgyfan grēoteð, _weeps for the giver of treasure_, +1343; him æfter dēorum men dyrne langað, _longs in secret for the dear +man_, 1880; ān æfter ānum, _one for the other_, 2462, etc.--3) (local), +_along_: æfter gumcynnum, _throughout the races of men, among men_, 945; +sōhte bed æfter būrum, _sought a bed among the rooms of the castle_ (the +castle was fortified, the hall was not), 140; æfter recede wlāt, _looked +along the hall_, 1573; stone æfter stāne, _smelt along the rocks_, 2289; +æfter lyfte, _along the air through the air_, 2833; similarly, 996, 1068, +1317, etc. + +æf-þunca, w. m., _anger, chagrin, vexatious affair_: nom., 502. + +ge-æhtan, w. v., _to prize, to speak in praise of_: pret. part. geæhted, +1866. + +ge-æhtla, w. m., or ge-æhtle, w. f., _a speaking of with praise, high +esteem_: gen. sg. hȳ ... wyrðe þinceað eorla geæhtlan, _seem worthy of the +high esteem of the noble-born_, 369. + +æglǣcea. See āglǣcea. + +æl-fylce (from æl-, Goth. ali-s, ἄλλος, and fylce, O.N. fylki, collective +form from folc), st. n., _other folk, hostile army_: dat. pl. wið ælfylcum, +2372. + +æl-mihtig (for eal-m.), adj., _almighty_: nom. sg. m., of the weak form, se +æl-mihtiga, 92. + +æl-wiht, st. m., _being of another species, monster_: gen. pl. æl-wihta +eard, of the dwelling-place of Grendel's kindred, 1501. + +æppel-fealu, adj., _dappled sorrel_, or _apple-yellow_: nom. pl. +æppel-fealuwe mēaras, _apple-yellow steeds_, 2166. + +ærn, st. n., _house_, in the compounds heal-, hord-, medo-, þrȳð-, +win-ærn. + +æsc, st. m., _ash_ (does not occur in Bēowulf in this sense), _lance, +spear_, because the shaft consists of ash wood: dat. pl. (quā instr.) æscum +and ecgum, _with spears and swords_, 1773. + +æsc-holt, st. n., _ash wood, ashen shaft_: nom. pl. æsc-holt ufan grǣg, +_the ashen shafts gray above_ (spears with iron points), 330. + +æsc-wiga, w. m., _spear-fighter, warrior armed with the spear_: nom. sg., +2043. + +æt, prep. w. dat., with the fundamental meaning of nearness to something, +hence 1) local, a) _with, near, at, on, in_ (rest): æt hȳðe, in _harbor_, +32; æt symle, _at the meal_, 81, æt āde, _on the funeral-pile_, 1111, 1115; +æt þē ānum, _with thee alone_, 1378; æt wīge, _in the fight_, 1338; æt +hilde, 1660, 2682; æt ǣte, _in eating_, 3027, etc. b) _to, towards, at, on_ +(motion to): dēaðes wylm hrān æt heortan, _seized upon the heart_, 2271; +gehēton æt hærgtrafum, _vowed at_ (or _to_) _the temples of the gods_, 175. +c) with verbs of taking away, _away from_ (as starting from near an +object): geþeah þæt ful æt Wealhþēon, _took the cup from W_., 630; fela ic +gebād grynna æt Grendle, _from Grendel_, 931; æt mīnum fæder genam, _took +me from my father to himself_, 2430.--2) temporal, _at, in, at the time +of_: æt frumsceafte, _in the beginning_, 45; æt ende, _at an end_, 224; +fand sīnne dryhten ealdres æt ende, _at the end of life, dying_, 2791; +similarly, 2823; æt feohgyftum, _in giving gifts_, 1090; æt sīðestan, +_finally_, 3014. + +æt-grǣpe, adj., _laying hold of_, prehendens, 1270. + +æt-rihte, adv., _almost_, 1658. + +Ǣ + +ǣdre, ēdre, st. f., _aqueduct, canal_ (not in Bēow.), _vein_ (not in +Bēow.), _stream, violent pouring forth_: dat. pl. swāt ǣdrum sprong, _the +blood sprang in streams_, 2967; blōd ēdrum dranc, _drank the blood in +streams_(?), 743. + +ǣdre, adv., _hastily, directly, immediately_, 77, 354, 3107. + +ǣðm, st. m., _breath, gasp, snort_: instr. sg. hreðer ǣðme wēoll, _the +breast_ (of the drake) _heaved with snorting_, 2594. + +ǣfen, st. m., _evening_, 1236. + +ǣfen-gram, adj., _hostile at evening, night-enemy_: nom. sg. m. ǣfen-grom, +of Grendel, 2075. + +ǣfen-lēoht, st. n., _evening-light_: nom. sg., 413. + +ǣfen-ræst, st. f., _evening-rest_: acc. sg. -ræste, 647, 1253. + +ǣfen-sprǣc, st. f., _evening-talk_: acc. sg. gemunde ...ǣfen-sprǣce, +_thought about what he had spoken in the evening_, 760. + +ǣfre, adv., _ever, at any time_, 70, 280, 504, 693, etc.: in negative +sentences, ǣfre ne, _never_, 2601.--Comp. nǣfre. + +ǣg-hwā (O.H.G. ēo-ga-hwër), pron., _every, each_: dat. sg. ǣghwǣm, 1385. +The gen. sg. in adverbial sense, _in all, throughout, thoroughly_: ǣghwæs +untǣle, _thoroughly blameless_, 1866; ǣghwæs unrīm, _entirely innumerable +quantity_, i.e. an enormous multitude, 2625, 3136. + +ǣg-hwæðer (O.H.G. ēo-ga-hwëdar): 1) _each_ (of two): nom. sg. hæfde +ǣghwæðer ende gefēred, _each of the two_ (Bēowulf and the drake) _had +reached the end_, 2845; dat. sg. ǣghwæðrum wæs brōga fram ōðrum, _to each +of the two_ (Bēowulf and the drake) _was fear of the other_, 2565; gen. sg. +ǣghwæðres ... worda and worca, 287.--2) _each_ (of several): dat. sg. heora +ǣghwæðrum, 1637. + +ǣg-hwǣr, adv., _everywhere_, 1060. + +ǣg-hwilc (O.H.G. ēo-gi-hwëlih), pron., unusquisque, _every_ (one): 1) used +as an adj.: acc. sg. m. dǣl ǣghwylcne, 622.--2) as substantive, a) with the +partitive genitive: nom. sg. ǣg-hwylc, 9, 2888; dat. sg. ǣghwylcum, 1051. +b) without gen.: nom. sg. ǣghwylc, 985, 988; (wæs) ǣghwylc ōðrum trȳwe, +_each one_ (of two) _true to the other_, 1166. + +ǣg-weard, st. f., _watch on the sea shore_: acc. sg. ǣg-wearde, 241. + +ǣht (abstract form from āgan, denoting the state of possessing), st. f.: 1) +_possession, power_: acc. sg. on flōdes ǣht, 42; on wæteres ǣht, _into the +power of the water_, 516; on ǣht gehwearf Denigea frēan, _passed over into +the possession of a Danish master_, 1680.--2) _property, possessions, +goods_: acc. pl. ǣhte, 2249.--Comp. māðm-, gold-ǣht. + +ǣht (O.H.G. āhta), st. f., _pursuit_: nom. þā wæs ǣht boden Swēona lēodum, +segn Higelāce, _then was pursuit offered to the people of the Swēonas, +(their) banner to Hygelāc_ (i.e. the banner of the Swedes, taken during +their flight, fell into the hands of Hygelāc), 2958. + +ǣled (Old Sax. eld, O.N. edl-r), st. m., _fire_, 3016. + +ǣled-lēoma, w. m., _(fire-light), torch_: acc. sg. lēoman, 3126. See lēoma. + +ǣn (oblique form of ān), num., _one_: acc. sg. m. þone ǣnne þone..., _the +one whom_..., 1054; oftor micle þonne on ǣnne sīð, _much oftener than one +time_, 1580; forð onsendon ǣnne, _sent him forth alone_, 46. + +ǣne, adv., _once_: oft nalles ǣne, 3020. + +ǣnig, pron., _one, any one_, 474, 503, 510, 534, etc.: instr. sg. nolde ... +0nige þinga, _would in no way, not at all_, 792; lȳt ǣnig mearn, _little +did any one sorrow_ (i.e. no one), 3130.--With the article: næs se +folccyning ... ǣnig, _no people's king_, 2735.--Comp. nǣnig. + +ǣn-līc, adj., _alone, excellent, distinguished_: ǣnlīc ansȳn, +_distinguished appearance_, 251; þēah þe hīo ǣnlīcu sȳ, _though she be +beautiful_, 1942. + +ǣr (comparative form, from ā): 1) adv., _sooner, before, beforehand_, 15, +656, 695, 758, etc., _for a long time_, 2596; eft swā ǣr, _again as +formerly_, 643; ǣr nē siððan, _neither sooner nor later_, 719; ǣr and sīð, +_sooner and later_ (all times), 2501; nō þȳ ǣr (_not so much the sooner_), +_yet not_, 755, 1503, 2082, 2161, 2467.--2) conjunct., _before, ere_: a) +with the ind.: ǣr hīo tō setle gēong, 2020. b) w. subjunc.: ǣr gē fyr +fēran, _before you travel farther_, 252; ǣr hē on hwurfe 164, so 677, 2819; +ǣr þon dæg cwōme, _ere the day break_, 732; ǣr correlative to ǣr adv.: ǣr +hē feorh seleð, aldor an ōfre, ǣr hē wille ..., _he will sooner_ (rather) +_leave his life upon the shore, before_ (than) _he will_ ..., 1372.--3) +prepos. with dat., _before_ ǣr dēaðe, _before death_, 1389; ǣr dæges hwīle, +_before daybreak_, 2321; ǣr swylt-dæge, _before the day of death_, 2799. + +ǣror, comp. adv., _sooner, before-hand_, 810; _formerly_, 2655. + +ǣrra, comp. adj., _earlier_; instr. pl., ǣrran mǣlum, _in former times_, +908, 2238, 3036. + +ǣrest, superl.: 1) adv., _first of all, foremost_, 6, 617, 1698, etc.--2) +as subst. n., _relation to, the beginning_: acc. þæt ic his ǣrest þē eft +gesægde (_to tell thee in what relation it stood at first to the coat of +mail that has been presented_), 2158. See Note. + +ǣr-dæg, st. m. (_before-day_), _morning-twilight, gray of morning_: dat. +sg. mid ǣrdæge, 126; samod ǣrdæge, 1312, 2943. + +ǣrende, st. n., _errand, trust_: acc. sg., 270, 345. + +ǣr-fæder, st. m., _late father, deceased father_: nom sg. swā his ǣrfæder, +2623. + +ǣr-gestrēon, st. n., _old treasure, possessions dating from old times_: acc +sg., 1758; gen. sg. swylcra fela ǣrgestrēona, _much of such old treasure_, +2233. See gestrēon. + +ǣr-geweorc, st. n., _work dating from old times_: nom. sg. enta ǣr-geweorc, +_the old work of the giants_ (of the golden sword-hilt from Grendel's +water-hall), 1680. See geweorc. + +ǣr-gōd, adj., _good since old times, long invested with dignity_ or +_advantages_: æðeling ǣrgōd, 130; (eorl) ǣrgōd, 1330; īren ǣrgōd +(_excellent sword_), 990, 2587. + +ǣr-wela, w. m., _old possessions, riches dating from old times_: acc. sg. +ǣrwelan, 2748. See wela. + +ǣs, st. n., _carcass, carrion_: dat. (instr.) sg. ǣse, of Æschere's corpse, +1333. + +ǣt, st. m., _food, meat_: dat, sg., hū him æt ǣte spēow, _how he fared well +at meat_, 3027. + +ǣttren (see attor), adj., _poisonous_: wæs þæt blōd tō þæs hāt, ǣttren +ellorgāst, se ǣr inne swealt, _so hot was the blood, (and) poisonous the +demon_ (Grendel's mother) _who died therein_, 1618 + +B + +bana, bona, w. m., _murderer_, 158, 588, 1103, etc.: acc. sg. bonan +Ongenþēowes, of Hygelāc, although in reality his men slew Ongenþēow (2965 +ff.), 1969. Figuratively of inanimate objects: ne wæs ecg bona, 2507; wearð +wracu Wēohstānes bana, 2614.--Comp.: ecg-, feorh-, gāst-, hand-, mūð-bana. + +bon-gār, st. m. _murdering spear_, 2032. + +ge-bannan, st. v. w. acc. of the thing and dat. of the person, _to command, +to bid_: inf., 74. + +bād, st. f., _pledge_, only in comp.: nȳd-bād. + +bān, st. n., _bone_: dat. sg. on bāne (on the bony skin of the drake), +2579; dat. pl. heals ealne ymbefēng biteran bānum (here of the teeth of the +drake), 2693. + +bān-cofa, w. m., "cubile ossium" (Grimm) of the body: dat. sg. -cofan, +1446. + +bān-fāg, adj., _variegated with bones_, either with ornaments made of +bone-work, or adorned with bone, perhaps deer-antlers; of Hrōðgār's hall, +781. The last meaning seems the more probable. + +bān-fæt, st. n., _bone-vessel_, i.e. the body: acc. pl. bān-fatu, 1117. + +bān-hring, st. m., _the bone-structure, joint, bone-joint_: acc. pl. hire +wið halse ... bānhringas bræc (_broke her neck-joint_), 1568. + +bān-hūs, st. n., _bone-house_, i.e. the body: acc. sg. bānhūs gebræc, 2509; +similarly, 3148. + +bān-loca, w. m., _the enclosure of the bones_, i.e. the body: acc. sg. bāt +bānlocan, _bit the body_, 743; nom. pl. burston bānlocan, _the body burst_ +(of Grendel, because his arm was torn out), 819. + +bāt, st. m., _boat, craft, ship_, 211.--Comp. sǣ-bāt. + +bāt-weard, st. m., _boat-watcher, he who keeps watch over the craft._ dat. +sg. -wearde, 1901. + +bæð, st. n., _bath_: acc. sg. ofer ganotes bæð, _over the diver's bath_ +(i.e. the sea), 1862. + +bærnan, w. v., _to cause to burn, to burn_: inf. hēt ... bānfatu bærnan, +_bade that the bodies be burned_, 1117; ongan ... beorht hofu bærnan, +_began to consume the splendid country-seats_ (the dragon), 2314. + +for-bærnan, w. v., _consume with fire_: inf. hȳ hine ne mōston ... +brondefor-bærnan, _they_ (the Danes) _could not burn him_ (the dead +Æschere) _upon the funeral-pile_, 2127. + +bǣdan (Goth, baidjan, O.N. beðia), _to incite, to encourage_: pret. bǣdde +byre geonge, _encouraged the youths_ (at the banquet), 2019. + +ge-bǣdan, w. v., _to press hard_: pret. part. bysigum gebǣded, _distressed +by trouble, difficulty, danger_ (of battle), 2581; _to drive, to send +forth_: strǣla storm strengum gebǣded, _the storm of arrows sent with +strength_, 3118; _overcome_: draca ... bealwe gebǣded, _the dragon ... +overcome by the ills of battle_, 2827. + +bǣl (O.N. bāl), st. n., _fire, flames_: (wyrm) mid bǣle fōr, _passed +(through the air) with fire_, 2309; hæfde landwara līge befangan, bǣle and +bronde, _with fire and burning_, 2323.--Especially, _the fire of the +funeral-pile, the funeral-pile_, 1110, 1117, 2127; ǣr hē bǣl cure, _ere he +sought the burning_ (i.e. died), 2819; hātað ... hlǣw gewyrcean ... æfter +bǣle, _after I am burned, let a burial mound be thrown up_ (Bēowulf's +words), 2804. + +bǣl-fȳr, st. n., _bale-fire, fire of the funeral-pile_: gen. pl. bǣlfȳra +mǣst, 3144. + +bǣl-stede, st. m., _place for the funeral-pile_: dat. sg. in bǣl=stede, +3098. + +bǣl-wudu, st. m., _wood for the funeral-pile_, 3113. + +bǣr, st. f., _bier_, 3106. + +ge-bǣran, w. v., _to conduct one's self, behave_: inf. w. adv., ne gefrægen +ic þā mǣgðe ... sēl gebǣran, _I did not hear that a troop bore itself +better, maintained a nobler deportment_, 1013; hē on eorðan geseah þone +lēofestan līfes æt ende blēate gebǣran, _saw the best-beloved upon the +earth, at the end of his life, struggling miserably_ (i.e. in a helpless +situation), 2825. + +ge-bǣtan (denominative from bǣte, _the bit_), w. v., _to place the bit in +the mouth of an animal, to bridle_: pret. part. þā wæs Hrōðgāre hors +gebǣted, 1400. + +be, prep. w. dat. (with the fundamental meaning _near_, "but not of one +direction, as æt, but more general"): 1) local, _near by, near, at, on_ +(rest): be ȳdlāfe uppe lǣgon, _lay above, upon the deposit of the waves_ +(upon the strand, of the slain nixies), 566; hæfde be honda, _held by the +hand_ (Bēowulf held Grendel), 815; be sǣm tweonum, _in the circuit of both +the seas_, 859, 1686; be mæste, _on the mast_, 1906; by fȳre, _by the +fire_, 2220; be næsse, _at the promontory_, 2244; sæt be þǣm gebrōðrum +twǣm, _sat by the two brothers_, 1192; wæs se gryre lǣssa efne swā micle +swā bið mægða cræft be wǣpnedmen, _the terror was just so much less, as is +the strength of woman to the warrior_ (i.e. is valued by), 1285, etc.--2) +also local, but of motion from the subject in the direction of the object, +_on, upon, by_: gefēng be eaxle, _seized by the shoulder_, 1538; ālēdon +lēofne þēoden be mæste, _laid the dear lord near the mast_, 36; be healse +genam, _took him by the neck, fell upon his neck_, 1873; wǣpen hafenade be +hiltum, _grasped the weapon by the hilt_, 1757, etc.--3) with this is +connected the causal force, _on account of, for, according to_: ic þis gid +be þē āwræc, _I spake this solemn speech for thee, for thy sake_, 1724; þū +þē lǣr be þon, _learn according to this, from this_, 1723; be fæder lāre, +_according to her father's direction_, 1951.--4) temporal, _while, during_: +be þē lifigendum, _while thou livest, during thy life_, 2666. See bī. + +bed, st. n., _bed, couch_: acc. sg. bed, 140, 677; gen. sg. beddes, 1792; +dat. pl. beddum, 1241.--Comp: deað-, hlin-, læger-, morðor-, wæl-bed. + +ge-bedde, w. f., _bed-fellow_: dat. sg. wolde sēcan ewēn tō gebeddan, +_wished to seek the queen as bed-fellow, to go to bed with her_, +666.--Comp. heals-gebedde. + +bēgen, fem. bā, _both_: nom. m., 536, 770, 2708; acc. fem. on bā healfa, +_on two sides_ (i.e. Grendel and his mother), 1306; dat. m. bām, 2197; and +in connection with the possessive instead of the personal pronoun, ūrum +bām, 2661; gen. n. bēga, 1874, 2896; bēga gehwæðres, _each one of the two_, +1044; bēga folces, of _both peoples_, 1125. + +ge-belgan, st. v. (properly, _to cause to swell, to swell_), _to irritate_: +w. dat. (pret. subj.) þæt hē ēcean dryhtne bitre gebulge, _that he had +bitterly angered the eternal Lord_, 2332; pret. part. gebolgen, 1540; +(gebolge, MS.), 2222; pl. gebolgne, 1432; more according to the original +meaning in torne gebolgen, 2402. + +ā-belgan, _to anger_: pret. sg. w. acc. oð þæt hyne ān ābealh mon on mōde, +_till a man angered him in his heart_, 2281; pret. part. ābolgen, 724. + +ben, st. f., _wound_: acc. sg. benne, 2725.--Comp.: feorh-, seax-ben. + +benc, st. f., _bench_: nom. sg. benc, 492; dat. sg. bence, 327, 1014, 1189, +1244.--Comp.: ealu-, medu-benc. + +benc-swēg, st. m., (_bench-rejoicing_), _rejoicing which resounds from the +benches_, 1162. + +benc-þel, st. n., _bench-board, the wainscotted space where the benches +stand_: nom. pl. benc-þelu, 486; acc. pl. bencþelu beredon, _cleared the +bench-boards_ (i.e. by taking away the benches, so as to prepare couches), +1240. + +bend, st. m. f., _bond, fetter_: acc. sg. forstes bend, _frost's bond_, +1610; dat. pl. bendum, 978.--Comp.: fȳr-, hell-, hyge-, īren-, oncer-, +searo-, wæl-bend. + +ben-geat, st. n., (_wound-gate_), _wound-opening_: nom. pl. ben-geato, +1122. + +bera (O.N. beri), w. m., _bearer_: in comp. hleor-bera. + +beran, st. v. w. acc., _to carry_; III. sg. pres. byreð, 296, 448; þone +māððum byreð, _carries the treasure_ (upon his person), 2056; pres. subj. +bere, 437; pl. beren, 2654; inf. beran, 48, 231, 291, etc.; heht þā se +hearda Hrunting beran, _to bring Hrunting_, 1808; up beran, 1921; in beran, +2153; pret. bær, 495, 712, 847, etc.; mandryhtne bær fǣted wǣge, _brought +the lord the costly vessel_, 2282; pl. bǣron, 213, 1636, etc.; bǣran, 2851; +pret. part. boren, 1193, 1648, 3136.--The following expressions are poetic +paraphrases of the forms _go, come_: þæt wē rondas beren eft tō earde, +2654; gewītað forð beran wǣpen and gewǣdu, 291; ic gefrægn sunu Wīhstānes +hringnet beran, 2755; wīgheafolan bær, 2662; helmas bǣron, 240 +(conjecture); scyldas bǣran, 2851: they lay stress upon the connection of +the man with his weapons. + +æt-beran, _to carry to_: inf. tō beadulāce (_battle_) ætberan, 1562; pret. +þā hine on morgentīd on Heaðorǣmas holm up ætbær, _the sea bore him up to +the Heaðorǣmas_, 519; hīo Bēowulfe medoful ætbær _brought Bēowulf the +mead-cup_, 625; mægenbyrðenne ... hider ūt ætbær cyninge mīnum, _bore the +great burden hither to my king_, 3093; pl. hī hyne ætbǣron tō brimes +faroðe, 28.--2) _bear away_: æt līc ætbær, 2128. + +for-beran, _to hold, to suppress_: inf. þæt hē þone brēostwylm forberan ne +mehte, _that he could not suppress the emotions of his breast_, 1878. + +ge-beran, _to bring forth, to bear_: pret. part. þæt lā mæg secgan sē þe +sōð and riht fremeð on folce ... þæt þes eorl wǣre geboren betera (_that +may every just man of the people say, that this nobleman is better born_), +1704. + +oð-beran, _to bring hither_: pret. þā mec sǣ oðbær on Finna land, 579. + +on-beran (O.H.G. in bëran, intpëran, but in the sense of carere), auferre, +_to carry off, to take away_: inf. īren ǣrgōd þæt þæs āhlǣcan blōdge +beadufolme onberan wolde, _excellent sword which would sweep off the bloody +hand of the demon_, 991; pret. part. (wæs) onboren bēaga hord, _the +treasure of the rings had been carried off_, 2285.--Compounds with the +pres. part.: helm-, sāwl-berend. + +berian (denominative from bær, _naked_), w. v., _to make bare, to clear_: +pret. pl. bencþelu beredon, _cleared the bench-place_ (by removing the +benches), 1240. + +berstan, st. v., _to break, to burst_: pret. pl. burston bānlocan, 819; +bengeato burston, 1122.--_to crack, to make the noise of breaking_: fingras +burston, _the fingers cracked_ (from Bēowulf's gripe), 761. + +for-berstan, _break, to fly asunder_: pret. Nægling forbærst, _Nægling_ +(Bēowulf's sword) _broke in two_, 2681. + +betera, adj. (comp.), _better_: nom. sg. m. betera, 469, 1704. + +bet-līc, adj., _excellent, splendid_: nom. sg. n., of Hrōðgār's hall, 781; +of Hygelāc's residence, 1926. + +betst, betost (superl.), _best, the best_: nom. sg. m. betst beadurinca, +1110; neut. nū is ofost betost, þæt wē ..., _now is haste the best, that +we..._, 3008; voc. m. secg betsta, 948; neut. acc. beaduscrūda betst, 453; +acc. sg. m. þegn betstan, 1872. + +bēcn, st. n., _(beacon), token, mark, sign_: acc. sg. betimbredon +beadu-rōfes bēcn (of Bēowulf's grave-mound), 3162. See beacen. + +bēg. See bēag. + +bēn, st. f., _entreaty_: gen. sg. bēne, 428, 2285. + +bēna, w. m., _suppliant_, supplex: nom. sg. swā þū bēna eart (_as thou +entreatest_), 352; swā hē bēna wæs (_as he had asked_), 3141; nom. pl. hȳ +bēnan synt, 364. + +ge-betan: 1) _to make good, to remove_: pret. ac þū Hrōðgāre wīdcūðne wēan +wihte gebēttest, _hast thou in any way relieved Hrōðgār of the evil known +afar_, 1992; pret. part. acc. sg. swylce oncȳððe ealle gebētte, _removed +all trouble_, 831. --2) _to avenge_: inf. wihte ne meahte on þām feorhbonan +fǣhðe gebētan, _could in no way avenge the death upon the slayer_, 2466. + +beadu, st. f., _battle, strife, combat_: dat. sg. (as instr.) beadwe, _in +combat_, 1540; gen. pl. bād beadwa ge-þinges, _waited for the combats_ +(with Grendel) _that were in store for him_, 710. + +beadu-folm, st. f., _battle-hand_: acc. sg. -folme, of Grendel's hand, 991. + +beado-grīma, w. m., _(battle-mask), helmet_: acc. pl. -grīman, 2258. + +beado-hrægl, st. n., _(battle-garment), corselet, shirt of mail_, 552. + +beadu-lāc, st. n., (_exercise in arms, tilting_), _combat, battle_: dat. +sg. tō beadu-lāce, 1562. + +beado-lēoma, w. m., (_battle-light_), _sword_: nom. sg., 1524. + +beado-mēce, st. m., _battle-sword_: nom. pl. beado-mēcas, 1455. + +beado-rinc, st. m., _battle-hero, warrior_: gen. pl. betst beadorinca, +1110. + +beadu-rōf, adj., _strong in battle_: gen. sg. -rōfes, of Bēowulf, 3162. + +beadu-rūn, st. f., _mystery of battle_: acc. sg. onband beadu-rūne, _solved +the mystery of the combat_, i.e. gave battle, commenced the fight, 501. + +beadu-scearp, adj., _battle-sharp, sharp for the battle_, 2705. + +beadu-scrūd, st. n., (_battle-dress_), _corselet, shirt of mail_: gen. pl. +beaduscrūda betst, 453. + +beadu-serce, w. f., (_battle-garment_), _corselet, shirt of mail_: acc. sg. +brogdne beadu-sercean (because it consists of interlaced metal rings), +2756. + +beado-weorc, st. n., (_battle-work_), _battle_: gen. sg. gefeh +beado-weorces, _rejoiced at the battle_, 2300. + +beald, adj., _bold, brave_: in comp. cyning-beald. + +bealdian, w. v., _to show one's self brave_: pret. bealdode gōdum dǣdum +(_through brave deeds_), 2178. + +bealdor, st. m., _lord, prince_: nom. sg. sinca baldor, 2429; winia +bealdor, 2568. + +bealu, st. n., _evil, ruin, destruction_: instr. sg. bealwe, 2827; gen. pl. +bealuwa, 281; bealewa, 2083; bealwa, 910.--Comp.: cwealm-, ealdor-, +hreðer-, lēod-, morðor-, niht-, sweord-, wīg-bealu. + +bealu, adj., _deadly, dangerous, bad_: instr. sg. hyne sār hafað befongen +balwon bendum, _pain has entwined him in deadly bands_, 978. + +bealo-cwealm, st. m., _violent death, death by the sword_(?), 2266. + +bealo-hycgende, pres. part., _thinking of death, meditating destruction_: +gen. pl. ǣghwæðrum bealo-hycgendra, 2566. + +bealo-hȳdig, adj., _thinking of death, meditating destruction_: of +Grendel, 724. + +bealo-nīð, st. m., (_zeal for destruction_), _deadly enmity_: nom. sg., +2405; _destructive struggle_: acc. sg. bebeorh þē þone bealonīð, _beware of +destructive striving_, 1759; _death-bringing rage_: nom. sg. him on +brēostum bealo-nīð wēoll, _in his breast raged deadly fury_ (of the +dragon's poison), 2715. + +bearhtm (see beorht): 1) st. m., _splendor, brightness, clearness_: nom. +sg. ēagena bearhtm, 1767.--2) _sound, tone_: acc. sg. bearhtm ongeāton, +gūðhorn galan, _they heard the sound, (heard) the battle-horn sound_, 1432. + +bearm, m., gremium, sinus, _lap, bosom_: nom. sg. foldan bearm, 1138; acc. +sg. on bearm scipes, 35, 897; on bearm nacan, 214; him on bearm hladan +bunan and discas, 2776.--2) figuratively, _possession, property_, because +things bestowed were placed in the lap of the receiver (1145 and 2195, on +bearm licgan, ālecgan); dat. sg. him tō bearme cwōm māððumfæt mǣre, _came +into his possession_, 2405. + +bearn, st. n., 1) _child, son_: nom. sg. bearn Healfdenes, 469, etc.; +Ecglāfes bearn, 499, etc.; dat. sg. bearne, 2371; nom. pl. bearn, 59; dat. +pl. bearnum, 1075.--2) in a broader sense, _scion, offspring, descendant_: +nom. sg. Ongenþēow's bearn, of his grandson, 2388; nom. pl. yldo. bearn, +70; gumena bearn, _children of men_, 879; hæleða bearn, 1190; æðelinga +bearn, 3172; acc. pl. ofer ylda bearn, 606; dat. pl. ylda bearnum, 150; +gen. pl. niðða bearna, 1006.--Comp.: brōðor-, dryht-bearn. + +bearn-gebyrdu, f., _birth, birth of a son_: gen. sg. þæt hyre ealdmetod +ēste wǣre bearn-gebyrdo, _has been gracious through the birth of such a +son_ (i.e. as Bēowulf), 947. + +bearu, st. m., (_the bearer_, hence properly only the fruit-tree, +especially the oak and the beech), _tree_, collectively _forest_: nom. pl. +hrīmge bearwas, _rime-covered_ or _ice-clad_, 1364. + +bēacen, st. n., _sign, banner_, vexillum: nom. sg. beorht bēacen godes, _of +the sun_, 570; gen. pl. bēacna beorhtost, 2778. See bēcn. + +ge-bēacnian, w. v., _to mark, to indicate_: pret. part. ge-bēacnod, 140. + +bēag, st. m., _ring, ornament_: nom. sg. bēah (_neck-ring_), 1212; acc. sg. +bēah (the collar of the murdered king of the Heaðobeardnas), 2042; bēg +(collective for the acc. pl.), 3165; dat. sg. cwōm Wealhþēo forð gān under +gyldnum bēage, _she walked along under a golden head-ring, wore a golden +diadem_, 1164; gen. sg. bēages (of a collar), 1217; acc. pl. bēagas (rings +in general), 80, 523, etc.; gen. pl. bēaga, 35, 352, 1488, 2285, etc.-- +Comp.: earm-, heals-bēag. + +bēag-gyfa, w. m., _ring-giver_, designation of the prince: gen. sg. -gyfan, +1103. + +bēag-hroden, adj., _adorned with rings, ornamented with clasps_: nom. sg. +bēaghroden, cwēn, of Hrōðgār's consort, perhaps with reference to her +diadem (cf. 1164, 624. + +bēah-hord, st. m. n., _ring-hoard, treasure consisting of rings_: gen. sg. +bēah-hordes, 895; dat. pl. bēah-hordum, 2827; gen. pl. bēah-horda weard, of +King Hrōðgār, 922. + +bēah-sele, st. m., _ring-hall, hall in which the rings were distributed_: +nom. sg., of Heorot, 1178. + +bēah-þegu, st. f., _the receiving of the ring_: dat. sg. æfter bēah-þege, +2177. + +bēah-wriða, w. m. _ring-band_, ring with prominence given to its having the +form of a band: acc. sg. bēah-wriðan, 2019. + +bēam, st. m., _tree_, only in the compounds fyrgen-, glēo-bēam. + +bēatan, st. v., _thrust, strike_: pres. sg. mearh burhstede bēateð, _the +steed beats the castle-ground_ (place where the castle is built), i.e. with +his hoofs, 2266; pret. part. swealt bille ge-bēaten, _died, struck by the +battle-axe_, 2360. + +beorh, st. m.: 1) _mountain, rock_: dat. sg. beorge, 211; gen. sg. beorges, +2525, 2756; acc. pl. beorgas, 222.--2) _grave-mound, tomb-hill_: acc. sg. +biorh, 2808; beorh, 3098, 3165. A grave-mound serves the drake as a retreat +(cf. 2277, 2412): nom. sg. beorh, 2242; gen. sg. beorges, 2323.--Comp. +stān-beorh. + +beorh, st. f., _veil, covering, cap_; only in the comp. hēafod-beorh. + +beorgan, st. v. (w. dat. of the interested person or thing), _to save, to +shield_: inf. wolde fēore beorgan, _place her life in safety_, 1294; +here-byrne ... sēo þe bāncofan beorgan cūðe, _which could protect his +body_, 1446; pret. pl. ealdre burgan, 2600. + +be-beorgan (w. dat. refl. of pers. and acc. of the thing), _to take care, +to defend one's self from_: inf. him be-beorgan ne con wom, _cannot keep +himself from stain_ (fault), 1747; imp. bebeorh þē þone bealontð, 1759. + +ge-beorgan (w, dat. of person or thing to be saved), _to save, to protect_: +pret. sg. þæt gebearh fēore, _protected the life_, 1549; scyld wēl gebearg +līfe and līce, 2571. + +ymb-beorgan, _to surround protectingly_: pret. sg. bring ūtan ymb-bearh, +1504. + +beorht, byrht, adj.: 1) _gleaming, shining, radiant, shimmering_: nom. sg. +beorht, of the sun, 570, 1803; beorhta, of Heorot, 1178; þæt beorhte bold, +998; acc. sg. beorhtne, of Bēowulf's grave-mound, 2804; dat. sg. tō þǣre +byrhtan (here-byrhtan, MS.) byrig, 1200; acc. pl. beorhte frætwe, 214, 897; +beorhte randas, 231; bordwudu beorhtan, 1244; n. beorht hofu, 2314. +Superl.: bēacna beorhtost, 2778. --2) _excellent, remarkable_: gen. sg. +beorhtre bōte, 158. --Comp.: sadol-, wlite-beorht. + +beorhte, adv., _brilliantly, brightly, radiantly_, 1518. + +beorhtian, w. v., _to sound clearly_: pret. sg. beorhtode benc-swēg, 1162. + +beorn, st. m., _hero, warrior, noble man_: nom. sg. (Hrōðgār), 1881, +(Bēowulf), 2434, etc.; acc. sg. (Bēow.), 1025, (Æschere), 1300; dat. sg. +beorne, 2261; nom. pl. beornas (Bēowulf and his companions), 211, +(Hrōðgār's guests), 857; gen. pl. biorna (Bēowulf's liege-men), +2405.--Comp.: folc-, gūð-beorn. + +beornan, st. v., _to burn_: pres. part. byrnende (of the drake), +2273.--Comp. un-byrnende. + +for-beornan, _to be consumed, to burn_: pret. sg. for-barn, 1617, 1668; +for-born, 2673. + +ge-beornan, _to be burned_: pret. gebarn, 2698. + +beorn-cyning, st. m., _king of warriors, king of heroes_: nom. sg. (as +voc.), 2149. + +bēodan, st. v.: 1) _to announce, to inform, to make known_: inf. bīodan, +2893.--2) _to offer, to proffer_ (as the notifying of a transaction in +direct reference to the person concerned in it): pret. pl. him geþingo +budon, _offered them an agreement_, 1086; pret. part. þā wæs ǣht boden +Swēona lēodum, _then was pursuit offered the Swedish people_, 2958; inf. ic +þǣm gōdan sceal māðmas bēodan, _I shall offer the excellent man treasures_, +385. + +ā-bēodan, _to present, to announce_: pret. word inne ābēad, _made known the +words within_, 390; _to offer, to tender, to wish_: pret. him hǣl ābēad, +_wished him health_ (greeted him), 654. Similarly, hǣlo ābēad, 2419; eoton +weard ābēad, _offered the giant a watcher_, 669. + +be-bēodan, _to command, to order_: pret. swā him se hearda bebēad, _as the +strong man commanded them_, 401. Similarly, swā se rīca bebēad, 1976. + +ge-bēodan: 1) _to command, to order_: inf. hēt þā gebēodan byre Wīhstānes +hæleða monegum, þæt hīe..., _the son of Wihstan caused orders to be given +to many of the men..._, 3111.--2) _to offer_: him Hygd gebēad hord and +rīce, _offered him the treasure and the chief power_, 2370; inf. gūðe +gebēodan, _to offer battle_, 604. + +bēod-genēat, st. m., _table-companion_: nom. and acc. pl. genēatas, 343, +1714. + +bēon, verb, _to be_, generally in the future sense, _will be_: pres. sg. I. +gūðgeweorca ic bēo gearo sōna, _I shall immediately be ready for warlike +deeds_, 1826; sg. III. wā bið þǣm þe sceal..., _woe to him who_...! 183; +so, 186; gifeðe bið is given, 299; ne bið þē wilna gād (_no wish will be +denied thee_), 661; þǣr þē bið manna þearf, _if thou shalt need the +warriors_, 1836; ne bið swylc cwēnlīc þēaw, _is not becoming, honorable to +a woman_, 1941; eft sōna bið _will happen directly_, 1763; similarly, 1768, +etc.; pl. þonne bīoð brocene, _then are broken_, 2064; feor cȳððe bēoð +sēlran gesōhte þām þe..., "terrae longinquae meliores sunt visitatu ei +qui..." (Grein), 1839; imp. bēo (bīo) þū on ofeste, _hasten!_ 386, 2748; +bēo wið Gēatas glæd, _be gracious to the Gēatas_, 1174. + +bēor, st. n., _beer_: dat. sg. æt bēore, _at beer-drinking_, 2042; instr. +sg. bēore druncen, 531; bēore druncne, 480. + +bēor-scealc, st. m., _keeper of the beer, cup-bearer_: gen. pl. +bēor-scealca sum (one of Hrōðgār's followers, because they served the +Gēatas at meals), 1241. + +bēor-sele, st. m., _beer-hall, hall in which beer is drunk_: dat. sg. in +(on) bēorsele, 482, 492, 1095; bīorsele, 2636. + +bēor-þegu, st. f., _beer-drinking, beer-banquet_: dat. sg. æfter bēorþege, +117; æt þǣre bēorþege, 618. + +bēot, st. n., _promise, binding agreement to something that is to be +undertaken_: acc. sg. hē bēot ne ālēh, _did not break his pledge_, 80; bēot +eal ... gelǣste, _performed all that he had pledged himself to_, 523. + +ge-bēotian, w. v., _to pledge one's self to an undertaking, to bind one's +self_: pret. gebēotedon, 480, 536. + +bēot-word, st. n., same as bēot: dat. pl. bēot-wordum spræc, 2511. + +biddan, st. v., _to beg, to ask, to pray_: pres. sg. I. dōð swā ic bidde! +1232; inf. (w. acc. of the pers. and gen. of the thing asked for) ic þē +biddan wille ānre bēne, _beg thee for one_, 427; pret. swā hē selfa bæd, +_as he himself had requested_, 29; bæd hine blīðne (supply wesan) æt þǣre +bēorþege, _begged him to be cheerful at the beer-banquet_, 618; ic þē lange +bæd þæt þū..., _begged you a long time that you_, 1995; frioðowǣre bæd +hlāford sīnne, _begged his lord for protection_ (acc. of pers. and gen. of +thing), 2283; bæd þæt gē geworhton, _asked that you_..., 3097; pl. wordum +bǣdon þæt..., 176. + +on-bidian, w. v., _to await_: inf. lǣtað hilde-bord hēr onbidian ... worda +geþinges, _let the shields await here the result of the conference_ (lay +the shields aside here), 397. + +bil, st. n. _sword_: nom. sg. bil, 1568; bill, 2778; acc. sg. bil, 1558; +instr. sg. bille, 2360; gen. sg. billes, 2061, etc.; instr. pl. billum, 40; +gen. pl. billa, 583, 1145.--Comp.: gūð-, hilde-, wīg-bil. + +bindan, st. v., _to bind, to tie_: pret. part. acc. sg. wudu bundenne, _the +bound wood_, i.e. the built ship, 216; bunden golde swurd, _a sword bound +with gold_, i.e. either having its hilt inlaid with gold, or having gold +chains upon the hilt (swords of both kinds have been found), 1901; nom. sg. +heoru bunden, 1286, has probably a similar meaning. + +ge-bindan, _to bind_: pret. sg. þǣr ic fīfe geband, _where I had bound +five_(?), 420; pret. part. cyninges þegn word ōðer fand sōðe gebunden, _the +king's man found_ (after many had already praised Bēowulf's deed) _other +words_ (also referring to Bēowulf, but in connection with Sigemund) +_rightly bound together_, i.e. in good alliterative verses, as are becoming +to a gid, 872; wundenmǣl wrǣttum gebunden, _sword bound with ornaments_, +i.e. inlaid, 1532; bisgum gebunden, _bound together by sorrow_, 1744; gomel +gūðwīga eldo gebunden, _hoary hero bound by old age_ (fettered, oppressed), +2112. + +on-bindan, _to unbind, to untie, to loose_: pret. onband, 501. + +ge-bind, st. n. coll., _that which binds, fetters_: in comp. īs-gebind. + +bite, st. m., _bite_, figuratively of the cut of the sword: acc. sg. bite +īrena, _the swords' bite_, 2260; dat. sg. æfter billes bite, 2061.--Comp. +lāð-bite. + +biter (primary meaning that of biting), adj.: 1) _sharp, cutting, cutting +in_: acc. sg. biter (of a short sword), 2705; instr. sg. biteran strǣle, +1747; instr. pl. biteran bānum, _with sharp teeth_, 2693.--2) _irritated, +furious_: nom. pl. bitere, 1432. + +bitre, adv., _bitterly_ (in a moral sense), 2332. + +bī, big (fuller form of the prep. be, which see), prep. w. dat.: 1) _near, +at, on, about, by_ (as under be, No. 1): bī sǣm twēonum, _in the circuit of +both seas_, 1957; ārās bī ronde, _raised himself up by the shield_, 2539; +bī wealle gesæt, _sat by the wall_, 2718. With a freer position: him big +stōdan bunan and orcas, _round about him_, 3048.--2) _to, towards_ +(motion): hwearf þā bī bence, _turned then towards the bench_, 1189; gēong +bī sesse, _went to the seat_, 2757. + +bīd (see bīdan), st. n., _tarrying hesitation_: þǣr wearð Ongenþīo on bīd +wrecen, _forced to tarry_, 2963. + +bīdan, st. v.: 1) _to delay, to stay, to remain, to wait_: inf. nō on +wealle leng bīdan wolde, _would not stay longer within the wall_ (the +drake), 2309; pret. in þȳstrum bād, _remained in darkness_, 87; flota +stille bād, _the craft lay still_, 301; receda ... on þǣm se rīca bād, +_where the mighty one dwelt_, 310; þǣr se snottra bād, _where the wise man_ +(Hrōðgār) _waited_, 1314; hē on searwum bād, _he_ (Bēowulf) _stood there +armed_, 2569; ic on earde bād mǣlgesceafta, _lived upon the paternal ground +the time appointed me by fate_, 2737; pret. pl. sume þǣr bidon, _some +remained, waited there_, 400.--2) _to await, to wait for_, with the gen. of +that which is awaited: inf. bīdan woldon Grendles gūðe, _wished to await +the combat with Grendel, to undertake it_, 482; similarly, 528; wīges +bīdan, _await the combat_, 1269; nalas andsware bīdan wolde, _would await +no answer_, 1495; pret. bād beadwa geþinges, _awaited the event of the +battle_, 710; sǣgenga bād āgend-frēan, _the sea-goer_ (boat) _awaited its +owner_, 1883; sele ... heaðowylma bād, lāðan līges (the poet probably means +to indicate by these words that the hall Heorot was destroyed later in a +fight by fire; an occurrence, indeed, about which we know nothing, but +which 1165 and 1166, and again 2068 ff. seem to indicate), 82. + +ā-bīdan, _to await_, with the gen.: inf., 978. + +ge-bīdan: 1) _to tarry, to wait_: imp. gebīde gē on beorge, _wait ye on the +mountain_, 2530; pret. part. þēah þe wintra lȳt under burhlocan gebiden +hæbbe Hæreðes dōhtor _although H's daughter had dwelt only a few years in +the castle_, 1929.--2) _to live through, to experience, to expect_ (w. +acc.): inf. sceal endedæg mīnne gebīdan, _shall live my last day_, 639; ne +wēnde ... bōte gebīdan, _did not hope ... to live to see reparation_, 935; +fela sceal gebīdan lēofes and lāðes, _experience much good and much +affliction_, 1061; ende gebīdan, 1387, 2343; pret. hē þæs frōfre gebād, +_received consolation_ (compensation) _therefore_, 7; gebād wintra worn, +_lived a great number of years_, 264; in a similar construction, 816, 930, +1619, 2259, 3117. With gen.: inf. tō gebīdanne ōðres yrfeweardes, _to await +another heir_, 2453. With depend, clause: inf. tō gebīdanne þæt his byre +rīde on galgan, _to live to see it, that his son hang upon the gallows_, +2446; pret. drēam-lēas gebād þæt hē..., _joyless he experienced it, that +he_..., 1721; þæs þe ic on aldre gebād þæt ic..., _for this, that I, in my +old age, lived to see that_..., 1780. + +on-bīdan, _to wait, to await_: pret. hordweard onbād earfoðlīce oð þæt ǣfen +cwōm, _scarcely waited, could scarcely delay till it was evening_, 2303. + +bītan, st. v., _to bite_, of the cutting of swords: inf. bītan, 1455, 1524; +pret. bāt bānlocan, _bit into his body_ (Grendel), 743; bāt unswīðor, _cut +with less force_ (Bēowulf's sword), 2579. + +blanca, w. m., properly _that which shines_ here of the horse, not so much +of the white horse as the dappled: dat. pl. on blancum, 857. + +ge-bland, ge-blond, st. n., _mixture, heaving mass, a turning_.--Comp.: +sund-, ȳð-geblond, windblond. + +blanden-feax, blonden-feax, adj., _mixed_, i.e. having gray hair, +_gray-headed_, as epithet of an old man: nom. sg. blondenfeax, 1792; +blondenfexa, 2963; dat. sg. blondenfeaxum, 1874; nom. pl. blondenfeaxe, +1595. + +blæc, adj., _dark, black_: nom. sg, hrefn blaca, 1802. + +blāc, adj.: 1) _gleaming, shining_: acc. sg. blācne lēoman, _a brilliant +gleam_, 1518.--2) of the white death-color, _pale_; in comp. heoroblāc. + +blǣd, st. m.: 1) _strength, force, vigor_: nom. sg. wæs hira blǣd scacen +(of both tribes), _strength was gone_, i.e. the bravest of both tribes lay +slain, 1125; nū is þīnes mægnes blǣd āne hwīle, _now the fulness of thy +strength lasts for a time_, 1762.--2) _reputation, renown, knowledge_ (with +stress upon the idea of filling up, spreading out): nom. sg. blǣd, 18; +(þīn) blǣd is ārǣred, _thy renown is spread abroad_, 1704. + +blǣd-āgend, pt., _having renown, renowned_: nom. pl. blǣd-āgende, 1014. + +blǣd-fæst, adj., _firm in renown, renowned, known afar_: acc. sg. +blǣdfæstne beorn (of Æschere, with reference to 1329, 1300. + +blēat, adj., _miserable, helpless_; only in comp. wæl-blēat. + +blēate, adv., _miserably, helplessly_, 2825. + +blīcan, st. v., _shine, gleam_: inf., 222 + +blīðe, adj.: 1) _blithe, joyous, happy_ acc. sg. blīðne, 618.--2) +_gracious, pleasing_: nom. sg. blīðe, 436.--Comp. un-blīðe. + +blīð-heort, adj., _joyous in heart, happy_: nom. sg., 1803. + +blōd, st. n., _blood_: nom. sg., 1122; acc. sg., 743; dat. sg. blōde, 848; +æfter dēorum men him langað beorn wið blōde, _the hero_ (Hrōðgār) _longs +for the beloved man contrary to blood_, i.e. he loves him although he is +not related to him by blood, 1881; dat. as instr. blōde, 486, 935, 1595, +etc. + +blōd-fāg, adj., _spotted with blood, bloody_, 2061. + +blōdig, adj., _bloody_: acc. sg. f. blōdge, 991; acc. sg. n. blōdig, 448; +instr. sg. blōdigan gāre, 2441. + +ge-blōdian, w. v., _to make bloody, to sprinkle with blood_: pret. part. +ge-blōdegod, 2693. + +blōdig-tōð, adj., _with bloody teeth_: nom. sg. bona blōdig-tōð (of +Grendel, because he bites his victims to death), 2083. + +blōd-rēow, adj., _bloodthirsty, bloody-minded_: nom. sg. him on ferhðe +grēow brēost-hord blōd-rēow, _in his bosom there grew a bloodthirsty +feeling_, 1720. + +be-bod, st. n., _command, order_; in comp. wundor-bebod. + +bodian, w. v., _(to be a messenger), to announce, to make known_: pret. +hrefn blaca heofones wynne blīð-heort bodode, _the black raven announced +joyfully heaven's delight_ (the rising sun), 1803. + +boga, w. m., _bow_, of the bended form; here of the dragon, in comp. +hring-boga; as an instrument for shooting, in the comp. flān-, horn-boga; +bow of the arch, in comp. stān-boga. + +bolca, w. m., "forus navis" (Grein), _gangway_; here probably the planks +which at landing are laid from the ship to the shore: acc. sg. ofer bolcan, +231. + +bold, st. n., _building, house, edifice_: nom. sg. (Heorot), 998; +(Hygelāc's residence), 1926; (Bēowulfs residence), 2197, 2327.--Comp. +fold-bold. + +bold-āgend, pt., _house-owner, property-holder_: gen. pl. monegum +boldāgendra, 3113. + +bolgen-mōd, adj., _angry at heart, angry_, 710, 1714. + +bolster, st. m., _bolster, cushion, pillow_: dat. pl. (reced) geond-brǣded +wearð beddum and bolstrum, _was covered with beds and bolsters_, +1241.--Comp. hlēor-bolster. + +bon-. See ban-. + +bora, w. m., _carrier, bringer, leader_: in the comp. mund-, rǣd-, +wǣg-bora. + +bord, st. n., _shield_: nom. sg., 2674; acc. sg., 2525; gen. pl. ofer borda +gebræc, _over the crashing of the shields_, 2260.--Comp.: hilde-, wīg-bord. + +bord-hæbbend, pt., _one having a shield, shield-bearer_: nom. pl. hæbbende, +2896. + +bord-hrēoða, w. m., _shield-cover, shield_ with particular reference to its +cover (of hides or linden bark): dat. sg. -hrēoðan, 2204. + +bord-rand, st. m., _shield_: acc. sg., 2560. + +bord-weall, st. m., _shield-wall, wall of shields_: acc. sg., 2981. + +bord-wudu, st. m., _shield-wood, shield_: acc. pl. beorhtan beord-wudu, +1244. + +botm, st. m., _bottom_: dat. sg. tō botme (here of the bottom of the +fen-lake), 1507. + +bōt (emendation, cf. bētan), st. f.: 1) _relief, remedy_: nom. sg., 281; +acc. sg. bōte, 935; acc. sg. bōte, 910.--2) _a performance in expiation, a +giving satisfaction, tribute_: gen. sg. bōte, 158. + +brand, brond, st. m.: 1) _burning, fire_: nom. sg. þā sceal brond fretan +(_the burning of the body_), 3015; instr. sg. by hine ne mōston ... bronde +forbærnan (_could not bestow upon him the solemn burning_), 2127; hæfde +landwara līge befangen, bǣle and bronde, _with glow, fire, and flame_, +2323.--2) in the passage, þæt hine nō brond nē beadomēcas bītan ne meahton, +1455, brond has been translated _sword, brand_ (after the O.N. brand-r). +The meaning _fire_ may be justified as well, if we consider that the old +helmets were generally made of leather, and only the principal parts were +mounted with bronze. The poet wishes here to emphasize the fact that the +helmet was made entirely of metal, a thing which was very unusual.--3) in +the passage, forgeaf þā Bēowulfe brand Healfdenes segen gyldenne, 1021, our +text, with other editions, has emendated, bearn, since brand, if it be +intended as a designation of Hrōðgār (perhaps _son_), has not up to this +time been found in this sense in A.-S. + +brant, bront, adj., _raging, foaming, going-high_, of ships and of waves: +acc. sg. brontne, 238, 568. + +brād, adj.: 1) _extended, wide_: nom. pl. brāde rīce, 2208.--2) _broad_: +nom. sg. hēah and brād (of Bēowulf's grave-mound), 3159; acc. sg. brādne +mēce, 2979; (seax) brād [and] brūnecg, _the broad, short sword with bright +edge_, 1547.--3) _massive, in abundance_. acc, sg. brād gold, 3106. + +ge-bræc, st. n., _noise, crash_: acc. sg. borda gebræc, 2260. + +geond-brǣdan, w. v., _to spread over, to cover entirely_: pret. part. +geond-brǣded, 1240. + +brecan, st. v.: 1) _to break, to break to pieces_: pret. bānhringas bræc, +(the sword) _broke the joints_, 1568. In a moral sense: pret. subj. þæt þǣr +ǣnig mon wǣre ne brǣce, _that no one should break the agreement_, 1101; +pret. part. þonne bīoð brocene ... āð-sweord eorla, _then are the oaths of +the men broken_, 2064.--2) probably also simply _to break in upon +something, to press upon_, w. acc.: pret. sg. sǣdēor monig hildetūxum +heresyrcan bræc, _many a sea-animal pressed with his battle-teeth upon the +shirt of mail_ (did not break it, for, according to 1549 f., 1553 f., it +was still unharmed). 1512.--3) _to break out, to spring out_: inf. geseah +... strēam ūt brecan of beorge, _saw a stream break out from the rocks_, +2547; lēt se hearda Higelāces þegn brādne mēce ... brecan ofer bordweal, +_caused the broadsword to spring out over the wall of shields_, 2981.--4) +figuratively, _to vex, not to let rest_: pret. hine fyrwyt bræc, _curiosity +tormented_ (N.H.G. brachte die Neugier um), 232, 1986, 2785. + +ge-brecan, _to break to pieces_: pret. bānhūs gebræc, _broke in pieces his +body_ (Bēowulf in combat with Dæghrefn), 2509. + +tō-brecan, _to break in pieces_: inf., 781; pret. part. tō-brocen, 998. + +þurh-brecan, _to break through_, pret. wordes ord brēosthord þurh-bræc, +_the word's point broke through his closed breast_, i.e. a word burst out +from his breast, 2793. + +brecð, st. f., _condition of being broken, breach_: nom. pl. mōdes brecða +(_sorrow of heart_), 171. + +ā-bredwian, w. v. w. acc., _to fell to the ground, to kill_ (?): pret. +ābredwade, 2620. + +bregdan, st. v., properly _to swing round_, hence: 1) _to swing_: inf. +under sceadu bregdan, _swing among the shadows, to send into the realm of +shadows_, 708; pret. brægd ealde lāfe, _swung the old weapon_, 796; brægd +feorh-genīðlan, _swung his mortal enemy_ (Grendel's mother), threw her +down, 1540; pl. git ēagorstrēam ... mundum brugdon, _stirred the sea with +your hands_ (of the movement of the hands in swimming), 514; pret. part. +brōden (brogden) mǣl, _the drawn sword_, 1617, 1668.--2) _to knit, to knot, +to plait_: inf., figuratively, inwitnet ōðrum bregdan, _to weave a +waylaying net for another_ (as we say in the same way, to lay a trap for +another, to dig a pit for another), 2168; pret. part. beadohrægl brōden, _a +woven shirt of mail_ (because it consisted of metal rings joined together), +552; similarly, 1549; brogdne beadusercean, 2756. + +ā-bregdan, _to swing_: pret. hond up ā-bræd, _swung, raised his hand_, +2576. + +ge-bregdan: 1) _swing_: pret. hring-mǣl gebrægd, _swung the ringed sword_, +1565; eald sweord ēacen ... þæt ic þȳ wǣpne gebrægd, _an old heavy sword +that I swung as my weapon_, 1665; with interchanging instr. and acc. +wællseaxe gebrǣ, biter and beadu-scearp, 2704; also, _to draw out of the +sheath_: sweord ǣr gebrǣ, _had drawn the sword before_, 2563.--2) _to knit, +to knot, to plait_: pret. part. bere-byrne hondum gebrōden, 1444. + +on-bregdan, _to tear open, to throw open_: pret. onbræd þā recedes mūðan, +_had then thrown open the entrance of the hall_ (onbregdan is used because +the opening door swings upon its hinges), 724. + +brego, st. m., _prince, ruler_: nom. sg. 427, 610. + +brego-rōf, adj., _powerful, like a ruler, of heroic strength _: nom. sg. +m., 1926. + +brego-stōl, st. m., _throne_, figuratively for _rule_: acc. sg. him +gesealde seofon þūsendo, bold and brego-stōl, _seven thousand_ see under +sceat), _a country-seat, and the dignity of a prince_, 2197; þǣr him Hygd +gebēad ... brego-stōl, _where H. offered him the chief power_, 2371; lēt +þone bregostōl Bēowulf healdan, _gave over to Bēowulf the chief power_ (did +not prevent Bēowulf from entering upon the government), 2390. + +brēme, adj., _known afar, renowned_. nom. sg., 18. + +brenting (see brant), st. m., _ship craft_: nom. pl. brentingas, 2808. + +ā-brēatan, st. v., _to break, to break in pieces, to kill_: pret. ābrēot +brimwīsan, _killed the sea-king_ (King Hæðcyn), 2931. See brēotan. + +brēost, st. n.: 1) _breast_: nom. sg., 2177; often used in the pl., so acc. +þæt mīne brēost wereð, _which protects my breast_, 453; dat. pl. beadohrægl +brōden on brēostum læg. 552.--2) _the inmost thoughts, the mind, the heart, +the bosom_: nom. sg. brēost innan wēoll þēostrum geþoncum, _his breast +heaved with troubled thoughts_, 2332; dat. pl. lēt þā of brēostum word ūt +faran, _caused the words to come out from his bosom_, 2551. + +brēost-gehygd, st. n. f., _breast-thought, secret thought_: instr. pl. +-gehygdum, 2819. + +brēost-gewǣdu, st. n. pl., _breast-clothing, garment covering the breast_, +of the coat of mail: nom., 1212; acc., 2163. + +brēost-hord, st. m., _breast-hoard, that which is locked in the breast, +heart, mind, thought, soul_: nom. sg., 1720; acc. sg., 2793. + +brēost-net, st. n., _breast-net, shirt of chain-mail, coat of mail_: nom. +sg. brēost-net brōden, 1549. + +brēost-weorðung, st. f., _ornament that is worn upon the breast_: acc. sg. +brēost-weorðunge, 2505: here the collar is meant which Bēowulf receives +from Wealhþēow (1196, 2174) as a present, and which B., according to 2173, +presents to Hygd, while, according to 1203, it is in the possession of her +husband Hygelāc. In front the collar is trimmed with ornaments (frætwe), +which hang down upon the breast, hence the name brēost-weorðung. + +brēost-wylm, st. m., _heaving of the breast, emotion of the bosom_: acc. +sg, 1878. + +brēotan, st. v., _to break, to break in pieces, to kill_: pret. brēat +bēodgenēatas, _killed his table-companions_ (courtiers), 1714. + +ā-brēotan, same as above: pret. þone þe hēo on ræste ābrēat, _whom she +killed upon his couch_, 1299; pret. part. þā þæt monige gewearð, þæt hine +sēo brimwylf ābroten hæfde, _many believed that the sea-wolf_ (Grendel's +mother) _had killed him_, 1600; hī hyne ... ābroten hæfdon, _had killed +him_ (the dragon), 2708. + +brim, st. n., _flood, the sea_: nom. sg., 848, 1595; gen. sg. tō brimes +faroðe, _to the sea_, 28; æt brimes nosan, _at the sea's promontory_, 2804; +nom. pl. brimu swaðredon, _the waves subsided_, 570. + +brim-clif, st. n., _sea-cliff, cliff washed by the sea_: acc. pl. -clifu, +222. + +brim-lād, st. f., _flood-way, sea-way_: acc. sg. þāra þe mid Bēowulfe +brimlāde tēah, _who had travelled the sea-way with B._, 1052. + +brim-līðend, pt, _sea-farer, sailor_ acc. p. -līðende, 568. + +brim-strēam, st. m., _sea-stream, the flood of the sea_: acc. pl. ofer +brim-strēamas, 1911. + +brim-wīsa, w. m., _sea-king_: acc. sg. brimwīsan, of Hæðcyn, king of the +Gēatas, 2931. + +brim-wylf, st. f., _sea-wolf_ (designation of Grendel's mother): nom. sg. +sēo brimwylf, 1507, 1600. + +brim-wylm, st. m., _sea-wave_: nom. sg., 1495. + +bringan, anom. v., _to bring, to bear_: prs. sg. I. ic þē þūsenda þegna +bringe tō helpe, _bring to your assistance thousands of warriors_, 1830; +inf. sceal hringnaca ofer hēaðu bringan lāc and luftācen, _shall bring +gifts and love-tokens over the high sea_, 1863; similarly, 2149, 2505; +pret. pl. wē þās sǣlāc ... brōhton, _brought this sea-offering_ (Grendel's +head), 1654. + +ge-bringan, _to bring_: pres. subj. pl. þat wē þone gebringan ... on +ādfære, _that we bring him upon the funeral-pile_, 3010. + +brosnian, w. v., _to crumble, to become rotten, to fall to pieces_: prs. +sg. III. herepād ... brosnað æfter beorne, _the coat of mail falls to +pieces after_ (the death of) _the hero_, 2261. + +brōðor, st. m., _brother_: nom. sg., 1325, 2441; dat sg. brēðer, 1263; gen. +sg. his brōðor bearn, 2620; dat. pl. brōðrum, 588, 1075. + +ge-brōðru, pl., _brethren, brothers_: dat. pl. sæt be þǣm gebrōðrum twǣm, +_sat by the two brothers_, 1192. + +brōga, w. m., _terror, horror_: nom. sg., 1292, 2325, 2566; acc. sg. billa +brōgan, 583.--Comp.: gryre-, here-brōga. + +brūcan, st. v. w. gen., _to use, to make use of_: prs. sg. III. sē þe longe +hēr worolde brūceð, _who here long makes use of the world_, i.e. lives +long, 1063; imp. brūc manigra mēda, _make use of many rewards, give good +rewards_, 1179; _to enjoy_: inf. þæt hē bēahhordes brūcan mōste, _could +enjoy the ring-hoard_, 895; similarly, 2242, 3101; pret. brēac +līfgesceafta, _enjoyed the appointed life, lived the appointed time_, 1954. +With the genitive to be supplied: brēac þonne mōste, 1488; imp. brūc þisses +bēages, _enjoy this ring, take this ring_, 1217. Upon this meaning depends +the form of the wish, wēl brūcan (compare the German geniesze froh!): inf. +hēt hine wēl brūcan, 1046; hēt hine brūcan well, 2813; imp. brūc ealles +well, 2163. + +brūn, adj., _having a brown lustre, shining_: nom. sg. sīo ecg brūn, 2579. + +brūn-ecg, adj., _having a gleaming blade_: acc. sg. n. (hyre seaxe) brād +[and] brūnecg, _her broad sword with gleaming blade_, 1547. + +brūn-fāg, adj., _gleaming like metal_: acc. sg. brūnfāgne helm, 2616. + +bryne-lēoma, w. m., _light of a conflagration, gleam of fire _: nom. sg., +2314. + +bryne-wylm, st. m., _wave of fire_: dat. pl. -wylmum, 2327. + +brytnian (properly _to break in small pieces_, cf. brēotan), w. v., _to +bestow, to distribute_: pret. sinc brytnade, _distributed presents_, i.e. +ruled (since the giving of gifts belongs especially to rulers), 2384. + +brytta, w. m., _giver, distributer_, always designating the king: nom. sg. +sinces brytta, 608, 1171, 2072; acc. sg. bēaga bryttan, 35, 352, 1488; +sinces bryttan, 1923. + +bryttian (_to be a dispenser_), w. v., _to distribute, to confer_: prs. sg. +III. god manna cynne snyttru bryttað, _bestows wisdom upon the human race_, +1727. + +brȳd, st. f.: 1) _wife, consort_: acc. sg. brȳd, 2931; brȳde, 2957, both +times of the consort of Ongenþēow (?).--2) _betrothed, bride_: nom. sg., of +Hrōðgār's daughter, Frēaware, 2032. + +brȳd-būr, st. n., _woman's apartment_: dat. sg. ēode ... cyning of +brȳdbūre, _the king came out of the apartment of his wife_ (into which, +according to 666, he had gone), 922. + +bunden-stefna, w. m., _(that which has a bound prow), the framed ship_: +nom. sg., 1911. + +bune, w. f., _can_ or _cup, drinking-vessel_: nom. pl. bunan, 3048; acc. +pl. bunan, 2776. + +burh, burg, st. f., _castle, city, fortified house_: acc. sg. burh, 523; +dat. sg. byrig, 1200; dat. pl. burgum, 53, 1969, 2434.--Comp.: frēo, +freoðo-, hēa-, hlēo-, hord-, lēod-, mǣg-burg. + +burh-loca, w. m., _castle-bars_: dat. sg. under burh-locan, _under the +castle-bars_, i.e. in the castle (Hygelāc's), 1929. + +burh-stede, st. m., _castle-place, place where the castle_ or _city +stands_: acc. sg. burhstede, 2266. + +burh-wela, w. m., _riches, treasure of a castle_ or _city_: gen. sg. þenden +hē burh-welan brūcan mōste, 3101. + +burne, w. f., _spring, fountain_: gen. þǣre burnan wælm, _the bubbling of +the spring_, 2547. + +būan, st. v.: 1) _to stay, to remain, to dwell_: inf. gif hē weard onfunde +būan on beorge, _if he had found the watchman dwelling on the mountain_, +2843.--2) _to inhabit_, w. acc.: meduseld būan, _to inhabit the +mead-house_, 3066. + +ge-būan, w. acc., _to occupy a house, to take possession_: pret. part. hēan +hūses, hū hit Hring Dene æfter bēorþege gebūn hæfdon, _how the Danes, after +their beer-carouse, had occupied it_ (had made their beds in it), +117.--With the pres. part. būend are the compounds ceaster-, fold-, grund-, +lond-būend. + +būgan, st. v., _to bend, to bow, to sink; to turn, to flee_: prs. sg. III. +bon-gār būgeð, _the fatal spear sinks_, i.e. its deadly point is turned +down, it rests, 2032; inf. þæt se byrnwīga būgan sceolde, _that the armed +hero had to sink down_ (having received a deadly blow), 2919; similarly, +2975; pret. sg. bēah eft under eorðweall, _turned, fled again behind the +earth-wall_, 2957; pret. pl. bugon tō bence, _turned to the bench_, 327, +1014; hȳ on holt bugon, _fled to the wood_, 2599. + +ā-būgan, _to bend off, to curve away from_: pret. fram sylle ābēag medubenc +monig, _from the threshold curved away many a mead-bench_, 776. + +be-būgan, w. acc., _to surround, to encircle_: prs. swā (_which_) wæter +bebūgeð, 93; efne swā sīde swā sǣ bebūgeð windige weallas, _as far as the +sea encircles windy shores_, 1224. + +ge-būgan, _to bend, to bow, to sink_: a) intrans.: hēo on flet gebēah, +_sank on the floor_, 1541; þā gebēah cyning, _then sank the king_, 2981; þā +se wyrm gebēah snūde tōsomne (_when the drake at once coiled itself up_), +2568; gewāt þā gebogen scrīðan tō, _advanced with curved body_ (the drake), +2570.--b) w. acc. of the thing to which one bends or sinks: pret. selereste +gebēah, _sank upon the couch in the hall_, 691; similarly gebēag, 1242. + +būr, st. n., _apartment, room_: dat. sg. būre, 1311, 2456; dat. pl. būrum, +140.--Comp. brȳd-būr. + +būtan, būton (from be and ūtan, hence in its meaning referring to what is +without, excluded): 1) conj. with subjunctive following, _lest_: būtan his +līc swice, _lest his body escape_, 967. With ind. following, _but_: būton +hit wæs māre þonne ǣnig mon ōðer tō beadulāce ætberan meahte, _but it_ (the +sword) _was greater than any other man could have carried to battle_, 1561. +After a preceding negative verb, _except_: þāra þe gumena bearn gearwe ne +wiston būton Fitela mid hine, _which the children of men did not know at +all, except Fitela, who was with him_, 880; ne nom hē māðm-ǣhta mā būton +þone hafelan, etc., _he took no more of the rich treasure than the head +alone_, 1615.--2) prep, with dat., _except_: būton folcscare, 73; būton þē, +658; ealle būton ānum, 706. + +bycgan, w. v., _to buy, to pay_: inf. ne wæs þæt gewrixle til þæt hīe on bā +healfa bicgan scoldon frēonda fēorum, _that was no good transaction, that +they, on both sides_ (as well to Grendel as to his mother), _had to pay +with the lives of their friends_, 1306. + +be-bycgan, _to sell_: pret. nū ic on māðma hord mīne bebohte frōde +feorhlege (_now I, for the treasure-hoard, gave up my old life_), 2800. + +ge-bycgan, _to buy, to acquire; to pay_: pret. w. acc. nō þǣr ǣnige ... +frōfre gebohte, _obtained no sort of help, consolation_, 974; hit (his, +MS.) ealdre gebohte, _paid it with his life_, 2482; pret. part. sylfes +fēore bēagas [geboh]te, _bought rings with his own life_, 3015. + +byldan, w. v. (_to make_ beald, which see), _to excite, to encourage, to +brave deeds_: inf. w. acc. swā hē Frēsena cyn on bēorsele byldan wolde (by +distributing gifts), 1095. + +ge-byrd, st. n., "fatum destinatum" (Grein) (?): acc. sg. hīe on gebyrd +hruron gāre wunde, 1075. + +ge-byrdu, st. f., _birth_; in compound, bearn-gebyrdu. + +byrdu-scrūd, st. n., _shield-ornament, design upon a shield_(?): nom. sg., +2661. + +byre, st. m., (_born_) _son_: nom. sg., 2054, 2446, 2622, etc.; nom. pl. +byre, 1189. In a broader sense, _young man, youth_: acc. pl. bǣdde byre +geonge, _encouraged the youths_ (at the banquet), 2019. + +byrðen, st. f., _burden_; in comp. mægen-byrðen. + +byrele, st. m., _steward, waiter, cupbearer_: nom. pl. byrelas, 1162. + +byrgan, w. v., _to feast, to eat_: inf., 448. + +ge-byrgea, w. m., _protector_; in comp. lēod-gebyrgea. + +byrht. See _beorht_. + +byrne, w. f., _shirt of mail, mail_: nom. sg. byrne, 405, 1630, etc.; +hringed byrne, _ring-shirt_, consisting of interlaced rings, 1246; acc. sg. +byrnan, 1023, etc.; sīde byrnan, _large coat of mail_, 1292; hringde +byrnan, 2616; hāre byrnan, _gray coat of mail_ (of iron), 2154; dat. sg. on +byrnan, 2705; gen. sg. byrnan hring, _the ring of the shirt of mail_ (i.e. +the shirt of mail), 2261; dat. pl. byrnum, 40, 238, etc.; beorhtum byrnum, +_with gleaming mail_, 3141.--Comp.: gūð-, here-, heaðo-, īren-, +īsern-byrne. + +byrnend. See beornan. + +byrn-wiga, w. m., _warrior dressed in a coat of mail_: nom. sg., 2919. + +bysgu, bisigu, st. f., _trouble, difficulty, opposition_: nom. sg. bisigu, +281; dat. pl. bisgum, 1744, bysigum, 2581. + +bysig, adj., _opposed, in need_, in the compounds līf-bysig, syn-bysig. + +bȳme, w. f., _a wind-instrument, a trumpet, a trombone_: gen. sg. bȳman +gealdor, _the sound of the trumpet_, 2944. + +bȳwan, w. v., _to ornament, to prepare_: inf. þā þe beado-grīman bȳwan +sceoldon, _who should prepare the helmets_, 2258. + +C + +camp, st. m., _combat, fight between two_: dat. sg. in campe (Bēowulf's +with Dæghrefn; cempan, MS.), 2506. + +candel, st. f., _light, candle_: nom. sg. rodores candel, of the sun, +1573.--Comp. woruld-candel. + +cempa, w. m., _fighter, warrior, hero_: nom. sg. æðele cempa, 1313; Gēata +cempa, 1552; rēðe cempa, 1586; mǣre cempa (as voc.), 1762; gyrded cempa, +2079; dat. sg. geongum (geongan) cempan, 1949, 2045, 2627; Hūga cempan, +2503; acc. pl. cempan, 206.--Comp. fēðe-cempa. + +cennan, w. v.: 1) _to bear_, w. acc.: efne swā hwylc mægða swā þone magan +cende, _who bore the son_, 944; pret. part. þǣm eafera wæs æfter cenned, +_to him was a son born_, 12.--2) reflexive, _to show one's self, to reveal +one's self_: imp. cen þec mid cræfte, _prove yourself by your strength_, +1220. + +ā-cennan, _to bear_: pret. part. nō hīe fæder cunnon, hwæðer him ǣnig wæs +ǣr ācenned dyrnra gāsta, _they_ (the people of the country) _do not know +his_ (Grendel's) _father, nor whether any evil spirit has been before born +to him_ (whether he has begotten a son), 1357. + +cēnðu, st. f., _boldness_: acc. sg. cēnðu, 2697. + +cēne, adj., _keen, warlike, bold_: gen. p.. cēnra gehwylcum, 769. Superl., +acc. pl. cēnoste, 206.--Comp.: dǣd-, gār-cēne. + +ceald, adj., _cold_: acc. pl. cealde strēamas, 1262; dat. pl. cealdum +cearsīðum, _with cold, sad journeys_, 2397. Superl. nom. sg. wedera +cealdost, 546;--Comp. morgen-ceald. + +cearian, w. v., _to have care, to take care, to trouble one's self_: prs. +sg. III. nā ymb his līf cearað, _takes no care for his life_, 1537. + +cearig, adj., _troubled, sad_: in comp. sorh-cearig. + +cear-sīð, st. m., _sorrowful way, an undertaking that brings sorrow_, i.e. +a warlike expedition: dat. pl. cearsīðum (of Bēowulf's expeditions against +Ēadgils), 2397. + +cearu, st. f., _care, sorrow, lamentation_: nom. sg., 1304; acc. sg. +[ceare], 3173.--Comp.: ealdor-, gūð-, mǣl-, mōd-cearu. + +cear-wælm, st. m., _care-agitation, waves of sorrow in the breast_: dat. +pl. æfter cear-wælmum, 2067. + +cear-wylm, st. m., same as above; nom. pl. þā cear-wylmas, 282. + +ceaster-būend, pt, _inhabitant of a fortified place, inhabitant of a +castle_: dat. pl. ceaster-būendum, of those established in Hrōðgār's +castle, 769. + +cēap, st. m., _purchase, transaction_: figuratively, nom. sg. næs þæt ȳðe +cēap, _no easy transaction_, 2416; instr. sg. þēah þe ōðer hit ealdre +gebohte, heardan cēape, _although the one paid it with his life, a dear +purchase_, 2483. + +ge-cēapian, w. v., _to purchase_: pret. part. gold unrīme grimme gecēapod, +_gold without measure, bitterly purchased_ (with Bēowulf's life), 3013. + +be-ceorfan, st. v., _to separate, to cut off_ (with acc. of the pers. and +instr. of the thing): pret. hine þā hēafde becearf, _cut off his head_, +1591; similarly, 2139. + +ceorl, st. m., _man_: nom. sg. snotor ceorl monig, _many a wise man_, 909; +dat. sg. gomelum ceorle, _the old man_ (of King Hrēðel), 2445; so, ealdum +ceorle, of King Ongenþēow, 2973; nom. pl. snotere ceorlas, _wise men_, 202, +416, 1592. + +cēol, st. m., _keel_, figuratively for the ship: nom. sg., 1913; acc. sg. +cēol, 38, 238; gen. sg. cēoles, 1807. + +cēosan, st. v., _to choose_, hence, _to assume_: inf. þone cynedōm cīosan +wolde, _would assume the royal dignity_, 2377; _to seek_: pret. subj. ǣr hē +bǣl cure, _before he sought his funeral-pile_ (before he died), 2819. + +ge-cēosan, _to choose, to elect_: gerund, tō gecēosenne cyning ǣnigne +(sēlran), _to choose a better king_, 1852; imp. þē þæt sēlre ge-cēos, +_choose thee the better_ (of two: bealonīð and ēce rǣdas), 1759; pret. hē +ūsic on herge gecēas tō þyssum siðfate, _selected us among the soldiers for +this undertaking_, 2639; gecēas ēcne rǣd, _chose the everlasting gain_, +i.e. died, 1202; similarly, godes lēoht gecēas, 2470; pret. part. acc. pl. +hæfde ... cempan gecorone, 206. + +on-cirran, w. v., _to turn, to change_: inf. ne meahte ... þæs wealdendes +[willan] wiht on-cirran, _could not change the will of the Almighty_, 2858; +pret. ufor oncirde, _turned higher_, 2952; þyder oncirde, _turned thither_, +2971. + +ā-cīgan, w. v., _to call hither_: pret. ācīgde of corðre cyninges þegnas +syfone, _called from the retinue of the king seven men_, 3122. + +clam, clom, st. m., f. n.? _fetter_, figuratively of a strong gripe: dat. +pl. heardan clammum, 964; heardum clammum, 1336; atolan clommum (horrible +claws of the mother of Grendel), 1503. + +clif, cleof, st. n., _cliff, promontory_: acc. pl. Gēata clifu, +1912.--Comp.: brim-, ēg-, holm-, stān-clif. + +ge-cnāwan, st. v., _to know, to recognize_: inf. meaht þū, mīn wine, mēce +gecnāwan, _mayst thou, my friend, recognize the sword_, 2048. + +on-cnāwan, _to recognize, to distinguish_: hordweard oncnīow mannes reorde, +_distinguished the speech of a man_, 2555. + +cniht, st. m., _boy, youth_: dat. pl. þyssum cnyhtum, _to these boys_ +(Hrōðgār's sons), 1220. + +cniht-wesende, prs. part., _being a boy_ or _a youth_: acc. sg. ic hine +cūðe cniht-wesende, _knew him while still a boy_, 372; nom. pl. wit þæt +gecwǣdon cniht-wesende, _we both as young men said that_, 535. + +cnyssan, w. v., _to strike, to dash against each other_: pret. pl. þonne +... eoferas cnysedan, _when the bold warriors dashed against each other, +stormed_ (in battle), 1329. + +collen-ferhð, -ferð, adj., (properly, _of swollen mind_), _of uncommon +thoughts, in his way of thinking, standing higher than others, +high-minded_: nom. sg. cuma collen-ferhð, of Bēowulf, 1807; collen-ferð, of +Wīglāf, 2786. + +corðer, st. n., _troop, division of an army, retinue_: dat. sg. þā wæs ... +Fin slægen, cyning on corðre, _then was Fin slain, the king in the troop_ +(of warriors), 1154; of corðre cyninges, _out of the retinue of the king_, +3122. + +costian, w. v., _to try_; pret. (w. gen.) hē mīn costode, _tried me_, 2085. + +cofa, w. m., _apartment, sleeping-room, couch_: in comp. bān-cofa. + +cōl, adj., _cool_: compar. cearwylmas cōlran wurðað, _the waves of sorrow +become cooler_, i.e. the mind becomes quiet, 282; him wīflufan ... cōlran +weorðað, _his love for his wife cools_, 2067. + +cræft, st. m., _the condition of being able_, hence: 1) _physical +strength_: nom. sg. mægða cræft, 1284; acc. sg. mægenes cræft, 418; þurh +ānes cræft, 700; cræft and cēnðu, 2697; dat. (instr.) sg. cræfte, 983, +1220, 2182, 2361.--2) _art, craft, skill_: dat. sg. as instr. dyrnum +cræfte, _with secret_ (magic) _art_, 2169; dyrnan cræfte, 2291; þēofes +cræfte, _with thief's craft_, 2221; dat. pl. dēofles cræftum, _by devil's +art_ (sorcery), 2089.--3) _great quantity_ (?): acc. sg. wyrm-horda cræft, +2223.--Comp.: leoðo-, mægen-, nearo-, wīg-cræft. + +cræftig, adj.: 1) _strong, stout_: nom. sg. eafoðes cræftig, 1467; nīða +cræftig, 1963. Comp. wīg-cræftig.--2) _adroit, skilful_: in comp. +lagu-cræftig.--3) _rich_ (of treasures); in comp. ēacen-cræftig. + +cringan, st. v., _to fall in combat, to fall with the writhing movement of +those mortally wounded_: pret. subj. on wæl crunge, _would sink into death, +would fall_, 636; pret. pl. for the pluperfect, sume on wæle crungon, 1114. + +ge-cringan, same as above: pret. hē under rande gecranc, _fell under his +shield_, 1210; æt wīge gecrang, _fell in battle_, 1338; hēo on flet +gecrong, _fell to the ground_, 1569; in campe gecrong, _fell in single +combat_, 2506. + +cuma (_he who comes_), w. m., _newcomer, guest_: nom. sg. 1807.--Comp.: +cwealm-, wil-cuma. + +cuman, st. v., _to come_: pres. sg. II. gyf þū on weg cymest, _if thou +comest from there_, 1383; III. cymeð, 2059; pres. subj. sg. III. cume, 23; +pl. þonne wē ūt cymen, _when we come out_, 3107; inf. cuman, 244, 281, +1870; pret. sg. cōm, 430, 569, 826, 1134, 1507, 1601, etc.; cwōm, 419, +2915; pret. subj. sg. cwōme, 732; pret. part. cumen, 376; pl. cumene, 361. +Often with the inf. of a verb of motion, as, cōm gongan, 711; cōm sīðian, +721; cōm in gān, 1645; cwōm gān, 1163; cōm scacan, 1803; cwōmon lǣdan, 239; +cwōmon sēcean, 268; cwōman scrīðan, 651, etc. + +be-cuman, _to come, to approach, to arrive_: pret. syððan niht becōm, +_after the night had come_, 115; þē on þā lēode becōm, _that had come over +the people_, 192; þā hē tō hām becōm, 2993. And with inf. following: stefn +in becōm ... hlynnan under hārne stān, 2553; lȳt eft becwōm ... hāmes +nīosan, 2366; oð þæt ende becwōm, 1255; similarly, 2117. With acc. of +pers.: þā hyne sīo þrāg becwōm, _when this time of battle came over him_, +2884. + +ofer-cuman, _to overcome, to compel_: pret. þȳ hē þone fēond ofercwōm, +_thereby he overcame the foe_, 1274: pl. hīe fēond heora ... ofercōmon, +700; pret. part. (w. gen.) nīða ofercumen, _compelled by combats_, 846. + +cumbol, cumbor, st. m., _banner_: gen. sg. cumbles hyrde, 2506.--Comp. +hilte-cumbor. + +cund, adj., _originating in, descended from_: in comp. feorran-cund. + +cunnan, verb pret. pres.: 1) _to know, to be acquainted with_ (w. acc. or +depend, clause): sg. pres. I. ic mīnne can glædne Hrōðulf þæt hē ... wile, +_I know my gracious H., that he will_..., 1181; II. eard gīt ne const, +_thou knowest not yet the land_, 1378; III. hē þæt wyrse ne con, _knows no +worse_, 1740. And reflexive: con him land geare, _knows the land well_, +2063; pl. men ne cunnon hwyder helrūnan scrīðað, _men do not know +whither_..., 162; pret. sg. ic hine cūðe, _knew him_, 372; cūðe hē duguð +þēaw, _knew the customs of the distinguished courtiers_, 359; so with the +acc., 2013; seolfa ne cūðe þurh hwæt..., _he himself did not know through +what_..., 3068; pl. sorge ne cūðon, 119; so with the acc., 180, 418, 1234. +With both (acc. and depend. clause): nō hīe fæder cunnon (scil. nō hīe +cunnon) hwæðer him ǣnig wæs ǣr ācenned dyrnra gāsta, 1356.--2) with inf. +following, _can, to be able_: prs. sg. him bebeorgan ne con, _cannot defend +himself_, 1747; prs. pl. men ne cunnon secgan, _cannot say_, 50; pret. sg. +cūðe reccan, 90; beorgan cūðe, 1446; pret. pl. herian ne cūðon, _could not +praise_, 182; pret. subj. healdan cūðe, 2373. + +cunnian, w. v., _to inquire into, to try_, w. gen. or acc.: inf. sund +cunnian (figurative for _roam over the sea_), 1427, 1445; geongne cempan +higes cunnian, _to try the young warrior's mind_, 2046; pret. eard cunnode, +_tried the home_, i.e. came to it, 1501; pl. wada cunnedon, _tried the +flood_, i.e. swam through the sea, 508. + +cūð, adj.: 1) _known, well known; manifest, certain_: nom. sg. undyrne cūð, +150, 410; wīde cūð, 2924; acc. sg. fern. cūðe folme, 1304; cūðe strǣte, +1635; nom. pl. ecge cūðe, 1146; acc. pl. cūðe næssas, 1913.--2) _renowned_: +nom. sg. gūðum cūð, 2179; nom. pl. cystum cūðe, 868.--3) also, _friendly, +dear, good_ (see un-cūð).--Comp.: un-, wīd-cūð. + +cūð-līce, adv., _openly, publicly_: comp. nō hēr cūðlīcor cuman ongunnon +lind-hæbbende, _no shield-bearing men undertook more boldly to come hither_ +(the coast-watchman means by this the secret landing of the Vikings), 244. + +cwalu, st. f., _murder, fall_: in comp. dēað-cwalu. + +cweccan (_to make alive_, see cwic), w. v., _to move, to swing_: pret. +cwehte mægen-wudu, _swung the wood of strength_ (= spear), 235. + +cweðan, st. v., _to say, to speak_: a) absolutely: prs. sg. III. cwið æt +bēore, _speaks at beer-drinking_, 2042.--b) w. acc.: pret. word æfter cwæð, +315; fēa worda cwæð, 2247, 2663.--c) with þæt following: pret. sg. cwæð, +92, 2159; pl. cwǣdon, 3182.--d) with þæt omitted: pret. cwæð hē gūð-cyning +sēcean wolde, _said he would seek out the war-king_, 199; similarly, 1811, +2940. + +ā-cweðan, _to say, to speak_, w. acc.: prs. þæt word ācwyð, _speaks the +word_, 2047; pret. þæt word ācwæð, 655. + +ge-cweðan, _to say, to speak_: a) absolutely: pret. sg. II. swā þū gecwǣde, +2665.--b)w. acc.: pret. wēl-hwylc gecwæð, _spoke everything_, 875; pl. wit +þæt gecwǣdon, 535.--c) w. þæt following: pret. gecwæð, 858, 988. + +cwellan, w. v., (_to make die_), _to kill, to murder_: pret. sg. II. þū +Grendel cwealdest, 1335. + +ā-cwellan, _to kill_: pret. sg. (hē) wyrm ācwealde, 887; þone þe Grendel ǣr +māne ācwealde, _whom Grendel had before wickedly murdered_, 1056; beorn +ācwealde, 2122. + +cwēn, st. f.: 1) _wife, consort_ (of noble birth): nom. sg. cwēn, 62; +(Hrōðgār's), 614, 924; (Finn's), 1154.--2) particularly denoting the queen: +nom. sg. bēaghroden cwēn (Wealhþēow), 624; mǣru cwēn, 2017; fremu folces +cwēn (Þrȳðo), 1933; acc. sg. cwēn (Wealhþēow), 666.-Comp. folc-cwēn. + +cwēn-līc, adj., _feminine, womanly_: nom. sg. ne bið swylc cwēnlīc þēaw +(_such is not the custom of women, does not become a woman_), 1941. + +cwealm, st. m., _violent death, murder, destruction_: acc. sg. þone cwealm +gewræc, _avenged the death_ (of Abel by Cain), 107; mǣndon mondryhtnes +cwealm, _lamented the ruler's fall_, 3150.--Comp.: bealo-, dēað-, +gār-cwealm. + +cwealm-bealu, st. n., _the evil of murder_: acc. sg., 1941. + +cwealm-cuma, w. m., _one coming for murder, a new-comer who contemplates +murder_: acc. sg. þone cwealm-cuman (of Grendel), 793. + +cwic and cwico, adj., _quick, having life, alive_: acc. sg. cwicne, 793, +2786; gen. sg. āht cwices, _something living_, 2315; nom. pl. cwice, 98; +cwico wæs þā gēna, _was still alive_, 3094. + +cwide, st. m., _word, speech, saying_: in comp. gegn-, gilp-, hlēo-, +word-cwide. + +cwīðan, st. v., _to complain, to lament_: inf. w. acc. ongan ... gioguðe +cwīðan hilde-strengo, _began to lament the_ (departed) _battle-strength of +his youth_, 2113 [ceare] cwīðan, _lament their cares_, 3173. + +cyme, st. m., _coming, arrival_: nom. pl. hwanan ēowre cyme syndon, _whence +your coming is_, i. e. whence ye are, 257.--Comp. eft-cyme. + +cȳmlīce, adv., (convenienter), _splendidly, grandly_: comp. cȳmlīcor, 38. + +cyn, st. n., _race_, both in the general sense, and denoting noble lineage: +nom. sg. Frēsena cyn, 1094; Wedera (gara, MS.) cyn, 461; acc. sg. eotena +cyn, 421; gīganta cyn, 1691; dat. sg. Caines cynne, 107; manna cynne, 811, +915, 1726; ēowrum (of those who desert Bēowulf in battle) cynne, 2886; gen. +sg. manna (gumena) cynnes, 702, etc.; mǣran cynnes, 1730; lāðan cynnes, +2009, 2355; ūsses cynnes Wǣgmundinga, 2814; gen. pl. cynna gehwylcum, +98.--Comp.: eormen-, feorh-, frum-, gum-, man-, wyrm-cyn. + +cyn, st. n., _that which is suitable or proper_: gen. pl. cynna (of +etiquette) gemyndig, 614. + +ge-cynde, adj., _innate, peculiar, natural_: nom. sg., 2198, 2697. + +cyne-dōm, st. m., _kingdom, royal dignity_: acc. sg., 2377. + +cyning, st. m., _king_: nom. acc. sg. cyning, II, 864, 921, etc.; kyning, +620, 3173; dat. sg. cyninge, 3094; gen. sg. cyninges, 868, 1211; gen. pl. +kyning[a] wuldor, of God, 666.--Comp. beorn-, eorð-, folc-, guð-, hēah-, +lēod-, sǣ-, sōð-, þēod-, worold-, wuldor-cyning. + +cyning-beald, adj., "_nobly bold_" (Thorpe), _excellently brave_ (?): nom. +pl. cyning-balde men, 1635. + +ge-cyssan, w. v., _to kiss_: pret. gecyste þā cyning ... þegen betstan, +_kissed the best thane_ (Bēowulf), 1871. + +cyst (_choosing_, see cēosan), st. f., _the select, the best of a thing, +good quality, excellence_: nom. sg. īrenna cyst, _of the swords_, 803, +1698; wǣpna cyst, 1560; symbla cyst, _choice banquet_, 1233; acc. sg. īrena +cyst, 674; dat. pl. foldwegas ... cystum cūðe, _known through excellent +qualities_, 868; (cyning) cystum gecȳðed, 924.--Comp. gum-, hilde-cyst. + +cȳð. See on-cȳð. + +cȳðan (see cūð), w. v., _to make known, to manifest, to show_: imp. sg. +mægen-ellen cȳð, _show thy heroic strength_, 660; inf. cwealmbealu cȳðan, +1941; ellen cȳðan, 2696. + +ge-cȳðan (_to make known_, hence): 1) _to give information, to announce_: +inf. andsware gecȳðan, _to give answer_, 354; gerund, tō gecȳðanne hwanan +ēowre cyme syndon (_to show whence ye come_), 257; pret. part. sōð is +gecȳðed þæt ... (_the truth has become known_, it has shown itself to be +true), 701; Higelāce wæs sīð Bēowulfes snūde gecȳðed, _the arrival of B. +was quickly announced_, 1972; similarly, 2325.--2) _to make celebrated_, in +pret. part.: wæs mīn fæder folcum gecȳðed (_my father was known to +warriors_), 262; wæs his mōdsefa manegum gecȳðed, 349; cystum gecȳðed, +924. + +cȳð (properly, _condition of being known_, hence _relationship_), st. f., +_home, country, land_: in comp. feor-cȳð. + +ge-cȳpan, w. v., _to purchase_: inf. næs him ǣnig þearf þæt hē ... þurfe +wyrsan wīgfrecan weorðe gecȳpan, _had need to buy with treasures no +inferior warrior_, 2497. + +D + +daroð, st. m., _spear_: dat. pl. dareðum lācan (_to fight_), 2849. + +ge-dāl, st. n., _parting, separation_: nom. sg. his worulde gedāl, _his +separation from the world_ (his death), 3069.--Comp. ealdor-, līf-gedāl. + +dæg, st. m., _day_: nom. sg. dæg, 485, 732, 2647; acc. sg. dæg, 2400; +andlangne dæg, _the whole day_, 2116; morgenlongne dæg (_the whole +morning_), 2895; oð dōmes dæg, _till judgment-day_, 3070; dat. sg. on þǣm +dæge þysses līfes (eo tempore, tunc), 197, 791, 807; gen. sg. dæges, 1601, +2321; hwīl dæges, _a day's time, a whole day_, 1496; dæges and nihtes, _day +and night_, 2270; dæges, _by day_, 1936; dat. pl. on tȳn dagum, _in ten +days_, 3161.--Comp. ǣr-, dēað-, ende-, ealdor-, fyrn-, geār-, lǣn-, līf-, +swylt-, win-dæg, an-dæges. + +dæg-hwīl, st. f., _day-time_: acc. pl. þæt hē dæghwīla gedrogen hæfde +eorðan wynne, _that he had enjoyed earth's pleasures during the days_ +(appointed to him), i.e. that his life was finished, 2727.--(After Grein.) + +dæg-rīm, st. n., _series of days, fixed number of days_: nom. sg. dōgera +dægrīm (_number of the days of his life_), 824. + +dǣd, st. f., _deed, action_: acc. sg. dēorlīce dǣd, 585; dōmlēasan dǣd, +2891; frēcne dǣde, 890; dǣd, 941; acc. pl. Grendles dǣda, 195; gen. pl. +dǣda, 181, 479, 2455, etc.; dat. pl. dǣdum, 1228, 2437, etc.--Comp. ellen-, +fyren-, lof-dǣd. + +dǣd-cēne, adj., _bold in deed_: nom. sg. dǣd-cēne mon, 1646. + +dǣd-fruma, w. m., _doer of deeds, doer_: nom. sg., of Grendel, 2091. + +dǣd-bata, w. m., _he who pursues with his deeds_: nom. sg., of Grendel, +275. + +dǣdla, w. m., _doer_: in comp. mān-for-dǣdla. + +dǣl, st. m., _part, portion_: acc. sg. dǣl, 622, 2246, 3128; acc. pl. +dǣlas, 1733.--Often dǣl designates the portion of a thing or of a quality +which belongs in general to an individual, as, oð þæt him on innan +oferhygda dǣl weaxeð, _till in his bosom his portion of arrogance +increases_: i.e. whatever arrogance he has, his arrogance, 1741. Bīowulfe +wearð dryhtmāðma dǣl dēaðe, forgolden, _to Bēowulf his part of the splendid +treasures was paid with death_, i.e. whatever splendid treasures were +allotted to him, whatever part of them he could win in the fight with the +dragon, 2844; similarly, 1151, 1753, 2029, 2069, 3128. + +dǣlan, w. v., _to divide, to bestow, to share with_, w. acc.: pres. sg. +III. mādmas dǣleð, 1757; pres. subj. þæt hē wið āglǣcean eofoðo dǣle, _that +he bestow his strength upon_ (strive with) _the bringer of misery_ the +drake), 2535; inf. hringas dǣlan, 1971; pret. bēagas dǣlde, 80; sceattas +dǣlde, 1687. + +be-dǣlan, w. instr., _(to divide), to tear away from, to strip of_: pret. +part. drēamum (drēame) bedǣled, _deprived of the heavenly joys_ (of +Grendel), 722, 1276. + +ge-dǣlan: 1) _to distribute_: inf. (w. acc. _of the thing distributed_); +bǣr on innan eall gedǣlan geongum and ealdum swylc him god sealde, +_distribute therein to young and old all that God had given him_, 71.--2) +_to divide, to separate_, with acc.: inf. sundur gedǣlan līf wið līce, +_separate life from the body_, 2423; so pret. subj. þæt hē gedǣlde ... ānra +gehwylces līf wið līce, 732. + +denn (cf. denu, dene, vallis), st. n., _den, cave_: acc. sg. þæs wyrmes +denn, 2761; gen. sg. (draca) gewāt dennes nīosian, 3046. + +ge-defe, adj.: 1) (impersonal) _proper, appropriate_: nom. sg. swā hit +gedēfe wæs (bið), _as was appropriate, proper_, 561, 1671, 3176.--2) _good, +kind, friendly_; nom sg. bēo þū suna mīnum dǣdum gedēfe, _be friendly to my +son by deeds_ (support my son in deed, namely, when he shall have attained +to the government), 1228.--Comp. un-ge-dēfelīce. + +dēman (see dōm), w. v.: 1) _to judge, to award justly_: pres. subj. mǣrðo +dēme, 688.--2) _to judge favorably, to praise, to glorify_: pret. pl. his +ellenweorc duguðum dēmdon, _praised his heroic deed with all their might_, +3176. + +dēmend, _judge_: dǣda dēmend (of God), 181. + +deal, adj., "superbus, clarus, fretus" (Grimm): nom. pl. þrȳðum dealle, +494. + +dēad, adj., _dead_: nom. sg. 467, 1324, 2373; acc. sg. dēadne, 1310. + +dēað, st. m., _death, dying_: nom. sg, dēað, 441, 447, etc.; acc. sg. dēað, +2169; dat. sg. dēaðe, 1389, 1590, (as instr.) 2844, 3046; gen. sg. dēaðes +wylm, 2270; dēaðes nȳd, 2455.--Comp. gūð-, wæl-, wundor-dēað. + +dēað-bed, st. n., _death-bed_: dat. sg. dēað-bedde fæst, 2902. + +dēað-cwalu, st. f., _violent death_, _ruin and death_: dat. pl. tō +dēað-cwalum, 1713. + +dēað-cwealm, st. m., _violent death, murder_: nom. sg. 1671. + +dēað-dæg, st. m., _death-day, dying day_: dat. sg. æfter dēað-dæge (_after +his death_), 187, 886. + +dēað-fǣge, adj., _given over to death_: nom. sg. (Grendel) dēað-fǣge dēog, +_had hidden himself, being given over to death_ (mortally wounded), 851. + +dēað-scūa, w. m., _death-shadow, ghostly being, demon of death_: nom. sg. +deorc dēað-scūa (of Grendel), 160. + +dēað-wērig, adj., _weakened by death_, i.e. dead: acc. sg. dēað-wērigne, +2126. See wērig. + +dēað-wīc, st. n. _death's house, home of death_: acc. sg. gewāt dēaðwīc +sēon (_had died_), 1276. + +dēagan (O.H.G. pret. part. tougan, _hidden_), _to conceal one's self, to +hide_: pret. (for pluperf.) dēog, 851.--Leo. + +deorc, adj., _dark_: of the night, nom. sg. (nihthelm) deorc, 1791; dat. +pl. deorcum nihtum, 275, 2212; of the terrible Grendel, nom. sg. deorc +dēað-scūa, 160. + +dēofol, st. m. n., _devil_: gen. sg. dēofles, 2089; gen. pl. dēofla, of +Grendel and his troop, 757, 1681. + +dēogol, dȳgol, adj., _concealed, hidden, inaccessible, beyond information, +unknown_: nom. sg. dēogol dǣdhata (of Grendel), 275; acc. sg. dȳgel lond, +_inaccessible land_, 1358. + +dēop, st. n., _deep, abyss_: acc. sg., 2550. + +dēop, adv. _deeply_: acc. sg. dēop wæter, 509, 1905. + +dīope, adj., _deep_: hit oð dōmes dæg dīope benemdon þēodnas mǣre, _the +illustrious rulers had charmed it deeply till the judgment-day, had laid a +solemn spell upon it_, 3070. + +dēor, st. n., _animal, wild animal_: in comp. mere-, sǣ-dēor. + +dēor, adj.: 1) _wild, terrible_: nom. sg. dīor dǣd-fruma (of Grendel), +2091.--2) _bold, brave_: nom. nǣnig ... dēor, 1934.--Comp.: heaðu-, +hilde-dēor. + +dēore, dȳre, adj.: 1) _dear, costly_ (high in price): acc. sg. dȳre īren, +2051; drincfæt dȳre (dēore), 2307, 2255; instr. sg. dēoran sweorde, 561; +dat. sg. dēorum māðme, 1529; nom. pl. dȳre swyrd, 3049; acc. pl. dēore +(dȳre) māðmas, 2237, 3132.--2) _dear, beloved, worthy_: nom. sg. f., +æðelum dīore, _worthy by reason of origin_, 1950; dat. sg. æfter dēorum +men, 1880; gen. sg. dēorre duguðe, 488; superl. acc. sg. aldorþegn þone +dēorestan, 1310. + +dēor-līc, adj., _bold, brave_: acc. sg. dēorlīce dǣd, 585. See dēor. + +disc, st. m., _disc, plate, flat dish_: nom. acc. pl. discas, 2776, 3049. + +ge-dīgan. See ge-dȳgan. + +dol-gilp, st. m., _mad boast, foolish pride, vain-glory, thoughtless +audacity_: dat. sg. for dolgilpe, 509. + +dol-līc, adj., _audacious_: gen. pl. mǣst ... dǣda dollīcra, 2647. + +dol-sceaða, w. m., _bold enemy_: acc. sg. þone dol-scaðan (Grendel), 479. + +dōgor, st. m. n., _day_; 1) day as a period of 24 hours: gen. sg. ymb āntīd +ōðres dōgores, _at the same time of the next day_, 219; morgen-lēoht ōðres +dōgores, _the morning-light of the second day_, 606.--2) day in the usual +sense: acc. sg. n. þȳs dōgor, _during this day_, 1396; instr. þȳ dōgore, +1798; forman dōgore, 2574; gen. pl. dōgora gehwām, 88; dōgra gehwylce, +1091; dōgera dægrim, _the number of his days_ (the days of his life), +824.--3) _day_ in the wider sense of time: dat. pl. ufaran dōgrum, _in +later days, times_, 2201, 2393.--Comp. ende-dōgor. + +dōgor-gerīm, st. n., _series of days_: gen. sg. wæs eall sceacen +dōgor-gerīmes, _the whole number of his days_ (his life) _was past_, 2729. + +dōhtor, st. f., _daughter_: nom. acc. sg. dōhtor, 375, 1077, 1930, 1982, +etc. + +dōm, st. m.: I., _condition, state in general_; in comp. cyne-, +wis-dōm.--II., having reference to justice, hence: 1) _judgment, judicial +opinion_: instr. sg. weotena dōme, _according to the judgment of the +Witan_, 1099. 2) _custom_: æfter dōme, _according to custom_, 1721. 3) +_court, tribunal_: gen. sg. miclan dōmes, 979; oð dōmes dæg, 3070, both +times of the last judgment.--III., _condition of freedom_ or _superiority_, +hence: 4) _choice, free will_: acc. sg. on sīnne sylfes dōm, _according to +his own choice_, 2148; instr. sg. selfes dōme, 896, 2777. 5) _might, +power_: nom. sg. dōm godes, 2859; acc. sg. Eofores ānne dōm, 2965; dat. sg. +drihtnes dōme, 441. 6) _glory, honor, renown_: nom. sg. [dōm], 955; dōm +unlȳtel, _not a little glory_, 886; þæt wæs forma sīð dēorum māðme þæt his +dōm ālæg, _it was the first time to the dear treasure_ (the sword Hrunting) +_that its fame was not made good_, 1529; acc. sg. ic mē dōm gewyrce, _make +renown for myself_, 1492; þæt þū ne ālǣte dōm gedrēosan, _that thou let not +honor fall_, 2667; dat. instr. sg. þǣr hē dōme forlēas, _here he lost his +reputation_, 1471; dōme gewurðad, _adorned with glory_, 1646; gen. sg. +wyrce sē þe mōte dōmes, _let him make himself reputation, whoever is able_, +1389. 7) _splendor_ (in heaven): acc. sōð-fæstra dōm, _the glory of the +saints_, 2821. + +dōm-lēas, adj., _without reputation, inglorious_: acc. sg. f. dōmlēasan +dǣd, 2891. + +dōn, red. v., _to do, to make, to treat_: 1) absolutely: imp. dōð swā ic +bidde, _do as I beg_, 1232.--2) w. acc.: inf. hēt hire selfre sunu on bǣl +dōn, 1117; pret. þā hē him of dyde īsernbyrnan, _took off the iron +corselet_, 672; (þonne) him Hūnlāfing, ... billa sēlest, on bearm dyde, +_when he made a present to him of Hūnlāfing, the best of swords_, 1145; +dyde him of healse hring gyldenne, _took off the gold ring from his neck_, +2810; nē him þæs wyrmes wīg for wiht dyde, eafoð and ellen, _nor did he +reckon as anything the drake's fighting, power, and strength_, 2349; pl. hī +on beorg dydon bēg and siglu, _placed in the (grave-) mound rings and +ornaments_, 3165.--3) representing preceding verbs: inf. tō Gēatum sprec +mildum wordum! swā sceal man dōn, _as one should do_, 1173; similarly, +1535, 2167; pres. metod eallum wēold, swā hē nū gīt dēð, _the creator ruled +over all, as he still does_, 1059; similarly, 2471, 2860, and (sg. for pl.) +1135; pret. II. swā þū ǣr dydest, 1677; III. swā hē nū gȳt dyde, 957; +similarly, 1382, 1892, 2522; pl. swā hīe oft ǣr dydon, 1239; similarly, +3071. With the case also which the preceding verb governs: wēn' ic þæt hē +wille ... Gēatena lēode etan unforhte, swā hē oft dyde mægen Hrēðmanna, _I +believe he will wish to devour the Gēat people, the fearless, as he often +did_ (devoured) _the bloom of the Hrēðmen_, 444; gif ic þæt gefricge ... +þæt þec ymbesittend egesan þȳwað, swā þec hetende hwīlum dydon, _that the +neighbors distress thee as once the enemy did thee_ (i.e. distressed), +1829; gif ic ōwihte mæg þīnre mōd-lufan māran tilian þonne ic gȳt dyde, +_if I can with anything obtain thy greater love than I have yet done_, +1825; similarly, pl. þonne þā dydon, 44. + +ge-dōn, _to do, to make_, with the acc. and predicate adj.: prs. (god) +gedēð him swā gewealdene worolde dǣlas, _makes the parts of the world_ +(i.e. the whole world) _so subject that ..._, 1733; inf. nē hyne on +medo-bence micles wyrðne drihten wereda gedōn wolde, _nor would the leader +of the people much honor him at the mead-banquet_, 2187. With adv.: hē mec +þǣr on innan ... gedōn wolde, _wished to place me in there_, 2091. + +draca, w. m., _drake, dragon_: nom. sg., 893, 2212; acc. sg. dracan, 2403, +3132; gen. sg., 2089, 2291, 2550.--Comp.: eorð-, fȳr-, lēg-, līg-, +nīð-draca. + +on-drǣdan, st. v., w. acc. of the thing and dat. of the pers., _to fear, to +be afraid of_: inf. þæt þū him on-drǣdan ne þearft ... aldorbealu, _needest +not fear death for them_, 1675; pret. nō hē him þā sæcce ondrēd, _was not +afraid of the combat_, 2348. + +ge-dræg (from dragan, in the sense se gerere), st. n., _demeanor, actions_: +acc. sg. sēcan dēofla gedræg, 757. + +drepan, st. v., _to hit, to strike_: pret. sg. sweorde drep ferhð-genīðlan, +2881; pret. part. bið on hreðre ... drepen biteran strǣle, _struck in the +breast with piercing arrow_, 1746; wæs in feorh dropen (_fatally hit_), +2982. + +drepe, st. m., _blow, stroke_: acc. sg. drepe, 1590. + +drēfan, ge-drēfan, w. v., _to move, to agitate, to stir up_: inf. gewāt ... +drēfan dēop wæter (_to navigate_), 1905; pret. part. wæter under stōd +drēorig and gedrēfed, 1418. + +drēam, st. m., _rejoicing, joyous actions, joy_: nom. sg. hæleða drēam, +497; acc. sg. drēam hlūdne, 88; þū ... drēam healdende, _thou who livest in +rejoicing_ (at the drinking-carouse), _who art joyous_, 1228: dat. instr. +sg. drēame bedǣled, 1276; gen. pl. drēama lēas, 851; dat. pl. drēamum (here +adverbial) lifdon, _lived in rejoicing, joyously_, 99; drēamum bedǣled, +722; the last may refer also to heavenly joys.--Comp. glēo-, gum-, man-, +sele-drēam. + +drēam-lēas, adj., _without rejoicing, joyless_: nom. sg. of King Heremōd, +1721. + +drēogan, st. v.: 1) _to lead a life, to be in a certain condition_: pret. +drēah æfter dōme, _lived in honor, honorably_, 2180; pret. pl. fyren-þearfe +ongeat, þæt hīe ǣr drugon aldorlēase lange hwile, _(God) had seen the great +distress, (had seen) that they had lived long without a ruler_ (?), 15.--2) +_to experience, to live through, to do, to make, to enjoy_: imp. drēoh +symbelwynne, _pass through the pleasure of the meal, to enjoy the meal_, +1783; inf. driht-scype drēogan (_do a heroic deed_), 1471; pret. sundnytte +drēah (_had the occupation of swimming_, i.e. swam through the sea), 2361; +pret. pl. hīe gewin drugon (_fought_), 799; hī sīð drugon, _made the way, +went_, 1967.--3) _to experience, to bear, to suffer_: scealt werhðo +drēogan, _shall suffer damnation_, 590; pret. þegn-sorge drēah, _bore +sorrow for his heroes_, 131; nearoþearfe drēah, 422; pret. pl. inwidsorge +þē hīe ǣr drugon, 832; similarly, 1859. + +ā-drēogan, _to suffer, to endure_: inf. wrǣc ādrēogan, 3079. + +ge-drēogan, _to live through, to enjoy_, pret. part. þæt hē ... gedrogen +hæfde eorðan wynne, _that he had now enjoyed the pleasures of earth_ (i.e. +that he was at his death), 2727. + +drēor, st. m., _blood dropping or flowing from wounds_: instr. sg. drēore, +447.--Comp. heoru-, sāwul-, wæl-drēor. + +drēor-fāh, adj., _colored with blood, spotted with blood_: nom. sg. 485. + +drēorig, adj., _bloody, bleeding_: nom. sg. wæter stōd drēorig, 1418; acc. +sg. dryhten sīnne drīorigne fand, 2790.--Comp. heoru-drēorig. + +ge-drēosan, st. v., _to fall down, to sink_: pres. sg. III. līc-homa lǣne +gedrēoseð, _the body, belonging to death, sinks down_, 1755; inf. þæt þū ne +ālǣte dōm gedrēosan, _honor fall, sink_, 2667. + +drincan, st. v., _to drink_ (with and without the acc.): pres. part. nom. +pl. ealo drincende, 1946; pret. blōd ēdrum dranc, _drank the blood in +streams_(?), 743; pret. pl. druncon wīn weras, _the men drank wine_, 1234; +þǣr guman druncon, _where the men drank_, 1649. The pret. part., when it +stands absolutely, has an active sense: nom. pl. druncne dryhtguman, _ye +warriors who have drunk, are drinking_, 1232; acc. pl. nealles druncne slōg +heorð-genēatas, _slew not his hearth-companions who had drunk with him_, +i.e. at the banquet, 2180. With the instr. it means _drunken_: nom. sg. +bēore (wīne) druncen, 531, 1468; nom. pl. bēore druncne, 480. + +drīfan, st. v., _to drive_: pres. pl. þā þe brentingas ofer flōda genipu +feorran drīfað, _who drive their ships thither from afar over the darkness +of the sea_, 2809; inf. (w. acc.) þēah þe hē [ne] meahte on mere drīfan +hringedstefnan, _although he could not drive the ship on the sea_, 1131. + +to-drīfan, _to drive apart, to disperse_: pret. oð þæt unc flōd tōdrāf, +545. + +drohtoð, st. m., _mode of living_ or _acting, calling, employment_: nom. +sg. ne wæs his drohtoð þǣr swylce hē ǣr gemētte, _there was no employment +for him_ (Grendel) _there such as he had found formerly_, 757. + +drūsian, w. v. (cf. drēosan, properly, _to be ready to fall_; here of +water), _to stagnate, to be putrid_. pret. lagu drūsade (through the blood +of Grendel and his mother), 1631. + +dryht, driht, st. f., _company, troop, band of warriors; noble band_: in +comp. mago-driht. + +ge-dryht, ge-driht, st. f., _troop, band of noble warriors_: nom. sg. mīnra +eorla gedryht, 431; acc. sg. æðelinga gedriht, 118; mid his eorla (hæleða) +gedriht (gedryht), 357, 663; similarly, 634, 1673.--Comp. sibbe-gedriht. + +dryht-bearn, st. n., _youth from a noble warrior band, noble young man_: +nom. sg. dryhtbearn Dena, 2036. + +dryhten, drihten, st. m., _commander, lord_: a) _temporal lord_: nom. sg. +dryhten, 1485, 2001, etc.; drihten, 1051; dat. dryhtne, 2483, etc.; +dryhten, 1832.--b) _God_: nom. drihten, 108, etc.; dryhten, 687, etc.; dat. +sg. dryhtne, 1693, etc.; drihtne, 1399, etc.; gen. sg. dryhtnes, 441; +drihtnes, 941.--Comp.: frēa-, frēo-, gum-, man-, sige-, wine-dryhten. + +dryht-guma, w. m., _one of a troop of warriors, noble warrior_: dat. sg. +drihtguman, 1389; nom. pl. drihtguman, 99; dryhtguman, 1232; dat. pl. ofer +dryhtgumum, 1791 (of Hrōðgār's warriors). + +dryht-līc, adj., _(that which befits a noble troop of warriors), noble, +excellent_: dryhtlīc īren, _excellent sword_, 893; acc. sg. f. (with an +acc. sg. n.) drihtlīce wīf (of Hildeburh), 1159. + +dryht-māðum, st. m., _excellent jewel, splendid treasure_: gen. pl. +dryhtmāðma, 2844. + +dryht-scipe, st. m., _(lord-ship) warlike virtue, bravery; heroic deed_: +acc. sg. drihtscype drēogan, _to do a heroic deed_, 1471. + +dryht-sele, st. m., _excellent, splendid hall_: nom. sg. driht-sele, 485; +dryhtsele, 768; acc. sg. dryhtsele, 2321. + +dryht-sib, st. f., _peace_ or _friendship between troops of noble +warriors_: gen. sg. dryhtsibbe, 2069. + +drync, st. m., _drink_: in comp. heoru-drync. + +drync-fæt, st. n., _vessel for drink, to receive the drink_: acc. sg., +2255; drinc-fæt, 2307. + +drysmian, w. v., _to become obscure, gloomy_ (through the falling rain): +pres. sg. III. lyft drysmað, 1376. + +drysne, adj. See on-drysne. + +dugan, v., _to avail, to be capable, to be good_: pres. sg. III. hūru se +aldor dēah, _especially is the prince capable_, 369; ðonne his ellen dēah, +_if his strength avails, is good_, 573; þē him selfa dēah, _who is capable +of himself, who can rely on himself_, 1840; pres. subj. þēah þīn wit duge, +_though, indeed, your understanding be good, avail_, 590; similarly, 1661, +2032; pret. sg. þū ūs wēl dohtest, _you did us good, conducted yourself +well towards us_, 1822; similarly, nū sēo hand ligeð sē þe ēow welhwylcra +wilna dohte, _which was helpful to each one of your desires_, 1345; pret. +subj. þēah þū heaðorǣsa gehwǣr dohte, _though thou wast everywhere strong +in battle_, 526. + +duguð (_state of being fit, capable_), st. f.: 1) _capability, strength_: +dat. pl. for dugeðum, _in ability_(?), 2502; duguðum dēmdon, _praised with +all their might_(?), 3176.--2) _men capable of bearing arms, band of +warriors_, esp., _noble warriors_: nom. sg. duguð unlȳtel, 498; duguð, +1791, 2255; dat. sg. for duguðe, _before the heroes_, 2021; nalles frætwe +geaf ealdor duguðe, _gave the band of heroes no treasure_ (more), 2921; +lēoda duguðe on lāst, _upon the track of the heroes of the people_, i.e. +after them, 2946; gen. sg. cūðe hē duguðe þēaw, _the custom of the noble +warriors_, 359; dēorre duguðe, 488; similarly, 2239, 2659; acc. pl. duguða, +2036.--3) contrasted with geogoð, duguð designates the noted warriors of +noble birth (as in the Middle Ages, knights in contrast with squires): so +gen. sg. duguðe and geogoðe, 160; gehwylc ... duguðe and iogoðe, 1675; +duguðe and geogoðe dǣl ǣghwylcne, 622. + +durran, v. pret. and pres. _to dare_; prs. sg. II. þū dearst bīdan, _darest +to await_, 527; III. hē gesēcean dear, 685; pres. subj. sēc gyf þū dyrre, +_seek_ (Grendel's mother), _if thou dare_, 1380; pret. dorste, 1463, 1469, +etc.; pl. dorston, 2849. + +duru, st. f., _door, gate, wicket_: nom. sg., 722; acc. sg. [duru], 389. + +ge-dūfan, st. v., _to dip in, to sink into_: pret. þæt sweord gedēaf (_the +sword sank into the drake_, of a blow), 2701. + +þurh-dūfan, _to dive through; to swim through, diving_: pret. wæter up +þurh-dēaf, _swam through the water upwards_ (because he was before at the +bottom), 1620. + +dwellan, w. v., _to mislead, to hinder_: prs. III. nō hine wiht dweleð, ādl +nē yldo, _him nothing misleads, neither sickness nor age_, 1736. + +dyhtig, adj., _useful, good for_: nom. sg. n. sweord ... ecgum dyhtig, +1288. + +dynnan, w. v., _to sound, to groan, to roar_: pret. dryhtsele (healwudu, +hrūse) dynede, 768, 1318, 2559. + +dyrne, adj.: 1) _concealed, secret, retired_: nom. sg. dyrne, 271; acc. sg. +dryhtsele dyrnne (of the drake's cave-hall), 2321.--2) _secret, malicious, +hidden by sorcery_: dat. instr. sg. dyrnan cræfte, _with secret magic art_, +2291; dyrnum cræfte, 2169; gen. pl. dyrnra gāsta, _of malicious spirits_ +(of Grendel's kin), 1358.--Comp. un-dyrne. + +dyrne, adv., _in secret, secretly_: him ...æfter dēorum men dyrne langað, +_longs in secret for the dear man_, 1880. + +dyrstig, adj., _bold, daring_: þēah þe hē dǣda gehwæs dyrstig wǣre, +_although he had been courageous for every deed_, 2839. + +ge-dȳgan, ge-dīgan, w. v., _to endure, to overcome_, with the acc. of the +thing endured: pres. sg. II. gif þū þæt ellenweorc aldre gedīgest, _if thou +survivest the heroic work with thy life_, 662; III. þæt þone hilderǣs hāl +gedīgeð, _that he survives the battle in safety_, 300; similarly, inf. +unfǣge gedīgan wēan and wræcsīð, 2293; hwæðer sēl mǣge wunde gedȳgan, +_which of the two can stand the wounds better_ (come off with life), 2532; +ne meahte unbyrnende dēop gedȳgan, _could not endure the deep without +burning_ (could not hold out in the deep), 2550; pret. sg. I. III. +ge-dīgde, 578, 1656, 2351, 2544. + +dȳgol. See dēogol. + +dȳre. See dēore. + +E + +ecg, st. f., _edge of the sword, point_: nom. sg. sweordes ecg, 1107; ecg, +1525, etc.; acc. sg. wið ord and wið ecge ingang forstōd, _defended the +entrance against point and edge_ (i.e. against spear and sword), 1550; +mēces ecge, 1813; nom. pl. ecge, 1146.--_Sword, battle-axe, any cutting +weapon_: nom. sg. ne wæs ecg bona (_not the sword killed him_), 2507; sīo +ecg brūn (Bēowulf's sword Nægling), 2578; hyne ecg fornam, _the sword +snatched him away_, 2773, etc.; nom. pl. ecga, 2829; dat. pl. æscum and +ecgum, 1773; dat. pl. (but denoting only one sword) ēacnum ecgum, 2141; +gen. pl. ecga, 483, 806, 1169;--_blade_: ecg wæs īren, 1460.--Comp.: brūn-, +heard-, stȳl-ecg, adj. + +ecg-bana, w. m., _murderer by the sword_: dat. sg. Cain wearð tō ecg-banan +āngan brēðer, 1263. + +ecg-hete, st. m., _sword-hate, enmity which the sword carries out_: nom. +sg., 84, 1739. + +ecg-þracu, st. f., _sword-storm_ (of violent combat): acc. atole ecg-þræce, +597. + +ed-hwyrft, st. m., _return_ (of a former condition): þā þǣr sōna wearð +edhwyrft eorlum, siððan inne fealh Grendles mōdor (i.e. after Grendel's +mother had penetrated into the hall, the former perilous condition, of the +time of the visits of Grendel, returned to the men), 1282. + +ed-wendan, w. v., _to turn back, to yield, to leave off_: inf. gyf him +edwendan ǣfre scolde bealuwa bisigu, _if for him the affliction of evil +should ever cease_, 280. + +ed-wenden, st. f., _turning, change_: nom. sg. edwenden, 1775; ed-wenden +torna gehwylces (_reparation for former neglect_), 2189. + +edwīt-līf, st. n., _life in disgrace_: nom. sg., 2892. + +efn, adj., _even, like_, with preceding on, and with depend. dat., _upon +the same level, near_: him on efn ligeð ealdorgewinna, _lies near him_, +2904. + +efnan (see æfnan) w. v., _to carry out, to perform, to accomplish_: pres. +subj. eorlscype efne (_accomplish knightly deeds_), 2536; inf. eorlscipe +efnan, 2623; sweorda gelāc efnan (_to battle_), 1042; gerund. tō efnanne, +1942; pret. eorlscipe efnde, 2134, 3008. + +efne, adv., _even, exactly, precisely, just_, united with swā or swylc: +efne swā swīðe swā, _just so much as_, 1093; efne swā sīde swā, 1224; wæs +se gryre lǣssa efne swā micle swā, _by so much the less as ..._, 1284; +lēoht inne stōd efne swā ... scīneð, _a gleam stood therein_ (in the sword) +_just as when ... shines_, 1572; efne swā hwylc mægða swā þone magan cende +(_a woman who has borne such a son_), 944; efne swā hwylcum manna swā him +gemet þūhte, _to just such a man as seemed good to him_, 3058; efne swylce +mǣla swylce ... þearf gesǣlde, _just at the times at which necessity +commanded it_, 1250. + +efstan, w. v., _to be in haste, to hasten_: inf. uton nū efstan, _let us +hurry now_, 3102; pret. efste mid elne, _hastened with heroic strength_, +1494. + +eft, adv.: l) _thereupon, afterwards_: 56, 1147, 2112, 3047, etc.; eft sōna +bið, _then it happens immediately_, 1763; bōt eft cuman, _help come again_, +281.--2) _again, on the other side_: þæt hine on ylde eft gewunigen +wilgesīðas, _that in old age again_ (also on their side) _willing +companions should be attached to him_, 22;--_anew, again_: 135, 604, 693, +1557, etc.; eft swā ǣr, _again as formerly_, 643.--3) retro, rursus, +_back_: 123, 296, 854, etc.; þæt hig æðelinges eft ne wēndon (_did not +believe that he would come back_), 1597. + +eft-cyme, st. m., _return_: gen. sg. eftcymes, 2897. + +eft-sīð, st. m., _journey back, return_: acc. sg. 1892; gen. sg. eft-sīðes +georn, 2784; acc. pl. eftsīðas tēah, _went the road back_, i.e. returned, +1333. + +egesa, egsa (_state of terror_, active or passive): l) _frightfulness_: +acc. sg. þurh egsan, 276; gen. egesan ne gȳmeð, _cares for nothing +terrible, is not troubled about future terrors_(?), 1758.--2) _terror, +horror, fear_: nom. sg. egesa, 785; instr. sg. egesan, 1828, 2737.--Comp.: +glēd-, līg-, wæter-egesa. + +eges-full, adj., _horrible (full of fear, fearful)_, 2930. + +eges-līc, adj., _terrible, bringing terror_: of Grendel's head, 1650; of +the beginning of the fight with the drake, 2310; of the drake, 2826. + +egle, adj., _causing aversion, hideous_: nom. pl. neut., or, more probably, +perhaps, adverbial, egle (MS. egl), 988. + +egsian (denominative from egesa), w. v., _to have terror, distress_: pret. +(as pluperf.) egsode eorl(?), 6. + +ehtian, w. v., _to esteem, to make prominent with praise_: III. pl. pres. +þæt þē ... weras ehtigað, _that thee men shall esteem, praise_, 1223. + +elde (_those who generate_, cf. O.N. al-a, generare), st. m. only in the +pl., _men_: dat. pl. eldum, 2215; mid eldum, _among men_, 2612.--See ylde. + +eldo, st. f., _age_: instr. sg. eldo gebunden, 2112. + +el-land, st. n., _foreign land, exile_: acc. sg. sceall ... elland tredan, +(_shall be banished_), 3020. + +ellen, st. n., _strength, heroic strength, bravery_: nom. sg. ellen, 573; +eafoð and ellen, 903; Gēata ... eafoð and ellen, 603; acc. sg. eafoð and +ellen, 2350; ellen cȳðan, _show bravery_, 2696; ellen fremedon, _exercised +heroic strength, did heroic deeds_, 3; similarly, ic gefremman sceal eorlīc +ellen, 638; ferh ellen wræc, _life drove out the strength_, i.e. with the +departing life (of the dragon) his strength left him, 2707; dat. sg. on +elne, 2507, 2817; as instr. þā wæs æt þām geongum grim andswaru ēðbegēte +þām þe ǣr his elne forlēas, _then it was easy for_ (every one of) _those +who before had lost his hero-courage, to obtain rough words from the young +man_ (Wīglāf), 2862; mid elne, 1494, 2536; elne, alone, in adverbial sense, +_strongly, zealously_, and with the nearly related meaning, _hurriedly, +transiently_, 894, 1098, 1968, 2677, 2918; gen. sg. elnes læt, 1530; þā him +wæs elnes þearf, 2877.--Comp. mægen-ellen. + +ellen-dǣd, st. f., _heroic deed_: dat. pl. -dǣdum, 877, 901. + +ellen-gǣst, st. m., _strength-spirit, demon with heroic strength_: nom. sg. +of Grendel, 86. + +ellen-līce, adv., _strongly, with heroic strength_, 2123. + +ellen-mǣrðu, st. f., _renown of heroic strength_, dat. pl. -mǣrðum, 829, +1472. + +ellen-rōf, adj., _renowned for strength_: nom. sg. 340, 358, 3064; dat. pl. +-rōfum, 1788. + +ellen-sēoc, adj., _infirm in strength_: acc. sg. þēoden ellensīocne (_the +mortally wounded king, Bēowulf_), 2788. + +ellen-weorc, st. n., (_strength-work_), _heroic deed, achievement in +battle_: acc. sg. 662, 959, 1465, etc.; gen. pl. ellen-weorca, 2400. + +elles, adv., _else, otherwise_: a (modal), _in another manner_, 2521.--b +(local), elles hwǣr, _somewhere else_, 138; elles hwergen, 2591. + +ellor, adv., _to some other place_, 55, 2255. + +ellor-gāst, -gǣst, st. m., _spirit living elsewhere_ (standing outside of +the community of mankind): nom. sg. se ellorgāst (Grendel), 808; (Grendel's +mother), 1622; ellorgǣst (Grendel's mother), 1618; acc. pl. ellorgǣstas, +1350. + +ellor-sīð, st. m., _departure, death_: nom. sg. 2452. + +elra, adj. (comparative of a not existing form, ele, Goth. aljis, alius), +_another_: dat. sg. on elran men, 753. + +el-þēodig, adj., _of another people: foreign_: acc. pl. el-þēodige men, +336. + +ende, st. m., _the extreme_: hence, 1) _end_: nom. sg. aldres (līfes) ende, +823, 2845; oð þæt ende becwōm (scil. unrihtes), 1255; acc. sg. ende +līfgesceafta (līfes, lǣn-daga), 3064, 1387, 2343; hæfde eorðscrafa ende +genyttod, _had used the end of the earth-caves_ (had made use of the caves +for the last time), 3047; dat. sg. ealdres (līfes) æt ende, 2791, 2824; +eoletes æt ende, 224.--2) _boundary_: acc. sg. sīde rīce þæt hē his selfa +ne mæg ... ende geþencean, _the wide realm, so that he himself cannot +comprehend its boundaries_, 1735.--3) _summit, head_: dat. sg. eorlum on +ende, _to the nobles at the end_ (the highest courtiers), 2022.--Comp. +woruld-ende. + +ende-dæg, st. m., _last day, day of death_: nom. sg. 3036; acc. sg. 638. + +ende-dōgor, st. m., _last day, day of death_: gen. sg. bēga on wēnum +endedōgores and eftcymes lēotes monnes (_hesitating between the belief in +the death and in the return of the dear man_), 2897. + +ende-lāf, st. f., _last remnant_: nom. sg. þū eart ende-lāf ūsses cynnes, +_art the last of our race_, 2814. + +ende-lēan, st. n., _final reparation_: acc. sg. 1693. + +ende-sǣta, w. m., _he who sits on the border, boundary-guard_: nom. sg. +(here of the strand-watchman), 241. + +ende-stæf, st. m. (elementum finis), _end_: acc. sg. hit on endestæf eft +gelimpeð, _then it draws near to the end_, 1754. + +ge-endian, w. v., _to end_: pret. part. ge-endod, 2312. + +enge, adj., _narrow_: acc. pl. enge ānpaðas, _narrow paths_, 1411. + +ent, st. m., _giant_: gen. pl. enta ǣr-geweorc (the sword-hilt out of the +dwelling-place of Grendel), 1680; enta geweorc (the dragon's cave), 2718; +eald-enta ǣr-geweorc (the costly things in the dragon's cave), 2775. + +entisc, adj., _coming from giants_: acc. sg. entiscne helm, 2980. + +etan, st. v., _to eat, to consume_: pres. sg. III. blōdig wæl ... eteð +ān-genga, _he that goes alone_ (Grendel) _will devour the bloody corpse_, +448; inf. Gēatena lēode ... etan, 444. + +þurh-etan, _to eat through_: pret. part. pl. nom. swyrd ... þurhetone, +_swords eaten through_ (by rust), 3050. + +Ē + +ēc. See ēac. + +ēce, adj., _everlasting_; nom. ēce drihten (God), 108; acc. sg. ēce +eorðreced, _the everlasting earth-hall_ (the dragon's cave), 2720; gecēas +ēcne rǣd, _chose the everlasting gain_ (died), 1202; dat. sg. ēcean +dryhtne, 1693, 1780, 2331; acc. pl. gecēos ēce rǣdas, 1761. + +ēdre. See ǣdre. + +ēð-begēte, adj., _easy to obtain, ready_: nom. sg. þā wæs æt þām geongum +grim andswaru ēð-begēte, _then from the young man_ (Wīglāf) _it was an easy +thing to get a gruff answer_, 2862. + +ēðe. See ēaðe. + +ēðel, st. m., _hereditary possessions, hereditary estate_: acc. sg. swǣsne +ēðel, 520; dat. sg. on ēðle, 1731.--In royal families the hereditary +possession is the whole realm: hence, acc. sg. ēðel Scyldinga, _of the +kingdom of the Scyldings_, 914; (Offa) wīsdōme hēold ēðel sīnne, _ruled +with wisdom his inherited kingdom_, 1961. + +ēðel-riht, st. n., _hereditary privileges_ (rights that belong to a +hereditary estate): nom. sg. eard ēðel-riht, _estate and inherited +privileges_, 2199. + +ēðel-stōl, st. m., _hereditary seat, inherited throne_: acc. pl. +ēðel-stōlas, 2372. + +ēðel-turf, st. f., _inherited ground, hereditary estate_: dat. sg. on mīnre +ēðeltyrf, 410. + +ēðel-weard, st. m., _lord of the hereditary estate_ (realm): nom. sg. +ēðelweard (_king_), 1703, 2211; dat. sg. Ēast-Dena ēðel wearde (King +Hrōðgār), 617. + +ēðel-wyn, st. f., _joy in_, or _enjoyment of, hereditary possessions_: nom. +sg. nū sceal ... eall ēðelwyn ēowrum cynne, lufen ālicgean, _now shall your +race want all home-joy, and subsistence_(?) (your race shall be banished +from its hereditary abode), 2886; acc. sg. hē mē lond forgeaf, eard +ēðelwyn, _presented me with land, abode, and the enjoyment of home_, 2494. + +ēð-gesȳne, ȳð-gesēne, adj., _easy to see, visible to all_: nom. sg. 1111, +1245. + +ēg-clif, st. n., _sea-cliff_: acc. sg. ofer ēg-clif (ecg-clif, MS.), 2894. + +ēg-strēam, st. m., _sea-stream, sea-flood_: dat. pl. on ēg-strēamum, _in +the sea-floods_, 577. See ēagor-strēam. + +ēhtan (M.H.G. ǣchten; cf. ǣht and ge-æhtla), w. v. w. gen., _to be a +pursuer, to pursue_: pres. part. ǣglǣca ēhtende wæs duguðe and geogoðe, +159; pret. pl. ēhton āglǣcan, _they pursued the bringer of sorrow_ +(Bēowulf)(?), 1513. + +ēst, st. m. f., _favor, grace, kindness_: acc. sg. hē him ēst getēah mēara +and māðma (_honored him with horses and jewels_), 2166; gearwor hæfde +āgendes ēst ǣr gescēawod, _would rather have seen the grace of the Lord_ +(of God) _sooner_, 3076.--dat. pl., adverbial, libenter: him on folce +hēold, ēstum mid āre, 2379; ēstum geȳwan (_to present_), 2150; him wæs ... +wunden gold ēstum geēawed (_presented_), 1195; wē þæt ellenweorc ēstum +miclum fremedon, 959. + +ēste, adj., _gracious_: w. gen. ēste bearn-gebyrdo, _gracious through the +birth_ (of such a son as Bēowulf), 946. + +EA + +eafoð, st. n., _power, strength_: nom, sg. eafoð and ellen, 603, 903; acc. +sg. eafoð and ellen, 2350; wē frēcne genēðdon eafoð uncūðes, _we have +boldly ventured against the strength of the enemy_ (Grendel) _have +withstood him_, 961; gen. sg. eafoðes cræftig, 1467; þæt þec ādl oððe ecg +eafoðes getwǣfed, _shall rob of strength_, 1764; dat. pl. hine mihtig god +... eafeðum stēpte, _made him great through strength_, 1718. + +eafor, st. m., _boar_; here the image of the boar as banner: acc. sg. +eafor, 2153. + +eafora (_offspring_), w. m.: 1) _son_: nom. sg. eafera, 12, 898; eafora, +375; acc. sg. eaferan, 1548, 1848; gen. sg. eafera, 19; nom. pl. eaferan, +2476; dat. pl. eaferum, 1069, 2471; uncran eaferan, 1186.--2) in broader +sense, _successor_: dat. pl. eaforum, 1711. + +eahta, num., _eight_: acc. pl. eahta mēaras, 1036; ēode eahta sum, _went as +one of eight, with seven others_, 3124. + +eahtian, w. v.: 1) _to consider; to deliberate_: pret. pl. w. acc. rǣd +eahtedon, _consulted about help_, 172; pret. sg. (for the plural) þone +sēlestan þāra þe mid Hrōðgāre hām eahtode, _the best one of those who with +Hrōðgār deliberated about their home_ (ruled), 1408.--2) _to speak with +reflection of_ (along with the idea of praise): pret. pl. eahtodan +eorlscipe, _spoke of his noble character_, 3175. + +eal, eall, adj., _all, whole_: nom. sg. werod eall, 652; pl. eal bencþelu, +486; sg. eall ēðelwyn, 2886; eal worold, 1739, etc.; þæt hit wearð eal +gearo, healærna mǣst, 77; þæt hit (wīgbil) eal gemealt, 1609. And with a +following genitive: þǣr wæs eal geador Grendles grāpe, _there was all +together Grendel's hand, the whole hand of Grendel_, 836; eall ... lissa, +_all favor_, 2150; wæs eall sceacen dōgorgerīmes, 2728. With apposition: +þūhte him eall tō rūm, wongas and wīcstede, 2462; acc. sg. bēot eal, 523; +similarly, 2018, 2081; oncȳððe ealle, _all distress_, 831; heals ealne, +2692; hlǣw ... ealne ūtan-weardne, 2298; gif hē þæt eal gemon, 1186, 2428; +þæt eall geondseh, recedes geatwa, 3089; ealne wīde-ferhð, _through the +whole wide life, through all time_, 1223; instr. sg. ealle mægene, _with +all strength_, 2668; dat. sg. eallum ... manna cynne, 914; gen. sg. ealles +moncynnes, 1956. Subst. ic þæs ealles mæg ... gefēan habban, 2740; brūc +ealles well, 2163; frēan ealles þanc secge, _give thanks to the Lord of +all_, 2795; nom. pl. untȳdras ealle, 111; scēotend ... ealle, 706; wē +ealle, 942; acc. pl. fēond ealle, 700; similarly, 1081, 1797, 2815; subst. +ofer ealle, 650; ealle hīe dēað fornam, 2237; līg ealle forswealg þāra þe +þǣr gūð fornam, _all of those whom the war had snatched away_, 1123; dat. +pl. eallum ceaster-būendum, 768; similarly, 824, 907, 1418; subst. āna wið +eallum, _one against all_, 145; with gen. eallum gumena cynnes, 1058; gen. +pl. æðelinga bearn ealra twelfa, _the kinsmen of all twelve nobles_ (twelve +nobles hold the highest positions of the court), 3172; subst. hē āh ealra +geweald, _has power over all_, 1728. + +Uninflected: bil eal þurhwōd flǣschoman, _the battle-axe cleft the body +through and through_, 1568; hæfde ... eal gefeormod fēt and folma, _had +devoured entirely feet and hands_, 745; sē þe eall geman gār-cwealm gumena, +_who remembers thoroughly the death of the men by the spear_, 2043, etc. + +Adverbial: þēah ic eal mǣge, _although I am entirely able_, 681; hī on +beorg dydon bēg and siglu eall swylce hyrsta, _they placed in the +grave-mound rings, and ornaments, all such adornments_, 3165.--The gen. sg. +ealles, adverbial in the sense of _entirely_, 1001, 1130. + +eald, adj., _old_: a) of the age of living beings: nom. sg. eald, 357, +1703, 2211, etc.; dat. sg. ealdum, 2973; gen. sg. ealdes ūhtflogan +(_dragon_), 2761; dat. sg. ealdum, 1875; geongum and ealdum, 72.--b) of +things and of institutions: nom. sg. helm monig eald and ōmig, 2764; acc. +sg. ealde lāfe (_sword_), 796, 1489; ealde wīsan, 1866; eald sweord, 1559, +1664, etc.; eald gewin, _old_ (lasting years), _distress_, 1782; eald enta +geweorc (_the precious things in the drake's cave_), 2775; acc. pl. ealde +māðmas, 472; ofer ealde riht, _against the old laws_ (namely, the Ten +Commandments; Bēowulf believes that God has sent him the drake as a +punishment, because he has unconsciously, at some time, violated one of the +commandments), 2331. + +yldra, compar. _older_: mīn yldra mǣg, 468; yldra brōðor, 1325; oð þæt hē +(Heardrēd) yldra wearð, 2379. + +yldesta, superl. _oldest_, in the usual sense; dat. sg. þām yldestan, 2436; +in a moral sense, _the most respected_: nom. sg. se yldesta, 258; acc. sg. +þone yldestan, 363, both times of Bēowulf. + +eald-fæder, st. m., _old-father, grandfather, ancestor_: nom. sg. 373. + +eald-gesegen, st. f., _traditions from old times_: gen. pl. eal-fela +eald-gesegena, _very many of the old traditions_, 870. + +eald-gesīð, st. m., _companion ever since old times, courtier for many +years_: nom. pl. eald-gesīðas, 854. + +eald-gestrēon, st. n., _treasure out of the old times_: dat. pl. +eald-gestrēonum, 1382; gen. pl. -gestrēona, 1459. + +eald-gewinna, w. m., _old-enemy, enemy for many years_: nom. sg. of +Grendel, 1777. + +eald-gewyrht, st. n., _merit on account of services rendered during many +years_: nom. pl. þæt nǣron eald-gewyrht, þæt hē āna scyle gnorn þrowian, +_that has not been his desert ever since long ago, that he should bear the +distress alone_, 2658. + +eald-hlāford, st. m., _lord through many years_: gen. sg. bill +eald-hlāfordes (of the old Bēowulf(?)), 2779. + +eald-metod, st. m., _God ruling ever since ancient times_: nom. sg. 946. + +ealdor, aldor, st. m., _lord, chief_ (king or powerful noble): nom. sg. +ealdor, 1645, 1849, 2921; aldor, 56, 369, 392; acc. sg. aldor, 669; dat. +sg. ealdre, 593; aldre, 346. + +ealdor, aldor, st. n., _life_: acc. sg. aldor, 1372; dat. sg. aldre, 1448, +1525; ealdre, 2600; him on aldre stōd herestrǣl hearda (in vitalibus), +1435; nalles for ealdre mearn, _was not troubled about his life_, 1443; of +ealdre gewāt, _went out of life, died_, 2625; as instr. aldre, 662, 681, +etc.; ealdre, 1656, 2134, etc.; gen. sg. aldres, 823; ealdres, 2791, 2444; +aldres orwēna, _despairing of life_, 1003, 1566; ealdres scyldig, _having +forfeited life_, 1339, 2062; dat. pl. aldrum nēðdon, 510, 538.--Phrases: on +aldre (_in life_), _ever_, 1780; tō aldre (_for life_), _always_, 2006, +2499; āwa tō aldre, _for ever and ever_, 956. + +ealdor-bealu, st. n., _life's evil_: acc. sg. þū ... ondrǣdan ne þearft ... +aldorbealu eorlum, _thou needest not fear death for the courtiers_, 1677. + +ealdor-cearu, st. f., _trouble that endangers life, great trouble_: dat. +sg. hē his lēodum wearð ... tō aldor-ceare, 907. + +ealdor-dagas, st. m. pl., _days of one's life_: dat. pl. nǣfre on +aldor-dagum (_never in his life_), 719; on ealder-dagum ǣr (_in former +days_), 758. + +ealdor-gedāl, st. n., _severing of life, death, end_: nom. sg. aldor-gedāl, +806. + +ealdor-gewinna, w. m., _life-enemy, one who strives to take his enemy's +life_ (in N.H.G. the contrary conception, Tod-feind): nom. sg. +ealdorgewinna (_the dragon_), 2904. + +ealdor-lēas, adj., _without a ruler_(?): nom. pl. aldor-lēase, 15. + +ealdor-lēas, adj., _lifeless, dead_: acc. sg. aldor-lēasne, 1588; +ealdor-lēasne, 3004. + +ealdor-þegn, st. m., _nobleman at the court, distinguished courtier_: acc. +sg. aldor-þegn (Hrōðgār's confidential adviser, Æschere), 1309. + +eal-fela, adj., _very much_: with following gen., eal-fela eald-gesegena, +_very many old traditions_, 870; eal-fela eotena cynnes, 884. + +ealgian, w. v., _to shield, to defend, to protect_: inf. w. acc. feorh +ealgian, 797, 2656, 2669; pret. siððan hē (Hygelāc) under segne sinc +eal-gode, wælrēaf werede, _while under his banner he protected the +treasures, defended the spoil of battle_ (i.e. while he was upon the Viking +expeditions), 1205. + +eal-gylden, adj., _all golden, entirely of gold_: nom. sg. swȳn ealgylden, +1112; acc. sg. segn eallgylden, 2768. + +eal-īrenne, adj., _entirely of iron_: acc. sg. eall-īrenne wīgbord, _a +wholly iron battle-shield_, 2339. + +ealu, st. n., _ale, beer_: acc. sg. ealo drincende, 1946. + +ealu-benc, st. f., _ale-bench, bench for those drinking ale_: dat. sg. in +ealo-bence, 1030; on ealu-bence, 2868. + +ealu-scerwen, st. f., _terror_, under the figure of a mishap at an +ale-drinking, probably the sudden taking away of the ale: nom. sg. Denum +eallum wearð ... ealuscerwen, 770. + +ealu-wǣge, st. n., _ale-can, portable vessel out of which ale is poured +into the cups_: acc. sg. 2022; hroden ealowǣge, 495; dat. sg. ofer ealowǣge +(_at the ale-carouse_), 481. + +eal-wealda, w. adj., _all ruling_ (God): nom. sg. fæder alwalda, 316; +alwalda, 956, 1315; dat. sg. al-wealdan, 929. + +eard, st. m., _cultivated ground, estate, hereditary estate_; in a broader +sense, _ground in general, abode, place of sojourn_: nom. sg. him wæs bām +... lond gecynde, eard ēðel-riht, _the land was bequeathed to them both, +the land and the privileges attached to it._ 2199; acc. sg. fīfel-cynnes +eard, _the ground of the giant race, place of sojourn_, 104; similarly, +ælwihta eard, 1501; eard gemunde, _thought of his native ground, his home_, +1130; eard gīt ne const, _thou knowest not yet the place of sojourn._ 1378; +eard and eorlscipe, _prǣdium et nobilitatem_, 1728; eard ēðelwyn, _land and +the enjoyment of home_, 2494; dat. sg. ellor hwearf of earde, _went +elsewhere from his place of abode_, i.e. died, 56; þæt wē rondas beren eft +tō earde, _that we go again to our homes_, 2655; on earde, 2737; nom. pl. +ēacne eardas, _the broad expanses_ (in the fen-sea where Grendel's home +was), 1622. + +eardian, w. v.: 1) _to have a dwelling-place, to live; to rest_: pret. pl. +dȳre swyrd swā hīe wið eorðan fæðm þǣr eardodon, _costly swords, as they +had rested in the earth's bosom_, 3051.--2) also transitively, _to +inhabit_: pret. sg. Heorot eardode, 166; inf. wīc eardian elles hwergen, +_inhabit a place elsewhere_ (i.e. die), 2590. + +eard-lufa, w. m., _the living upon one's land, home-life_: acc. sg. +eard-lufan, 693. + +earfoð, st. n., _trouble, difficulty, struggle_: acc. pl. earfeðo, 534. + +earfoð-līce, adv., _with trouble, with difficulty_, 1637, 1658; _with +vexation, angrily_, 86; _sorrowfully_, 2823; _with difficulty, scarcely_, +2304, 2935. + +earfoð-þrāg, st. f., _time full of troubles, sorrowful time_: acc. sg. +-þrāge, 283. + +earh, adj., _cowardly_: gen. sg. ne bið swylc earges sīð (_no coward +undertaken that_), 2542. + +earm, st. m., _arm_: acc. sg. earm, 836, 973; wið earm gesæt, _supported +himself with his arm_, 750; dat. pl. earmum, 513. + +earm, adj., _poor, miserable, unhappy_: nom. sg. earm, 2369; earme ides, +_the unhappy woman_, 1118; dat. sg. earmre teohhe, _the unhappy band_, +2939.--Comp. acc. sg. earmran mannan, _a more wretched, more forsaken man_, +577. + +earm-bēag, st. m., _arm-ring, bracelet_: gen. pl. earm-bēaga fela searwum +gesǣled, _many arm-rings interlaced_, 2764. + +earm-hrēad, st. f., _arm-ornament_. nom. pl. earm-hrēade twā, 1195 (Grein's +conjecture, MS. earm reade). + +earm-līc, adj., _wretched, miserable_: nom. sg. sceolde his ealdor-gedāl +earmlīc wurðan, _his end should be wretched_, 808. + +earm-sceapen, pret. part. as adj. (_properly, wretched by the decree of +fate_), _wretched_: nom. sg. 1352. + +earn, st. m., _eagle_: dat. sg. earne, 3027. + +eatol. See atol. + +eaxl, st. f., _shoulder_: acc. sg. eaxle, 836, 973; dat. sg. on eaxle, 817, +1548; be eaxle, 1538; on eaxle ides gnornode, _the woman sobbed on the +shoulder_ (of her son, who has fallen and is being burnt), 1118; dat. pl. +sæt frēan eaxlum nēah, _sat near the shoulders of his lord_ (Bēowulf lies +lifeless upon the earth, and Wīglāf sits by his side, near his shoulder, so +as to sprinkle the face of his dead lord), 2854; hē for eaxlum gestōd +Deniga frēan, _he stood before the shoulders of the lord of the Danes_ +(i.e. not directly before him, but somewhat to the side, as etiquette +demanded), 358. + +eaxl-gestealla, w. m., _he who has his position at the shoulder_ (sc. of +his lord), _trusty courtier, counsellor of a prince_: nom. sg. 1327; acc. +pl. -gesteallan, 1715. + +ĒA + +ēac, conj., _also_: 97, 388, 433, etc.; ēc, 3132. + +ēacen (pret. part. of a not existing eacan, augere), adj., _wide-spread_, +_large_: nom. pl. ēacne eardas, _broad plains_, 1622.--_great, heavy_: eald +sweord ēacen, 1664; dat. pl. ēacnum ecgum, 2141, both times of the great +sword in Grendel's habitation.--_great, mighty, powerful_: æðele and ēacen, +of Bēowulf, 198. + +ēacen-cræftig, adj., _immense_ (of riches), _enormously great_: acc. sg. +hord-ærna sum ēacen-cræftig, _that enormous treasure-house_, 2281; nom. sg. +þæt yrfe ēacen-cræftig, iūmonna gold, 3052. + +ēadig, adj., _blessed with possessions, rich, happy by reason of property_: +nom. sg. wes, þenden þū lifige, æðeling ēadig, _be, as long as thou livest, +a prince blessed with riches_, 1226; ēadig mon, 2471.--Comp. sige-, sigor-, +tīr-ēadig. + +ēadig-līce, adv., _in abundance, in joyous plenty_: drēamum lifdon +ēadiglīce, _lived in rejoicing and plenty_, 100. + +ēaðe, ēðe, ȳðe, adj., _easy, pleasant_: nom. pl. gode þancedon þæs þe him +ȳð-lāde ēaðe wurdon, _thanked God that the sea-ways_ (the navigation) _had +become easy to them_, 228; ne wæs þæt ēðe sīð, _no pleasant way_, 2587; næs +þæt ȳðe cēap, _no easy purchase_, 2416; nō þæt ȳðe byð tō beflēonne, _not +easy_ (as milder expression for _in no way, not at all_), 1003. + +ēaðe, ȳðe, adv., _easily_. ēaðe, 478, 2292, 2765. + +ēað-fynde, adj., _easy to find_: nom. sg. 138. + +ēage, w. n., _eye_: dat. pl. him of ēagum stōd lēoht unfǣger, _out of his +eyes came a terrible gleam_, 727; þæt ic ... ēagum starige, _see with eyes, +behold_, 1782; similarly, 1936; gen. pl. ēagena bearhtm, 1767. + +ēagor-strēam, st. m., _sea-stream sea_: acc. sg. 513. + +ēa-land, st. n., _land surrounded by water_ (of the land of the Gēatas): +acc. sg. ēa-lond, 2335; _island_. + +ēam, st. m., _uncle, mothers brother_: nom. sg. 882. + +ēastan, adv., _from the east_, 569. + +ēawan, w. v., _to disclose, to show, to prove_: pres. sg. III. ēaweð ... +uncūðne nīð, _shows evil enmity_, 276. See ēowan, ȳwan. + +ge-ēawan, _to show, to offer_: pret. part. him wæs ... wunden gold ēstum +ge-ēawed, _was graciously presented_, 1195. + +EO + +ēode. See gangan. + +eodor, st. m., _fence, hedge, railing_. Among the old Germans, an estate +was separated by a fence from the property of others. Inside of this fence +the laws of peace and protection held good, as well as in the house itself. +Hence eodor is sometimes used instead of _house_: acc. pl. heht eahta +mēaras on flet tēon, in under eoderas, _gave orders to lead eight steeds +into the hall, into the house_, 1038.--2) figuratively, _lord, prince_, as +protector: nom. sg. eodor, 428, 1045; eodur, 664. + +eofoð, st. n., _strength_: acc. pl. eofoðo, 2535. See eafoð. + +eofer, st. m.: 1) _boar_, here of the metal boar-image upon the helmet: +nom. sg. eofer īrenheard, 1113.--2) figuratively, _bold hero, brave +fighter_ (O.N. iöfur): nom. pl. þonne ... eoferas cnysedan, _when the +heroes rushed upon each other_, 1329, where eoferas and fēðan stand in the +same relation to each other as cnysedan and hniton. + +eofor-līc, st. n. _boar-image_ (on the helmet): nom. pl. eofor-līc scionon, +303. + +eofor-sprēot, st. m., _boar-spear_: dat. pl. mid eofer-sprēotum +hēoro-hōcyhtum, _with hunting-spears which were provided with sharp hooks_, +1438. + +eoguð, ioguð. See geogoð. + +eolet, st. m. n., _sea_(?): gen. sg. eoletes, 224. + +eorclan-stān, st. m., _precious stone_: acc. pl. -stānas, 1209. + +eorð-cyning, st. m., _king of the land_: gen. sg. eorð-cyninges (Finn), +1156. + +eorð-draca, w. m., _earth-drake, dragon that lives in the earth_: nom. sg. +2713, 2826. + +eorðe, w. f.: 1) _earth_ (in contrast with heaven), _world_: acc. sg. +ælmihtiga eorðan worhte, 92; wīde geond eorðan, _far over the earth, +through the wide world_, 266; dat. sg. ofer eorðan, 248, 803; on eorðan, +1823, 2856, 3139; gen. sg. eorðan, 753.--2) _earth, ground_: acc. sg. hē +eorðan gefēoll, _fell to the ground_, 2835; forlēton eorla gestrēon eorðan +healdan, _let the earth hold the nobles' treasure_, 3168; dat. sg. þæt hit +on eorðan læg, 1533; under eorðan, 2416; gen. sg. wið eorðan fæðm (_in the +bosom of the earth_), 3050. + +eorð-reced, st. n., _hall in the earth, rock-hall_: acc. sg. 2720. + +eorð-scræf, st. n., _earth-cavern, cave_: dat. sg. eorð-[scræfe], 2233; +gen. pl. eorð-scræfe, 3047. + +eorð-sele, st. m., _hall in the earth, cave_: acc. sg. eorð-sele, 2411; dat +sg. of eorðsele, 2516. + +eorð-weall, st. m., _earth-wall_: acc. sg. (Ongenþēow) bēah eft under +eorðweall, _fled again under the earth-wall_ (into his fortified camp), +2958; þā mē wæs ... sīð ālȳfed inn under eorðweall, _then the way in, +under the earth-wall was opened to me_ (into the dragon's cave), 3091. + +eorð-weard, st. m., _land-property, estate_: acc. sg. 2335. + +eorl, st. m., _noble born man, a man of the high nobility_: nom. sg. 762, +796, 1229, etc.; acc. sg. eorl, 573, 628, 2696; gen. sg. eorles, 690, 983, +1758, etc.; acc. pl. eorlas, 2817; dat. pl. eorlum, 770, 1282, 1650, etc.; +gen. pl. eorla, 248, 357, 369, etc.--Since the king himself is from the +stock of the eorlas, he is also called eorl, 6, 2952. + +eorl-gestrēon, st. n., _wealth of the nobles_: gen. pl. eorl-gestrēona ... +hardfyrdne dǣl, 2245. + +eorl-gewǣde, st. n., _knightly dress, armor_: dat. pl. -gewǣdum, 1443. + +eorlīc (i.e. eorl-līc), adj., _what it becomes a noble born man to do, +chivalrous_: acc. sg. eorlīc ellen, 638. + +eorl-scipe, st. m., _condition of being noble born, chivalrous nature, +nobility_: acc. sg. eorl-scipe, 1728, 3175; eorl-scipe efnan, _to do +chivalrous deeds_, 2134, 2536, 2623, 3008. + +eorl-weorod, st. n., _followers of nobles_: nom. sg. 2894. + +eormen-cyn, st. n., _very extensive race, mankind_: gen. sg. eormen-cynnes, +1958. + +eormen-grund, st. m., _immensely wide plains, the whole broad earth_: acc. +sg. ofer eormen-grund, 860. + +eormen-lāf, st. f., _enormous legacy_: acc. sg. eormen-lāfe æðelan cynnes +(_the treasures of the dragon's cave_) 2235. + +eorre, adj., _angry, enraged_: gen. sg. eorres, 1448. + +eoton, st. m.: 1) _giant_: nom. sg. eoten (Grendel), 762; dat. sg. +uninflected, eoton (Grendel), 669; nom. pl. eotenas, 112.--2) Eotens, +subjects of Finn, the N. Frisians: 1073, 1089, 1142; dat. pl. 1146. See +List of Names, p. 114. + +eotonisc, adj., _gigantic, coming from giants_: acc. sg. eald sweord +eotenisc (eotonisc), 1559, 2980, (etonisc, MS.) 2617. + +ĒO + +ēored-geatwe, st. f. pl., _warlike adornments_: acc. pl., 2867. + +ēowan, w. v., _to show, to be seen_: pres. sg. III. ne gesacu ōhwǣr, +ecghete ēoweð, _nowhere shows itself strife, sword-hate_, 1739. See ēawan, +ȳwan. + +ēower: 1) gen. pl. pers. pron., vestrum: ēower sum, _that one of you_ +(namely, Bēowulf), 248; fǣhðe ēower lēode, _the enmity of the people of +you_ (of your people), 597; nis þæt ēower sīð ... nefne mīn ānes, 2533.--2) +poss. pron., _your_, 251, 257, 294, etc. + +F + +ge-fandian, -fondian, w. v., _to try, to search for, to find out, to +experience_: w. gen. pret. part. þæt hæfde gumena sum goldes gefandod, +_that a man had discovered the gold_, 2302; þonne se ān hafað þurh deāðes +nȳd dǣda gefondad, _now the one_ (Herebeald) _has with death's pang +experienced the deeds_ (the unhappy bow-shot of Hæðcyn), 2455. + +fara, w. m., _farer, traveller_: in comp. mere-fara. + +faran, st. v., _to move from one place to another, to go, to wander_: inf. +tō hām faran, _to go home_, 124; lēton on geflīt faran fealwe mēaras, _let +the fallow horses go in emulation_, 865; cwōm faran flotherge on Frēsna +land, _had come to Friesland with a fleet_, 2916; cōm lēoda dugoðe on lāst +faran, _came to go upon the track of the heroes of his people_, i.e. to +follow them, 2946; gerund wǣron æðelingas eft tō lēodum fūse tō farenne, +_the nobles were ready to go again to their people_, 1806; pret. sg. gegnum +fōr [þā] ofer myrcan mōr, _there had_ (Grendel's mother) _gone away over +the dark fen_, 1405; sǣgenga fōr, _the seafarer_ (the ship) _drove along_, +1909; (wyrm) mid bǣle fōr, (the dragon) _fled away with fire_, 2309; pret. +pl. þæt ... scawan scīrhame tō scipe fōron, _that the visitors in +glittering attire betook themselves to the ship_, 1896. + +gefaran, _to proceed, to act_: inf. hū se mānsceaða under fǣrgripum gefaran +wolde, _how he would act in his sudden attacks_, 739. + +ūt faran, _to go out_: w. acc. lēt of brēostum ... word ūt faran, _let +words go out of his breast, uttered words_, 2552. + +faroð, st. m., _stream, flood of the sea, shore, strand, edge_: dat. sg. tō +brimes faroðe, 28; æfter faroðe, _with the stream_, 580; æt faroðe, 1917. + +faru, st. f., _way, passage, expedition_: in comp. ād-faru. + +fācen-stæf (elementum nequitiae), st. m., _wickedness, treachery, deceit_. +acc. pl. fācen-stafas, 1019. + +fāh, fāg, adj., _many-colored, variegated, of varying color_ (especially +said of the color of gold, of bronze, and of blood, in which the beams of +light are refracted): nom. sg. fāh (_covered with blood_), 420; blōde fāh, +935; ātertānum fāh (sc. īren) [This is the MS reading; emmended to +ātertēarum in text--KTH], 1460; sadol searwum fāh (_saddle artistically +ornamented with gold_), 1039; sweord swāte fāh, 1287; brim blōde fāh, 1595; +wældrēore fāg, 1632; (draca) fȳrwylmum fāh (_because he spewed flame_), +2672; sweord fāh and fǣted, 2702; blōde fāh, 2975; acc. sg. drēore fāhne, +447; goldsele fǣttum fāhne, 717; on fāgne flōr treddode, _trod the shining +floor_ (of Heorot), 726; hrōf golde fāhne, _the roof shining with gold_, +928; nom. pl. eoforlīc ... fāh and fȳr-beard, 305; acc. pl. þā hilt since +fāge, 1616; dat. pl. fāgum sweordum, 586.--Comp. bān-, blōd-, brūn-, +drēor-, gold-, gryre-, searo-, sinc-, stān-, swāt-, wæl-, wyrm-fāh. + +fāh, fāg, fā, adj.: 1) _hostile_: nom. sg. fāh fēond-scaða, 554; hē wæs fāg +wið god (Grendel), 812; acc. sg. fāne (_the dragon_), 2656; gen. pl. fāra, +578, 1464.--2) _liable to pursuit, without peace, outlawed_: nom. sg. fāg, +1264; māne fāh, _outlawed through crime_, 979; fyren-dǣdum fāg, +1002.--Comp. nearo-fāh. + +fāmig-heals, adj., _with foaming neck_: nom. sg. flota fāmig-heals, 218; +(sǣgenga) fāmig-heals, 1910. + +fæc, st. n., _period of time_: acc. sg. lȳtel fæc, _during a short time_, +2241. + +fæder, st. m., _father_: nom. sg. fæder, 55, 262, 459, 2609; of God, 1610; +fæder alwalda, 316; acc. sg. fæder, 1356; dat. sg. fæder, 2430; gen. sg. +fæder, 21, 1480; of God, 188--Comp.: ǣr, eald-fæder. + +fædera, w. m., _father's brother_ in comp. suhter-gefæderan. + +fæder-æðelo, st. n. pl., _paternus principatus_ (?): dat. pl. fæder-æðelum, +912. + +fæderen-mǣg, st. m., _kinsman descended from the same father, +co-descendant_: dat. sg. fæderen-mǣge, 1264. + +fæðm, st. m.: 1) _the outspread, encircling arms_: instr. pl. fēondes +fæð[mum], 2129.--2) _embrace, encircling_: nom. sg. līges fæðm, 782; acc. +sg. in fȳres fæðm, 185.--3) _bosom, lap_: acc. sg. on foldan fæðm, 1394; +wið eorðan fæðm, 3050; dat. pl. tō fæder (God's) fæðmum, 188.--4) _power, +property_: acc. in Francna fæðm, 1211.--Cf. sīd-fæðmed, sīð-fæðme. + +fæðmian, w. v., _to embrace, to take up into itself_: pres. subj. þæt minne +līchaman ... glēd fæðmie, 2653; inf. lēton flōd fæðmian frætwa hyrde, 3134. + +ge-fæg, adj., _agreeable, desirable_ (Old Eng., fawe, _willingly_): comp. +ge-fægra, 916. + +fægen, adj., _glad, joyous_: nom. pl. ferhðum fægne, _the glad at heart_, +1634. + +fæger, fǣger, adj., _beautiful, lovely_: nom. sg. fǣger fold-bold, 774; +fæger foldan bearm, 1138; acc. sg. freoðoburh fægere, 522; nom. pl. þǣr him +fold-wegas fægere þūhton, 867.--Comp. un-fǣger. + +fægere, fægre, adv., _beautifully, well, becomingly, according to +etiquette_: fægere geþǣgon medoful manig, 1015; þā wæs flet-sittendum +fægere gereorded, _becomingly the repast was served_, 1789; Higelāc ongan +... fægre fricgean, 1986; similarly, 2990. + +fær, st. n., _craft, ship_: nom. sg., 33. + +fæst, adj., _bound, fast_: nom. sg. bið se slǣp tō fæst, 1743; acc. sg. +frēondscipe fæstne, 2070; fæste frioðuwǣre, 1097.--The prep. on stands to +denote the where or wherein: wæs tō fæst on þām (sc. on fǣhðe and fyrene), +137; on ancre fæst, 303. Or, oftener, the dative: fēond-grāpum fæst, +_(held) fast in his antagonist's clutch_, 637; fȳrbendum fæst, _fast in +the forged hinges_, 723; handa fæst, 1291, etc.; hygebendum fæst (beorn him +langað), _fast (shut) in the bonds of his bosom, the man longs for_ (i.e. +in secret), 1879.--Comp: ār-, blǣd-, gin-, sōð-, tīr-, wīs-fæst. + +fæste, adv., _fæst_ 554, 761, 774, 789, 1296.--Comp. fæstor, 143. + +be-fæstan, w. v., _to give over_: inf. hēt Hildeburh hire selfre sunu +sweoloðe befæstan, _to give over to the flames her own son_, 1116. + +fæsten, st. n., _fortified place, or place difficult of access_: acc. sg. +lēoda fæsten, _the fastness of the Gēatas_ (with ref. to 2327, 2334; fæsten +(Ongenþēow's castle or fort), 2951; fæsten (Grendel's house in the +fen-sea), 104. + +fæst-rǣd, adj., _firmly resolved_: acc. sg. fæst-rǣdne geþōht, _firm +determination_, 611. + +fæt, st. m., _way, journey_: in comp. sīð-fæt. + +fæt, st. n., _vessel; vase, cup_: acc. pl. fyrn-manna fatu, _the +(drinking-) vessels of men of old times_, 2762.--Comp.: bān-, drync-, +māððum-, sinc-, wundor-fæt. + +fǣge, adj.: 1) _forfeited to death, allotted to death by fate_: nom. sg. +fǣge, 1756, 2142, 2976; fǣge and ge-flȳmed, 847; fūs and fǣge, 1242; acc. +sg. fǣgne flǣsc-homan, 1569; dat. sg. fǣgum, 2078; gen. sg. fǣges, +1528.--2) _dead_: dat. pl. ofer fǣgum (_over the warriors fallen in the +battle_), 3026.--Comp.: dēað-, un-fǣge. + +fǣhð (_state of hostility_, see fāh), st. f., _hostile act, feud, battle_: +nom. sg. fǣhð, 2404, 3062; acc. sg. fǣhðe, 153, 459, 470, 596, 1334, etc.; +also of the unhappy bowshot of the Hrēðling, Hæðcyn, by which he killed his +brother, 2466; dat. sg. fore fǣhðe and fyrene, 137; nalas for fǣhðe mearn +(_did not recoil from the combat_), 1538; gen. sg, ne gefeah hē þǣre fǣhðe, +109; gen. pl. fǣhða gemyndig, 2690.--Comp. wæl-fǣhð. + +fǣhðo, st. f., same as above: nom. sg. sīo fǣhðo, 3000; acc. fǣhðo, 2490. + +fǣlsian, w. v., _to bring into a good condition, to cleanse_: inf. þæt ic +mōte ... Heorot fǣlsian (from the plague of Grendel), 432; pret. Hrōðgāres +... sele fǣlsode, 2353. + +ge-fǣlsian, w. v., same as above: pret. part. hæfde gefǣlsod ... sele +Hrōðgāres, 826; Heorot is gefǣlsod, 1177; wǣron ȳð-gebland eal gefǣlsod, +1621. + +fǣmne, w. f., _virgin, recens nupta_: dat. sg. fǣmnan, 2035; gen. sg. +fǣmnan, 2060, both times of Hrōðgār's daughter Frēaware. + +fǣr, st. m., _sudden, unexpected attack_: nom. sg. (attack upon Hnæf's band +by Finn's), 1069, 2231. + +fǣr-gripe, st. m., _sudden, treacherous gripe, attack_: nom. sg. fǣr-gripe +flōdes, 1517; dat. pl. under fǣrgripum, 739. + +fǣr-gryre, st. m., _fright caused by a sudden attack_: dat. pl. wið +fǣr-gryrum (against the inroads of Grendel into Heorot), 174. + +fǣringa, adv., _suddenly, unexpectedly_, 1415, 1989. + +fǣr-nīð, st. m., _hostility with sudden attacks_: gen. pl. hwæt mē Grendel +hafað ... fǣrnīða gefremed, 476. + +fǣt, st. n. (?), _plate, sheet of metal_, especially _gold plate_ (Dietrich +Hpt. Ztschr. XI. 420): dat. pl. gold sele ... fǣttum fāhne, _shining with +gold plates_ (the walls and the inner part of the roof were partly covered +with gold), 717; sceal se hearda helm hyrsted golde fǣtum befeallen (sc. +wesan), _the gold ornaments shall fall away from it_, 2257. + +fǣted, fǣtt, part., _ornamented with gold beaten into plate-form_: gen. sg. +fǣttan goldes, 1094, 2247; instr. sg. fǣttan golde, 2103. Elsewhere, +_covered, ornamented with gold plate_: nom. sg. sweord ... fǣted, 2702; +acc. sg. fǣted wǣge, 2254, 2283; acc. pl. fǣtte scyldas, 333; fǣtte bēagas, +1751. + +fǣted-hlēor, adj., phaleratus gena (Dietr.): acc. pl. eahta mēaras +fǣted-hlēore (_eight horses with bridles covered with plates of gold_), +1037. + +fǣt-gold, st. n., _gold in sheets_ or _plates_: acc. sg., 1922. + +feðer-gearwe, st. f. pl. _(feather-equipment), the feathers of the shaft of +the arrow_: dat. (instr.) pl. sceft feðer-gearwum fūs, 3120. + +fel, st. n., _skin, hide_: dat. pl. glōf ... gegyrwed dracan fellum, _made +of the skins of dragons_, 2089. + +fela, I., adj. indecl., _much, many_: as subst.: acc. sg. fela fricgende, +2107. With worn placed before: hwæt þū worn fela ... ymb Brecan sprǣce, +_how very much you spoke about Breca_, 530.--With gen. sg.: acc. sg. fela +fyrene, 810; wyrm-cynnes fela, 1426; worna fela sorge, 2004; tō fela micles +... Denigea lēode, _too much of the race of the Danes_, 695; uncūðes fela, +877; fela lāðes, 930; fela lēofes and lāðes, 1061.--With gen. pl.: nom. sg. +fela mādma, 36; fela þǣra wera and wīfa, 993, etc.; acc. sg. fela missēra, +153; fela fyrena, 164; ofer landa fela, 311; māððum-sigla fela (falo, MS.), +2758; nē mē swōr fela āða on unriht, _swore no false oaths_, 2739, etc.; +worn fela māðma, 1784; worna fela gūða, 2543.--Comp. eal-fela. + +II., adverbial, _very_, 1386, 2103, 2951. + +fela-hrōr, adj., valde agitatus, _very active against the enemy, very +warlike_, 27. + +fela-mōdig, adj., _very courageous_: gen. pl. -mōdigra, 1638, 1889. + +fela-synnig, adj., _very criminal, very guilty_: acc. sg. fela-sinnigne +secg (in MS., on account of the alliteration, changed to simple sinnigne), +1380. + +fēolan, st. v., _to betake one's self into a place, to conceal one's self_: +pret. siððan inne fealh Grendles mōdor (in Heorot), 1282; þǣr inne fealh +secg syn-bysig (in the dragon's cave), 2227.--_to fall into, undergo, +endure_: searonīðas fealh, 1201. + +æt-fēolan, w. dat., insistere, adhǣrere: pret. nō ic him þæs georne ætfealh +_(held him not fast enough_, 969. + +fen, st. n., _fen, moor_: acc. sg. fen, 104; dat. sg. tō fenne, 1296; +fenne, 2010. + +fen-freoðo, st. f., _refuge in the fen_: dat. sg. in fen-freoðo, 852. + +feng, st. m., _gripe, embrace_: nom. sg. fȳres feng, 1765; acc. sg. fāra +feng (of the hostile sea-monsters), 578.--Comp. inwit-feng. + +fengel (probably _he who takes possession_, cf. tō fōn, 1756, and fōn tō +rīce, _to enter upon the government_), st. m., _lord, prince, king_: nom. +sg. wīsa fengel, 1401; snottra fengel, 1476, 2157; hringa fengel, 2346. + +fen-ge-lād, st. n., _fen-paths, fen with paths_: acc. pl. frēcne fengelād +(_fens difficult of access_), 1360. + +fen-hlið, st. n., _marshy precipice_: acc. pl. under fen-hleoðu, 821. + +fen-hop, st. n., _refuge in the fen_: acc. pl. on fen-hopu, 765. + +ferh, st. m. n., _life_; see feorh. + +ferh, st. m., _hog, boar_, here of the boar-image on the helmet: nom. sg., +305. + +ferhð, st. m., _heart, soul_: dat. sg. on ferhðe, 755, 949, 1719; gehwylc +hiora his ferhðe trēowde, þæt ..., _each of them trusted to his_ +(Hunferð's) _heart, that_ ..., 1167; gen. sg. ferhðes fore-þanc, 1061; dat. +pl. (adverbial) ferhðum fægne, _happy at heart_, 1634; þæt mon ... ferhðum +frēoge, _that one ... heartily love_, 3178.--Comp.: collen-, sarig-, +swift-, wide-ferhð. + +ferhð-frec, adj., _having good courage, bold, brave_: acc. sg. ferhð-frecan +Fin, 1147. + +ferhð-genīðla, w. m., _mortal enemy_: acc. sg. ferhð-genīðlan, of the +drake, 2882. + +ferian, w. v. w. acc., _to bear, to bring, to conduct_: pres. II. pl. +hwanon ferigeað fǣtte scyldas, 333; pret. pl. tō scypum feredon eal +ingesteald eorðcyninges, 1155; similarly, feredon, 1159, 3114. + +æt-ferian, _to carry away, to bear off_: pret. ic þæt hilt þanan fēondum +ætferede, 1669. + +ge-ferian, _bear, to bring, to lead_: pres. subj. I. pl. þonne (wē) +geferian frēan ūserne, 3108; inf. geferian ... Grendles hēafod, 1639; pret. +þæt hī ūt geferedon dȳre māðmas, 3131; pret. part. hēr syndon geferede +feorran cumene ... Gēata lēode, _men of the Gēatas, come from afar, have +been brought hither_ (by ship), 361. + +oð-ferian, _to tear away, to take away_: pret. sg. I. unsōfte þonan feorh +oð-ferede, 2142. + +of-ferian, _to carry off, to take away, to tear away_: pret. ōðer swylc ūt +offerede, _took away another such_ (sc. fifteen), 1584. + +fetel-hilt, st. n., _sword-hilt_, with the gold chains fastened to it: acc. +(sg. or pl.?), 1564. (See "Leitfaden f. nord. Altertumskunde," pp.45, 46.) + +fetian, w. v., _to bring near, bring_: pres. subj. nāh hwā ... fe[tige] +fǣted wǣge, _bring the gold-chased tankard_, 2254; pret. part. hraðe wæs tō +būre Bēowulf fetod, 1311. + +ge-fetian, _to bring_: inf. hēt þā eorla hlēo in gefetian Hrēðles lāfe, +_caused Hrēðel's sword to be brought_, 2191. + +ā-fēdan, w. v., _to nourish, to bring up_: pret. part. þǣr hē āfēded wæs, +694. + +fēða (O.H.G. fendo), w. m.: 1) _foot-soldiers_: nom. pl. fēðan, 1328, +2545.--2) collective in sing., _band of foot-soldiers, troop of warriors_: +nom. fēða eal gesæt, 1425; dat. on fēðan, 2498, 2920.--Comp. gum-fēða. + +fēðe, st. n., _gait, going, pace_: dat. sg. wæs tō foremihtig fēond on +fēðe, _the enemy was too strong in going_ (i.e. could flee too fast), 971. + +fēðe-cempa, w. m., _foot-soldier_: nom. sg., 1545, 2854. + +fēðe-gæst, st. m., _guest coming on foot_: dat. pl. fēðe-gestum, 1977. + +fēðe-lāst, st. m., _signs of going, footprint_: dat. pl. fērdon forð þonon +fēðe-lāstum, _went forth from there upon their trail_, i.e. by the same way +that they had gone, 1633. + +fēðe-wīg, st. m., _battle on foot_: gen. sg. nealles Hetware hrēmge þorfton +(sc. wesan) fēðe-wīges, 2365. + +fēl (= fēol), st. f. _file_: gen. pl. fēla lāfe, _what the files have left +behind_ (that is, the swords), 1033. + +fēran, w. v., iter (A.S. fōr) facere, _to come, to go, to travel_: pres. +subj. II. pl. ǣr gē ... on land Dena furður fēran, _ere you go farther into +the land of the Danes_, 254; inf. fēran on frēan wǣre (_to die_), 27; +gewiton him þā fēran (_set out upon their way_), 301; mǣl is mē tō fēran, +316; fēran ... gang scēawigan, _go, so as to see the footprints_, 1391; +wīde fēran, 2262; pret. fērdon folctogan ... wundor scēawian, _the princes +came to see the wonder_, 840; fērdon forð, 1633. + +ge-fēran: 1) adire, _to arrive at_: pres. subj. þonne eorl ende gefēre +līfgesceafta, _reach the end of life_, 3064; pret. part. hæfde ǣghwæðer +ende gefēred lǣnan līfes, _frail life's end had both reached_, 2845.--2) +_to reach, to accomplish, to bring about_: pret. hafast þū gefēred þæt ..., +1222, 1856.--3) _to behave one's self, to conduct one's self_: pret. frēcne +gefērdon, _had shown themselves daring_, 1692. + +feal, st. m., _fall_: in comp. wæl-feal. + +feallan, st. v., _to fall, to fall headlong_: inf. feallan, 1071; pret. sg. +þæt hē on hrūsan ne fēol, _that it_ (the hall) _did not fall to the +ground_, 773; similarly, fēoll on foldan, 2976; fēoll on fēðan (dat. sg.), +_fell in the band_ (of his warriors), 2920; pret. pl. þonne walu fēollon, +1043. + +be-feallen, pret. part. w. dat. or instr., _deprived of, robbed_: frēondum +befeallen, _robbed of friends_, 1127; sceal se hearda helm ... fǣtum +befeallen (sc. wesan), _be robbed of its gold mountings_ (the gold mounting +will fall away from it moldering), 2257. + +ge-feallan, _to fall, to sink down_: pres. sg. III. þæt se līc-homa ... +fǣge gefealleð, _that the body doomed to die sinks down_, 1756.--Also, with +the acc. of the place whither: pret. meregrund gefēoll, 2101; hē eorðan +gefēoll, 2835. + +fealu, adj., _fallow, dun-colored, tawny_: acc. sg. ofer fealone flōd +(_over the sea_), 1951; fealwe strǣte (with reference to 320, 917; acc. pl. +lēton on geflīt faran fealwe mēaras, 866.--Comp. æppel-fealo. + +feax, st. n., _hair, hair of the head_: dat. sg. wæs be feaxe on flet boren +Grendles hēafod, _was carried by the hair into the hall_, 1648; him ... +swāt ... sprong forð under fexe, _the blood sprang out under the hair of +his head_, 2968.--Comp.: blonden-, gamol-, wunden-feax. + +ge-fēa, w. m., _joy_: acc. sg. þǣre fylle gefēan, _joy at the abundant +repast_, 562; ic þæs ealles mæg ... gefēan habban (_can rejoice at all +this_), 2741. + +fēa, adj., _few_ dat. pl. nemne fēaum ānum, _except some few_, 1082; gen. +pl. fēara sum, _as one of a few, with a few_, 1413; fēara sumne, _one of a +few (some few)_, 3062. With gen. following: acc. pl. fēa worda cwæð, _spoke +few words_, 2663, 2247. + +fēa-sceaft, adj., _miserable, unhappy, helpless_: nom. sg. syððan ǣrest +wearð fēasceaft funden, 7; fēasceaft guma (Grendel), 974; dat. sg. +fēasceaftum men, 2286; Ēadgilse ... fēasceaftum, 2394; nom. pl. fēasceafte +(the Gēatas robbed of their king, Hygelāc), 2374. + +feoh, fēo, st. n., (_properly cattle, herd_) here, _possessions, property, +treasure_: instr. sg. ne wolde ... feorh-bealo fēo þingian, _would not +allay life's evil for treasure_ (tribute), 156; similarly, þā fǣhðe fēo +þingode, 470; ic þē þā fǣhðe fēo lēanige, 1381. + +ge-feohan, ge-fēon, st. v. w. gen. and instr., _to enjoy one's self, to +rejoice at something_: a) w. gen.: pret. sg. ne gefeah hē þǣre fǣhðe, 109; +hilde gefeh, beado-weorces, 2299; pl. fylle gefǣgon, _enjoyed themselves at +the bounteous repast_, 1015; þēodnes gefēgon, _rejoiced at_ (the return of) +_the ruler_, 1628.--b) w. instr.: niht-weorce gefeh, ellen-mǣrðum, 828; +secg weorce gefeh, 1570; sǣlāce gefeah, mægen-byrðenne þāra þe hē him mid +hæfde, _rejoiced at the gift of the sea, and at the great burden of that_ +(Grendel's head and the sword-hilt) _which he had with him_, 1625. + +feoh-gift, -gyft, st. f., _bestowing of gifts_ or _treasures_: gen. sg. +þǣre feoh-gyfte, 1026; dat. pl. æt feohgyftum, 1090; fromum feohgiftum, +_with rich gifts_, 21. + +feoh-lēas, adj., _that cannot be atoned for through gifts_: nom. sg. þæt +wæs feoh-lēas gefeoht, _a deed of arms that cannot be expiated_ (the +killing of his brother by Hæðcyn), 2442. + +ge-feoht, st. n., _combat; warlike deed_: nom. sg. (the killing of his +brother by Hæðcyn), 2442; dat. sg. mēce þone þīn fader tō gefeohte bær, +_the sword which thy father bore to the combat_, 2049. + +ge-feohtan, st. v., _to fight_: inf. w. acc. ne mehte ... wīg Hengeste wiht +gefeohtan (_could by no means offer Hengest battle_), 1084. + +feohte, w. f., _combat_: acc. sg. feohtan, 576, 960. See were-fyhte. + +feor, adj., _far, remote_: nom. sg. nis þæt feor heonon, 1362; næs him feor +þanon tō gesēcanne sinces bryttan, 1922; acc. sg. feor eal (_all that is +far, past_), 1702. + +feor, adv., _far, far away_: a) of space, 42, 109, 809, 1806, 1917; feor +and (oððe) nēah, _far and (or) near_, 1222, 2871; feorr, 2267.--b) of time: +gē feor hafað fǣhðe gestǣled (_has placed us under her enmity henceforth_), +1341. + +Comparative, fyr, feorr, and feor: fyr and fæstor, 143; fyr, 252; feorr, +1989; feor, 542. + +feor-būend, pt., _dwelling far away_: nom. pl. gē feor-būend, 254. + +feor-cȳð, st. f., _home of those living far away, distant land_: nom, pl. +feor-cȳððe bēoð sēlran gesōhte þǣm þe him selfa dēah, _foreign lands are +better sought by him who trusts to his own ability_, 1839. + +feorh, ferh (Goth. fairhvu-s, _world_), st. m. and n., _life, principle of +life, soul_: nom. sg. feorh, 2124; nō þon lange wæs feorh æðelinges flǣsce +bewunden, _not for much longer was the soul of the prince enveloped in the +body_ (he was near death), 2425; ferh ellen wræc, _life expelled the +strength_ (i.e. with the departing life the strength disappeared also), +2707; acc. sg. feorh ealgian, 797, 2656, 2669; feorh gehealdan, _preserve +his life_, 2857; feorh ālegde, _gave up his life_, 852; similarly, ǣr hē +feorh seleð, 1371; feorh oðferede, _tore away her life_, 2142; oð þæt hīe +forlǣddan tō þām lindplegan swǣse gesīðas ond hyra sylfra feorh, _till in +an evil hour they carried into battle their dear companions and their +lives_ (i.e. led them to their death), 2041; gif þū þīn feorh hafast, 1850; +ymb feorh sacan (_to fight for life_), 439; wæs in feorh dropen, _was +wounded into his life_, i.e. mortally, 2982; wīdan feorh, as temporal acc., +_through a wide life_, i.e. always, 2015; dat. sg. fēore, 1294, 1549; tō +wīdan feore, _for a wide life_, i.e. at all times, 934; on swā geongum +feore (_at a so youthful age_), 1844; as instr., 578, 3014; gen. sg. +fēores, 1434, 1943; dat. pl. būton ... feorum gumena, 73; frēonda fēorum, +1307.--Also, _body, corpse_: þā wæs heal hroden fēonda fēorum (_the hall +was covered with the slain of the enemy_), 1153; gehwearf þā in Francna +fæðm feorh cyninges, _then the body of the king_ (Hygelāc) _fell into the +power of the Franks_, 1211. --Comp. geogoð-feorh. + +feorh-bana, w. m., _(life-slayer), man-slayer, murderer_: dat. sg. +feorh-bonan, 2466. + +feorh-ben, st. f., _wound that takes away life, mortal wound_: dat. +(instr.) pl. feorh-bennum sēoc, 2741. + +feorh-bealu, st. n., _evil destroying life, violent death_: nom. sg., 2078, +2251, 2538; acc. sg., 156. + +feorh-cyn, st. n., _race of the living, mankind_: gen. pl. fela +feorh-cynna, 2267. + +feorh-genīðla, w. m., _he who seeks life, life's enemy_ (N.H.G. Tod-feind), +_mortal enemy_: acc. sg. -genīðlan, 1541; dat. sg. -genīðlan, 970; acc. sg. +brǣgd feorh-genīðlan, 1541; acc. pl. folgode feorh-genīðlan, (Ongenþēow) +_pursued his mortal enemies_, 2934. + +feorh-lagu, st. f., _the life allotted to anyone, life determined by fate_: +acc. sg. on māðma hord mine (mīnne, MS.) bebohte frōde feorh-lege, _for the +treasure-hoard I sold my old life_, 2801. + +feorh-lāst, st. m., _trace of (vanishing) life, sign of death _: acc. pl. +feorh-lāstas bær, 847. + +feorh-sēoc, adj., _mortally wounded_: nom. sg., 821. + +feorh-sweng, st. m., _(stroke robbing of life), fatal blow_: acc. sg., +2490. + +feorh-wund, st. f., _mortal wound, fatal injury_: acc. sg. feorh-wunde +hlēat, 2386. + +feorm, st. f., _subsistence, entertainment_: acc. sg. nō þū ymb mīnes ne +þearft līces feorme leng sorgian, _thou needest no longer have care for the +sustenance of my body_, 451.--2) _banquet_: dat. on feorme (or feorme, +MS.), 2386. + +feormend-lēas, adj., _wanting the. cleanser_: acc. pl. geseah ... +fyrn-manna fatu feormend-lēase, 2762. + +feormian, w. v., _to clean, to cleanse, to polish_: pres. part. nom pl. +feormiend swefað (feormynd, MS.), 2257. + +ge-feormian, w. v., _to feast, to eat_; pret. part. sōna hæfde unlyfigendes +eal gefeormod fēt and folma, 745. + +feorran, w. v., w. acc., _to remove_: inf. sibbe ne wolde wið manna hwone +mægenes Deniga feorh-bealo feorran, fēo þingian, (Grendel) _would not from +friendship free any one of the men of the Danes of life's evil, nor allay +it for tribute_, 156. + +feorran, adv., _from afar_: a) of space, 361, 430, 826, 1371, 1820, etc.; +siððan æðelingas feorran gefricgean flēam ēowerne, _when noble men afar +learn of your flight_ (when the news of your flight reaches distant lands), +2890; fērdon folctogan feorran and nēan, _from far and from near_, 840; +similarly, nēan and feorran þū nū [friðu] hafast, 1175; wæs þæs wyrmes wīg +wīde gesȳne ... nēan and feorran, _visible from afar, far and near_, +2318.--b) temporal: sē þe cūðe frumsceaft fīra feorran reccan (_since +remote antiquity_), 91; similarly, feorran rehte, 2107. + +feorran-cund, adj., _foreign-born_: dat. sg. feorran-cundum, 1796. + +feor-weg, st. m., _far way_: dat. pl. mādma fela of feorwegum, _many +precious things from distant paths_ (from foreign lands), 37. + +ge-fēon. See feohan. + +fēond, st. m., _enemy_: nom. sg., 164, 726, 749; fēond on helle (Grendel), +101; acc. sg., 279, 1865, 2707; dat. sg. fēonde, 143, 439; gen. sg. +fēondes, 985, 2129, 2290; acc, pl. fēond, 699; dat. pl. fēondum, 420, 1670; +gen. pl. feonda 294, 809, 904. + +fēond-grāp, st. f., _foe's clutch_: dat. (instr.) pl. fēond-grāpum fæst, +637. + +fēond-sceaða, w. m., _one who is an enemy and a robber_: nom. sg. fāh +fēond-scaða (_a hostile sea-monster_), 554. + +fēond-scipe, st. m., _hostility_: nom. sg., 3000. + +fēower, num., _four_: nom. fēower bearn, 59; fēower mēaras, 2164; fēower, +as substantive, 1638; acc. fēower māðmas, 1028. + +fēower-tȳne, num., _fourteen_: nom. with following gen. pl. fēowertȳne +Gēata, 1642. + +findan, st. v., _to find, to invent, to attain_: a) with simple object in +acc.: inf. þāra þe hē cēnoste findan mihte, 207; swylce hīe at Finnes-hām +findan meahton sigla searo-gimma, 1157; similarly, 2871; mæg þǣr fela +frēonda findan, 1839; wolde guman findan, 2295; swā hyt weorðlīcost +fore-snotre men findan mihton, _so splendidly as only very wise men could +devise it_, 3164; pret. sg. healþegnas fand, 720; word ōðer fand, _found +other words_, i.e. went on to another narrative, 871; grimne gryrelīcne +grund-hyrde fond, 2137; þæt ic gōdne funde bēaga bryttan, 1487; pret. part. +syððan ǣrest wearð fēasceaft funden (_discovered_), 7.--b) with acc. and +pred. adj.: pret. sg. dryhten sīnne drīorigne fand, 2790.--c) with acc. and +inf.: pret. fand þā þǣr inne æðelinga gedriht swefan, 118; fand wæccendne +wer wīges bīdan, 1268; hord-wynne fond opene standan, 2271; oð þæt hē +fyrgen-bēamas ... hleonian funde, 1416; pret. pl. fundon þā sāwullēasne +hlim-bed healdan, 3034.--d) with dependent clause: inf. nō þȳ ǣr +fēasceafte findan meahton æt þām æðelinge þæt hē Heardrēde hlāford wǣre +(_could by no means obtain it from the prince_), 2374. + +on-findan, _to be sensible of, to perceive, to notice_: a) w. acc.: pret. +sg. landweard onfand eftsīð eorla, _the coast-guard observed the return of +the earls_, 1892; pret. part. þā hēo onfunden wæs (_was discovered_), +1294.--b) w. depend, clause: pret. sg. þā se gist onfand þæt se beado-lēoma +bītan nolde, _the stranger_ (Bēowulf) _perceived that the sword would not +cut_, 1523; sōna þæt onfunde, þæt ..., _immediately perceived that_..., +751; similarly, 810, 1498. + +finger, st. m., _finger_: nom. pl. fingras, 761; acc. pl. fingras, 985; +dat. (instr.) pl. fingrum, 1506; gen. pl. fingra, 765. + +fīras, fȳras (O.H.G. firahī, i.e. _the living_; cf. feorh), st. m., only +in pl., _men_: gen. pl. fīra, 91, 2742; monegum fīra, 2002; fȳra gehwylcne +lēoda mīnra, 2251; fīra fyrngeweorc, 2287. + +firen, fyren, st. f., _cunning waylaying, insidious hostility, malice, +outrage_: nom. sg. fyren, 916; acc. sg. fyrene and fǣhðe, 153; fǣhðe and +fyrene, 880, 2481; firen' ondrysne, 1933; dat. sg. fore fǣhðe and fyrene, +137; gen. pl. fyrena, 164, 629; and fyrene, 812; fyrena hyrde (of Grendel), +751. The dat. pl., fyrenum, is used adverbially in the sense of +_maliciously_, 1745, or _fallaciously_, with reference to Hæðcyn's killing +Herebeald, which was done unintentionally, 2442. + +firen-dǣd, st. f., _wicked deed_: acc. pl. fyren-dǣda, 1670; instr. pl. +fyren-dǣdum, 1002; both times of Grendel and his mother, with reference to +their nocturnal inroads. + +firen-þearf, st. f., _misery through the malignity of enemies_: acc. sg. +fyren-þearfe, 14. + +firgen-bēam, st. m., _tree of a mountain-forest_: acc. pl. fyrgen-bēamas, +1415. + +firgen-holt, st. m., _mountain-wood, mountain-forest_: acc. sg. on +fyrgen-holt, 1394. + +firgen-strēam, st. m., _mountain-stream_: nom. sg. fyrgen-strēam, 1360; +acc. sg. under fyrgen-strēam (marks the place where the mountain-stream, +according to 1360, empties into Grendel's sea), 2129. + +fisc, st. m., _fish_: in comp. hron-, mere-fisc. + +fīf, num., _five_: uninflect. gen. fīf nihta fyrst, 545; acc. fīfe (?), +420. + +fīfel-cyn (O.N. fīfl, stultus and gigas), st. n., _giant-race_: gen. sg. +fīfelcynnes eard, 104. + +fīf-tȳne, num., _fifteen_: acc. fȳftȳne, 1583; gen. fīftȳna sum, 207. + +fīf-tig, num., _fifty_: 1) as substantive with gen. following; acc. fīftig +wintra, 2734; gen. sē wæs fīftiges fōt-gemearces lang, 3043.--2) as +adjective: acc. fīftig wintru, 2210. + +flān, st. m., _arrow_: dat. sg. flāne, 3120; as instr., 2439. + +flān-boga, w. m., _bow which shoots the flān, bow_: dat. sg. of flān-bogan, +1434, 1745. + +flǣsc, st. n., _flesh, body in contrast with soul_: instr. sg. nō þon lange +wæs feorh æðelinges flǣsce bewunden, _not much longer was the son of the +prince contained in his body_, 2425. + +flǣsc-hama, w. m., _clothing of flesh_, i.e. the body: acc. sg. +flǣsc-homan, 1569. + +flet, st. n.: 1) _ground, floor of a hall_: acc. sg. hēo on flet gebēah, +_fell to the ground_, 1541; similarly, 1569.--2) _hall, mansion_: nom. sg. +1977; acc. sg. flet, 1037, 1648, 1950, 2018, etc.; flett, 2035; þæt hīe him +ōðer flet eal gerȳmdon, _that they should give up entirely to them another +hall_, 1087; dat. sg. on flette, 1026. + +flet-ræst, st. f., _resting-place in the hall_: acc. sg. flet-ræste gebēag, +_reclined upon the couch in the hall_, 1242. + +flet-sittend, pres. part., _sitting in the hall_: acc. pl -sittende, 2023; +dat. pl. -sittendum, 1789. + +flet-werod, st. n., _troop from the hall_: nom. sg., 476. + +flēam, st. m., _flight_: acc. sg. on flēam gewand, _had turned to flight_, +1002; flēam ēowerne, 2890. + +flēogan, st. v., _to fly_: prs. sg. III. flēogeð, 2274. + +flēon, st. v., _to flee_: inf. on heolster flēon, 756; flēon on fenhopu, +765; flēon under fen-hleoðu, 821; pret. hete-swengeas flēah, 2226. + +be-flēon, w. acc., _to avoid, to escape_: gerund nō þæt ȳðe byð tō +beflēonne, _that is not easy_ (i.e. not at all) _to be avoided_, 1004. + +ofer-flēon, w. acc., _to flee from one, to yield_: inf. nelle ic beorges +weard oferflēon fōtes trem, _will not yield to the warder of the mountain_ +(the drake) _a foot's breadth_, 2526. + +flēotan, st. v., _to float upon the water, to swim_: inf. nō hē wiht fram +mē flōd-ȳðum feor flēotan meahte. hraðor on helme, _no whit, could he swim +from me farther on the waves_ (regarded as instrumental, so that the waves +marked the distance), _more swiftly in the sea_, 542; pret. sǣgenga flēat +fāmigheals forð ofer ȳðe, _floated away over the waves_, 1910. + +fliht. See flyht. + +flitme. See un-flitme. + +flītan, st. v., _to exert one's self, to strive, to emulate_: pres. part. +flītende fealwe strǣte mēarum mǣton (_rode a race_), 917; pret. sg. II. +eart þū se Bēowulf, sē þe wið Brecan ... ymb sund flite, _art thou the +Bēowulf who once contended with Breca for the prize in swimming?_ 507. + +ofer-flītan, _to surpass one in a contest, to conquer, to overcome_: pret. +w. acc. hē þē æt sunde oferflāt (_overcome thee in a swimming-wager_), 517. + +ge-flīt, st. n., _emulation_: acc. sg. lēton on geflīt faran fealwe mēaras, +_let the fallow horses go in emulation_, 866. + +floga, w. m., _flyer_; in the compounds: gūð-, lyft-, ūht-, wid-floga. + +flota (see flēotan), w. m., _float, ship, boat_: nom. sg., 210, 218, 301; +acc. sg. flotan ēowerne, 294.--Comp. wǣg-flota. + +flot-here, st. m., _fleet_: instr. sg. cwōm faran flotherge on Frēsna land, +2916. + +flōd, st. m., _flood, stream, sea-current_: nom. sg., 545, 580, 1362, etc.; +acc. sg. flōd, 3134; ofer fealone flōd, 1951; dat. sg. tō flōde, 1889; gen. +pl. flōda begong, _the region of floods_, i.e. the sea, 1498, 1827; flōda +genipu, 2809. + +flōd-ȳð, st. f., _flood-wave_: instr. pl. flōd-ȳðum, 542. + +flōr, st. m., _floor, stone-floor_: acc. sg. on fāgne flōr (the floor was +probably a kind of mosaic, made of colored flags), 726; dat. sg. gang þā +æfter flōre, _along the floor_ (i.e. along the hall), 1317. + +flyht, fliht, st. m., _flight_: nom. sg. gāres fliht, _flight of the +spear_, 1766. + +ge-flȳman, w. v., _to put to flight_: pret. part. geflȳmed, 847, 1371. + +folc, st. n., _troop, band of warriors; folk_, in the sense of the whole +body of the fighting men of a nation: acc. sg. folc, 522, 694, 912; Sūðdene +folc, 464; folc and rīce, 1180; dat. sg. folce, 14, 2596; folce Deninga, +465; as instr. folce gestepte ofer sǣ sīde, _went with a band of warriors +over the wide sea_, 2394; gen. sg. folces, 1125; folces Denigea, 1583.--The +king is called folces hyrde, 611, 1833, 2645, 2982; frēawine folces, 2358; +or folces weard, 2514. The queen, folces cwēn, 1933.--The pl., in the sense +of _warriors, fighting men_: nom. pl. folc, 1423, 2949; dat. pl. folcum, +55, 262, 1856; gen. pl. frēo- (frēa-) wine folca, _of the king_, 430, 2430; +friðu-sibb folca, _of the queen_, 2018.--Comp. sige-folc. + +folc-āgend, pres. part., _leader of a band of warriors_: nom. pl. +folc-āgende, 3114. + +folc-beorn, st. m., _man of the multitude, a common man_: nom. sg. +folc-beorn, 2222. + +folc-cwēn, st. f., _queen of a warlike host_: nom. sg., of Wealhþēow, 642. + +folc-cyning, st. m., _king of a warlike host_: nom. sg., 2734, 2874. + +folc-rǣd, st. m, _what best serves a warlike host_: acc. sg., 3007. + +folc-riht, st. n., _the rights of the fighting men of a nation_: gen. pl. +him ǣr forgeaf ... folcrihta gehwylc, swā his fæder āhte, 2609. + +folc-scearu, st. f., _part of a host of warriors, nation_: dat. sg. +folc-scare, 73. + +folc-stede, st. m., _position of a band of warriors, place where a band of +warriors is quartered_: acc. sg. folcstede, of the hall, Heorot, 76; +folcstede fāra (_the battle-field_), 1464. + +folc-toga, w. m., _leader of a body of warriors, duke_: nom. pl., powerful +liege-men of Hrōðgār are called folc-togan, 840. + +fold-bold, st. n., _earth-house_ (i.e. a house on earth in contrast with a +dwelling in heaven): nom. sg. fǣger fold-bold, of the hall, Heorot, 774. + +fold-būend, pres. part. _dweller on earth, man_: nom. pl. fold-būend, 2275; +fold-būende, 1356; dat. pl. fold-būendum, 309. + +folde, w. f., _earth, ground_: acc. sg. under foldan, 1362; fēoll on +foldan, 2976; gen. sg. foldan bearm, _the bosom of the earth_, 1138; foldan +scēatas, 96; foldan fæðm, 1394.--Also, _earth, world_: dat. sg. on foldan, +1197. + +fold-weg, st. m., _field-way, road through the country_: acc. sg. fold-weg, +1634; acc. pl. fold-wegas, 867. + +folgian, w. v.: 1) _to perform vassal-duty, to serve, to follow_: pret. pl. +þēah hīe hira bēaggyfan banan folgedon, _although they followed the +murderer of their prince_, 1103.--2) _to pursue, to follow after_: folgode +feorh-genīðlan (acc. pl.) 2934. + +folm, st. f, _hand_: acc. sg. folme, 971, 1304; dat. sg. mid folme, 743; +acc. pl. fēt and folma, _feet and hands_, 746; dat. pl. tō banan folmum, +158; folmum (instr.), 723, 993.--Comp.: beado-, gearo-folm. + +for, prep. w. dat., instr., and acc.: 1) w. dat. local, _before_, ante: þæt +hē for eaxlum gestōd Deniga frēan, 358; for hlāwe, 1121.--b) _before_, +coram, in conspectu: no hē þǣre feohgyfte for scēotendum scamigan þorfte, +_had no need to be ashamed of the gift before the warriors_, 1027; for þǣm +werede, 1216; for eorlum, 1650; for duguðe, _before the noble band of +warriors_, 2021.--Causal, a) to denote a subjective motive, _on account of, +through, from_: for wlenco, _from bravery, through warlike courage_, 338, +1207; for wlence, 508; for his wonhȳdum, 434; for onmēdlan, 2927, etc.--b) +objective, partly denoting a cause, _through, from, by reason of_: for +metode, _for the creator, on account of the creator_, 169; for þrēanȳdum, +833; for þrēanēdlan, 2225; for dolgilpe, _on account of, in accordance with +the promise of bold deeds_ (because you claimed bold deeds for yourself), +509; him for hrōfsele hrīnan ne mehte fǣr-gripe flōdes, _on account of the +roofed hall the malicious grasp of the flood could not reach him_, 1516; +līg-egesan wæg for horde, _on account of_ (the robbing of) _the treasure_, +2782; for mundgripe mīnum, _on account of, through the gripe of my hand_, +966; for þæs hildfruman hondgeweorce, 2836; for swenge, _through the +stroke_, 2967; ne meahte ... dēop gedȳgan for dracan lēge, _could not hold +out in the deep on account of the heat of the drake_, 2550. Here may be +added such passages as ic þǣm gōdan sceal for his mōdþræce māðmas bēodan, +_will offer him treasures on account of his boldness of character, for his +high courage_, 385; ful-oft for lǣssan lēan teohhode, _gave often reward +for what was inferior_, 952; nalles for ealdre mearn, _was not uneasy about +his life_, 1443; similarly, 1538. Also denoting purpose: for ārstafum, _to +the assistance_, 382, 458.--2) w. instr. causal, _because of, for_: hē hine +feor forwræc for þȳ mane, 110.--3) w. acc., _for, as, instead of_: for +sunu frēogan, _love as a son_, 948; for sunu habban, 1176; nē him þæs +wyrmes wīg for wiht dyde, _held the drake's fighting as nothing_, 2349. + +foran, adv., _before, among the first, forward_: siððan ... scēawedon +fēondes fingras, foran ǣghwylc (_each before himself_), 985; þæt wæs ān +foran ealdgestrēona, _that was one among the first of the old treasures_, +i.e. a splendid old treasure, 1459; þē him foran ongēan linde bǣron, _bore +their shields forward against him_ (went out to fight against him), 2365. + +be-foran: 1) adv., local, _before_: hē ... beforan gengde, _went before_, +1413; temporal, _before, earlier_, 2498.--2) prep. w. acc. _before_, in +conspectu: mǣre māððum-sweord manige gesāwon beforan beorn beran, 1025. + +ford, st. m., _ford, water-way_: acc. sg. ymb brontne ford, 568. + +forð: 1) local, _forth, hither, near_: forð near ætstōp, _approached +nearer_, 746; þā cwōm Wealhþēo forð gān, 1163; similarly, 613; him seleþegn +forð wīsade, _led him_ (Bēowulf) _forth_ (to the couch that had been +prepared for him in Heorot), 1796; þæt him swāt sprong forð under fexe, +_forth under the hair of his head_, 2968. _Forward, further_: gewītað forð +beran wǣpen and gewǣdu, 291; hē tō forð gestōp, 2290; freoðo-wong þone forð +oferēodon, 2960. _Away, forth_, 45, 904; fyrst forð gewāt, _the time_ (of +the way to the ship) _was out_, i.e. they had arrived at the ship, 210; mē +... forð-gewitenum, _to me the departed_, 1480; fērdon forð, _went forth_ +(from Grendel's sea), 1633; þonne hē forð scile, _when he must (go) forth_, +i.e. die, 3178; hine mihtig god ... ofer ealle men forð gefremede, _carried +him forth, over all men_, 1719.--2) temporal, _forth, from now on_: heald +forð tela nīwe sibbe, 949; ic sceal forð sprecan gēn ymbe Grendel, _shall +from now on speak again of Grendel_, 2070. See furðum and furðor. + +forð-gerīmed, pres. part., _in unbroken succession_, 59. + +forð-gesceaft, st. f., _that which is determined for farther on, future +destiny_: acc. sg. hē þā forð-gesceaft forgyteð and forgȳmeð, 1751. + +forð-weg, st. m., _road that leads away, journey_: hē of ealdre gewāt frōd +on forð-weg (_upon the way to the next world_), 2626. + +fore, prep. w. dat., local, _before_, coram, in conspectu: hēo fore þǣm +werede spræc, 1216. Causal, _through, for, because of_: nō mearn fore fǣhðe +and fyrene, 136; fore fæder dǣdum, _because of the father's deeds_, +2060,--Allied to this is the meaning, _about_, de, super: þǣr wæs sang and +swēg samod ætgædere fore Healfdenes hildewīsan, _song and music about +Healfdene's general_ (the song of Hnæf), 1065. + +fore-mǣre, adj., _renowned beyond (others)_, prǣclarus: superl. þæt wæs +fore-mǣrost foldbūendum receda under roderum, 309. + +fore-mihtig, adj., _able beyond (others)_, prǣpotens: nom. sg. wæs tō +foremihtig fēond on fēðe, _the enemy was too strong in going_ (could flee +too rapidly), 970. + +fore-snotor, adj., _wise beyond (others)_, sapientissimus: nom. pl. +foresnotre men, 3164. + +fore-þanc, st. m., _forethought, consideration, deliberation_: nom. sg., +1061. + +forht, adj., _fearful, cowardly_: nom. sg. forht, 2968; hē on mōde wearð +forht on ferhðe, 755.--Comp. unforht. + +forma, adj., _foremost, first_: nom. sg. forma sīð (_the first time_), 717, +1464, 1528, 2626; instr. sg. forman sīðe, 741, 2287; forman dōgore, 2574. + +fyrmest, adv. superl., _first of all, in the first place_: hē fyrmest læg, +2078. + +forst, st. m., _frost, cold_: gen. sg. forstes bend, 1610. + +for-þām, for-þan, for-þon, adv. and conj., _therefore, on that account, +then_: forþām, 149; forþan, 418, 680, 1060; forþon þe, _because_, 503. + +fōn, st. v., _to catch, to grasp, to take hold, to take_: prs. sg. III. +fēhð ōðer tō, _another lays hold_ (takes possession), 1756; inf. ic mid +grāpe sceal fōn wið fēonde, 439; pret. sg. him tōgēanes fēng, _caught at +him, grasped at him_, 1543; w. dat. hē þām frætwum fēng, _received the rich +adornments_ (Ongenþēow's equipment), 2990. + +be-fōn, _to surround, to ensnare, to encompass, to embrace_: pret. part. +hyne sār hafað ... nearwe befongen balwon bendum, 977; hēo æðelinga ānne +hæfde fæste befangen (_had seized him firmly_), 1296; helm ... befongen +frēawrāsnum (_encircled by an ornament like a diadem_), 1452; fenne +bifongen, _surrounded by the fen_, 2010; (draca) fȳre befongen, _encircled +by fire_, 2275, 2596; hæfde landwara līge befangen, _encompassed by fire_, +2322. + +ge-fōn, w. acc., _to seize, to grasp_: pret. hē gefēng slǣpendne rinc, 741; +gūðrinc gefēng atolan clommum, 1502; gefēng þā be eaxle ... Gūðgēata lēod +Grendles mōdor, 1538; gefēng þā fetelhilt, 1564; hond rond gefēng, geolwe +linde, 2610; ic on ofoste gefēng micle mid mundum mægen-byrðenne, _hastily +I seized with my hands the enormous burden_, 3091. + +on-fōn, w. dat., _to receive, to accept, to take_: pres. imp. sg. onfōh +þissum fulle, _accept this cup_, 1170; inf. þæt þæt þēodnes bearn ... +scolde fæder-æðelum onfōn, _receive the paternal rank_, 912; pret. sg. hwā +þǣm hlæste onfēng, _who received the ship's lading_, 52; hlēor-bolster +onfēng eorles andwlitan, _the pillow received the nobleman's face_, 689; +similarly, 853, 1495; heal swēge onfēng, _the hall received the loud +noise_, 1215; hē onfēng hraðe inwit-þancum, _he_ (Bēowulf) _at once +clutched him_ (Grendel) _devising malice_, 749. + +þurh-fōn, w. acc., _to break through with grasping, to destroy by +grasping_: inf. þæt hēo þone fyrd-hom þurh-fōn ne mihte, 1505. + +wið-fōn, w. dat., _(to grasp at), to seize, to lay hold of_: pret. sg. him +fæste wið-fēng, 761. + +ymbe-fōn, w. acc., _to encircle_: pret. heals ealne ymbefēng biteran bānum, +_encircled his_ (Bēowulf's) _whole neck with sharp bones_ (teeth), 2692. + +fōt, st. m., _foot_: gen. sg. fōtes trem (_the measure of a foot, a foot +broad_), 2526; acc. pl. fēt, 746; dat. pl. æt fōtum, _at the feet_, 500, +1167. + +fōt-gemearc, st. n., _measure, determining by feet, number of feet_: gen. +sg. sē wæs fīftiges fōtgemearces lang (_fifty feet long_), 3043. + +fōt-lāst, st. m., _foot-print_: acc. sg. (draca) onfand fēondes fōt-lāst, +2290. + +fracod, adj., _objectionable, useless_. nom. sg. næs sēo ecg fracod +hilde-rince, 1576. + +fram, from, I. prep. w. dat. loc. _away from something_: þǣr fram sylle +ābēag medubenc monig, 776, 1716; þanon eft gewiton ealdgesīðas ... fram +mere, 856; cyning-balde men from þǣm holmclife hafelan bǣron, 1636; +similarly, 541, 543, 2367. Standing after the dat.: hē hine feor forwræc +... mancynne fram, 110; similarly, 1716. Also, _hither from something_: þā +ic cwōm ... from fēondum, 420; ǣghwæðrum wæs ... brōga fram ōðrum, +2566.--Causal with verbs of saying and hearing, _of, about, concerning_: +sægdest from his sīðe, 532; nō ic wiht fram þē swylcra searo-nīða secgan +hȳrde, 581; þæt hē fram Sigemunde secgan hyrde, 876. II adv., _away, +thence_: nō þȳ ǣr fram meahte, 755; _forth, out_: from ǣrest cwōm oruð +āglǣcean ūt of stāne, _the breath of the dragon came forth first from the +rock_ 2557. + +fram, from, adj.: 1) _directed forwards, striving forwards_; in comp. +sīð-fram.--2) _excellent, splendid_, of a man with reference to his warlike +qualities: nom. sg. ic eom on mōde from, 2528; nom. pl. frome fyrd-hwate, +1642, 2477. Of things: instr. pl. fromum feoh-giftum, 21.--Comp. un-from; +see freme, forma. + +ge-frægen. See frignan. + +frætwe, st. f. pl., _ornament, anything costly_, originally _carved +objects_ (cf. Dietrich in Hpts. Ztschr. X. 216 ff.), afterwards of any +costly and artistic work: acc. pl. frætwe, 2920; beorhte frætwe, 214; +beorhte frætwa, 897; frætwe.. eorclan-stānas, 1208; frætwe,... +brēost-weorðunge, 2504, both times of Hygelāc's collar; frætwe and +fæt-gold, 1922; frætwe (Eanmund's sword and armor), 2621; dat. instr. pl. +þām frætwum, 2164; on frætewum, 963; frætwum (Heaðobeard sword) hrēmig, +2055; frætwum, of the drake's treasures, 2785; frætwum (Ongenþēow's armor), +2990; gen. pl. fela ... frætwa, 37; þāra frætwa (drake's treasure), 2795; +frætwa hyrde (drake), 3134. + +frætwan, w. v., _to supply with ornaments, to adorn_: inf. folc-stede +frætwan, 76. + +ge-frætwian, w. v., _to adorn_: pret. sg. gefrætwade foldan scēatas leomum +and lēafum, 96; pret. part. þā wæs hāten Heort innanweard folmum gefrætwod, +993. + +ge-frǣge, adj., _known by reputation, renowned_: nom. sg. lēod-cyning ... +folcum gefrǣge, 55; swā hyt gefrǣge wæs, 2481. + +ge-frǣge, st. n., _information through hearsay_: instr. sg. mine gefrǣge +(_as I learned through the narrative of others_), 777, 838, 1956, etc. + +ge-frǣgnian, w. v., _to become known through hearsay_: pret. part. fylle +gefrǣgnod (of Grendel's mother, who had become known through the carrying +off of Æschere), 1334? + +freca, w. m., properly _a wolf_, as one that breaks in, robs; here a +designation of heroes: nom. sg. freca Scildinga, of Bēowulf, 1564.--Comp.: +gūð-, hilde-, scyld-, sweord-, wīg-freca; ferð-frec (adj.). + +fremde, adj., properly _distant, foreign_; then _estranged, hostile_: nom +sg. þæt wæs fremde þēod ēcean dryhtne, of the giants, 1692. + +freme, adj., _excellent, splendid_: nom. sg. fem. fremu folces cwēn, of +Þrȳðo, 1933(?). + +fremman, w. v., _to press forward, to further_, hence: 1) in general, _to +perform, to accomplish, to do, to make_: pres. subj. without an object, +fremme sē þe wille, _let him do (it) whoever will_, 1004. With acc.: imp. +pl. fremmað gē nū lēoda þearfe, 2801; inf. fyrene fremman, 101; sæcce +fremman, 2500; fǣhðe ... mǣrðum fremman, 2515, etc.; pret. sg. folcrǣd +fremede (_did what was best for his men_, i.e. ruled wisely), 3007; pl. hū +þā æðelingas ellen fremedon, 3; feohtan fremedon, 960; nalles fācenstafas +... þenden fremedon, 1020; pret. subj. þæt ic ... mǣrðo fremede, 2135. --2) +_to help on, to support_: inf. þæt hē mec fremman wile wordum and worcum +(to an expedition), 1833. + +ge-fremman, w. acc., _to do, to make, to render_: inf. gefremman eorlīc +ellen, 637; helpan gefremman, _to give help_, 2450; æfter wēaspelle wyrpe +gefremman, _to work a change after sorrow_ (to give joy after sorrow), +1316; gerund, tō gefremmanne, 174, 2645; pret. sg. gefremede, 135, 165, +551, 585, etc.; þēah þe hine mihtig god ... ofer ealle men forð gefremede, +_placed him away, above all men_, i.e. raised him, 1719; pret. pl. +gefremedon, 1188, 2479; pret. subj. gefremede, 177; pret. part. gefremed, +476; fem, nū scealc hafað ... dǣd gefremede, 941; absolutely, þū þē self +hafast dǣdum gefremed, þæt ..., _hast brought it about by thy deeds that_, +955. + +fretan, st. v., _to devour, to consume_: inf. þā (the precious things) +sceal brond fretan, 3015; nū sceal glēd fretan wigena strengel, 3115; pret. +sg. (Grendel) slǣpende fræt folces Denigea fȳftȳne men, 1582. + +frēcne, adj., _dangerous, bold_: nom. sg. frēcne fȳr-draca, 2690; +feorh-bealo frēcne, 2251, 2538; acc. sg. frēcne dǣde, 890; frēcne fengelād, +1360; frēcne stōwe, 1379; instr. sg. frēcnan sprǣce (_through provoking +words_), 1105. + +frēcne, adv., _boldly, audaciously_, 960, 1033, 1692. + +frēa, w. m., _ruler, lord_, of a temporal ruler: nom. sg. frēa, 2286; acc. +sg. frēan, 351, 1320, 2538, 3003, 3108; gen. sg. frēan, 359, 500, 1167, +1681; dat. sg. frēan, 271, 291, 2663. Of a husband: dat. sg. ēode ... tō +hire frēan sittan, 642. Of God: dat. sg. frēan ealles, _the Lord of all_, +2795; gen. sg. frēan, 27.-- Comp.: āgend-, līf-, sin-frēa. + +frēa-dryhten, st. m., _lord, ruling lord_: gen. sg. frēa-drihtnes, 797. + +frēa-wine, st. m., _lord and friend, friendly ruler_: nom. sg. frēa-wine +folces (folca), 2358, 2430; acc. sg. his frēa-wine, 2439. + +frēa-wrāsn, st. f., _encircling ornament like a diadem_: instr. pl. helm +... befongen frēawrāsnum, 1452; see wrāsn. + +freoðu, friðu, f., _protection, asylum, peace_: acc. sg. wēl bið þǣm þe mōt +... tō fæder fæðmum freoðo wilnian, _who may obtain an asylum in God's +arms_, 188; nēan and feorran þū nū [friðu] hafast, 1175.--Comp. fen-freoðo. + +freoðo-burh, st. f., _castle, city affording protection_: acc. sg. +freoðoburh fægere, 522. + +freoðo-wong, st. m., _field of peace, field of protection_: acc. sg., 2960; +seems to have been the proper name of a field. + +freoðo-wǣr, st. f., _peace-alliance, security of peace_: acc. sg. þā hīe +getruwedon on twā healfa fæste frioðu-wǣre, 1097; gen. sg. frioðowǣre bæd +hlāford sīnne, _entreated his lord for the protection of peace_ (i.e. full +pardon for his delinquency), 2283. + +freoðo-webbe, w. f., _peace-weaver_, designation of the royal consort +(often one given in marriage as a confirmation of a peace between two +nations): nom. sg., 1943. + +frēo-burh, st. f., = frēa-burg (?), _ruler's castle_ (?) (according to +Grein, arx ingenua): acc. sg. frēoburh, 694. + +frēod, st. f., _friendship_: acc. sg. frēode ne woldon ofer heafo healdan, +2477; gen. sg. næs þǣr māra fyrst frēode tō friclan, _was no longer time to +seek for friendship_, 2557; --_favor, acknowledgement_: acc. sg. ic þē +sceal mīne gelǣstan frēode (_will show myself grateful_, with reference to +1381 ff.), 1708. + +frēo-dryhten (= frēa-dryhten), st. m., _lord, ruler_; according to Grein, +dominus ingenuus vel nobilis: nom. sg. as voc. frēo-drihten min! 1170; dat. +sg. mid his frēo-dryhtne, 2628. + +frēogan, w. v., _to love; to think of lovingly_: pres. subj. þæt mon his +wine-dryhten ... ferhðum frēoge, 3178; inf. nū ic þec ... mē for sunu wylle +frēogan on ferhðe, 949. + +frēo-līc, adj., _free, free-born_ (here of the lawful wife in contrast with +the bond concubine): nom. sg. frēolīc wīf, 616; frēolīcu folc-cwēn, 642. + +frēond, st. m., _friend_: acc. sg. frēond, 1386, 1865; dat. pl. frēondum, +916, 1019, 1127; gen. pl. frēonda, 1307, 1839. + +frēond-laðu, st. f., _friendly invitation_: nom. sg. him wæs ful boren and +frēond-laðu (_friendly invitation to drink_) wordum bewægned, 1193. + +frēond-lār, st. f., _friendly counsel_: dat. (instr.) pl. frēond-lārum, +2378. + +frēond-līce, adv., _in a friendly manner, kindly_: compar. frēond-līcor, +1028. + +frēond-scipe, st. m., _friendship_: acc. sg. frēond-scipe fæstne, 2070. + +frēo-wine, st. m. (see frēawine), _lord and friend, friendly ruler_; +according to Grein, amicus nobilis, princeps amicus: nom. sg. as voc. +frēo-wine folca! 430. + +fricgean, w. v., _to ask, to inquire into_: inf. ongan sīnne geseldan fægre +fricgean hwylce Sǣ-Gēata sīðas wǣron, 1986; pres. part, gomela Scilding +fela fricgende feorran rehte, _the old Scilding, asking many questions_ +(having many things related to him), _told of old times_ (the conversation +was alternate), 2107. + +ge-fricgean, _to learn, to learn by inquiry_: pres. pl. syððan hīe +ge-fricgeað frēan ūserne ealdorlēasne, _when they learn that our lord is +dead_, 3003; pres. subj. gif ic þæt gefricge, þæt..., 1827; pl. syððan +æðelingas feorran gefricgean flēam ēowerne, 2890. + +friclan (see freca), w. v. w. gen., _to seek, to desire, to strive for_: +inf. næs þǣr māra fyrst frēode tō friclan, 2557. + +friðo-sib, st. f., _kin for the confirming of peace_, designation of the +queen (see freoðo--webbe), _peace-bringer_: nom. sg. friðu-sibb folca, +2018. + +frignan, fringan, frīnan, st. v., _to ask, to inquire_: imp. ne frīn þū +æfter sǣlum, _ask not after the well-being!_ 1323; inf. ic þæs wine Deniga +frīnan wille ... ymb þīnne sīð, 351; pret. sg. frægn, 236, 332; frægn gif +..., _asked whether_ ..., 1320. + +ge-frignan, ge-fringan, ge-frīnan, _to find out by inquiry, to learn by +narration._ pret. sg. (w. acc.) þæt fram hām gefrægn Higelāces þegn +Grendles dǣda, 194; nō ic gefrægn heardran feohtan, 575; (w. acc. and inf.) +þā ic wīde gefrægn weorc gebannan, 74; similarly, 2485, 2753, 2774; ne +gefrægen ic þā mǣgðe māran weorode ymb hyra sincgyfan sēl gebǣran, _I never +heard that any people, richer in warriors, conducted itself better about +its chief_, 1012; similarly, 1028; pret. pl. (w. acc.) wē þēodcyninga þrym +gefrūnon, 2; (w. acc. and inf.) geongne gūðcyning gōdne gefrūnon hringas +dǣlan, 1970; (parenthetical) swā guman gefrungon, 667, (after þonne) +medo-ærn micel (_greater_) ... þone yldo bearn ǣfre gefrūnon, 70; pret. +part. hæfde Higelāces hilde gefrūnen, 2953; hæfdon gefrūnen þæt..., _had +learned that_ ..., 695; hæfde gefrūnen hwanan sīo fǣhð ārās, 2404; +healsbēaga mǣst þāra þe ic on foldan gefrægen hæbbe, 1197. + +from, See fram. + +frōd, adj.: 1) ǣtate provectus, _old, gray_: nom. sg. frōd, 2626, 2951; +frōd cyning, 1307, 2210; frōd folces weard, 2514; wintrum frōd, 1725, 2115, +2278; se frōda, 2929; ac. sg. frōde feorhlege (_the laying down of my old +life_), 2801; dat. sg. frōdan fyrnwitan (may also, from its meaning, belong +under No. 2), 2124.--2) mente excellentior, _intelligent, experienced, +wise_: nom. sg. frōd, 1367; frōd and gōd, 279; on mōde frōd, 1845.--Comp.: +in-, un-frōd. + +frōfor, st. f., _consolation, compensation, help_: nom. sg. frōfor, 2942; +acc. sg. frōfre, 7, 974; fyrena frōfre, 629; frōfre and fultum, 1274; +frōfor and fultum, 699; dat. sg. tō frōfre, 14, 1708; gen. sg. frōfre, 185. + +fruma (see forma), w. m., _the foremost_, hence: l) _beginning_: nom. sg. +wæs se fruma egeslīc lēodum on lande, swā hyt lungre wearð on hyra +sincgifan sāre geendod (_the beginning of the dragon-combat was terrible, +its end distressing through the death of Bēowulf_), 2310.--2) _he who +stands first, prince_; in comp. dǣd-, hild-, land-, lēod-, ord-, wīg-fruma. + +frum-cyn, st. n., (genus primitivum), _descent, origin_: acc. sg. nū ic +ēower sceal frumcyn witan, 252. + +frum-gār, st. m., primipilus, _duke, prince_: dat. sg. frumgāre (of +Bēowulf), 2857. + +frum-sceaft, st. f., prima creatio, _beginning_: acc. sg. sē þe cūðe +frumsceaft fīra feorran reccan, _who could tell of the beginning of mankind +in old times_, 91; dat. sg. frum-sceafte, _in the beginning_, i.e at his +birth, 45. + +fugol, st. m., _bird_: dat. sg. fugle gelīcost, 218; dat. pl. [fuglum] tō +gamene, 2942. + +ful, adj., _full, filled_: nom. sg. w. gen. pl. sē wæs innan full wrǣtta +and wīra, 2413.--Comp.: eges-, sorh-, weorð-ful. + +ful, adv., plene, _very_: ful oft, 480; ful-oft, 952. + +ful, st. n., _cup, beaker_: nom. sg., 1193; acc. sg. ful, 616, 629, 1026; +ofer ȳða ful, _over the cup of the waves_ (the basin of the sea filled +with waves), 1209; dat. sg. onfōh þissum fulle, 1170.--Comp.: medo-, +sele-full. + +fullǣstian, w. v. w. dat, _to give help_: pres. sg. ic þē fullǣstu, 2669. + +fultum, st. m., _help, support, protection_: acc. sg. frōfor (frōfre) and +fultum, 699, 1274; mægenes fultum, 1836; on fultum, 2663.--Comp. +mægen-fultum. + +fundian, w. v., _to strive, to have in view_: pres. pl. wē fundiað Higelāc +sēcan, 1820; pret. sg. fundode of geardum, 1138. + +furðum, adv., primo, _just, exactly; then first_: þā ic furðum wēold folce +Deninga, _then first governed the people of the Danes_ (had just assumed +the government), 465; þā hīe tō sele furðum ... gangan cwōmon, 323; ic þǣr +furðum cwōm tō þām hringsele, 2010;--_before, previously_: ic þē sceal mīne +gelǣstan frēode, swā wit furðum sprǣcon, 1708. + +furður, adv., _further, forward, more distant_, 254, 762, 3007. + +fūs, adj., _inclined to, favorable, ready_: nom. sg. nū ic eom sīðes fūs, +1476; lēofra manna fūs, _prepared for the dear men_, i.e. expecting them, +1917; sigel sūðan fūs, _the sun inclined from the south_ (midday sun), +1967; se wonna hrefn fūs ofer fǣgum, _eager over the slain_, 3026; sceft +... feðer-gearwum fūs, 3120; nom. pl. wǣron ... eft to lēodum fūse tō +farenne, 1806.--Sometimes fūs means _ready for death_, moribundus: fūs and +fǣge, 1242.--Comp.: hin-, ūt-fūs. + +fūs-līc, adj., _prepared, ready_: acc. sg. fūs-līc f[yrd]-lēoð, 1425; +fyrd-searo fūs-līc, 2619; acc. pl. fyrd-searu fūs-līcu, 232. + +fyl, st. m., _fall_: nom. sg. fyll cyninges, _the fall of the king_ (in the +dragon-fight), 2913; dat. sg. þæt hē on fylle wearð, _that he came to a +fall, fell_, 1545.--Comp. hrā-fyl. + +fylce (collective form from folc), st. n., _troop, band of warriors_: in +comp. æl-fylce. + +ge-fyllan (see feal), w. v., _to fell, to slay in battle_: inf. fāne +gefyllan, _to slay the enemy_, 2656; pret. pl. fēond gefyldan, _they had +slain the enemy_, 2707. + +ā-fyllan (see ful), w. v., _to fill_: pret. part. Heorot innan wæs frēondum +āfylled (_was filled with trusted men_), 1019. + +fyllo, st. f. (_plenty, abundant meal_: dat. (instr.) sg. fylle gefrǣgnod, +1334; gen. sg. næs hīe þǣre fylle gefēan hæfdon, 562; fylle gefǣgon, +1015.--Comp.: wæl-, wist-fyllo. + +fyl-wērig, adj., _weary enough to fall, faint to death_, moribundus: acc. +sg. fyl-wērigne, 963. + +fyr. See feor. + +fyrian, w. v. w. acc. (= ferian) _to bear, to bring, carry_: pret. pl. þā +þe gif-sceattas Gēata fyredon þyder tō þance, 378. + +fȳras. See fīras. + +fyren. See firen. + +fyrde, adj., _movable, that can be moved_.--Comp. hard-fyrde.--Leo. + +fyrd-gestealla, w. m., _comrade on an expedition, companion in battle_: +dat. pl. fyrd-gesteallum, 2874 + +fyrd-ham, st. m., _war-dress, coat of mail_: acc. sg. þone fyrd-hom, 1505. + +fyrd-hrægl, st. n., _coat of mail, war-dress_: acc. sg. fyrd-hrægl, 1528. + +fyrd-hwæt, adj., _sharp, good in war, warlike_: nom. pl. frome fyrd-hwate, +1642, 2477. + +fyrd-lēoð, st. n., _war-song, warlike music_: acc. sg. horn stundum song +fūslīc f[yrd]leoð, 1425. + +fyrd-searu, st. n., _equipment for an expedition_: acc. sg. fyrd-searu +fūslīc, 2619; acc. pl. fyrd-searu fūslīcu, 232. + +fyrd-wyrðe, adj., _of worth in war, excellent in battle_: nom. sg. +fyrd-wyrðe man (Bēowulf), 1317. + +ge-fyrðran (see forð), w. v., _to bring forward, to further_: pret. part. +ār wæs on ofoste, eftsīðes georn, frætwum gefyrðred, _he was hurried +forward by the treasure_ (i.e. after he had gathered up the treasure, he +hasted to return, so as to be able to show it to the mortally-wounded +Bēowulf), 2785. + +fyrmest. See forma. + +fyrn-dagas, st. m. pl., _by-gone days_: dat. pl. fyrndagum (_in old +times_), 1452. + +fyrn-geweorc, st. n., _work, something done in old times_: acc. sg. fīra +fyrn-geweorc (the drinking-cup mentioned in 2283, 2287. + +fyrn-gewin, st. n., _combat in ancient times_: gen. sg. ōr fyrn-gewinnes +(_the origin of the battles of the giants_), 1690. + +fyrn-man, st. m., _man of ancient times_: gen. pl. fyrn-manna fatu, 2762. + +fyrn-wita, w. m., _counsellor ever since ancient times, adviser for many +years_: dat. sg. frōdan fyrnwitan, of Æschere, 2124. + +fyrst, st. m., _portion of time, definite time, time_: nom. sg. næs hit +lengra fyrst, ac ymb āne niht ..., 134; fyrst forð gewāt, _the time_ (of +going to the harbor) _was past_, 210; næs þǣr māra fyrst frēode tō friclan, +2556; acc. sg. niht-longne fyrst, 528; fīf nihta fyrst, 545; instr. sg. þȳ +fyrste, 2574; dat. sg. him on fyrste gelomp ..., _within the fixed time_, +76. + +fyr-wit, -wet, -wyt, st. n., _prying spirit, curiosity_: nom. sg. fyrwyt, +232; fyrwet, 1986, 2785. + +ge-fȳsan (fūs), w. v., _to make ready, to prepare_: part. winde gefȳsed +flota, _the ship provided with wind_ (for the voyage), 217; (wyrm) fȳre +gefȳsed, _provided with fire_, 2310; þā wæs hringbogan (of the drake) +heorte gefȳsed sæcce tō sēceanne, 2562; with gen., in answer to the +question, for what? gūðe gefȳsed, _ready for battle, determined to fight_, +631. + +fȳr, st. n., _fire_: nom. sg., 1367, 2702, 2882; dat. sg. fȳre, 2220; as +instr. fȳre, 2275, 2596; gen. sg. fȳres fæðm, 185; fȳres feng, 1765.-- +Comp.: ād-, bǣl-, heaðu-, wæl-fȳr. + +fȳr-bend, st. m., _band forged in fire_: dat. pl. duru ... fȳr-bendum +fæst, 723. + +fȳr-draca, w. m., _fire-drake, fire-spewing dragon_: nom. sg., 2690. + +fȳr-heard, adj., _hard through fire, hardened in fire_: nom. pl. +(eoforlīc) fāh and fȳr-heard, 305. + +fȳr-lēoht, st. n., _fire-light_: acc. sg., 1517. + +fȳr-wylm, st. m., _wave of fire, flame-wave_: dat. pl. wyrm ... fȳrwylmum +fāh, 2672. + +G + +galan, st. v., _to sing, to sound_: pres. sg. sorh-lēoð gæleð, 2461; inf. +gryre-lēoð galan, 787; bearhtm ongeāton, gūðhorn galan, _heard the clang, +the battle-trumpet sound_, 1433. + +ā-galan, _to sing, to sound_: pret. sg. þæt hire on hafelan hringmǣl āgōl +grǣdig gūðlēoð, _that the sword caused a greedy battle-song to sound upon +her head_, 1522. + +gamban, or, according to Bout., gambe, w. f., _tribute, interest_: acc. sg. +gomban gyldan, 11. + +gamen, st. n., _social pleasure, rejoicing, joyous doings_: nom. sg. gamen, +1161; gomen, 2460; gomen glēobēames, _the pleasure of the harp_, 2264; acc. +sg. gamen and glēodrēam, 3022; dat. sg. gamene, 2942; gomene, 1776.--Comp. +heal-gamen. + +gamen-wāð, st. f., _way offering social enjoyment, journey in joyous +society_: dat. sg. of gomen-wāðe, 855. + +gamen-wudu, st. m., _wood of social enjoyment_, i.e. harp: nom. sg. þǣr wæs +... gomenwudu grēted, 1066; acc. sg. gomenwudu grētte, 2109. + +gamol, gomol, gomel, adj., _old_; of persons, _having lived many years, +gray_: gamol, 58, 265; gomol, 3096; gomel, 2113, 2794; se gomela, 1398; +gamela (gomela) Scylding, 1793, 2106; gomela, 2932; acc. sg. þone gomelan, +2422; dat. sg. gamelum rince, 1678; gomelum ceorle, 2445; þām gomelan, +2818; nom. pl. blondenfeaxe gomele, 1596.--Also, _late, belonging to former +time_: gen. pl. gomelra lāfe (_legacy_), 2037.--Of things, _old, from old +times_: nom. sg. sweord ... gomol, 2683; acc. sg. gomele lāfe, 2564; gomel +swyrd, 2611; gamol is a more respectful word than eald. + +gamol-feax, adj., _with gray hair_: nom. sg., 609. + +gang, st. m.: 1) _gait, way_: dat. sg. on gange, 1885; gen. sg. ic hine ne +mihte ... ganges ge-twǣman, _could not keep him from going_, 969.--2) +_step, foot-step_: nom. sg. gang (the foot-print of the mother of Grendel), +1405; acc. sg. uton hraðe fēran Grendles māgan gang scēawigan, 1392.--Comp. +in-gang. + +be-gang, bi-gang, st. m., (_so far as something goes_), _extent_: acc. sg. +ofer geofenes begang, _over the extent of the sea_, 362; ofer flōda begang, +1827; under swegles begong, 861, 1774; flōda begong, 1498; sioleða bigong, +2368. + +gangan. See under gān. + +ganot, st. m., _diver_, fulica marina: gen. sg. ofer ganotes bæð (i.e. the +sea), 1862. + +gād, st. n., _lack_: nom. sg. ne bið þē wilna gād (_thou shalt have no lack +of desirable_ [valuable] _things_), 661; similarly, 950. + +gān, _expanded_ = gangan, st. v., _to go_: pres. sg. III. gǣð ā Wyrd swā +hīo scel, 455; gǣð eft ... tō medo, 605; þonne hē ... on flett gǣð, 2035; +similarly, 2055; pres. subj. III. sg. gā þǣr hē wille, _let him go whither +he will_, 1395; imp. sg. II. gā nū tō setle, 1783; nū þū lungre geong, hord +scēawian, under hārne stān, 2744; inf. in gān, _to go in_, 386, 1645 'forð +gān, _to go forth, to go thither_, 1164; þat hīe him tō mihton gegnum +gangan, _to go towards, to go to_, 314; tō sele ... gangan cwōmon, 324; in +a similar construction, gongan, 1643; nū gē mōton gangan ... Hrōðgār +gesēon, 395; þā cōm of mōre ... Grendel gongan, _there came Grendel (going) +from the fen_, 712; ongēan gramum gangan, _to go to meet the enemy, to go +to the war_, 1035; cwōm ... tō hofe gongan, 1975; wutun gangan tō, _let us +go thither_, 2649.--As preterite, serve, 1) gēong or gīong: hē tō healle +gēong, 926; similarly, 2019; sē þe on orde gēong, _who went at the head, +went in front, _3126; on innan gīong, _went in_, 2215; hē ... gīong tō þæs +þe hē eorðsele ānne wisse, _went thither, where he knew of that earth-hall, +_2410; þā se æðeling, gīong, þæt hē bī wealle gesæt, _then went the prince_ +(Bēowulf) _that he might sit down by the wall_, 2716.--2) gang: tō healle +gang Healfdenes sunu, 1010; similarly, 1296; gang þā æfter flōre, _went +along the floor, along the hall_, 1317.--3) gengde (Goth. gaggida): hē ... +beforan gengde ..., wong scēawian, _went in front to inspect the fields_, +1413; gengde, also of riding, 1402.--4) from another stem, ēode (Goth. +iddja): ēode ellenrōf, þæt hē for eaxlum gestōd Deniga frēan, 358; +similarly, 403; [wið duru healle Wulfgār ēode], _went towards the door of +the hall_, 390; ēode Wealhþēow forð, _went forth_, 613; ēode tō hire frēan +sittan, 641; ēode yrremōd, _went with angry feeling_, 727; ēode ... tō +sele, 919; similarly, 1233; ēode ... þǣr se snottra bād, 1313; ēode weorð +Denum æðeling tō yppan, _the prince_ (Bēowulf), _honored by the Danes, went +to the high seat_, 1815; ēode ... under inwit-hrōf, 3124; pl. þǣr +swīðferhðe sittan ēodon, 493; ēodon him þā tōgēanes, _went to meet him_, +1627; ēodon under Earna næs, 3032. + +ā-gangan, _to go out, to go forth, to befall_: pret. part. swā bit āgangen +wearð eorla manegum (_as it befell many a one of the earls_), 1235. + +full-gangan, _to emulate, to follow after_: pret. sg. þonne ... sceft nytte +hēold, feðer-gearwum fūs flāne full-ēode, _when the shaft had employment, +furnished with feathers it followed the arrow, did as the arrow_, 3120. + +ge-gān, ge-gangan: 1) _to go, to approach_: inf. (w. acc.) his mōdor ... +gegān wolde sorhfulne sīð, 1278; sē þe gryre-sīðas gegān dorste, _who dared +to go the ways of terror_ (to go into the combat), 1463; pret. sg. se maga +geonga under his mǣges scyld elne geēode, _went quickly under his kinsman's +shield_, 2677; pl. elne geēodon tō þæs þe ..., _went quickly thither where_ +..., 1968; pret. part. syððan hīe tō-gædre gegān hæfdon, _when they_ +(Wīglāf and the drake) _had come together_, 2631; þæt his aldres wæs ende +gegongen, _that the end of his life had come_, 823; þā wæs endedæg gōdum +gegongen, þæt se gūðcyning ... swealt, 3037.--2) _to obtain, to reach_: +inf. (w. acc.) þonne hē æt gūðe gegān þenceð longsumne lof, 1536; ic mid +elne sceall gold gegangan, 2537; gerund, næs þæt ȳðe cēap tō gegangenne +gumena ǣnigum, 2417; pret. pl. elne geēodon ... þæt se byrnwīga būgan +sceolde, 2918; pret. part. hæfde ... gegongen þæt, _had attained it, that_ +..., 894; hord ys gescēawod, grimme gegongen, 3086.--3) _to occur, to +happen_: pres. sg. III. gif þæt gegangeð þæt ..., _if that happen, that_ +..., 1847; pret. sg. þæt geīode ufaran dōgrum hilde-hlæmmum, _it happened +in later times to the warriors_ (the Gēatas), 2201; pret. part. þā wæs +gegongen guman unfrōdum earfoðlīce þæt, _then it had happened to the young +man in sorrowful wise that_ ..., 2822. + +oð-gangan, _to-go thither_: pret. pl. oð þæt hī oðēodon ... in Hrefnesholt, +2935. + +ofer-gangan, w. acc., _to go over_: pret. sg. oferēode þā æðelinga bearn +stēap stān-hliðo, _went over steep, rocky precipices_, 1409; pl. +freoðo-wong þone forð oferēodon, 2960. + +ymb-gangan, w. acc., _to go around_: pret. ymb-ēode þā ides Helminga duguðe +and geogoðe dǣl ǣghwylcne, _went around in every part, among the superior +and the inferior warriors_, 621. + +gār, st. m., _spear, javelin, missile_: nom. sg., 1847, 3022; instr. sg. +gāre, 1076; blōdigan gāre, 2441; gen. sg. gāres fliht, 1766; nom. pl. +gāras, 328; gen. pl., 161(?).--Comp.: bon-, frum-gār. + +gār-cēne, adj., _spear-bold_: nom. sg., 1959. + +gār-cwealm, st. m., _murder, death by the spear_: acc. sg. gār-cwealm +gumena, 2044. + +gār-holt, st. n., _forest of spears_, i.e. crowd of spears: acc. sg., 1835. + +gār-secg, st. m. (cf. Grimm, in Haupt l. 578), _sea, ocean_: acc. sg. on +gār-secg, 49, 537; ofer gār-secg, 515. + +gār-wiga, w. m., _one who fights with the spear_: dat. sg. geongum +gār-wigan, of Wīglāf, 2675, 2812. + +gār-wīgend, pres. part., _fighting with spear, spear-fighter_: acc. pl. +gār-wīgend, 2642. + +gāst, gǣst, st. m., _ghost, demon_: acc. sg. helle gāst (Grendel), 1275; +gen. sg. wergan gāstes (of Grendel), 133; (of the tempter), 1748; gen. pl. +dyrnra gāsta (Grendel's race), 1358; gǣsta gīfrost (_flames consuming +corpses_), 1124.--Comp.: ellor-, geō-sceaft-gāst; ellen-, wæl-gǣst. + +gāst-bana, w. m., _slayer of the spirit_, i.e. the devil: nom. sg. +gāst-bona, 177. + +gædeling, st. m., _he who is connected with another, relation, companion_: +gen. sg. gædelinges, 2618; dat. pl. mid his gædelingum, 2950. + +æt-gædere, adv., _together, united_: 321, 1165, 1191; samod ætgædere, 329, +387, 730, 1064. + +tō-gadere, adv., _together_, 2631. + +gæst, gist, gyst, st. m., _stranger, guest_: nom. sg. gæst, 1801; se gæst +(the drake), 2313; se grimma gæst (Grendel), 102; gist, 1139, 1523; acc. +sg. gryre-līcne gist (the nixy slain by Bēowulf), 1442; dat. sg. gyste, +2229; nom. pl. gistas, 1603; acc. pl. gæs[tas], 1894.--Comp.: fēðe-, +gryre-, inwit-, nīð-, sele-gæst (-gyst). + +gæst-sele, st. m., _hall in which the guests spend their time, guest-hall_: +acc. sg., 995. + +gē, conj., _and_, 1341; gē ... gē ..., _as well ... as ..._, 1865; gē ... +gē ..., gē ..., 1249; gē swylce, _and likewise, and moreover_, 2259. + +gē, pron., _ye, you_, plur. of þū, 237, 245, etc. + +gegn-cwide, st. m., _reply_: gen. pl. þīnra gegn-cwida, 367. + +gegnum, adv., _thither, towards, away_, with the prep, tō, ofer, giving the +direction: þæt hīe him tō mihton gegnum gangan (_that they might go +thither_), 314; gegnum fōr [þā] ofer myrcan mōr, _away over the dark moor_, +1405. + +gehðu, geohðu, st. f., _sorrow, care_: instr. sg. giohðo mǣnde, 2268; dat. +sg. on gehðo, 3096; on giohðe, 2794. + +gēn (from gegn), adv., _yet, again_. ne wæs hit lenge þā gēn, þæt ..., _it +was not then long before_ ..., 83; ic sceal forð sprecan gēn ymb Grendel, +_shall from now on speak again of Grendel_, 2071; nō þȳ ǣr ūt þā gēn ... +gongan wolde (_still he would not yet go out_), 2082; gēn is eall æt þē +lissa gelong (_yet all my favor belongs to thee_), 2150; þā gēn, _then +again_, 2678, 2703; swā hē nū gēn dēð, _as he still does_, 2860; furður +gēn, _further still, besides_, 3007; nū gēn, _now again_, 3169; ne gēn, _no +more, no farther_: ne wæs þæt wyrd þā gēn, _that was no more fate_ (fate no +longer willed that), 735. + +gēna, _still_: cwico wæs þā gēna, _was still living_, 3094. + +genga, w. m., _goer_; in comp. in-, sǣ-, sceadu-genga. + +gengde. See gān(3). + +genge. See ūð-genge. + +gēnunga (from gegnunga), adv., _precisely, completely_, 2872. + +gerwan, gyrwan, w. v.: 1) _to prepare, to make ready, to put in condition_: +pret. pl. gestsele gyredon, 995.--2) _to equip, to arm for battle_: pret. +sg. gyrede hine Bēowulf eorl-gewǣdum (_dressed himself in the armor_), +1442. + +ge-gyrwan: 1) _to make, to prepare_: pret. pl. him þā gegiredan Gēata lēode +ād ... unwāclīcne, 3138; pret. part. glōf ... eall gegyrwed dēofles cræftum +and dracan fellum, 2088.--2) _to fit out, to make ready_: inf. cēol +gegyrwan hilde-wǣpnum and heaðowǣdum, 38; hēt him ȳðlidan gōdne gegyrwan, +_had (his) good ship fitted up for him_, 199. Also, _to provide warlike +equipment_: pret. part. syððan hē hine tō gūðe gegyred hæfde, 1473.--3) _to +endow, to provide, to adorn_: pret. part. nom. sg. beado-hrægl ... golde +gegyrwed, 553; acc. sg. lāfe ... golde gegyrede, 2193; acc. pl. mādmas ... +golde gegyrede, 1029. + +gētan, w. v., _to injure, to slay_: inf., 2941. + +be-gēte, adj., _attainable_; in comp. ēð-begēte. + +geador, adv., _unitedly, together, jointly_, 836; geador ætsomne, 491. + +on-geador, adv., _unitedly, together_, 1596. + +gealdor, st. n.: 1) _sound_: acc. sg. bȳman gealdor, 2944.--2) _magic +song, incantation, spell_: instr. sg. þonne wæs þæt yrfe ... galdre +bewunden (_placed under a spell_), 3053. + +gealga, w. m., _gallows_: dat. sg. þæt his byre rīde giong on galgan, 2447. + +gealg-mōd, adj., _gloomy_: nom. sg. gīfre and galgmōd, 1278. + +gealg-trēow, st. n., _gallows_: dat. pl. on galg-trēowu[m], 2941. + +geard, st. m., _residence_; in Bēowulf corresponding to the house-complex +of a prince's residence, used only in the plur.: acc. in geardas (_in +Finn's castle_), 1135; dat. in geardum, 13, 2460; of geardum, 1139; ǣr hē +on weg hwurfe ... of geardum, _before he went away from his +dwelling-place_, i.e. died, 265.--Comp. middan-geard. + +gearo, adj., properly, _made, prepared_; hence, _ready, finished, +equipped_: nom. sg. þæt hit wearð eal gearo, heal-ærna mǣst, 77; wiht +unhǣlo ... gearo sōna wæs, _the demon of destruction was quickly ready, did +not delay long_, 121; Here-Scyldinga betst beadorinca wæs on bǣl gearu, +_was ready for the funeral-pile_ (for the solemn burning), 1110; þēod (is) +eal gearo, _the warriors are altogether ready, always prepared_, 1231; +hraðe wæs æt holme hȳð-weard gearo (geara, MS.), 1915; gearo gūð-freca, +2415; sīe sīo bǣr gearo ǣdre geæfned, _let the bier be made ready at once_, +3106. With gen.: gearo gyrnwræce, _ready for revenge for harm done_, 2119, +acc. sg. gearwe stōwe, 1007; nom. pl. beornas gearwe, 211; similarly, 1814. + +gearwe, gearo, geare, adv., _completely, entirely_: nē gē ... gearwe ne +wisson, _you do not know at all_ ..., 246; similarly, 879; hine gearwe +geman witena welhwyle (_remembers him very well_), 265; wisse hē gearwe þæt +..., _he knew very well that_ ..., 2340, 2726; þæt ic ... gearo scēawige +swegle searogimmas (_that I may see the treasures altogether, as many as +they are_), 2749; ic wāt geare þæt ..., 2657.--Comp. gearwor, _more +readily, rather_, 3077.--Superl. gearwost, 716. + +gearo-folm, adj., _with ready hand_, 2086. + +gearwe, st. f., _equipment, dress_; in comp. feðer-gearwe. + +geat, st. n., _opening, door_; in comp. ben-, hilde-geat. + +geato-līc, adj., _well prepared, handsome, splendid_: of sword and armor, +215, 1563, 2155; of Heorot, 308. Adv.: wīsa fengel geatolīc gengde, _passed +on in a stately manner_, 1402. + +geatwe, st. f. pl., _equipment, adornment_: acc. recedes geatwa, _the +ornaments of the dragon's cave_ (its treasures), 3089.--Comp.: ēored-, +gryre-, gūð-, hilde-, wīg-geatwe. + +gēan (from gegn), adv. in + +on-gēan, adv. and prep., _against, towards_: þæt hē mē ongēan slēa, 682; +rǣhte ongēan fēond mid folme, 748; foran ongēan, _forward towards_, 2365. +With dat.: ongēan gramum, _against the enemy_, 1035. + +tō-gēanes, tō-genes, prep, _against, towards_: Grendle tōgēanes, _towards +Grendel, against Grendel_, 667; grāp þā tōgēanes, _she grasped at_ +(Bēowulf), 1502; similarly, him tōgēanes fēng, 1543; ēodon him þā tōgēanes, +_went towards him_, 1627; hēt þā gebēodan ... þæt hīe bǣl-wudu feorran +feredon gōdum tōgēnes, _had it ordered that they should bring the wood from +far for the funeral-pyre towards the good man_ (i.e. to the place where the +dead Bēowulf lay), 3115. + +gēap, adj., _roomy, extensive, wide_: nom. sg. reced ... gēap, _the roomy +hall_, 1801; acc. sg. under gēapne hrōf, 837.--Comp.: horn-, sǣ-gēap. + +geār, st. n., _year_: nom. sg., 1135; gen. pl. geāra, in adverbial sense, +olim, _in former times_, 2665. See un-geāra. + +geār-dagas, st. m. pl., _former days_: dat. pl. in (on) geār-dagum, 1, +1355. + +geofe. See gifu. + +geofon, gifen, gyfen (see Kuhn Zeitschr. I. 137), st. n., _sea, flood_: +nom. sg. geofon, 515; gifen gēotende, _the streaming flood_, 1691; gen. sg. +geofenes begang, 362; gyfenes, 1395. + +geogoð, st. f.: 1) _youth, time of youth_: dat. sg. on geogoðe, 409, 466, +2513; on giogoðe, 2427; gen. gioguðe, 2113.--2) contrasted with duguð, _the +younger warriors of lower rank_ (about as in the Middle Ages, the squires +with the knights): nom. sg. geogoð, 66; giogoð, 1191; acc. sg. geogoðe, +1182; gen. duguðe and geogoðe, 160; duguðe and iogoðe (geogoðe), 1675, 622. + +geoguð-feorh, st. n., _age of youth_, i.e. age in which one still belongs +in the ranks of the geogoð: on geogoð- (geoguð-) fēore, 537, 2665. + +geohðo. See gehðo. + +geolo, adj., _yellow_: acc. sg. geolwe linde (_the shield of yellow linden +bark_), 2611. + +geolo-rand, st. m., _yellow shield_ (shield with a covering of interlaced +yellow linden bark): acc. sg., 438. + +geond, prep. w. acc., _through, throughout, along, over_: geond þisne +middangeard, _through the earth, over the earth_, 75; wide geond eorðan, +266, 3100; fērdon folctogan ... geond wīd-wegas, _went along the ways +coming from afar_, 841; similarly, 1705; geond þæt sæld, _through the hall, +through the extent of the hall_, 1281; similarly, 1982, 2265. + +geong, adj., _young, youthful_: nom. sg., 13, 20, 855, etc.; giong, 2447; +w. m. se maga geonga, 2676; acc. sg. geongne gūðcyning, 1970; dat. sg. +geongum, 1949, 2045, 2675, etc.; on swā geongum feore, _at a so youthful +age_, 1844; geongan cempan, 2627; acc. pl. geonge, 2019; dat. pl. geongum +and ealdum, 72.--Superl. gingest, _the last_: nom. sg. w. f. gingeste word, +2818. + +georn, adj., _striving, eager_, w. gen. of the thing striven for: eft sīðes +georn, 2784.--Comp. lof-georn. + +georne, adv., _readily, willingly_: þæt him wine-māgas georne hȳrdon, 66; +georne truwode, 670.--_zealously, eagerly_: sōhte georne æfter grunde, +_eagerly searched over the ground_, 2295.--_carefully, industriously_: nō +ic him þæs georne ætfealh (_held him not fast enough_), 969.--_completely, +exactly_: comp. wiste þē geornor, 822. + +geō, iū, adv., _once, formerly, earlier_, 1477; giō, 2522; iū, 2460. + +gēoc, st. f., _help, support_: acc. sg. gēoce gefremman, 2675; þæt him +gāst-bona gēoce gefremede wið þēod-þrēaum, 177; gēoce gelȳfde, _believed +in the help_ (of Bēowulf), 609; dat. sg. tō gēoce, 1835. + +gēocor, adj., _ill, bad_: nom. sg., 766.--See Haupt's Zeitschrift 8, p. 7. + +geō-man, iū-man, st. m., _man of former times_: gen. pl. iū-manna, 3053. + +geō-meowle, w. f., (_formerly a virgin), wife_: acc. sg. īo-meowlan, 2932. + +geōmor, adj., _with depressed feelings, sad, troubled_: nom. sg. him wæs +geōmor sefa, 49, 2420, 2633, 2951; mōdes geōmor, 2101; fem. þæt wæs geōmuru +ides, 1076. + +geōmore, adv., _sadly_, 151. + +geōmor-gid, st. n., _dirge_: acc. sg. giōmor-gyd, 3151. + +geōmor-līc, adj., _sad, painful_: swā bið geōmorlīc gomelum ceorle tō +gebīdanne þæt..., _it is painful to an old man to experience it, that ..._, +2445. + +geōmor-mōd, adj., _sad, sorrowful_: nom. sg., 2045, 3019; giōmor-mōd, 2268. + +geōmrian, w. v., _to complain, to lament_: pret. sg. geōmrode giddum, 1119. + +geō-sceaft, st. f., (_fixed in past times), fate_: acc. sg. geōsceaft +grimme, 1235. + +geōsceaft-gāst, st. m., _demon sent by fate_: gen. pl. fela +geōsceaft-gāsta, of Grendel and his race, 1267. + +gēotan, st. v. intrans., _to pour, to flow, to stream_: pres. part. gifen +gēotende, 1691. + +gicel, st. m., _icicle_: in comp. hilde-gicel. + +gid, gyd, st. n., _speech, solemn alliterative song_: nom. sg. þǣr wæs ... +gid oft wrecen, 1066; lēoð wæs āsungen, glēomannes gyd, _the song was sung, +the gleeman's lay_, 1161; þǣr wæs gidd and glēo, 2106; acc. sg. ic þis gid +āwræc, 1724; gyd āwræc, 2109; gyd æfter wræc, 2155; þonne hē gyd wrece, +2447; dat. pl. giddum, 151, 1119; gen. pl. gidda gemyndig, 869.--Comp.: +geōmor-, word-gid. + +giddian, w. v., _to speak, to speak in alliteration_: pret. gyddode, 631. + +gif, conj.: 1) _if_, w. ind., 442, 447, 527, 662, etc.; gyf, 945, etc. With +subj., 452, 594, 1482, etc.; gyf, 280, 1105, etc.--2) _whether_, w. ind., +272; w. subj., 1141, 1320. + +gifa, geofa, w. m., _giver_; in comp. gold-, sinc-, wil-gifa (-geofa). + +gifan, st. v., _to give_: inf. giofan, 2973; pret. sg. nallas bēagas geaf +Denum, 1720; hē mē [māðmas] geaf, 2147; and similarly, 2174, 2432, 2624, +etc.; pret. pl. gēafon (hyne) on gārsecg, 49; pret. part. þā wæs Hrōðgāre +here-spēd gyfen, 64; þā wæs gylden hilt gamelum rince ... on hand gyfen, +1679; syððan ǣrest wearð gyfen ... geongum cempan (_given in marriage_), +1949. + +ā-gifan, _to give, to impart_: inf. andsware ... āgifan, _to give an +answer_, 355; pret. sg. sōna him se frōda fæder Ōhtheres ... ondslyht āgeaf +(_gave him a counter-blow_), (_hand-blow_?), 2930. + +for-gyfan, _to give, to grant_: pret. sg. him þæs līf-frēa ... worold-āre +forgeaf, 17; þǣm tō hām forgeaf Hrēðel Gēata āngan dōhtor (_gave in +marriage_), 374; similarly, 2998; hē mē lond forgeaf, _granted me land_, +2493; similarly, 697, 1021, 2607, 2617; mægen-rǣs forgeaf hilde-bille, _he +gave with his battle-sword a mighty blow_, i.e. he struck with full force, +1520. + +of-gifan, (_to give up_), _to leave_: inf. þæt se mǣra maga Ecgþēowes +grund-wong þone ofgyfan wolde (_was fated to leave the earth-plain_), 2589; +pret. sg. þās worold ofgeaf gromheort guma, 1682; similarly, gumdrēam +ofgeaf, 2470; Dena land ofgeaf, 1905; pret. pl. næs ofgēafon hwate +Scyldingas, _left the promontory_, 1601; þæt þā hildlatan holt ofgēfan, +_that the cowards left the wood_ (into which they had fled), 2847; sg. +pret. for pl. þāra þe þis [līf] ofgeaf, 2252. + +gifeðe, adj., _given, granted_: Gūðfremmendra swylcum gifeðe bið þæt..., +_to such a warrior is it granted that_..., 299; similarly, 2682; swā mē +gifeðe wæs, 2492; þǣr mē gifeðe swā ǣnig yrfeweard æfter wurde, _if an +heir_, (living) _after me, had been given me_, 2731.--Neut. as subst.: wæs +þæt gifeðe tō swīð, þē þone [þēoden] þyder ontyhte, _the fate was too harsh +that has drawn hither the king_, 3086; gyfeðe, 555, 820.--Comp. un-gifeðe. + +gif-heal, st. f., _hall in which fiefs were bestowed, throne-hall_: acc. +sg. ymb þā gifhealle, 839. + +gif-sceat, st. m., _gift of value_: acc. pl. gif-sceattas, 378. + +gif-stōl, st. m., _seat from which fiefs are granted, throne_: nom. sg., +2328; acc. sg., 168. + +gift, st. f., _gift, present_: in comp. feoh-gift. + +gifu, geofu, st. f., _gift, present, grant; fief_: nom. sg. gifu, 1885 acc. +sg. gimfæste gife þē him god sealde, _the great gift that God had granted +him_ (i.e. the enormous strength), 1272; ginfæstan gife þē him god sealde, +2183; dat. pl. (as instr.) geofum, 1959; gen. pl. gifa, 1931; geofena, +1174.--Comp.: māððum-, sinc-gifu. + +gīgant, st. m., _giant_: nom. pl. gīgantas, 113; gen. pl. gīganta, 1563, +1691. + +gild, gyld, st. n., _reparation_: in comp. wiðer-gyld(?). + +gildan, gyldan, st. v., _to do something in return, to repay, to reward, to +pay_: inf. gomban gyldan, _pay tribute_, 11; hē mid gōde gyldan wille +uncran eaferan, 1185; wē him þā gūðgeatwa gyldan woldon, 2637; pret. sg. +heaðorǣsas geald mēarum and māðmum, _repaid the battles with horses and +treasures_, 1048; similarly, 2492; geald þone gūðrǣs ... Jofore and Wulfe +mid ofermāðmum, _repaid Eofor and Wulf the battle with exceedingly great +treasures_, 2992. + +an-gildan, _to pay for_: pret. sg. sum sāre angeald ǣfenræste, _one_ +(Æschere) _paid for the evening-rest with death's pain_, 1252. + +ā-gildan, _to offer one's self_: pret. sg. þā mē sǣl āgeald, _when the +favorable opportunity offered itself_, 1666; similarly, þā him rūm āgeald, +2691. + +for-gildan, _to repay, to do something in return, to reward_: pres. subj. +sg. III. alwalda þec gōde forgylde, _may the ruler of all reward thee with +good_, 957; inf. þone ǣnne heht golde forgyldan, _he ordered that the one_ +(killed by Grendel) _be paid for_ (atoned for) _with gold_, 1055; hē ... +wolde Grendle for-gyldan gūðrǣsa fela, _wished to pay Grendel for many +attacks_, 1578; wolde se lāða līge forgyldan drinc-fæt dȳre, _the enemy +wished to repay with fire the costly drinking vessel_ (the theft of it), +2306; pret. sg. hē him þæs lēan forgeald, _he gave them the reward +therefore_, 114; similarly, 1542, 1585, 2095; forgeald hraðe wyrsan wrixle +wælhlem þone, _repaid the murderous blow with a worse exchange_, 2969. + +gilp, gylp, st. m., _speech in which one promises great things for himself +in a coming combat, defiant speech, boasting speech_: acc. sg. hæfde ... +Gēat-mecga lēod gilp gelǣsted (_had fulfilled what he had claimed for +himself before the battle_), 830; nallas on gylp seleð fǣtte bēagas, _gives +no chased gold rings for a boastful speech_, 1750; þæt ic wið þone +gūðflogan gylp ofersitte, _restrain myself from the speech of defiance_, +2529; dat. sg. gylpe wiðgrīpan (_fulfil my promise of battle_), +2522.--Comp. dol-gilp. + +gilpan, gylpan, st. v. w. gen., acc., and dat., _to make a defiant speech, +to boast, to exult insolently_: pres. sg. I. nō ic þæs gilpe (after a break +in the text), 587; sg. III. morðres gylpeð, _boasts of the murder_, 2056; +inf. swā ne gylpan þearf Grendles maga ǣnig ... ūhthlem þone, 2007; nealles +folc-cyning fyrdgesteallum gylpan þorfte, _had no need to boast of his +fellow-warrior_, 2875; pret. sg. hrēðsigora ne gealp goldwine Gēata, _did +not exult at the glorious victory_ (could not gain the victory over the +drake), 2584. + +gilp-cwide, st. m., _speech in which a man promises much for himself for a +coming combat, speech of defiance_: nom. sg., 641. + +gilp-hlæden, pret. part., _laden with boasts of defiance_ (i.e. he who has +made many such boasts, and consequently has been victorious in many +combats), _covered with glory_: nom. sg. guma gilp-hlæden, 869. + +gilp-sprǣc, same as gilp-cwide, _speech of defiance, boastful speech_: dat. +sg. on gylp-sprǣce, 982. + +gilp-word, st. n., _defiant word before the coming combat, vaunting word_: +gen. pl. gespræc ... gylp-worda sum, 676. + +gim, st. m., _gem, precious stone, jewel_: nom. sg. heofones gim, _heaven's +jewel_, i.e. the sun, 2073. Comp. searo-gim. + +gimme-rīce, adj., _rich in jewels_: acc. sg. gimme-rīce hord-burh hæleða, +466. + +gin (according to Bout., ginne), adj., properly _gaping_, hence, _wide, +extended_: acc. sg. gynne grund (_the bottom of the sea_), 1552. + +gin-fæst, adj., _extensive, rich_: acc. sg. gim-fæste gife (gim-, on +account of the following _f_), 1272; in weak form, gin-fæstan gife, 2183. + +ginnan, st. v., original meaning, _to be open, ready_; in + +on-ginnan, _to begin, to undertake_: pret. oð þæt ān ongan fyrene fremman +fēond on helle, 100; secg eft ongan sīð Bēowulfes snyttrum styrian, 872; þā +þæt sweord ongan ... wanian, _the sword began to diminish_, 1606; Higelāc +ongan sīnne geseldan ... fægre fricgean, _began with propriety to question +his companion_, 1984, etc.; ongon, 2791; pret. pl. nō hēr cūðlīcor cuman +ongunnon lindhæbbende, _no shield-bearing men e'er undertook more openly to +come hither_, 244; pret. part. hæbbe ic mǣrða fela ongunnen on geogoðe, +_have in my youth undertaken many deeds of renown_, 409. + +gist. See gæst. + +gistran, adv., _yesterday_: gystran niht, _yesterday night_, 1335. + +git, pron., _ye two_, dual of þū, 508, 512, 513, etc. + +gīt, gȳt, adv., _yet; then still_, 536, 1128, 1165, 2142; _hitherto_, 957; +nǣfre gīt, _never yet_, 583; _still_, 945, 1059, 1135; _once more_, 2513; +_moreover_, 47, 1051, 1867. + +gitan (original meaning, _to take hold of, to seize, to attain_), in + +be-gitan, w. acc., _to grasp, to seize, to reach_: pret. sg. begeat, 1147, +2231; þā hine wīg beget, _when war seized him, came upon him_, 2873; +similarly, begeat, 1069; pret. pl. hit ǣr on þē gōde be-geāton, _good men +received it formerly from thee_, 2250; subj. sg. for pl. þæt wæs Hrōðgāre +hrēowa tornost þāra þe lēodfruman lange begeāte, _the bitterest of the +troubles that for a long time had befallen the people's chief_, 2131. + +for-gitan, w. acc., _to forget_: pres. sg. III. hē þā forðgesceaft forgyteð +and forgȳmeð, 1752. + +an-gitan, on-gitan, w. acc.: 1) _to take hold of, to grasp_: imp. sg. +gumcyste ongit, _lay hold of manly virtue, of what becomes the man_, 1724; +pret. sg. þē hine se brōga angeat, _whom terror seized_, 1292.--2) _to +grasp intellectually, to comprehend, to perceive, to distinguish, to +behold_: pres. subj. I. þæt ic ǣrwelan ... ongite, _that I may behold the +ancient wealth_ (the treasures of the drake's cave), 2749; inf. sæl timbred +... ongytan, 308, 1497; Gēata clifu ongitan, 1912; pret. sg. fyren-þearfe +ongeat, _had perceived their distress from hostile snares_, 14; ongeat ... +grund-wyrgenne, _beheld the she-wolf of the bottom_, 1519; pret. pl. +bearhtm ongeāton, gūðhorn galan, _perceived the noise_, (heard) _the +battle-trumpet sound_, 1432; syððan hīe Hygelāces horn and bȳman gealdor +ongeāton, 2945. + +gīfre, adj., _greedy, eager_: nom. sg. gīfre and galgmōd, of Grendel's +mother, 1278.--Superl.: līg..., gǣsta gīfrost, 1124.--Comp. heoro-gīfre. + +gītsian, w. v., _to be greedy_: pres. sg. III. gȳtsað, 1750. + +gio-, giō-. see geo-, geō-. + +gladian, w. v., _to gleam, to shimmer_: pres. pl. III. on him gladiað +gomelra lāfe, _upon him gleams the legacy of the men of ancient times_ +(armor), 2037. + +glæd, adj., _gracious, friendly_ (as a form of address for princes): nom. +sg. bēo wið Gēatas glæd, 1174; acc. sg. glædne Hrōðgār, 864; glædne +Hrōðulf, 1182; dat. sg. gladum suna Frōdan, 2026. + +glæde, adv., _in a gracious, friendly way_, 58. + +glædnian, w. v., _to rejoice_: inf. w. gen., 367. + +glæd-mōd, adj., _joyous, glad_, 1786. + +glēd, st. f., _fire, flame_: nom. sg., 2653, 3115; dat. (instr.) pl. +glēdum, 2313, 2336, 2678, 3042. + +glēd-egesa, w. m., _terror on account of fire, fire-terror_: nom. sg. +glēd-egesa grim (_the fire-spewing of the drake_), 2651. + +glēaw (Goth, glaggwu-s), adj., _considerate, well-bred_, of social conduct; +in comp. un-glēaw. + +glēo, st. n., _social entertainment_, (especially by music, play, and +jest): nom. sg. þǣr wæs gidd and glēo, 2106. + +glēo-bēam, st. m., _(tree of social entertainment, of music), harp._ gen. +sg. glēo-bēames, 2264. + +glēo-drēam, st. _m., joyous carrying-on in social entertainment, mirth, +social gaiety_: acc. sg. gamen and glēo-drēam, 3022. + +glēo-man, m., _(gleeman, who enlivens the social entertainment, especially +with music), harper_: gen. sg. glēomannes gyd, 1161. + +glitinian (O.H.G. glizinōn), w. v., _to gleam, to light, to glitter_: inf. +geseah þā ... gold glitinian, 2759. + +glīdan, st. v., _to glide_: pret. sg. syððan heofones gim glād ofer +grundas, _after heaven's gem had glided over the fields_ (after the sun had +set), 2074; pret. pl. glidon ofer gārsecg, _you glided over the ocean_ +(swimming), 515. + +tō-glīdan _(to glide asunder), to separate, to fall asunder_: pret. +gūð-helm tō-glād (Ongenþēow's helmet was split asunder by the blow of +Eofor), 2488. + +glōf, st. f., _glove_: nom. sg. glōf hangode, (on Grendel) _a glove hung_, +2086. + +gnēað, adj., _niggardly_: nom. sg. f. næs hīo ... tō gnēað gifa Gēata +lēodum, _was not too niggardly with gifts to the people of the Gēatas_, +1931. + +gnorn, st. m., _sorrow, sadness_: acc. sg. gnorn þrowian, 2659. + +gnornian, w. v., _to be sad, to complain_: pret. sg. earme ... ides +gnornode, 1118. + +be-gnornian, w. acc., _to bemoan, to mourn for_: pret. pl. begnornodon ... +hlāfordes [hry]re, _bemoaned their lord's fall_, 3180. + +god, st. m., _god_: nom. sg., 13, 72, 478, etc.; hālig god, 381, 1554; +wītig god, 686; mihtig god, 702; acc. sg. god, 812; ne wiston hīe drihten +god, _did not know the Lord God_, 181; dat. sg. gode, 113, 227, 626, etc.; +gen. sg. godes, 570, 712, 787, etc. + +gold, st. n., _gold_: nom. sg., 3013, 3053; icge gold, 1108; wunden gold, +_wound gold, gold in ring-form_, 1194, 3136; acc. sg. gold, 2537, 2759, +2794, 3169; hǣðen gold, _heathen gold_ (that from the drake's cave), 2277; +brād gold, _massive gold_, 3106; dat. instr. sg. golde, 1055, 2932, 3019; +fǣttan golde, _with chased gold, with gold in plate-form_, 2103; gehroden +golde, _covered with gold, gilded_, 304; golde gegyrwed (gegyrede), +_provided with, ornamented with gold_, 553, 1029, 2193; golde geregnad, +_adorned with gold_, 778; golde fāhne (hrōf), _the roof shining with gold_, +928; bunden golde, _bound with gold_ (see under bindan), 1901; hyrsted +golde (helm), _the helmet ornamented with, mounted with gold_, 2256; gen. +sg. goldes, 2302; fǣttan goldes, 1094, 2247; scīran goldes, _of pure gold_, +1695. --Comp. fæt-gold. + +gold-ǣht, st. f., _possessions in gold, treasure_: acc. sg., 2749. + +gold-fāh, adj., _variegated with gold, shining with gold_: nom. sg. reced +... gold-fāh, 1801; acc. sg. gold-fāhne helm, 2812; nom. pl. gold-fāg +scinon web æfter wāgum, _variegated with gold, the tapestry gleamed along +the walls_, 995. + +gold-gifa, w. m., _gold-giver_, designation of the prince: acc. sg. mid +mīnne goldgyfan, 2653. + +gold-hroden, pret. part., _(covered with gold), ornamented with gold_: nom. +sg., 615, 641, 1949, 2026; epithet of women of princely rank. + +gold-hwæt, adj., _striving after gold, greedy for gold_: næs hē goldhwæt, +_he_ (Bēowulf) _was not greedy for gold_ (he did not fight against the +drake for his treasure, cf. 3067 ff.) 3075. + +gold-māðm, st. m., _jewel of gold_: acc. pl. gold-māðmas (the treasures of +the drake's cave), 2415. + +gold-sele, st. m., _gold-hall_, i.e. the hall in which the gold was +distributed, ruler's hall: acc. sg., 716, 1254; dat. sg. gold-sele, 1640, +2084. + +gold-weard, st. m., _gold-ward, defender of the gold_: acc. sg. (of the +drake), 3082. + +gold-wine, st. m., _friend who distributes gold_, i.e. ruler, prince: nom. +sg. (partly as voc.) goldwine gumena, 1172, 1477, 1603; goldwine Gēata, +2420, 2585. + +gold-wlanc, adj., _proud of gold_: nom. sg. gūðrinc goldwlanc (Bēowulf +rewarded with gold by Hrōðgār on account of his victory), 1882. + +gomban, gomel, gomen. See gamban, gamal, gamen. + +gong, gongan. See gang, gangan. + +gōd, adj., _good, fit_, of persons and things: nom. sg., 11, 195, 864, +2264, 2391, etc.; frōd and gōd, 279; w. dat. cyning æðelum gōd, _the king +noble in birth_, 1871; gumcystum gōd, 2544; w. gen. wes þū ūs lārena gōd, +_be good to us with teaching_ (help us thereto through thy instruction), +269; in weak form, se gōda, 205, 355, 676, 1191, etc.; acc. sg. gōdne, 199, +347, 1596, 1970, etc.; gumcystum gōdne, 1487; neut. gōd, 1563; dat. sg. +gōdum, 3037, 3115; þǣm gōdan, 384, 2328; nom. pl. gōde, 2250; þā gōdan, +1164; acc. pl. gōde, 2642; dat. pl. gōdum dǣdum, 2179; gen. pl. gōdra +gūðrinca, 2649.--Comp. ǣr-gōd. + +gōd, st. n.: 1) _good that is done, benefit, gift_: instr. sg. gōde, 20, +957, 1185; gōde mǣre, _renowned on account of her gifts_ (Þrȳðo), 1953; +instr. pl. gōdum, 1862.--2) _ability_, especially in fight: gen. pl. nāt hē +þāra gōda, 682. + +gram, adj., _hostile_: gen. sg. on grames grāpum, _in the gripe of the +enemy_ (Bēowulf), 766; nom. pl. þā graman, 778; dat. pl. gramum, 424, 1035. + +gram-heort, adj., _of a hostile heart, hostile_: nom. sg. grom-heort guma, +1683. + +gram-hȳdig, adj., _with hostile feeling, maliciously inclined_: nom. sg. +gromhȳdig, 1750. + +grāp, st. f., _the hand ready to grasp, hand, claw_: dat. sg. mid grāpe, +438; on grāpe, 555; gen. sg. eal ... Grendles grāpe, _all of Grendel's +claw, the whole claw_, 837; dat. pl. on grames grāpum, 766; (as instr.) +grimman grāpum, _with grim claws_, 1543.--Comp.: fēond-, hilde-grāp. + +grāpian, w. v., _to grasp, to lay hold of, to seize_: pret. sg. þæt hire +wið halse heard grāpode, _that_ (the sword) _griped hard at her neck_, +1567; hē ... grāpode gearofolm, _he took hold with ready hand_, 2086. + +græs-molde, w. f., _grass-plot_: acc. sg. græsmoldan træd, _went over the +grass-plot_, 1882. + +grǣdig, adj., _greedy, hungry, voracious_: nom. sg. grim and grǣdig, 121, +1500; acc. sg. grǣdig gūðlēoð, 1523. + +grǣg, adj., _gray_: nom. pl. æsc-holt ufan grǣg, _the ashen wood, gray +above_ (the spears with iron points) 330; acc. pl. grǣge syrcan, _gray_ +(i.e. iron) _shirts of mail_, 334. + +grǣg-mǣl, adj., _having a gray color_, here = _iron_: nom. sg. sweord +Bēowulfes gomol and grǣgmǣl, 2683. + +grǣpe. See æt-grǣpe. + +grētan, w. v. w. acc.: 1) _to greet, to salute_: inf. hine swā gōdne +grētan, 347; Hrōðgār grētan, 1647, 2011; ēowic grētan hēt (_bade me bring +you his last greeting_), 3096; pret. sg. grētte Gēata lēod, 626; grētte þā +guma ōðerne, 653; Hrōðgār grētte, 1817.-- 2) _to come on, to come near, to +seek out; to touch; to take hold of_: inf. gifstōl grētan, _take possession +of the throne, mount it as ruler_, 168; næs se folccyning ǣnig ... þē mec +gūðwinum grētan dorste (_attack with swords_), 2736; Wyrd ... sē þone +gomelan grētan sceolde, 2422; þæt þone sin-scaðan gūðbilla nān grētan +nolde, _that no sword would take hold upon the irreconcilable enemy_, 804; +pret. sg. grētte goldhroden guman on healle, _the gold-adorned_ (queen) +_greeted the men in the hall_, 615; nō hē mid hearme ... gæstas grētte, +_did not approach the strangers with insults_, 1894; gomenwudu grētte, +_touched the wood of joy, played the harp_, 2109; pret. subj. II. sg. þæt +þū þone wælgǣst wihte ne grētte, _that thou shouldst by no means seek out +the murderous spirit_ (Grendel), 1996; similarly, sg. III. þæt hē ne grētte +goldweard þone, 3082; pret. part. þǣr wæs ... gomenwudu grēted, 1066. + +ge-grētan, w. acc.: 1) _to greet, to salute, to address_: pret. sg. holdne +gegrētte mēaglum wordum, _greeted the dear man with formal words_, 1981; +gegrētte þā gumena gehwylcne ... hindeman siðe, _spoke then the last time +to each of the men_, 2517.--2) _to approach, to come near, to seek out_: +inf. sceal ... manig ōðerne gōdum gegrētan ofer ganotes bæð, _many a one +will seek another across the sea with gifts_, 1862. + +grēot, st. m., _grit, sand, earth_: dat. sg. on grēote, 3169. + +grēotan, st. v., _to weep, to mourn, to lament_: pres. sg. III. sē þe æfter +sincgyfan on sefan grēoteð, _who laments in his heart for the +treasure-giver_, 1343. + +grim, adj., _grim, angry, wild, hostile_: nom. sg., 121, 555, 1500, etc.; +weak form, se grimma gæst, 102; acc. sg. m. grimne, 1149, 2137; fem, +grimme, 1235; gen. sg. grimre gūðe, 527; instr. pl. grimman grāpum, +1543.--Comp.: beado-, heaðo-, heoro-, searo-grim. + +grimme, adv., _grimly, in a hostile manner, bitterly_, 3013, 3086. + +grim-līc, adj., _grim, terrible_: nom. sg. grimlīc gry[re-gæst], 3042. + +grimman, st. v., (properly _to snort_), _to go forward hastily, to hasten_: +pret. pl. grummon, 306. + +grindan, st. v., _to grind_, in + +for-grindan, _to destroy, to ruin_: pret. sg. w. dat. forgrand gramum, +_destroyed the enemy, killed them_ (?), 424; pret. part. w. acc. hæfde +līgdraca lēoda fæsten ... glēdum forgrunden, _had with flames destroyed the +people's feasts_, 2336; þā his āgen (scyld) wæs glēdum forgrunden, _since +his own (shield) had been destroyed by the fire_, 2678. + +gripe, st. m., _gripe, attack_: nom. sg. gripe mēces, 1766; acc. sg. grimne +gripe, 1149.--Comp.: fǣr-, mund-, nīð-gripe. + +grīma, w. m., _mask, visor_: in comp. beado-, here-grīma. + +grīm-helm, st. m., _mask-helmet, helmet with visor_: acc. pl. grīm-helmas, +334. + +grīpan, st. v., _to gripe, to seize, to grasp_: pret. sg. grāp þā tōgēanes, +_then she caught at_, 1502. + +for-grīpan _(to gripe vehemently), to gripe so as to kill, to kill by the +grasp_, w. dat.: pret. sg. æt gūðe forgrāp Grendeles mǣgum, 2354. +wið-grīpan, w. dat., _(to seize at), to maintain, to hold erect_: inf. hū +wið þām āglǣcean elles meahte gylpe wið-grīpan, _how else I might maintain +my boast of battle against the monster_, 2522. + +grōwan, st. v., _to grow, to sprout_: pret. sg. him on ferhðe grēow +brēosthord blōdrēow, 1719. + +grund, st. m.: 1) _ground, plain, fields_ in contrast with highlands; +_earth_ in contrast with heaven: dat. sg. sōhte ... æfter grunde, _sought +along the ground_, 2295; acc. pl. ofer grundas, 1405, 2074.--2) _bottom, +the lowest part_: acc. sg. grund (of the sea of Grendel), 1368; on gyfenes +grund, 1395; under gynne grund (_bottom of the sea_) 1552; dat. sg. tō +grunde (of the sea), 553; grunde (of the drake's cave) getenge, 2759; so, +on grunde, 2766.--Comp.: eormen-, mere-, sǣ-grund. + +grund-būend, pres. part., _inhabitant of the earth_: gen. pl. +grund-būendra, 1007. + +grund-hyrde, st. m., _warder of the bottom_ (of the sea): acc. sg. (of +Grendel's mother), 2137. + +grund-sele, st. m., _hall at the bottom_ (of the sea): dat sg. in þām +[grund]sele, 2140. + +grund-wang, st. m., _ground surface, lowest surface_: acc. sg. þone +grund-wong (_bottom of the sea_), 1497; (bottom of the drake's cave), 2772, +2589. + +grund-wyrgen, st. f., _she-wolf of the bottom_ (of the sea): acc. sg. +grund-wyrgenne (Grendel's mother), 1519. + +gryn (cf. Gloss. Aldh. "retinaculum, rete grin," Hpts. Ztschr. IX. 429), +st. n., _net, noose, snare_: gen. pl. fela ... grynna, 931. See gyrn. + +gryre, st. m., _horror, terror, anything causing terror_: nom. sg., 1283; +acc. sg. wið Grendles gryre, 384; hīe Wyrd forswēop on Grendles gryre, +_snatched them away into the horror of Grendel, to the horrible Grendel_, +478; dat. pl. mid gryrum ecga, 483; gen. pl. swā fela gryra, 592.--Comp.: +fǣr-, wīg-gryre. + +gryre-brōga, w. m., _terror and horror, amazement_: nom. sg. +[gryre-]br[ō]g[a], 2229. + +gryre-fāh, adj., _gleaming terribly_: acc. sg. gryre-fāhne (_the +fire-spewing drake_, cf. also [draca] fȳrwylmum fāh, 2672, 2577. + +gryre-gæst, st. m., _terror-guest, stranger causing terror_: nom. sg. +grimlīc gry[regæst], 3042; dat. sg. wið þām gryregieste (the dragon), 2561. + +gryre-geatwe, st. f. pl., _terror-armor, warlike equipment_: dat. pl. in +hyra gryre-geatwum, 324. + +gryre-lēoð, st. n., _terror-song, fearful song_: acc. sg. gehȳrdon +gryrelēoð galan godes and-sacan (_heard Grendel's cry of agony_), 787. + +gryre-līc, adj., _terrible, horrible_: acc. sg. gryre-līcne, 1442, 2137. + +gryre-sīð, st. m., _way of terror, way causing terror_, i.e. warlike +expedition: acc. pl. sē þe gryre-sīðas gegān dorste, 1463. + +guma, w. m., _man, human being_: nom. sg., 653, 869, etc.; acc. sg. guman, +1844, 2295; dat. sg. guman (gumum, MS.), 2822; nom pl. guman, 215, 306, +667, etc.; acc. pl. guman, 615; dat. pl. gumum, 127, 321; gen. pl. gumena, +73, 328, 474, 716, etc.--Comp.: driht-, seld-guma. + +gum-cyn, st. n., _race of men, people, nation_: gen. sg. wē synt gumcynnes +Gēata lēode, _people from the nation of the Gēatas_, 260; dat. pl. æfter +gum-cynnum, _along the nations, among the nations_, 945. + +gum-cyst, st. f., _man's excellence, man's virtue_: acc. sg. (or pl.) +gumcyste, 1724; dat. pl. as adv., _excellently, preeminently_: gumcystum +gōdne bēaga bryttan, 1487; gumcystum gōd ... hilde-hlemma (Bēowulf), 2544. + +gum-drēam, st. m., _joyous doings of men_: acc. sg. gum-drēam ofgeaf +(died), 2470. + +gum-dryhten, st. m., _lord of men_: nom. sg. 1643. + +gum-fēða, w. m., _troop of men going on foot_: nom. sg., 1402. + +gum-man, st. m., _man_: gen. pl. gum-manna fela, 1029. + +gum-stōl, st. m., _man's seat, κατ' ἐζωχήν, ruler's seat, throne_: dat. sg. +in gumstōle, 1953. + +gūð, st. f., _combat, battle_: nom. sg., 1124, 1659, 2484, 2537; acc. sg. +gūðe, 604; instr. sg. gūðe, 1998; dat. sg. tō (æt) gūðe, 438, 1473. 1536, +2354, etc.; gen. sg. gūðe, 483, 527, 631, etc.; dat. pl. gūðum, 1959, 2179; +gen. pl. gūða, 2513, 2544. + +gūð-beorn, st. m., _warrior_: gen. pl. gūð-beorna sum (_the strand-guard on +the Danish coast_), 314. + +gūð-bil, st. n., _battle-bill_: nom. sg. gūðbill, 2585; gen. pl. gūð-billa +nān, 804. + +gūð-byrne, w. f., _battle-corselet_: nom. sg., 321. + +gūð-cearu, st. f., _sorrow which the combat brings_: dat. sg. æfter +gūð-ceare, 1259. + +gūð-cræft, st. m., _warlike strength, power in battle_: nom. sg. Grendles +gūð-cræft, 127. + +gūð-cyning, st. m., _king in battle, king directing a battle_: nom. sg., +199, 1970, 2336, etc. + +gūð-dēað, st. m., _death in battle_: nom. sg., 2250. + +gūð-floga, w. m., _flying warrior_: acc. sg. wið þone gūðflogan (the +drake), 2529. + +gūð-freca, w. m., _hero in battle, warrior_ (see freca): nom. sg. gearo +gūð-freca, of the drake, 2415. + +gūð-fremmend, pres. part., _fighting a battle, warrior_: gen. pl. +gūð-fremmendra, 246; gūð- (gōd-, MS.) fremmendra swylcum, _such a warrior_ +(meaning Bēowulf), 299. + +gūð-gewǣde, st. n., _battle-dress, armor_: nom. pl. gūð-gewǣdo, 227; acc. +pl. -gewǣdu, 2618, 2631(?), 2852, 2872; gen. pl. -gewǣda, 2624. + +gūð-geweorc, st. n., _battle-work warlike deed_: gen. pl., -geweorca, 679, +982, 1826. + +gūð-geatwe, st. f. pl., _equipment for combat_: acc. þā gūð-geatwa +(-getawa, MS.), 2637; dat. in ēowrum gūð-geatawum, 395. + +gūð-helm, st. m., _battle-helmet_: nom. sg., 2488. + +gūð-horn, st. n., _battle-horn_: acc. sg., 1433. + +gūð-hrēð, st. f., _battle-fame_: nom. sg., 820. + +gūð-lēoð, st. n., _battle-song_: acc., sg., 1523. + +gūð-mōd, adj., _disposed to battle, having an inclination to battle_. nom. +pl. gūð-mōde, 306. + +gūð-rǣs, st. m., _storm of battle, attack_: acc. sg., 2992; gen. pl. +gūð-rǣsa, 1578, 2427. + +gūð-rēow, adj., _fierce in battle_: nom. sg., 58. + +gūð-rinc, st. m., _man of battle, fighter, warrior_: nom. sg., 839, 1119, +1882; acc. sg., 1502; gen. pl. gūð-rinca, 2649. + +gūð-rōf, adj., _renowned in battle_: nom. sg., 609. + +gūð-sceaða, w. m., _battle-foe, enemy in combat_: nom. sg., of the drake, +2319. + +gūð-scearu, st. f., _decision of the battle_: dat. sg. æfter gūð-sceare, +1214. + +gūð-sele, st. m., _battle-hall, hall in which a battle takes place_: dat +sg. in þǣm gūðsele (in Heorot), 443. + +gūð-searo, st. n. pl., _battle-equipment, armor_; acc., 215, 328. + +gūð-sweord, st. n., _battle-sword_: acc. sg., 2155. + +gūð-wērig, adj., _wearied by battle dead_: acc. sg. gūð-wērigne Grendel, +1587. + +gūð-wine, st. m., _battle-friend, comrade in battle_ designation of the +sword: acc. sg., 1811; instr. pl. þē mec gūð-winum grētan dorste, _who +dared to attack me with his war-friends_, 2736. + +gūð-wiga, w. m., _fighter of battles, warrior_: nom. sg., 2112. + +gyd. See gid. + +gyfan. See gifan. + +gyldan. See gildan. + +gylden, adj., _golden_: nom. sg. gylden hilt, 1678; acc. sg. segen +gyldenne, 47, 1022; bring gyldenne, 2810; dat. sg. under gyldnum bēage, +1164.--Comp. eal-gylden. + +gylp. See gilp. + +gyrdan, w. v., _to gird, to lace_: pret. part. gyrded cempa, _the (sword-) +girt warrior_, 2079. + +gyrn, st. n., _sorrow, harm_: nom. sg., 1776. + +gyrn-wracu, st. f., _revenge for harm_: dat. sg. tō gyrn-wræce, 1139; gen. +sg. þā wæs eft hraðe gearo gyrn-wræce Grendeles mōdor, _then was Grendel's +mother in turn immediately ready for revenge for the injury_, 2119. + +gyrwan. See gerwan. + +gystran. See gistran. + +gȳman, w. v. w. gen., _to take care of, to be careful about_: pres. III. +gȳmeð, 1758, 2452; imp. sg. oferhȳda ne gȳm! _do not study arrogance_ +(despise it), 1761. + +for-gȳman, w. acc., _to neglect, to slight_: pres. sg. III. hē þā +forð-gesceaft forgyteð and forgȳmeð, 1752. + +gȳtsian. See gītsian. + +gȳt. See gīt. + +H + +habban, w. v., _to have_: 1) w. acc.: pres. sg. I. þæs ic wēn hæbbe (_as I +hope_), 383; þē ic geweald hæbbe, 951; ic mē on hafu bord and byrnan, _have +on me shield and coat of mail_, 2525; hafo, 3001; sg. II. þū nū [friðu] +hafast, 1175; pl. I. habbað wē ... micel ǣrende, 270; pres. subj. sg. III. +þæt hē þrīttiges manna mægencræft on his mundgripe hæbbe, 381. Blended with +the negative: pl. III. þæt be Sǣ-Gēatas sēlran næbben tō gecēosenne cyning +ǣnigne, _that the Sea-Gēatas will have no better king than you to choose_, +1851; imp. hafa nū and geheald hūsa sēlest, 659; inf. habban, 446, 462, +3018; pret. sg. hæfde, 79, 518, 554; pl. hæfdon, 539.--2) used as an +auxiliary with the pret. part.: pres. sg. I. hæbbe ic ... ongunnen, 408; +hæbbe ic ... geāhsod, 433; II. hafast, 954, 1856; III. hafað, 474, 596; +pret. sg. hæfde, 106, 220, 666, 2322, 2334, 2953, etc.; pl. hæfdon, 117, +695, 884, 2382, etc. Pret. part. inflected: nū scealc hafað dǣd gefremede, +940; hæfde se gōda ... cempan gecorone, 205. With the pres. part. are +formed the compounds: bord-, rond-hæbbend. + +for-habban, _to hold back, to keep one's self_: inf. ne meahte wǣfre mōd +forhabban in hreðre, _the expiring life could not hold itself back in the +breast_, 1152; ne mihte þā for-habban, _could not restrain himself_, 2610. + +wið-habban, _to resist, to offer resistance_: pret. þæt se wīnsele +wið-hæfde heaðo-dēorum, _that the hall resisted them furious in fight_, +773. + +hafela, heafola, w. m., _head_: acc. sg. hafelan, 1373, 1422, 1615, 1636, +1781; nā þū mīnne þearft hafalan hȳdan, 446; þonne wē on orlege hafelan +weredon, _protected our heads, defended ourselves_, 1328; se hwīta helm +hafelan werede, 1449; dat. sg. hafelan, 673, 1522; heafolan, 2680; gen. sg. +heafolan, 2698; nom. pl. hafelan, 1121.--Comp. wīg-heafola. + +hafenian, w. v., _to raise, to uplift_: pret. sg. wǣpen hafenade heard be +hiltum, _raised the weapon, the strong man, by the hilt_, 1574. + +hafoc, st. m., _hawk_: nom. sg., 2264. + +haga, w. m., _enclosed piece of ground, hedge, farm-enclosure_: dat. sg. tō +hagan, 2893, 2961. + +haga, w. m. See ān-haga. + +hama, homa, w. m., _dress_: in the comp. flǣsc-, fyrd-, līc-hama, scīr-ham +(adj.). + +hamer, st. m., _hammer_: instr. sg. hamere, 1286; gen. pl. homera lāfe +(swords), 2830. + +hand, hond, st. f., _hand_: nom. sg. 2138; sīo swīðre ... hand, _the right +hand_, 2100; hond, 1521, 2489, 2510; acc. sg. hand, 558, 984; hond, 657, +687, 835, 928, etc.; dat. sg. on handa, 495, 540; mid handa, 747, 2721; be +honda, 815; dat. pl. (as instr.) hondum, 1444, 2841. + +hand-bana, w. m., _murderer with the hand_, or _in hand-to-hand combat_: +dat. sg. tō hand-bonan (-banan), 460, 1331. + +hand-gemōt, st. n., _hand-to-hand conflict, battle_: gen. pl. (ecg) þolode +ǣr fela hand-gemōta, 1527; nō þæt lǣsest wæs hond-gemōta, 2356. + +hand-gesella, w. m., _hand-companion, man of the retinue_: dat. pl. +hond-gesellum, 1482. + +hand-gestealla, w. m., _(one whose position is near at hand), comrade, +companion, attendant_: dat. sg. hond-gesteallan, 2170; nom. pl. +hand-gesteallan, 2597. + +hand-geweorc, st. n., _work done with the hands_, i.e. achievement in +battle: dat. sg. for þæs hild-fruman hondgeweorce, 2836. + +hand-gewriðen, pret. part. _hand-wreathed, bound with the hand._ acc. pl. +wælbende ... hand-gewriðene, 1938. + +hand-locen, pret. part., _joined, united by hand_: nom. sg. (gūð-byrne, +līc-syrce) hondlocen (because the shirts of mail consisted of interlaced +rings), 322, 551. + +hand-rǣs, st. m., _hand-battle_, i.e. combat with the hands: nom. sg. +hond-rǣs, 2073. + +hand-scalu, st. f., _hand-attendance, retinue_: dat. sg. mid his hand-scale +(hond-scole), 1318, 1964. + +hand-sporu, st. f., _finger_ (on Grendel's hand), under the figure of a +spear: nom. pl. hand-sporu, 987. + +hand-wundor, st. n., _wonder done by the hand, wonderful handwork_: gen. +pl. hond-wundra mǣst, 2769. + +hangan. See hōn. + +hangian, w. v., _to hang_: pres. sg. III. þonne his sunu hangað hrefne to +hrōðre, _when his son hangs, a joy to the ravens_, 2448; pl. III. ofer þǣm +(mere) hongiað hrīmge bearwas, _over which frosty forests hang_, 1364; inf. +hangian, 1663; pret. hangode, _hung down_, 2086. + +hatian, w. v. w. acc., _to hate, to be an enemy to, to hurt_: inf. hē þone +heaðo-rinc hatian ne meahte lāðum dǣdum (_could not do him any harm_), +2467; pret. sg. hū se gūð-sceaða Gēata lēode hatode and hȳnde, 2320. + +hād, st. m., _form, condition, position, manner_: acc. sg. þurh hǣstne hād, +_in a powerful manner_, 1336; on gesīðes hād, _in the position of follower, +as follower_, 1298; on sweordes hād, _in the form of a sword_, 2194. See +under on. + +hādor, st. m., _clearness, brightness_: acc. sg. under heofenes hādor, 414. + +hādor, adj., _clear, fresh, loud_: nom. sg. scop hwīlum sang hādor on +Heorote, 497. + +hādre, adv., _clearly, brightly_, 1572. + +hāl, adj., _hale, whole, sound, unhurt_: nom. sg. hāl, 300. With gen. +heaðo-lāces hāl, _safe from battle_, 1975. As form of salutation, wes ... +hāl, 407; dat. sg. hālan līce, 1504. + +hālig, adj., _holy_: nom. sg. hālig god, 381, 1554; hālig dryhten, 687. + +hām, st. m., _home, residence, estate, land_: acc. sg. hām, 1408; Hrōðgāres +hām, 718. Usually in adverbial sense: gewāt him hām, _betook himself home_, +1602; tō hām, 124, 374, 2993; fram hām, _at home_, 194; æt hām, _at home_, +1249, 1924, 1157; gen. sg. hāmes, 2367; acc. pl. hāmas, 1128.--Comp. +Finnes-hām, 1157. + +hām-weorðung, st. f., _honor_ or _ornament of home_: acc. sg. hām-weorðunge +(designation of the daughter of Hygelāc, given in marriage to Eofor), 2999. + +hār, adj., _gray_: nom. sg. hār hilde-rinc, 1308, 3137; acc. sg. under +(ofer) hārne stān, 888, 1416, 2554; hāre byrnan (i.e. iron shirt of mail), +2154; dat. sg. hārum hildfruman, 1679; f. on hēare hǣðe (on heaw ... h ... +ðe, MS.), 2213; gen. sg. hāres, _of the old man_, 2989.--Comp. un-hār. + +hāt, adj., _hot, glowing, flaming_ nom sg., 1617, 2297, 2548, 2559, etc.; +wyrm hāt gemealt, _the drake hot_ (of his own heat) _melted_, 898; acc. +sg., 2282(?); inst. sg. hātan heolfre, 850, 1424; g. sg. heaðu-fȳres +hātes, 2523; acc. pl. hāte heaðo-wylmas, 2820.--Sup.: hātost heaðo-swāta, +1669. + +hāt, st. n., _heat, fire_: acc. sg. geseah his mondryhten ... hāt þrowian, +_saw his lord endure the_ (drake's) _heat_, 2606. + +hata, w. m., _persecutor_; in comp. dǣd-hata. + +hātan, st. v.: 1) _to bid, to order, to direct_, with acc. and inf., and +acc. of the person: pres. sg. I. ic maguþegnas mīne hāte ... flotan ēowerne +ārum healdan, _I bid my thanes take good care of your craft_, 293; imp. sg. +II. hāt in gān ... sibbegedriht, 386; pl. II. hātað heaðo-mǣre hlǣw +gewyrcean, 2803; inf. þæt healreced hātan wolde ... men gewyrcean, _that he +wished to command men to build a hall-edifice_, 68. Pret. sg. heht: heht +... eahta mēaras ... on flet tēon, _gave command to bring eight horses into +the hall_, 1036; þonne ǣnne heht golde forgyldan, _commanded to make good +that one with gold_, 1054; heht þā þæt heaðo-weorc tō hagan bīodan, +_ordered the combat to be announced at the hedge_(?), 2893; swā se snottra +heht, _as the wise_ (Hrōðgār) _directed_, 1787; so, 1808, 1809. hēt: hēt +him ȳðlidan gōdne gegyrwan, _ordered a good vessel to be prepared for +him_, 198; so, hēt, 391, 1115, 3111. As the form of a wish: hēt hine wēl +brūcan, 1064; so, 2813; pret. part. þā wæs hāten hraðe Heort innan-weard +folmum gefrætwod, _forthwith was ordered Heorot, adorned by hand on the +inside_ (i.e. that the edifice should be adorned by hand on the inside), +992.--2) _to name, to call_: pres. subj. III. pl. þæt hit sǣlīðend ... +hātan Bīowulfes biorh, _that mariners may call it Bēowulf's grave-mound_, +2807; pret. part. wæs se grimma gæst Grendel hāten, 102; so, 263, 373, +2603. + +ge-hātan, _to promise, to give one's word, to vow, to threaten_: pres. sg. +I. ic hit þē gehāte, 1393; so, 1672; pret. sg. hē mē mēde gehēt, _promised +me reward_, 2135; him fægre gehēt lēana (gen. pl.), _promised them proper +reward_, 2990; wēan oft gehēt earmre teohhe, _with woe often threatened the +unhappy band_, 2938; pret. pl. gehēton æt hærgtrafum wīg-weorðunga, _vowed +offerings at the shrines of the gods_, 175; þonne wē gehēton ūssum hlāforde +þæt ..., _when we promised our lord that_..., 2635; pret. part. sīo gehāten +[wæs] ... gladum suna Frōdan, _betrothed to the glad son of Froda_, 2025. + +hātor, st. m. n., _heat_: in comp. and-hātor. + +hæft, adj., _held, bound, fettered_: nom. sg., 2409; acc. sg. helle hæftan, +_him fettered by hell_ (Grendel), 789. + +hæft-mēce, st. m., _sword with fetters_ or _chains_ (cf. fetel-hilt): dat. +sg. þǣm hæft-mēce, 1458. See Note. + +hæg-steald, st. m., _man, liegeman, youth_: gen. pl. hæg-stealdra, 1890. + +hæle, st. m., _man_: nom. sg., 1647, 1817, 3112; acc. sg. hæle, 720; dat. +pl. hǣlum (hǣnum, MS.), 1984. + +hæleð, st. m., _hero, fighter, warrior, man_: nom. sg., 190, 331, 1070; +nom. pl. hæleð, 52, 2248, 2459, 3143; dat. pl. hæleðum 1710, 1962, etc.; +gen. pl. hæleða, 467, 497, 612, 663, etc. + +hærg. See hearg. + +hǣð, st. f., _heath_: dat. sg. hǣðe, 2213. + +hǣðen, adj., _heathenish_; acc. sg. hǣðene sāwle, 853; dat. sg. hǣðnum +horde, 2217; gen. sg. hǣðenes, _of the heathen_ (Grendel), 987; gen. pl. +hǣðenra, 179. + +hǣð-stapa, w. m., _that which goes about on the heath_ (stag): nom. sg., +1369 + +hǣl, st. f.: 1) _health, welfare, luck_: acc. sg. him hǣl ābēad, 654; mid +hǣle, 1218.--2) _favorable sign, favorable omen_: hǣl scēawedon, _observed +favorable signs_ (for Bēowulf's undertaking), 204. + +hǣlo, st. f., _health, welfare, luck_: acc. sg. hǣlo ābēad heorð-genēatum, +2419.--Comp. un-hǣlo. + +hǣst (O.H.G. haisterā hantī, manu violenta; heist, ira; heistigo, +iracunde), adj., _violent, vehement_: acc. sg. þurh hǣstne hād, 1336. + +hē, fem. hēo, neut. hit, pers. pron., _he, she, it_; in the oblique cases +also reflexive, _himself, herself, itself_: acc. sg. hine, hī, hit; dat. +sg. him, hire, him; gen. sg. his, hire, his; plur. acc. nom. hī, hig, hīe; +dat. him; gen. hira, heora, hiera, hiora.--he omitted before the verb, 68, +300, 2309, 2345. + +hebban, st. v., _to raise, to lift_, w. acc.: inf. siððan ic hond and rond +hebban mihte, 657; pret. part. hafen, 1291; hæfen, 3024. + +ā-hebban, _raise, to lift from, to take away_: wæs ... icge gold āhafen of +horde, _taken up from the hoard_, 1109; þā wæs ... wōp up āhafen, _a cry of +distress raised_, 128 + +ge-hegan [ge-hēgan], w. v., _to enclose, to fence_: þing gehegan, _to mark +off the court, hold court_. Here figurative: inf. sceal ... āna gehegan +þing wið þyrse (_shall alone decide the matter with Grendel_), 425. + +hel, st. f., _hell_: nom. sg., 853; acc. sg. helle, 179; dat. sg. helle, +101, 589; (as instr.), 789; gen. sg. helle, 1275. + +hel-bend, st. m. f. _bond of hell_: instr. pl. hell-bendum fæst, 3073. + +hel-rūna, w. m., _sorcerer_: nom. pl. helrūnan, 163. + +be-helan, st. v., _to conceal, to hide_: pret. part. be-holen, 414. + +helm, st. m.: 1) _protection in general, defence, covering that protects_: +acc. sg. on helm, 1393; under helm, 1746.--2) _helmet_: nom. sg., 1630; +acc. sg. helm, 673, 1023, 1527, 2988; (helo, MS.), 2724; brūn-fāgne, +gold-fāhne helm, 2616, 2812; dat. sg. under helme, 342, 404; gen. sg. +helmes, 1031; acc. pl. helmas, 240, 2639.--3) _defence, protector_, +designation of the king: nom. sg. helm Scyldinga (Hrōðgār), 371, 456, 1322; +acc. sg. heofena helm _(the defender of the heavens_ = God), 182; helm +Scylfinga, 2382.--Comp.: grīm-, gūð-, heaðo-, niht-helm. + +ofer-helmian, w. v. w. acc., _to cover over, to overhang_: pres. sg. III. +ofer-helmað, 1365. + +helm-berend, pres. part., _helm-wearing_ (warrior): acc. pl. helmberend, +2518, 2643. + +helpan, st. v., _to help_: inf. þæt him holt-wudu helpan ne meahte, lind +wið līge, _that a wooden shield could not help him, a linden shield against +flame_, 2341; þæt him īrenna ecge mihton helpan æt hilde, 2685; wutun +gangan to, helpan hildfruman, _let us go thitherto help the battle-chief_, +2650; w. gen. ongan ... mǣges helpan, _began to help my kinsman_, 2880; so, +pret. sg. þǣr hē his mǣges (MS. mægenes) healp, 2699. + +help, m. and f., _help, support, maintenance_: acc. sg. helpe, 551, 1553; +dat. sg. tō helpe, 1831; acc. sg. helpe, 2449. + +hende, _-handed_: in comp. īdel-hende. + +hēr, adv., _here_, 397, 1062, 1229, 1655, 1821, 2054, 2797, etc.; _hither_, +244, 361, 376. + +here (Goth, harji-s), st. m., _army, troops_: dat. sg. on herge, _in the +army, on a warlike expedition, 1249; in the army, among the fighting men_, +2639; as instr. herge, 2348.--Comp.: flot-, scip-, sin-here. + +here-brōga, w. m., _terror of the army, fear of war_: dat. sg. for +here-brōgan, 462. + +here-byrne, w. f., _battle-mail, coat of mail_: nom. sg., 1444. + +here-grīma, w. m., _battle-mask_, i.e. helmet (with visor): dat. sg. +-grīman, 396, 2050, 2606. + +here-net, st. n., _battle-net_, i.e. coat of mail (of interlaced rings): +nom. sg., 1554. + +here-nīð, st. m., _battle-enmity, battle of armies_: nom. sg., 2475. + +here-pād, st. f., _army-dress_, i.e. coat of mail, armor: nom. sg., 2259. + +here-rinc, st. m., _army-hero, hero in battle, warrior_: acc. sg. here-rinc +(MS. here ric), 1177. + +here-sceaft, st. m., _battle-shaft_, i.e. spear: gen. pl. here-sceafta +hēap, 335. + +here-spēd, st. f., _(war-speed), luck in war_: nom. sg., 64. + +here-strǣl, st. m., _war-arrow, missile_: nom. sg., 1436. + +here-syrce, w. f., _battle-shirt, shirt of mail_: acc. sg. here-syrcan, +1512. + +here-wǣd, st. f., _army-dress, coat of mail, armor_: dat. pl. (as instr.) +here-wǣdum, 1898. + +here-wǣsma, w. m., _war-might, fierce strength in battle_: dat. pl. an +here-wǣsmum, 678.--Leo. + +here-wīsa, w. m., _leader of the army_, i.e. ruler, king: nom. sg., 3021. + +herg, hearg, st. m., _image of a god, grove where a god was worshipped_, +hence to the Christian a wicked place(?): dat. pl. hergum geheaðerod, +_confined in wicked places_ (parallel with hell-bendum fæst), 3073. + +herigean, w. v. w. dat. of pers., _to provide with an army, to support with +an army_: pres. sg. I. ic þē wēl herige, 1834.--Leo. + +hete, st. m., _hate, enmity_: nom. sg. 142, 2555.--Comp.: ecg-, morðor-, +wīg-hete. + +hete-līc, adj., _hated_: nom. sg., 1268. + +hetend, hettend, (pres. part. of hetan, see hatian), _enemy_, hostis: nom. +pl. hetende, 1829; dat. pl. wið hettendum, 3005. + +hete-nīð, st. m., _enmity full of hate_: acc. pl. hete-nīðas, 152. + +hete-sweng, st. m., _a blow from hate_: acc. pl. hete-swengeas, 2226. + +hete-þanc, st. m., _hate-thought, a hostile design_: dat. pl. mid his +hete-þancum, 475. + +hēdan, ge-hēdan, w. v. w. gen.: 1) _to protect_: pret. sg. ne hēdde hē þæs +heafolan, _did not protect his head_, 2698.--2) _to obtain_: subj. pret. +sg. III. gehēdde, 505. + +herian, w. v. w. acc., _to praise, to commend_: with reference to God, _to +adore_: inf. heofena helm herian ne cūðon, _could not worship the defence +of the heavens_ (God), 182; nē hūru Hildeburh herian þorfte Eotena trēowe, +_had no need to praise the fidelity of the Eotens_, 1072; pres. subj. þæt +mon his wine-dryhten wordum herge, 3177. + +ge-heaðerian, w. v., _to force, to press in_: pret. part. ge-heaðerod, +3073. + +heaðo-byrne, w. f., _battle-mail, shirt of mail_: nom. sg., 1553. + +heaðo-dēor, adj., _bold in battle, brave_: nom. sg., 689; dat. pl. +heaðo-dēorum, 773. + +heaðo-fyr, st. n., _battle-fire, hostile fire_: gen. sg. heaðu-fȳres, +2523; instr. pl. heaðo-fȳrum, 2548, of the drake's fire-spewing. + +heaðo-grim, adj., _grim in battle_, 548. + +heaðo-helm, st. m., _battle-helmet, war-helmet_: nom. sg., 3157(?). + +heaðo-lāc, st. n., _battle-play, battle_: dat. sg. æt heaðo-lāce, 584; gen. +sg. heaðo-lāces hāl, 1975. + +heaðo-mǣre, adj., _renowned in battle_: acc. pl. -mǣre, 2803. + +heaðo-rǣs, st. m., _storm of battle, attack in battle, entrance by force_: +nom. sg., 557; acc. pl. -rǣsas, 1048; gen. pl. -rǣsa, 526. + +heaðo-rēaf, st. n., _battle-dress, equipment for battle_: acc. sg. +heaðo-rēaf hēoldon (_kept the equipments_), 401. + +heaðo-rinc, st. m., _battle-hero, warrior_: acc. sg. þone heaðo-rinc +(Hrēðel's son, Hæðcyn), 2467; dat. pl. þǣm heaðo-rincum, 370. + +heaðo-rōf, adj., _renowned in battle_: nom. sg., 381; nom. pl. heaðo-rōfe, +865. + +heaðo-scearp, adj., _sharp in battle, bold_: n. m. pl. (-scearde, MS.), +2830. + +heaðo-sēoc, adj., _battle-sick_: dat. sg. -sīocum, 2755. + +heaðo-stēap, adj., _high in battle, excelling in battle_: nom. sg. in weak +form, heaðo-stēapa, 1246; acc. sg. heaðo-stēapne, 2154, both times of the +helmet. + +heaðo-swāt, st. m., _blood of battle_: dat. sg. heaðo-swāte, 1607; as +instr., 1461; gen. pl. hātost heaðo-swāta, 1669. + +heaðo-sweng, st. m., _battle-stroke_ (blow of the sword): dat. sg. æfter +heaðu-swenge, 2582. + +heaðo-torht, adj., _loud, clear in battle_: nom. sg. stefn ... heaðo-torht, +_the voice clear in battle_, 2554. + +heaðo-wǣd, st. f., _battle-dress, coat of mail, armor_: instr. pl. +heaðo-wǣdum, 39. + +heaðo-weorc, st. n., _battle-work, battle_: acc. sg., 2893. + +heaðo-wylm, st. m., _hostile (flame-) wave_: acc. pl. hāte heaðo-wylmas, +2820; gen. pl. heaðo-wylma, 82. + +heaf, st. n., _sea_: acc. pl. ofer heafo, 2478. See Note. + +heafola. See hafela. + +heal, st. f., _hall, main apartment, large building_ (consisting of an +assembly-hall and a banqueting-hall): nom. sg. heal, 1152, 1215; heall, +487; acc. sg. healle, 1088; dat. sg. healle, 89, 615, 643, 664, 926, 1010, +1927, etc.; gen. sg. [healle], 389.--Comp.: gif-, meodo-heal. + +heal-ærn, st. n., _hall-building, hall-house_: gen. sg. heal-ærna, 78. + +heal-gamen, st. n., _social enjoyment in the hall, hall-joy_: nom. sg., +1067. + +heal-reced, st. n., _hall-building_: acc. sg., 68. + +heal-sittend, pres. part., _sitting in the hall_ (at the banquet): dat. pl. +heal-sittendum, 2869; gen. pl. heal-sittendra, 2016. + +heal-þegn, st. m., _hall-thane_, i.e. a warrior who holds the hall: gen. +sg. heal-þegnes, of Grendel, 142; acc. pl. heal-þegnas, of Bēowulfs band, +720. + +heal-wudu, _hall-wood_, i.e. hall built of wood: nom. sg., 1318. + +healdan, st. v. w. acc.: 1) _to hold, to hold fast; to support_: pret. pl. +hū þā stānbogan ... ēce eorðreced innan hēoldon (MS. healde), _how the +arches of rock within held the everlasting earth-house_, 2720. Pret. sg., +with a person as object: hēold hine to fæste, _held him too fast_, 789; w. +the dat. hē him frēondlārum hēold, _supported him with friendly advice_, +2378.--2) _to hold, to watch, to preserve, to keep_; reflexive, _to +maintain one's self, to keep one's self_: pres. sg. II. eal þū hit geþyldum +healdest, mægen mid mōdes snyttrum, _all that preservest thou continuously, +strength and wisdom of mind_, 1706; III. healdeð hige-mēðum hēafod-wearde, +_holds for the dead the head-watch_, 2910; imp. sg. II. heald forð tela +nīwe sibbe, _keep well, from now on, the new relationship_, 949; heald +(heold, MS.) þū nū hrūse ... eorla ǣhte, _preserve thou now, Earth, the +noble men's possessions_, 2248; inf. sē þe holmclifu healdan scolde, _watch +the sea-cliffs_, 230; so, 705; nacan ... ārum healdan, _to keep well your +vessel_, 296; wearde healdan, 319; forlēton eorla gestrēon eorðan healdan, +3168; pres. part. drēam healdende, _holding rejoicing_ (i.e. thou who art +rejoicing), 1228; pret. sg. hēold hine syððan fyr and fæstor, _kept himself +afterwards afar and more secure_, 142; ǣgwearde hēold, _I have (hitherto) +kept watch on the sea_, 241; so, 305; hīold hēah-lufan wið hæleða brego, +_preserved high love_, 1955; ginfæstan gife ... hēold, 2184; gold-māðmas +hēold, _took care of the treasures of gold_, 2415; hēold mīn tela, +_protected well mine own_, 2738; þonne ... sceft ... nytte hēold, _had +employment, was employed_, 3119; hēold mec, _protected_, i.e. brought me +up, 2431; pret. pl. heaðo-rēaf hēoldon, _watched over the armor_, 401; sg. +for pl. hēafodbeorge ... walan ūtan hēold, _outwards, bosses kept guard +over the head_, 1032.--Related to the preceding meaning are the two +following: 3) _to rule and protect the fatherland_: inf. gif þū healdan +wylt maga rice, 1853; pret. hēold, 57, 2738.--4) _to hold, to have, to +possess, to inhabit_: inf. lēt þone brego-stōl Bēowulf healdan, 2390; +gerund. tō healdanne hlēoburh wera, 1732; pret. sg. hēold, 103, 161, 466, +1749, 2752; lyftwynne hēold nihtes hwīlum, _at night-time had the enjoyment +of the air_, 3044; pret. pl. Gēata lēode hreāwic hēoldon, _the Gēatas held +the place of corpses_ (lay dead upon it), 1215; pret. sg. þǣr hēo ǣr mǣste +hēold worolde wynne, _in which she formerly possessed the highest earthly +joy_, 1080.--5) _to win, to receive_: pret. pl. I. heoldon hēah gesceap, +_we received a heavy fate, heavy fate befell us_, 3085. + +be-healdan, w. acc.: 1) _to take care of, to attend to_: pret. sg. þegn +nytte behēold, _a thane discharged the office_, 494; so, 668.--2) _to +hold_: pret. sg. sē þe flōda begong ... behēold, 1499.--3) _to look at, to +behold_: þrȳðswȳð behēold mǣg Higelāces hū ..., _great woe saw H.'s +kinsman, how ..._, 737. + +for-healdan, w. acc., _(to hold badly), to fall away from, to rebel_: pret. +part. hæfdon hȳ forhealden helm Scylfinga, _had rebelled against the +defender of the Scylfings_, 2382. + +ge-healdan: 1) _to hold, to receive, to hold fast_: pres. sg. III. sē þe +waldendes hyldo gehealdeð, _who receives the Lord's grace_, 2294; pres. +subj. fæder alwalda ... ēowic gehealde sīða gesunde, _keep you sound on +your journey_, 317; inf. ne meahte hē ... on þām frum-gāre feorh gehealdan, +_could not hold back the life in his lord_, 2857.--2) _to take care, to +preserve, to watch over; to stop_: imp. sg. hafa nū and geheald hūsa +sēlest, 659; inf. gehealdan hēt hilde-geatwe, 675; pret. sg. hē frætwe +gehēold fela missēra, 2621; þone þe ǣr gehēold wið hettendum hord and rīce, +_him who before preserved treasure and realm_, 3004.--3) _to rule_: inf. +folc gehealdan, 912; pret. sg. gehēold tela (brāde rīce), 2209. + +healf, st. f., _half, side, part_: acc. sg. on þā healfe, _towards this +side_, 1676; dat. sg. hæleðum be healfe, _at the heroes' side_, 2263; acc. +pl. on twā healfa, _upon two sides, mutually_, 1096; on bā healfa (healfe), +_on both sides_ (to Grendel and his mother), 1306; _on two sides, on both +sides_, 2064; gen. pl. on healfa gehwone, _in half, through the middle_, +801. + +healf, adj., _half_: gen. sg. healfre, 1088. + +heals, st. m., _neck_: acc. sg. heals, 2692; dat. sg. wið halse, 1567; be +healse, 1873.--Comp.: the adjectives fāmig-, wunden-heals. + +heals-bēah, st. m., _neck-ring, collar_: acc. sg. þone heals-bēah, 2173; +gen. pl. heals-bēaga, 1196. + +heals-gebedde, w. f., _beloved bedfellow, wife_: nom. sg. healsgebedde (MS. +healsgebedda), 63. + +healsian, w. v. w. acc., _to entreat earnestly, to implore_: pret. sg. þā +se þēoden mec ... healsode hrēoh-mōd þæt..., _entreated me sorrowful, +that_..., 2133. + +heard, adj.: 1) of persons, _able, efficient in war, strong, brave_: nom. +sg. heard, 342, 376, 404, 1575, 2540, etc.; in weak form, se hearda, 401, +1964; se hearda þegn, 2978; þes hearda hēap, 432; nom. pl. hearde +hilde-frecan, 2206; gen. pl. heardra, 989. Comparative: acc. sg. heardran +hæle, 720. With accompanying gen.: wīges heard, _strong in battle_, 887; +dat. sg. nīða heardum, 2171.--2) of the implements of war, _good, firm, +sharp, hard_: nom. sg. (gūð-byrne, līc-syrce) heard, 322, 551. In weak +form: masc. here-strǣl hearda, 1436; se hearda helm, 2256; neutr. here-net +hearde, 1554; acc. sg. (swurd, wǣpen), heard, 540, 2688, 2988; nom. pl. +hearde ... homera lāfe, 2830; heard and hring-mǣl Heaðobeardna gestrēon, +2038; acc. pl. heard sweord, 2639. Of other things, _hard, rough, harsh, +hard to bear_: acc. sg. hreðer-bealo hearde, 1344; nom. sg. wrōht ... +heard, 2915; here-nīð hearda, 2475; acc. sg. heoro-sweng heardne, 1591; +instr. sg. heardan cēape, 2483; instr. pl. heardan, heardum clammum, 964, +1336; gen. pl. heardra hȳnða, 166. Compar.: acc. sg. heardran feohtan, +576.--Comp.: fȳr-, īren-, nīð-, regn-, scūr-heard. + +hearde, adv., _hard, very_, 1439. + +heard-ecg, adj., _sharp-edged, hard, good in battle_: nom. sg., 1289. + +heard-fyrde, adj., _hard to take away, heavy_: acc. sg. hard-fyrdne, +2246.--Leo. + +heard-hycgend, pres. part. _of a warlike disposition, brave_: nom. pl. +-hicgende, 394, 800. + +hearg-træf, st. n., _tent of the gods, temple_: dat. pl. æt hærg-trafum +(MS. hrǣrg trafum), 175. + +hearm, st. m., _harm, injury, insult_: dat. sg. mid hearme, 1893. + +hearm-sceaða, w. m., _enemy causing injury_ or _grief_: nom. sg. +hearm-scaða, 767. + +hearpe, w. f., _harp_: gen. sg. hearpan swēg, 89, 3024; hearpan wynne +(wyn), 2108, 2263. + +hēaðu, st. f., _sea, waves_: acc. sg. hēaðu, 1863? + +hēaðu-līðend, pres. part., _sea-farer, sailor_: nom. pl. -līðende, 1799; +dat. pl. -līðendum (designation of the Gēatas), 2956. + +hēafod, st. n., _head_: acc. sg., 48, 1640; dat. sg. hēafde, 1591, 2291, +2974; dat. pl. hēafdum, 1243. + +hēafod-beorh, st. f., _head-defence, protection for the head_: acc. sg. +hēafod-beorge, 1031. + +hēafod-mǣg, st. m., _head-kinsman, near blood-relative_: dat. pl. +hēafod-mǣgum (_brothers_), 589; gen. pl. hēafod-māga, 2152. + +hēafod-segn, st. n., _head-sign, banner_: acc. sg., 2153. + +hēafod-weard, st. f., _head-watch_ acc. sg. healdeð ... hēafod-wearde +lēofes and lāðes, _for the friend and the foe_ (Bēowulf and the drake, who +lie dead near each other), 2910. + +hēah, hēa, adj., _high, noble_ (in composition, also primus): nom. sg. hēah +Healfdene, 57; hēa (Higelāc), 1927; hēah (sele), 82; hēah hlǣw, 2806, 3159; +acc. sg. hēah (segn), 48, 2769; hēahne (MS. hēanne) hrōf, 984; dat. sg. in +(tō) sele þām hēan, 714, 920; gen. sg. hēan hūses, 116.--_high, heavy_: +acc. hēah gesceap (_an unusual, heavy fate_), 3085. + +hēa-burh, st. f., _high city, first city of a country_: acc. sg., 1128. + +hēah-cyning, st. m., _high king, mightiest of the kings_: gen. sg. +-cyninges (of Hrōðgār), 1040. + +hēah-gestrēon, st. n., _splendid treasure_: gen. pl. -gestrēona, 2303. + +hēah-lufe, w. f., _high love_: acc. sg. hēah-lufan, 1955. + +hēah-sele, st. m., _high hall, first hall in the land, hall of the ruler_: +dat. sg. hēah-sele, 648. + +hēah-setl, st. n., _high seat, throne_: acc. sg., 1088. + +hēah-stede, st. m., _high place, ruler's place_: dat. sg. on hēah-stede, +285. + +hēan, adj., _depressed, low, despised, miserable_: nom. sg., 1275, 2100, +2184, 2409. + +hēap, st. m., _heap, crowd, troop_: nom. sg. þegna hēap, 400; þes hearda +hēap, _this brave band_, 432; acc. sg. here-sceafta hēap, _the crowd of +spears_, 335; mago-rinca hēap, 731; dat. sg. on hēape, _in a compact body_, +as many as there were of them, 2597.--Comp. wīg-hēap. + +hēawan, st. v., _to hew, to cleave_: inf., 801. + +ge-hēawan, _cleave_: pres. subj. ge-hēawe, 683. + +heoðu, st. f., _the interior of a building_: dat. sg. þæt hē on heoðe +gestōd, _in the interior_ (of the hall, Heorot), 404. + +heofon, st. m., _heaven_: nom. sg., 3157; dat. sg. hefene, 1572; gen. sg. +heofenes, 414, 576, 1802, etc.; gen. pl. heofena, 182; dat. pl. under +heofenum, 52, 505. + +heolfor, st. n., _gore, fresh_ or _crude blood_: dat. instr. sg. hātan +heolfre, 850, 1424; heolfre, 2139; under heolfre, 1303. + +heolster, st. n., _haunt, hiding-place_: acc. sg. on heolster, 756. + +heonan, adv., _hence, from here_: heonan, 252; heonon, 1362. + +heor, st. m., _door-hinge_: nom. pl. heorras, 1000. + +heorde, adj. See wunden-heorde. + +heorð-genēat, st. m., _hearth-companion_, i.e. a vassal of the king, in +whose castle he receives his livelihood: nom. pl. heorð-genēatas, 261, +3181; acc. pl. heorð-genēatas, 1581, 2181; dat. pl. heorð-genēatum, 2419. + +heorot, st. m., _stag_: nom. sg., 1370. + +heorte, w. f., _heart_: nom. sg., 2562; dat. sg. æt heortan, 2271; gen. sg. +heortan, 2464, 2508.--Comp.: the adjectives blīð-, grom-, rūm-, +stearc-heort. + +heoru, st. m., _sword_: nom. sg. heoru bunden (cf. under bīndan), 1286. In +some of the following compounds heoro- seems to be confounded with here- +(see here). + +heoro-blāc, adj., _pale through the sword, fatally wounded_: nom. sg. +[heoro-]blāc, 2489. + +heoru-drēor, st. m., _sword-blood_: instr. sg. heoru-drēore, 487; +heoro-drēore, 850. + +heoro-drēorig, adj., _bloody through the sword_: nom. sg., 936; acc. sg. +heoro-drēorigne, 1781, 2721. + +heoro-drync, st. m., _sword-drink_, i.e. blood shed by the sword: instr. +pl. hioro-dryncum swealt, _died through sword-drink_, i.e. struck by the +sword, 2359. + +heoro-gīfre, adj., _eager for hostile inroads_: nom. sg., 1499. + +heoro-grim, adj., _sword-grim, fierce in battle_: nom. sg. m., 1565; fem. +-grimme, 1848. + +heoro-hōcihte, adj., _provided with barbs, sharp like swords _: instr. pl. +mid eofer-sprēotum heoro-hōcyhtum, 1439. + +heoro-serce, w. f., _shirt of mail_: acc. sg. hioro-sercean, 2540. + +heoro-sweng, st. m., _sword-stroke_: acc. sg. 1591. + +heoro-weallende, pres. part., _rolling around fighting_, of the drake, +2782. See weallian. + +heoro-wearh, st. m. _he who is sword-cursed, who is destined to die by the +sword_: nom. sg., 1268. + +hēofan, w. v., _to lament, to moan_: part. nom. pl. hīofende, 3143. + +ā-hēoran, _to free_ (?): w. acc. pret. sg. brȳd āhēorde, 2931. + +hēore, adj., _pleasant, not haunted, secure_: nom. sg. fem, nis þæt hēoru +stōw, _that is no secure place_, 1373.--Comp. un-hēore (-hȳre). + +hider, adv., _hither_, 240, 370, 394, 3093, etc. + +ofer-hīgian, w. v. (according to the connection, probably), _to exceed_, +2767. (O.H.G. ubar-hugjan, _to be arrogant_.) + +hild, st. f., _battle, combat_: nom. sg., 452, 902, 1482, 2077; hild +heoru-grimme, 1848; acc. sg. hilde, 648; instr. sg. hilde, _through +combat_, 2917; dat. sg. æt hilde, 1461. + +hilde-bil, st. n., _battle-sword_: nom. sg., 1667; instr. dat. sg. +hilde-bille, 557, 1521. + +hilde-bord, st. n., _battle-shield_: acc. pl. hilde-bord, 397; instr. pl. +-bordum, 3140. + +hilde-cyst, st. f., _excellence in battle, bravery in battle_: instr. pl. +-cystum, 2599. + +hilde-dēor, adj., _bold in battle, brave in battle_: nom. sg., 312, 835, +1647, 1817; hilde-dīor, 3112; nom. pl. hilde-dēore, 3171. + +hilde-freca, w. m., _hero in battle_: nom. pl. hilde-frecan, 2206; dat. sg. +hild-frecan, 2367. + +hilde-geatwe, st. f. pl., _equipment for battle, adornment for combat_: +acc. hilde-geatwe, 675; gen. -geatwa, 2363. + +hilde-gicel, st. m., _battle-icicle_, i.e. the blood which hangs upon the +sword-blades like icicles: instr. pl. hilde-gicelum, 1607. + +hilde-grāp, st. f., _battle-gripe_: nom. sg., 1447, 2508. + +hilde-hlemma, w. m., _one raging in battle, warrior, fighter_: nom. sg., +2352, 2545; dat. pl. eft þæt ge-īode ... hilde-hlæmmum, _it happened to the +warriors_ (the Gēatas), 2202. + +hilde-lēoma, w. m., _battle-light, gleam of battle_, hence: 1) the +fire-spewing of the drake in the fight: nom. pl. -lēoman, 2584.--2) _the +gleaming sword_: acc. sg. -lēoman, 1144. + +hilde-mecg, st. m., _man of battle, warrior_: nom. pl. hilde-mecgas, 800. + +hilde-mēce, st. m., _battle-sword_: nom. pl. -mēceas, 2203. + +hilde-rand, st. m., _battle-shield_: acc. pl. -randas, 1243. + +hllde-rǣs, st. m., _storm of battle_: acc. sg., 300. + +hilde-rinc, st. m., _man of battle, warrior, hero_: nom. sg., 1308, 3125, +3137; dat. sg. hilde-rince, 1496; gen. sg. hilde-rinces, 987. + +hilde-sæd, adj., _satiated with battle, not wishing to fight any more_: +acc. sg. hilde-sædne, 2724. + +hilde-sceorp, st. n., _battle-dress, armor, coat of mail_: acc. sg., 2156. + +hilde-setl, st. n., _battle-seat_ (saddle): nom. sg., 1040. + +hilde-strengo, st. f., _battle-strength, bravery in battle_: acc., 2114. + +hilde-swāt, st. m., _battle-sweat_: nom. sg. hāt hilde-swāt (the hot, damp +breath of the drake as he rushes on), 2559. + +hilde-tūx, st. m., _battle-tooth_: instr. pl. hilde-tūxum, 1512. + +hilde-wǣpen, st. m., _battle-weapon_: instr. pl. -wǣpnum, 39. + +hilde-wīsa, w. m., _leader in battle, general_: dat. sg. fore Healfdenes +hildewīsan, _Healfdene's general_ (Hnæf), 1065. + +hild-freca. See hilde-freca + +hild-fruma, st. m., _battle-chief_: dat. sg. -fruma, 1679, 2650; gen. sg. +þæs hild-fruman, 2836. + +hlld-lata, w. m., _he who is late in battle, coward_: nom. pl. þā +hild-latan, 2847. + +hilt, st. n., _sword-hilt_: nom. gylden hilt, 1678; acc. sg. þæt hilt, +1669; hylt, 1668. Also used in the plural; acc. þā hilt, 1615; dat. pl, be +hiltum, 1575.--Comp.: fetel-, wreoðen-hilt. + +hilte-cumbor, st. n., _banner with a staff_: acc. sg., 1023. + +hilted, pret. part., _provided with a hilt_ or _handle_: acc. sg. heard +swyrd hiked, _sword with a_ (rich) _hilt_, 2988. + +hin-fūs, adj., _ready to die_: nom. sg. hyge wæs him hinfūs (i.e. he felt +that he should not survive), 756. + +hindema, adj. superl., _hindmost, last_: instr. sg. hindeman sīðe, _the +last time, for the last time_, 2050, 2518. + +hirde, hyrde, st. m., (_herd_) _keeper, guardian, possessor_: nom. sg. +folces hyrde, 611, 1833, 2982; rīces hyrde, 2028; fyrena hyrde, _the +guardian of mischief, wicked one_, 751, 2220; wuldres hyrde, _the king of +glory, God_, 932; hringa hyrde, _the keeper of the rings_, 2246; cumbles +hyrde, _the possessor of the banner, the bearer of the banner_, 2506; +folces hyrde, 1850; frætwa hyrde, 3134; rīces hyrde, 3081; acc. pl. hūses +hyrdas, 1667.--Comp.: grund-hyrde. + +hit (O.N. hita), st. f. (?), _heat_: nom. sg. þenden hyt sȳ, 2650. + +hladan, st. v.: 1) _to load, to lay_: inf. on bǣl hladan lēofne mannan, +_lay the dear man on the funeral-pile_, 2127; him on bearm hladan bunan and +discas, _laid cups and plates upon his bosom, loaded himself with them_, +2776; pret. part. þǣr wæs wunden gold on wǣn hladen, _laid upon the wain_, +3135.--2) _to load, to burden_: pret. part. þā wæs ... sǣgēap naca hladen +herewǣdum, _loaded with armor_, 1898.--Comp. gilp-hlæden. + +ge-hladan, w. acc., _to load, to burden_: pret. sg. sǣbāt gehlōd (MS +gehleod), 896. + +hlāford, st. m., _lord, ruler_: nom. sg., 2376; acc. sg., 267; dat. sg. +hlāforde, 2635; gen. sg. hlāfordes, 3181.--Comp. eald-hlāford. + +hlāford-lēas; adj., _without a lord_: nom. pl. hlāford-lēase, 2936. + +hlāw, hlǣw, st. m., _grave-hill_: acc. sg. hlǣw, 2803, 3159, 3171; dat. sg. +for hlāwe, 1121. Also, _grave-chamber_ (the interior of the grave-hill), +_cave_: acc. sg. hlāw [under] hrūsan, 2277; hlǣw under hrūsan, 2412; dat. +sg. on hlǣwe, 2774. The drake dwells in the rocky cavern which the former +owner of his treasure had chosen as his burial-place, 2242-2271. + +hlæst, st. n., _burden, load_: dat. sg. hlæste, 52. + +hlem, st. m., _noise, din of battle, noisy attack_: in the compounds, ūht-, +wæl-hlem. + +hlemma, w. m., _one raging, one who calls_; see hilde-hlemma. + +ā-hlehhan, st. v., _to laugh aloud, to shout, to exult_: pret. sg. his mōd +āhlōg, _his mood exulted_, 731. + +hleahtor, st. m., _laughter_: nom. sg., 612; acc. sg., 3021. + +hlēapan, st. v., _to run, to trot, to spring_: inf. hlēapan lēton ... +fealwe mēaras, 865. + +ā-hleapan, _to spring up_: pret. āhlēop, 1398. + +hleoðu. See hlið. + +hleonian, w. v., _to incline, to hang over_: inf. oð þæt hē ... +fyrgen-bēamas ofer hārne stān hleonian funde, _till he found mountain-trees +hanging over the gray rocks_, 1416. + +hlēo, st. m., _shady, protected place; defence, shelter_; figurative +designation of the king, or of powerful nobles: wīgendra hlēo, of Hrōðgār, +429; of Sigemund, 900; of Bēowulf, 1973, 2338; eorla hlēo, of Hrōðgār, +1036, 1867; of Bēowulf, 792; of Hygelāc, 2191. + +hlēo-burh, st. f., _ruler's castle_ or _city_: acc. sg., 913, 1732. + +hlēoðor-cwyde, st. m., _speech of solemn sound, ceremonious words_, 1980. + +hlēor, st. n., _cheek, jaw_: in comp. fǣted-hlēor (adj.). + +hlēor-bera, w. m., _cheek-bearer_, the part of the helmet that reaches down +over the cheek and protects it: acc. pl. ofer hlēor-beran (_visor_?), 304. + +hlēor-bolster, st. m., _cheek-bolster, pillow_: nom. sg., 689. + +hlēotan, st. v. w. acc., _to obtain by lot, to attain, to get_: pret. sg. +feorh-wunde hlēat, 2386. + +hlīfian, w. v., _to rise, to be prominent_: inf. hlīfian, 2806; pret. +hlīfade, 81, 1800, 1899. + +hlið, st. n., _cliff, precipice of a mountain_: dat. sg. on hlīðe, 3159; +gen. sg. hlīðes, 1893; pl. hliðo in composition, stān-hliðo; hleoðu in the +compounds fen-, mist-, næs-, wulf-hleoðu. + +hlin-bed (Frisian hlen-bed, Richthofen 206^28, for which another text has +cronk-bed), st. n., κλινίδιον, _bed for reclining, sick-bed_: acc. sg. +hlim-bed, 3035. + +tō-hlīdan, st. v., _to spring apart, to burst_: pret. part. nom. pl. +tō-hlidene, 1000. + +hlūd, adj., _loud_: acc. sg. drēam ... hlūdne, 89. + +hlyn, st. m., _din, noise, clatter_: nom. sg., 612. + +hlynnan, hlynian, w. v., _to sound, to resound_: inf. hlynnan (of the +voice), 2554; of fire, _to crackle_: pret. sg. hlynode, 1121. + +hlynsian, w. v., _to resound, to crash_: pret. sg. reced hlynsode, 771. + +hlytm, st. m., _lot_: dat. sg. næs þā on hlytme, hwā þæt hord strude, _it +did not depend upon lot who should plunder the hoard_, i.e. its possession +was decided, 3127. + +hnāh, adj.: 1) _low, inferior_: comp. acc. sg. hnāgran, 678; dat. sg. +hnāhran rince, _an inferior hero, one less brave_, 953.--2) _familiarly +intimate_: nom. sg. næs hīo hnāh swā þēah, _was nevertheless not familiarly +intimate_ (with the Gēatas, i.e. preserved her royal dignity towards them), +(_niggardly_?), 1930. + +hnǣgan, w. v. w. acc., (for nǣgan), _to speak to, to greet_: pret. sg. þæt +hē þone wīsan wordum hnǣgde frēan Ingwina, 1319. + +ge-hnǣgan, w. acc., _to bend, to humiliate, to strike down, to fell_: pret. +sg. ge-hnǣgde helle gāst, 1275; þǣr hyne Hetware hilde gehnǣgdon, 2917. + +hnitan, st. v., _to dash against, to encounter_, here of the collision of +hostile bands: pret. pl. þonne hniton (hnitan) fēðan, 1328, 2545. + +hoðma, w. m., _place of concealment, cave_, hence, _the grave_: dat. sg. in +hoðman, 2459. + +hof, st. n., _enclosed space, court-yard, estate, manor-house_: acc. sg. +hof (Hrōðgār's residence), 312; dat. sg. tō hofe sīnum (Grendel's home in +the sea), 1508; tō hofe (Hygelāc's residence), 1975; acc. pl. beorht hofu, +2314; dat. pl. tō hofum Gēata, 1837. + +hogode. See hycgan. + +hold, adj., _inclined to, attached to, gracious, dear, true_: nom. sg. w. +dat. of the person, hold weorod frēan Scyldinga, _a band well disposed to +the lord of the Scyldings_, 290; mandrihtne hold, 1230; Hygelāce wæs ... +nefa swȳðe hold, _to H. was his nephew_ (Bēowulf) _very much attached_, +2171; acc. sg. þurh holdne hige, _from a kindly feeling, with honorable +mind_, 267; holdne wine, 376; holdne, 1980; gen. pl. holdra, 487. + +hold. See healdan. + +holm, st. m., _deep sea_: nom. sg., 519, 1132, 2139; acc. sg., 48, 633; +dat. sg. holme, 543, 1436, 1915; acc. pl. holmas, 240.--Comp. wǣg-holm. + +holm-clif, st. n., _sea-cliff_: dat. sg. on þām holm-clife, 1422; from þǣm +holmclife, 1636; acc. pl. holm-clifu, 230. + +holm-wylm, st. m., _the waves of the sea_: dat. sg. holm-wylme, 2412. + +holt, st. n., _wood, thicket, forest._ acc. sg. on holt, 2599; holt, +2847.--Comp.: æsc-, fyrgen-, gār-, Hrefnes-holt. + +holt-wudu, st. m., _forest-wood_: 1) of the material: nom. sg., 2341.--2) = +_forest_: acc. sg., 1370. + +hop, st. n., _protected place, place of refuge, place of concealment_, in +the compounds fen-, mōr-hop. + +hord, st. m. and n., _hoard, treasure_: nom. sg., 2284, 3085; bēaga hord, +2285; māðma hord, 3012; acc. sg. hord, 913, 2213, 2320, 2510, 2745, 2774, +2956, 3057; sāwle hord, 2423; þæt hord, 3127; dat. sg. of horde, 1109; for +horde, _on account of_ (the robbing of) _the hoard_, 2782; hǣðnum horde, +2217; gen. sg. hordes, 888.--Comp.: bēah-, brēost-, word-, wyrm-hord. + +hord-ærn, st. n., _place in which a treasure is kept, treasure-room_: dat. +hord-ærne, 2832; gen. pl. hord-ærna, 2280. + +hord-burh, st. f., _city in which is the treasure_ (of the king's), +_ruler's castle_: acc. sg., 467. + +hord-gestrēon, st. n., _hoard-treasure, precious treasure_: dat. pl. +hord-gestrēonum, 1900; gen. pl. mægen-byrðenne hord-gestrēona, _the great +burden of rich treasures_, 3093. + +hord-māððum, st. m., _treasure-jewel, precious jewel_: acc. sg. (-madmum, +MS.), 1199. + +hord-wela, w. m., _treasure-riches, abundance of treasures_: acc. sg. +hord-welan, 2345. + +hord-weard, st. m., _warder of the treasure, hoard-warden_: 1) of the king: +nom. sg., 1048; acc. sg., 1853.--2) of the drake: nom. sg., 2294, 2303, +2555, 2594. + +hord-weorðung, st. f., _ornament out of the treasure, rich ornament_: acc. +sg.--weorðunge, 953. + +hord-wyn, st. f., _treasure-joy, joy-giving treasure_: acc. sg. hord-wynne, +2271. + +horn, st. m., _horn_: 1) upon an animal: instr. pl. heorot hornum trum, +1370.--2) wind-instrument: nom. sg., 1424; acc. sg., 2944.--Comp. gūð-horn. + +horn-boga, w. m., _bow made of horn_: dat. sg. of horn-bogan, 2438. + +horn-gēap, adj., of great extent between the (stag-)horns adorning the +gables(?): nom. sg. sele ... hēah and horn-gēap, 82. + +horn-reced, st. n., building whose two gables are crowned by the halves of +a stag's antler(?): acc. sg., 705. Cf. Heyne's Treatise on the Hall, +Heorot, p. 44. + +hors, st. n., _horse_: nom. sg., 1400. + +hōciht, adj., _provided with hooks, hooked_: in comp. heoro-hōciht. + +be-hōfian, w. v. w. gen., _to need, to want_: pres. sg. III. nū is se dæg +cumen þat ūre man-dryhten mægenes behōfað gōdra gūðrinca, _now is the day +come when our lord needs the might of strong warriors_, 2648. + +on-hōhsnian, w. v., _to hinder_: pret. sg. þæt onhōhsnode Heminges mǣg (on +hohsnod, MS.), 1945. + +hōlinga, adv., _in vain, without reason_, 1077. + +be-hōn, st. v., _to hang with_: pret. part. helmum behongen, 3140. + +hōs (Goth, hansa), st. f., _accompanying troop, escort_: instr. sg. mægða +hōse, _with an accompanying train of servingwomen_, 925. + +hræðe, adv., _hastily, quickly, immediately_, 224, 741, 749, 1391, etc.; +hraðe, 1438; hreðe, 992; compar. hraðor, 543. + +hran-fix, st. m., _whale_: acc. pl. hron-fixas, 540. + +hran-rād, st. f., _whale-road_, i.e. sea: dat. sg. ofer hron-rāde, 10. + +hrā, st. n., _corpse_: nom. sg., 1589. + +hrā-fyl, st. m., _fall of corpses, killing, slaughter_: acc. sg., 277. + +hrædlīce, adv., _hastily, immediately_, 356, 964. + +hræfn, hrefn, st. m., _raven_: nom. sg. hrefn blaca, _black raven_, 1802; +se wonna hrefn, _the dark raven_, 3025; dat. sg. hrefne, 2449. + +hrægl, st. n., _dress, garment, armor_: nom. sg., 1196; gen. sg., hrægles, +1218; gen. pl. hrægla, 454--Comp.: beado-, fyrd-, mere-hrægl. + +hreðe. See hraðe. + +hreðer, st. m., _breast, bosom_ nom. sg. hreðer inne wēoll _(it surged in +his breast_), 2114; hreðer ǣðme wēoll, 2594; dat. sg. in hreðre, 1152; of +hreðre, 2820.--_Breast_ as the seat of feeling, _heart_: dat. sg. þæt wæs +... hreðre hygemēðe, _that was depressing to the heart_ (of the slayer, +Hæðcyn), 2443; on hreðre, 1879, 2329; gen. pl. þurh hreðra gehygd, +2046.--_Breast_ as seat of life: instr. sg. hreðre, parallel with aldre, +1447. + +hreðer-bealo, st. n., _evil that takes hold on the heart, evil severely +felt_: acc. sg., 1344. + +hrefn. See hræfn. + +hrēð, st. f., _glory_; in composition, gūð-hrēð; _renown, assurance of +victory_, in sige-hrēð. + +hrēðe, adj., _renowned in battle_: nom. sg. hrēð (on account of the +following æt, final _e_ is elided, as wēnic for wēne ic, 442; frōfor and +fultum for frōfre and fultum, 699; firen ondrysne for firene ondr., 1933, +2576. + +hrēð-sigor, st. m., _glorious victory_: dat. sg. hrēð-sigora, 2584. + +hrēmig, adj., _boasting, exulting_: with instr. and gen. hūðe hrēmig, 124; +since hrēmig, 1883; frætwum hrēmig, 2055; nom. pl. nealles Hetware hrēmge +þorfton (sc. wesan) fēðe-wīges, 2365. + +on-hrēran, w. v., _to excite, to stir up_: pret. part. on-hrēred, 549, +2555. + +hreā-wīc, st. n., _place of corpses_: acc. sg. Gēata lēode hreā-wīc +hēoldon, _held the place of corpses_, 1215. + +hrēad, st. f., _ornament_(?), in comp. earm-hrēad. See hrēoðan. + +hrēam, st. m., _noise, alarm_:: nom. sg., 1303. + +hrēoða, w. m., _cover_, in the compound bord-hrēoða. + +hrēoðan, ge-hrēoðan, st. v., _to cover, to clothe_; only in the pret. part. +hroden, gehroden, _dressed, adorned_: hroden, 495, 1023; þā wæs heal hroden +fēonda fēorum, _then was the hall covered with the corpses of the enemy_, +1152; ge-hroden golde, _adorned with gold_, 304.--Comp.: bēag-, +gold-hroden. + +hrēoh, hrēow, hrēo, adj., _excited, stormy, wild, angry, raging; sad, +troubled_: nom. sg. (Bēowulf) hrēoh and heoro-grim, 1565; þæt þām gōdan wæs +hrēow on hreðre, (_that came with violence upon him, pained his heart_), +2329; hrēo wǣron ȳða, _the waves were angry, the sea stormy_, 548; næs him +hrēoh sefa, _his mind was not cruel_, 2181; dat. sg. on hrēon mōde, _of sad +heart_, 1308; on hrēoum mōde, _angry at heart_, 2582. + +hrēoh-mōd, adj., _of sad heart_, 2133; _angry at heart_, 2297. + +hrēosan, st. v., _to fall, to sink, to rush_: pret. hrēas, 2489, 2832; +pret. pl. hruron, 1075; hīe on weg hruron, _they rushed away_, 1431; hruron +him tēaras, _tears burst from him_, 1873. + +be-hrēosan, _to fall from, to be divested of_: pret. part. acc. pl. +fyrn-manna fatu ... hyrstum behrorene, _divested of ornaments_ (from which +the ornaments had fallen away), 2760. + +hrēow, st. f., _distress, sorrow_: gen. pl. þæt wæs Hrōðgāre hrēowa +tornost, _that was to Hrōðgār the bitterest of his sorrows_, 2130. + +hring, st. m.: 1) _ring_: acc. sg. þone hring, 1203; hring gyldenne, 2810; +acc. pl. hringas, 1196, 1971, 3035; gen. pl. hringa, 1508, 2246.--2) _shirt +of mail_ (of interlaced rings): nom. sg. hring, 1504; byrnan hring, +2261.--Comp. bān-hring. + +hringan, w. v., _to give forth a sound, to ring, to rattle_: pret. pl. +byrnan hringdon, 327. + +hring-boga, w. m., _one who bends himself into a ring_: gen. sg. +hring-bogan (of the drake, bending himself into a circle), 2562. + +hringed, pret. part., _made of rings_: nom. sg. hringed byrne, 1246; acc. +sg. hringde byrnan, 2616. + +hringed-stefna, w. m., _ship whose stem is provided with iron rings_ +(cramp-irons), especially of sea-going ships (cf. Frið-þiofs saga, I: +þorsteinn ātti skip þat er Ellidi hēt, ... borðit war spengt iarni): nom. +sg., 32, 1898; acc. sg. hringed-stefnan, 1132. + +hring-īren, st. n., _ring-iron, ring-mail_: nom. sg., 322. + +hring-mǣl, adj., _marked with rings_, i.e. ornamented with rings, or marked +with characters of ring-form: nom. acc. sg., of the sword, 1522, 1562(?); +nom. pl. heard and hring-mǣl Heaðobeardna gestrēon (_rich armor_), 2038. + +hring-naca, w. m., _ship with iron rings, sea-going ship_: nom. sg., 1863. + +hring-net, st. n., _ring-net_, i.e. a shirt of interlaced rings: acc. sg., +2755; acc. pl. hring-net, 1890. + +hring-sele, st. m., _ring-hall_, i.e. hall in which are rings, or in which +rings are bestowed: acc. sg., 2841; dat. sg., 2011, 3054. + +hring-weorðung, st. f., _ring-ornament_: acc. sg. -weorðunge, 3018. + +hrīnan, st. v. w. dat.: 1) _to touch, lay hold of_: inf. þæt him heardra +nān hrīnan wolde īren ǣrgōd (_that no good sword of valiant men would make +an impression on him_), 989; him for hrōf-sele hrīnan ne mehte fǣrgripe +flōdes (_the sudden grip of the flood might not touch him owing to the +hall-roof_), 1516; þæt þām hring-sele hrīnan ne mōste gumena ǣnig _(so that +none might touch the ringed-hall), _3054; pret. sg. siððan hē hire folmum +[hr]ān (_as soon as he touched it with his hands_), 723; oð þæt dēaðes wylm +hrān æt heortan (_seized his heart_), 2271. Pret. subj. þēah þe him wund +hrīne (_although he was wounded_), 2977.--2) (O.N. hrīna, _sonare, +clamare), to resound, rustle_: pres. part. nom. pl. hrīnde bearwas (for +hrīnende) 1364; but see Note. + +hroden. See hrēoðan. + +hron-fix. See hran-fix. + +hrōðor, st. m., _joy, beneficium_: dat sg. hrefne tō hrōðre, 2449; gen. pl. +hrōðra, 2172. + +hrōf, st. m., _roof, ceiling of a house_: nom. sg., 1000; acc. sg. under +Heorotes hrōf, 403; under gēapne hrōf, 838; geseah stēapne hrōf (here +_inner roof, ceiling_), 927; so, ofer hēahne hrōf, 984; ymb þæs helmes +hrōf, 1031; under beorges hrōf, 2756.--Comp. inwit-hrōf. + +hrōf-sele, st. m., _covered hall_: dat. sg. hrōf-sele, 1516. + +hrōr, adj., _stirring, wide-awake, valorous_: dat. sg. of þǣm hrōran, +1630.--Comp. fela-hrōr. + +hruron. See hrēosan. + +hrūse, w. f., _earth, soil_: nom. sg., 2248, 2559; acc. sg. on hrūsan, 773, +2832; dat. sg. under hrūsan, 2412. + +hrycg, st. m., _back_: acc. sg. ofer wæteres hrycg (_over the water's back, +surface_), 471. + +hryre, st. m., _fall, destruction, ruin_: acc. sg., 3181; dat. sg., 1681, +3006.--Comp.: lēod-, wīg-hryre. + +hrysian, w. v., _to shake, be shaken, clatter_: pret. pl. syrcan hrysedon +(_corselets rattled_, of men in motion), 226. + +hund, st. m., _dog_: instr. pl. hundum, 1369. + +hund, num., _hundred_: þrēo hund, 2279; w. gen. pl. hund missēra, 1499; +hund þūsenda landes and locenra bēaga, 2995. + +hū, adv., _how, quomodo_, 3, 116, 279, 738, 845, 2319, 2520, 2719, etc. + +huð, st. f., _booty, plunder_: dat. (instr.) sg. hūðe, 124. + +hūru, adv., _above all, certainly_, 369; _indeed, truly_, 182, 670, 1072, +1466, 1945, 2837; _yet, nevertheless_, 863; _now_, 3121. + +hūs, st. n., _house_: gen. sg. hūses, 116; gen. pl. hūsa sēlest (Heorot), +146, 285, 659, 936. + +hwan, adv., _whither_: tō hwan syððan wearð hondrǣs hæleða (_what issue the +hand-to-hand fight of the heroes had_), 2072. + +hwanan, hwanon, adv., _whence_: hwanan, 257, 2404; hwanon, 333. + +hwā, interrog. and indef. pron., _who_: nom. sg. m. hwā, 52, 2253, 3127; +neut. hwæt, 173; ānes hwæt (_a part only_), 3011; hwæt þā men wǣron (_who +the men were_), 233, etc.; hwæt syndon gē searo-hæbbendra (_what armed men +are ye?_), 237; acc. sg. m. wið manna hwone (_from (?) any man_), 155; +neut. þurh hwæt, 3069; hwæt wit geō sprǣcon, 1477; hwæt ... hȳnðo (gen.), +fǣr-nīða (_what shame and sudden woes_), 474; so, hwæt þū worn fela (_how +very much thou_), 530; swylces hwæt, 881; hwæt ... ārna, 1187; dat. m. +hwām, 1697.--Comp. ǣg-hwā. + +hwæt, interj., _what! lo! indeed!_ 1, 943, 2249. + +ge-hwā, w. part, gen., _each, each one_: acc. sg. m. wið fēonda gehwone, +294; nīða gehwane, 2398; mēca gehwane, 2686; gum-cynnes gehwone, 2766; fem, +on healfa gehwone, 801; dat. sg. m. dōgora gehwām, 88; æt nīða gehwām, 883; +þegna gehwām, 2034; eorla gehwǣm, 1421; fem. in mǣgða ge-hwǣre, 25; nihta +gehwǣm, 1366; gen. sing. m. manna gehwæs, 2528; fem. dǣda gehwæs, 2839. + +hwār. See hwǣr. + +hwæder. See hwider. + +hwæðer, pron., _which of two_: nom. sg. hwæðer ... uncer twēga, 2531; swā +hwæðer, _utercunque_: acc. sg. on swā hwæðere hond swā him gemet þince, +687.--Comp. ǣg-hwæðer. + +ge-hwæðer, _each of two, either-other_: nom. sg. m. wæs gehwæðer ōðrum +lifigende lāð, 815; wæs ... gehwæðer ōðrum hrōðra gemyndig, 2172; nē +gehwæðer incer (_nor either of you two_), 584; nom. sg. neut. gehwæðer þāra +(_either of them_, i.e. ready for war or peace), 1249; dat. sg. hiora +gehwæðrum, 2995; gen. sg. bēga gehwæðres, 1044. + +hwæðer, hwæðere, hwæðre, 1) adv., _yet, nevertheless_: hwæðre, 555, 891, +1271, 2099, 2299, 2378, etc.; hwæðre swā þēah, _however, notwithstanding_, +2443; hwæðere, 574, 578, 971, 1719--2) conj., = _utrum, whether_: hwæðre, +1315; hwæðer, 1357, 2786. + +hwæt, adj., _sharp, bold, valiant_: nom. sg. se secg hwata, 3029; dat. sg. +hwatum, 2162; nom. pl. hwate, 1602, 2053; acc. pl. hwate, 2643, +3006.--Comp.: fyrd-, gold-hwæt. + +hwæt. See hwā. + +hwǣr, adv., _where_: elles hwǣr, _elsewhere_, 138; hwǣr, _somewhere_, 2030. +In elliptical question: wundur hwār þonne..., _is it a wonder when...?_ +3063.--Comp. ō-hwǣr. + +ge-hwǣr, _everywhere_: þēah þū heaðo-rǣsa gehwǣr dohte (_everywhere good in +battle_), 526. + +hwele. See hwyle. + +hwergen, adv., _anywhere_: elles hwergen, _elsewhere_, 2591. + +hwettan, w. v., _to encourage, urge_: pres. subj. swā þin sefa hwette (_as +thy mind urges, as thou likest_), 490; pret. pl. hwetton higerōfne (_they +whetted the brave one_), 204. + +hwēne, adv., _a little, paululum_, 2700. + +hwealf, st. f., _vault_: acc. sg. under heofones hwealf, 576, 2016. + +hweorfan, st. v., _to stride deliberately, turn, depart, move, die_: pres. +pl. þāra þe cwice hwyrfað, 98; inf. hwīlum hē on lufan lǣteð hworfan monnes +mōd-geþonc (_sometimes on love_ (?) _possessions_ (?) _permits the thoughts +of man to turn_), 1729; londrihtes mōt ... monna ǣghwylc īdel hweorfan (_of +rights of land each one of men must be deprived_), 2889; pret. sg. fæder +ellor hwearf ... of earde (_died_), 55; hwearf þā hrædlīce þǣr Hrōðgār sæt, +356; hwearf þā bī bence (_turned then to the bench_), 1189; so, hwearf þā +be wealle, 1574; hwearf geond þæt reced, 1982; hlǣw oft ymbe hwearf (_went +oft round the cave_), 2297; nalles æfter lyfte lācende hwearf (_not at all +through the air did he go springing_), 2833; subj. pret. sg, ǣr hē on weg +hwurfe ... of geardum (_died_), 264. + +and-hweorfan, _to move against_: pret. sg. oð þæt ... norðan wind +heaðo-grim and-hwearf (_till the fierce north wind blew in our faces_), +548. + +æt-hweorfan, _to go to_: pret. sg. hwīlum hē on beorh æt-hwearf (_at times +returned to the mountain_), 2300. + +ge-hweorfan, _to go, come_: pret. sg. gehwearf þā in Francna fæðm feorh +cyninges, 1211; hit on ǣht gehwearf ... Denigea frēan, 1680; so, 1685, +2209. + +geond-hweorfan, _to go through from end to end_: pres. sg. flet eall +geond-hwearf, 2018. + +hwider, adv., _whither_: hwyder, 163; hwæder (hwæðer, MS.), 1332. + +hwīl, st. f., _time, space of time_: nom. sg. wæs sēo hwīl micel (_it was a +long time_), 146; þā wæs hwīl dæges (_the space of a day_), 1496; acc. sg. +hwīle, _for a time_, 2138; _a while_, 105, 152; lange (longe) hwīle, _a +long while_, 16, 2781; āne hwīle, _a while_, 1763; lȳtle hwīle, _brief +space_, 2031, 2098; ǣnige hwīle, _any while_, 2549; lǣssan hwīle, _a lesser +while_, 2572; dat. sg. ǣr dæges hwīle, _before daybreak_, 2321; dat. pl. +nihtes hwīlum, _sometimes at night_, 3045. Adv., _sometimes, often_: +hwīlum, 175, 496, 917, 1729, 1829, 2017, 2112, etc.; hwīlum ... hwīlum, +2108-9-10.--Comp.: dæg-, gescæp-, orleg-, sige-hwīl. + +hwīt, adj., _brilliant, flashing_: nom. sg. se hwīta helm, 1449. + +hworfan. See hweorfan. + +hwōpan, st. v., _to cry, cry out mourn_: pret. sg. hwēop, 2269. + +hwyder. See hwider. + +hwylc, pron., _which, what, any_: 1) adj.: nom. sg. m. sceaða ic nāt hwylc, +274; fem, hwylc orleghwīl, 2003; nom. pl. hwylce Sǣgēata sīðas wǣron, +1987.--2) subst., w. gen. pl. nom. m.: Frisna hwylc, 1105; fem, efne swā +hwylc mægða swā þone magan cende (_whatever woman brought forth this son_), +944; neut. þonne his bearna hwylc (_than any one of his sons_), 2434; dat. +sg. efne swā hwylcum manna swā him gemet þūhte, 3058.--Comp.: ǣg-, nāt-, +wēl-hwylc. + +ge-hwylc, ge-hwilc, ge-hwelc, w. gen. pl., _each_: nom. sg. m. gehwylc, +986, 1167, 1674; acc. sg. m. gehwylcne, 937, 2251, 2517; gehwelcne, 148; +fem, gehwylce, 1706; neut. gehwylc, 2609; instr. sg. dōgra gehwylce, 1091; +so, 2058, 2451; dat. sg. m. gehwylcum, 412, 769, 785, etc.; fem, ecga +gehwylcre, 806; neut. cynna gehwylcum, 98; gen. sg. m. and neut. gehwylces, +733, 1397, 2095. + +hwyrft, st. m., _circling movement, turn_: dat. pl. adv. hwyrftum scrīðað +(_wander to and fro_), 163.--Comp. ed-hwyrft. + +hycgan, w. v., _to think, resolve upon_: pret. sg. ic þæt hogode þæt ... +(_my intention was that ..._), 633.--Comp. w. pres. part.: bealo-, heard-, +swīð-, þanc-, wīs-hycgend. + +for-hycgan, _to despise, scorn, reject with contempt_: pres. sg. I. ic þæt +þonne for-hicge þæt ..., _reject with scorn the proposition that ..._, 435. + +ge-hycgan, _to think, determine upon_: pret. sg. þā þū ... feorr gehogodest +sæcce sēcean, 1989. + +ofer-hycgan, _to scorn_: pret. sg. ofer-hogode þā hringa fengel þæt hē þone +wīdflogan weorode gesōhte (_scorned to seek the wide-flier with a host_), +2346. + +hȳdig (for hygdig), adj., _thinking, of a certain mind_: comp. ān-, +bealo-, grom-, nīð-, þrīst-hȳdig. + +ge-hygd, st. n., _thought, sentiment_: acc. sg. þurh hreðra gehygd, +2046.--Comp.: brēost-, mōd-gehygd, won-hyd. + +hyge, hige, st. m., _mind, heart, thought_: nom. sg. hyge, 756; hige, 594; +acc. sg. þurh holdne hige, 267; gen. sg. higes, 2046; dat. pl. higum, 3149. + +hyge-bend, st. m. f., _mind-fetter, heart-band_: instr. pl. hyge-bendum +fæst, _fast in his mind's fetters, secretly_, 1879. + +hyge-geōmor, adj., _sad in mind_: nom. sg. hyge-giōmor, 2409. + +hyge-mēðe, adj.: 1) _sorrowful, soul-crushing_: nom. sg., 2443.--2) +_life-weary, dead_: dat. pl. hyge-mēðum (-mǣðum, MS.), 2910. + +hyge-rōf, adj., _brave, valiant, vigorous-minded_: nom. sg. [hygerōf], 403; +acc. sg. hige-rōfne, 204. + +hyge-sorh, st. f., _heart-sorrow_: gen. pl. -sorga, 2329. + +hyge-þȳhtig, adj., _doughty, courageous_: acc. sg. hige-þihtigne (of +Bēowulf), 747. See þȳhtig. + +hyge-þrym, st. m., _animi majestas, high-mindedness_: dat. pl. for +hige-þrymmum, 339. + +hyht, st. m., _thought, pleasant thought, hope_ (Dietrich): nom. sg., 179. + +ge-hyld (see healdan), st. n., _support, protection_: nom. sg., 3057.--Leo. + +hyldan, w. v., _to incline one's self, lie down to sleep_: pret. sg. hylde +hine, _inclined himself, lay down_, 689. + +hyldo, st. f., _inclination, friendliness, grace_: acc. sg. hyldo, 2068, +2294; gen. sg. hyldo, 671, 2999. + +ā-hyrdan, w. v., _harden_: pret. part. ā-hyrded, 1461. + +hyrde. See hirde. + +hyrst, st. f., _accoutrements, ornament, armor_: acc. sg. hyrste +(Ongenþēow's _equipments and arms_), 2989; acc. pl. hyrsta, 3166; instr. +pl. hyrstum, 2763. + +hyrstan, w. v., _to deck, adorn_: pret. part. hyrsted sweord, 673; helm +[hyr]sted golde, 2256. + +hyrtan, w. v., _to take heart, be emboldened_: pret. sg. hyrte hyne +hord-weard (_the drake took heart_; see 2566, 2568, 2570), 2594. + +hyse, st. m., _youth, young man_: nom. sg. as voc., 1218. + +hyt. See hit. + +hȳdan, w. v., _to hide, conceal, protect, preserve_: pres. subj. hȳde +[hine, _himself_] sē þe wylle, 2767; inf. w. acc. nō þū mīnne þearft +hafalan hȳdan, 446; ǣr hē in wille hafelan [hȳdan] (_ere in it he_ [the +stag] _will hide his head_), 1373. + +ge-hȳdan, w. acc., _to conceal, preserve_: pret. sg. gehȳdde, 2236, 3060. + +hȳð, st. f., _haven_: dat. sg. æt hȳðe, 32. + +hȳð-weard, st. m., _haven-warden_: nom. sg., 1915. + +hȳnan (see hēan), w. v. w. acc., _to crush, afflict, injure_: pret. sg. +hȳnde, 2320. + +hȳnðu, st. f., _oppression, affliction, injury_: acc. sg. hȳnðu, 277; +gen. sg. hwæt ... hȳnðo, 475; fela ... hȳnðo, 594; gen. pl. heardra +hȳnða, 166. + +hȳran, w. v.: 1) _to hear, perceive, learn_: a) w. inf. or acc. with inf.: +I. pret. sg. hȳrde ic, 38, 582, 1347, 1843, 2024; III. sg. þæt hē fram +Sigemunde secgan hȳrde, 876; I. pl. swā wē sōðlīce secgan hȳrdon, 273. b) +w. acc.: nǣnigne ic ... sēlran hȳrde hordmāððum (_I heard of no better +hoard-jewel_), 1198. c) w. dependent clause: I. sg. pret. hȳrde ic þæt +..., 62, 2164, 2173.--2) w. dat. of person, _to obey_: inf. oð þæt him +ǣghwylc þāra ymbsittendra hȳran scolde, 10; hȳran heaðo-sīocum, 2755; +Pret. pl. þæt him winemāgas georne hȳrdon, 66. + +ge-hȳran, _to hear, learn_: a) w. acc.: II. pers. sg. pres. mīnne gehȳrað +ānfealdne geþōht, 255; III. sg. pret. gehȳrde on Bēowulfe fæstrǣdne +geþōht, 610. b) w. acc. and inf.: III. pl. pret. gehȳrdon, 786. c) w. +depend. clause: I. pres. sg. ic þæt gehȳre þæt ..., 290. + +I + +ic, pers. pron. _I_: acc. mec, dat. mē, gen. mīn; dual nom. wit, acc. +uncit, unc, dat. unc, gen. uncer; pl. nom. wē, acc. ūsic, ūs, dat. ūs, gen. +ūser. ic omitted before the verb, 470. + +icge, _gold_ (perhaps related to Sanskrit īç, = dominare, imperare, O.H.G. +ēht, _wealth_, opes), _treasure?, sword_ (edge)?, 1108.--Körner. + +ides, st. f., _woman, lady, queen_: nom. sg., 621, 1076, 1118, 1169; dat. +sg. idese, 1650, 1942. Also of Grendel's mother: nom. sg., 1260; gen. sg. +idese, 1352. + +in. See inn. + +in: I. prep. w. dat. and acc.: 1) w. dat. (local, indicating rest), _in_: +in geardum, 13, 2460; in þǣm gūðsele, 443; in bēorsele, 2636; so, 89, 482, +589, 696, 729, 2140, 2233, etc.; in mǣgða gehwǣre, 25; in þȳstrum, 87; in +Caines cynne, 107; in hyra gryregeatwum (_in their accoutrements of terror, +war-weeds_), 324; so, 395; in campe (_in battle_), 2506; hiora in ānum (_in +one of them_), 2600. Prep. postpositive: Scedelandum in, 19. Also, _on, +upon_, like on: in ealo-bence, 1030; in gumstōle, 1953; in þām wongstede +(_on the grassy plain, the battle-field_), 2787; in bǣlstede, 3098. +Temporal: in geār-dagum, 1.--2) w. acc. (local, indicating motion), _in, +into_: in woruld, 60; in fȳres fæðm, 185; so, 1211; in Hrefnesholt, 2936. +Temporal, _in, at, about, toward_: in þā tīde (in watide, MS.), 2228. + +II. adv., _in_ (here or there), 386, 1038, 1372, 1503, 1645, 2153, 2191, +2228; inn, 3091. + +incge, adj. (perhaps related to icge), instr. sg. incge lāfe (_with the +costly sword_ ? or _with mighty sword_?), 2578.--[_Edge_: incge lāfe, _edge +of the sword_.--K. Körner?] + +in-frōd, adj., _very aged_: nom. sg., 2450; dat. sg. in-frōdum, 1875. + +in-gang, st. m., _entrance, access to_: acc. sg., 1550. + +in-genga, w. m., _in-goer, visitor_: nom. sg., of Grendel, 1777. + +in-gesteald, st. m., _house-property, possessions in the house_: acc. sg., +1156. + +inn, st. n., _apartment, house_: nom. sg. in, 1301. + +innan, adv., _within, inside_, 775, 1018, 2413, 2720; on innan (_in the +interior_), _within_, 1741, 2716; þǣr on innan (_in there_), 71; burgum on +innan (_within his city_), 1969. Also, _therein_: þǣr on innan, 2090, 2215, +2245. + +innan-weard, adv., _inwards, inside, within_, 992, 1977; inne-weard, 999. + +inne, adv.: 1) _inside, within_, 643, 1282, 1571, 2114, 3060; word inne +ābēad (_called, sent word, in_, i.e. standing in the hall door), 390; _in +it_ (i.e. the battle), 1142; þǣr inne (_therein_), 118, 1618, 2116, 2227, +3088.--2) = _insuper, still further, besides_, 1867. + +inwit, st. n., _evil, mischief, spite, cunning hostility_, as in + +inwit-feng, st. m., _malicious grasp, grasp of a cunning foe_: nom. sg., +1448. + +inwit-gæst, st. m., _evil guest, hostile stranger_: nom. sg., 2671. + +inwit-hrōf, st. m., _hostile roof, hiding-place of a cunning foe_: acc. sg. +under inwit-hrōf, 3124. + +inwit-net, st. n., _mischief-net, cunning snare_: acc. sg., 2168. + +inwit-nīð, st. n., _cunning hostility, hostile contest_: nom. pl. +inwit-nīðas (_hostility through secret attack_), 1859; gen. pl. inwit-nīða, +1948. + +inwit-scear, st. m., _massacre through cunning, murderous attack_: acc. sg. +eatolne inwit-scear, 2479. + +inwit-searo, st. n., _cunning, artful intrigue_: acc. sg. þurh inwit-searo, +1102. See searo. + +inwit-sorh, st. f., _grief, remorse, mourning springing from hostile +cunning_: nom. sg., 1737; acc. sg. inwid-sorge, 832. + +inwit-þanc, adj., _ill-disposed, malicious_: dat. sg. hē onfēng hraðe +inwit-þancum (_he quickly grasped the cunning-in-mind_ [Grendel]), 749. + +irnan (for rinnan), st. v., _to run_: so be-irnan, _to run up to, occur_: +pret. sg him on mōd be-arn (_came into his mind_), 67. + +on-irnan, _to open_: pret. sg. duru sōna onarn, 722. + +irre-mōd, adj. See yrre-mōd. + +Ī + +īdel, adj., _empty, bare; deprived of_: nom. sg., 145, 413; w. gen. +lond-rihtes þǣre mǣgburge īdel (_deprived of his land-possessions among the +people_ [of the Gēatas]), 2889. + +īdel-hende, adj., _empty-handed_, 2082. + +īren, st. n., _iron, sword_: nom. sg. dryhtlīc īren (_the doughty, lordly +sword_), 893; īren ǣr-gōd, 990; acc. sg. lēoflīc īren, 1810; gen. pl. īrena +cyst (_choicest of swords_), 674; īrenna cyst, 803; īrenna ecge (_edges of +swords_), 2684. + +īren, adj., _of iron_: nom. sg. ecg wæs īren, 1460. + +īren-bend, st. f., _iron band, bond, rivet_: instr. pl. īren-bendum fæst +(bold), 775, 999. + +īren-byrne, w. f., _iron corselet_: acc. sg. īren-byrnan, 2987. See +īsern-byrne. + +īren-heard, adj., _hard as iron_: nom. sg., 1113. + +īrenne, adj., _of iron_: in comp. eall-īrenne. + +īren-þrēat, st. m., _iron troop, armored band_: nom. sg., 330. + +īs, st. n., _ice_: dat. sg. īse, 1609. + +īsern-byrne, w. f., _iron corselet_: acc. sg. īsern-byrnan, 672. See +īren-byrne. + +īsern-scūr, st. f., _iron shower, shower of arrows_: gen. sg. þone þe oft +gebād īsern-scūre, 3117. + +īs-gebind, st. n., _fetters of ice_: instr. sg. īs-gebinde, 1134. + +īsig, adj., _shining, brilliant_ (like brass): nom. sg. īsig (said of a +vessel covered with plates(?) of metal), 33.--Leo. + +IO IU + +iū. See geō. + +iū-man. See geō-man. + +īo-mēowle. See geō-mēowle. + +L + +laðu, st. f., _invitation_.--Comp.: frēond-, nēod-laðu. + +ge-lafian, w. v. w. acc. pers. and instr. of the thing, _to refresh, lave_: +pret. sg. wine-dryhten his wætere gelafede, 2723. + +lagu, st. m., _lake, sea_: nom. sg., 1631. + +lagu-cræftig, adj., _acquainted with the sea_: nom. sg. lagu-cræftig mon +(_pilot_), 209. + +lagu-strǣt, st. f., _path over the sea_: acc. sg. ofer lagu-strǣte, 239. + +lagu-strēam, st. m., _sea-current, flood_: acc. pl. ofer lagu-strēamas, +297. + +land, st. n., _land_: nom. sg. lond, 2198; acc. sg. land, 221, 2063; lond, +2472, 2493; land Dena, 242, 253; lond Brondinga, 521; Finna land, 580; dat. +sg. on lande (_in the land_), 2311, 2837; _at near, land, shore_, 1914; tō +lande (_to the land, ashore_), 1624; gen. sg. landes, 2996; gen. pl. ofer +landa fela (_over much country, space; afar_), 311.--Comp.: el-, ēa-land. + +land-būend, part, pres., terricola, _inhabitant of the land_: nom. pl. +lond-būend, 1346; dat. pl. land-būendum, 95. + +land-fruma, w. m., _ruler, prince of the country_: nom. sg., 31. + +land-gemyrcu, st. n. pl., _frontier, land-mark_: acc. pl., 209. + +land-geweorc, st. n., _land-work, fortified place_: acc. sg. lēoda +land-geweorc, 939. See weorc, geweorc. + +land-riht, st. n., _prerogatives based upon land-possessions, right to +possess land_, hence _real estate_ itself: gen. sg. lond-rihtes īdel, 2887. + +land-waru, st. f., _inhabitants, population_: acc. pl. land-wara, 2322. + +land-weard, st. m., _guard, guardian of the frontier_: nom. sg., 1891. + +lang, long, adj., _long_: 1) temporal: nom. sg. tō lang, 2094; næs þā long +(lang) tō þon (_not long after_), 2592, 2846; acc. sg. lange hwīle (_for a +long time_), 16, 2160, 2781; longe (lange) þrāge, 54, 114, 1258; lange tīd, +1916. Compar. nom. sg. lengra fyrst, 134.--2) local, nom. sg. sē wæs +fīftiges fōtgemearces lang, 3044.--Comp.: and-, morgen-, niht-, up-lang. + +lange, longe, adv., _long_: lange, 31, 1995, 2131, 2345, 2424; longe, 1062, +2752, 3109; tō lange (_too long, excessively long_), 906, 1337, 1749. +Compar. leng, 451, 1855, 2802, 3065; nō þȳ leng (_none the longer_), 975. +Superl. lengest (_longest_), 2009, 2239. + +ge-lang, adj., _extending, reaching to something_ or _somebody_, hence +_ready, prepared_: nū is rǣd gelang eft æt þē ānum (_now is help [counsel] +at hand in thee alone_), 1377; gēn is eall æt þē lissa gelong (_all of +favor is still on thee dependent, is thine_), 2151. See ge-lenge. + +lang-ge-strēon, st. n., _long-lasting treasure_: gen. pl. long-gestrēona, +2241.--Leo. + +langian, w. v., reflex, w. dat, _to long, yearn_: pres. sg. III. him +...æfter dēorum men dyrne langað beorn (_the hero longeth secretly after +the dear man_), 1880. + +lang-sum, adj., _long-lasting, continuing_: nom. sg. longsum, 134, 192, +1723; acc. sg. long-sumne, 1537. + +lang-twidig, adj., _long-granted, assured_: nom. sg., 1709. + +lata, w. m., _a lazy, cowardly one_; in comp. hild-lata. + +lā, interj., _yes! indeed!_ 1701, 2865. + +lāc, st. n.: 1) _measured movement, play_: in comp. beadu-, heaðo-lāc.--2) +_gift, offering_: acc. pl. lāc, 1864; lāðlīcu lāc (_loathly offering, +prey_), 1585; dat. pl. lācum, 43, 1869.--Comp. sǣ-lāc. + +ge-lāc, st. n., _sport, play_: acc. pl. sweorda gelāc (_battle_), 1041; +dat. pl. æt ecga gelācum, 1169. + +lācan, st. v., _to move in measured time, dancing, playing, fighting, +flying_, etc.: inf. dareðum lācan (_fight_), 2849; part. pres. æfter lyfte +lācende (_flying through the air_), 2833. + +for-lācan, _to deceive, betray_: part, pret. hē wearð on fēonda geweald +forð forlācen (_deceitfully betrayed into the enemy's hands_), 904. + +lād, st. f., _street, way, journey_: dat. sg. on lāde, 1988; gen. sg. lāde, +569.--Comp.: brim-, sǣ-lād. + +ge-lād, st. n., _way, path, road_: acc. sg. uncūð gelād, 1411. + +lāð, adj., _loathly, evil, hateful, hostile_: nom. sg. lāð, 816; lāð +lyft-floga, 2316; lāð (_enemy_), 440; nē lēof nē lāð, 511; neut. lāð, 134, +192; in weak form, se lāða (of the dragon), 2306; acc. sg. lāðne (wyrm), +3041; dat. sg. lāðum, 440, 1258; gen. sg. lāðes (of the enemy), 842; fela +lāðes (_much evil_), 930; so, 1062; lāðan līges, 83; lāðan cynnes, 2009, +2355; þæs lāðan (of the enemy), 132; acc. pl. neut. lāð gewidru (_hateful +storms_), 1376; dat. instr. pl. wið lāðum, 550; lāðum scuccum and scinnum, +939; lāðum dǣdum (_with evil deeds_), 2468; lāðan fingrum, 1506; gen. pl. +lāðra manna, spella, 2673, 3030; lāðra (_the enemy_), 242. Compar. nom. sg. +lāðra ... beorn, 2433. + +lāð-bite, st. m., _hostile bite_: dat. sg. lāð-bite līces (_the body's +hostile bite_ = the wound), 1123. + +lāð-getēona, w. m., _evil-doer, injurer_: nom. sg., 975; nom. pl. +lāð-getēonan, 559. + +lāð-līc, adj., _loathly, hostile_: acc. pl. lāð-līcu, 1585. + +lāf, st. f.: 1) _what is left, relic; inheritance, heritage, legacy_: nom. +sg. Hrēðlan lāf (Bēowulf's corselet), 454; nom. pl. fēla lāfe (_the +leavings of files_ = swords, Grein), 1033; so, homera lāfe, 2830; on him +gladiað gomelra lāfe, heard and hringmǣl Heaðobeardna gestrēon (_on him +gleams the forefather's bequest, hard and ring-decked, the Heaðobeardas' +treasure_, i.e. the equipments taken from the slain king of the +Heaðobeardas), 2037; acc. sg. sweorda lāfe (_leavings of the sword_, i.e. +those spared by the sword), 2937.--2) _the sword as a specially precious +heir-loom_: nom. sg., 2629; acc. sg. lāfe, 796, 1489, 1689, 2192, 2564; +instr. sg. incge lāfe, 2578.--Comp.: ende-, eormen-, wēa-, yrfe-, ȳð-lāf. + +lār, st. f., _lore, instruction, prescription_: dat. sg. be fæder lāre, +1951; gen. pl. lāra, 1221; lārena, 269.--Comp. frēond-lār. + +lāst, st. m., _footstep, track_: acc. sg. lāst, 132, 972, 2165; on lāst +(_on the traces of, behind_), 2946; nom. pl. lāstas, 1403; acc. pl. lāstas, +842.--Comp.: fēðe-, feorh-, fōt-, wræc-lāst. + +læger. See leger. + +lāger-bed, st. n., _bed to lie on_ : instr. sg. leger-bedde, 1008. + +lǣs, adj., _less_, 1947; þȳ lǣs (_the less_), 487; conjunct, _that not, +lest_, 1919. + +lǣssa, adj., _less, fewer_: nom. sg. lǣssa, 1283; acc. sg. m. lǣssan, 43; +fem, lǣssan hwīle, 2572; dat. sg. for lǣssan (_for less, smaller_), 952. +Superl. nom. sg. nō þæt lǣsest wæs hond-gemōt[a], 2355. + +læt, adj., _negligent, neglectful_; w. gen.: nom. sg. elnes læt, 1530. + +lǣdan, w. v. w. acc.: _to lead, guide, bring_: inf. lǣdan, 239; pret. pl. +lǣddon, 1160. + +for-1ǣdan, _to mislead_: pret. pl. for-lǣddan, 2440 (?). + +ge-lǣdan, _lead, bring_: part. pret. ge-lǣded, 37. + +lǣfan, w. v.: 1), _to bequeathe, leave_: imper. sg. þīnum magum lǣf folc +and rīce, 1179; pret. sg. eaferum lǣfde ... lond and lēodbyrig, 2471.--2) +_spare, leave behind_: āht cwices lǣfan (_to spare aught living_), 2316. + +lǣn-dagas, st. m. pl., _loan-days, transitory days_ (of earthly existence +as contrasted with the heavenly, unending): acc. pl. lǣn-dagas, 2592; gen. +pl. lǣn-daga, 2342. + +lǣne, adj., _inconstant, perishable, evanescent, given over to death or +destruction_: nom. sg., 1755, 3179; acc. sg. of rust-eaten treasures, 3130; +þās lǣnan gesceaft (_this fleeting life_), 1623; gen. sg. lǣnan līfes, +2846. + +lǣran, w. v., _to teach, instruct_: imper. sg. þū þē lǣr be þon (_learn +this, take this to heart_), 1723. + +ge-lǣran, _to teach, instruct, give instruction_: inf. ic þæs Hrōðgār mæg +... rǣd gelǣran (_I can give H. good advice about this_), 278; so, 3080; +pret. pl. þā mē þæt ge-lǣrdon lēode mīne (_gave me the advice_), 415. + +lǣstan, w. v.: 1) _to follow, to sustain, serve_: inf. þæt him se līc-homa +lǣstan nolde (_that his body would not sustain him_), 813.--2) _perform_: +imper. lǣst eall tela (_do all well_), 2664. + +ge-lǣstan: 1) _to follow, serve_: pret. sg. (sweord) þæt mec ǣr and oft +gelǣste, 2501.--2) _to fulfil, grant_: subj. pres. pl. þæt ... wilgesīðas, +þonne wīg cume, lēode gelǣstan (_render war service_), 24; inf. ic þē sceal +mīne gelǣstan frēode (_shall grant thee my friendship, be grateful_), 1707; +pret. sg. bēot ... gelǣste (_fulfilled his boast_), 524; gelǣste swā (_kept +his word_), 2991; pres. part. hæfde Ēast-Denum ... gilp gelǣsted (_had +fulfilled for the East Danes his boast_), 830. + +lǣtan, st. v., _to let, allow_, w. acc. and inf.: pres. sg. III. lǣteð, +1729; imper. pl. II. lǣtað, 397; sg. II. lǣt, 1489; pret. sg. lēt, 2390, +2551, 2978, 3151(?); pret. pl. lēton, 48, 865, 3133; subj. pret. sg. II. +lēte, 1997; sg. III. lēte, 3083. + +ā-lǣtan: 1) _to let, allow_: subj. pres. sg. II. þæt þū ne ālǣte ... dōm +ge-drēosan, 2666.--2) _to leave, lay aside_: inf. ālǣtan lǣn-dagas (_die_) +2592; so, ālǣtan līf and lēodscipe, 2751. + +for-lǣtan: 1) _to let, permit_, w. acc. and inf.: pret. sg. for-lēt, 971; +pret. pl. for-lēton, 3168. Also with inf. omitted: inf. nolde eorla hlēo +... þone cwealmcuman cwicne (i.e. wesan) forlǣtan (_would not let the +murderous spirit go alive_), 793.--2) _to leave behind, leave_: pret. sg. +in þām wong-stede ... þǣr hē hine ǣr forlēt (_where he had previously left +him_), 2788. + +of-lǣtan, _to leave, lay aside_: pres. sg. II. gyf þū ǣr þonne hē worold +oflǣtest (_leavest the world, diest_), 1184; so pret. sg. oflēt līf-dagas +and þās lǣnan gesceaft, 1623. + +on-lǣtan, _to release, liberate_: pres. sg. III. þonne forstes bend fæder +on-lǣteð (_as soon as the Father looseth the frost's fetters_), 1610. + +ā-lecgan, w. v.: 1) _to lay, lay down_: pret. sg. syððan hilde-dēor hond +ā-legde ... under gēapne hrōf, 835; þæt hē on Bēowulfes bearm ā-legde +(_this_ [the sword] _he laid in B.'s bosom, presented to him_), 2195; pret. +pl. ā-ledon þā lēofne þēoden ... on bearm scipes, 34; ā-legdon þā tō middes +mǣrne þēoden _(laid the mighty prince in the midst_ [of the pyre]), +3142.--2) _to lay aside, give up_: siððan ... in fen-freoðo feorh ā-legde +(_laid down his life, died_), 852; nū se here-wīsa hleahtor ā-legde, gamen +and glēo-drēam _(now the war-chief has left laughter_, etc.), 3021. + +leger, st. n., _couch, bed, lair_: dat. sg. on legere, 3044. + +lemian, w. v., _to lame, hinder, oppress_: pret. sg. (for pl.) hine +sorh-wylmas lemede tō lange, 906. MS. + +leng. See lang. + +lenge, adj., _extending along_ or _to, near_ (of time): nom. sg. neut. ne +wæs hit lenge þā gēn (_nor was it yet long_), 83. + +ge-lenge, adj., _extending, reaching to, belonging_: nom. sg. yrfe-weard +... līce gelenge (_an heir belonging to one's body_), 2733. + +let, st. m., _place of rest, sojourn?_ in comp. eo-let (_voyage?_). + +lettan, w. v., _to hinder_: pret. pl. (acc. pers. and gen. thing), þæt +syððan nā ... brim-līðende lāde ne letton (_might no longer hinder +seafarers from journeying_), 569. + +ā-lēdon. See ā-lecgan. + +lēg, st. m., _flame, fire_: nom. sg. wonna lēg (_the lurid flame_), 3116; +swōgende lēg, 3146; dat. sg. for dracan lēge, 2550. See līg. + +lēg-draca, w. m., _fire-drake, flaming dragon_: nom. sg., 3041. + +leahtre. See or-leahtre. + +lēaf, st. n., _leaf, foliage_: instr. pl. lēafum, 97. + +lēafnes-word, st. n., _permission, leave_: acc. pl., 245. + +lēan, st. v. w. acc. _to scold, blame_: pres. sg. III. lyhð, 1049; pret. +sg. lōg, 1812; pret. pl. lōgon, 203, 863. + +be-lēan, _to dissuade, prevent_: inf. nē inc ǣnig mon ... belēan mihte +sorhfullne sīð (_no one might dissuade you twain from your difficult +journey_), 511. + +lēan, st. n., _reward, compensation_: acc. sg., 114, 952, 1221, 1585, 2392; +dat. sg. lēane, 1022. Often in the pl.: acc. þā lēan, 2996; dat. þām +lēanum, 2146; gen. lēana, 2991.--Comp.: and-, ende-lēan. + +leān (for lǣn, O.H.G. lēhan), st. n, _loan_, 1810. + +lēanian, w. v., _to reward, compensate_: pres. sg. I. ic þē þā fǣhðe fēo +lēanige (_repay thee for the contest with old-time treasures_), 1381; pret. +sg. mē þone wæl-rǣs wine Scyldinga fǣttan golde fela lēanode (_the friend +of the Scyldings rewarded me richly for the combat with plated gold_), +2103. + +lēas, adj., _false_: nom. pl. lēase, 253. + +lēas, adj., _deprived of, free from_, w. gen.: nom. sg. drēama lēas, 851; +dat. sg. winigea lēasum, 1665.--Comp.: dōm-, drēam-, ealdor-, feoh-, +feormend-, hlāford-, sāwol-, sige-, sorh-, tīr-, þēoden-, wine-, wyn-lēas. + +lēasig, adj., _concealing one's self_; in comp. sin-lēasig(?). + +leoðo-cræft, st. m., _the art of weaving_ or _working in meshes, wire_, +etc.: instr. pl. segn eall-gylden ... gelocen leoðo-cræftum (_a banner all +hand-wrought of interlaced gold_), 2770. + +leoðo-syrce, w. f., _shirt of mail (limb-sark)_: acc. sg. locene +leoðo-syrcan (_locked linked sark_), 1506; acc. pl. locene leoðo-syrcan, +1891. + +leomum. See lim. + +leornian, w. v., _to learn, devise, plan_: pret. him þæs gūð-cyning ... +wræce leornode (_the war-king planned vengeance therefor_), 2337. + +lēod, st. m., _prince_: nom. sg., 341, 348, 670, 830, 1433, 1493, 1613, +1654, etc.; acc. lēod, 626. + +lēod, st. f., _people_: gen. sg. lēode, 597, 600, 697. In pl. indicates +_individuals, people, kinsmen_: nom. pl. lēode, 362, 415, 1214, 2126, etc.; +gum-cynnes Gēata lēode (_people of the race of the Gēatas_), 260; acc. pl. +lēode, 192, 443, 1337, 1346, etc.; dat. pl. lēodum, 389, 521, 619, 698, +906, 1160, etc.; gen. pl. lēoda, 205, 635, 794, 1674, 2034, etc. + +lēod-bealo, st. n., (_mischief, misfortune affecting an entire people_), +_great, unheard-of calamity_: acc. sg., 1723; gen. pl. lēod-bealewa, 1947. + +lēod-burh, st. f., _princely castle, stronghold of a ruler, chief city_: +acc. pl. -byrig, 2472. + +lēod-cyning, st. m., _king of the people_: nom. sg., 54. + +lēod-fruma, w. m., _prince of the people, ruler_: acc. sg. lēod-fruman, +2131. + +lēod-gebyrgea, w. m., _protector of the people, prince_: acc. sg. +-gebyrgean, 269. + +lēod-hryre, st. m., _fall, overthrow, of the prince, ruler_: dat. sg. æfter +lēod-hryre (_after the fall of the king of the Heaðobeardas_, Frōda, cf. +2051, 2031; gen. sg. þæs lēod-hryres (of the fall of Heardred, cf. 2389, +2392. + +lēod-sceaða, w. m., _injurer of the people_: dat. sg. þām lēod-sceaðan, +2094. + +lēod-scipe, st. m., _the whole nation, people_: acc. sg., 2752; dat. sg. on +þām lēod-scipe, 2198. + +lēoð, st. n., _song, lay_: nom. sg., 1160.--Comp.: fyrd-, gryre-, gūð-, +sorh-lēoð. + +lēof, adj., _lief, dear_: nom. sg., 31, 54, 203, 511, 521, 1877, 2468; weak +form m., lēofa, 1217, 1484, 1855, 2664; acc. sg. m. lēofne, 34, 297, 619, +1944, 2128, 3109, 3143; gen. sg. lēofes (m.), 1995, 2081, 2898; (neut.), +1062, 2911; dat. pl. lēofum, 1074; gen. pl. lēofra, 1916. Compar. nom. sg. +neut. lēofre, 2652. Superl. nom. sg. m. lēofost, 1297; acc. sg. þone +lēofestan, 2824. + +lēoflīc, _dear, precious, valued_: nom. sg. m. lēoflīc lind-wiga, 2604; +acc. sg. neut. lēoflīc īren, 1810. + +lēogan, st. v., _to lie, belie, deceive_. subj. pres. næfne him his wlite +lēoge (_unless his looks belie him_), 250; pret. sg. hē ne lēag fela wyrda +nē worda, 3030. + +ā-lēogan, _to deceive, leave unfulfilled_: pret. sg. hē bēot ne ā-lēh (_he +left not his promise unfulfilled_), 80. + +ge-lēogan, _to deceive, betray_: pret. sg. him sēo wēn gelēah (_hope +deceived him_), 2324. + +lēoht, st. n., _light, brilliance_: nom. sg., 569, 728, 1751 (?); acc. sg. +sunnan lēoht, 649; godes lēoht gecēas (_chose God's light, died_), 2470; +dat. sg. tō lēohte, 95.--Comp.: ǣfen-, fȳr-, morgen-lēoht. + +lēoht, adj., _luminous, bright_: instr. sg. lēohtan sweorde, 2493. + +lēoma, w. m.: 1) _light, splendor_: nom. sg., 311, 2770; acc. sg. lēoman, +1518; sunnan and mōnan lēoman (_light of sun and moon_), 95.--2) (as beadu- +and hilde-lēoma), _the glittering sword_: nom. sg. līxte se lēoma (_the +blade-gleam flashed_), 1571. + +lēosan, st. v., = amitti, in + +be-lēosan, _to deprive, be deprived of_: pres. part. (hēo) wearð beloren +lēofum bearnum and brōðrum (_was deprived of her dear children and +brethren_), 1074. + +for-lēosan, with dat. instr., _to lose something_: pret. sg. þǣr hē dōme +for-lēas, ellen-mǣrðum (_there lost he the glory, the repute, of his heroic +deeds_), 1471; pret. sg. for pl. þām þe ǣr his elne for-lēas (_to him who, +before, had lost his valor_), 2862; part. pret. nealles ic þām lēanum +for-loren hæfde (_not at all had I lost the rewards_), 2146. + +libban, w. v., _to live, be, exist_: pres. sing. III. lifað, 3169; lyfað, +945; leofað, 975, 1367, 2009; subj. pres. sg. II. lifige, 1225; pres. part. +lifigende, 816, 1954, 1974, 2063; dat. sg. be þē lifigendum (_in thy +lifetime_), 2666; pret. sg. lifde, 57, 1258; lyfde, 2145; pret. pl. lifdon, +99. See unlifigende. + +licgan, st. v.: 1) _to lie, lie down_ or _low_: pres. sg. nū sēo hand ligeð +(_now the hand lies low_), 1344; nū se wyrm ligeð, 2746, so 2904; inf. +licgan, 3130; licgean, 967, 3083; pret. sg. læg, 40, 552, 2078; syððan +Heardrēd læg (_after Heardrēd had fallen_), 2389; pret. pl. lāgon, 3049; +lǣgon, 566.--2) _to lie prostrate, rest, fail_: pret. sg. nǣfre on ōre læg +wīd-cūðes wīg (_never failed the far-famed one's valor at the front_), +1042; syððan wiðer-gyld læg (_after vengeance failed_, or, _when Withergyld +lay dead_, if _W._ is a proper name), 2052. + +ā-licgan, _to succumb, fail, yield_: inf. 2887; pret. sg. þæt his dōm ā-læg +(_that its power failed it_), 1529. + +ge-licgan, _to rest, lie still_: pret. sg. wind-blond gelæg, 3147. + +lida, w. m., _boat, ship_ (as in motion); in comp.: sund-, ȳð-lida. + +lid-man, st. m., _seafarer, sailor_: gen. pl. lid-manna, 1624. + +lim, st. n., _limb, branch_: instr. pl. leomum, 97. + +limpan, st. v., _to happen, befall_ (well or ill); impers. w. dat. pret. +sg. hū lomp ēow on lāde (_how went it with you on the journey?_), 1988. + +ā-limpan, _to come about, offer itself_: pret. sg. oð þæt sǣl ā-lamp (_till +the opportunity presented itself_), 623; pret. part, þā him ā-lumpen wæs +wistfylle wēn (_since a hope of a full meal had befallen him_), 734. + +be-limpan, _to happen to, befall_: pret. sg. him sīo sār belamp, 2469. + +ge-limpan, _to happen, occur, turn out_: pres. sg. III. hit eft gelimpeð +þæt..., 1754; subj. pres. þisse ansȳne alwealdan þanc lungre gelimpe +(_thanks to the Almighty forthwith for this sight!_), 930; pret. sg. him on +fyrste gelamp þæt..., 76; swā him ful-oft gelamp (_as often happened to +them_), 1253; þæs þe hire se willa gelamp þæt ... (_because her wish had +been fulfilled_), 627; frōfor eft gelamp sārig-mōdum, 2942; subj. pret. gif +him þyslīcu þearf gelumpe, 2638; pret. part. Denum eallum wearð ... willa +gelumpen, 825. + +lind, st. f. (properly _linden_; here, a a wooden shield covered with +linden-bark or pith): nom. sg., 2342; acc. sg. geolwe linde, 2611; acc. pl. +linde, 2366. + +lind-gestealla, w. m., _shield-comrade, war-comrade_: nom. sg., 1974. + +lind-hæbbend, pres. part., _provided with a shield_, i.e. warrior: nom. pl. +-hæbbende, 245; gen. pl. hæbbendra, 1403. + +lind-plega, w. m., _shield-play_, i.e. battle: dat. sg. lind-plegan, 1074, +2040. + +lind-wiga, w. m., _shield-fighter, warrior_: nom. sg., 2604. + +linnan, st. v., _to depart, be deprived of_: inf. aldre linnan (_depart +from life_), 1479; ealdres linnan, 2444. + +lis, st. f., _favor, affection_: gen. pl. eall ... lissa, 2151. + +list, st. m., _art, skill, cleverness, cunning_: dat. pl. adverbial, listum +(_cunningly_), 782. + +līxan, w. v., _to shine, flash_: pret. sg. līxte, 311, 485, 1571. + +līc, st. n.: 1) _body, corpse_: nom. sg., 967; acc. sg. līc, 2081; þæt līc +(_the body, corpse_), 2128; dat. sg. līce, 734, 1504, 2424, 2572, 2733, +2744; gen. sg. līces, 451, 1123.-- 2) _form, figure_: in comp. eofor-, +swīn-līc. + +ge-līc, adj., _like, similar_: nom. pl. m. ge-līce, 2165. Superl. +ge-līcost, 218, 728, 986, 1609. + +līc-hama, -homa, w. m. _(body-home, garment), body_: nom. sg. līc-homa, +813, 1008, 1755; acc. sg. līc-haman, 2652; dat. sg. līc-haman, 3179. + +līcian, w. v., _to please, like_ (impers.): pres. sg. III. mē þīn mōd-sefa +līcað leng swā wēl, 1855; pret. pl. þām wīfe þā word wēl līcodon, 640. + +līcnes. See on-līcnes. + +līc-sār, st. n., _bodily pain_: acc. sg. līc-sār, 816. + +līc-syrce, w. f., _body-sark, shirt of mail covering the body_: nom. sg., +550. + +1īðan, st. v., _to move, go_: pres. part. nom. pl. þā līðende (_navigantes, +sailors_), 221; þā wæs sund liden (_the water was then traversed_), +223.--Comp.: hēaðu-, mere-, wǣg-līðend. + +līðe (O.H.G. lindi), adj., _gentle, mild, friendly_: nom. sg. w. instr. +gen. lāra līðe, 1221. Superl. nom. sg. līðost, 3184. + +lið-wǣge, st. n., _can in which līð_ (a wine-like, foaming drink) _is +contained_: acc. sg., 1983. + +līf, st. n., _life_: acc. sg. līf, 97, 734, 1537, 2424, 2744, 2752; dat. +sg. līfe, 2572; tō līfe (_in one's life, ever_) 2433; gen. sg. līfes, 197, +791, 807, 2824, 2846; worolde līfes (_of the earthly life_), 1388, +2344.--Comp. edwīt-līf. + +līf-bysig, adj. _(striving for life or death), weary of life, in torment of +death_: nom. sg., 967. + +līf-dagas, st. m. pl., _lifetime_: acc.-dagas, 794, 1623. + +līf-frēa, w. m., _lord of life, God_: nom. sg., 16. + +līf-gedāl, st. n., _separation from life_: nom. sg., 842. + +līf-gesceaft, st. f., _fate, destiny_: gen. pl.-gesceafta, 1954, 3065. + +līf-wraðu, st. f., _protection for one's life, safety_: acc. sg. līf-wraðe, +2878; dat. sg. tō līf-wraðe, 972. + +līf-wyn, st. f., _pleasure, enjoyment, joy_ (of life): gen. pl. līf-wynna, +2098. + +līg, st. m. n., _flame, fire_: nom. sg., 1123; dat. instr. sg. līge, 728, +2306, 2322, 2342; gen. sg. līges, 83, 782. See lēg. + +līg-draca, w. m., _ fire-drake, flaming dragon_; nom. pl., 2334. See +lēg-draca. + +līg-egesa, w. m., _horror arising through fire, flaming terror_: acc. sg., +2781. + +līge-torn, st. m., _false, pretended insult_ or _injury, fierce anger_(?): +dat. sg. æfter līge-torne (_on account of a pretended insult?_ or _fierce +anger?_ cf. Bugge in Zacher's Zeits. 4, 208), 1944. + +līg-ȳð, st. m., _wave of fire_: instr. pl. līg-ȳðum, 2673. + +lēon, st. v., _to lend_: pret. sg. þæt him on þearfe lāh þyle Hrōðgāres +(_which H.'s spokesman lent him in need_), 1457. + +on-lēoon, _to lend, grant as a loan_, with gen. of thing and dat. pers.: +pret. sg. þā hē þæs wǣpnes on-lāh sēlran sweord-frecan, 1468. + +loca, w. m., _bolt, lock_: in comp. bān-, burh-loca. + +locen. See lūcan. + +lond, long. See land, lang. + +lof, st. m. n., _praise, repute_: acc. sg. lof, 1537. + +lof-dǣd, st. f., _deed of praise_: instr. pl. lof-dǣdum, 24. + +lof-georn, adj., _eager for praise, ambitious_: superl. nom. sg. +lof-geornost, 3184. + +loga, w. m., _liar_; in comp. trēow-loga. + +losian, w. v., _to escape, flee_: pres. sg. III. losað, 1393, 2063; pret. +sg. hē on weg losade (_fled away_), 2097. + +lōcian, w. v., _to see, look at_: pres. sg. II. sǣ-lāc ... þē þū hēr tō +lōcast (_booty of the sea that thou lookest on_), 1655. + +ge-lōme, adv., _often, frequently_, 559. + +lufe, w. f., _love_: in comp. hēah-, mōd-, wīf-lufe. + +lufa (cf. and-leofa, big-leofa, _nourishment_), w. m., _food, subsistence; +property, real estate_: acc. sg. on lufan (_on possessions_), 1729.--Comp. +eard-lufa. + +lufen, st. f. (cf. lufa), _subsistence, food; real estate, (enjoyment?)_: +nom. sg. lufen (parallel with ēðel-wyn), 2887. + +luf-tācen, st. n., _love-token_: acc. pl. luf-tācen, 1864. + +lufian, w. v., _to love, serve affectionately_: pret. sg. III. lufode þā +lēode (_was on affectionate terms with the people_), 1983. + +lungre, adv.: 1) _hastily, quickly, forthwith_, 930, 1631, 2311, 2744.--2) +_quite, very, fully_: fēower mēaras lungre gelīce (_four horses quite +alike_), 2165. + +lust, st. m., _pleasure, joy_: dat. pl. adv. lustum (_joyfully_), 1654; so, +on lust, 619, cf. 600. + +lūcan, st. v., _to twist, wind, lock, interweave_: pret. part. acc. sg. and +pl. locene leoðo-syrcan (_shirt of mail wrought of meshes or rings +interlocked_), 1506, 1891; gen. pl. locenra bēaga (_rings wrought of gold +wire_), 2996. + +be-lūcan: 1) _to shut, close in or around_: pret. sg. winter ȳðe be-lēac +īs-gebinde (_winter locked the waves with icy bond_), 1133.-- 2) _to shut +in, off, preserve, protect_: pret. sg. I. hig wīge belēac manegum mǣgða (_I +shut them in, protected them, from war arising from many a tribe_), 1771. +Cf. mē wīge belūc wrāðum fēondum (_protect me against mine enemies_), Ps. +34, 3. + +ge-lūcan, _to unite, link together, make_: pret. part. gelocen, 2770. + +on-lūcan, _to unlock, open_: pret. sg. word-hord on-lēac (_opened the +word-hoard, treasure of speech_), 259. + +tō-lucan, _(to twist, wrench, in two) to destroy_: inf., 782. + +lyft, st. f. (m. n.?), _air_: nom. sg., 1376; dat. sg. æfter lyfte (_along, +through, the air_), 2833. + +lyft-floga, w. m., _air-flier_: nom. sg. (of the dragon), 2316. + +lyft-geswenced, pret. part., _urged, hastened on, by the wind_, 1914. + +lyft-wyn, st. f., _enjoyment of the air_: acc. sg. lyft-wynne, 3044. + +lyhð. See leahan. + +lystan, w. v., _to lust after, long for_: pret. sg. Gēat ungemetes wēl ... +restan lyste(_the Gēat_ [Bēowulf] _longed sorely to rest_), 1794. + +lȳt, adj. neut. (= parum), _little, very little, few_: lȳt eft becwōm ... +hāmes nīosan (_few escaped homeward_), 2366; lȳt ǣnig (_none at all_), +3130; usually with gen.: wintra lȳt, 1928; lȳt ... hēafod-māga, 2151; +wergendra tō lȳt (_too few defenders_), 2883; lȳt swīgode nīwra spella +(_he kept to himself little, none at all, of the new tidings_), 2898; dat. +sg. lȳt manna (_too few of men_), 2837. + +lȳtel, adj., _small, little_: nom. sg. neut. tō lȳtel, 1749; acc. sg. f. +lȳtle hwīle (_a little while_), 2031, 2098; lif-wraðe lȳtle (_little +protection for his life_), 2878.--Comp. un-lȳtel. + +lȳt-hwōn, adv., _little = not at all_: lȳt-hwōn lōgon, 204. + +lȳfe, st. n., _leave, permission, (life?)_: instr. sg. þīne lȳfe (life, +MS.), 2132.--Leo. Cf. O.N. leyfi, n., _leave, permission_, in Möbius' +Glossary, p. 266. + +lȳfan, w. v., (fundamental meaning _to believe, trust_) in + +ā-lȳfan, _to allow, grant, entrust_: pret. sg. nǣfre ic ǣnegum men ǣr +ālȳfde ... þrȳð-ærn Dena (_never before to any man have I entrusted the +palace of the Danes_), 656; pret. part. (þā mē wæs) sīð ... ālȳfed inn +under eorð-weall (_the way in under the wall of earth was allowed me_), +3090. + +ge-lȳfan, w. v., _to believe, trust_: 1) w. dat.: inf. þǣr gelȳfan sceal +dryhtnes dōme sē þe hine dēað nimeð (_whomever death carrieth away, shall +believe it to be the judgment of God_, i.e. in the contest between Bēowulf +and Grendel), 440.--2) w. acc.: pret. sg. gēoce gelȳfde brego Beorht-Dena +(_believed in, expected, help_, etc.), 609; þæt hēo on ǣnigne eorl gelȳfde +fyrena frōfre (_that she at last should expect from any earl comfort, help, +out of these troubles_), 628; sē þe him bealwa tō bōte gelȳfde (_who +trusted in him as a help out of evils_), 910; him tō anwaldan āre gelȳfde +(_relied for himself on the help of God_), 1273. + +ā-lȳsan, w. v., _to loose, liberate_: pret. part. þā wæs of þǣm hrōran +helm and byrne lungre ā-lȳsed (_helm and corselet were straightway loosed +from him_), 1631. + +M + +maðelian, w. v. (sermocinari), _to speak, talk_: pret. sg. maðelode, 286, +348, 360, 371, 405, 456, 499, etc.; maðelade, 2426. + +maga, w. m., _son, male descendant, young man_: nom. sg. maga Healfdenes +(Hrōðgār), 189, 1475, 2144; maga Ecgþēowes (Bēowulf), 2588: maga (Grendel), +979; se maga geonga (Wīglāf), 2676; Grendeles maga (_a relative of +Grendel_), 2007; acc. sg. þone magan, 944. + +magan, v. with pret.-pres. form, _to be able_: pres. sg. I. III. mæg, 277, +478, 931, 943, 1485, 1734, etc.; II. meaht þū, 2048; subj. pres. mǣge, +2531, 2750; þēah ic eal mǣge (_even though I could_), 681; subj. pl. wē +mǣgen, 2655; pret. sg. meahte, 542, 755, 1131, 1660, 2465, etc.; mihte, +190, 207, 462, 511, 571, 657, 1509, 2092, 2610; mehte, 1083, 1497, 1516, +1878; pl. meahton, 649, 942, 1455, 1912, 2374, 3080; mihton, 308, 313, +2684, 3164; subj. pret. sg. meahte, 243, 763, 2521; pres. sg. mæg, +sometimes = licet, _may, can, will_ (fut.), 1366, 1701, 1838, 2865. + +mago (Goth. magu-s), st. m., _male, son_: nom. sg. mago Ecglāfes (Hunferð), +1466; mago Healfdenes (Hrōðgār), 1868, 2012. + +mago-dryht, st. f., _troop of young men, band of men_: nom. sg. mago-driht, +67. + +mago-rinc, st. m., _hero, man_ (preeminently): gen. pl. mago-rinca, hēap, +731. + +magu-þegn, mago-þegn, st. m., _vassal, war-thane_: nom. sg. 408, 2758; dat. +sg. magu-þegne, 2080; acc. pl. magu-þegnas, 293; dat. pl. mago-þegnum, +1481; gen. pl. mago-þegna ... þone sēlestan (_the best of vassals_), 1406. + +man, mon, st. m.: 1) _man, human being_: nom. sg. man, 25, 503, 534, 1049, +1354, 1399, 1535, 1877, etc.; mon, 209, 510, 1561, 1646, 2282, etc.; acc. +sg. w. mannan, 297, 577, 1944, 2128, 2775; wīd-cūðne man, 1490; dat. sg. +men, 656, 753, 1880; menn, 2190; gen. sg. mannes, 1195 (?), 2081, 2534, +2542; monnes, 1730; nom. pl. men, 50, 162, 233, 1635, 3167; acc. pl. men, +69, 337, 1583, 1718; dat. pl. mannum, 3183; gen. pl. manna, 155, 201, 380, +702, 713, 736, etc.; monna, 1414, 2888.--2) indef. pron. = _one, they, +people_ (Germ. _man_): man, 1173, 1176; mon, 2356, 3177.--Comp.: fyrn-, +glēo-, gum-, iū-, lid-, sǣ-, wǣpned-man. + +man. See munan. + +man-cyn, st. n., _mankind_: dat. sg. man-cynne, 110; gen. sg. man-cynnes, +164, 2182; mon-cynnes, 196, 1956. + +man-drēam, st. m., _human joy, mundi voluptas_: acc. sg. man-drēam, 1265; +dat. pl. mon-drēamum, 1716. + +man-dryhten, st. m. (_lord of men_), _ruler of the people, prince, king_: +nom. sg. man-dryhten, 1979, 2648; mon-drihten, 436; mon-dryhten, 2866; acc. +sg. mon-dryhten, 2605; dat. sg. man-drihtne, 1230; man-dryhtne, 1250, 2282; +gen. sg. man-dryhtnes, 2850; mon-dryhtnes, 3150. + +ge-mang, st. m., _troop, company_: dat. sg. on gemonge (_in the troop_ [of +the fourteen Gēatas that returned from the sea]), 1644. + +manian, w. v., _to warn, admonish_: pres. sg. III. manað swā and myndgað +... sārum wordum (_so warneth and remindeth he with bitter words_), 2058. + +manig, monig, adj., _many, many a, much_: 1) adjectively: nom. sg. rinc +manig, 399; geong manig (_many a young man_), 855; monig snellīc sǣ-rinc, +690; medu-benc monig, 777; so 839, 909, 919, 1511, 2763, 3023, etc.; acc. +sg. medo-ful manig, 1016; dat. sg. m. þegne monegum, 1342, 1420; dat. sg. +f. manigre mǣgðe, 75; acc. pl. manige men, 337; dat. pl. manegum māðmum, +2104; monegum mǣgðum, 5; gen. pl. manigra mēda, 1179.--2) substantively: +nom. sg. manig, 1861; monig, 858; dat. sg. manegum, 349, 1888; nom. pl. +manige, 1024; monige, 2983; acc. pl. monige, 1599; gen. pl. manigra, +2092.--3) with depend. gen. pl.: dat. manegum mǣgða, 1772; monegum fīra, +2002; hæleða monegum bold-āgendra, 3112; acc. pl. rinca manige, 729; +(māðm)-ǣhta monige, 1614. + +manig-oft, adv., _very often, frequently_, 171 [if manig and oft are to be +connected]. + +man-līce, adv., _man-like, manly_, 1047. + +man-þwǣre, adj., _kind, gentle toward men, philanthropic_: nom. sg. superl. +mon-þwǣrust, 3183. + +mā, contracted compar., _more_: with partitive gen., 504, 736, 1056. + +māðum, māððum, st. m., _gift, jewel, object of value_: acc. sg. māððum, +169, 1053, 2056, 3017; dat. instr. sg. māðme, 1529, 1903; nom. pl. māðmas, +1861; acc. pl. mādmas, 385, 472, 1028, 1483, 1757, 1868, etc.; dat. instr. +pl. māðmum, mādmum, 1049, 1899, 2104, 2789; gen. pl. māðma, 1785, 2144, +2167, etc.; mādma, 36, 41.--Comp.: dryht-, gold-, hord-, ofer-, sinc-, +wundor-māðum. + +māðm-ǣht, st. f., _treasure in jewels, costly objects_: gen. pl. māðm-ǣhta, +1614, 2834. + +māððum-fæt, st. n., _treasure-casket_ or _cup, costly vessel_: nom. sg., +2406. + +māðm-gestrēon, st. n., _precious jewel_: gen. pl. māðm-gestrēona, 1932. + +māðum-gifu, st. f., _gift of valuable objects, largess of treasure_: dat. +sg. æfter māððum-gife, 1302. + +māðum-sigl, st. n., _costly, sun-shaped ornament, valuable decoration_: +gen. pl. māððum-sigla, 2758. + +māðum-sweord, st. n., _costly sword_ (inlaid with gold and jewels): acc. +sg., 1024. + +māðum-wela, w. m., _wealth of jewels, valuables_:: dat. sg. +æfter-māððum-welan (_after the sight of the wealth of jewels_), 2751. + +māgas. See mǣg. + +māge, w. f., _female relative_: gen. sg. Grendles māgan (_mother_), 1392. + +mān, st. n., _crime, misdeed_: instr. sg. māne, 110, 979; adv., +_criminally_, 1056. + +mān-for-dǣdla, w. m., _evil-doer, criminal_: nom. pl. mān-for-dǣdlan, 563. + +mān-scaða, w. m., _mischievous, hurtful foe, hostis nefastus_: nom. sg. +713, 738, 1340; mān-sceaða, 2515. + +māra (comp. of micel), adj., _greater, stronger, mightier_: nom. sg. m. +māra, 1354, 2556; neut. māre, 1561; acc. sg. m. māran, 2017; mund-gripe +māran (_a mightier hand-grip_), 754; with following gen. pl. māran ... +eorla (_a more powerful earl_), 247; fem. māran, 533, 1012; neut. māre, +518; with gen. pl. morð-beala māre _(more, greater, deeds of murder_), 136; +gen. sg. f. māran, 1824. + +mǣst (superl. of micel, māra), _greatest, strongest_: nom. sg. neut. (with +partitive gen.), mǣst, 78, 193; fem. mǣst, 2329; acc. sg. fem. fǣhðe mǣste, +459; mǣste ... worolde wynne (_the highest earthly pleasure_), 1080; neut. +n. (with partitive gen.) mǣst mǣrða, 2646; hond-wundra mǣst, 2769; +bǣl-fȳra mǣst, 3144; instr. sg. m. mǣste cræfte, 2182. + +mæcg. See mecg. + +mægð, st. f., _wife, maid, woman_: nom. sg., 3017; gen. pl. mægða hōse +(_accompanied by her maids of honor_), 925; mægða, 944, 1284. + +mægen, st. n.: 1) _might, bodily strength, heroic power_: acc. sg. mægen, +518, 1707; instr. sg. mægene, 780(?), 2668; gen. sg. mægenes, 418, 1271, +1535, 1717, etc.; mægnes, 671, 1762; mægenes strang, strengest (_great in +strength_), 1845, 196; mægenes rōf (id.), 2085.--2) _prime, flower_ (of a +nation), _forces available in war_: acc. sg. swā hē oft (i.e. etan) dyde +mægen Hrēðmanna (_the best of the Hreðmen_), 445; gen. sg. wið manna hwone +mægenes Deniga (_from(?) any of the men of the Danes_), 155.--Comp. +ofer-mægen. + +mægen-āgend, pres. part., _having great strength, valiant_: gen. pl. +-āgendra, 2838. + +mægen-byrðen, st. f., _huge burthen_: acc. sg. mægen-byrðenne, 3092; dat. +(instr.) sg., 1626. + +mægen-cræft, st. m., _great, hero-like, strength_: acc. sg., 380. + +mægen-ellen, st. n. (the same), acc. sg., 660. + +mægen-fultum, st. m., _material aid_: gen. pl. næs þæt þonne mǣtost +mægen-fultuma (_that was not the least of strong helps_, i.e. the sword +Hrunting), 1456. + +mægen-rǣs, st. m., _mighty attack, onslaught_: acc. sg., 1520. + +mægen-strengo, st. f., _main strength, heroic power_: acc. sg., 2679. + +mægen-wudu, st. m., _might-wood_, i.e. the spear, lance: acc. sg., 236. + +mæst, st. m., _mast_: nom. sg., 1899; dat. sg. be mæste (_beside the +mast_), 36; _to the mast_, 1906. + +mǣðum. See māðum, hyge-mǣðum. + +mǣg, st. m., _kinsman by blood_: nom. sg. mǣg, 408, 738, 759, 814, 915, +1531, 1945, etc; (_brother_), 468, 2605? acc. sg. mǣg (_son_), 1340; +(_brother_), 2440, 2485, 2983; dat. sg. mǣge, 1979; gen. sg. mǣges, 2629, +2676, 2699, 2880; nom. pl. māgas, 1016; acc. pl. māgas, 2816; dat. pl. +māgum, 1179, 2615, 3066; (_to brothers_), 1168; mǣgum, 2354; gen. pl. māga, +247, 1080, 1854, 2007, 2743.--Comp.: fæderen-, hēafod-, wine-mǣg. + +mǣg-burh, st. f., _borough of blood-kinsmen, entire population united by +ties of blood_; (in wider sense) _race, people, nation_: gen. sg. +lond-rihtes ... þǣre mǣg-burge (_of land possessions among the people_, +i.e. of the Gēatas), 2888. + +mǣgð, st. f., _race, people_: acc. sg. mǣgðe, 1012; dat. sg. mǣgðe, 75; +dat. pl. mǣgðum, 5; gen. pl. mǣgða, 25, 1772. + +mǣg-wine, st. m., _blood kinsman, friend_, 2480 (nom. pl.). + +mǣl, st. n.: l) _time, point of time_: nom. sg. 316; þā wæs sǣl and mǣl +(_there was_ [appropriate] _chance and time_), 1009; acc. sg. mǣl, 2634; +instr. pl. ǣrran mǣlum, 908, 2238, 3036; gen. pl. mǣla, 1250; sǣla and +mǣla, 1612; mǣla gehwylce (_each time, without intermission_), 2058.--2) +_sword, weapon_: nom. sg. brōden (brogden) mǣl (_the drawn sword_), 1617, +1668 (cf. Grimm, Andreas and Elene, p. 156).--3) _mole, spot, +mark_.--Comp.: grǣg-, hring-, sceaðen-, wunden-mǣl. + +mǣl-cearu, st. f., _long-continued sorrow, grief_: acc. sg. mǣl-ceare, 189. + +mǣl-gesceaft, st. f., _fate, appointed time_: acc. pl. ie on earde bād +mǣl-gesceafta (_awaited the time allotted for me by fate_), 2738. + +mǣnan, w. v., with acc. in the sense of (1) _to remember, mention, +proclaim_: inf. mǣnan, 1068; pret. part. þǣr wæs Bēowulfes mǣrðo mǣned, +858.--2) _to mention sorrowfully, mourn_: inf. 3173; pret. sg. giohðo mǣnde +(_mourned sorrowfully_), 2268; pret. pl. mǣndon, 1150, 3150. + +ge-mǣnan (see mān), w. v. with acc., _to injure maliciously, break_: subj. +pret. pl. ge-mǣnden, 1102. + +ge-mǣne, adj., _common, in common_: nom. sg. gemǣne, 2474; þǣr unc hwīle +wæs hand gemǣne (i.e. in battle), 2138; sceal ūrum þæt sweord and helm bām +gemǣne (i.e. wesan), 2661; nom. pl. gemǣne, 1861; dat. pl. þæt þām folcum +sceal ... sib gemǣnum (attraction for gemǣne, i.e. wesan), 1858; gen. pl. +unc sceal (i.e. wesan) fela māðma gemǣnra (_we two shall share many +treasures together_), 1785. + +mǣrðu, st. f.: 1) _glory, a heroes fame_: nom. sg. 858; acc. sg. mǣrðo, +660, 688; acc. pl. mǣrða, 2997; instr. pl. mǣrðum (_gloriously_), 2515: +gen. pl. mǣrða, 504, 1531.--2) _deed of glory, heroism_: acc. sg. mǣrðo, +2135; gen. pl. mǣrða, 408, 2646.--Comp. ellen-mǣrðu. + +mǣre, adj., _memorable; celebrated, noble; well known, notorious_: nom. sg. +m. mǣre, 103, 129, 1716, 1762; se mǣra, 763, 2012, 2588; also as vocative +m. se mǣra, 1475; nom. fem. mǣru, 2017; mǣre, 1953; neut. mǣre, 2406; acc. +sg. m. mǣrne, 36, 201, 353, 1599, 2385, 2722, 2789, 3099; neut. mǣre, 1024; +dat. sg. mǣrum, 345, 1302, 1993, 2080, 2573; tō þǣm mǣran, 270; gen. sg. +mǣres, 798; mǣran, 1730; nom. pl. mǣre, 3071; superl. mǣrost, 899,--Comp.: +fore-, heaðo-mǣre. + +mǣst. See māra. + +mǣte, adj., _moderate, small_: superl. nom. sg. mǣtost, 1456. + +mecg, mæcg, st. m., _son, youth, man_. in comp. hilde-, ōret-mecg, +wræc-mæcg. + +medla. See on-medla. + +medu, st. m., _mead_: acc. sg. medu, 2634; dat. sg. tō medo, 605. + +medo-ærn, st. n., _mead-hall_: acc. sg. medo-ærn (Heorot), 69. + +medu-benc, st. f., _mead-bench, bench in the mead-hall_: nom. sg. +medu-benc, 777; dat. sg. medu-bence, 1053; medo-bence, 1068, 2186; +meodu-bence, 1903. + +medu-drēam, st. m., _mead-joy, joyous carousing during mead-drinking_: acc. +sg. 2017. + +medo-ful, st. n., _mead-cup_: acc. sg. 625, 1016. + +medo-heal, st. f., _mead-hall_: nom. sg., 484; dat. sg. meodu-healle, 639. + +medu-scenc, st. m., _mead-can, vessel_: instr. pl. meodu-scencum, 1981. + +medu-seld, st. n., _mead-seat, mead-house_: acc. sg., 3066. + +medo-setl, st. n., _mead-seat upon which one sits mead-drinking_: gen. pl. +meodo-setla, 5. + +medo-stīg, st. f., _mead-road, road to the mead-hall_: acc. sg. medo-stīg, +925. + +medo-wang, st. m., _mead-field_ (where the mead-hall stood): acc. pl. +medo-wongas, 1644. + +meðel, st. n., _assembly, council_: dat. sg. on meðle, 1877. + +meðel-stede, st. m., (properly _place of speech, judgment-seat_), here +_meeting-place, battle-field_ (so, also 425, the battle is conceived under +the figure of a parliament or convention): dat. sg. on þǣm meðel-stede, +1083. + +meðel-word, st. n., _words called forth at a discussion; address_: instr. +pl. meðel-wordum, 236. + +melda, w. m., _finder, informer, betrayer_: gen. sg. þæs meldan, 2406. + +meltan, st. v. intrans., _to consume by fire, melt or waste away_: inf., +3012; pret. sg. mealt, 2327; pl. multon, 1121. + +ge-meltan, the same: pret. sg. gemealt, 898, 1609, 1616; ne gemealt him se +mōd-sefa (_his courage did not desert him_), 2629. + +men. See man. + +mene, st. m., _neck ornament, necklace, collar_: acc. sg., 1200. + +mengan, w. v., _to mingle, unite, with_, w. acc. of thing: inf. sē þe +mere-grundas mengan scolde, 1450. + +ge-mengan, _to mix with, commingle_: pret. part. 849, 1594. + +menigu, st. f., _multitude, many_: nom. and acc. sg. māðma menigeo +(_multitude of treasures, presents_), 2144; so, mænigo, 41. + +mercels, st. m., _mark, aim_: gen. sg. mercelses, 2440. + +mere, st. m., _sea, ocean_: nom. sg. se mere, 1363; acc. sg. on mere, 1131, +1604; on nicera mere, 846; dat. sg. fram mere, 856. + +mere-dēor, st. n., _sea-beast_: acc. sg., 558. + +mere-fara, w. m., _seafarer_: gen. sg. mere-faran, 502. + +mere-fix, st. m., _sea-fish_: gen. pl. mere-fixa (_the whale_, cf. 540, +549. + +mere-grund, st. m., _sea-bottom_: acc. sg., 2101; acc. pl. mere-grundas, +1450. + +mere-hrægl, st. n., _-sea-garment_, i.e., sail: gen. pl. mere-hrægla sum, +1906. + +mere-līðend, pres. part., _moving on the sea, sailor_: nom. pl. +mere-līðende, 255. + +mere-strǣt, st. f., _sea-street, way over the sea_: acc. pl. mere-strǣta +514. + +mere-strengo, st. f., _sea-power, strength in the sea_: acc. sg., 533. + +mere-wīf, st. n., _sea-woman, mer-woman_: acc. sg. (of Grendel's mother), +1520. + +mergen. See morgen. + +met, st. n., _thought, intention_ (cf. metian = meditari): acc. pl. onsǣl +meoto, 489 (meaning doubtful; see Bugge, Journal 8, 292; Dietrich, Haupt's +Zeits. 11, 411; Körner, Eng. Stud. 2, 251). + +ge-met, st. n., _an apportioned share; might, power, ability _: nom. sg. +nis þæt ... gemet mannes nefne mīn ānes (_nobody, myself excepted, can do +that_), 2534; acc. sg. ofer mīn gemet (_beyond my power_), 2880; dat. sg. +mid gemete, 780. + +ge-met, adj., _well-measured, meet, good_: nom. sg. swā him gemet þince +(þūhte), (_as seemed meet to him_), 688, 3058. See un-gemete, adv. + +metan, st. v., _to measure, pass over_ or _along_: pret. pl. fealwe strǣte +mēarum mǣton (_measured the yellow road with their horses_), 918; so, 514, +1634. + +ge-metan, the same: pret. sg. medu-stīg gemæt.(_measured, walked over, the +road to the mead-hall_), 925. + +metod, st. m. (the measuring, arranging) _Creator, God_: nom. sg., 110, +707, 968, 1058, 2528; scīr metod, 980; sōð metod, 1612; acc. sg. metod, +180; dat. sg. metode, 169, 1779; gen. sg. metodes, 671.--Comp. eald-metod. + +metod-sceaft, st. f.: 1) _the Creator's determination, divine purpose, +fate_: acc. sg. -sceaft, 1078.--2) _the Creators glory_: acc. sg. +metod-sceaft sēon (i.e. die), 1181; dat. sg. tō metod-sceafte, 2816. + +mēce, st. m., _sword_: nom. sg., 1939; acc. sg. mēce, 2048; brādne mēce, +2979; gen. sg. mēces, 1766, 1813, 2615, 2940; dat. pl. instr. mēcum, 565; +gen. pl. mēca, 2686.--Comp.: beado-, hæft-, hilde-mēce. + +mēd, st. f., _meed, reward_: acc. sg. mēde, 2135; dat. sg. mēde, 2147; gen. +pl. mēda, 1179. + +ge-mēde, st. n., _approval, permission_ (Grein): acc. pl. ge-mēdu, 247. + +mēðe, adj., _tired, exhausted, dejected_: in comp. hyge-, sǣ-mēðe. + +mētan, w. v., _to meet, find, fall in with_: with acc., pret. pl. syððan +Æscheres ... hafelan mētton, 1422; subj. pret. sg. þæt hē ne mētte ... on +elran man mundgripe māran (_that he never met, in any other man, with a +mightier hand-grip_), 752. + +ge-mētan, with acc., the same: pret. sg. gemētte, 758, 2786; pl. næs þā +long tō þon, þæt þā āglǣcean hȳ eft gemētton (_it was not long after that +the warriors again met each other_), 2593. + +ge-mēting, st. f., _meeting, hostile coming together_: nom. sg., 2002. + +mēagol, adj., _mighty, immense; formal, solemn_: instr. pl. mēaglum wordum, +1981. + +mearc, st. f., _frontier, limit, end_: dat. sg. tō mearce (_the end of +life_), 2385.--Comp. Weder-mearc, 298. + +ge-mearc, st. n., _measure, distance_: comp. fōt-, mīl-ge-mearc. + +mearcian, w. v., _to mark, stain_: pres. ind. sg. mearcað mōrhopu (_will +stain, mark, the moor with the blood of the corpse_), 450. + +ge-mearcian, the same: pret. part. (Cain) morðre gemearcod (_murder-marked_ +[cf. 1 Book Mos. IV. 15]), 1265; swā wæs on þǣm scennum ... gemearcod ... +hwām þæt sweord geworht wǣre (_engraved for whom the sword had been +wrought_), 1696. + +mearc-stapa, w. m., _march-strider, frontier-haunter_ (applied to Grendel +and his mother): nom. sg., 103; acc. pl. mearc-stapan, 1349. + +mearh, st. m., _horse, steed_: nom. pl. mēaras, 2164; acc. pl. mēaras, 866, +1036; dat. pl. inst. mēarum, 856, 918; mēarum and māðmum, 1049, 1899; gen. +pl. mēara and māðma, 2167. + +mearn. See murnan. + +meodu. See medu. + +meoto. See met. + +meotud. See metod. + +meowle, w. f., _maiden_: comp. geō-meowle. + +micel, adj., _great, huge, long_ (of time): nom. sg. m., 129, 502; fem., +67, 146, 170; neut., 772; acc. sg. m. micelne, 3099; fem, micle, 1779, +3092; neut. micel, 270, 1168. The comp. māre must be supplied before þone +in: medo-ærn micel ... (māre) þone yldo beam ǣfre ge-frūnon, 69; instr. sg. +ge-trume micle, 923; micle (_by much, much_); micle lēofre (_far dearer_), +2652; efne swā micle (lǣssa), (_[less] even by so much_), 1284; oftor micle +(_much oftener_), 1580; dat. sg, weak form miclan, 2850; gen. sg. miclan, +979. The gen. sg. micles is an adv. = _much, very_: micles wyrðne gedōn +(_deem worthy of much_, i.e. honor very highly), 2186; tō fela micles (_far +too much, many_), 695; acc. pl. micle, 1349. Compar., see māra. + +mid, I. prep. w. dat., instr., and acc., signifying preëminently _union, +community, with_, hence: 1) w. dat.: a) _with, in company, community, +with_; mid Finne, 1129; mid Hrōðgāre, 1593; mid scip-herge, 243; mid +gesīðum (_with his comrades_), 1314; so, 1318, 1964, 2950, etc.; mid his +frēo-drihtne, 2628; mid þǣm lācum (_with the gifts_), 1869; so, 2789, 125; +mid hǣle (_with good luck!_), 1218; mid bǣle fōr (_sped off amid fire_), +2309. The prep. postponed: him mid (_with him, in his company_), 41; _with +him_, 1626; ne wæs him Fitela mid (_was not with him_), 890. b) _with, +among_: mid Gēatum (_among the Gēatas_), 195, 2193, 2624; mid Scyldingum, +274; mid Eotenum, 903; mid yldum (eldum), 77, 2612; mid him (_with, among, +one another_), 2949. In temporal sense: mid ǣr-dæge (_at dawn_), 126.--2) +_with, with the help of, through_, w. dat.: mid ār-stafum (_through his +grace_), 317; so, 2379; mid grāpe (_with the fist_), 438; so, 1462, 2721; +mid his hete-þoncum (_through his hatred_), 475; mid sweorde, 574; so, +1660, 2877; mid gemete (_through, by, his power_), 780; so, 1220, 2536, +2918; mid gōde (_with benefits_), 1185; mid hearme (_with harm, insult_), +1893; mid þǣre sorge (_with [through?] this sorrow_), 2469; mid rihte (_by +rights_), 2057. With instr.: mid þȳ wīfe (_through [marriage with] the +woman_), 2029.--3) w. acc., _with, in community, company, with_: mid his +eorla gedriht, 357; so, 634, 663, 1673; mid hine, 880; mid mīnne +gold-gyfan, 2653. + +II. adv., mid, _thereamong, in the company_, 1643; _at the same time, +likewise_, 1650. + +middan-geard, st. m., _globe, earth_: acc. sg., 75, 1772; dat. sg. on +middan-gearde, 2997; gen. sg. middan-geardes, 504, 752. + +midde, w. f., _middle = medius_: dat. sg. on middan (_through the middle, +in two_), 2706; gen. sg. (adv.) tō-middes (_in the midst_), 3142. + +middel-niht, st. f., _midnight_: dat. pl. middel-nihtum, 2783, 2834. + +miht, st. f., _might, power, authority_: acc. sg. þurh drihtnes miht +(_through the Lord's help, power_), 941; instr. pl. selfes mihtum, 701. + +mihtig, adj.: 1) _physically strong, powerful_: acc. sg. mihtig mere-dēor, +558; mere-wīf mihtig, 1520.--2) _possessing authority, mighty_: nom. sg. +mihtig god, 702, 1717, 1726; dat. sg. mihtigan drihtne, 1399.--Comp.: æl-, +fore-mihtig. + +milde, adj., _kind, gracious, generous_: nom. sg. mōdes milde +(_kind-hearted_), 1230; instr. pl. mildum wordum (_graciously_), 1173. +Superl. nom. sg. worold-cyning mannum mildust (_a king most liberal to +men_), 3183. + +milts, st. f., _kindness, benevolence_: nom. sg., 2922. + +missan, w. v. with gen., _to miss, err in_: pret. sg. miste mercelses +(_missed the mark_), 2440. + +missēre, st. n., _space of a semester, half a year_: gen. pl. hund missēra +(_fifty winters_), 2734, 2210; generally, _a long period of time, season_, +1499, 1770; fela missēra, 153, 2621. + +mist-hlið, st. n., _misty cliff, cloud-capped slope_: dat. pl. under +mist-hleoðum, 711. + +mistig, adj., _misty_: acc. pl. mistige mōras, 162. + +mīl-gemearc, st. n., _measure by miles_: gen. sg. mīl-gemearces, 1363. + +mīn: 1) poss. pron., _my, mine_, 255, 345, etc.; Hygelāc mīn (_my lord_, or +_king, H._), 2435.--2) gen. sg. of pers. pron. ic, _of me_, 2085, 2534, +etc. + +molde, w. f., _dust; earth, field_: in comp. græs-molde. + +mon. See man. + +ge-mong. See ge-mang. + +morð-bealu, st. n., _murder, deadly hale_ or _deed of murder_: gen. pl. +morð-beala, 136. + +morðor, st. n., _deed of violence, murder_: dat. instr. sg. morðre, 893, +1265, 2783; gen. sg. morðres, 2056; morðres scyldig (_guilty of murder_), +1684. + +morðor-bed, st. n., _bed of death, murder-bed_: acc. sg. wæs þām yldestan +... morðor-bed strēd (_a bed of death was spread for the eldest_, i.e. +through murder his death-bed was prepared), 2437. + +morðor-bealu, st. n., _death-bale, destruction by murder_: acc. sg. +morðor-bealo, 1080, 2743. + +morðor-hete, st. m., _murderous hate_: gen. sg. þæs morðor-hetes, 1106. + +morgen, morn, mergen, st. m., _morning, forenoon_; also _morrow_: nom. sg. +morgen, 1785, 2125; (_morrow_), 2104; acc. sg. on morgen (_in the +morning_), 838; dat. sg. on morgne, 2485; on mergenne, 565, 2940; gen. pl. +morna gehwylce (_every morning_), 2451. + +morgen-ceald, adj., _morning-cold, dawn-cold_: nom. sg. gār morgen-ceald +(_spear chilled by the early air of morn_), 3023. + +morgen-lang, adj., _lasting through the morning_: acc. sg. morgen-longne +dæg (_the whole forenoon_), 2895. + +morgen-lēoht, st. n., _morning-light_: nom. sg., 605, 918. + +morgen-swēg, st. m., _morning-cry, cry at morn_: nom. sg., 129. + +morgen-tīd, st. f., _morning-tide_: acc. sg. on morgen-tīde, 484, 818(?) + +morn. See morgen. + +mōd, st. n.: 1) _heart, soul, spirit, mood, mind, manner of thinking_: nom. +sg., 50, 731; wǣfre mōd (_the flicker ing spirit, the fading breath_), +1151; acc. sg. on mōd (_into his mind_), 67; dat. instr. sg. mōde geþungen +(_of mature, lofty spirit_), 625; on mōde (_in heart, mind_), 754, 1845, +2282? 2528; on hrēoum mōde (_fierce of spirit_), 2582; gen. sg. modes, 171, +811, 1707; modes blīðe (_gracious-minded, kindly disposed_), 436; so, mōdes +milde, 1230; mōdes sēoce (_depressed in mind_), 1604.--2) _boldness, +courage_: nom. and acc. sg., 1058, 1168. 3) _passion, fierceness_: nom. +sg., 549.--Comp. form adj.: galg-, geōmor-, glæd-, gūð-, hrēoh-, sārig-, +stīð-, swīð-, wērig-, yrre-mōd. + +mōd-cearu, st. f., _grief of heart_: acc. sg. mōd-ceare, 1993, 3150. + +mōd-gehygd, st. f ., _thought of the heart; mind_: instr. pl. mōd-gehygdum, +233 + +mōd-ge-þanc, st. n., _mood-thought, meditation_: acc. sg. mōd-ge-þonc, +1730. + +mōd-giōmor, adj., _grieved at heart, dejected_: nom. sg., 2895. + +mōdig, adj., _courageous_: nom. sg., 605, 1644, 1813, 2758; hē þæs (þǣm, +MS.) mōdig wæs (_had the courage for it_), 1509; se mōdega, 814; dat. sg. +mid þām mōdigan, 3012; gen. sg. mōdges, 502; mōdiges, 2699; Gēata lēod +georne truwode mōdgan mægnes (_trusted firmly in his bold strength_), 671; +nom. pl. mōdge, 856; mōdige, 1877; gen. pl. mōdigra, 312, 1889.--Comp, +fela-mōdig. + +mōdig-līc, adj., _of bold appearance_: compar. acc. pl. mōdiglīcran, 337. + +mōd-lufe, w. f., _hearts affection, love_: gen. sg. þīnre mōd-lufan, 1824. + +mōd-sefa, w. m., _thought of the heart; brave, bold temper; courage_: nom. +sg., 349, 1854, 2629; acc. sg. mōd-sefan, 2013; dat. sg. mōd-sefan, 180. + +mōd-þracu, st. f., _boldness, courage, strength of mind_: dat. sg. for his +mōd-þræce, 385. + +mōdor, f., _mother_: nom. sg., 1259, 1277, 1283, 1684, 2119; acc. sg. +mōdor, 1539, 2140, 2933. + +mōna, w. m., _moon_: gen. sg. mōnan, 94. + +mōr, st. m., _moor, morass, swamp_: acc. sg. ofer myrcan mōr, 1406; dat. +sg. of mōre, 711; acc. pl. mōras, 103, 162, 1349. + +mōr-hop, st. n., _place of refuge in the moor, hiding-place in the swamp_: +acc. pl. mōr-hopu, 450. + +ge-mōt, st. n., _meeting_: in comp. hand-, torn-ge-mōt. + +mōtan, pret.-pres. v.: 1) _power_ or _permission to have something, to be +permitted; may, can_: pres. sg. I., III. mōt, 186, 442, 604; II. mōst, +1672; pl. mōton, 347, 365, 395; pres. subj. ic mōte, 431; III. sē þe mōte, +1388; pret sg. mōste, 168, 707, 736, 895, 1488, 1999, 2242, 2505, etc.; pl. +mōston, 1629, 1876, 2039, 2125, 2248; pres. subj. sg. II. þæt þū hine +selfne gesēon mōste (_mightest see_), 962.--2) _shall, must, be obliged_: +pres. sg. mōt, 2887; pret. sg. mōste, 1940; þǣr hē þȳ fyrste forman dōgore +wealdan mōste, swā him Wyrd ne gescrāf, hrēð æt hilde (_if he must for the +first time that day be victorious, as Fate had denied him victory_, cf. +2681, 2683 seqq.), 2575. + +ge-munan, pret.-pres. v., _to have in mind, be mindful; remember, think +of_, w. acc.: pres. sg. hine gearwe geman witena wēl-hwylc (_each of the +knowing ones still remembers him well_), 265; ic þē þæs lēan geman (_I +shall not forget thy reward for this_), 1221; ic þæt eall gemon (_I +remember all that_), 2428; so, 1702, 2043; gif hē þæt eall gemon hwæt ... +(_if he is mindful of all that which_ ...), 1186; ic þæt mǣl gemon hwǣr... +(_I remember the time when_...), 2634; pret. sg. w. gemunde... ǣfen-sprǣce +(_recalled his evening speech_), 759; so, 871, 1130, 1260, 1271, 1291, +2115, 2432, 2607, 2679; sē þæs lēod-hryres lēan ge-munde (_was mindful of +reward for the fall of the ruler_), 2392; þæt hē Eotena bearn inne gemunde +(_that he in this should remember, take vengeance on, the children of the +Eotens_), 1142; so, hond gemunde fǣhðo genōge (_his hand remembered strife +enough_), 2490; ne ge-munde mago Ecglāfes þæt ... (_remembered not that +which_ ...), 1466; pret. pl. helle gemundon in mōd-sefan (_their thoughts_ +[as heathens] _fixed themselves on, remembered, hell_), 179. + +on-munan, w. acc. pers. and gen. of thing, _to admonish, exhort_: pret. sg. +onmunde ūsic mǣrða (_exhorted us to deeds of glory_), 2641. + +mund, st. f., _hand_: instr. pl. mundum, mid mundum, 236, 514, 1462, 3023, +3092. + +mund-bora, w. m., _protector, guardian, preserver_: nom. sg., 1481, 2780. + +mund-gripe, st. m., _hand-grip, seizure_: acc. sg. mund-gripe, 754; dat. +sg. mund-gripe, 380, 1535; æfter mund-gripe (_after having seized the +criminal_), 1939. + +murnan, st. v., _to shrink from, be afraid of, avoid_: pret. sg. nō mearn +fore fǣhðe and fyrene, 136; so, 1538; nalles for ealdre mearn (_was not +apprehensive for his life_), 1443.--2) _to mourn, grieve_: pres. part. him +wæs ... murnende mōd, 50; pres. subj., þonne hē fela murne (_than that he +should mourn much_), 1386. + +be-murnan, be-meornan, with acc., _to mourn over_: pret. be-mearn, 908, +1078. + +murn-līce. See un-murn-līce. + +mūð-bana, w. m., _mouth-destroyer_: dat. sg. tō mūð-bonan (of Grendel +because he bit his victim to death), 2080. + +mūða, w. m., _mouth, entrance_: acc. sg. recedes mūðan (_mouth of the +house, door_), 725. + +ge-mynd, st. f., _memory, memorial, remembrance_: dat. pl. tō gemyndum, +2805, 3017. See weorð-mynd. + +myhdgian, w. v., _to call to mind, remember_: pres. sg. myndgað, 2058; +pres. part. w. gen. gif þonne Frēsna hwylc ... þæs morðor-hetes myndgiend +wǣre (_were to call to mind the bloody feud_), 1106. + +ge-myndgian, w. v. w. acc., _to remember_: bið gemyndgad ... eaforan +ellor-sīð (_is reminded of his son's decease_), 2451. + +ge-myndig, adj., _mindful_: nom. sg. w. gen., 614, 869, 1174, 1531, 2083, +etc. + +myne, st. m.: 1) _mind, wish_: nom. sg., 2573.--2) _love_(?): nē his myne +wisse (_whose_ [God's] _love he knew not_), 169. + +ge-mynian, w. v. w. acc., _to be mindful of_: imper. sg. gemyne mǣrðo! 660. + +myntan, w. v., _to intend, think of, resolve_: pret. sg. mynte ... manna +cynnes sumne besyrwan (_meant to entrap all_(?) [see sum], _some one of +(?), the men_), 713; mynte þæt hē gedǣlde ... (_thought to sever_), 732; +mynte se mǣra, þǣr hē meahte swā, wīdre gewindan (_intended to flee_), 763. + +myrce, adj., _murky, dark_: acc. sg. ofer myrcan mōr, 1406. + +myrð, st. f., _joy, mirth_: dat. (instr.) sg. mōdes myrðe, 8n. + +N + +naca, w. m., _vessel, ship_: acc. sg. nacan, 295; gen. sg. nacan, +214.--Comp.: hring-, ȳð-naca. + +nacod, adj., _naked_: nom. and acc. sg. swurd, gūð-bill nacod, 539, 2586; +nacod nīð-draca, 2274. + +nalas, nales, nallas. See nealles. + +nama, w. m., _name_: nom. sg. Bēowulf is mīn nama, 343; wæs þǣm hæft-mēce +Hrunting nama, 1458; acc. sg. scōp him Heort naman (_gave it the name +Hart_), 78. + +nā (from ne-ā), strength, negative, _never, not all_, 445, 567, 1537. + +nāh, from ne-āh. See āgan. + +nān (from ne-ān), indef. pron., _none, no_: with gen. pl. gūð-billa nān, +804; adjectively, nān ... īren ǣrgōd, 990. + +nāt, from ne-wāt: _I know not=nescio_. See witan. + +nāt-hwylc (nescio quis, ne-wāt-hwylc, _know not who, which_, etc.), indef. +pron., _any, a certain one, some or other_: 1) w. partitive gen.: nom. sg. +gumena nāt-hwylc, 2234;. gen. sg. nāt-hwylces (þāra banena), 2054; niða +nāt-hwylces(?), 2216; nāt-hwylces hæleða bearna, 2225.--2) adjectively: +dat. sg. in nið-sele nāt-hwylcum, 1514. + +næbben, from ne-hæbben (subj. pres.). See habban. + +næfne. See nefne. + +nægel, st. m., _nail_: gen. pl. nægla (of the finger-nails), 986. + +nægled, part., _nailed?, nail-like?, buckled?_: acc. sg. neut. nægled (MS. +gled) sinc, 2024. + +næs, st. m., _naze, rock projecting into the sea, cliff, promontory_: acc. +sg. næs, 1440, 1601, 2899; dat. sg. næsse, 2244, 2418; acc. pl. windige +næssas, 1412; gen. pl. næssa, 1361. + +næs, from ne-wæs (_was not_). See wesan. + +næs, neg. adv., _not, not at all_, 562, 2263. + +næs-hlið, st. n., _declivity, slope of a promontory that sinks downward to +the sea_: dat. pl. on næs-hleoðum, 1428. + +nǣfre, adv., _never_, 247, 583, 592, 656, 719, 1042, 1049, etc.; also +strengthened by ne: nǣfre ne, 1461. + +ge-nǣgan, w. v. w. acc. pers. and gen. of thing, _to attack, press_; pret. +pl. nīða genǣgdan nefan Hererīces (_in combats pressed hard upon H.'s +nephew_), 2207; pret. part. wearð ... nīða genǣged, 1440. + +nǣnig (from ne-ǣnig), pron., _not any, none, no_: 1) substantively w. gen. +pl.: nom. sg., 157, 242, 692; dat. sg. nǣnegum, 599; gen. pl. nǣnigra, +950.--2) adjectively: nom. sg. ōðer nǣnig, 860; nǣnig wæter, 1515; nǣnig +... dēor, 1934; acc. sg. nǣnigne ... hord-māððum, 1199. + +nǣre, from ne-wǣre (_were not, would not be_). See wesan. + +ne, simple neg., _not_, 38, 50, 80, 83, 109, etc.; before imper. ne sorga! +1385; ne gȳm! 1761, etc. Doubled =_certainly not, not even that_: nē gē +... gearwe ne wisson (_ye certainly have not known_, etc.), 245; so, 863; +ne ic ... wihte ne wēne (_nor do I at all in the least expect_), 2923; so, +182. Strengthened by other neg.: nōðer ... ne, 2125; swā hē ne mihte nō ... +(_so that he absolutely could not_), 1509. + +nē ... nē, _not ... and not, nor; neither ... nor_, 154-157, 511, +1083-1085, etc. Another neg. may supply the place of the first ne: so, nō +... ne, 575-577, 1026-1028, 1393-1395, etc.; nǣfre ... ne, 583-584; nalles +... nē, 3016-3017. The neg. may be omitted the first time: ǣr nē siððan +(_neither before nor after, before nor since_), 719; sūð nē norð (_south +nor north_), 859; ādl nē yldo (_neither illness nor old age_), 1737; wordum +nē worcum (_neither by word nor deed_), 1101; wiston and ne wēndon (_knew +not and weened not_), 1605. + +nefa, w. m., _nephew, grandson_: nom. sg. nefa (_grandson_), 1204; so, +1963; (_nephew_), 2171; acc. sg. nefan (_nephew_), 2207; dat. sg. nefan +(_nephew_), 882. + +nefne, næfne, nemne (orig. from ne-gif-ne): 1) subj.: a) with depend. +clause = _unless_: nefne him wītig god wyrd forstōde (_if fate, the wise +God, had not prevented him_), 1057; nefne god sylfa ... sealde (_unless God +himself_, etc.), 3055; næfne him his wlite lēoge (MS. nǣfre) (_unless his +face belie him_), 250; næfne hē wæs māra (_except that he was huger_), +1354; nemne him heaðo-byrne helpe ge-fremede, 1553; so, 2655.--b) w. +follow. substantive = _except, save, only_: nefne sin-frēa (_except the +husband_), 1935; ic lȳt hafo hēafod-māga nefne Hygelāc þec (_have no near +kin but thee_), 2152; nis þæt ēower (gen. pl.) sīð ... nefne mīn ānes, +2534.--2) Prep. with dat., _except_: nemne fēaum ānum, 1082. + +ge-nehost. See ge-neahhe. + +nelle, from ne-wille (_I will not_). See willan. + +nemnan, w. v. w. acc.: 1) _to name, call_: pres. pl. þone yldestan +ōret-mecgas Bēowulf nemnað (_the warriors call the most distinguished one +Bēowulf_), 364; so inf. nemnan, 2024; pret. pl. nemdon, 1355.--2) _to +address_, as in + +be-nemnan, _to pronounce solemnly, put under a spell_: pret. sg. Fin +Hengeste ... āðum be-nemde þæt (_asserted, promised under oath that_ ...), +1098; pret. pl. swā hit oð dōmes dæg dīope benemdon þēodnas mǣre (_put +under a curse_), 3070. + +nemne. See nefne. + +nerian, ge-nerian, w. v., _to save, rescue, liberate_: pres. sg. Wyrd oft +nereð unfǣgne eorl, 573; pret. part. hæfde ... sele Hrōðgāres ge-nered wið +nīðe (_saved from hostility_), 828. + +ge-nesan, st. v.: 1) intrans., _to remain over, be preserved_: pret. sg. +hrōf āna genæs ealles ansund (_the roof alone was quite sound_), 1000.--2) +w. acc., _to endure successfully, survive, escape from_: pret. sg. sē þā +sæcce ge-næs, 1978; fela ic ... gūð-rǣsa ge-næs, 2427; pret. part. swā hē +nīða gehwane genesen hæfde, 2398. + +net, st. n., _net_: in comp. brēost-, here-, hring-, inwit-, searo-net. + +nēdla, w. m., _dire necessity, distress_: in comp. þrēa-nēdla. + +nēðan (G. nanþjan), w. v., _to venture, undertake boldly_: pres. part. +nearo nēðende (_encountering peril_), 2351; pret. pl. þǣr git ... on dēop +water aldrum nēðdon (_where ye two risked your lives in the deep water_), +510; so, 538. + +ge-nēðan, the same: inf. ne dorste under ȳða gewin aldre ge-nēðan, 1470. +With depend. clause: nǣnig þæt dorste genēðan þæt (_none durst undertake +to_ ...), 1934; pret. sg. hē under hārne stān āna genēðde frēcne dǣde (_he +risked alone the bold deed, venturing under the grey rock_), 889; (ic) +wigge under wætere weorc genēðde earfoð-līce (_I with difficulty stood the +work under the water in battle_, i.e. could hardly win the victory), 1657; +ic genēðde fela gūða (_ventured on, risked, many contests_), 2512; pres. +pl. (of majesty) wē ... frēcne genēðdon eafoð uncūðes (_we have boldly +risked, dared, the monster's power_), 961. + +nēh. See nēah. + +ge-neahhe, adv., _enough, sufficiently_, 784, 3153; superl. genehost brægd +eorl Bēowulfes ealde lāfe (_many an earl of B.'s_), 795. + +nealles (from ne-ealles), adv., _omnino non, not at all, by no means_: +nealles, 2146, 2168, 2180, 2223, 2597, etc.; nallas, 1720, 1750; nalles, +338, 1019, 1077, 1443, 2504, etc.; nalas, 43, 1494, 1530, 1538; nales, +1812. + +nearo, st. n., _strait, danger, distress_: acc. sg. nearo, 2351, 2595. + +nearo, adj., _narrow_: acc. pl. f. nearwe, 1410. + +nearwe, adv., _narrowly_, 977. + +nearo-cræft, st. m., _art of rendering difficult of access?, +inaccessibility_ (see 2214 seqq.): instr. pl. nearo-cræftum, 2244. + +nearo-fāh, m., _foe that causes distress, war-foe_: gen. sg. nearo-fāges, +2318. + +nearo-þearf, st. f., _dire need, distress_: acc. sg. nearo-þearfe, 422. + +ge-nearwian, w. v., _to drive into a corner, press upon_: pret. part. +genearwod, 1439. + +nēah, nēh: 1) adj., _near, nigh_: nom. sg. nēah, 1744, 2729. In superl. +also = _last_: instr. sg. nȳhstan sīðe (_for the last time_), 1204; +nīehstan sīðe, 2512. + +2) adv., _near_: feor and (oððe) nēah, 1222, 2871; 3) prep, sǣ-grunde nēah, + 564; so, 1925, 2243; holm-wylme nēh, 2412. Compar. nēar, 746. + +nēan, adv., _near by, (from) close at hand_, 528; (neon, MS.), 3105; +feorran and nēan, 840; nēan and feorran, 1175, 2318. + +ge-nēat, st. m., _comrade, companion_: in comp. bēod-, heorð-genēat. + +nioðor. See niðer. + +neowol, adj., _steep, precipitous_: acc. pl. neowle, 1412. + +nēod, st. f., _polite intercourse regulated by etiquette?, hall-joy?_: acc. +sg. nīode, 2117; inst. (= _joy_), 2216. + +nēod-laðu, st. f., _polite invitation; wish_: dat. sg. æfter nēod-laðu +(_according to his wishes_), 1321. + +nēosan, nēosian, w. v. w. gen., _to seek out, look for; to attack_: inf. +nēosan, 125, 1787, 1792, 1807, 2075; nīosan, 2389, 2672; nēosian, 115, +1126; nīosian, 3046; pret. sg. nīosade, 2487. + +nēotan, st. v., _to take, accept_, w. gen.; _to use, enjoy_: imper. sg. +nēot, 1218. + +be-nēotan, w. dat., _to rob, deprive of_: inf. hine aldre be-nēotan, 681; +pret. sg. cyning ealdre bi-nēat (_deprived the king of life_), 2397. + +nicor, st. m., _sea-horse, walrus, sea-monster_ (cf. Bugge in Zacher's +Journal, 4, 197): acc. pl. niceras, 422, 575; nicras, 1428; gen. pl. +nicera, 846. + +nicor-hūs, st. n., _house_ or _den of sea-monsters_: gen. pl. nicor-hūsa, +1412. + +nið st. m., _man, human being_: gen. pl. niðða, 1006; niða? (passage +corrupt), 2216. + +niðer, nyðer, neoðor, adv., _down, downward_: niðer, 1361; nioðor, 2700; +nyðer, 3045. + +nið-sele, st. m., _hall, room, in the deep_ (Grein): dat. sg. [in] nið-sele +nāt-hwylcum, 1514. + +nigen, num., _nine_: acc. nigene, 575. + +niht, st. f. _night_: nom. sg., 115, 547. 650, 1321, 2117; acc. sg. niht, +135, 737, 2939; gystran niht (_yester-night_), 1335; dat. sg. on niht, 575, +684; on wanre niht, 703; gen. sg. nihtes hwīlum (_sometimes at night, in +the hours of the night_), 3045; as adv. = _of a night, by night_, G. +nachts, 422, 2274; dæges and nihtes, 2270; acc. pl. seofon niht +(_se'nnight, seven days_, cf. Tac. Germ, 11), 517; dat. pl. sweartum +nihtum, 167; deorcum nihtum, 275, 221; gen. pl. nihta, 545, 1366.--Comp.: +middel-, sin-niht. + +niht-bealu, st. n., _night-bale, destruction by night_: gen. pl. +niht-bealwa, 193. + +niht-helm, st. m., _veil_ or _canopy of night_: nom. sg., 1790. + +niht-long, adj., _lasting through the night_: acc. sg. m. niht-longne fyrst +(_space of a night_), 528. + +niht-weorc, st. n., _night-work, deed done at night_: instr. sg. +niht-weorce, 828. + +niman, st. v. w. acc.: 1) _to take, hold, seize, undertake_: pret. sg. nam +þā mid handa hige-þīhtigne rinc, 747; pret. pl. wē . . . nīode nāman, +2117.--2) _to take, take away, deprive of_: pres. sg. sē þe hine dēað nimeð +(_he whom death carrieth off_), 441; so, 447; nymeð, 1847; nymeð nȳd-bāde, +599; subj. pres. gif mec hild nime, 452, 1482; pret. sg. ind. nam on +Ongenþīo īren-byrnan, 2987; ne nom hē ... māðm-ǣhta mā (_he took no more of +the rich treasures_), 1613; pret. part. þā wæs ... sēo cwēn numen (_the +queen carried off_), 1154. + +be-niman, _to deprive of_: pret. sg. oð þæt hine yldo benam mægenes wynnum +(_till age bereft him of joy in his strength_), 1887. + +for-niman, _to carry off_: pres. sg. þē þā dēað for-nam (_whom death +carried off_), 488; so, 557, 696, 1081, 1124, 1206, 1437, etc. Also, dat. +for acc.: pret. pl. him īrenna ecge fornāmon, 2829. + +ge-niman: 1) _to take, seize_: pret. sg. (hine) be healse ge-nam (_clasped +him around the neck, embraced him_), 1873.--2) _to take, take away_: pret. +on reste genam þrītig þegna, 122; hēo under heolfre genam cūðe folme, 1303; +segn ēac genom, 2777; þā mec sinca baldor ... æt mīnum fæder genam (_took +me at my father's hands, adopted me_), 2430; pret. part. genumen, 3167. + +ge-nip, st. n., _darkness, mist, cloud_: acc. pl. under næssa genipu, 1361; +ofer flōda genipu, 2809. + +nis, from ne-is (_is not_): see wesan. + +nīwe, nīowe, adj., _new, novel; unheard-of_: nom. sg. swēg up ā-stāg nīwe +geneahhe (_a monstrous hubbub arose_), 784; beorh ... nīwe (_a +newly-raised(?) grave-mound_), 2244; acc. sg. nīwe sibbe (_the new +kinship_), 950; instr. sg. nīwan stefne (properly, novā voce; here = de +novo, iterum, _again_), 2595; nīowan stefne (_again_), 1790; gen. pl. nīwra +spella (_new tidings_), 2899. + +ge-nīwian, w. v., _to renew_: pret. part. ge-nīwod, 1304, 1323; genīwad, +2288. + +nīw-tyrwed, pret. part., _newly-tarred_: acc. sg. nīw-tyrwedne (-tyrwydne, +MS.) nacan, 295. + +nīð, st. m., properly only _zeal, endeavor_; then _hostile endeavor, +hostility, battle, war_: nom. sg., 2318; acc. sg. nīð, 184, 276; Wedera nīð +(_enmity against the W., the sorrows of the Weders_), 423; dat. sg. wið +(æt) nīðe, 828, 2586; instr. nīðe, 2681; gen. pl. nīða, 883, 2351, 2398, +etc.; also instr. = _by, in, battle_, 846, 1440, 1963, 2171, 2207.--Comp.: +bealo-, fǣr-, here-, hete-, inwit-, searo-, wæl-nīð. + +nīð-draca, w. m., _battle-dragon_: nom. sg., 2274. + +nīð-gast, st. m., _hostile alien, fell demon_: acc. sg. þone nīð-gæst (_the +dragon_), 2700. + +nīð-geweorc, st. n., _work of enmity, deed of evil_: gen. pl. -geweorca, +684. + +nīð-grim, adj., _furious in battle, savage_: nom. sg., 193. + +nīð-heard, adj., _valiant in war_: nom. sg., 2418. + +nīð-hȳdig, adj., _eager for battle, valorous_: nom. pl. nīð-hȳdige men, +3167. + +ge-nīðla, w. m., _foe, persecutor, waylayer_: in comp. ferhð-, +feorh-genīðla. + +nīð-wundor, st. n., _hostile wonder, strange marvel of evil_: acc. sg., +1366. + +nīpan, st. v., _to veil, cover over, obscure_; pres. part. nīpende niht, +547, 650. + +nolde, from ne-wolde (_would not_); see willan. + +norð, adv., _northward_, 859. + +norðan, adv., _from the north_, 547. + +nose, w. f., _projection, cliff, cape_: dat. sg. of hlīðes nosan, 1893; æt +brimes nosan, 2804. + +nō (strengthened neg.), _not, not at all, by no means_, 136, 244, 587, 755, +842, 969, 1736, etc.; strengthened by following ne, 459(?), 1509; nō ... nō +(_neither ... nor_), 541-543; so, nō ... ne, 168. See ne. + +nōðer (from nā-hwæðer), neg., _and not, nor_, 2125. + +ge-nōh, adj., _sufficient, enough_: acc. sg. fǣhðo genōge, 2490; acc. pl. +genōge ... bēagas, 3105. + +nōn, st. f., [Eng. _noon_], _ninth hour of the day, three o'clock in the +afternoon of our reckoning_ (the day was reckoned from six o'clock in the +morning; cf. Bouterwek Scrēadunga, 24 _2_: wē hātað ǣnne dæg fram sunnan +upgange oð ǣfen): nom. sg. nōn, 1601. + +nū, adv.: l) _now, at present_, 251, 254, 375, 395, 424, 426, 489, etc.: nū +gȳt (_up to now, hitherto_), 957; nū gēn (_now still, yet_), 2860; (_now +yet, still_), 3169.--2) conj., _since, inasmuch as_: nū þū lungre geong ... +nū se wyrm ligeð (_go now quickly, since the dragon lieth dead_), 2746; so, +2248; þæt þū mē ne forwyrne ... nū ic þus feorran cōm (_that do not thou +refuse me, since I am come so far_), 430; so, 1476; nū ic on māðma hord +mīne bebohte frōde feorh-lege, fremmað gē nū (_as I now..., so do ye_), +2800; so, 3021. + +nymðe, conj. w. subj., _if not, unless_, 782; nymðe mec god scylde (_if God +had not shielded me_), 1659. + +nyt, st. f., _duty, service, office, employment_: acc. sg. þegn nytte +behēold (_did his duty_), 494; so, 3119.--Comp.: sund-, sundor-nyt. + +nyt, adj., _useful_: acc. pl. m. nytte, 795; comp. un-nyt. + +ge-nyttian, w. v., _to make use of, enjoy_: pret. part. hæfde eorð-scrafa +ende ge-nyttod (_had enjoyed, made use of_), 3047. + +nȳd, st. f., _force, necessity, need, pain_: acc. sg. þurh dēaðes nȳd, +2455; instr. sg. nȳde, 1006. In comp. (like nȳd-maga, consanguineus, in +AEthelred's Laws, VI. 12, Schmid, p. 228; nēd-maga, in Cnut's Laws, I. 7, +ibid., p. 258); also, _tie of blood._--Comp. þrēa-nȳd. + +ge-nȳdan, w. v.: 1) _to force, compel_: pret. part. nīðe ge-nȳded +(_forced by hostile power_), 2681.--2) _to force upon_: pret. part. acc. +sg. f. nȳde genȳdde ... gearwe stōwe (_the inevitable place prepared for +each_, i.e. the bed of death), 1006. + +nȳd-bād, st. f., _forced pledge, pledge demanded by force_: acc. pl. +nȳd-bāde, 599. + +nȳd-gestealla, w. m., _comrade in need_ or _united by ties of blood_: nom. +pl. nȳd-gesteallan, 883. + +nȳd-gripe, st. m., _compelling grip_: dat. sg. in nȳd-gripe (mid-gripe, +MS.), 977. + +nȳd-wracu, st. f., _distressful persecution, great distress_: nom. sg., +193. + +nȳhst. See nēah. + +O + +oððe, conj.: 1) _or; otherwise_, 283, 437, 636, 638, 694, 1492, 1765, +etc.--2) _and_(?), _till_(?), 650, 2476, 3007. + +of, prep. w. dat., _from, off from_: 1) _from some point of view_: ge-seah +of wealle (_from the wall_), 229; so, 786; of hefene scīneð (_shineth from +heaven_), 1572; of hlīðes nosan gæstas grētte (_from the cliff's +projection_), 1893; of þām lēoma stōd (_from which light streamed_), 2770; +þǣr wæs māðma fela of feorwegum ... gelǣded (_from distant lands_), 37; þā +cōm of mōre (_from the moor_), 711, 922.--2) _forth from, out of_: hwearf +of earde (_wandered from his home, died_), 56; so, 265, 855, 2472; þā ic of +searwum cōm (_when I had escaped from the persecutions of the foe_), 419; +þā him Hrōðgār gewāt ... ūt of healle (_out of the hall_), 664; so, 2558, +2516; 1139, 2084, 2744; wudu-rēc ā-stāh sweart of (ofer) swioðole (_black +wood-reek ascended from the smoking fire_), 3145; (icge gold) ā-hæfen of +horde (_lifted from the hoard_), 1109; lēt þā of brēostum ... word ūt faran +(_from his breast_), 2551; dyde ... helm of hafelan (_doffed his helmet_), +673; so, 1130; sealdon wīn of wunder-fatum (_presented wine from wondrous +vessels_), 1163; siððan hyne Hæðcyn of horn-bogan ... flāne geswencte +(_with an arrow shot from the horned bow_), 2438; so, 1434. Prep. +postponed: þā hē him of dyde īsern-byrnan (_doffed his iron corselet_), +672. + +ofer, prep. w. dat. and acc., _over, above_: 1) w. dat, _over_ (rest, +locality): Wīglāf siteð ofer Bīowulfe, 2908; ofer æðelinge, 1245; ofer +eorðan, 248, 803, 2008; ofer wer-þēode (_over the earth, among mankind_), +900; ofer ȳðum, 1908; ofer hron-rāde (_over the sea_), 10; so, 304, 1287, +1290, etc.; ofer ealowǣge (_over the beer-cup, drinking_), 481.--2) w. acc. +of motion: a) _over_ (local): ofer ȳðe (_over the waves_), 46, 1910; ofer +swan-rāde (_over the swan-road, the sea_), 200; ofer wǣgholm, 217; ofer +geofenes be-gang, 362; so, 239, 240, 297, 393, 464, 471, etc.; ofer bolcan +(_over the gangway_), 231; ofer landa fela (_over many lands_), 311; so, +1405, 1406; ofer hēahne hrōf (_along upon (under?) the high roof_), 984; +ofer eormen-grund (_over the whole earth_), 860; ofer ealle (_over all, on +all sides_), 2900, 650; so, 1718;--606, 900, 1706; ofer borda gebræc +(_over, above, the crashing of shields_), 2260; ofer bord-(scild) weall, +2981, 3119. Temporal: ofer þā niht (_through the night, by night_), 737. b) +w. verbs of saying, speaking, _about, of, concerning_: hē ofer benne spræc, +2725. c) _beyond, over_: ofer mīn ge-met (_beyond my power_), 2880;--hence, +_against, contrary to_: hē ofer willan gīong (_went against his will_), +2410; ofer ealde riht (_against the ancient laws_, i.e. the ten +commandments), 2331;--also, _without_: wīg ofer wǣpen (_war sans, +dispensing with, weapons_), 686;--temporal = _after_: ofer eald-gewin +(_after long, ancient, suffering_), 1782. + +ofer-hygd, st. n., _arrogance, pride, conceit_: gen. pl. ofer-hygda, 1741; +ofer-hȳda, 1761. + +ofer-māðum, st. m., _very rich treasure_: dat. pl. ofer-māðmum, 2994. + +ofer-mægen, st. n., _over-might, superior numbers_: dat. sg. mid +ofer-mægene, 2918. + +ofer-þearf, st. f., _dire distress, need_: dat. sg. [for ofer] þea[rfe], +2227. + +oft, adv., _often_, 4, 165, 444, 572, 858, 908, 1066, 1239, etc.; oft [nō] +seldan, 2030; oft nalles ǣne, 3020; so, 1248, 1888. Compar. oftor, 1580. +Superl. oftost, 1664. + +om-, on-. see am-, an-. + +ombiht. See ambiht. + +oncer. See ancer. + +ond. See and. + +onsȳn. See ansȳn. + +on, prep. w. dat. and acc., signifying primarily _touching on, contact +with_: I. local, w. dat.: a) _on, upon, in at_ (of exterior surface): on +hēah-stede (_in the high place_), 285; on mīnre ēðel-tyrf (_in my native +place_), 410; on þǣm meðel-stede, 1083; so, 2004; on þām holmclife, 1422; +so, 1428; on foldan (_on earth_), 1197; so, 1533, 2997; on þǣre medu-bence +(_on the mead-bench_), 1053; beornas on blancum (_the heroes on the +dapple-greys_), 857, etc.; on ræste (_in bed_), 1299; on stapole (_at, +near, the pillar_), 927; on wealle, 892; on wāge (_on the wall_), 1663; on +þǣm wæl-stenge (_on the battle-lance_), 1639; on eaxle (_on his shoulder_), +817, 1548; on bearme, 40; on brēostum, 552; on hafelan, 1522; on handa (_in +his hand_), 495, 540; so, 555, 766; on him byrne scān (_on him shone the +corselet_), 405; on ōre (_at the front_), 1042; on corðre (_at the head of, +among, his troop_), 1154; scip on ancre (_the ship at anchor_), 303; þæt hē +on heoðe ge-stōd (_until he stood in the hall_), 404; on fæder stǣle (_in a +father's place_), 1480; on ȳðum (_on the waves, in the water_), 210, 421, +534, 1438; on holme, 543; on ēg-strēamum, 577; on segl-rāde, 1438, etc.; on +flōde, 1367. The prep. postponed: Frēslondum on, 2358.--b) _in, inside of_ +(of inside surface): secg on searwum (_a champion in armor_), 249; so, 963; +on wīg-geatwum, 368; (reced) on þǣm se rīca bād (_in which the mighty one +abode_), 310; on Heorote (_in Heorot_), 475, 497, 594, 1303; on bēor-sele, +492, 1095; on healle, 615, 643; so, 639, 1017, 1026, etc.; on burgum (_in +the cities, boroughs_), 53; on helle, 101; on sefan mīnum (_in my mind_), +473; on mōde, 754; so, 755, 949, 1343, 1719, etc.; on aldre (_in his +vitals_), 1435; on middan (in medio), 2706.--c) _among, amid_: on searwum +(_among the arms_), 1558; on gemonge (_among the troop_), 1644; on þām +lēod-scipe (_among the people_), 2198; nymðe līges fæðm swulge on swaðule +(_unless the embracing flame should swallow it in smoke_), 783;--_in, with, +touched by, possessing something_: þā wæs on sālum sinces brytta (_then was +the dispenser of treasure in joy_), 608; so, 644, 2015; wæs on hrēon mōde, +1308; on sweofote (_in sleep_), 1582, 2296; hēo wæs on ofste (_she was in +haste_), 1293; so, 1736, 1870; þā wæs on blōde brim weallende (_there was +the flood billowing in, with, blood_), 848; (hē) wæs on sunde (_was +a-swimming_), 1619; wæs tō fore-mihtig fēond on fēðe (_too powerful in +speed_), 971; þǣr wæs swīgra secg ... on gylpsprǣce (_there was the +champion more silent in his boasting speech_), 982;--_in; full of, +representing, something_: on weres wæstmum (_in man's form_), 1353.--d) +_attaching to_, hence _proceeding from; from something_: ge-hȳrde on +Bēowulfe fæst-rǣdne ge-þōht (_heard in, from, B. the fixed resolve_), 610; +þæt hē ne mētte ... on elran men mund-gripe māran, 753;--hence, with verbs +of taking: on ræste genam (_took from his bed_), 122; so, 748, 2987; hit ǣr +on þē gōde be-geāton (_took it before from thee_), 2249.--e) _with_: swā +hit lungre wearð on hyra sinc-gifan sāre ge-endod (_as it, too, soon +painfully came to an end with the dispenser of treasure_), 2312.--f) _by_: +mæg þonne on þǣm golde ongitan Gēata dryhten (_the lord of the Geatas may +perceive by the gold_), 1485.--g) _to_, after weorðan: þæt hē on fylle +wearð (_that he came to a fall_), 1545. + +With acc.: a) w. verbs of moving, doing, giving, seeing, etc., _up to, on, +upon, in_: ā-lēdon þā lēofne þēoden ... on bearm scipes, 35; on stefn (on +wang) stigon, 212, 225; þā him mid scoldon on flōdes ǣht feor ge-wītan, 42; +sē þe wið Brecan wunne on sīdne sǣ (_who strovest in a swimming-match with +B. on the broad sea_), 507, cf. 516; þæt ic on holma ge-þring eorlscipe +efnde (_that I should venture on the sea to do valiant deeds_), 2133; on +fēonda geweald sīðian, 809; þāra þe on swylc starað, 997; so, 1781; on +lufan lǣteð hworfan (_lets him turn his thoughts to love?, to +possessions?_), 1729; him on mōd bearn (_came into his mind, occurred to +him_), 67; rǣsde on þone rōfan (_rushed on the powerful one_), 2691; (cwōm) +on worðig (_came into the palace_), 1973; so, 27, 242, 253, 512, 539, 580, +677, 726, etc.; on weg (_away_), 764, 845, 1383, 1431, 2097.--b) _towards, +on_: gōde gewyrcean ... on fæder wine (pl.), 21.--c) aim or object, _to, +for the object, for, as, in, on_: on þearfe (_in his need, in his strait_), +1457; so, on hyra man-dryhtnes miclan þearfe, 2850; wrāðum on andan (_as a +terror to the foe_), 709; Hrōðgār maðelode him on andsware (_said to him in +reply_), 1841; betst beado-rinca wæs on bǣl gearu (_on the pyre ready_), +1110; wīg-heafolan bær frēan on fultum (_for help_), 2663; wearð on bīd +wrecen (_forced to wait_), 2963.--d) ground, reason, _according to, in +conformity with_: rodera rǣdend hit on ryht gescēd (_decided it in +accordance with right_), 1556; nē mē swōr fela āða on unriht (_swore no +oaths unjustly, falsely_), 2740; on spēd (_skilfully_), 874; nallas on gylp +seleð fǣtte bēagas (_giveth no gold-wrought rings as he promised_), 1750; +on sīnne selfes dōm (_boastingly, at his own will_), 2148; him eal worold +wendeð on willan (_according to his will_), 1740.--e) w. verbs of buying, +_for, in exchange for_: mē ic on māðma hord mīne be-bohte frōde feorh-lege +(_for the hoard of jewels_), 2800.--f) _of, as to_: ic on Higelāce wāt, +Gēata dryhten (_I know with respect to, as to, of, H._), 1831; so, 2651; +þæt hēo on ǣnigne eorl ge-lȳfde fyrena frōfre (_that she should rely on +any earl for help out of trouble_), 628; þā hīe ge-truwedon on twā healfa +(_on both sides, mutually_), 1096; so, 2064; þæt þū him ondrǣdan ne þearft +... on þā healfe (_from, on this side_), 1676.--g) after superlatives or +virtual superlatives = _among_: næs ... sinc-māððum sēlra (= þæt wæs +sinc-māðma sēlest) on sweordes hād (_there was no better jewel in sword's +shape_, i.e. among all swords there was none better), 2194; sē wæs Hrōðgāre +hæleða lēofost on ge-sīðes hād (_dearest of men as, in the character of, +follower_, etc.), 1298. + +II. Of time: a) w. dat., _in, inside of, during, at_: on fyrste (_in time, +within the time appointed_), 76; on ūhtan (_at dawn_), 126; on mergenne +(_at morn, on the morrow_), 565, 2940; on niht, 575; on wanre niht, 703; on +tȳn dagum, 3161; so, 197, 719, 791, 1063, etc.; on geogoðe (_in youth_), +409, 466; on geogoð-fēore, 537; so, 1844; on orlege (_in, during, battle_), +1327; hū lomp ēow on lāde (_on the way_), 1988; on gange (_in going, en +route_), 1885; on sweofote (_in sleep_), 1582.--b) w. acc., _towards, +about_: on undern-mǣl (_in the morning, about midday_), 1429; on +morgen-tīd, 484, 518; on morgen, 838; on ende-stæf (_toward the end, at +last_), 1754; oftor micle þonne on ǣnne sīð (_far oftener than once_), +1580. + +III. With particles: him on efn (_beside, alongside of, him_), 2904; on +innan (_inside, within_), 71, 1741, 1969, 2453, 2716; þǣr on innan (_in +there_), 2090, 2215, 2245. With the relative þē often separated from its +case: þē ic hēr on starie (_that I here look on, at_), 2797; þē gē þǣr on +standað (_that ye there stand in_), 2867. + +on-cȳð (cf. Dietrich in Haupt's Zeits. XI., 412), st. f., _pain, +suffering_: nom. sg., 1421; acc. sg. or pl. on-cȳððe, 831. + +on-drysne, adj., _frightful, terrible_: acc. sg. firen on-drysne, 1933. + +ōnettan (for anettan, from root an-, Goth. inf. anan, _to breathe, pant_), +w. v., _to hasten_: pret. pl. ōnetton, 306, 1804. + +on-līcnes, st. f., _likeness, form, figure_: nom. sg., 1352. + +on-mēdla, w. m., _pride, arrogance_: dat. sg. for on-mēdlan, 2927. Cf. +Bugge in Zacher's Zeits. 4, 218 seqq. + +on-sǣge, adj., _tending to fall, fatal_: nom. sg. þā wæs Hondscīo (dat.) +hild on-sǣge, 2077; Hæðcynne wearð ... gūð on-sǣge, 2484. + +on-weald, st. m., _power, authority_: acc. sg. (him) bēga ge-hwæðres ... +onweald ge-tēah (_gave him power over, possession of, both_), 1044. + +open, adj., _open_: acc. sg. hord-wynne fond ... opene standan, 2272. + +openian, w. v., _to open_, w. acc.: inf. openian, 3057. + +orc (O.S. orc, Goth. aúrkei-s), st. m., _crock, vessel, can _: nom. pl. +orcas, 3048; acc. pl. orcas, 2761. + +orcnē, st. m., _sea-monster_: nom. pl. orcnēas, 112. + +ord, st. n. _point_: nom. sg. oð þæt wordes ord brēost-hord þurh-bræc +(_till the word-point broke through his breast-hoard, came to utterance_), +2792; acc. sg. ord (_sword-point_), 1550; dat. instr. orde (id.), 556; on +orde (_at the head of, in front_ [of a troop]), 2499, 3126. + +ord-fruma, w. m., _head lord, high prince_: nom. sg., 263. + +ōret-mecg, st. m., _champion, warrior, military retainer_: nom. pl. +ōret-mecgas, 363, 481; acc. pl. ōret-mecgas, 332. + +ōretta, w. m., _champion, fighter, hero_: nom. sg., 1533, 2539. + +or-leg, st. n., _war, battle_: dat. sg. on orlege, 1327; gen. sg. or-leges, +2408. + +or-leg-hwīl, st. f., _time of battle, war-time_: nom. sg. [or-leg]-hwīl, +2003; gen. sg. orleg-hwīle, 2912; gen. pl orleg-hwīla, 2428. + +or-leahtre, adj., _blameless_: nom. sg 1887. + +or-þanc (cf. Gloss. Aldhelm. mid or-þance = argumento in Haupt XI., 436; +orþancum = machinamentis, _ibid._ 477; or-þanc-scipe = mechanica, 479, st. +m., _mechanical art, skill_: instr. pl. or-þoncum, 2088; smiðes or-þancum, +406. + +or-wēna, adj. (weak form), _hopeless, despairing_, w. gen.: aldres or-wēna +(_hopeless of life_), 1003, 1566. + +or-wearde, adj., _unguarded, without watch_ or _guard_: adv., 3128. + +oruð, st. n., _breath, snorting_: nom. sg., 2558; dat. oreðe, 2840. + +Ō + +oð (Goth. und, O.H.G. unt, unz): 1) prep. w. acc., _to, till, up to_, only +temporal: oð þone ānne dæg, 2400; oð dōmes dæg, 3070; ō woruld-ende, +3084.--2) oð þæt, conj. w. depend, indicative clause, _till, until_, 9, 56, +66, 100, 145. 219, 296, 307, etc. + +ōðer (Goth. anþar), num.: 1) _one or other of two, a second_, = alter: nom. +sg. subs.: se ōðer, 2062; ōðer(_one_ i.e. of my blood-relations, Hæðcyn and +Hygelāc), 2482; ōðer ... ōðer (_the one ... the other_), 1350-1352. Adj.: +ōðer ... mihtig mān-sceaða (_the second mighty, fell foe_, referring to +1350, 1339; se ōðer ... hæle, 1816; fem. niht ōðer, 2118; neut. ōðer geār +(_the next, second, year_), 1134; acc. sg. m. ōðerne, 653, 1861, 2441, +2485; þenden rēafode rinc ōðerne(_whilst one warrior robbed the other_, +i.e. Eofor robbed Ongenþēow), 2986; neut. ōðer swylc(_another such, an +equal number_), 1584; instr. sg. ōðre sīðe (_for the second time, again_), +2671, 3102; dat. sg. ōðrum, 815, 1030, 1166, 1229, 1472, 2168, 2172, etc.; +gen. sg. m. ōðres dōgores, 219, 606; neut. ōðres, 1875.--2) _another, a +different one_, = alius: nom. sg., subs. ōðer, 1756; ōðer nǣnig (_no +other_), 860. Adj.: ǣnig ōðer man, 503, 534; so, 1561; ōðer in (_a +different house_ or _room_), 1301; acc. sg. ōðer flet, 1087; gen. sg. ōðres +... yrfe-weardes, 2452; acc. pl. ealo drincende ōðer sǣdan (_ale drinkers +said other things_), 1946; acc. pl. neut. word ōðer, 871. + +ōfer, st. m., _shore_: dat. sg. on ōfre, 1372. + +ofost, st. f., _haste_: nom. sg. ofost is sēlest tō gecȳðanne (_haste is +best to make known, best to say at once_), 256; so, 3008; dat. sg. bēo þū +on ofeste (ofoste) (_be in haste, hasten_), 386, 2748; on ofste, 1293; on +ofoste, 2784, 3091. + +ofost-līce, adv., _in haste, speedily_, 3131. + +ō-hwǣr, adv., _anywhere_, 1738, 2871. + +ōmig, adj., _rusty_: nom. sg., 2764; nom. pl. ōmige, 3050. + +ōr, st. n., _beginning, origin; front_: nom. sg., 1689; acc. sg., 2408; +dat. sg. on ōre, 1042. + +ō-wiht, _anything, aught_: instr. sg. ō-wihte (_in any way_), 1823, 2433. + +P + +pād, st. f., _dress_; in comp. here-pād. + +pæð, st. m., _path, road, way_; in comp. ān-pæð. + +plega, w. m., _play, emulous contest_; lind-plega, 1074. + +R + +raðe, adv., _quickly, immediately_, 725, Cf. hrāðe. + +rand, rond, st. m., _shield_: acc. sg, rand, 683; rond, 657, 2567, 2610; +dat. ronde (rond, MS.), 2674; under rande, 1210; bī ronde, 2539; acc. pl. +randas, 231; rondas, 326, 2654.--Comp.: bord-, hilde-, sīd-rand. + +rand-hæbbend, pres. part., _shield-bearer_, i.e. _man at arms, warrior_: +gen. pl. rond-hæbbendra, 862. + +rand-wiga, w. m., _shield-warrior, shield-bearing warrior_: nom. sg., 1299; +acc. sg. rand-wigan, 1794. + +rād, st. f., _road, street_; in comp. hran-, segl-, swan-rād. + +ge-rād, adj., _clever, skilful, ready_: acc. pl. neut. ge-rāde, 874. + +rāp, st. m., _rope, bond, fetter_: in comp. wæl-rāp. + +rāsian, w. v., _to find, discover_: pret. part. þā wæs hord rāsod, 2284. + +ræst. See rest. + +rǣcan, w. v., _to reach, reach after_: pret. sg. rǣhte ongēan fēond mid +folme (_reached out his hand toward the foe_), 748. + +ge-rǣcan, _to attain, strike, attack_: pret. sg. hyne ... wǣpne ge-rǣhte +(_struck him with his sword_), 2966; so, 556. + +rǣd, st. m.: 1) _advice, counsel, resolution; good counsel, help_: nom. sg. +nū is rǣd gelong eft æt þē ānum (_now is help to be found with thee +alone_), 1377; acc. sg. rǣd, 172, 278, 3081.--2) _advantage, gain, use_: +acc. sg. þæt rǣd talað (_counts that a gain_), 2028; ēcne rǣd (_the eternal +gain, everlasting life_), 1202; acc. pl. ēce rǣdas, 1761.--Comp.: folc-rǣd, +and adj., ān-, fæst-rǣd. + +rǣdan, st. v., _to rule; reign; to possess_: pres. part. rodera rǣdend +(_the ruler of the heavens_), 1556; inf. þone þe þū mid rihte rǣdan +sceoldest (_that thou shouldst possess by rights_), 2057; wolde dōm godes +dǣdum rǣdan gumena gehwylcum (_God's doom would rule over, dispose of, +every man in deeds_), 2859. See sele-rǣdend. + +rǣd-bora, w. m. _counsellor, adviser_: nom. sg., 1326. + +rǣden, st. f., _order, arrangement, law_: see Note on 1143; comp. +worold-rǣden(?). + +ā-rǣran, w. v.: 1) _to raise, lift up_: pret. pl. þā wǣron monige þē his +mǣg ... ricone ā-rǣrdon (_there were many that lifted up his brother +quickly_), 2984.--2) figuratively, _to spread, disseminate_: pret. part. +blǣd is ā-rǣred (_thy renown is far-spread_), 1704. + +rǣs, st. m., _on-rush, attack, storm_: acc. sg. gūðe rǣs (_the storm of +battle, attack_), 2627; instr. pl. gūðe rǣsum, 2357.--Comp.: gūð-, hand-, +heaðo-, mægen-, wæl-rǣs. + +(ge-)rǣsan, w. v., _to rush (upon)_: pret. sg. rǣsde on þone rōfan, 2691, +2840. + +rǣswa, w. m., _prince, ruler_: dat. sg. weoroda rǣswan, 60. + +reccan, w. v., _to explicate, recount, narrate_: inf. frum-sceaft fīra +feorran reccan (_recount the origin of man from ancient times_), 91; +gerund, tō lang is tō reccenne, hū ic ... (_too long to tell how I_...), +2094; pret. sg. syllīc spell rehte (_told a wondrous tale_), 2111; so +intrans. feorran rehte (_told of olden times_), 2107. + +reced, st. n., _building, house; hall_ (complete in itself): nom. sg., 412, +771, 1800; acc. sg., 1238; dat. sg. recede, 721, 729, 1573; gen. sg. +recedes, 326, 725, 3089; gen. pl. receda, 310.--Comp.: eorð-, heal-, horn-, +win-reced. + +regn-heard, adj., _immensely strong, firm_: acc. pl. rondas regn-hearde, +326. + +regnian, rēnian, w. v., _to prepare, bring on_ or _about_: inf. dēað +rēn[ian] hond-gesteallan (_prepare death for his comrade_), 2169. + +ge-regnian, _to prepare, deck out, adorn_: pret. part. medu-benc monig ... +golde ge-regnad, 778. + +regn-, rēn-weard, st. m., _mighty guardian_: nom. pl. rēn-weardas (of +Bēowulf and Grendel contending for the possession of the hall), 771. + +rest, ræst, st. f.: 1) _bed, resting-place_: acc. sg. ræste, 139; dat. sg. +on ræste (genam) (_from his resting-place_), 1299, 1586; tō ræste (_to +bed_), 1238. Comp.: flet-ræst, sele-rest, wæl-rest.--2) _repose, rest_; in +comp. ǣfen-ræst. + +ge-reste (M.H.G. reste), f., _resting-place_: in comp. wind-gereste. + +restan, w. v.: 1) _to rest_: inf. restan, 1794; pret. sg. reflex. reste +hine þā rūm-heort, 1800.--2) _to rest, cease_: inf., 1858. + +rēc (O.H.G. rouh), st. m., _reek, smoke_: instr. sg. rēce, 3157.--Comp.: +wæl-, wudu-rēc. + +rēcan (O.H.G. ruohjan), w. v. w. gen., _to reck, care about something, be +anxious_: pres. sg. III. wǣpna ne rēceð (_recketh not for weapons, weapons +cannot hurt him_), 434. + +rēðe, adj., _wroth, furious_: nom. sg., 122, 1586; nom. pl. rēðe, 771. +Also, of things, _wild, rough, fierce_: gen. sg. rēðes and-hāttres +(_fierce, penetrating heat_), 2524. + +rēaf, st. n., _booty, plunder in war; clothing, garments_ (as taken by the +victor from the vanquished): in comp. heaðo-, wæl-rēaf. + +rēafian, w. v., _to plunder, rob_, w. acc.: inf. hord rēafian, 2774; pret. +sg. þenden rēafode rinc ōðerne, 2986; wæl rēafode, 3028; pret. pl. wæl +rēafedon, 1213. + +be-rēafian, w. instr., _to bereave, rob of_: pret. part. since be-rēafod, +2747; golde be-rēafod, 3019. + +reord, st. f., _speech, language; tone of voice_: acc. sg. on-cnīow mannes +reorde (_knew, heard, a human voice_), 2556. + +reordian, w. v., _to speak, talk_: inf. fela reordian _(speak much_), 3026. + +ge-reordian, _to entertain, to prepare for_: pret. part. þā wæs eft swā ǣr +... flet-sittendum fægere ge-reorded (_again, as before, the guests were +hospitably entertained_), 1789 + +rēot, st. m.?, f.?, _noise, tumult_? (_grave_?): instr. sg. rēote, 2458. +Bugge, in Zachers Zeits. 4, 215, takes rēote as dat. from rēot (_rest, +repose_). + +rēoc, adj., _savage, furious_: nom. sg., 122. + +be-rēofan, st. v., _to rob of, bereave_: pret. part. w. instr. acc. sg. +fem. golde berofene, 2932; instr. sg. rēote berofene, 2458. + +rēon. See rōwan. + +rēotan, st. v., _to weep_: pres. pl. oð þæt ... roderas rēotað, 1377. + +rēow, adj., _excited, fierce, wild_: in comp. blōd-, gūð-, wæl-rēow. See +hrēow. + +ricone, _hastily, quickly, immediately_, 2984. + +riht, st. n., _right_ or _privilege; the_ (abstract) _right_: acc. sg. on +ryht (_according to right_), 1556; sōð and riht (_truth and right_), 1701; +dat. sg. wið rihte, 144; æfter rihte (_in accordance with right_), 1050; +syllīc spell rehte æfter rihte _(told a wondrous tale truthfully_), 2111; +mid rihte, 2057; acc. pl. ealde riht (_the ten commandments_), 2331; +--Comp. in ēðel-, folc-, land-, un-, word-riht. + +riht, adj., _straight, right_: in comp. up-riht. + +rihte, adv., _rightly, correctly_, 1696. See æt-rihte. + +rinc, st. m., _man, warrior, hero_: nom. sg., 399, 2986; also of Grendel, +721; acc. sg. rinc, 742, 748; dat. sg. rince, 953; of Hrōðgār, 1678; gen. +pl. rinca, 412, 729.--Comp. in beado-, gūð-, here-, heaðo-, hilde-, mago-, +sǣ-rinc. + +ge-risne, ge-rysne, adj., _appropriate, proper_: nom. sg. n. ge-rysne, +2654. + +rīce, st. n.: 1) _realm, land ruled over_: nom. sg., 2200, 2208; acc. sg. +rīce, 913, 1734, 1854, 3005; gen. sg. rīces, 862, 1391, 1860, 2028, 3081. +Comp. Swīo-rīce.--2) _council of chiefs, the king with his chosen +advisers_(?): nom. sg. oft gesæt rīce tō rūne, 172. + +rīce, adj., _mighty, powerful_: nom. sg. (of Hrōðgār), 1238; (of Hygelāc), +1210; (of Æsc-here), 1299; weak form, se rīca (Hrōðgār), 310; (Bēowulf), +399; (Hygelāc), 1976.--Comp. gimme-rīce. + +rīcsian, rīxian, w. v. intrans., _to rule, reign_: inf. rīcsian, 2212; +pret. sg. rīxode, 144. + +rīdan, st. v., _to ride_: subj. pres. þæt his byre rīde giong on galgan, +2446; pres. part. nom. pl. rīdend, 2458; inf. wicge rīdan, 234; mēarum +rīdan, 856; pret. sg. sǣ-genga ... sē þe on ancre rād, 1884; him tō-gēanes +rād (_rode to meet them_), 1894; pret. pl. ymbe hlǣw riodan (_rode round +the grave-mound_), 3171. + +ge-rīdan, w. acc., _to ride over_: pret. sg. sē þe næs ge-rād (_who rode +over the promontory_), 2899. + +rīm, st. n., _series, number_: in comp. dæg-, un-rīm. + +ge-rīm, st. n., _series, number_: in comp. dōgor-ge-rim. + +ge-rīman, w. v., _to count together, enumerate in all_: pret. part. in +comp. forð-gerīmed. + +ā-rīsan, st. v., _to arise, rise_: imper. sg. ā-rīs, 1391; pret. sg. ā-rās +þā se rīca, 399; so, 652, 1791, 3031; ā-rās þā bī ronde (_arose by his +shield_), 2539; hwanan sīo fǣhð ā-rās (_whence the feud arose_), 2404. + +rodor, st. m., _ether, firmament, sky_ (from _radius_?, Bugge): gen. sg. +rodores candel, 1573; nom. pl. roderas, 1377; dat. pl. under roderum, 310; +gen. pl. rodera, 1556. + +rōf, adj., _fierce, of fierce, heroic, strength, strong_: nom. sg., 2539; +also with gen. mægenes rōf (_strong in might_), 2085; so, þēah þe hē rōf +sīe nīð-geweorca, 683; acc. sg. rōfne, 1794; on þone rōfan, 2691.--Comp.: +beadu-, brego-, ellen-, heaðo-, hyge-, sige-rōf. + +rōt, adj., _glad, joyous_: in comp. un-rōt. + +rōwan, st. v., _to row_ (with the arms), _swim_: pret. pl. rēon (for +rēowon), 512, 539. + +rūm, st. m., _space, room_: nom. sg., 2691. + +rūm, adj.: 1) _roomy, spacious_: nom. sg. þūhte him eall tō rūm, wongas and +wīc-stede (_fields and dwelling seemed to him all too broad_, i.e. could +not hide his shame at the unavenged death of his murdered son), 2462.--2) +in moral sense, _great, magnanimous, noble-hearted_: acc. sg. þurh rūmne +sefan, 278. + +rūm-heort, adj., _big-hearted, noble-spirited_: nom. sg., 1800, 2111. + +ge-rūm-līc, adj., _commodious, comfortable_: compar. ge-rūm-līcor, 139. + +rūn, st. f., _secrecy, secret discussion, deliberation_ or _council_: dat. +sg. ge-sæt rīce tō rūne, 172.--Comp. beado-rūn. + +rūn-stæf, st. m., _rune-stave, runic letter_: acc. pl. þurh rūn-stafas, +1696. + +rūn-wita, w. m., _rune-wit, privy councillor, trusted adviser_: nom. sg., +1326. + +ge-rysne. See ge-risne. + +ge-rȳman, w. v.: 1) _to make room for, prepare, provide room_: pret. pl. +þæt hīe him ōðer flet eal ge-rȳmdon, 1087; pret. part. þā wæs Gēat-mæcgum +... benc gerȳmed, 492; so, 1976.--2) _to allow, grant, admit_: pret. part. +þā mē ge-rȳmed wæs (sīð) (_as access was permitted me_), 3089; þā him +gerȳmed wearð, þæt hīe wæl-stōwe wealdan mōston, 2984. + +S + +ge-saca, w. m., _opponent, antagonist, foe_: acc. sg. ge-sacan, 1774. + +sacan, st. v., _to strive, contend_: inf. ymb feorh sacan, 439. + +ge-sacan, _to attain, gain by contending_ (Grein): inf. gesacan sceal +sāwl-berendra ... gearwe stōwe _(gain the place prepared_, i.e. the +death-bed), 1005. + +on-sacan: 1) (originally in a lawsuit), _to withdraw, take away, deprive +of_: pres. subj. þætte freoðuwebbe fēores on-sæce ... lēofne mannan, +1943.--2) _to contest, dispute, withstand_: inf. þæt hē sǣmannum on-sacan +mihte (i.e. hord, bearn, and brȳde), 2955. + +sacu, st. f., _strife, hostility, feud_: nom. sg., 1858, 2473; acc. sg. +sæce, 154; sæcce, 1978, 1990, 2348, 2500, 2563; dat. sg. æt (tō) sæcce, +954, 1619, 1666, 2613, 2660, 2682, 2687; gen. sg. secce, 601; gen. pl. +sæcca, 2030. + +ge-sacu, st. f., _strife, enmity_: nom. sg., 1738. + +sadol, st. m., _saddle_: nom. sg., 1039. + +sadol-beorht, adj., _with bright saddles_ (?): acc. pl. sadol-beorht, 2176. + +ge-saga. See secgan. + +samne, somne, adv., _together, united_; in æt-somne, _together, united_, +307, 402, 491, 544, 2848. + +tō-somne (_together_), 3123; þā se wyrm ge-bēah snūde tō-somne (_when the +dragon quickly coiled together_), 2569. + +samod, somod: I. adv., _simultaneously, at the same time_: somod, 1212, +1615, 2175, 2988; samod, 2197; samod æt-gædere, 387, 730, 1064.--II. prep. +w. dat., _with, at the same time with_: samod ǣr-dæge (_with the break of +day_), 1312; somod ǣr-dæge, 2943. + +sand, st. n., _sand, sandy shore_: dat. sg. on sande, 295, 1897, 3043(?); +æfter sande (_along the shore_), 1965; wið sande, 213. + +sang, st. m., _song, cry, noise_: nom. sg. sang, 1064; swutol sang scopes, +90; acc. sg. sige-lēasne sang (Grendel's cry of woe), 788; sārigne sang +(Hrēðel's dirge for Herebeald), 2448. + +sāl, st. m., _rope_: dat. sg. sāle, 1907; on sāle (sole, MS.), 302. + +sāl. See sǣl. + +sār, st. n., _wound, pain_ (physical or spiritual): nom. sg. sār, 976; sīo +sār, 2469; acc. sg. sār, 788; sāre, 2296; dat. (instr.) sg. sāre, 1252, +2312, 2747.--Comp. līc-sār. + +sār, adj., _sore, painful_: instr. pl. sārum wordum, 2059. + +sāre, adv., _sorely, heavily, ill_, graviter: sē þe him [sā]re gesceōd +(_who injured him sorely_), 2224. + +sārig, adj., _painful, woeful_: acc. sg. sārigne sang, 2448. + +sārig-ferð, adj., _sore-hearted, grieved_: nom. sg. sārig-ferð (Wīglāf), +2864. + +sārig-mōd, adj., _sorrowful-minded, saddened_: dat. pl. sārig-mōdum, 2943. + +sār-līc, adj., _painful_: nom. sg., 843; acc. sg. neut., 2110. + +sāwol, sāwl, st. f., _soul_ (the immortal principle as contrasted with līf, +the physical life): nom. sg. sāwol, 2821; acc. sg. sāwle, 184, 802; hǣðene +sāwle, 853; gen. sg. sāwele, 1743; sāwle, 2423. + +sāwl-berend, pres. part., _endowed with a soul, human being_: gen. pl. +sāwl-berendra, 1005. + +sāwul-drēor, st. n., (blood gushing from the seat of the soul), _soul-gore, +heart's blood, life's blood_: instr. sg. sāwul-drīore, 2694. + +sāwul-lēas, adj., _soulless, lifeless_: acc. sg. sāwol-lēasne, 1407; +sāwul-lēasne, 3034. + +sæce, sæcce. See sacu. + +sæd, adj., _satiated, wearied_: in comp. hilde-sæd. + +sæl, st. n., _habitable space, house_, _hall_: dat. sg. sel, 167; sæl, 307, +2076, 2265. + +sæld, st. n., _hall, king's hall_ or _palace_: acc. sg. geond þæt sæld +(Heorot), 1281. + +sǣ, st. m. and f., _sea, ocean_: nom. sg., 579, 1224; acc. sg. on sīdne sǣ, +507; ofer sǣ, 2381; ofer sǣ sīde, 2395; dat. sg. tō sǣ, 318; on sǣ, 544; +dat. pl. be sǣm tweonum, 859, 1298, 1686, 1957. + +sǣ-bāt, st. m., _sea-boat_: acc. sg., 634, 896. + +sǣ-cyning, st. m., _sea-king, king ruling the sea_: gen. pl. sǣ-cyninga, +2383. + +sǣ-dēor, st. n., _sea-beast, sea-monster_: nom. sg., 1511. + +sǣ-draca, w. m., _sea-dragon_: acc. pl. sǣ-dracan, 1427. + +ge-sǣgan, w. v., _to fell, slay_: pret. part. hæfdon eal-fela eotena cynnes +sweordum ge-sǣged (_felled with the sword_), 885. + +sǣge. See on-sǣge. + +sǣ-genga, w. m., _sea-goer_, i.e. sea-going ship: nom. sg., 1883, 1909. + +sǣ-gēap, adj., _spacious_ (broad enough for the sea): nom. sg. sǣ-gēap +naca, 1897. + +sǣ-grund, st. m., _sea-bottom, ocean-bottom_: dat. sg. sǣ-grunde, 564. + +sǣl, sāl, sēl, st. f.: 1) _favorable opportunity, good_ or _fit time_: nom. +sg. sǣl, 623, 1666, 2059; sǣl and mǣl, 1009; acc. sg. sēle, 1136; gen. pl. +sǣla and mǣla, 1612.--2) _Fate_(?): see Note on l. 51.--3) _happiness, +joy_: dat. pl. on sālum, 608; sǣlum, 644, 1171, 1323. See sēl, adj. + +ge-sǣlan, w. v., _to turn out favorably, succeed_: pret. sg. him ge-sǣlde +þæt ...(_he was fortunate enough to_, etc.), 891; so, 574; efne swylce +mǣla, swylce hira man-dryhtne þearf ge-sǣlde (_at such times as need +disposed it for their lord_), 1251. + +sǣlan (see sāl), w. v., _to tie, bind_: pret. sg. sǣlde ... sīð-fæðme scip, +1918; pl. sǣ-wudu sǣldon, 226. + +ge-sǣlan, _to bind together, weave, interweave_: pret. part. earm-bēaga +fela searwum ge-sǣled (_many curiously interwoven armlets_, i.e. made of +metal wire: see Guide to Scandinavian Antiquities, p. 48), 2765. + +on-sǣlan, with acc., _to unbind, unloose, open_: on-sǣl meoto, sige-hrēð +secgum (_disclose thy views to the men, thy victor's courage_; or, _thy +presage of victory_?), 489. + +sǣ-lāc, st. n., _sea-gift, sea-booty_: instr. sg. sǣ-lāce, 1625; acc. pl. +þās sǣ-lāc, 1653. + +sǣ-lād, st. f., _sea-way, sea-journey_: dat. sg. sǣ-lāde, 1140, 1158. + +sǣ-līðend, pres. part., _seafarer_: nom. pl. sǣ-līðend, 411, 1819, 2807; +sǣ-līðende, 377. + +sǣ-man, m., _sea-man, sea-warrior_: dat. pl. sǣ-mannum, 2955; gen. pl. +sǣ-manna, 329 (both times said of the Gēatas). + +sǣmra, weak adj. compar., _the worse, the weaker_: nom. sg. sǣmra, 2881; +dat. sg. sǣmran, 954. + +sǣ-mēðe, adj., _sea-weary, exhausted by sea-travel_: nom. pl. sǣ-mēðe, 325. + +sǣ-næs, st. m., _sea-promontory, cape, naze_: acc. pl. sǣ-næssas, 223, 571. + +sǣne, adj., _careless, slow_: compar. sg. nom. hē on holme wæs sundes þē +sǣnra, þē hyne swylt fornam (_was the slower in swimming in the sea, whom +death took away_), 1437. + +sǣ-rinc, st. m., _sea-warrior_ or _hero_: nom. sg., 691. + +sǣ-sīð, st. m., _sea-way, path, journey_: dat. sg. æfter sǣ-sīðe, 1150. + +sǣ-wang, st. m., _sea-shore_ or _beach_: acc. sg. sǣ-wong, 1965. + +sǣ-weal, st. m., _(sea-wall), seashore_: dat. sg. sǣ-wealle, 1925. + +sǣ-wudu, st. m., _(sea-wood), vessel, ship_: acc. sg. sǣ-wudu, 226. + +sǣ-wylm, st. m., _sea-surf, billow_: acc. pl. ofer sǣ-wylmas, 393. + +scacan, sceacan, st. v., properly, _to shake one's self_; hence, _to go, +glide, pass along_ or _away_: pres. sg. þonne mīn sceaceð līf of līce, +2743; inf. þā cōm beorht [sunne] scacan [ofer grundas], (_the bright sun +came gliding over the fields_), 1804; pret. sg. duguð ellor scōc _(the +chiefs are gone elsewhither_, i.e. have died), 2255; þonne strǣla storm ... +scōc ofer scild-weall (_when the storm of arrows leapt over the wall of +shields_), 3119; pret. part. wæs hira blǣd scacen (_their bravest men had +passed away_), 1125; þā wæs winter scacen (_the winter was past_), 1137; +so, sceacen, 2307, 2728. + +scadu, sceadu, st. f., _shadow, concealing veil of night_: acc. sg. under +sceadu bregdan (i.e. kill), 708. + +scadu-genga, w. m., _shadow-goer, twilight-stalker_ (of Grendel): nom. sg. +sceadu-genga, 704. + +scadu-helm, st. m., _shadow-helm, veil of darkness_: gen. pl. scadu-helma +ge-sceapu (_shapes of the shadow, evil spirits wandering by night_), 651. + +scalu, st. f., _retinue, band_ (part of an armed force); in comp. +hand-scalu: mid his hand-scale (hond-scole), 1318, 1964. + +scamian, w. v., _to be ashamed_: pres. part. nom. pl. scamiende, 2851; nō +hē þǣre feoh-gyfte ... scamigan þorfte (_needed not be ashamed of his +treasure-giving_), 1027. + +scawa (see scēawlan), w. m., _observer, visitor_: nom. pl. scawan, 1896. + +ge-scād, st. n., _difference, distinction_: acc. sg. ǣg-hwæðres gescād, +worda and worca (_difference between, of, both words and deeds_), 288. + +ge-scādan, st. v., _to decide, adjudge_: pret. sg. rodera rǣdend hit on +ryht gescēd (_decided it in accordance with right_), 1556. + +scānan? See scīnan, pret. pl. scionon, 303; the imaginary scānan having +been abandoned. + +ge-scæp-hwīle, st. f., _fated hour, hour of death (appointed rest?)_: dat. +sg. tō gescæp-hwīle (_at the fated hour_), 26. + +sceððan, w. v., _to scathe, injure_: inf. w. dat. pers., 1034; aldre +sceððan (_hurt her life_), 1525; þæt on land Dena lāðra nǣnig mid scipherge +sceððan ne meahte (_injure through robber incursions_), 243; pret. sg. þǣr +him nǣnig wæter wihte ne sceðede, 1515. + +ge-sceððan, the same: inf. þæt him ... ne mihte eorres inwit-feng aldre +gesceððan, 1448. + +scenc, st. m., _vessel, can_: in comp. medu-scenc. + +scencan, w. v., _to hand drink, pour out_: pret. sg. scencte scīr wered, +496 (cf. skinker = cup-bearer). + +scenne, w. f.?, _sword-guard?_: dat. pl. on þǣm scennum scīran goldes, +1695. + +sceran, st. v., _to shear off, cleave, hew to pieces_: pres. sg. þonne +heoru bunden ... swīn ofer helme andweard scireð (_hews off the boar-head +on the helm_), 1288. + +ge-sceran, _to divide, hew in two_: pret. sg. helm oft ge-scær (_often +clove the helm in two_), 1527; so, gescer, 2974. + +scerwen, st. f.?, in comp. ealu-scerwen (_ale-scare_ or _panic_?), 770. + +scēt. See scēotan. + +sceadu. See scadu. + +sceaða, w. m.: 1) _scather, foe_: gen. pl. sceaðena, 4.--2) _fighter, +warrior_: nom. pl. scaðan, 1804.--Comp.: attor-, dol-, fēond-, gūð-, +hearm-, lēod-, mān-, sin-, þēod-, ūht-sceaða. + +sceaðan, st. v. w. dat., _to scathe, injure, crush_: pret. sg. sē þe oft +manegum scōd (_which has oft oppressed many_), 1888. + +ge-sceaðan, w. dat., the same: pret. sg. swā him ǣr gescōd hild æt Heorote, +1588; sē þe him sāre ge-sceōd (_who injured him sorely_), 2224; nō þȳ ǣr +in gescōd hālan līce, 1503; bill ǣr gescōd eald-hlāfordes þām þāra māðma +mund-bora wæs (_the weapon of the ancient chieftain had before laid low the +dragon, the guardian of the treasure_), 2778 (or, _sheathed in brass_?, if +ǣr and gescōd form compound). + +sceaðen-mǣl, st. n., _deadly weapon, hostile sword_: nom. sg., 1940. + +sceaft, st. m., _shaft, spear, missile_: nom. sg. sceft, 3119.--Comp.: +here-, wæl-sceaft. + +ge-sceaft, st. f.: 1) _creation, earth, earthly existence_: acc. sg. þās +lǣnan ge-sceaft, 1623.--2) _fate, destiny_: in comp. forð-, līf-, +mǣl-gesceaft. + +scealc, st. m., _servant, military retainer_: nom. sg., 919; (of Bēowulf), +940.--Comp bēor-scealc. + +ge-sceap, st. n.: 1) _shape, creature_: nom. pl. scadu-helma ge-sceapu, +651.--2) _fate, providence_: acc. sg. hēah ge-sceap (_heavy fate_), 3085. + +sceapan, sceppan, scyppan, st. v., _to shape, create, order, arrange, +establish_: pres. part. scyppend (_the Creator_), 106; pret. sg. scōp him +Heort naman (_shaped, gave, it the name Heorot_), 78; pres. part. wæs sīo +wrōht scepen heard wið Hūgas, syððan Hygelāc cwōm (_the contest with the +Hūgas became sharp after H. had come_), 2915. + +ge-sceapan, _to shape, create_: pret. sg. līf ge-sceōp cynna gehwylcum, 97. + +scear, st. m., _massacre_: in comp. gūð-, inwit-scear, 2429, etc. + +scearp, adj., _sharp, able, brave_: nom. sg. scearp scyld-wiga, +288.--Comp.: beadu-, heaðo-scearp. + +scearu, st. f., _division, body, troop_: in comp. folc-scearu; _that is +decided_ or _determined_, in gūð-scearu (_overthrow_?), 1214. + +sceat, st. m., _money_; also _unit of value in appraising_ (cf. Rieger in +Zacher's Zeits. 3, 415): acc. pl. sceattas, 1687. When numbers are given, +sceat appears to be left out, cf. 2196, 2995 (see þūsend).--Comp. +gif-sceat. + +scēat, st. m., _region, field_: acc. pl. gefrætwade foldan scēatas leomum +and lēafum, 96;--_top, surface, part_: gen. pl. eorðan scēata, 753. + +scēawere, st. m., _observer, spy_: nom. pl. scēaweras, 253. + +scēawian, w. v. w. acc., _to see, look at, observe_: inf. scēawian, 841, +1414, 2403, 2745, 3009, 3033; scēawigan, 1392; pres. sg. II. þæt gē genōge +nēan scēawiað bēagas and brād gold, 3105; subj. pres. þæt ic ... scēawige +swegle searo-gimmas, 2749; pret. sg. scēawode, 1688, 2286, 2794; sg. for +pl., 844; pret. pl. scēawedon, 132, 204, 984, 1441. + +ge-scēawian, _to see, behold, observe_: pret. part. ge-scēawod, 3076, 3085. + +sceorp, st. n., _garment_: in comp. hilde-sceorp. + +scēotan, st. v., _to shoot, hurl missiles_: pres. sg. sē þe of flān-bogan +fyrenum scēoteð, 1745; pres. part. nom. pl. scēotend (_the warriors, +bowmen_), 704, 1155; dat. pl. for scēotendum (MS. scotenum), 1027. + +ge-scēotan, w. acc., _to shoot off, hurry_: pret. sg. hord eft gescēat +(_the dragon darted again back to the treasure_), 2320. + +of-scēotan, _to kill by shooting_: pret. sg. his mǣg of-scēt ... blōdigan +gāre _(killed his brother with bloody dart_), 2440. + +scild, scyld, st. m., _shield_: nom. sg. scyld, 2571; acc. sg. scyld, 437, +2076; acc. pl. scyldas, 325, 333, 2851. + +scildan, scyldan, w. v., _to shield, protect_: pret. subj. nymðe mec god +scylde (_if God had not shielded me_), 1659. + +scild-freca, w. m., _shield-warrior_ (warrior armed with a shield): nom. +sg. scyld-freca, 1034. + +scild-weall, st. m., _wall of shields_: acc. sg. scild-weall, 3119. + +scild-wiga, w. m., _shield-warrior_: nom. sg. scyld-wiga, 288. + +scinna, w. m., _apparition, evil spirit_: dat. pl. scynnum, 940. + +scip, st. n., _vessel, ship_: nom. sg., 302; acc. sg., 1918; dat. sg. tō +scipe, 1896; gen. sg. scipes, 35, 897; dat pl. tō scypum (scypon, MS.), +1155. + +scip-here, st. m., (exercitus navalis) _armada, fleet_: dat. sg. mid +scip-herge, 243. + +ge-scīfe (for ge-scȳfe), adj., _advancing_ (of the dragon's movement), +2571; = G. _schief_? + +scīnan, st. v., _to shine, flash_: pres. sg. sunne ... sūðan scīneð, 607; +so, 1572; inf. geseah blācne lēoman beorhte scīnan, 1518; pret. sg. +(gūð-byrne, woruld--candel) scān, 321, 1966; on him byrne scān, 405; pret. +pl. gold-fāg scinon web æfter wāgum, 995; scionon, 303. + +scīr, adj., _sheer, pure, shining_: nom. sg. hring-īren scīr, 322; scīr +metod, 980; acc. sg. n. scīr wered, 496; gen. sg. scīran goldes, 1695. + +scīr-ham, adj., _bright-armored, clad in bright mail_: nom. pl. scīr-hame, +1896. + +scoten. See scēoten. + +ge-scōd, pret. part., _shod_ (calceatus), _covered_: in comp. +ǣr-ge-scōd(?). See ge-sceaðan, and Note. + +scop, st. m., _singer, shaper, poet_: nom. sg., 496, 1067; gen. sg. scopes, +90. + +scræf, st. n., _hole in the earth, cavern_: in comp. eorð-scræf. + +scrīðan, st. v., _to stride, go_: pres. pl. scrīðað, 163; inf. scrīðan, +651, 704; scrīðan tō, 2570. + +scrīfan, st. v., _to prescribe, impose_ (punishment): inf. hū him (Grendel) +scīr metod scrīfan wille, 980. + +for-scrīfan, w. dat. pers., _to proscribe, condemn_: pret. part. siððan him +scyppend for-scrifen hæfde, 106. + +ge-scrīfan, _to permit, prescribe_: pret. sg. swā him Wyrd ne ge-scrāf (_as +Weird did not permit him_), 2575. + +scrūd, st. m., _clothing, covering; ornament_: in comp. beadu-, +byrdu-scrūd. + +scucca, w. m., _shadowy sprite, demon_: dat. pl. scuccum, 940. + +sculan, aux. v. w. inf.: 1) _shall, must_ (obligation): pres. sg. I., III. +sceal, 20, 24, 183, 251, 271, 287, 440, 978, 1005, 1173, 1387, 1535, etc.; +scel, 455, 2805, 3011; II. scealt, 589, 2667; subj. pres. scyle, 2658; +scile, 3178; pret. ind. sg. I., III. scolde, 10, 806, 820, 966, 1071, 1444, +1450, etc.; sceolde, 2342, 2409, 2443, 2590, 2964; II. sceoldest, 2057; pl. +scoldon, 41, 833, 1306, 1638; subj. pret. scolde, 1329, 1478; sceolde, +2709.--2) w. inf. following it expresses futurity, = _shall, will_: pres. +sg. I., III. sceal bēodan (_shall offer_), 384; so, 424, 438, 602, 637, +1061, 1707, 1856, 1863, 2070; sceall, 2499, 2509, etc.; II. scealt, 1708; +pl. wit sculon, 684; subj. pret. scolde, 280, 692, 911; sceolde, 3069.--3) +sculan sometimes forms a periphrastic phrase or circumlocution for a simple +tense, usually with a slight feeling of obligation or necessity: pres. sg. +hē ge-wunian sceall (_he inhabits; is said to inhabit?_), 2276; pret. sg. +sē þe wæter-egesan wunian scolde, 1261; wæcnan scolde (_was to awake_), 85; +sē þone gomelan grētan sceolde (_was to, should, approach_), 2422; þæt se +byrn-wiga būgan sceolde (_the corseleted warrior had to bow, fell_), 2919; +pl. þā þe beado-grīman bȳwan sceoldon (_they that had to polish or deck +the battle-masks_), 2258; so, 230, 705, 1068.--4) w. omitted inf., such as +wesan, gangan: unc sceal worn fela māðma ge-mǣnra (i.e. wesan). 1784; so, +2660; sceal se hearda helm ... fǣtum befeallen (i.e. wesan), 2256; ic him +æfter sceal (i.e. gangan), 2817; subj. þonne þū forð scyle (i.e. gangan), +1180. A verb or inf. expressed in an antecedent clause is not again +expressed with a subsequent sceal: gǣð ā Wyrd swā hīo scel (_Weird goeth +ever as it shall_ [go]), 455; gūð-bill ge-swāc swā hit nō sceolde (i.e. +ge-swīcan), 2586. + +scūa, w. m., _shadowy demon_: in comp. dēað-scūa. + +scūfan, st. v.: 1) intrans., _to move forward, hasten_: pret. part. þā wæs +morgen-lēoht scofen and scynded, 919.--2) w. acc., _to shove, push_: pret. +pl. guman ūt scufon ... wudu bundenne (_pushed the vessel from the land_), +215; dracan scufun ... ofer weall-clif (_pushed the dragon over the +wall-like cliff_), 3132. See wīd-scofen(?) + +be-scūfan, w. acc., _to push, thrust down, in_: inf. wā bið þǣm þe sceal +... sāwle be-scūfan in fȳres fæðm (_woe to him that shall thrust his soul +into fire's embrace_), 184. + +scūr, st. m., _shower, battle-shower_: in comp. īsern-scūr. + +scūr-heard, adj., _fight-hardened? (file-hardened?_): nom. pl. scūr-heard, +1034. + +scyld, scyldan. See scild, scildan. + +scyldig, adj., _under obligations_ or _bound for; guilty of_, w. gen. and +instr.: ealdres (morðres) scyldig, 1339, 1684, 2062; synnum scyldig +(_guilty of evil deeds_), 3072. + +scyndan, w. v., _to hasten_: inf. scyndan, 2571; pret. part, scynded, 919 + +scynna. See scinna. + +scyppend. See sceapan. + +scȳran, w. v., _to arrange, decide_: inf. þæt hit sceaðen-mǣl scȳran +mōste (_that the sword must decide it_), 1940. O.N. skora, _to score, +decide_. + +scȳne, adj., _sheen, well-formed, beautiful_: nom. sg. mægð scȳne, 3017. + +sē, se, pron. dem. and article, _the_: m. nom., 79, 84, 86, 87, 90, 92, +102, etc.; fem, sēo, 66, 146, etc.; neut. þæt;--relative: sē (_who_), 1611, +2866; sē þe (_he who_), 2293; sēo þe (_she who_), 1446; sē þe (for sēo þe), +1345, 1888, 2686; cf. 1261, 1498; (Grendel's mother, as a wild, demonic +creature, is conceived now as man, now as woman: woman, as having borne a +son; man, as the incarnation of savage cunning and power); se for sēo, +2422; dat. sg. þām (for þām þe), 2780. + +secce. See sacu. + +secg, st. m., _man, warrior, hero, spokesman_ (secgan?): nom. sg., 208, +872, 2228, 2407, etc.; (Bēowulf), 249, 948, 1312, 1570, 1760, etc.; +(Wulfgār), 402; (Hunferð), 981; (Wīglāf), 2864; acc. sg. sinnigne secg +(Grendel's mother, cf. se), 1380; dat. sg. secge, 2020; nom. pl. secgas, +213, 2531, 3129; dat. pl. secgum, 490; gen. pl. secga, 634, 843, 997, 1673. + +secg, st. f., _sword_ (sedge?): acc. sg. secge, 685. + +secgan, w. v., _to say, speak_: 1) w. acc.: pres. sg. gode ic þanc secge, +1998; so, 2796; pres. part. swā se secg hwata secgende wæs lāðra spella +(partitive gen.), 3029; inf. secgan, 582, 876, 881, 1050; pret. sg. sægde +him þæs lēanes þanc, 1810; pret. sg. II. hwæt þū worn fela ... sægdest from +his sīðe, 532.--2) without acc inf. swā wē sōðlīce secgan hȳrdon, 273; +pret. sg. sægde, 2633, 2900--3) w. depend. clause: pres. sg. ic secge, 591; +pl. III. secgað, 411; inf. secgan, 51, 391, 943, 1347, 1701, 1819, 2865, +3027; gerund. tō secganne, 473, 1725; pret. sg. sægde, 90, 1176; pl. +sægdon, 377, 2188; sǣdan, 1946. + +ā-secgan (edicere), _to say out, deliver_: inf. wille ic ā-secgan suna +Healfdenes ... mīn ǣrende, 344. + +ge-secgan, _to say, relate_: imper. sg. II. ge-saga, 388; þæt ic his ǣrest +þē eft ge-sægde (_that I should, after, tell thee its origin_), 2158; pret. +part. gesægd, 141; gesǣd, 1697. + +sefa, w. m., _heart, mind, soul, spirit_: nom. sg., 49, 490, 595, 2044, +2181, 2420, 2601, 2633; acc. sg. sefan, 278, 1727, 1843; dat. sg. sefan, +473, 1343, 1738.--Comp. mōd-sefa. + +ge-segen, st. f., _legend, tale_: in comp. eald-ge-segen. + +segl, st. n., _sail_: nom. sg., 1907. + +segl-rād, st. f., _sail-road_, i.e. sea: dat. sg. on segl-rāde, 1430. + +segn, st. n., _banner_, vexillum: nom. sg., 2768, 2959; acc. sg. segen, 47, +1022; segn, 2777; dat. sg. under segne, 1205.--Comp. hēafod-segn. + +sel, st. n., _hall, palace_. See sæl. + +seld, st. n., _dwelling, house_: in comp. medu-seld. + +ge-selda, w. m., contubernalis, _companion_: acc. sg. geseldan, 1985. + +seldan, adv., _seldom_: oft [nō] seldan, 2030. + +seld-guma, w. m., _house-man, home-stayer(?); common man?, house-carl?_: +nom. sg., 249. + +sele, st. m. and n., _building consisting of one apartment; apartment, +room_: nom. sg., 81, 411; acc. sg. sele, 827, 2353; dat. sg. tō sele, 323, +1641; in (on, tō) sele þām hēan, 714, 920, 1017, 1985; on sele (_in the den +of the dragon_), 3129.--Comp.: bēah-, bēor-, dryht-, eorð-, gest-, gold-, +grund-, gūð-, hēah-, hring-, hrōf-, nið-, win-sele. + +sele-drēam, st. m., _hall-glee, joy in the hall_: acc. sg. þāra þe þis līf +ofgeaf, gesāwon sele-drēam (referring to the joy of heaven?), 2253. + +sele-ful, st. n., _hall-goblet_: acc. sg., 620. + +sele-gyst, st. m., _hall-guest, stranger in hall_ or _house_: acc. sg. þone +sele-gyst, 1546. + +sele-rǣdend, pres. part., _hall-ruler, possessor of the hall_: nom. pl., +51; acc. lēode mīne sele-rǣdende, 1347. + +sele-rest, st. f., _bed in the hall_: acc. sg. sele-reste, 691. + +sele-þegn, st. m., _retainer, hall-thane, chamberlain_: nom. sg., 1795. + +sele-weard, st. m., _hall-ward, guardian of the hall_: acc. sg., 668. + +self, sylf, pron., _self_: nom. sg. strong form, self, 1314, 1925 (? +selfa); þū self, 595; þū þē self, 954; self cyning (_the king himself, the +king too_), 921, 1011; sylf, 1965; in weak form, selfa, 1469; hē selfa, 29, +1734; þǣm þe him selfa dēah (_that can rely upon, trust to, himself_), +1840; seolfa, 3068; hē sylfa, 505; god sylfa, 3055; acc. sg. m. selfne, +1606; hine selfne (_himself_), 962; hyne selfne (_himself_, reflex.), 2876; +wið sylfne (_beside_), 1978; gen. sg. m. selfes, 701, 896; his selfes, +1148; on sīnne sylfes dōm (_at his own will_), 2148; sylfes, 2224, 2361, +2640, 2711, 2777, 3014; his sylfes, 2014, 2326; fem. hire selfre, 1116; +nom. pl. selfe, 419; Sūð-Dene sylfe, 1997. + +ge-sella, w. m., _house-companion, comrade_: in comp. hand-gesella. + +sellan, syllan, w. v.: 1) w. acc. of thing, dat. of pers., _to give, +deliver; permit, grant, present_: pres. sg. III. seleð him on ēðle eorðan +wynne, 1731; inf. syllan, 2161, 2730; pret. sg. sealde, 72, 673, 1272, +1694, 1752, 2025, 2156, 2183, 2491, 2995; nefne god sylfa sealde þām þe hē +wolde hord openian (_unless God himself gave to whom he would to open the +hoard_), 3056; pret. sg. II. sealdest, 1483.--2) _to give, give up_ (only +w. acc. of thing): ǣr hē feorh seleð (_he prefers to give up his life_), +1371; nallas on gylp seleð fǣtte bēagas (_giveth out gold-wrought rings_, +etc.), 1750; pret. sg. sinc-fato sealde, 623; pl. byrelas sealdon wīn of +wunder-fatum, 1162. + +ge-sellan, w. acc. and dat. of pers., _to give, deliver; grant, present_: +inf. ge-sellan, 1030; pret. sg. ge-sealde, 616, 1053, 1867, 1902, 2143, +etc. + +sel-līc, syl-līc (from seld-līc), adj., _strange, wondrous_: nom. sg. glōf +... syllīc, 2087; acc. sg. n. syllīc spell, 2110; acc. pl. sellīce +sǣ-dracan, 1427. Compar. acc. sg. syllīcran wiht (the dragon), 3039. + +semninga, adv., _straightway, at once_ 645, 1641, 1768. + +sendan, w. v. w. acc. of thing and dat. of pers., _to send_: pret. sg. þone +god sende folce tō frōfre (_whom God sent as a comfort to the people_), 13; +so, 471, 1843. + +for-sendan, _to send away, drive off_ pret. part. hē wearð on fēonda +geweald ... snūde for-sended, 905. + +on-sendan, _to send forth, away_, w. acc. of thing and dat. of pers.: +imper. sg. on-send, 452, 1484; pret. sg. on-sende, 382; pl. þē hine ... +forð on-sendon ǣnne ofer ȳðe (_who sent him forth alone over the sea_), +45; pret. part. bealo-cwealm hafað fela feorh-cynna feorr on-sended, 2267. + +sendan (cf. Gl. Aldhelm, sanda = ferculorum, epularum, in Haupt IX. 444), +w. v., _to feast, banquet_: pres. sg. III. sendeð, 601.--Leo. + +serce, syrce, w. f., _sark, shirt of mail_: nom. sg. syrce, 1112; nom. pl. +syrcan, 226; acc. pl. grǣge syrcan, 334.--Comp.: beadu-, heoro-serce; +here-, leoðo-, līc-syrce. + +sess, st. m., _seat, place for sitting_: dat. sg. sesse, 2718; þā hē bī +sesse gēong (_by the seat_, i.e. before the dragon's lair), 2757. + +setl, st. n., _seat, settle_: acc. sg., 2014; dat. sg. setle, 1233, 1783, +2020; gen. sg. setles, 1787; dat. pl. setlum, 1290.--Comp.: hēah-, hilde-, +meodu-setl. + +settan, w. v., _to set_: pret. sg. setton sǣ-mēðe sīde scyldas ... wið þæs +recedes weall (_the sea-wearied ones set their broad shields against the +wall of the hall_), 325; so, 1243. + +ā-settan, _to set, place, appoint_: pret. pl. hīe him ā-setton segen +[gyl]-denne hēah ofer hēafod, 47; pret. part. hæfde kyninga wuldor Grendle +tō-gēanes ... sele-weard ā-seted, 668. + +be-settan, _to set with, surround_: pret. sg. (helm) besette swīn-līcum +(_set the helm with swine-bodies_), 1454. + +ge-settan: 1) _to set, set down_: pret. part. swā wæs ...þurh rūn-stafas +rihte ge-mearcod, ge-seted and ge-sǣd (_thus was ... in rune-staves rightly +marked, set down and said_), 1697.--2) _to set, ordain, create_: pret. sg. +ge-sette ... sunnan and mōnan lēoman tō lēohte land-būendum, 94.--3) = +componere, _to lay aside, smooth over, appease_: pret. sg. þæt hē mid þȳ +wīfe wæl-fǣhða ... dǣl ... ge-sette, 2030. + +sēcan, w. v., _to follow after_, hence: 1) _to seek, strive for_, w. acc.: +pret. sg. sinc-fæt sōhte _(sought the costly cup_), 2301; ne sōhte +searo-nīðas, 2739; so, 3068. Without acc.: þonne his myne sōhte (_than his +wish demanded_), 2573; hord-weard sōhte georne æfter grunde (_the +hoard-warden sought eagerly along the ground_), 2294.--2) _to look for, +come_ or _go some whither, attain something_, w. acc.: pres. sg. III. sē þe +... biorgas sēceð, 2273; subj. þēah þe hǣð-stapa holt-wudu sēce, 1370; +imper. sēc gif þū dyrre (_look for her_, i.e. Grendel's mother, _if thou +dare_), 1380; inf. sēcean, 200, 268, 646, 1598, 1870, 1990, 2514(?), 3103, +etc.; sēcan, 665, 1451; drihten sēcean (_seek, go to, the Lord_), 187; +sēcean wyn-lēas wīc (_Grendel was to seek a joyless place_, i.e. Hell), +822; so, sēcan dēofla gedræg, 757; sāwle sēcan (_seek the life, kill_), +802; so, sēcean sāwle hord, 2423; gerund. sæcce tō sēceanne, 2563; pret. +sg. I., III. sōhte, 139, 208, 376, 417, 2224; II. sōhtest, 458; pl. sōhton, +339.--3) _to seek, attack_: þē ūs sēceað tō Swēona lēode, 3002; pret. pl. +hine wræc-mæcgas ofer sǣ sōhtan, 2381. + +ge-sēcan: 1) _to seek_, w. acc.: inf. gif hē gesēcean dear wīg ofer wǣpen, +685.--2) _to look for, come_ or _go to attain_, w. acc.: inf. ge-sēcean, +693; gerund, tō ge-sēcanne, 1923; pret. sg. ge-sōhte, 463, 520, 718, 1952; +pret. part. nom. pl. feor-cȳððe bēoð sēlran ge-sōhte þām þe hine selfa +dēah, 1840.--3) _to seek with hostile intent, to attack_: pres. sg. +ge-sēceð 2516; pret. sg. ge-sōhte, 2347; pl. ge-sōhton, 2927; ge-sōhtan, +2205. + +ofer-sēcan, w. acc., _to surpass, outdo_ (in an attack): pres. sg. wæs sīo +hond tō strong, sē þe mēca gehwane ... swenge ofer-sōhte, þonne hē tō sæcce +bær wǣpen wundrum heard (_too strong was the hand, that surpassed every +sword in stroke, when he_ [Bēowulf] _bore the wondrous weapon to battle_, +i.e. the hand was too strong for any sword; its strength made it useless in +battle), 2687. + +sēl, st. f. See sǣl. + +sēl, sǣl, adj., _good, excellent, fit_, only in compar.: nom. sg. m. sēlra, +861, 2194; þǣm þǣr sēlra wæs (_to the one that was the better_, i.e. +Hygelāc), 2200; dēað bið sēlla þonne edwīt-līf, 2891; neut. sēlre, 1385; +acc. sg. m. sēlran þē (_a better than thee_), 1851; sēlran, 1198; neut. þæt +sēlre, 1760; dat. sg. m. sēlran sweord-frecan, 1469; nom. pl. fem. sēlran, +1840. Superl., strong form: nom. sg. neut. sēlest, 173, 1060; hūsa sēlest, +146, 285, 936; ofost is sēlest, 256; bolda sēlest, 2327; acc. sg. neut. +hrægla sēlest, 454; hūsa sēlest, 659; billa sēlest, 1145;--weak form: nom. +sg. m. reced sēlesta, 412; acc. sg. m. þone sēlestan, 1407, 2383; (þæs, +MS.), 1957; dat. sg. m. þǣm sēlestan, 1686; nom. pl. sēlestan, 416; acc. +pl. þā sēlestan, 3123. + +sēl, compar. adv., _better, fitter, more excellent_, 1013, 2531; ne byð him +wihte þē sēl (_he shall be nought the better for it_), 2278; so, 2688. + +sealma (Frisian selma, in bed-selma), w. m., _bed-chamber, sleeping-place_: +acc. sg. on sealman, 2461. + +sealt, adj., _salty_: acc. sg. neut. ofer sealt wæter (_the sea_), 1990. + +searo (G. sarwa, pl.), st. n.: 1) _armor, accoutrements, war-gear_: nom. +pl. sǣ-manna searo, 329; dat. pl. secg on searwum (_a man, warrior, in +panoply_), 249, 2701; in (on) searwum, 323, 1558; 2531, 2569; instr. pl. +searwum, 1814.--2) _insidiae, ambuscade, waylaying, deception, battle_: þā +ic of searwum cwōm, fāh from fēondum, 419.--3) _cunning, art, skill_: +instr. pl. sadol searwum fāh (_saddle cunningly ornamented_), 1039; +earmbēaga fela, searwum ge-sǣled (_many cunningly-linked armlets_), +2765.--Comp. fyrd-, gūð-, inwit-searo. + +searo-bend, st. f., _band, bond, of curious workmanship_: instr. pl. +searo-bendum fæst, 2087. + +searo-fāh, adj., _cunningly inlaid, ornamented, with gold_: nom. sg. +here-byrne hondum ge-brōden, sīd and searo-fāh, 1445. + +searo-ge-þræc, st. n., _heap of treasure-objects_: acc. sg., 3103. + +searo-gim, st. m., _cunningly set gem, rich jewel_: acc. pl. searo-gimmas, +2750; gen. pl. searo-gimma, 1158. + +searo-grim, adj., _cunning and fierce_: nom. sg., 595. + +searo-hæbbend, pres. part. as subst., _arms-bearing, warrior with his +trappings_: gen. pl. searo-hæbbendra, 237. + +searo-net, st. n., _armor-net, shirt of mail, corselet_: nom. sg., 406. + +searo-nīð, st. m.: 1) _cunning hostility, plot, wiles_: acc. pl. +searo-nīðas, 1201, 2739.--2) also, only _hostility, feud, contest_: acc. +pl. searo-nīðas, 3068; gen. pl. searo-nīða, 582. + +searo-þanc, st. m., _ingenuity_: instr. pl. searo-þoncum, 776. + +searo-wundor, st. n., _rare wonder_: acc. sg., 921. + +seax, st. n., _shortsword, hip-knife; dagger_: instr. sg. seaxe, +1546.--Comp. wæl-seax. + +seax-ben, st. f., _dagger-wound_: instr. pl. siex-bennum, 2905. + +seofon, num., _seven_, 517; seofan, 2196; decl. acc. syfone, 3123. + +seomian, w. v.: 1) intrans., _to be tied; lie at rest_: inf. siomian, 2768; +pret. sg. seomode, 302.--2) w. acc., _to put in bonds, entrap, catch_: +pret. sg. duguðe and geogoðe seomade (cf. 2086-2092, 161. + +seonu, st. f., _sinew_: nom. pl. seonowe, 818. + +sēoc, adj., _feeble, weak; fatally ill_: nom. sg. feorh-bennum sēoc (of +Bēowulf, _sick unto death_), 2741; siex-bennum sēoc (of the dead dragon), +2905; nom. pl. mōdes sēoce (_sick of soul_), 1604.--Comp.: ellen-, feorh-, +heaðo-sēoc. + +sēoðan, st. v. w. acc., _to seethe, boil_; figuratively, _be excited over, +brood_: pret. sg. ic þæs mōd-ceare sorh-wylmum sēað (_I pined in +heart-grief for that_), 1994; so, 190. + +seoloð, st. m.?, _bight, bay_ (cf. Dietrich in Haupt XI. 416): gen. pl. +sioleða bi-gong (_the realm of bights_ = the [surface of the] sea?), 2368. + +sēon, sȳn, st. f., _aspect, sight_: in comp. wlite-, wundor-sēon, an-sȳn. + +sēon, st. v., _to see_: a) w. acc.: inf. searo-wunder sēon, 921; so, 387, +1181, 1276, 3103; þǣr mæg nihta ge-hwǣm nīð-wundor sēon (_there may every +night be seen a repulsive marvel_), 1366; pret. sg. ne seah ic ... +heal-sittendra medudrēam māran, 2015.--b) w. acc. and predicate adj.: ne +seah ic elþēodige þus manige men mōdiglīcran, 336.--c) w. prep. or adv.: +pret. sg. seah on enta ge-weorc, 2718; seah on un-lēofe, 2864; pl. folc tō +sǣgon (_looked on_), 1423. + +ge-sēon, _to see, behold_: a) w. acc.: pres. sg. III. sē þe bēah ge-syhð, +2042; inf. ge-sēon, 396, 571, 649, 962, 1079, etc.; pret. sg. geseah, 247, +927, 1558, 1614; pl. ge-sāwon, 1606, 2253.--b) w. acc. and predicate adj., +pres. sg. III. ge-syhð ... on his suna būre win-sele wēstne (_sees in his +son's house the wine-hall empty_; or, _hall of friends_?), 2456.--c) w. +inf.: pret. sg. ge-seah ... beran ofer bolcan beorhte randas (_saw shining +shields borne over the gang-plank_), 229; pret. pl. mǣre māððum-sweord +monige ge-sāwon beforan beorn beran, 1024.--d) w. acc. and inf.: pret. sg. +ge-seah, 729, 1517, 1586, 1663, 2543, 2605, etc.; pl. ge-sāwon, 221, 1348, +1426; ge-sēgan, 3039; ge-sēgon, 3129.--e) w. depend, clause: inf. mæg þonne +... gesēon sunu Hrēðles, þæt ic (_may the son of H. see that I..._), 1486; +pret. pl. ge-sāwon, 1592. + +geond-sēon, _to see, look through, over_, w. acc.: pret. sg. (ic) þæt eall +geond-seh, 3088. + +ofer-sēon, _to see clearly, plainly_: pret. pl. ofer-sāwon, 419. + +on-sēon, _to look on, at_, w. acc.: pret. pl. on-sāwon, 1651. + +sēowian, w. v., _to sew, put together, link_: pret. part. searo-net sēowed +smiðes or-þancum (_the corselet woven by the smith's craft_), 406. + +sib, st. f., _peace, friendship, relationship_: nom. sg., 1165, 1858; sibb, +2601; acc. sibbe, 950, 2432, 2923; instr. sg. sibbe (_in peace_?), +154.--Comp.: dryht-, friðo-sib. + +sib-æðeling, st. m., _nobilis consanguineus, kindred prince_ or _nobleman_: +nom. pl. -æðelingas, 2709. + +sibbe-gedryht, st. f., _body of allied_ or _related warriors_: acc. sg. +sibbe-gedriht (the Danes), 387; (the Gēatas), 730. + +siððan, syððan: 1) adv.: a) _since, after, from now on, further_, 142, 149, +283, 567, 1903, 2052, 2065, 2176, 2703, 2807, 2921; seoððan, 1876.--b) +_then, thereupon, after_, 470, 686, 1454, 1557, 1690, 2208; seoððan, 1938; +ǣr nē siððan (_neither before nor after_), 719. + +2) Conj.: a) w. ind. pres., _as soon as, when_, 413, 605, 1785, 2889, + 2912.--b) w. ind. pret., _when, whilst_, 835, 851, 1205, 1207, 1421, + 1590, 2357, 2961, 2971, 3128; seoððan, 1776;--_since_, 649, 657, 983, + 1199, 1254, 1309, 2202;--_after_, either with pluperf.: siððan him + scyppend forscrifen hæfde (_after the Creator had proscribed him_), 106; + so, 1473; or with pret. = pluperf.: syððan niht becōm (_after night had + come on_), 115; so, 6, 132, 723, 887, 902, 1078, 1149, 1236, 1262, 1282, + 1979, 2013, 2125; or pret. and pluperf. together, 2104-2105. + +siex. See seax. + +sige-dryhten, st. m., _lord of victory, victorious lord_: nom. sg. +sige-drihten, 391. + +sige-ēadig, adj., _blest with victory, victorious_: acc. sg. neut. +sige-ēadig bil, 1558. + +sige-folc, st. n., _victorious people, troop_: gen. pl. sige-folca, 645. + +sige-hrēð, st. f., _confidence of victory_(?): acc. sg., 490. See Note. + +sige-hrēðig, adj., _victorious_: nom. sg., 94, 1598, 2757. + +sige-hwīl, st. f., _hour_ or _day of victory_: gen. sg. sige-hwīle, 2711. + +sige-lēas, adj., _devoid of victory, defeated_: acc. sg. sige-lēasne sang, +788. + +sige-rōf, adj., _victorious_: nom. sg., 620. + +sige-þēod, st. f., _victorious warrior troop_: dat. sg. on sige-þēode, +2205. + +sige-wǣpen, st. n., _victor-weapon, sword_: dat. pl. sige-wǣpnum, 805. + +sigl, st. n.: 1) _sun_: nom. sg. sigel, 1967.--2) _sun-shaped ornament_: +acc. pl. siglu, 3165; sigle (bracteates of a necklace), 1201; gen. pl. +sigla, 1158.--Comp. māððum-sigl. + +sigor, st. m., _victory_: gen. sg. sigores, 1022; gen. pl. sigora, 2876, +3056.--Comp.: hrēð-, wīg-sigor. + +sigor-ēadig, adj., _victorious_: nom. sg. sigor-ēadig secg (of Bēowulf), +1312, 2353. + +sin. See syn. + +sinc, st. n., _treasure, jewel, property_: nom. sg., 2765; acc. sg. sinc, +81, 1205, 1486, 2384, 2432; instr. sg. since, 1039, 1451, 1616, 1883, 2218, +2747; gen. sg. sinces, 608, 1171, 1923, 2072; gen. pl. sinca, 2429. + +sinc-fāh, adj., _treasure-decked_: acc. sg. neut. weak form, sinc-fāge sel, +167. + +sinc-fæt, st. n., _costly vessel_: acc. sg., 2232, 2301;--_a costly +object_: acc. sg., 1201 (i.e. mene); acc. pl. sinc-fato, 623. + +sinc-ge-strēon, st. n., _precious treasure, jewel of value _: instr. pl. +-gestrēonum, 1093; gen. pl. -gestrēona, 1227. + +sinc-gifa, w. m., _jewel-giver, treasure-giver = prince, ruler_: acc. sg. +sinc-gyfan, 1013; dat. sg. sinc-gifan (of Bēowulf), 2312; (of Æschere), +1343. + +sinc-māððum, st. m., _treasure_: nom. sg., 2194. + +sinc-þego, f., _acceptance, taking, of jewels_: nom. sg., 2885. + +sin-dolh, st. n., _perpetual_, i.e. incurable, _wound_: nom. sg. syn-dolh, +818. + +sin-frēa, w. m., _wedded lord, husband_: nom. sg., 1935. + +sin-gāl, adj., _continual, lasting_: acc. sg. fem, sin-gāle sæce, 154. + +sin-gāles, adv. gen. sg., _continually, ever_, 1778; syngales, 1136. + +singāla, adv. gen. pl., the same, 190. + +singan, st. v., _to sound, ring, sing_: pret. sg. hring-īren scīr song in +searwum (_the ringed iron rang in the armor_), 323; horn stundum song +fūs-līc f[yrd]-lēoð (_at times the horn rang forth a ready battle-song_), +1424; scop hwīlum sang (_the singer sang at whiles_), 496. + +ā-singan, _to sing out, sing to an end_: pret. part. lēoð wæs ā-sungen, +1160. + +sin-here, st. m., (_army without end_?), _strong army, host_: instr. sg. +sin-herge, 2937. + +sin-niht, st. f., _perpetual night, night after night_: acc. pl. sin-nihte +(_night after night_), 161. + +sin-sceaða, w. m., _irreconcilable foe_: nom. sg. syn-scaða, 708; acc. sg. +syn-scaðan, 802. + +sin-snǣd, st. f., (_continuous biting_) _bite after bite_: dat. pl. +syn-snǣdum swealh (_swallowed bite after bite, in great bites_), 744. + +sittan, st. v.: 1) _to sit_: pres. sg. Wīglāf siteð ofer Bīowulfe, 2907; +imper. sg. site nū tō symle, 489; inf. þǣr swið-ferhðe sittan ēodon +(_whither the strong-minded went and sat_), 493; ēode ... tō hire frēan +sittan (_went to sit by her lord_), 642; pret. sg. on wicge sæt (_sat on +the horse_), 286; æt fōtum sæt (_sat at the feet_), 500, 1167; þǣr Hrōðgār +sæt (_where H. sat_), 356; so, 1191, 2895; hē gewērgad sæt ... frēan eaxlum +nēah, 2854; pret. pl. sǣton, 1165; gistas sētan (MS. sēcan) ... and on mere +staredon (_the strangers sat and stared on the sea_), 1603.--2) _to be in a +certain state_ or _condition_ (_quasi_ copula): pret. sg. mǣre þēoden ... +unblīðe sæt, 130.--Comp.: flet-, heal-sittend. + +be-sittan, obsidere, _to surround, besiege_, w. acc.: besæt þā sin-herge +sweorda lāfe wundum wērge (_then besieged he with a host the leavings of +the sword, wound-weary_), 2937. + +for-sittan, obstrui, _to pass away, fail_: pres. sg. ēagena bearhtm +for-siteð (_the light of the eyes passeth away_), 1768. + +ge-sittan: 1) _to sit, sit together_: pret. sg. monig-oft ge-sæt rīce to +rūne (_very often sat the king deliberating with his council_ (see rīce), +171; wið earm ge-sæt (_supported himself upon his arm, sat on his arm_?), +750; fēða eal ge-sæt (_the whole troop sat down_), 1425; ge-sæt þā wið +sylfne (_sat there beside, near to, him_, i.e. Hygelāc), 1978; + +ge-sæt þā on næsse, 2418; so, 2718; pret. part. (syððan) ... wē tō symble +ge-seten hæfdon, 2105.--2) w. acc., _to seat one's self upon_ or _in +something, to board_: pret. sg. þā ic ... sǣ-bāt ge-sæt, 634. + +of-sittan, w. acc., _to sit over_ or _upon_: pret. sg. of-sæt þā þone +sele-gyst, 1546. + +ofer-sittan, w. acc., _to dispense with, refrain from_ (cf. ofer, 2 [c]): +pres. sg. I. þæt ic wið þone gūð-flogan gylp ofer-sitte, 2529; inf. secge +ofer-sittan, 685. + +on-sittan (O.H.G. int-sizzan, _to start from one's seat, to be startled_), +w. acc., _to fear_: inf. þā fǣhðe, atole ecg-þræce ēower lēode sīwðe +onsittan _to dread the hostility, the fierce contest, of your people_, 598. + +ymb-sittan, _to sit around_, w. acc.: pret. pl. (þæt hīe) ... symbel +ymb-sǣton (_sat round the feast_), 564. See ymb-sittend. + +sīd, adj.: 1) _wide, broad, spacious, large_: nom. sg. (here-byrne, glōf) +sīd, 1445, 2087; acc. sg. m. sīdne scyld, 437; on sīdne sǣ, 507; fem. +byrnan sīde (of a corselet extending over the legs), 1292; ofer sǣ sīde, +2395; neut. sīde rīce, 1734, 2200; instr. sg. sīdan herge, 2348; acc. pl. +sīde sǣ-næssas, 223; sīde scyldas, 325; gen. pl. sīdra sorga (_of great +sorrows_), 149.--2) in moral sense, _great, noble_: acc. sg. þurh sīdne +sefan, 1727. + +side, adv., _far and wide, afar_, 1224. + +sīd-fæðme, adj., _broad-bosomed_: acc. sg. sīd-fæðme scip, 1918. + +sīd-fæðmed, _quasi_ pret. part., the same: nom. sg. sīd-fæðmed scip, 302. + +sīd-rand, st. m., _broad shield_: nom. sg., 1290. + +sīð (G. seþu-s), adj., _late_: superl. nom. sg. sīðast sige-hwīle (_the +last hour, day, of victory_), 2711; dat. sg. æt sīðestan (_in the end, at +last_), 3014. + +sīð, adv. compar., _later_: ǣr and sīð (_sooner and later, early and +late_), 2501. + +sīð (G. sinþ-s), st. m.: l) _road, way, journey, expedition_; esp., _road +to battle_: nom. sg., 501, 3059, 3090; næs þæt ēðe sīð (_that was no easy +road, task_), 2587; so, þæt wæs gēocor sīð, 766; acc. sg. sīð, 353, 512, +909, 1279, 1430, 1967; instr. dat. sīðe, 532, 1952, 1994; gen. sg. sīðes, +579, 1476, 1795, 1909. Also, _return_: nom. sg., 1972.--2) _undertaking, +enterprise_; esp., _battle-work_: nom. sg. nis þæt ēower sīð, 2533; ne bið +swylc earges sīð (_such is no coward's enterprise_), 2542; acc. sg. sīð, +873. In pl.= _adventures_: nom. sīðas, 1987; acc. sīðas, 878; gen. sīða, +318.--3) time (as iterative): nom. sg. næs þæt forma sīð (_that was not the +first time_), 717, 1464; so, 1528, 2626; acc. sg. oftor micle þonne on ǣnne +sīð, 1580; instr. sg. (forman, ōðre, þriddan) sīðe, 741, 1204, 2050, 2287, +2512, 2518, 2671, 2689, 3102.--Comp.: cear-, eft-, ellor-, gryre-, sǣ-, +wil-, wrǣc-sīð. + +ge-sīð, st. m., _comrade, follower_: gen. sg. ge-sīðes, 1298; nom. pl. +ge-sīðas, 29; acc. pl. ge-sīðas, 2041, 2519; dat. pl. ge-sīðum, 1314, 1925, +2633; gen. pl. ge-sīða, 1935.--Comp.: eald-, wil-gesīð. + +sīð-fæt, st. m., _way, journey_: acc. sg. þone sīð-fæt, 202; dat. sg. +sīð-fate, 2640. + +sīð-fram, -from, adj., _ready for the journey_: nom. pl. sīð-frome, 1814. + +sīðian, w. v., _to journey, march_: inf., 721, 809; pret. sg. sīðode, 2120. + +for-sīðian, _iter fatale inire_ (Grein): pret. sg. hæfde þā for-sīðod sunu +Ecg-þēowes under gynne grund _(would have found his death_, etc.), 1551. + +sīe, sȳ. See wesan. + +sīgan, st. v., _to descend, sink, incline_: pret. pl. sigon æt-somne +(_descended together_), 307; sigon þā tō slǣpe _(they sank to sleep_), +1252. + +ge-sīgan, _to sink, fall_: inf. ge-sīgan æt sæcce (_fall in battle_), 2660. + +sīn, poss. pron., _his_: acc. sg. m. sīnne, 1961, 1985, 2284, 2790; dat. +sg. sīnum, 1508. + +slǣp, st. m., _sleep_: nom. sg., 1743; dat. sg. tō slǣpe, 1252. + +slǣpan, st. v., _to sleep_: pres. part. nom. sg. slǣpende, 2220; acc. sg. +hē gefēng ... slǣpendne rinc (_seized a sleeping warrior]_, 742; acc. pl. +slǣpende fræt folces Denigea fīftȳne men _(devoured, sleeping, fifteen of +the people of the Danes_), 1582. + +slēac, adj., _slack, lazy_: nom. sg., 2188. + +sleahan, slēan: 1) _to strike, strike at_: a) intrans.: pres. subj. sg. þæt +hē mē ongēan slēa (_that he should strike at me_), 682; pret. sg. yrringa +slōh (_struck angrily_), 1566; so, slōh hilde-bille, 2680. b) trans.: pret. +sg. þæt hē þone nīð-gæst nioðor hwēne slōh _(that he struck the dragon +somewhat lower_, etc.), 2700.--2) w. acc.: _to slay, kill_: pret. sg. þæs +þe hē Ābel slōg (_because he slew A._), 108; so, slōg, 421, 2180; slōh, +1582, 2356; pl. slōgon, 2051; pret. part. þā wæs Fin slægen, 1153. + +ge-slēan, w. acc.: 1) _to fight a battle_: pret. sg. ge-slōh þīn fæder +fǣhðe mǣste, 459.--2) _to gain by fighting_: syððan hīe þā mǣrða ge-slōgon, +2997. + +of-slēan, _to ofslay, kill_, w. acc.: pret. sg. of-slōh, 574, 1666, 3061. + +slīðe (G. sleiþ-s), adj., _savage, fierce, dangerous_: acc. sg. þurh slīðne +nīð, 184; gen. pl. slīðra ge-slyhta, 2399. + +slīðen, adj., _furious, savage, deadly_ nom. sg. sweord-bealo slīðen, 1148. + +slītan, st. v., _to slit, tear to pieces_, w. acc.: pret. sg. slāt +(slǣpendne rinc), 742. + +slyht, st. m., _blow_: in comp. and-slyht. + +ge-slyht, st. n. (collective), _battle, conflict_: gen. pl. slīðra +ge-slyhta, 2399. + +smið, st. m., _smith, armorer_: nom. sg. wǣpna smið, 1453; gen. sg. smiðes, +406.--Comp. wundor-smið. + +be-smiðian, w. v., _to surround with iron-work, bands_, etc.: pret. part. +hē (the hall Heorot) þæs fæste wæs innan and ūtan īren-bendum searo-þoncum +besmiðod (i.e. the beams out of which the hall was built were held together +skilfully, within and without, by iron clamps), 776. + +snell, adj., _fresh, vigorous, lively; of martial temper_: nom. sg. se +snella, 2972. + +snellīc, adj., the same: nom. sg., 691. + +snotor, snottor, adj., _clever, wise, intelligent_: nom. sg. snotor, 190, +827, 909, 1385; in weak form, (se) snottra, 1314, 1476, 1787; snotra, 2157, +3121; nom. pl. snotere, 202, 416; snottre, 1592.--Comp. fore-snotor. + +snotor-līce, adv., _intelligently, wisely_: compar. snotor-līcor, 1483. + +snūde, adv., _hastily, quickly, soon_, 905, 1870, 1972, 2326, 2569, 2753. + +be-snyðian, w. v., _to rob, deprive of_: pret. sg. þætte Ongenþīo ealdre +be-snyðede Hæðcyn, 2925. + +snyrian, w. v., _to hasten, hurry_: pret. pl. snyredon æt-somne (_hurried +forward together_), 402. + +snyttru, f., _intelligence, wisdom_: acc. sg. snyttru, 1727; dat. pl. mid +mōdes snyttrum, 1707; þē wē ealle ǣr ne meahton snyttrum be-syrwan (_a deed +which all of us together could not accomplish before with all our wisdom_), +943. Adv., _wisely_, 873. + +somne. See samne. + +sorgian, w. v.: 1) _to be grieved, sorrow_: imper. sg. II. ne sorga! +1385.--2) _to care for, trouble one's self about_: inf. nō þū ymb mīnes ne +þearft līces feorme leng sorgian (_thou needst not care longer about my +life's [body's] sustenance_), 451. + +sorh, st. f., _grief, pain, sorrow_: nom. sg., 1323; sorh is mē tō secganne +(_pains me to say_), 473; acc. sg. sorge, 119, 2464; dat. instr. sg. mid +þǣre sorge, 2469; sorge (_in sorrow, grieved_), 1150; gen. sg. worna fela +... sorge, 2005; dat. pl. sorgum, 2601; gen. pl. sorga, 149.--Comp.: hyge-, +inwit-, þegn-sorh. + +sorh-cearig, adj., _curis sollicitus, heart-broken_: nom. sg., 2456. + +sorh-ful, adj., _sorrowful, troublesome, difficult_: nom. sg., 2120; acc. +sg. sorh-fullne (sorh-fulne) sīð, 512, 1279, 1430. + +sorh-lēas, adj., _free from sorrow_ or _grief_: nom. sg., 1673. + +sorh-leoð, st. n., _dirge, song of sorrow_: acc. sg., 2461. + +sorh-wylm, st. m., _wave of sorrow_ nom. pl. sorh-wylmas, 905. + +sōcn, st. f., _persecution, hostile pursuit_ or _attack_ (see sēcan): dat, +(instr.) þǣre sōcne (by reason of Grendel's persecution), 1778. + +sōð, st. n., _sooth, truth_:: acc. sg. sōð, 532, 701, 1050, 1701, 2865; +dat. sg. tō sōðe (_in truth_), 51, 591, 2326. + +sōð, adj., _true, genuine_: nom. sg, þæt is sōð metod, 1612; acc. sg. n. +gyd āwræc sōð and sār-līc, 2110. + +sōðe, adv., _truly, correctly, accurately_, 524; sōðe gebunden (of +alliterative verse: _accurately put together_), 872. + +sōð-cyning, st. m., _true king_: nom. sg. sigora sōð-cyning (_God_), 3056. + +sōð-fæst, adj., _soothfast, established in truth, orthodox_ (here used of +the Christian martyrs): gen. pl. sōð-fæstra dōm (_glory, realm, of the +saints_), 2821. + +sōð-līce, adv., _in truth, truly, truthfully_, 141, 273, 2900. + +sōfte, adv., _gently, softly_: compar. þȳ sēft (_the more easily_), +2750.--Comp. un-sōfte. + +sōna, adv., _soon, immediately_, 121, 722, 744, 751, 1281, 1498, 1592, +1619, 1763, etc. + +on-spannan, st. v., _to un-span, unloose_: pret. sg. his helm on-spēon +(_loosed his helm_), 2724. + +spel, st. n., _narrative, speech_: acc. sg. spell, 2110; acc. pl. spel, +874; gen. pl. spella, 2899, 3030.--Comp. wēa-spel. + +spēd, st. f.: 1) _luck, success_: in comp. here-, wīg-spēd.--2) _skill, +facility_: acc. sg. on spēd (_skilfully_), 874. + +spīwan, st. v., _to spit, spew_, w. instr.: inf. glēdum spīwan (_spit +fire_), 2313 + +spor, st. n., _spur_: in comp. hand-spor. + +spōwan, st. v., _to speed well, help, avail_: pret. sg. him wiht ne spēow +(_availed him naught_), 2855; hū him æt ǣte spēow (_how he sped in the +eating_), 3027. + +sprǣc, st. f., _speech, language_: instr. sg. frēcnan sprǣce (_through +bold, challenging, discourse_), 1105.--Comp.: ǣfen-, gylp-sprǣc. + +sprecan, st. v., _to speak_: inf. ic sceal forð sprecan gēn ymbe Grendel +_(I shall go on speaking about G._), 2070; w. acc. sē þe wyle sōð sprecan +(_he who will speak the truth_), 2865; imper. tō Gēatum sprec (sprǣc, MS.), +1172; pret. sg. III. spræc, 1169, 1699, 2511, 2725; word æfter spræc, 341; +nō ymbe þā fǣhðe spræc, 2619; II. hwæt þū worn fela ... ymb Brecan sprǣce +(_how much thou hast spoken of Breca!_), 531; pl. hwæt wit geō sprǣcon +(_what we two spoke of before_), 1477; gomele ymb gōdne on-geador sprǣcon, +þæt big ... _(the graybeards spoke together about the valiant one, that +they ..._), 1596; swā wit furðum sprǣcon (_as we two spoke, engaged, +before_), 1708; pret. part. þā wæs ... þrȳð-word sprecen, 644. + +ge-sprecan, w. acc., _to speak_: pret. sg. ge-spræc, 676, 1399, 1467, 3095. + +sprēot, st. m., _pole; spear, pike_: in comp. eofor-sprēot. + +springan, st. v., _to jump, leap; flash_: pret. sg. hrā wīde sprong _(the +body bounded far_), 1589; swāt ǣdrum sprong forð under fexe (_the blood +burst out in streams from under his hair_), 2967; pl. wīde sprungon +hilde-lēoman (_flashed afar_), 2583. Also figuratively: blǣd wīde sprang +(_his repute spread afar_), 18. + +ge-springan, _to spring forth_: pret. sg. swā þæt blōd ge-sprang (_as the +blood burst forth_), 1668. Figuratively, _to arise, originate_: pret. sg. +Sigemunde gesprong æfter dēað-dæge dōm un-lȳtel, 885. + +on-springan, _to burst in two, spring asunder_: pret. pl. seonowe +onsprungon, burston bānlocan 818. + +standan, st. v.: 1) absolutely or with prep., _to stand_: pres. III. pl. +ēored-geatwe þē gē þǣr on standað (_the warlike accoutrements wherein ye +there stand_), 2867; inf. ge-seah ... orcas stondan (_saw vessels +standing_), 2761; pret. sg. æt hȳðe stōd hringed-stefna (_in the harbor +stood the curved-prowed?, metal-covered?, ship_), 32; stōd on stapole +(_stood near the [middle] column_), 927; so, 1914, 2546; þæt him on aldre +stōd here-strǣl hearda (_that the sharp war-arrow stood in his vitals_), +1435; so, 2680; pl. gāras stōdon ... samod æt-gædere (_the spears stood +together_), 328; him big stōdan bunan and orcas (_by him stood cans and +pots_), 3048. Also of still water: pres. sg. III. nis þæt feor heonon ... +þæt se mere standeð, 1363.--2) with predicate adj., _to stand, continue in +a certain state_: subj. pres. þæt þes sele stande ... rinca ge-hwylcum īdel +and unnyt (_that this hall stands empty and useless for every warrior_), +411; inf. hord-wynne fand eald ūht-sceaða opene standan, 2272; pret. sg. oð +þæt īdel stōd hūsa sēlest, 145; so, 936; wæter under stōd drēorig and +ge-drēfed, 1418--3) _to belong_ or _attach to; issue_: pret. sg. Norð-Denum +stōd atelīc egesa (_great terror clung to, overcame, the North Danes_), +784; þāra ānum stōd sadol searwum fāh (_on one of the steeds lay an +ingeniously-inlaid saddle_), 1038; byrne-lēoma eldum on andan (_burning +light stood forth, a horror to men_), 2314; lēoht inne stōd (_a light stood +in it_, i.e. the sword), 1571; him of ēagum stōd ... lēoht unfǣger (_an +uncanny light issued from his eyes_), 727; so, þæt [fram] þām gyste +[gryre-] brōga stōd, 2229. + +ā-standan, _to stand up, arise_: pret. sg. ā-stōd, 760, 1557, 2093. + +æt-standan, _to stand at, near_, or _in_: pret. sg. þæt hit (i.e. þæt +swurd) on wealle æt-stōd, 892. + +for-standan, _to stand against_ or _before_, hence: 1) _to hinder, +prevent_: pret. sg. (brēost-net) wið ord and wið ecge in-gang for-stōd +(_the shirt of mail prevented point or edge from entering_), 1550; subj. +nefne him wītig god wyrd for-stōde (_if the wise God had not warded off +such a fate from them_, i.e. the men threatened by Grendel), 1057.--2) +_defend_, w. dat. of person against whom: inf. þæt hē ... mihte +hēaðo-līðendum hord for-standan, bearn and brȳde (_that he might protect +his treasure, his children, and his spouse from the sea-farers_), 2956. + +ge-standan, intrans., _to stand_: pret. sg. ge-stōd, 358, 404, 2567; pl. +nealles him on hēape hand-gesteallan ... ymbe gestōdon (_not at all did his +boon-companions stand serried around him_), 2597. + +stapa, w. m., _stepper, strider_: in comp. hǣð-, mearc-stapa. + +stapan, st. v., _to step, stride, go forward_: pret. sg. eorl furður stōp, +762; gum-fēða stop lind-hæbbendra (_the troop of shield-warriors strode +on_), 1402. + +æt-stapan, _to stride up_ or _to_: pret. sg. forð nēar æt-stōp (_strode up +nearer_), 746. + +ge-stapan, _to walk, stride_: pret. sg. hē to forð gestōp dyrnan cræfte, +dracan hēafde nēah (_he_, i.e. the man that robbed the dragon of the +vessel, _had through hidden craft come too near the dragon's head_), 2290. + +stapol, st. m., (= βάσις), _trunk of a tree_; hence, _support, pillar, +column_: dat. sg. stōd on stapole (_stood by_ or _near the wooden middle +column of Heorot_), 927; instr. pl. þā stān-bogan stapulum fæste (_the +arches of stone upheld by pillars_), 2719. See Note. + +starian, w. v., _to stare, look intently at_: pres. sg. I. þæt ic on þone +hafelan ... ēagum starige (_that I see the head with my eyes_), 1782; þāra +frætwa ... þē ic hēr on starie (_for the treasures ... that I here look +upon_), 2797; III. þonne hē on þæt sine starað, 1486; sg. for pl. þāra þe +on swylc starað, 997; pret. sg. þæt (sin-frēa) hire an dæges ēagum starede, +1936; pl. on mere staredon, 1604. + +stān, st. m., 1) _stone_: in comp. eorclan-stān.--2) _rock_: acc. sg. under +(ofer) hārne stān, 888, 1416, 2554, 2745; dat. sg. stāne, 2289, 2558. + +stān-beorh, st. m., _rocky elevation, stony mountain_: acc. sg. stān-beorh +stēapne, 2214. + +stān-boga, w. m., _stone arch, arch hewn out of the rock_: dat. sg. +stān-bogan, 2546; nom. pl. stān-bogan, 2719. + +stān-clif, st. n., _rocky cliff_: acc. pl. stān-cleofu, 2541. + +stān-fāh, adj., _stone-laid, paved with stones of different colors_: nom. +sg. strǣt wæs stān-fāh (_the street was of different colored stones_), 320. + +stān-hlið, st. n., _rocky slope_: acc. pl. stān-hliðo, 1410. + +stæf, st. m.: 1) _staff_: in comp. rūn-staf.--2) _elementum_: in comp. ār-, +ende-, fācen-stæf. + +stǣl, st. m., _place, stead_: dat. sg. þæt þū mē ā wǣre forð-gewitenum on +fæder stǣle (_that thou, if I died, wouldst represent a father's place to +me_), 1480. + +stǣlan, w. v., _to place; allure_ or _instigate_: inf. þā ic on morgne +ge-frægn mǣg ōðerne billes ecgum on bonan stǣlan _(then I learned that on +the morrow one brother instigated the other to murder with the sword's +edge_; or, _one avenged the other on the murderer_?, cf. 2962 seqq.), 2486. + +ge-stǣlan, _to place, impose, institute_: pret. part. gē feor hafað fǣhðe +ge-stǣled (_Grendel's mother has further begun hostilities against us_), +1341. + +stede, st. m., _place, -stead_: in comp. bǣl-, burh-, folc-, hēah-, meðel-, +wang-, wīc-stede. + +stefn, st. f., _voice_: nom. sg., 2553; instr. sg. nīwan (nīowan) stefne +(properly novā voce) = denuo, _anew, again_, 2595, 1790. + +stefn, st. m., _prow of a ship_: acc. sg., 213; see bunden-, hringed-, +wunden-stefna. + +on-stellan, w. v., _constituere, to cause, bring about_: pret. sg. sē þæs +or-leges ōr on-stealde, 2408. + +steng, st. m., _pole, pike_: in comp wæl-steng. + +ge-steppan, w. v., _to stride, go_: pret. sg. folce ge-stepte ofer sǣ sīde +sunu Ōhtheres (_O.'s son_, i.e. Ēadgils, _went with warriors over the broad +sea_), 2394. + +stede (O.H.G. stāti, M.H.G. stǣte), adj., _firm, steady_: nom. sg. wæs +stēde nægla ge-hwylc stȳle ge-līcost (_each nail-place was firm as +steel_), 986. + +stēpan, w. v. w. acc., _to exalt, honor_: pret. sg. þēah þe hine mihtig god +... eafeðum stēpte, 1718. + +ge-steald, st. n., _possessions, property_: in comp. in-gesteald, 1156. + +ge-stealla, w. m., (contubernalis), _companion, comrade_: in comp. eaxl-, +fyrd-, hand-, lind-, nȳd-ge-stealla. + +stearc-heort, adj., (fortis animo), _stout-hearted, courageous_: nom. sg. +(of the dragon), 2289; (of Bēowulf), 2553. + +stēap, adj., _steep, projecting, towering_: acc. sg. stēapne hrōf, 927; +stān-beorh stēapne, 2214; wið stēapne rond, 2567; acc. pl. m. beorgas +stēape, 222; neut. stēap stān-hliðo, 1410.--Comp. heaðo-stēap. + +stille, adj., _still, quiet_: nom. sg. wīd-floga wundum stille, 2831. + +stille, adv., _quietly_, 301. + +stincan, st. v., _to smell; snuff_: pret. sg. stonc þā æfter stāne +(_snuffed along the stone_), 2289. + +stīð, adj., _hard, stiff_: nom. sg. wunden-mǣl (swurd) ... stīð and +stȳlecg, 1534. + +stīð-mōd, adj., _stout-hearted, unflinching_: nom. sg., 2567. + +stīg, st. m., _way, path_: nom. sg., 320, 2214; acc. pl. stīge nearwe, +1410--Comp. medu-stīg. + +stīgan, st. v., _to go, ascend_: pret. sg. þā hē tō holme [st]āg (_when he +plunged forward into the sea_), 2363; pl. beornas ... on stefn stigon, 212; +Wedera lēode on wang stigon, 225; subj. pret. ǣr hē on bed stige, 677. + +ā-stīgan, _to ascend_: pres. sg. þonon ȳð-geblond up ā-stīgeð won tō +wolcnum, 1374; gūð-rinc ā-stāh (_the fierce hero ascended_, i.e. was laid +on the pyre? or, _the fierce smoke_ [rēc] _ascended?_), 1119; gamen eft +ā-stāh (_joy again went up, resounded_), 1161; wudu-rēc ā-stāh sweart of +swioðole, 3145; swēg up ā-stāg, 783. + +ge-stīgan, _to ascend, go up_: pret. sg. þā ic on holm ge-stāh, 633. + +storm, st. m., _storm_: nom. sg. strǣla storm (_storm of missiles_), 3118; +instr. sg. holm storme wēol (_the sea billowed stormily_), 1132. + +stōl, st. m., _chair, throne, seat_: in comp. brego-, ēðel-, gif-, +gum-stōl. + +stōw, st. f., _place, -stow_: nom. sg. nis þæt hēoru stōw (_a haunted +spot_), 1373; acc. sg. frēcne stōwe, 1379; grund-būendra gearwe stōwe _(the +place prepared for men_, i.e. death-bed; see gesacan and ge-nȳdan), 1007: +comp. wæl-stow. + +strang, strong, adj., _strong; valiant; mighty_: nom. sg. wæs þæt ge-win tō +strang (_that sorrow was too great_), 133; þū eart mægenes strang (_strong +of body_), 1845; wæs sīo hond tō strong (_the hand was too powerful_), +2685; superl. wigena strengest (_strongest of warriors_), 1544; mægenes +strengest (_strongest in might_), 196; mægene strengest, 790. + +strādan? (cf. strǣde = passus, gressus), _to tread_, (be)-_stride, stride +over_ (Grein): subj. pres. sē þone wong strāde, 3074. See Note. + +strǣl, st. m., _arrow, missile_: instr. sg. biteran strǣle, 1747; gen. pl. +strǣla storm, 3118. + +strǣt, st. f., _street, highway_: nom. sg., 320; acc. sg. strǣte, 1635; +fealwe strǣte, 917.--Comp.: lagu-, mere-strǣt. + +strengel, st. m., (_endowed with strength_), _ruler, chief_: acc. sg. +wigena strengel, 3116. + +strengo, st. f., _strength, power, violence_: acc. sg. mægenes strenge, +1271; dat. sg. strenge, 1534; strengo, 2541;--dat. pl. strengum = +_violently, powerfully_ [_loosed from the strings_?], 3118: in comp. +hilde-, mægen-, mere-strengo. + +strēgan (O.S. strōwian), w. v., _to strew, spread_: pret. part, wæs þǣm +yldestan ... morðorbed strēd (_the death-bed was spread for the eldest +one_), 2437. + +strēam, st. m., _stream, flood, sea_: acc. sg. strēam, 2546; nom. pl. +strēamas, 212; acc. pl. strēamas, 1262: comp. brim-, ēagor-, firgen-, +lagu-strēam. + +ge-strēon (cf. strēon = robur, vis), st. n., _property, possessions_; +hence, _valuables, treasure, jewels_: nom. pl. Heaðo-beardna ge-strēon +(_the costly treasure of the Heathobeardas_, i.e. the accoutrements +belonging to the slain H.), 2038; acc. pl. æðelinga, eorla ge-strēon, 1921, +3168.--Comp.: ǣr-, eald-, eorl-, hēah-, hord-, long-, māðm-, sinc-, +þēod-ge-strēon. + +strūdan, st. v., _to plunder, carry off_: subj. pres. næs þā on hlytme hwā +þæt hord strude, 3127. + +ge-strȳnan, w. v. w. acc., _to acquire, gain_: inf. þæs þe (_because_) ic +mōste mīnum lēodum ... swylc ge-strȳnan, 2799. + +stund, st. f., _time, space of time, while_: adv. dat. pl. stundum (_at +times_), 1424. + +styrian, w. v. w. acc.: 1) _to arrange, put in order, tell_: inf. secg eft +on-gan sīð Bēowulfes snyttrum styrian (_the poet then began to tell B.'s +feat skilfully_, i.e. put in poetic form), 873.--2) _to rouse, stir up_: +pres. sg. III. þonne wind styreð lāð ge-widru (_when the wind stirreth up +the loathly weather_), 1375.--3) _to move against, attack, disturb_: subj. +pres. þæt hē ... hring-sele hondum styrede (_that he should attack the +ring-hall with his hands_), 2841. + +styrman, w. v., _to rage, cry out_: pret. sg. styrmde, 2553. + +stȳle, st. n., _steel_: dat. sg. stȳle, 986. + +stȳl-ecg, adj., _steel-edged_: nom. sg., 1534. + +be-stȳman, w. v., _to inundate, wet, flood_: pret. part. (wǣron) eal +benc-þelu blōde be-stȳmed, 486. + +suhtor-ge-fæderan (collective), w. m. pl., _uncle and nephew, father's +brother and brother's son_: nom. pl., 1165. + +sum, pron.: 1) indef., _one, a, any, a certain_; neut. _something_: a) +without part. gen.: nom. sg. sum, 1252; hilde-rinc sum, 3125; neut. ne +sceal þǣr dyrne sum wesan (_naught there shall be hidden_), 271; acc. sg. +m. sumne, 1433; instr. sg. sume worde (_by a word, expressly_), 2157; nom. +pl. sume, 400, 1114; acc. pl. sume, 2941. b) with part. gen.: nom. sg. +gumena sum (_one of men, a man_), 1500, 2302; mere-hrægla sum, 1906; þæt +wæs wundra sum, 1608; acc. sg. gylp-worda sum, 676. c) with gen. of +cardinals or notions of multitude: nom. sg. fīftȳna sum (_one of fifteen, +with fourteen companions_), 207; so, eahta sum, 3124; fēara sum (_one of +few, with a few_), 1413; acc. sg. manigra sumne (_one of many, with many_), +2092; manna cynnes sumne (_one of the men_), i.e. one of the watchmen in +Heorot), 714; fēara sumne (_some few, one of few_; or, _one of the foes_?), +3062.--2) with part. gen. sum sometimes = _this, that, the +afore-mentioned_: nom. sg. ēower sum (_a certain one, that one, of you_, +i.e. Bēowulf), 248; gūð-beorna sum (_the afore-mentioned warrior_, i.e. who +had shown the way to Hrōðgār's palace), 314; eorla sum (_the said knight_, +i.e. Bēowulf), 1313; acc. sg. hord-ærna sum (_a certain hoard-hall_), 2280. + +sund, st. m.: 1) _swimming_: acc. sg. ymb sund, 507; dat. sg. æt sunde (_in +swimming_), 517; on sunde (_a-swimming_), 1619; gen. sg. sundes, 1437.--2) +_sea, ocean, sound_: nom. sg., 223; acc. sg. sund, 213, 512, 539, 1427, +1445. + +ge-sund, adj., _sound, healthy, unimpaired_: acc. sg. m. ge-sundne, 1629, +1999; nom. pl. ge-sunde, 2076; acc. pl. w. gen. fæder alwalda ... ēowic +ge-healde sīða ge-sunde (_the almighty Father keep you safe and sound on +your journey!_), 318.--Comp. an-sund. + +sund-ge-bland, st. n., (_the commingled sea_), _sea-surge, sea-wave_: acc. +sg., 1451. + +sund-nyt, st. f., _swimming-power_ or _employment, swimming_: acc. sg. +sund-nytte drēah (_swam through the sea_), 2361. + +sundur, sundor, adv., _asunder, in twain_: sundur gedǣlan (_to separate, +sunder_), 2423. + +sundor-nyt, st. f., _special service_ (service in a special case): acc. sg. +sundor-nytte, 668. + +sund-wudu, st. m., (_sea-wood_), _ship_: nom. acc. sg. sund-wudu, 208, +1907. + +sunne, w. f., _sun_: nom. sg., 607; gen. sg. sunnan, 94, 649. + +sunu, st. m., _son_: nom. sg., 524, 591, 646, 981, 1090, 1486, etc.; acc. +sg. sunu, 268, 948, 1116, 1176, 1809, 2014, 2120; dat. sg. suna, 344, 1227, +2026, 2161, 2730; gen. sg. suna, 2456, 2613, (1279); nom. pl. suna, 2381. + +sūð, adv., _south, southward_, 859. + +sūðan, adv., _from the south_, 607; sigel sūðan fūs (_the sun inclined from +the south_), 1967. + +swaðrian, w. v., _to sink to rest, grow calm_: brimu swaðredon (_the waves +became calm_), 570. See sweðrian. + +swaðu, st. f., _trace, track, pathway_: acc. sg. swaðe, 2099.--Comp.: +swāt-, wald-swaðu. + +swaðul, st. m.? n.?, _smoke, mist_ (Dietrich in Haupt V. 215): dat. sg. on +swaðule, 783. See sweoðol. + +swancor, adj., _slender, trim_: acc. pl. þrīo wicg swancor, 2176. + +swan-rād, st. f., _swan-road, sea_: acc. sg. ofer swan-rāde, 200. + +and-swarian, w. v., _to answer_: pret. sg. him se yldesta and-swarode, 258; +so, 340. + +swā: 1) demons, adv., _so, in such a manner, thus_: swā sceal man dōn, +1173, 1535; swā þā driht-guman drēamum lifdon, 99; þæt ge-æfndon swā (_that +we thus accomplished_), 538; þǣr hīe meahton (i.e. feorh ealgian), 798; so, +20, 144, 189, 559, 763, 1104, 1472, 1770, 2058, 2145, 2178, 2991; swā +manlīce _(so like a man_), 1047; swā fela (_so many_), 164, 592; swā +dēorlīce dǣd (_so valiant a deed_), 585; hine swā gōdne (_him so good_), +347; on swā geongum feore (_in so youthful age_), 1844; ge-dēð him swā +ge-wealdene worolde dǣlas þæt ... (_makes parts of the world so subject to +him that_...), 1733. In comparisons = _ever, the_ (adv.): mē þīn mōd-sefa +līcað leng swā wēl (_thy mind pleases me ever so well, the longer the +better_), 1855. As an asseverative = _so_: swā mē Higelāc sīe ... mōdes +blīðe (_so be Higelac gracious-minded to me!_), 435; swā þēah +(_nevertheless, however_), 973, 1930, 2879; swā þēh, 2968; hwæðre swā þēah +(_yet however_), 2443.--2): a) conj., _as, so as_: oð þæt his byre mihte +eorlscipe efnan swā his ǣrfæder (_until his son might do noble deeds, as +his old father did_), 2623; eft swā ǣr (_again as before_), 643;--with +indic.: swā hē selfa bæd (_as he himself requested_), 29; swā hē oft dyde +(_as he often did_), 444; gǣð ā Wyrd swā hīo sceal, 455; swā guman +gefrungon, 667; so, 273, 352, 401, 561, 1049, 1056, 1059, 1135, 1232, 1235, +1239, 1253, 1382, etc.;--with subj.: swā þīn sefa hwette _(as pleases thy +mind_, i.e. any way thou pleasest), 490. b) _as, as then, how_, 1143; swā +hīe ā wǣron ... nȳd-gesteallan (_as they were ever comrades in need_), +882; swā hit dīope ... be-nemdon þēodnas mǣre (_as, [how?] the mighty +princes had deeply cursed it_), 3070; swā hē manna wæs wīgend weorðfullost +(_as he of men the worthiest warrior was_), 3099. c) _just as, the moment +when_: swā þæt blōd gesprang, 1668. d) _so that_: swā hē ne mihte nō (_so +that he might not..._), 1509; so, 2185, 2007.--3) = qui, quae, quod, German +so: worhte wlite-beorhtne wang swā wæter bebūgeð (_wrought the beauteous +plain which_ (acc.) _water surrounds_), 93.--4) swā ... swā = _so ... as_, +595, 687-8, 3170; efne swā ... swā (_even so ... as_), 1093-4, 1224, 1284; +efne swā hwylc mægða swā (_such a woman as, whatsoever woman_), 944; efne +swā hwylcum manna swā (_even so to each man as_), 3058. + +for-swāfan, st. v., _to carry away, sweep off_: pret. sg. ealle Wyrd +for-swēof mīne māgas tō metod-sceafte, 2815. + +for-swāpan, st. v., _to sweep off, force_: pret. sg. hīe Wyrd forswēop on +Grendles gryre, 477. + +swāt, st. m., (_sweat_), _wound-blood_: nom. sg., 2694, 2967; instr. sg. +swāte, 1287.--Comp. heaðo-, hilde-swāt. + +swāt-fāh, adj., _blood-stained_: nom. sg., 1112. + +swātig, adj., _gory_: nom. sg., 1570. + +swāt-swaðu, st. f., _blood-trace_: nom. sg., 2947. + +be-swǣlan, w. v., _to scorch_: pret. part. wæs se lēg-draca ... glēdum +beswǣled, 3042. + +swǣs, adj., _intimate, special, dear_: acc. sg. swǣsne ēðel, 520; nom. pl. +swǣse ge-sīðas, 29; acc. pl. lēode swǣse, 1869; swǣse ge-sīðas, 2041; gen. +pl. swǣsra ge-sīða, 1935. + +swǣs-līce, adv., _pleasantly, in a friendly manner_, 3090. + +swebban, w. v., (_to put to sleep_), _to kill_: inf. ic hine sweorde +swebban nelle, 680; pres. sg. III. (absolutely) swefeð, 601. + +ā-swebban, _to kill, slay_: pret. part. nom. pl. sweordum ā-swefede, 567. + +sweðrian, w. v., _to lessen, diminish_: inf. þæt þæt fyr ongan sweðrian, +2703; pret. siððan Heremōdes hild sweðrode, 902. + +swefan, st. v.: 1) _to sleep_: pres. sg. III. swefeð, 1742; inf. swefan, +119, 730, 1673; pret. sg. swæf, 1801; pl. swǣfon, 704; swǣfun, 1281.--2) +_to sleep the death-sleep, die_: pres. sg. III. swefeð, 1009, 2061, 2747; +pl. swefað, 2257, 2458. + +swegel, st. n., _ether, clear sky_: dat. sg. under swegle, 1079, 1198; gen. +sg. under swegles begong, 861, 1774. + +swegle, adj., _bright, etherlike, clear_: acc. pl. swegle searo-gimmas, +2750. + +swegel-wered, _quasi_ pret. part., _ether-clad_: nom. sg. sunne +swegl-wered, 607. + +swelgan, st. v., _to swallow_: pret. sg. w. instr. syn-snǣdum swealh +(_swallowed in great bites_), 744; object omitted, subj. pres. nymðe līges +fæðm swulge on swaðule, 783. + +for-swelgan, w. acc., _to swallow, consume_: pret. sg. for-swealg, 1123, +2081. + +swellan, st. v., _to swell_: inf. þā sīo wund on-gan ... swelan and +swellan, 2714. + +sweltan, st. v., _to die, perish_: pret. sg. swealt, 1618, 2475; draca +morðre swealt (_died a violent death_), 893, 2783; wundor-dēaðe swealt, +3038; hioro-dryncum swealt, 2359. + +swencan, w. v., _to swink, oppress, strike_: pret. sg. hine wundra þæs fela +swencte (MS. swecte) on sunde, 1511. + +ge-swencan, _to oppress, strike, injure_: pret. sg. syððan hine Hæðcyn ... +flāne geswencte, 2439; pret. part. synnum ge-swenced, 976; hǣðstapa hundum +ge-swenced, 1369.--Comp. lyft-ge-swenced. + +sweng, st. m., _blow, stroke_: dat. sg. swenge, 1521, 2967; swenge _(with +its stroke_), 2687; instr. pl. sweordes swengum, 2387.--Comp.: feorh-, +hete-, heaðo-, heoro-sweng. + +swerian, st. v., _to swear_: pret. w. acc. I. nē mē swōr fela āða on unriht +(_swore no false oaths_), 2739; hē mē āðas swōr, 472. + +for-swerian, w. instr., _to forswear, renounce (protect with magic +formulǣ?)_: pret. part. hē sige-wǣpnum for-sworen hæfde, 805. + +swēg, st. m., _sound, noise, uproar_: nom. sg. swēg, 783; hearpan swēg, 89, +2459, 3024; sige-folca swēg, 645; sang and swēg, 1064; dat. sg. swēge, +1215.--Comp.: benc-, morgen-swēg. + +swelan, w. v., _to burn_ (here of wounds): inf. swelan, 2714. See swǣlan. + +sweart, adj., _swart, black, dark_: nom. sg. wudu-rēc sweart, 3146; dat. +pl. sweartum nihtum, 167. + +sweoðol (cf. O.H.G. suedan, suethan = cremare; M.H.G. swadem = vapor; and +Dietrich in Haupt V., 215), st. m.? n.?, _vapor, smoke, smoking flame_: +dat. sg. ofer swioðole (MS. swic ðole), 3146. See swaðul. + +sweofot, st. m., _sleep_: dat. sg. on sweofote, 1582, 2296. + +sweoloð, st. m., _heat, fire, flame_: dat. sg. sweoloðe, 1116. Cf. O.H.G. +suilizo, suilizunga = ardor, cauma. + +sweorcan, st. v., _to trouble, darken_. pres. sg. III. nē him inwit-sorh on +sefan sweorceð (_darkens his soul_), 1738. + +for-sweorcan, _to grow dark_ or _dim_: pres. sg. III. ēagena bearhtm +for-siteð and for-sworceð, 1768. + +ge-sweorcan (intrans.), _to darken_: pret. sg. niht-helm ge-swearc, 1790. + +sweord, swurd, swyrd, st. n., _sword_: nom. sg. sweord, 1287, 1290, 1570, +1606, 1616, 1697; swurd, 891; acc. sg. sweord, 437, 673, 1559, 1664, 1809, +2253, 2500, etc.; swurd, 539, 1902; swyrd, 2611, 2988; instr. sg. sweorde, +561, 574, 680, 2493, 2881; gen. sg. sweordes, 1107, 2194, 2387; acc. pl. +sweord, 2639; nom. pl., 3049; instr. pl. sweordum, 567, 586, 885; gen. pl. +sweorda, 1041, 2937, 2962.--Comp.: gūð-, māððum-, wǣg-sweord. + +sweord, st. f., _oath_: in comp. āð-sweord _(sword-oath_?), 2065. + +sweord-bealo, st. n., _sword-bale, death by the sword_: nom. sg., 1148. + +sweord-freca, w. m., _sword-warrior_: dat. sg. sweord-frecan, 1469. + +sweord-gifu, st. f., _sword-gift, giving of swords_: nom. sg. swyrd-gifu, +2885. + +sweotol, swutol, adj.: 1) _clear, bright_: nom. sg. swutol sang scopes, +90.--2) _plain, manifest_: nom. sg. syndolh sweotol, 818; tācen sweotol, +834; instr. sg. sweotolan tācne, 141. + +swēof, swēop. See swāfan, swāpan. + +swið, st. n.? (O.N. swiði), _burning pain_: in comp. þrȳð-swið(?). + +swift, adj., _swift_: nom. sg. se swifta mearh, 2265. + +swimman, swymman, st. v., _to swim_: inf. swymman, 1625. + +ofer-swimman, w. acc., _to swim over_ or _through_: pret. sg. ofer-swam +sioleða bigong (_swam over the sea_), 2368. + +swincan, st. v., _to struggle, labor, contend_: pret. pl. git on wæteres +ǣht seofon niht swuncon, 517. + +ge-swing, st. n., _surge, eddy_: nom. sg. atol ȳða geswing, 849. + +swingan, st. v., _to swing one's self, fly_: pres. sg. III. nē gōd hafoc +geond sæl swingeð, 2265. + +swīcan, st. v.: 1) _to deceive, leave in the lurch, abandon_: pret. sg. +nǣfre hit (_the sword_) æt hilde ne swāc manna ǣngum, 1461.--2) _to +escape_: subj. pret. būtan his līc swice, 967. + +ge-swīcan, _to deceive, leave in the lurch_: pret. sg. gūð-bill ge-swāc +nacod æt nīðe, 2585, 2682; w. dat. sēo ecg ge-swāc þēodne æt þearfe (_the +sword failed the prince in need_), 1525. + +swīð, swȳð (Goth, swinþ-s), adj., _strong, mighty_: nom. sg. wæs þæt +ge-win tō swȳð, 191.--Comp. nom. sg. sīo swīðre hand (_the right hand_), +2099; _harsh_, 3086. + +swīðe, adv., _strongly, very, much_, 598, 998, 1093, 1744, 1927; swȳðe, +2171, 2188. Compar. swīðor, _more, rather, more strongly_, 961, 1140, 1875, +2199--Comp. un-swīðe. + +ofer-swīðian, w. v., _to overcome, vanquish_, w. acc. of person: pres. sg. +III. oferswȳðeð, 279, 1769. + +swīð-ferhð, adj., (_fortis animo_), _strong-minded, bold, brave_: nom. sg. +swȳð-ferhð, 827; gen. sg. swīð-ferhðes, 909; nom. pl. swīð-ferhðe, 493; +dat. pl. swīð-ferhðum, 173. + +swīð-hycgend, pres. part. (_strenue cogitans_), _bold-minded, brave in +spirit_: nom. sg. swīð-hycgende, 920; nom. pl. swīð-hycgende, 1017. + +swið-mōd, adj., _strong-minded_: nom. sg., 1625. + +on-swīfan, st. v. w. acc., _to swing, turn, at_ or _against, elevate_: +pret. sg. biorn (Bēowulf) bord-rand on-swāf wið þām gryre-gieste, 2560. + +swīgian, w. v., _to be silent, keep silent_: pret. sg. lȳt swīgode nīwra +spella (_kept little of the new tidings silent_), 2898; pl. swīgedon ealle, +1700. + +swīgor, adj., _silent, taciturn_: nom, sg. weak, þā wæs swīgra secg ... on +gylp-sprǣce gūð-ge-weorca, 981. + +swīn, swȳn, st. n., _swine, boar_ (image on the helm): nom. sg. swȳn, +1112; acc. sg. swīn, 1287. + +swīn-līc, st. n., _swine-image_ or _body_: instr. pl. swīn-līcum, 1454. + +swōgan, st. v., _to whistle, roar_: pres. part. swōgende lēg, 3146. + +swutol. See sweotol. + +swylc, swilc (Goth, swa-leik-s), demons, adj. = _talis, such, such a_; +relative = _qualis, as, which_: nom. sg. swylc, 178, 1941, 2542, 2709; +swylc ... swylc=talis ... qualis, 1329; acc. sg. swylc, 2799; eall ... +swylc (_all ... which, as_), 72; ōðer swylc (_such another_, i.e. hand), +1584; on swylc (_on such things_), 997; dat. sg. gūð-fremmendra swylcum +(_to such a battle-worker_, i.e. Bēowulf), 299; gen. sg. swylces hwæt +(_some such_), 881; acc. pl. swylce, 2870; call swylce ... swylce, 3166; +swylce twēgen (_two such_), 1348; ealle þearfe swylce (_all needs that_), +1798; swylce hīe ... findan meahton sigla searo-gimma (_such as they might +find of jewels and cunning gems_), 1157; efne swylce mǣla swylce (_at just +such times as_), 1250; gen. pl. swylcra searo-nīða, 582; swylcra fela ... +ǣr-gestrēona, 2232. + +swylce, adv., _as, as also, likewise, similarly_, 113, 293, 758, 831, 855, +908, 921, 1147, 1166, 1428, 1483, 2460, 2825; gē swylce (_and likewise_), +2259; swilce, 1153. + +swylt, st. m., _death_: nom. sg., 1256, 1437. + +swylt-dæg, st. m., _death-day_: dat. sg. ǣr swylt-dæge, 2799. + +swynsian, w. v., _to sound_: pret. sg. hlyn swynsode, 612. + +swyrd. See sweord. + +swȳðl. See swīð. + +swȳn. See swīn. + +syððan (seðian, Gen. 1525), w. v., _to punish, avenge_, w. acc.: inf. þonne +hit sweordes ecg syððan scolde (_then the edge of the sword should avenge +it_), 1107. + +syððan. See siððan. + +syfan-wintre, adj., _seven-winters-old_: nom. sg., 2429. + +syhð. See sēon. + +syl (O.H.G. swella), st. f., _sill, bench-support_: dat. sg. fram sylle, +776. + +sylfa. See selfa. + +syllan. See sellan. + +syllīc. See sellīc. + +symbol, syml, st. n., _banquet, entertainment_: acc. sg. symbel, 620, 1011; +geaf mē sinc and symbel (_gave me treasure and feasting_, i.e. made me his +friend and table-companion), 2432; þæt hīe ... symbel ymbsǣton (_that they +might sit round their banquet_), 564; dat. sg. symle, 81, 489, 1009; +symble, 119, 2105; gen. pl. symbla, 1233. + +symble, symle, adv., _continually, ever_: symble, 2451; symle, 2498; symle +wæs þȳ sǣmra (_he was ever the worse, the weaker_, i.e. the dragon), 2881. + +symbel-wyn, st. f., _banqueting-pleasure, joy at feasting_: acc. sg. +symbel-wynne drēoh, 1783. + +syn, st. f., _sin, crime_: nom. synn and sacu, 2473; dat. instr. pl. +synnum, 976, 1256, 3072. + +syn. See sin. + +syn-bysig, adj., (culpa laborans), _persecuted on account of guilt?_ +(Rieger), _guilt-haunted?_: nom. sg. secg syn-[by]sig, 2228. + +ge-syngian, w. v., _to sin, commit a crime_: pret. part. þæt wæs feohlēas +ge-feoht, fyrenum ge-syngad, 2442. + +synnig, adj., _sin-laden, sinful_: acc. sg. m. sinnigne secg, 1380.--Comp.: +fela-, un-synnig. + +ge-synto, f., _health_: dat. pl. on gesyntum, 1870. + +syrce. See serce. + +syrwan, w. v. w. acc., _to entrap, catch unawares_: pret. sg. duguðe and +geogoðe seomade and syrede, 161. + +be-syrwan: 1) _to compass_ or _accomplish by finesse; effect_: inf. dǣd þē +wē ealle ǣr ne meahton snyttrum be-syrwan (_a deed that all of us could not +accomplish before with all our wisdom_), 943.--2) _to entrap by guile and +destroy_: inf. mynte se mānscaða manna cynnes sumne be-syrwan (_the fell +foe thought to entrap some one (all?_, see sum) _of the men_), 714. + +sȳn, f., _seeing, sight, scene_: comp, an-sȳn. + +ge-sȳne, adj., _visible, to be seen_: nom. sg. 1256, 1404, 2948, 3059, +3160.--Comp.: ēð-ge-sȳne, ȳð-ge-sēne. + +T + +taligean, w. v.: 1) _to count, reckon, number; esteem, think_: pres. sg. I. +nō ic mē ... hnāgran gūð-geweorca þonne Grendel hine (_count myself no +worse than G. in battle-works_), 678; wēn ic talige ...þæt (_I count on the +hope ... that_), 1846; telge, 2068; sg. III. þæt rǣd talað þæt (_counts it +gain that_), 2028.--2) _to tell, relate_: sōð ic talige (_I tell facts_), +532; swā þū self talast (_as thou thyself sayst_), 595. + +tācen, st. n., _token, sign, evidence_: nom. sg. tācen sweotol, 834; dat. +instr. sg. sweotolan tācne, 141; tīres tō tācne, 1655.--Comp. luf-tācen. + +tān, st. m., _twig_: in comp. āter-tān. [emended to āter-tēarum in +text--KTH] + +ge-tǣcan, w. v., _to show, point out_: pret. sg. him þā hilde-dēor hof +mōdigra torht ge-tǣhte (_the warrior pointed out to them the bright +dwelling of the bold ones_, i.e. Danes), 313. Hence, _to indicate, assign_: +pret. sōna mē se mǣra mago Healfdenes ... wið his sylfes sunu setl getǣhte +(_assigned me a seat by his own son_), 2014. + +tǣle, adj., _blameworthy_: in comp. un-tǣle. + +ge-tǣse, adj., _quiet, still_: nom. sg. gif him wǣre ... niht ge-tǣse +(_whether he had a pleasant, quiet, night_), 1321. + +tela, adv., _fittingly, well_, 949, 1219, 1226, 1821, 2209, 2738. + +telge. See talian. + +tellan, w. v., _to tell, consider, deem_: pret. sg. nē his līf-dagas lēoda +ǣnigum nytte tealde (_nor did he count his life useful to any man_), 795; +þæt ic mē ǣnigne under swegles begong ge-sacan ne tealde (_I believed not +that I had any foe under heaven_), 1774; cwæð hē þone gūð-wine gōdne tealde +(_said he counted the war-friend good_), 1811; hē ūsic gār-wīgend gōde +tealde (_deemed us good spear-warriors_), 2642; pl. swā (_so that_) hine +Gēata beam gōdne ne tealdon, 2185.--2) _to ascribe, count against, impose_: +pret. sg. (Þrȳðo) him wælbende weotode tealde hand-gewriðene, 1937. + +ge-tenge, adj., _attached to, lying on_: w. dat. gold ... grunde ge-tenge, +2759. + +tēar, st. m., _tear_: nom. pl. tēaras, 1873. + +teoh, st. f., _troop, band_: dat. sg. earmre teohhe, 2939. + +(ge?)-teohhian, w. v., _to fix, determine, assign_: pret. sg. ic for lǣssan +lēan teohhode ... hnāhran rince, 952; pres. part. wæs ōðer in ǣr geteohhod +(_assigned_)... mǣrum Gēate, 1301. + +tēon, st. v., _to draw, lead_: inf. heht ... eahta mēaras ... on flet tēon +(_bade eight horses be led into the hall_), 1037; pret. sg. mē tō grunde +tēah fāh fēond-sceaða (_the many-hued fiend-foe drew me to the bottom_), +553; eft-sīðas tēah (_withdrew, returned_), 1333; sg. for pl. ǣg-hwylcum +...þāra þe mid Bēowulfe brim-lāde tēah (_to each of those that crossed the +sea with B._) 1052; pret. part. þā wæs ... heard ecg togen (_then was the +hard edge drawn_), 1289; wearð ... on næs togen (_was drawn to the +promontory_), 1440. + +ā-tēon, _to wander, go_, intrans.: pret. sg. tō Heorute ā-tēah (_drew to +Heorot_), 767. + +ge-tēon: 1) _to draw_: pret. sg. gomel swyrd ge-tēah, 2611; w. instr. and +acc. hyre seaxe ge-tēah, brad brūn-ecg, 1546.--2) _to grant, give, lend_: +imp. nō þū him wearne getēoh þīnra gegn-cwida glædnian (_refuse not to +gladden them with thy answer_), 366; pret. sg. and þā Bēowulfe bēga +gehwæðres eodor Ingwina onweald ge-tēah (_and the prince of the Ingwins +gave B. power over both_), 1045; so, hē him ēst getēah (_gave possession +of_), 2166. + +of-tēon, _to deprive, withdraw_, w. gen. of thing and dat. pers.: pret. sg. +Scyld Scēfing ... monegum mǣgðum meodo-setla of-tēah, 5; w. acc. of thing, +hond ... feorh-sweng ne of-tēah, 2490; w. dat. hond (hord, MS.) swenge ne +of-tēah, 1521. + +þurh-tēon, _to effect_: inf. gif hē torn-gemōt þurh-tēon mihte, 1141. + +tēon (cf. tēoh, _materia_, O.H.G. ziuc), w. v. w. acc., _to make, work_: +pret. sg. tēode, 1453;--_to furnish out, deck_: pret. pl. nalas hī hine +lǣssan lācum tēodan (_provided him with no less gifts_), 43. + +ge-tēon, _to provide, do, bring on_: pres. sg. unc sceal weorðan ... swā +unc Wyrd ge-tēoð, 2527; pret. sg. þē him ... sāre ge-tēode (_who had done +him this harm_), 2296. + +ge-tēona, w. m., _injurer, harmer_: in comp. lāð-ge-tēona. + +til, adj., _good, apt, fit_: nom. sg. m. Hālga til, 61; þegn ungemete till +(of Wīglāf), 2722; fem. wæs sēo þēod tilu, 1251; neut. ne wæs þæt ge-wrixle +til, 1305. + +tilian, w. v. w. gen., _to gain, win_: inf. gif ic ... ōwihte mæg þīnre +mōd-lufan māran tilian (_if I ... gain_), 1824. + +timbrian, w. v., _to build_: pret. part. acc. sg. sæl timbred (_the +well-built hall_), 307. + +be-timbrian, (construere), _to finish building, complete_: pret. pl. +betimbredon on tȳn dagum beadu-rōfes bēcn, 3161. + +tīd, st. f., _-tide, time_: acc. sg. twelf wintra tīd, 147; lange tīd, +1916; in þā tīde, 2228.--Comp.: ān-, morgen-tīd. + +ge-tīðian (from tigðian), w. v., _to grant_: pret. part. impers. wæs ... +bēne (gen.) ge-tīðad fēasceaftum men, 2285. + +tīr, st. m., _glory, repute in war_. gen. sg. tīres, 1655. + +tīr-ēadig, adj., _glorious, famous_: dat. sg. tīr-ēadigum menn (of +Bēowulf), 2190. + +tīr-fæst, adj., _famous, rich in glory_. nom. sg. (of Hrōðgār), 923. + +tīr-lēas, adj., _without glory, infamous_: gen. sg. (of Grendel), 844. + +toga, w. m., _leader_: in comp. folc-toga. + +torht, adj., _bright, brilliant_: acc. sg. neut. hof ... torht, +313.--Comp.: wuldor-torht, heaðo-torht (_loud in battle_). + +torn, st. n.: 1) _wrath, insult, distress_: acc. sg. torn, 147, 834; gen. +pl. torna, 2190.--2) _anger_: instr. sg. torne ge-bolgen, 2402.--Comp. +līge-torn. + +torn, adj., _bitter, cruel_: nom. sg, hrēowa tornost, 2130. + +torn-ge-mōt, st. n., (_wrathful meeting_), _angry engagement, battle_: acc. +sg., 1141. + +tō, I. prep. w. dat. indicating direction or tending to, hence: 1) local = +whither after verbs of motion, _to, up to, at_: cōm tō recede (_to the +hall_), 721; ēode tō sele, 920; ēode tō hire frēan sittan, 642; gǣð eft ... +tō medo (_goeth again to mead_), 605; wand tō wolcnum (_wound to the +welkin_), 1120; sigon tō slǣpe (_sank to sleep_), 1252; 28, 158, 234, 438, +553, 926, 1010, 1014, 1155, 1159, 1233, etc.; līð-wǣge bær hǣlum tō handa +(_bore the ale-cup to the hands of the men? at hand?_), 1984; oð þæt niht +becōm ōðer tō yldum, 2118; him tō bearme cwōm māððum-fæt mǣre (_came to his +hands, into his possession_), 2405; sǣlde tō sande sīd-fæðme scip +(_fastened the broad-bosomed ship to the shore_), 1918; þat se harm-scaða +tō Heorute ā-tēah (_went forth to Heorot_), 767. After verb sittan: site nū +tō symble (_sit now to the meal_), 489; siððan ... wē tō symble geseten +hæfdon, 2105; tō ham (_home, at home_), 124, 374, 2993. With verbs of +speaking: maðelode tō his wine-drihtne (_spake to his friendly lord_), 360; +tō Gēatum sprec, 1172; so, heht þæt heaðo-weorc tō hagan bīodan (_bade the +battle-work be told at the hedge_), 2893.--2) with verbs of bringing and +taking (cf. under on, I., d): hraðe wæs tō būre Bēowulf fetod (_B. was +hastily brought from a room_), 1311; siððan Hāma æt-wæg tō þǣre byrhtan +byrig Brōsinga mene (_since H. carried the Brōsing-necklace off from the +bright city_), 1200; wēan āhsode. fǣhðo to Frȳsum (_suffered woe, feud as +to, from, the Frisians_), 1208.--3) =end of motion, hence: a) _to, for, as, +in_: þone god sende folce tō frōfre (_for, as, a help to the folk_), 14; +gesette ... sunnan and mōnan lēoman to lēohte (_as a light_), 95; ge-sæt +... tō rune (_sat in counsel_), 172; wearð hē Heaðo-lāfe tō hand-bonan, +460; bringe ... tō helpe (_bring to, for, help_), 1831; Jofore forgeaf +āngan dōhtor ... hyldo tō wedde (_as a pledge of his favor_), 2999; so, +508(?), 666, 907, 972, 1022, 1187, 1263, 1331, 1708, 1712, 2080, etc.; +secgan tō sōðe (_to say in sooth_), 51; so, 591, 2326. b) with verbs of +thinking, hoping, etc., _on, for, at, against_: hē tō gyrn-wræce swīðor +þōhte þonne tō sǣ-lāde (_thought more on vengeance than on the +sea-voyage_), 1139; sæcce ne wēneð tō Gār-Denum (_nor weeneth of conflict +with the Spear-Danes_), 602; þonne wēne ic tō þē wyrsan geþinges (_then I +expect for thee a worse result_), 525; nē ic to Swēoþēode sibbe oððe trēowe +wihte ne wēne (_nor expect at all of, from, the Swedes_ ...), 2923; wiste +þǣm āhlǣcan tō þǣm hēah-sele hilde ge-þinged (_battle prepared for the +monster in the high hall_), 648; wēl bið þǣm þe mot tō fæder fæðmum freoðo +wilnian (_well for him that can find peace in the Father's arms_), 188; +þāra þe hē ge-worhte tō West-Denum (_of those that he wrought against the +West-Danes_), 1579.--4) with the gerund, inf.: tō gefremmanne (_to do_), +174; tō ge-cȳðanne (_to make known_), 257; tō secganne (_to say_), 473; to +beflēonne (_to avoid, escape_), 1004; so, 1420, 1725, 1732, 1806, 1852, +1923, 1942, etc. With inf.: tō fēran, 316; tō friclan, 2557.--5) temporal: +gewāt him tō gescæp-hwīle (_went at(?) the hour of fate_; or, _to his fated +rest?_), 26; tō wīdan feore (_ever, in their lives_), 934; āwa tō aldre +(_for life, forever_), 956; so, tō aldre, 2006, 2499; tō life (_during +life, ever_), 2433.--6) with particles: wōd under wolcnum tō þæs þe ... +(_went under the welkin to the point where_ ...), 715; so, elne ge-ēodon tō +þæs þe, 1968; so, 2411; hē him þæs lēan for-geald ... tō þæs þe hē on reste +geseah Grendel licgan (_he paid him for that to the point that he saw G. +lying dead_), 1586; wæs þæt blōd tō þæs hāt (_the blood was hot to that +degree_), 1617; næs þā long tō þon þæt (_'twas not long till_), 2592, 2846; +wæs him se man tō þon lēof þæt (_the man was dear to him to that degree_), +1877; tō hwan siððan wearð hond-rǣs hæleða (_up to what point, how, the +hand-contest turned out_), 2072; tō middes (_in the midst_), 3142. + +II. Adverbial modifier, _quasi_ preposition [better explained in many cases +as prep. postponed]: l) _to, towards, up to, at_: gēong sōna tō, 1786; so, +2649; fēhð ōðer tō, 1756; sǣ-lāc ... þē þū hēr tō lōcast (_upon which thou +here lookest_), 1655; folc tō sǣgon (_the folk looked on_), 1423; þæt hī +him tō mihton gegnum gangan (_might proceed thereto_), 313; sē þe him +bealwa tō bōte gelȳfde (_who believed in help out of evils from him_, i.e. +Bēowulf), 910; him tō anwaldan āre ge-lyfde (_trusted for himself to the +Almighty's help_), 1273; þē ūs sēceað tō Swēona lēode (_that the Swedes +will come against us_), 3002.--2) before adj. and adv., _too_: tō strang +(_too mighty_), 133; tō fæst, 137; tō swȳð, 191; so, 789, 970, 1337, 1743, +1749, etc.; tō fela micles (_far too much_), 695; hē tō forð ge-stōp (_he +had gone too far_), 2290. + +tōð (G. tunþu-s), st. m., _tooth_: in comp. blōdig-tōð (adj.). + +tredan, st. v. w. acc., _to tread_: inf. sǣ-wong tredan, 1965; el-land +tredan, 3020; pret. sg. wræc-lāstas træd, 1353; medo-wongas træd, 1644; +græs-moldan træd, 1882. + +treddian, tryddian (see trod), w. v., _to stride, tread, go_: pret. sg. +treddode, 726; tryddode getrume micle (_strode about with a strong troop_), +923. + +trem, st. n., _piece, part_: acc. sg. nē ... fōtes trem (_not a foot's +breadth_), 2526. + +trēow, st. f., _fidelity, good faith_: acc. sg. trēowe, 1073; sibbe oððe +trēowe, 2923. + +trēow, st. n., _tree_: in comp. galg-trēow. + +trēowian. See truwian. + +trēow-loga, w. m., _troth-breaker, pledge-breaker_: nom. pl. trēow-logan, +2848. + +trodu, st. f., _track, step_: acc. sg. or pl. trode, 844. + +ge-trum, st. n., _troop, band_: instr. sg. ge-trume micle, 923. + +trum, adj., _strong, endowed with_: nom. sg. heorot hornum trum, 1370. + +ge-truwan, w. v. w. acc., _to confirm, pledge solemnly_: pret. sg. þā hīe +getruwedon on twā healfe fæste frioðu-wǣre, 1096. + +truwian, trēowan, w. v., _to trust in, rely on, believe in_: 1) w. dat.: +pret. sg. sīðe ne truwode lēofes mannes (_I trusted not in the dear man's +enterprise_), 1994; bearne ne truwode þæt hē ... (_she trusted not the +child that_ ...), 2371; gehwylc hiora his ferhðe trēowde þæt hē ... (_each +trusted his heart that_ ...), 1167.--2) w. gen.: pret. sg. Gēata lēod +georne truwode mōdgan mægnes, 670; wiðres ne truwode, 2954. + +ge-truwian, _to rely on, trust in_, w. dat.: pret. sg. strenge ge-truwode, +mund-gripe mægenes, 1534;--w. gen. pret. sg. beorges ge-truwode, wīges and +wealles, 2323; strenge ge-truwode ānes mannes, 2541. + +tryddian. See treddian. + +trȳwe, adj., _true, faithful_: nom. sg. þā gȳt wæs ... ǣghwylc ōðrum +trȳwe, 1166. + +ge-trȳwe, adj., _faithful_: nom. sg. hēr is ǣghwylc eorl ōðrum ge-trȳwe, +1229. + +turf, st. f., _sod, soil, seat_: in comp. ēðel-turf. + +tūx, st. m., _tooth, tusk_: in comp. hilde-tūx. + +ge-twǣfan, w. v. w. acc. of person and gen. thing, _to separate, divide, +deprive of, hinder_: pres. sg. III. þæt þec ādl oððe ecg eafoðes ge-twǣfeð +(_robs of strength_), 1764; inf. god ēaðe mæg þone dol-scaðan dǣda +ge-twǣfan (_God may easily restrain the fierce foe from his deeds_), 479; +pret. sg. sumne Gēata lēod ... fēores getwǣfde (_cut him off from life_), +1434; nō þǣr wǣg-flotan wind ofer ȳðum sīðes ge-twǣfde (_the wind hindered +not the wave-floater in her course over the water_), 1909; pret. part. æt +rihte wæs gūð ge-twǣfed (_almost had the struggle been ended_), 1659. + +ge-twǣman, w. v. acc. pers. and gen. thing, _to hinder, render incapable +of, restrain_: inf. ic hine ne mihte ... ganges getwǣman, 969. + +twēgen, m. f. n. twā, num., _twain, two_: nom. m. twēgen, 1164; acc. m. +twēgen, 1348; dat. twǣm, 1192 gen. twēga, 2533; acc. f. twā, 1096, 1195. + +twelf, num., _twelve_, gen. twelfa, 3172. + +tweone (Frisian twine), num. = _bini, two_: dat. pl. be sǣm tweonum, 859, +1298; 1686. + +twidig, adj., in comp. lang-twidig (_long-assured_), 1709. + +tȳder, st. m., _race, descendant_: in comp. un-tȳder, 111. + +tȳdre (Frisian teddre), adj., _weak, unwarlike, cowardly_: nom. pl. +tȳdre, 2848. + +tȳn, num., _ten_: uninflect. dat. on tȳn dagum, 3161; inflect. nom. +tȳne, 2848. + +tyrwian, w. v., _to tar_: pret. part. tyrwed in comp.: nīw-tyrwed. + +on-tyhtan, w. v., _to urge on, incite, entice_: pret. sg. on-tyhte, 3087. + +Þ + +þafian, w. v. w. acc., _to submit to, endure_: inf. þæt se þēod-cyning +þafian sceolde Eofores ānne dōm, 2964. + +þanc, st. m.: 1) _thought_: in comp. fore-, hete-, or-, searo-þanc; +inwit-þanc (adj.).--2) _thanks_ (w. gen. of thing): nom. sg., 929, 1779; +acc. sg. þanc, 1998, 2795.--3) _content, favor, pleasure_: dat. sg. þā þe +gif-sceattas Gēata fyredon þyder tō þance (_those that tribute for the +Geātas carried thither for favor_). 379. + +ge-þanc, st. m., _thought_: instr. pl. þēostrum ge-þoncum, 2333.--Comp. +mōd-ge-þanc. + +þanc-hycgende, pres. part., _thoughtful_, 2236. + +þancian, w. v., _to thank_: pret. sg. gode þancode ... þæs þe hire se willa +ge-lamp (_thanked God that her wish was granted_), 626; so, 1398; pl. +þancedon, 627(?). + +þanon, þonon, þonan, adv., _thence_: 1) local: þanon eft gewāt (_he went +thence back_), 123; þanon up ... stigon (_went up thence_), 224; so, þanon, +463, 692, 764, 845, 854, 1293; þanan, 1881; þonon, 520, 1374, 2409; þonan, +820, 2360, 2957.--2) personal: þanon untȳdras ealle on-wōcon (_from him_, +i.e. Cain, etc.), 111; so, þanan, 1266; þonon, 1961; unsōfte þonon feorh +oð-ferede (i.e. from Grendel's mother), 2141. + +þā, adv.: l) _there, then_, 3, 26, 28, 34, 47, 53, etc. With þǣr: þā þǣr, +331. With nū: nū þā (_now then_), 658.--2) conjunction, _when, as, since_, +w. indic., 461, 539, 633, etc.;--_because, whilst, during, since_, 402, +465, 724, 2551, etc. + +þæt, I. demons, pron. acc. neut. of se: demons, nom. þæt (_that_), 735, +766, etc.; instr. sg. þȳ, 1798, 2029; þæt ic þȳ wǣpne ge-bræd (_that I +brandished as(?) a weapon; that I brandished the weapon?_), 1665; þȳ +weorðra (_the more honored_), 1903; þȳ sēft (_the more easily_), 2750; þȳ +lǣs hym ȳðe þrym wudu wynsuman for-wrecan meahte (_lest the force of the +waves the winsome boat might carry away_), 1919; nō þȳ ǣr (_not sooner_), +755, 1503, 2082, 2374, 2467; nō þȳ leng (_no longer, none the longer_), +975. þȳ =adv., _therefore, hence_, 1274, 2068; þē ... þē = _on this +account; for this reason ... that, because_, 2639-2642; wiste þē geornor +(_knew but too well_), 822; hē ... wæs sundes þē sǣnra þē hine swylt fornam +(_he was the slower in swimming as [whom?] death carried him off_), 1437; +næs him wihte þē sēl (_it was none the better for him_), 2688; so, 2278. +Gen. sg. þæs = adv., _for this reason, therefore_, 7, 16, 114, 350, 589, +901, 1993, 2027, 2033, etc. þæs þe, especially after verbs of thanking, = +_because_, 108, 228, 627, 1780, 2798;--also = secundum quod: þæs þe hīe +gewislīcost ge-witan meahton, 1351;--_therefore, accordingly_, 1342, 3001; +tō þæs (_to that point; to that degree_), 715, 1586, 1617, 1968, 2411; þæs +georne (_so firmly_), 969; ac hē þæs fæste wæs ... besmiðod (_it was too +firmly set_), 774; nō þæs frōd leofað gumena bearna þæt þone grund wite +(_none liveth among men so wise that he should know its bottom_), 1368; hē +þæs (þǣm, MS.) mōdig wæs (_had the courage for it_), 1509. + +II. conj. (relative), _that, so that_, 15, 62, 84, 221, 347, 358, 392, 571, +etc.; oð þæt (_up to that, until_); see oð. + +þætte (from þæt þe, see þē), _that_, 151, 859, 1257, 2925, etc.; þæt þe +(_that_), 1847. + +þǣr: 1) demons. adv., _there (where)_, 32, 36, 89, 400, 757, etc.; +morðor-bealo māga, þǣr hēo ǣr mǣste hēold worolde wynne (_the death-bale of +kinsmen where before she had most worldly joy_), 1080. With þā: þā þǣr, +331; þǣr on innan (_therein_), 71. Almost like Eng. expletive _there_, 271, +550, 978, etc.;--_then, at that time_, 440;--_thither_: þǣr swīð-ferhðe +sittan ēodon (_thither went the bold ones to sit_, i.e. to the bench), 493, +etc.--2) relative, _where_, 356, 420, 508, 513, 522, 694, 867, etc.; ēode +... þǣr se snottra bād (_went where the wise one tarried_), 1314; so, +1816;--_if_, 763, 798, 1836, 2731, etc.;--_whither_: gā þǣr hē wille, 1395. + +þē, þe, I. relative particle, indecl., partly standing alone, partly +associated with se, sēo, þæt: Hunferð maðelode, þē æt fōtum sæt (_H., who +sat at his feet, spake_), 500; so, 138, etc.; wæs þæt gewin tō swȳð þē on +þā lēode be-cōm (_the misery that had come on the people was too great_), +192, etc.; ic wille ... þē þā and-sware ǣdre ge-cȳðan þē mē se gōda +ā-gifan þenceð (_I will straightway tell thee the answer that the good one +shall give_), 355; oð þone ānne dæg þē hē ... (_till that very day that he_ +...), 2401; hēo þā fǣhðe wræc þē þū ... Grendel cwealdest (_the fight in +which thou slewest G._), 1335; mid þǣre sorge þē him sīo sār belamp (_with +the sorrow wherewith the pain had visited him_), 2469; pl. þonne þā dydon +þē ... (_than they did that_ ...), 45; so, 378, 1136; þā māðmas þē hē mē +sealde (_the treasures that he gave me_), 2491; so, ginfæstan gife þē him +god sealde (_the great gifts that God had given him_), 2183. After þāra þe +(_of those that_), the depend. verb often takes sg. instead of pl. +(Dietrich, Haupt XI., 444 seqq.): wundor-sīona fela secga ge-hwylcum þāra +þe on swylc starað (_to each of those that look on such_), 997; so, 844, +1462, 2384, 2736. Strengthened by se, sēo, þæt: sægde sē þe cūðe (_said he +that knew_), 90; wæs se grimma gæst Grendel hāten, sē þe mōras hēold (_the +grim stranger hight Grendel, he that held the moors_), 103; here-byrne ... +sēo þe bān-cofan beorgan cūðe (_the corselet that could protect the body_), +1446, etc.; þǣr ge-lȳfan sceal dryhtnes dōme sē þe hine dēað nimeð (_he +shall believe in God's judgment whom death carrieth off_), 441; so, 1437, +1292 (cf. Heliand I., 1308). + +þæs þe. See þæt. + +þēah þe. See þēah. + +for þām þe. See for-þām. + +þȳ, þē, _the, by that_, instr. of se: āhte ic holdra þȳ lǣs ... þē dēað +for-nam (_I had the less friends whom death snatched away_), 488; so, 1437. + +þeccan, w. v., _to cover_ (thatch), _cover over_: inf. þā sceal brond +fretan, ǣled þeccean (_fire shall eat, flame shall cover, the treasures_), +3016; pret. pl. þǣr git ēagor-strēam earmum þehton (_in swimming_), 513. + +þegn, st. m., _thane, liegeman, king's higher vassal; knight_: nom. sg., +235, 494, 868, 2060, 2710; (Bēowulf), 194; (Wīglāf), 2722; acc. sg. þegen +(Bēowulf, MS. þegn), 1872; dat. sg. þegne, 1342, 1420; (Hengest), 1086; +(Wīglāf), 2811; gen. sg. þegnes, 1798; nom. pl. þegnas, 1231; acc. pl. +þegnas, 1082, 3122; dat. pl. þegnum, 2870; gen. pl. þegna, 123, 400, 1628, +1674, 1830, 2034, etc.--Comp.: ambiht-, ealdor-, heal-, magu-, sele-þegn. + +þegnian, þēnian, w. v., _to serve, do liege service_: pret. sg. ic him +þēnode dēoran sweorde (_I served them with my good sword_, i.e. slew them +with it), 560. + +þegn-sorh, st. f., _thane-sorrow, grief for a liegeman_: acc. sg. +þegn-sorge, 131. + +þegu, st. f., _taking_: in comp.: bēah-, bēor-, sinc-þegu. + +þel, st. n., _deal-board, board for benches_: in comp. benc-þel, 486, 1240. + +þencan, w. v.: 1) _to think_: absolutely: pres. sg. III. sē þe wēl þenceð, +289; so, 2602. With depend. clause: pres. sg. nǣnig heora þōhte þæt hē ... +(_none of them thought that he_), 692.--2) w. inf., _to intend_: pres. sg. +III. þā and-sware ... þē mē se gōda ā-gifan þenceð (_the answer that the +good one intendeth to give me_), 355; (blōdig wæl) byrgean þenceð, 448; +þonne hē ... gegān þenceð longsumne lof (_if he will win eternal fame_), +1536; pret. sg. nē þæt āglǣca yldan þōhte (_the monster did not mean to +delay that_), 740; pret. pl. wit unc wið hronfixas werian þōhton, 541; +(hine) on healfa ge-hwone hēawan þōhton, 801. + +ā-þencan, _to intend, think out_: pret. sg. (hē) þis ellen-weorc āna +ā-þōhte tō ge-fremmanne, 2644. + +ge-þencan, w. acc.: 1) _to think of_: þæt hē his selfa ne mæg ... ende +ge-þencean (_so that he himself may not think of, know, its limit_), +1735.--2) _to be mindful_: imper. sg. ge-þenc nū ... hwæt wit geō sprǣcon, +1475. + +þenden: 1) adv., _at this time, then, whilst_: nalles fācen-stafas +Þēod-Scyldingas þenden fremedon (_not at all at this time had the Scyldings +done foul deeds_), 1020 (referring to 1165; cf. Wīdsīð, 45 seqq.); þenden +rēafode rinc ōðerne (_whilst one warrior robbed another_, i.e. Eofor robbed +Ongenþēow), 2986.--2) conj., _so long as, whilst_, 30, 57, 284, 1860, 2039, +2500, 3028;--_whilst_, 2419. With subj., _whilst, as long as_: þenden þū +mōte, 1178; þenden þū lifige, 1255; þenden hyt sȳ (_whilst the heat +lasts_), 2650. + +þengel, st. m., _prince, lord, ruler_: acc. sg. hringa þengel (Bēowulf), +1508. + +þes (m.), þēos (f.), þis (n.), demons. pron., _this_: nom. sg. 411, 432, +1703; f., 484; nom. acc. neut., 2156, 2252, 2644; þȳs, 1396; acc. sg. m. +þisne, 75; f. þās, 1682; dat. sg. neut. þissum, 1170; þyssum, 2640; f. +þisse, 639; gen. m. þisses, 1217; f. þisse, 929; neut. þysses, 791, 807; +nom. pl. and acc. þās, 1623, 1653, 2636, 2641; dat. þyssum, 1063, 1220. + +þē. See þæt. + +þēh. See þēah. + +þearf, st. f., _need_: nom. sg. þearf, 1251, 2494, 2638; þā him wæs manna +þearf (_as he was in need of men_), 201; acc. sg. þearfe, 1457, 2580, 2850; +fremmað gē nū lēoda þearfe (_do ye now what is needful for the folk_), +2802; dat. sg. æt þearfe, 1478, 1526, 2695, 2710; acc. pl. se for andrysnum +ealle beweotede þegnes þearfe (_who would supply in courtesy all the +thane's needs_), 1798 (cf. sele-þegn, 1795.--Comp.: firen-, nearo-, +ofer-þearf. + +þearf. See þurfan. + +ge-þearfian, w. v., = _necessitatem imponere_: pret. part. þā him swā +ge-þearfod wæs (_since so they found it necessary_), 1104. + +þearle, adv., _very, exceedingly_, 560. + +þēah, þēh, conj., _though, even though_ or _if_: 1) with subj. þēah, 203, +526, 588, 590, 1168, 1661, 2032, 2162. Strengthened by þe: þēah þe, 683, +1369, 1832, 1928, 1942, 2345, 2620; þēah ... eal (_although_), 681.--2) +with indic.: þēah, 1103; þēh, 1614.--3) doubtful: þēah hē ūðe wēl, 2856; +swā þēah (_nevertheless_), 2879; nō ... swā þēah (_not then however_), 973; +næs þē forht swā þēh (_he was not, though, afraid_), 2968; hwæðre swā þēah +(_yet however_), 2443. + +þēaw, st. m., _custom, usage_: nom. sg., 178, 1247; acc. sg. þēaw, 359; +instr. pl. þēawum (_in accordance with custom_), 2145. + +þeód, st. f.: 1) _war-troop, retainers_: nom. sg., 644, 1231, 1251.--2) +_nation, folk_: nom. sg., 1692; gen. pl. þēoda, 1706.--Comp.: sige-, +wer-þēod. + +þēod-cyning, st. m., (=folc-cyning), _warrior-king, king of the people_: +nom. sg. (Hrōðgār), 2145; (Ongenþēow), 2964, 2971; þīod-cyning (Bēowulf), +2580; acc. sg. þēod-cyning (Bēowulf), 3009; gen. sg. þēod-cyninges +(Bēowulf), 2695; gen. pl. þēod-cyninga, 2. + +þēoden, st. m., _lord of a troop, war-chief, king; ruler_: nom. sg., 129, +365, 417, 1047, 1210, 1676, etc.; þīoden, 2337, 2811; acc. sg. þēoden, 34, +201, 353, 1599, 2385, 2722, 2884, 3080; þīoden, 2789; dat. sg. þēodne, 345, +1526, 1993, 2573, 2710, etc.; þēoden, 2033; gen. sg. þēodnes 798, 911, +1086, 1628, 1838, 2175; þīodnes, 2657; nom. pl. þēodnas, 3071. + +þēoden-lēas, adj., _without chief_ or _king_: nom. pl. þēoden-lēase, 1104. + +þēod-gestrēon, st. n., _people's-jewel, precious treasure_: instr. pl. +þēod-ge-strēonum, 44; gen. pl. þēod-ge-strēona, 1219. + +þēodig, adj., _appertaining to a_ þēod: in comp. el-þēodig. + +þēod-scaða, w. m., _foe of the people, general foe_: nom. sg. þēod-sceaða +(_the dragon_), 2279, 2689. + +þēod-þrēa, st. f. m., _popular misery, general distress_: dat. pl. wið +þēod-þrēaum, 178. + +þēof, st. m., _thief_: gen. sg. þēofes cræfte, 2221. + +þēon, st. v.: 1) _to grow, ripen, thrive_: pret. sg. weorðmyndum þāh (_grew +in glory_), 8.--2) _to thrive in, succeed_: pret. sg. hūru þæt on lande +lȳt manna þāh (_that throve to few_), 2837. See Note, l. 901. + +ge-þēon, _to grow, thrive; increase in power and influence_: imper. ge-þēoh +tela, 1219; inf. lof-dǣdum sceal ... man geþēon, 25; þæt þæt þēodnes bearn +ge-þēon scolde, 911. + +on-þēon? _to begin, undertake_, w. gen.: pret. hē þæs ǣr onþāh, 901. [In +MS. Emended in text.--KTH] See Note l. 901. + +þēon (for þēowan), w. v., _to oppress, restrain_: inf. næs se folc-cyning +ymb-sittendra ǣnig þāra þe mec ... dorste egesan þēon (_that durst oppress +me with terror_), 2737. + +þēostor, adj., _dark, gloomy_: instr. pl. þēostrum ge-þoncum, 2333. + +þēow, st. m., _slave, serf_ 2225. + +þicgan, st. v. w. acc., _to seize, attain, eat, appropriate_: inf. þæt hē +(Grendel) mā mōste manna cynnes þicgean ofer þā niht, 737; symbel þicgan +(_take the meal, enjoy the feast_), 1011; pret. pl. þæt hīe mē þēgon, 563; +þǣr wē medu þēgun, 2634. + +ge-þicgan, w. acc., _to grasp, take_: pret. sg. (symbel and sele-ful, ful) +ge-þeah, 619, 629; Bēowulf ge-þah ful on flette, 1025; pret. pl. (medo-ful +manig) ge-þǣgon, 1015. + +þider, þyder, adv., _thither_: þyder, 3087, 379, 2971. + +þīhtig, þȳhtig, adj., _doughty, vigorous, firm_: acc. sg. neut. sweord ... +ecgum þȳhtig, 1559.--Comp. hyge-þīhtig. + +þincan. See þyncan. + +þing, st. n.: 1) _thing_: gen. pl. ǣnige þinga (_ullo modo_), 792, 2375, +2906.--2) _affair, contest, controversy_: nom. sg. mē wearð Grendles þing +... undyrne cūð (_Grendel's doings became known to me_), 409.--3) +_judgment, issue, judicial assembly_(?): acc. sg. sceal ... āna gehegan +þing wið þyrse (_shall bring the matter alone to an issue against the +giant_: see hegan), 426. + +ge-þing, st. n.: 1) _terms, covenant_: acc. pl. ge-þingo, 1086.--2) _fate, +providence, issue_: gen. sg. ge-þinges, 398, 710; (ge-þingea, MS.), 525. + +ge-þingan, st. v., _to grow, mature, thrive_ (Dietrich, Haupt IX., 430): +pret. part. cwēn mōde ge-þungen (_mature-minded, high-spirited, queen_), +625. See wēl-þungen. + +ge-þingan (see ge-þing), w. v.: 1) _to conclude a treaty_: w. refl. dat, +_enter into a treaty_: pres. sg. III. gif him þonne Hrēðrīc tō hofum Gēata +ge-þingeð _(if H. enters into a treaty_ (seeks aid at?) _with the court of +the Gēatas_, referring to the old German custom of princes entering the +service or suite of a foreign king), 1838. Leo.--2) _to prepare, appoint_: +pret. part. wiste [æt] þǣm āhlǣcan ... hilde ge-þinged, 648; hraðe wæs ... +mēce ge-þinged, 1939. + +þingian, w. v.: 1) _to speak in an assembly, make an address_: inf. ne +hȳrde ic snotor-līcor on swā geongum feore guman þingian (_I never heard a +man so young speak so wisely_), 1844.--2) _to compound, settle, lay aside_: +inf. ne wolde feorh-bealo ... fēo þingian (_would not compound the +life-bale for money_), 156; so, pret. sg. þā fǣhðe fēo þingode, 470. + +þīhan. See þēon. + +þin, possess, pron., _thy, thine_, 267, 346, 353, 367, 459, etc. + +ge-þōht, st. m., _thought, plan_: acc. sg. ān-fealdne ge-þōht, 256; +fæst-rǣdne ge-þōht, 611. + +þolian, w. v. w. acc.: 1) _to endure, bear_: inf. (inwid-sorge) þolian, +833; pres. sg. III. þrēa-nȳd þolað, 284; pret. sg. þolode þrȳðswȳð, +131.--2) _to hold out, stand, survive_: pres. sg. (intrans.) þenden þis +sweord þolað (_as long as this sword holds out_), 2500; pret. sg. (sēo ecg) +þolode ǣr fela hand-gemōta, 1526. + +ge-þolian: 1) _to suffer, bear, endure_: gerund. tō ge-þolianne, 1420; +pret. sg. earfoð-lice þrāge ge-þolode..., þæt hē ... drēam gehȳrde (_bore +ill that he heard the sound of joy_), 87; torn ge-þolode (_bore the +misery_), 147.--2) _to have patience, wait_: inf. þǣr hē longe sceal on þæs +waldendes wǣre ge-þolian, 3110. + +þon (Goth, þan) = _tum, then, now_, 504; æfter þon (_after that_), 725; ǣr +þon dæg cwōme (_ere day came_), 732; nō þon lange (_it was not long till +then_), 2424; næs þā long tō þon (_it was not long till then_), 2592, 2846; +wæs him se man tō þon lēof þæt ... _(the man was to that degree dear to him +that ..._), 1877. + +þonne: 1) adv., _there, then, now_, 377, 435, 525, 1105, 1456, 1485, 1672, +1823, 3052, 3098(?).--2) conj., _if, when, while_: a) w. indic., 573, 881, +935, 1034, 1041, 1043, 1144, 1286, 1327, 1328, 1375, etc.; þæt ic +gum-cystum gōdne funde bēaga bryttan, brēac þonne mōste (_that I found a +good ring-giver and enjoyed him whilst I could_), 1488. b) w. subj., 23, +1180, 3065; þonne ...þonne (_then ... when_), 484-85, 2447-48; gif þonne +...þonne (_if then ... then_), 1105-1107. c) _than_ after comparatives, 44, +248, 469, 505, 534, 679, 1140, 1183, etc.; a comparative must be supplied, +l. 70, before þone: þæt hē ... hātan wolde medo-ærn micel men ge-wyrcean +þone yldo bearn ǣfre ge-frūnon (_a great mead-house_ (greater) _than men +had ever known_). + +þracu, st. f., _strength, boldness_: in comp. mōd-þracu; = impetus in +ecg-þracu. + +þrāg, st. f., _period of time, time_: nom. sg. þā hine sīo þrāg be-cwōm +(_when the_ [battle]-_hour befell him_), 2884; acc. sg. þrāge (_for a +time_), 87; longe (lange) þrāge, 54, 114.--Comp. earfoð-þrāg. + +ge-þræc, st. n., _multitude, crowd_: in comp. searo-ge-þræc. + +þrec-wudu, st. m., (_might-wood_), _spear_ (cf. mægen-wudu): acc. sg., +1247. + +þrēa, st. m. f., _misery, distress_: in comp. þēod-þrēa, þrēa-nēdla, -nȳd. + +þrēa-nēdla, w. m., _crushing distress, misery_: dat. sg. for þrēa-nēdlan, +2225. + +þrea-nȳd, st. f., _oppression, distress_: acc. sg. þrēa-nȳd, 284; dat. +pl. þrēa-nȳdum, 833. + +þrēat, st. m., _troop, band_: dat. sg. on þām þrēate, 2407; dat. pl. +sceaðena þrēatum, 4.--Comp. īren-þrēat. + +þrēatian, w. v. w. acc., _to press, oppress_: pret. pl. mec ...þrēatedon, +560. + +þreot-teoða, num. adj. w. m., _thirteenth_: nom. sg. þreot-teoða secg, +2407. + +þrēo, num. (neut.), _three_: acc. þrīo wicg, 2175; þrēo hund wintra, 2279. + +þridda, num. adj. w. m., _third_: instr. þriddan sīðe, 2689. + +ge-þring, st. n., _eddy, whirlpool, crush_: acc. on holma ge-þring, 2133. + +þringan, st. v., _to press_: pret. sg. wergendra tō lȳt þrong ymbe þēoden +(_too few defenders pressed round the prince_), 2884; pret. pl. syððan +Hrēðlingas tō hagan þrungon (_after the Hrethlingas had pressed into the +hedge_), 2961. + +for-þringan, _to press out; rescue, protect_: inf. þæt hē ne mehte ...þā +wēa-lāfe wīge for-þringan þēodnes þegne (_that he could not rescue the +wretched remnant from the king's thane by war_), 1085. + +ge-þringan, _to press_: pret. sg. cēol up geþrang (_the ship shot up_), +i.e. on the shore in landing), 1913. + +þrītig, num., _thirty_ (neut. subst.): acc. sg. w. partitive gen.: þrītig +þegna, 123; gen. þrīttiges (XXXtiges MS.) manna, 379. + +þrīst-hȳdig, adj., _bold-minded, valorous_: nom. sg. þīoden þrīst-hȳdig +(Bēowulf), 2811. + +þrowian, w. v. w. acc., _to suffer, endure_: inf. (hāt, gnorn) þrowian, +2606, 2659; pret. sg. þrowade, 1590, 1722; þrowode, 2595. + +þrȳð, st. f., _abundance, multitude_, _excellence, power_: instr. pl. +þrȳðum (_excellently, extremely; excellent in strength?_), 494. + +þrȳð-ærn, st. n., _excellent house, royal hall_: acc. sg. (of Heorot), +658. + +þrȳðlīc, adj., _excellent, chosen_: nom. sg. þrȳð-līc þegna hēap, 400, +1628; superl. acc. pl. þrȳð-līcost, 2870. + +þrȳð-swȳð, st. n.?, _great pain_ (?): acc., 131, 737 [? adj., _very +powerful, exceeding strong_]. + +þrȳð-word, st. n., _bold speech, choice discourse_: nom. sg., 644. (Great +store was set by good table-talk: cf. Lachmann's Nibelunge, 1612; Rīgsmāl, +29, 7, in Möbius, p. 79b, 22.) + +þrym, st. m.: 1) _power, might, force_: nom. sg. ȳða þrym, 1919; instr. +pl. = adv. þrymmum (_powerfully_), 235.--2) _glory, renown_: acc. sg. þrym, +2.--Comp. hyge-þrym. + +þrym-līc, adj., _powerful, mighty_: nom. sg. þrec-wudu þrym-līc (_the +mighty spear_), 1247. + +þū, pron., _thou_, 366, 407, 445, etc.; acc. sg. þec (poetic), 948, 2152, +etc.; þē, 417, 426, 517, etc.; after compar. sēlran þē (_a better one than +thee_), 1851. See gē. + +þunca, w. m. See æf-þunca. + +ge-þungen. See ge-þingan, st. v. + +þurfan, pret.-pres. v., _to need_: pres. sg. II. nō þū ne þearft ... +sorgian (_needest not care_), 450; so, 445, 1675; III. ne þearf ... +onsittan (_need not fear_), 596; so, 2007, 2742; pres. subj. þæt hē ... +sēcean þurfe, 2496; pret. sg. þorfte, 157, 1027, 1072, 2875, 2996; pl. +nealles Hetware hrēmge þorfton (i.e. wesan) fēðe-wīges (_needed not boast +of their foot-fight_), 2365. + +ge-þuren. See þweran. + +þurh, prep. w. acc. signifying motion through, hence: I. local, _through, +throughout_: wōd þā þurh þone wæl-rēc (_went then through the +battle-reek_), 2662.--II. causal: l) _on account of, for the sake of, owing +to_: þurh slīðne nīð (_through fierce hostility, heathenism_), 184; þurh +holdne hige (_from friendliness_), 267; so, þurh rūmne sefan, 278; þurh +sīdne sefan, 1727; ēoweð þurh egsan uncūðne nīð (_shows unheard-of +hostility by the terror he causes_), 276; so, 1102, 1336, 2046. 2) _by +means of, through_: heaðo-rǣs for-nam mihtig mere-dēor þurh mīne hand, 558; +þurh ānes cræft, 700; so, 941, 1694, 1696, 1980, 2406, 3069. + +þus, adv., _so, thus_, 238, 337, 430. + +þunian, w. v., _to din, sound forth_: pret. sg. sund-wudu þunede, 1907. + +þūsend, num., _thousand_: 1) fem. acc. ic þē þūsenda þegna bringe tō helpe, +1830.--2) neut. with measure of value (sceat) omitted: acc. seofan þūsendo, +2196; gen. hund-þūsenda landes and locenra bēaga (100,000 _sceattas' worth +of land and rings_), 2995.--3) uninflected: acc. þūsend wintra, 3051. + +þwǣre, adj., _affable, mild_: in comp. man-þwǣre. + +ge-þwǣre, adj., _gentle, mild_: nom. pl. ge-þwǣre, 1231. + +ge-þweran, st. v., _to forge, strike_: pret. part. heoru ... hamere +ge-þuren (for ge-þworen) (_hammer-forged sword_), 1286. + +þȳhtig. See þīhtig. + +ge-þyld (see þolian), st. f.: 1) _patience, endurance_: acc. sg. ge-þyld, +1396.--2) _steadfastness_: instr. pl. = adv.: ge-þyldum (_steadfastly, +patiently_), 1706. + +þyle, st. m., _spokesman, leader of the conversation at court_: nom. sg., +1166, 1457. + +þyncan, þincean, w. v. w. dat. of pers., _to seem, appear_: pres. sg. III. +þinceð him tō lȳtel (_it seems to him too little_), 1749; ne þynceð mē +gerysne, þæt wē _(it seemeth to me not fit that we_ ...), 2654; pres. pl. +hȳ ... wyrðe þinceað eorla ge-æhtlan (_they seem worthy contenders with_ +(?) _earls_; or, _worthy warriors_), 368; pres. subj. swā him ge-met þince, +688; inf. þincean, 1342; pret. sg. þūhte, 2462, 3058; nō his līf-gedāl +sār-līc þūhte secga ǣnigum (_his death seemed painful to none of men_), +843; pret. pl. þǣr him fold-wegas fægere þūhton, 867. + +of-þincan, _to displease, offend_: inf. mæg þæs þonne of-þyncan þēoden +(dat.) Heaðo-beardna and þegna gehwām þāra lēoda, 2033. + +þyrs, st. m., _giant_: dat. sg. wið þyrse (Grendel), 426. + +þys-līc, adj., _such, of such a nature_: nom. sg. fem. þys-līcu þearf, +2638. + +þȳ. See þæt. + +þȳwan (M.H.G. diuhen, O.H.G. duhan), w. v., _to crush, oppress_: inf. gif +þec ymb-sittend egesan þȳwað (_if thy neighbors oppress thee with dread_), +1828. + +þȳstru, st. f., _darkness_: dat. pl. in þȳstrum, 87. + +ge-þȳwe, adj., _customary, usual_: nom. sg. swā him ge-þȳwe ne wæs (_as +was not his custom_), 2333. + +U + +ufan, _adv., from above_, 1501; _above_, 330. + +ufera (prop. _higher_), adj., _later_: dat. pl. ufaran dōgrum, 2201, 2393. + +ufor, adv., _higher_, 2952. + +umbor, st. n., _child, infant_: acc. sg., 46; dat. sg., 1188. + +un-blīðe, adv.(?), _unblithely, sorrowfully_, 130, 2269; (adj., nom. pl.?), +3032. + +un-byrnende, pres. part., _unburning, without burning_, 2549. + +unc, dat. and acc. of the dual wit, _us two, to us two_, 1784, 2138, 2527; +gen. hwæðer ... uncer twēga (_which of us two_), 2533; uncer Grendles (_of +us two, G. and me_), 2003. + +uncer, poss. pron., _of us two_: nom. sg. [uncer], 2002(?); dat. pl. uncran +eaferan, 1186. + +un-cūð, adj.: 1) _unknown_: nom. sg. stīg ... eldum uncūð, 2215; acc. sg. +neut. uncūð ge-lād (_unknown ways_), 1411.--2) _unheard-of, barbarous, +evil_: acc. sg. un-cūðne nīð, 276; gen. sg. un-cūðes (_of the foe_, +Grendel), 961. + +under, I. prep. w. dat. and acc.: 1) w. dat., answering question where? = +_under_ (of rest), contrasted with _over_: bāt (wæs) under beorge, 211; þā +cwōm Wealhþēo forð gān under gyldnum bēage (_W. walked forth under a golden +circlet_, i.e. decked with), 1164; siððan hē under segne sine ealgode +(_under his banner_), 1205; hē under rande ge-cranc (_sank under his +shield_), 1210; under wolcnum, 8, 1632; under heofenum, 52, 505; under +roderum, 310; under helme, 342, 404; under here-grīman, 396, 2050, 2606; +so, 711, 1198, 1303, 1929, 2204, 2416, 3061, 3104.--2) w. acc.: a) +answering question whither? = _under_ (of motion): þā secg wīsode under +Heorotes hrōf, 403; siððan ǣfen-lēoht under heofenes hādor be-holen +weorðeð, 414; under sceadu bregdan, 708; flēon under fen-hleoðu, 821; hond +ālegde ... under gēapne hrōf, 837; tēon in under eoderas, 1038; so, 1361, +1746, 2129, 2541, 2554, 2676, 2745; so, hæfde þā for-sīðod sunu Ecg-þēowes +under gynne grund, 1552 (for-sīðian requires acc.). b) after verbs of +venturing and fighting, with acc. of object had in view: hē under hārne +stān ...āna ge-nēðde frēcne dǣde, 888; ne dorste under ȳða ge-win aldre +ge-nēðan, 1470. c) indicating extent, with acc. after expressions of limit, +etc.: under swegles begong (_as far as the sky extends_), 861, 1774; under +heofenes hwealf (_as far as heaven's vault reaches_), 2016. + +II. Adv., _beneath, below_: stīg under læg (_a path lay beneath_, i.e. the +rock), 2214. + +undern-mǣl, st. n., _midday_: acc. sg., 1429. + +un-dyrne, un-derne, adj., _without concealment, plain, clear_: nom. sg., +127, 2001; un-derne, 2912. + +un-dyrne, adv., _plainly, evidently_; un-dyrne cūð, 150, 410. + +un-fǣger, adj., _unlovely, hideous_: nom. sg. lēoht un-fǣger, 728. + +un-fǣcne, adj., _without malice, sincere_: nom. sg., 2069. + +un-fǣge, adj., _not death-doomed_ or "_fey_": nom. sg., 2292; acc. sg. +un-fǣgne eorl, 573. + +un-flitme, adv., _solemnly, incontestably_: Finn Hengeste elne unflitme +āðum benemde (_F. swore solemnly to H. with oaths_) [if an adj., elne un-f. += _unconquerable in valor_], 1098. + +un-forht, adj., _fearless, bold_: nom. sg., 287; acc. pl. unforhte (adv.?), +444. See Note. + +un-from, adj., _unfit, unwarlike_: nom. sg., 2189. + +un-frōd, adj., _not aged, young_: dat sg. guman un-frōdum, 2822. + +un-gedēfelīce, adv., _unjustly, contrary to right and custom_, 2436. + +un-gemete, adv., _immeasurably, exceedingly_, 2421, 2722, 2729. + +un-gemetes, adv. gen. sg., the same, 1793. + +un-geāra, adv., (_not old_), _recently, lately_, 933; _soon_, 603. + +un-gifeðe, adj., _not to be granted; refused_: nom. sg., 2922. + +un-glēaw, adj., _regardless, reckless_: acc. sg. sweord ... ecgum unglēaw +(of a sharp-edged sword), 2565. + +un-hār, adj., _very gray_: nom. sg., 357; (_bald_?). + +un-hǣlo, st. f., _mischief, destruction_: gen. sg. wiht un-hǣlo (_the demon +of destruction_, Grendel), 120. + +un-hēore, un-hȳre, adj., _monstrous, horrible_: nom. sg. m., weard +un-hīore (the dragon), 2414; neut. wīf un-hȳre (Grendel's mother), 2121; +nom. pl. neut. hand-sporu ... unhēoru (of Grendel's claws), 988. + +un-hlytme, un-hlitme, adv. (cf. A.S. hlytm = _lot_; O.N. hluti = _part +division_), _undivided, unseparated_, _united_, 1130 [unless = un-flitme, +1098]. See Note. + +un-lēof, adj., _hated_: acc. pl. seah on un-lēofe, 2864. + +un-lifigende, pres. part., _unliving, lifeless_: nom. sg. un-lifigende, +468; acc. sg. un-lyfigendne, 1309; dat. sg. un-lifgendum, 1390; gen. sg. +un-lyfigendes, 745. + +un-lȳtel, adj., _not little, very large_: nom. sg. duguð un-lȳtel (_a +great band of warriors_? or _great joy_?), 498; dōm un-lȳtel (_no little +glory_), 886; acc. sg. torn un-lȳtel (_very great shame, misery_), 834. + +un-murnlīce, adv., _unpityingly, without sorrowing_, 449, 1757. + +unnan, pret.-pres. v., _to grant, give; wish, will_: pret.-pres. sg. I. ic +þē an tela sinc-gestrēona, 1226; weak pret. sg. I. ūðe ic swīðor þæt þū +hine selfne ge-sēon mōste, 961; III. hē ne ūðe þæt ...(_he granted not that +..._), 503; him god ūðe þæt ... hē hyne sylfne ge-wræc (_God granted to him +that he avenged himself_), 2875; þēah hē ūðe wēl (_though he well would_), +2856. + +ge-unnan, _to grant, permit_: inf. gif hē ūs ge-unnan wile þæt wē hine ... +grētan mōton, 346; mē ge-ūðe ylda waldend, þæt ic ... ge-seah hangian (_the +Ruler of men permitted me to see hanging ..._), 1662. + +un-nyt, adj., _useless_: nom. sg., 413, 3170. + +un-riht, st. n., _unright, injustice, wrong_: acc. sg. unriht, 1255, 2740; +instr. sg. un-rihte (_unjustly, wrongly_), 3060. + +un-rīm, st. n., _immense number_: nom. sg., 1239, 3136; acc. sg., 2625. + +un-rīme, adj., _countless, measureless_: nom. sg. gold un-rīme, 3013. + +un-rōt, adj., _sorrowing_: nom. pl. un-rōte, 3149. + +un-snyttru, st. f., _lack of wisdom_: dat. pl. for his un-snyttrum (_for +his unwisdom_), 1735. + +un-softe, adv., _unsoftly, with violence_ (_hardly_?), 2141; _scarcely_, +1656. + +un-swȳðe, adv., _not strongly_ or _powerfully_: compar. (ecg) bāt unswīðor +þonne his þīod-cyning þearfe hæfde (_the sword bit less sharply than the +prince of the people needed_), 2579; fȳr unswīðor wēoll, 2882. + +un-synnig, adj., _guiltless, sinless_: acc. sg. un-synnigne, 2090. + +un-synnum, adv. instr. pl., _guiltlessly_, 1073. + +un-tǣle, adj., _blameless_: acc. pl. un-tǣle, 1866. + +un-tȳder, st. m., _evil race, monster_: nom. pl. un-tȳdras, 111. [Cf. +Ger. un-mensch.] + +un-wāclīc, adj., _that cannot be shaken; firm, strong_: acc. sg. ād ... +un-wāclīcne, 3139. + +un-wearnum, adv. instr. pl., _unawares, suddenly_; (_unresistingly_?), 742. + +un-wrecen, pret. part., _unavenged_, 2444. + +up, adv., _up, upward_, 224, 519, 1374, 1620, 1913, 1921, 2894; (of the +voice), þā wæs ... wōp up āhafen, 128; so, 783. + +up-lang, adj., _upright, erect_: nom. sg., 760. + +uppe (adj., ūfe, ūffe), adv., _above_, 566. + +up-riht, adj., _upright, erect_: nom. sg., 2093. + +uton. See wuton. + +Ū + +ūð-genge, adj., _transitory, evanescent, ready to depart_, (_fled_?): þǣr +wæs Æsc-here ... feorh ūð-genge, 2124. + +ūhte, w. f., _twilight_ or _dawn_: dat. or acc. on ūhtan, 126. + +ūht-floga, w. m., _twilight-flier, dawn-flier_ (epithet of the dragon): +gen. sg. ūht-flogan, 2761. + +ūht-hlem, st. m., _twilight-cry, dawn-cry_: acc. sg., 2008. + +ūht-sceaða, w. m., _twilight-_ or _dawn-foe_: nom. sg., 2272. + +ūs, pers. pron. dat. and acc. of wē (see wē), _us, to us_, 1822, 2636, +2643, 2921, 3002, 3079; acc. (poetic), ūsic, 2639, 2641, 2642;--gen. ūre: +ūre ǣg-hwylc (_each of us_), 1387; ūser, 2075. + +ūser, possess, pron.: nom. sg. ūre man-drihten, 2648; dat. sg. ūssum +hlāforde, 2635; gen. sg. neut. ūsses cynnes, 2814; dat. pl. ūrum ... bām +(_to us both, two_) (for unc bām), 2660. + +ūt, adv., _out_, 215, 537, 664, 1293, 1584, 2082, 2558, 3131. + +ūtan, adv., _from without, without_, 775, 1032, 1504, 2335. + +ūt-fūs, adj., _ready to go_: nom. sg. hringed-stefna īsig and ūt-fūs, 33. + +ūt-weard, adj., _outward, outside, free_: nom. sg. eoten (Grendel) wæs +ūt-weard, 762. + +ūtan-weard, adj., _without, outward, from without_: acc. sg. hlǣw ... ealne +ūtan-weardne, 2298. + +W + +wacian, w. v., _to watch_: imper. sg. waca wið wrāðum! 661. + +wadan, st. v., (cf. wade, waddle) _to traverse; stride, go_: pret. sg. wōd +þurh þone wæl-rēc, 2662; wōd under wolcnum (_stalked beneath the clouds_), +715. + +ge-wadan, _to attain by moving, come to, reach_: pret. part. oð þæt ... +wunden-stefna ge-waden hæfde, þæt þā līðende land ge-sāwon (_till the ship +had gone so far that the sailors saw land_), 220. + +on-wadan, w. acc., _to invade, befall_: pret. sg. hine fyren on-wōd(?), +916. + +þurh-wadan, _to penetrate, pierce_: pret. sg. þæt swurd þurh-wōd wrǣt-līcne +wyrm, 891; so, 1568. + +wāg, st. m., _wall_: dat. sg. on wāge, 1663; dat. pl. æfter wāgum (_along +the walls_), 996. + +wala, w. m., _boss_: nom. pl. walan, 1032 (cf. Bouterwek in Haupt XI., 85 +seqq.). + +walda, w. m., _wielder, ruler_: in comp. an-, eal-walda. + +wald-swaðu, st. f., _forest-path_: dat. pl. æfter wald-swaðum (_along the +wood-paths_), 1404. + +wam, wom, st. m., _spot, blot, sin_: acc. sg. him be-beorgan ne con wom +(_cannot protect himself from evil_ or _from the evil strange orders_, +etc.; wom = wogum? = _crooked_?), 1748; instr. pl. wommum, 3074. + +wan, won, adj., _wan, lurid, dark_: nom. sg, ȳð-geblond ... won (_the dark +waves_), 1375; se wonna hrefn (_the black raven_), 3025; wonna lēg (_lurid +flame_), 3116; dat. sg. f. on wanre niht, 703; nom. pl. neut. scadu-helma +ge-sceapu ... wan, 652. + +wang, st. m., _mead, field; place_: acc. sg. wang, 93, 225; wong, 1414, +2410, 3074; dat. sg. wange, 2004; wonge, 2243, 3040; acc. pl. wongas, +2463.--Comp.: freoðo-, grund-, medo-, sǣ-wang. + +wang-stede, st. m., (locus campestris), _spot, place_: dat. sg. wong-stede, +2787. + +wan-hȳd (for hygd), st. f., _heedlessness, recklessness_: dat. pl. for his +won-hȳdum, 434. + +wanian, w. v.: 1) intrans., _to decrease, wane_: inf. þā þæt sweord ongan +... wanian, 1608.--2) w. acc., _to cause to wane_ or _lessen_: pret. sg. hē +tō lange lēode mīne wanode, 1338. + +ge-wanian, _to decrease, diminish_: pret. part. is mīn flet-werod ... +ge-wanod, 477. + +wan-sǣlig, adj., _unhappy, wretched_: nom. sg. won-sǣlig wer (Grendel), +105. + +wan-sceaft, st. f., _misery, want_: acc. sg. won-sceaft, 120. + +warian, w. v. w. acc., _to occupy, guard, possess_: pres. sg. III. þǣr hē +hǣðen gold warað (_where he guards heathen gold_), 2278; pl. III. hīe +(Grendel and his mother) dȳgel land warigeað, 1359; pret. sg. (Grendel) +goldsele warode, 1254; (Cain) wēsten warode, 1266. + +waroð, st. m., _shore_: dat. sg. tō waroðe, 234; acc. pl. wide waroðas, +1966. + +waru, st. f., _inhabitants_, (collective) _population_: in comp. land-waru. + +wā, interj., _woe!_ wā bið þǣm þe... (_woe to him that..._), 183. + +wāðu, st. f., _way, journey_: in comp. gamen-wāðu. + +wānian, w. v., _to weep, whine, howl_, w. acc.: inf. gehȳrdon ... sār +wānigean helle hæftan (_they heard the hell-fastened one lamenting his +pain_), 788; pret. sg. [wānode], 3152(?). + +wāt. See witan. + +wæcean, w. v., _to watch_: pret. part wæccende, 709, 2842; acc. sg. m. +wæccendne wer, 1269. See wacian. + +wæcnan, w. v., _to be awake, come forth_: inf., 85. + +wæcnan, st. v., _to awake, arise, originate_: pret. sg. þanon (from Cain) +wōc fela geō-sceaft-gāsta, 1266; so, 1961; pl. þām fēower bearn ... in +worold wōcun, 60. + +on-wæcnan: 1) _to awake_ (intrans.): pret. sg. þā se wyrm on-wōc (_when the +drake awoke_), 2288.--2) _to be born_: pret. sg. him on-wōc hēah Healfdene, +56; pl. on-wōcon, 111. + +wæd, st. n., (the moving) _sea, ocean_: nom. wado weallende, 546; wadu +weallendu, 581; gen. pl. wada 508. + +wǣfre, adj., _wavering_ (like flame), _ghostlike, without distinct bodily +form_: nom. sg. wæl-gǣst wǣfre (of Grendel's mother), 1332;--_flickering, +expiring_: nom. sg. wǣfre mōd, 1151; him wæs geōmor sefa, wǣfre and +wæl-fūs, 2421. + +be-wægnan, w. v., _to offer_: pret part, him wæs ... frēond-laðu wordum +be-wægned, 1194. + +wæl, st. n., _battle, slaughter, the slain in battle_: acc. sg. wæl, 1213, +3028, blōdig wæl, 448; oððe on wæl crunge (_or in battle, among the slain, +fall_), 636; dat. sg. sume on wæle crungon (_some fell in the slaughter_), +1114; dat. sg. in Fr...es wæle (proper name in MS. destroyed), 1071; nom. +pl. walu, 1043. + +wæl-bed, st. n., _slaughter-bed, deathbed_: dat. sg. on wæl-bedde, 965. + +wæl-bend, st. f., _death-bond_: acc. sg. or pl. wæl-bende ... +hand-gewriðene, 1937. + +wæl-blēat, adj., _deadly, mortal, cruel_: acc. sg. wunde wæl-blēate, 2726. + +wæl-dēað, st. m., _death in battle_: nom. sg., 696. + +wæl-drēor, st. m., _battle-gore_: instr. sg. wæl-drēore, 1632. + +wæl-fāh, adj., _slaughter-stained, blood-stained_: acc. sg. wæl-fāgne +winter, 1129. + +wæl-fæhð, st. f., _deadly feud_: gen. pl. wæl-fǣhða, 2029. + +wæl-feall, st. m., _(fall of the slain), death, destruction_: dat. sg. tō +wæl-fealle, 1712. + +wæl-fūs, adj., _ready for death, foreboding death_: nom. sg., 2421. + +wæl-fyllo, st. f., _fill of slaughter_: dat. sg. mid þǣre wæl-fulle (i.e. +the thirty men nightly slaughtered at Heorot by Grendel), 125; wæl-fylla? +3155. + +wæl-fȳr, st. n.: 1) _deadly fire_: instr. sg. wæl-fȳre (of the +fire-spewing dragon), 2583.--2) _corpse-consuming fire, funeral pyre_: gen. +pl. wæl-fȳra mǣst, 1120. + +wæl-gǣst, st. m., _deadly sprite_ (of Grendel and his mother): nom. sg. +wæl-gǣst, 1332; acc. sg. þone wæl-gǣst, 1996. + +wæl-hlem, st. m., _death-stroke_: acc. sg. wæl-hlem þone, 1996. + +wælm, st. m., _flood, whelming water_: nom. sg. þǣre burnan wælm, 2547; +gen. sg. þæs wælmes (_of the surf_), 2136.--Comp. cear-wælm. + +wæl-nīð, st. m., _deadly hostility_: nom. sg., 3001; dat. sg. æfter +wæl-nīðe, 85; nom. pl. wæl-nīðas, 2066. + +wæl-rāp, st. m., _flood-fetter, i.e. ice_: acc. pl. wæl-rāpas, 1611; (cf. +wæll, wel, wyll = _well, flood_: leax sceal on wæle mid scēote scrīðan, +Gnom. Cott. 39). + +wæl-rǣs, st. m., _deadly onslaught_: nom. sg., 2948; dat. sg. wæl-rǣse, +825, 2532. + +wæl-rest, st. f., _death-bed_, acc. sg. wæl-reste, 2903. + +wæl-rēc, st. m., _deadly reek_ or _smoke_: acc. sg. wōd þā þurh þone +wæl-rēc, 2662. + +wæl-rēaf, st, n., _booty of the slain, battle-plunder_: acc. sg., 1206. + +wæl-rēow, adj., _bold in battle_: nom. sg., 630. + +wæl-sceaft, st. m., _deadly shaft, spear_: acc. pl. wæl-sceaftas, 398. + +wæl-seax, st. n., _deadly knife, war-knife_: instr. sg. wæll-seaxe, 2704. + +wæl-stenge, st. m., _battle-spear_: dat. sg. on þām wæl-stenge, 1639. + +wæl-stōw, st. f., _battle-field_: dat. sg. wæl-stōwe, 2052, 2985. + +wæstm, st. m., _growth, form, figure_: dat. sg. on weres wæstmum (_in man's +form_), 1353. + +wæter, st. n., _water_: nom. sg., 93, 1417, 1515, 1632; acc. sg. wæter, +1365, 1620; dēop wæter (_the deep_), 509, 1905; ofer wīd wæter (_over the +high sea]_, 2474; dat. sg. æfter wætere _(along the Grendel-sea_), 1426; +under wætere (_at the bottom of the sea_), 1657; instr. wætere, 2723; +wætre, 2855; gen. sg. ofer wæteres hrycg (_over the surface of the sea_), +471; on wæteres ǣht, 516; þurh wæteres wylm (_through the sea-wave_), 1694; +gen. = instr. wæteres weorpan (_to sprinkle with water_), 2792. + +wæter-egesa, st. m., _water-terror_, i.e. _the fearful sea_: acc. sg., 1261 + +wæter-ȳð, st. f., _water-wave, billow_: dat. pl. wæter-ȳðum, 2243. + +wǣd, st. f., _(weeds), garment_: in comp. here-, hilde-wǣd. + +ge-wǣde, st. n., _clothing_, especially _battle-equipments_: acc. pl. +gewǣdu, 292.--Comp. eorl-gewǣde. + +wǣg, st. m., _wave_: acc. sg. wǣg, 3133. + +wǣg-bora, w. m., _wave-bearer, swimmer_ (bearing or propelling the waves +before him): nom. sg. wundorlīc wǣg-bora (of a sea-monster), 1441. + +wǣg-flota, w. m., _sea-sailer, ship_: acc. sg. wēg-flotan, 1908. + +wǣg-holm, st. m., _the wave-filled sea_: acc. sg. ofer wǣg-holm, 217. + +wǣge, st. n., _cup, can_: acc. sg. fǣted wǣge, 2254, 2283.--Comp.: ealo-, +līð-wǣge. + +wǣg-līðend, pres. part., _sea-farer_: dat. pl. wǣg-līðendum (et līðendum, +MS.), 3160. + +wǣg-sweord, st. n., _heavy sword_: acc. sg., 1490. + +wǣn, st. m., _wain, wagon_: acc. sg. on wǣn, 3135. + +wǣpen, st. n., _weapon; sword_: nom. sg., 1661; acc. sg. wǣpen, 686, 1574, +2520, 2688; instr. wǣpne, 1665, 2966; gen. wǣpnes, 1468; acc. pl. wǣpen, +292; dat. pl. wǣpnum, 250, 331, 2039, 2396. --Comp.: hilde-, sige-wǣpen. + +wǣpned-man, st. m., _warrior, man_: dat. sg. wǣpned-men, 1285. + +wǣr, st. f., _covenant, treaty_: acc. sg. wǣre, 1101;--_protection, care_: +dat. sg. on frēan (on þæs waldendes) wǣre (_into God's protection_), 27, +3110.--Comp.: frioðo-wǣr. + +wǣsma, w. m., _fierce strength, war-strength_: in comp. here-wǣsma, 678. + +wē, pers. pron., _we_, 942, 959, 1327, 1653, 1819, 1820, etc. + +web, st. n., _woven work, tapestry_:, nom. pl. web, 996. + +webbe, w. f., _webster, female weaver_: in comp. freoðu-webbe. + +weccan, weccean, w. v. w. acc., _to wake, rouse; recall_: inf. wīg-bealu +weccan (_to stir up strife_), 2047; nalles hearpan swēg (sceal) wīgend +weccean (_the sound of the harp shall not wake up the warriors_), 3025; +ongunnon þā ... bǣl-fȳra mǣst wīgend weccan (_the warriors then began to +start the mightiest of funeral pyres_), 3145; pret. sg. wehte hine wætre +(_roused him with water_, i.e. Wīglāf recalled Bēowulf to consciousness), +2855. + +tō-weccan, _to stir up, rouse_: pret, pl. hū þā folc mid him (_with one +another_), fǣhðe tō-wehton, 2949. + +wed, st. n., (cf. wed-ding), _pledge_: dat. sg. hyldo tō wedde (_as a +pledge of his favor_), 2999. + +weder, st. n., _weather_: acc. pl. wuldor-torhtan weder, 1137; gen. pl. +wedera cealdost, 546. + +ge-wef, st. n., _woof, weaving_: acc. pl. wīg-spēda ge-wiofu (_the woof of +war-speed_: the battle-woof woven for weal or woe by the Walkyries; cf. +Njals-saga, 158), 698. + +weg, st. m., _way_: acc. sg. on weg (_away, off_), 264, 764, 845, 1431, +2097; gyf þū on weg cymest (_if thou comest off safe_, i.e. from the battle +with Grendel's mother), 1383.--Comp.: feor-, fold-, forð-, wīd-weg. + +wegan, st. v. w. acc., _to bear, wear, bring, possess_: subj. pres. nāh hwā +sweord wege (_I have none that may bear the sword_), 2253; inf. nalles +(sceal) eorl wegan māððum tō ge-myndum (_no earl shall wear a memorial +jewel_), 3016; pret. ind. hē þā frætwe wæg ... ofer ȳða ful (_bore the +jewels over the goblet of the waves_), 1208; wæl-seaxe ... þæt hē on byrnan +wæg, 2705; heortan sorge wæg (_bore heart's sorrow_); so, 152, 1778, 1932, +2781. + +æt-wegan = _auferre, to carry off_: syððan Hāma æt-wæg tō þǣre byrhtan +byrig Brōsinga mene (_since H. bore from the bright city the +Brōsing-collar_), 1199. + +ge-wegan (O.N. wega), _to fight_: inf. þē hē wið þām wyrme ge-wegan +sceolde, 2401. + +wēl, well, adv.: 1) _well_: wēl bið þǣm þe ... (_well for him that ...!_), +186; sē þe wēl þenceð (_he that well thinketh, judgeth_), 289; so, 640, +1046, 1822, 1834, 1952, 2602; well, 2163, 2813.--2) _very, very much_: Gēat +ungemetes wēl ... restan lyste (_the Geat longed sorely to rest_), +1793.--3) _indeed, to be sure_, 2571, 2856. + +wela, w. m., _wealth, goods, possessions_: in comp. ǣr-, burg-, hord-, +māððum-wela. + +wēl-hwylc, indef. pron., = quivis, _any you please, any_ (each, all): gen. +pl. wēl-hwylcra wilna, 1345; w. partitive gen.: nom. sg. witena wēl-hwylc, +266;--substantively: acc. neut. wēl-hwylc, 875. + +welig, adj., _wealthy, rich_: acc. sg. wīc-stede weligne Wǣgmundinga, 2608. + +wēl-þungen, pres. part., _well-thriven_ (in mind), _mature, high-minded_: +nom. sg. Hygd (wæs) swīðe geong, wīs, wēl-þungen, 1928. + +wenian, w. v., _to accustom, attract, honor_: subj. pret. þæt ... +Folcwaldan sunu ... Hengestes hēap hringum wenede (_sh. honor_), 1092. + +be-(bi-)wenian, _entertain, care for, attend_: pret. sg. mæg þæs þonne +of-þyncan þēoden Heaðo-beardna ... þonne hē mid fǣmnan on flet gǣð, +dryht-bearn Dena duguða bi-wenede (_may well displease the prince of the +H.... when he with the woman goes into the hall, that a noble scion of the +Danes should entertain, bear wine to, the knights_, cf. 494 seqq.; or, _a +noble scion of the Danes should attend on her?_), 2036; pret. part. nom. +pl. wǣron hēr tela willum be-wenede, 1822. + +wendan, w. v., _to turn_: pres. sg. III. him eal worold wendeð on willan +(_all the world turns at his will_), 1740. + +ge-wendan, w. acc.: l) _to turn, turn round_: pret. sg. wicg gewende +(_turned his horse_), 315.--2) _to turn_ (intrans.), _change_: inf. wā bið +þǣm þe sceal ... frōfre ne wēnan, wihte ge-wendan (_woe to him that shall +have no hope, shall not change at all_), 186. + +on-wendan, _to avert, set aside_: 1) w. acc.: inf. ne mihte snotor hæleð +wēan on-wendan, 191.--2) intrans.: sibb ǣfre ne mæg wiht on-wendan þām þe +wēl þenceð (_in, to, him that is well thinking friendship can not be set +aside_), 2602. + +wer, st. m., _man, hero_: nom. sg. (Grendel), 105; acc. sg. wer (Bēowulf), +1269, 3174; gen. sg. on weres wæstmum (_in man's form_), 1353; nom. pl. +weras, 216, 1223, 1234, 1441, 1651; dat. pl. werum, 1257; gen. pl. wera, +120, 994, 1732, 3001; (MS. weora), 2948. + +wered, st. n., (as adj. = _sweet_), _a sort of beer_ (probably without hops +or such ingredients): acc. sg. scīr wered, 496. + +were-feohte, f., _defensive fight, fight in self-defence_: dat. pl. for +were-fyhtum (fere fyhtum, MS.), 457. + +werhðo, st. f., _curse, outlawry, condemnation_: acc. sg. þū in helle +scealt werhðo drēogan, 590. + +werian, _to defend, protect_: w. vb., pres. sg. III. beaduscrūda ... þæt +mīne brēost wereð, 453; inf. wit unc wið hron-fixas werian þōhton, 541; +pres. part. w. gen. pl. wergendra tō lȳt (_too few defenders_), 2883; +pret. ind. wæl-rēaf werede (_guarded the battle-spoil_), 1206; se hwīta +helm hafelan werede (_the shining helm protected his head_), 1449; pl. +hafelan weredon, 1328; pret. part. nom. pl. gē ... byrnum werede (_ye_ ... +_corselet-clad_), 238, 2530. + +be-werian, _to protect, defend_: pret. pl. þæt hīe ... lēoda land-geweorc +lāðum be-weredon scuccum and scinnum (_that they the people's land-work +from foes, from monsters and demons, might defend_), 939 + +werig, adj., _accursed, outlawed_: gen. sg. wergan gāstes (Grendel), 133; +(of the devil), 1748. + +werod, weorod, st. n., _band of men, warrior-troop_: nom. sg. werod, 652; +weorod, 290, 2015, 3031; acc. sg. werod, 319; dat. instr. sg. weorode, +1012, 2347; werede, 1216; gen. sg. werodes, 259; gen. pl. wereda, 2187; +weoroda, 60.--Comp.: eorl-, flet-werod. + +wer-þēod, st. f., _people, humanity_: dat. sg. ofer wer-þēode, 900. + +wesan, v., _to be_: pres. sg. I. ic eom, 335, 407; II. þū eart, 352, 506; +III. is, 256, 272, 316, 343, 375, 473, etc.; nū is þīnes mægenes blǣd āne +hwīle (_the prime [fame?] of thy powers lasteth now for a while_), 1762; +ys, 2911, 3000, 3085; pl. I. wē synt, 260, 342; II. syndon, 237, 393; III. +syndon, 257, 361, 1231; synt, 364; sint, 388; subj. pres. sīe, 435, 683, +etc.; sȳ, 1832, etc.; sig, 1779, etc.; imper. sg. II. wes, 269 (cf. +wassail, wes hǣl), 407, 1171, 1220, 1225, etc.; inf. wesan, 272, 1329, +1860, 2709, etc. The inf. wesan must sometimes be supplied: nealles Hetware +hrēmge þorfton (i.e. wesan) fēðe-wīges, 2364; so, 2498, 2660, 618, 1858; +pres. part. wesende, 46; dat. sg. wesendum, 1188; pret. sg. I., III. wæs, +11, 12, 18, 36, 49, 53, etc.; wæs on sunde (_was a-swimming_), 1619; so, +848, 850(?), 970, 981, 1293; progressive, wæs secgende (for sǣde), 3029; +II. wǣre, 1479, etc.; pl. wǣron, 233, 536, 544, etc.; wǣran (w. reflex, +him), 2476; pret. subj. wǣre, 173, 203, 594, 946, etc.; progressive, +myndgiend wǣre (for myndgie), 1106.--Contracted neg. forms: , nis = ne + +is, 249, 1373, etc.; næs = ne + wæs, 134, 1300, 1922, 2193, etc. (cf. +uncontracted: ne wæs, 890, 1472); nǣron = ne + wǣron, 2658; nǣre = ne + +wǣre, 861, 1168. See cniht-wesende. + +wēg. See wǣg. + +wēn, st. f., _expectation, hope_: nom. sg., 735, 1874, 2324; nū is lēodum +wēn orleg-hwīle (gen.) (_now the people have weening of a time of strife_), +2911; acc. sg. þæs ic wēn hæbbe (_as I hope, expect_), 383; so, þæs þe ic +[wēn] hafo, 3001; wēn ic talige, 1846; dat. pl. bēga on wēnum _(in +expectation of both_, i.e. the death and the return of Bēowulf), 2896. See +or-wēna. + +wēnan, w. v., _to ween, expect, hope_: 1) absolutely; pres. sg. I. þæs ic +wēne (_as I hope_), 272; swā ic þē wēne tō _(as I hope thou wilt_: Bēowulf +hopes Hrōðgār will now suffer no more pain), 1397.--2) w. gen. or acc. +pres. sg. I. þonne wēne ic tō þē wyrsan ge-þinges, 525; ic þǣr heaðu-fȳres +hātes wēne, 2523; III. secce ne wēneð to Gār Denum (_weeneth not of contest +with the Gar-Danes_), 601; inf. (beorhtre bōte) wēnan (_to expect, count +on, a brilliant_ [? _a lighter penalty_] _atonement_), 157; pret. pl. þæs +ne wēndon ǣr witan Scyldinga þæt ... _the wise men of the Scyldings weened +not of this before, that_...), 779; þæt hig þæs æðelinges eft ne wēndon þæt +hē ... sēcean cōme _(that they looked not for the atheling again that he_ +... _would come to seek_ ...), 1598.--3) w. acc. inf.: pret. sg. wēnde, +934.--4) w. depend, clause: pres. sg. I. wēne ic þæt..., 1185; wēn' ic +þæt..., 338, 442; pret. sg. wēnde, 2330; pl. wēndon, 938, 1605. + +wēpan, st. v., _to weep_: pret. sg. [wēop], 3152 (?). + +werig, adj., _weary, exhausted_, w. gen.: nom. sg. siðes wērig (_weary from +the journey, way-weary_), 579; dat. sg. siðes wērgum, 1795;--w. instr.: +acc. pl. wundum wērge _(wound-weary_), 2938.--Comp.: dēað-, fyl-, +gūð-wērig. + +ge-werigean, w. v., _to weary, exhaust_: pret. part. ge-wērgad, 2853. + +wērig-mōd, adj., _weary-minded (animo defessus)_: nom. sg., 845, 1544. + +wēste, adj., _waste, uninhabited_: acc. sg. win-sele wēstne, 2457. + +wēsten, st. n., _waste, wilderness_: acc. sg. wēsten, 1266. + +wēsten, st. f., _waste, wilderness_: dat. sg. on þǣre wēstenne, 2299. + +weal, st. m.: 1 _wall, rampart_: dat. instr. sg. wealle, 786, 892, 3163; +gen. sg. wealles, 2308.--2) _elevated sea-shore_: dat. sg. of wealle, 229; +acc. pl. windige weallas, 572, 1225.--3) _wall of a building_: acc, sg. wið +þæs recedes weal, 326; dat. sg. be wealle, 1574; hence, the inner and outer +rock-walls of the dragon's lair (cf. Heyne's essay: Halle Heorot, p. 59): +dat. sg., 2308, 2527, 2717, 2760, 3061, 3104; gen. sg. wealles, +2324.--Comp.: bord-, eorð-, sǣ-, scyld-weal. + +ge-wealc, st. n., _rolling_: acc. sg. ofer ȳða ge-wealc, 464. + +ge-weald, st. n., _power, might_: acc. sg. on fēonda ge-weald _(into the +power of his foes_), 809, 904; so, 1685; geweald āgan, hæbban, ā-bēodan (w. +gen. of object = _to present) = to have power over_, 79, 655, 765, 951, +1088, 1611, 1728. See on-weald. + +wealdan, st. v., _to wield, govern, rule over, prevail_: 1) absolutely or +with depend, clause: inf. gif hē wealdan mōt (_if he may prevail_), 442; +þǣr hē ... wealdan mōste swā him Wyrd ne ge-scrāf (_if [where?] he was to +prevail, as Weird had not destined for him_), 2575; pres. part. waldend +(_God_), 1694; dat. wealdende, 2330; gen. waldendes, 2293, 2858, 3110.--2) +with instr. or dat.: inf. þām wǣpnum wealdan (_to wield, prevail with, the +weapons_), 2039; Gēatum wealdan (_to rule the Gēatas_), 2391; þēah-hordum +wealdan (_to rule over, control, the treasure of rings_), 2828; wæl-stōwe +wealdan (_to hold the field of battle_), 2985; pret. sg. wēold, 465, 1058, +2380, 2596; þenden wordum wēold wine Scyldinga (_while the friend of the S. +ruled the G._), 30; pl. wēoldon, 2052.--3) with gen.: pres. sg. I. þenden +ic wealde wīdan rīces, 1860; pres. part. wuldres wealdend(waldend), 17, +183, 1753; weard, 2514; the _'dragon_ is called ylda waldend, 1662; waldend +fīra, 2742; sigora waldend, 2876 (designations of God); pret. sg. wēold, +703, 1771. + +ge-wealdan, _to wield, have power over, arrange_: 1) w. acc.: pret. sg. +hālig god ge-wēold wīg-sigor, 1555.--2) w. dat.: pret. cyning ge-wēold his +ge-witte (_the king possessed his senses_), 2704.--3) w. gen.: inf. hē ne +mihte nō ... wǣpna ge-wealdan, 1510. + +ge-wealden, pret. part., _subject, subjected_: acc. pl. gedēð him swā +gewealdene worolde dǣlas, 1733. + +weallan, st. v.: 1) _to toss, be agitated_ (of the sea): pres. part. nom. +pl. wadu weallende (weallendu), 546, 581; nom. sg. brim weallende, 848; +pret. ind. wēol, 515, 850, 1132; wēoll, 2139.--2) figuratively (of +emotions), _to be agitated_: pres. pl. III. syððan Ingelde weallað +wæl-nīðas (_deadly hate thus agitates Ingeld_), 2066; pres. part. +weallende, 2465; pret. sg. hreðer inne wēoll (_his heart was moved within +him_), 2114; hreðer ǣðme wēoll (_his breast_ [the dragon's] _swelled from +breathing, snorting_), 2594; brēost innan wēoll þēostrum ge-þoncum, 2332; +so, wēoll, 2600, 2715, 2883. + +weall-clif, st. n., _sea-cliff_: acc. sg. ofer weall-clif, 3133. + +weallian, w. v., _to wander, rove about_: pres. part. in comp. +heoro-weallende, 2782. + +weard, st. m., _warden, guardian; owner_: nom. sg. weard Scyldinga (_the +Scyldings' warden of the march_), 229; weard, 286, 2240; se weard, sāwele +hyrde, 1742; the _king_ is called bēah-horda weard, 922; rīces weard, 1391; +folces weard, 2514; the _dragon_ is called weard, 3061; weard un-hīore, +2414; beorges weard, 2581; acc. sg, weard, 669; (dragon), 2842; beorges +weard (dragon), 2525, 3067.--Comp.: bāt-, ēðel-, gold-, hēafod-, hord-, +hȳð-, land-, rēn-, sele-, yrfe-weard. + +weard, st. m., _possession_ (Dietrich in Haupt XI., 415): in comp. +eorð-weard, 2335. + +weard, st. f., _watch, ward_: acc. sg. wearde healdan, 319; wearde hēold, +305.--Comp. ǣg-weard. + +weard, adj., _-ward_: in comp. and-, innan-, ūt-weard, 1288, etc. + +weardian, w. v. w. acc.: 1) _to watch, guard, keep_: inf. hē his folme +forlēt tō līf-wraðe, lāst weardian (_Grendel left his hand behind as a +life-saver, to guard his track_ [Kemble]), 972; pret. sg. him sīo swīðre +swaðe weardade hand on Hiorte (_his right hand kept guard for him in H._, +i.e. showed that he had been there), 2099; sg. for pl. hȳrde ic þæt þām +frætwum fēower mēaras lungre gelīce last weardode (_I heard that four +horses, quite alike, followed in the traces of the armor_), 2165.--2) _to +hold, possess, inhabit_: pret. sg. fīfel-cynnes eard ... weardode (_dwelt +in the abode of the sea-fiends_), 105; reced weardode un-rīm eorla (_an +immense number of earls held the hall_), 1238; pl. þǣr wē gesunde sæl +weardodon, 2076. + +wearh, st. m., _the accursed one; wolf_: in comp. heoro-wearg, 1268. + +wearn, st. f.: 1) _resistance, refusal_, 366.--2) _warning?, resistance?_ +See un-wearnum, 742. + +weaxan, st. v., _to wax, grow_: pres. sg. III. oð þæt him on innan +ofer-hygda dǣl weaxeð (_till within him pride waxeth_), 1742; inf. weaxan, +3116; pret. sg. wēox, 8. + +ge-weaxan, _to grow up_: pret. sg. oft þæt sēo geogoð ge-wēox, 66. + +ge-weaxan to, _to grow to_ or _for something_: pret. sg. ne ge-wēox hē him +to willan (_grew not for their benefit_), 1712. + +wēa, w. m., _woe, evil, misfortune_: nom. sg., 937; acc. sg. wean, 191, +423, 1207, 1992, 2293, 2938; gen. pl. wēana, 148, 934, 1151, 1397. + +wēa-lāf, st. f., _wretched remnant_: acc. pl. þā wēa-lāfe (_the wretched +remnant_, i.e. Finn's almost annihilated band), 1085, 1099. + +wēa-spel, st. n., _woe-spell, evil tidings_: dat. sg. wēa-spelle, 1316. + +ge-weoldum. See ge-wild. + +weorc, st. n.: 1) _work, labor, deed_: acc. sg., 74; (_war-deed_), 1657; +instr. sg. weorce, 1570; dat. pl. weorcum, 2097; wordum ne (and) worcum, +1101, 1834; gen. pl. worda and worca, 289.--2) _work, trouble, suffering_: +acc. sg. þæs gewinnes weorc (_misery on account of this strife_), 1722; +dat. pl. adv. weorcum (_with labor_), 1639.--Comp.: bǣdo-, ellen-, heaðo-, +niht-weorc. + +ge-weorc, st. n.: 1) _work, deed, labor_: nom. acc. sg., 455, 1563, 1682, +2718, 2775; gen. sg. ge-weorces, 2712. Comp.: ǣr-, fyrn-, gūð-, hond-, +nīð-ge-weorc.--2) _fortification, rampart_: in comp. land-geweorc, 939. + +weorce, adj., _painful, bitter_: nom. sg., 1419. + +weorð, st. n., _precious object, valuable_: dat. sg. weorðe, 2497. + +weorð, adj., _dear, precious_: nom. sg. weorð Denum æðeling (_the atheling +dear to the Danes_, Bēowulf), 1815; compar. nom. sg. þæt hē syððan wæs ... +māðme þȳ weorðra (_more honored from the jewel_), 1903; cf. wyrðe. + +weorðan, st. v.: 1) _to become_: pres. sg. III. beholen weorðeð (_is +concealed_), 414; underne weorðeð (_becomes known_), 2914; so, pl. III. +weorðað, 2067; wurðað, 282; inf. weorðan, 3179; wurðan, 808; pret. sg. I., +III. wearð, 6, 77, 149, 409, 555, 754, 768, 819, 824, etc.; pl. wurdon, +228; subj. pret. wurde, 2732.--2) inf. to frōfre weorðan (_to become a +help_), 1708; pret. sg. wearð hē Heaðolāfe tō hand-bonan, 460; so, wearð, +906, 1262; ne wearð Heremōd swā (i.e. to frōfre) eaforum Ecgwelan, 1710; +pl. wurdon, 2204; subj. pret. sg. II. wurde, 588.--3) pret. sg. þæt hē on +fylle wearð (_that he came to a fall_), 1545.--4) _to happen, befall_: inf. +unc sceal weorðan ... swā unc Wyrd ge-tēoð (_it shall befall us two as Fate +decrees_), 2527; þurh hwæt his worulde gedāl weorðan sceolde, 3069; pret. +sg. þā þǣr sōna wearð ed-hwyrft eorlum (_there was soon a renewal to the +earls_, i.e. of the former perils), 1281. + +ge-weorðan: 1) _to become_: pret. sg. ge-wearð, 3062; pret. part. cearu wæs +genīwod ge-worden (_care was renewed_), 1305; swā us ge-worden is, +3079.--2) _to finish; complete?_: inf. þæt þū ... lēte Sūð-Dene sylfe +ge-weorðan gūðe wið Grendel (_that thou wouldst let the S. D. put an end to +their war with Grendel_), 1997.--3) impersonally with acc., _to agree, +decide_: pret. sg. þā þæs monige ge-wearð þæt ... (_since many agreed that_ +...), 1599; pret. part. hafað þæs ge-worden wine Scyldinga, rīces hyrde, +and þæt rǣd talað þæt hē ... (_therefore hath it so appeared(?) advisable +to the friend of the S., the guardian of the realm, and he counts it a gain +that_ ...), 2027. + +weorð-ful, adj., _glorious, full of worth_: nom. sg. weorð-fullost, 3100. + +weorðian, w. v., _to honor, adorn_: pret. sg. þǣr ic ... þīne lēode +weorðode weorcum (_there honored I thy people by my deeds_), 2097; subj. +pret. (þæt hē) æt feoh-gyftum ... Dene weorðode (_that he would honor the +Danes at, by, treasure-giving_), 1091. + +ge-weorðian, ge-wurðian, _to deck, ornament_: pret. part. hire syððan wæs +æfter bēah-þege brēost ge-weorðod, 2177; wǣpnum ge-weorðad, 250; since +ge-weorðad, 1451; so, ge-wurðad, 331, 1039, 1646; wide ge-weorðad (_known, +honored, afar_), 1960. + +weorð-līce, adv., _worthily, nobly_: superl. weorð-līcost, 3163. + +weorð-mynd, st. f. n., _dignity, honor, glory_: nom. sg., 65; acc. sg. +geseah þā eald sweord ..., wigena weorðmynd (_saw an ancient sword there, +the glory of warriors_), 1560; dat. instr. pl. weorð-myndum, 8; tō +worð-myndum, 1187; gen. pl. weorð-mynda dǣl, 1753. + +weorðung, st. f., _ornament_: in comp. brēost-, hām-, heorft-, hring-, +wīg-weorðung. + +weorod. See werod. + +weorpan, st. v.: 1) _to throw, cast away_, w. acc.: pret. sg. wearp þā +wunden-mǣl wrǣttum gebunden yrre ōretta, þæt hit on eorðan læg (_the +wrathful warrior threw the ornamented sword, that it lay on the earth_), +1532.--2) _to throw around_ or _about_, w. instr.: pret. sg. beorges weard +. .. wearp wæl-fȳre (_threw death-fire around_), 2583.--3) _to throw +upon_: inf. hē hine eft ongan wæteres (instr. gen.) weorpan (_began to cast +water upon him again_), 2792. + +for-weorpan, w. acc., _to cast away, squander_: subj. pret. þæt hē gēnunga +gūð-gewǣdu wrāðe for-wurpe (_that he squandered uselessly the +battle-weeds_, i.e. gave them to the unworthy), 2873. + +ofer-weorpan, _to stumble_: pret. sg. ofer-wearp þā ... wigena strengest, +1544. + +weotian, w. v., _to provide with, adjust_(?): pret. part. acc. pl. +wæl-bende weotode, 1937. + +be-weotian, be-witian, w. v. w. acc., _to regard, observe, care for_: pres. +pl. III. be-witiað, 1136; pret. sg. þegn ... sē þe ... ealle be-weotede +þegnes þearfe (_who would attend to all the needs of a thane_), 1797; draca +sē þe ... hord be-weotode (_the drake that guarded a treasure_), 2213;--_to +carry out, undertake_: pres. pl. III. þā ... oft be-witigað sorh-fulne sīð +on segl-rāde, 1429. + +wicg, st. n., _steed, riding-horse_: nom. sg., 1401; acc. sg. wicg, 315; +dat. instr. sg. wicge, 234; on wicge, 286; acc. pl. wicg, 2175; gen. pl. +wicga, 1046. + +ge-widor, st. n., _storm, tempest_: acc. pl. lāð ge-widru (_loathly +weather_), 1376. + +wið prep. w. dat. and acc., with fundamental meanings of division and +opposition: 1) w. dat., _against, with_ (in hostile sense), _from_: þā wið +gode wunnon, 113; āna (wan) wið eallum, 145; ymb feorh sacan, lāð wið +lāðum, 440; so, 426, 439, 550, 2372, 2521, 2522, 2561, 2840, 3005; þæt him +holt-wudu ... helpan ne meahte, lind wið līge, 2342; hwæt ... sēlest wǣre +wið fǣr-gryrum tō ge-fremmanne, 174; þæt him gāst-bona gēoce gefremede wið +þēod-þrēaum, 178; wið rihte wan (_strove against right_), 144; hæfde ... +sele Hrōðgāres ge-nered wið nīðe (_had saved H.'s hall from strife_), 828; +(him dyrne langað ...) beorn wið blōde (_the hero longeth secretly contrary +to his blood_, i.e. H. feels a secret longing for the non-related Bēowulf), +1881; sundur ge-dǣlan līf wið līce (_to sunder soul from body_), 2424; +strēamas wundon sund wið sande (_the currents rolled the sea against the +sand_), 213; līg-ȳðum forborn bord wið ronde (rond, MS.) (_with waves of +flame burnt the shield against, as far as, the rim_), 2674; holm storme +wēol, won wið winde (_the sea surged, wrestled with the wind_), 1133; so, +hiora in ānum wēoll sefa wið sorgum (_in one of them surged the soul with +sorrow_ [_against_?, Heyne]), 2601; þæt hire wið healse heard grāpode +(_that the sharp sword bit against her neck_), 1567.--2) w. acc.: a) +_against, towards_: wan wið Hrōðgār (_fought against H._), 152; wið fēonda +gehwone, 294; wið wrāð werod, 319; so, 540, 1998, 2535; hine hālig god ūs +on-sende wið Grendles gryre, 384; þæt ic wið þone gūð-flogan gylp +ofer-sitte (_that I refrain from boastful speech against the +battle-flier_), 2529; ne wolde wið manna ge-hwone ... feorh-bealo feorran +(_would not cease his life-plotting against any of the men_; or, _withdraw +life-bale from_, etc.? or, _peace would not have with any man..., mortal +bale withdraw_?, Kemble), 155; ic þā lēode wāt gē wið fēond gē wið frēond +fæste geworhte (_towards foe and friend_), 1865; hēold hēah-lufan wið +hæleða brego (_cherished high love towards the prince of heroes_), 1955; +wið ord and wið ecge ingang forstōd (_prevented entrance to spear-point and +sword-edge_), 1550. b) _against, on, upon, in_: setton sīde scyldas ... wið +þæs recedes weal (_against the wall of the hall_), 326; wið eorðan fæðm +(eardodon) (_in the bosom of the earth_), 3050; wið earm ge-sæt (_sat on, +against, his arm_), 750; so, stīð-mōd ge-stōd wið stēapne rond, 2567; [wið +duru healle ēode] (_went to the door of the hall_), 389; wið Hrefna-wudu +(_over against, near, H._), 2926; wið his sylfes sunu setl ge-tǣhte +(_showed me to a seat with, near, beside, his own son_), 2014. c) _towards, +with_ (of contracting parties): þæt hīe healfre ge-weald wið Eotena bearn +āgan mōston (_that they power over half the hall with the Eotens' sons were +to possess_), 1089; þenden hē wið wulf wæl rēafode (_whilst with the wolf +he was robbing the slain_), 3028.--3) Alternately with dat. and acc., +_against_: nū wið Grendel sceal, wið þām āglǣcan, āna gehegan þing wið +þyrse, 424-426;--_with, beside_: ge-sæt þā wið sylfne..., mǣg wið mǣge, +1978-79. + +wiðer-gyld, st. n., _compensation_: nom. sg., 2052, [proper name?]. + +wiðer-ræhtes, adv., _opposite, in front of_, 3040. + +wiðre, st. n., _resistance_: gen. sg. wiðres ne truwode, 2954. + +wiht, st. f.: 1) _wight, creature, demon_: nom. sg. wiht unhǣlo (_the demon +of destruction_, Grendel), 120; acc. sg. syllīcran wiht (the dragon), +3039.--2) _thing, something, aught_: nom. sg. w. negative, nē hine wiht +dweleð (_nor does aught check him_), 1736; him wiht ne spēow (_it helped +him naught_), 2855; acc. sg. nē him þæs wyrmes wīg for wiht dyde (_nor did +he count the worm's warring for aught_), 2349; ne meahte ic ... wiht +gewyrcan _(I could not do aught_ ...), 1661;--w. partitive gen.: nō ... +wiht swylcra searo-niða, 581;--the acc. sg. = adv. like Germ. _nicht_: nē +hīe hūru wine-drihten wiht ne lōgon (_did not blame their friendly lord +aught_), 863; so, ne wiht = _naught, in no wise_, 1084, 2602, 2858; nō +wiht, 541; instr. sg. wihte (_in aught, in any way_), 1992; ne ... wihte +(_by no means_), 186, 2278, 2688; wihte ne, 1515, 1996, 2465, 2924.--Comp.: +ā-wiht (āht = _aught_), æl-wiht, ō-wiht. + +wil-cuma, w. m., _one welcome_ (qui gratus advenit): nom. pl. wil-cuman +Denigea lēodum (_welcome to the people of the Danes_), 388; so, him (the +lord of the Danes) wil-cuman, 394; wil-cuman Wedera lēodum (_welcome to the +Gēatas_), 1895. + +ge-wild, st. f., _free-will_? dat. pl. nealles mid ge-weoldum (_sponte, +voluntarily_, Bugge), 2223. + +wil-dēor (for wild-dēor), st. n., _wild beast_: acc. pl. wil-dēor, 1431. + +wil-gesīð, st. m., _chosen_ or _willing companion_: nom. pl. -ge-sīðas, 23. + +wil-geofa, w. m., _ready giver_ (= voti largitor: princely designation), +_joy-giver_?: nom. sg. wil-geofa Wedra lēoda, 2901. + +willa, w. m.: 1) _will, wish, desire, sake_: nom. sg. 627, 825; acc. sg. +willan, 636, 1740, 2308, 2410; instr. sg. ānes willan (_for the sake of +one_), 3078; so, 2590; dat. sg. tō willan, 1187, 1712; instr. pl. willum +(_according to wish_), 1822; sylfes willum, 2224, 2640; gen. pl. wilna, +1345.--2) _desirable thing, valuable_: gen. pl. wilna, 661, 951. + +willan, aux. v., _will_: in pres. also _shall_ (when the future action is +depend. on one's free will): pres. sg. I. wille ic ā-secgan (_I will set +forth, tell out_), 344; so, 351, 427; ic tō sǣ wille (_I will to sea_), +318; wylle, 948, 2149, 2513; sg. II. þū wylt, 1853; sg. III. hē wile, 346, +446, 1050, 1182, 1833; wyle, 2865; wille, 442, 1004, 1185, 1395; ǣr hē in +wille (_ere he will in_, i.e. go or flee into the fearful sea), 1372; +wylle, 2767; pl. I. wē ... wyllað, 1819; pret. sg. I., III. wolde, 68, 154, +200, 646, 665, 739, 756, 797, 881, etc.; nō ic fram him wolde (i.e. +flēotan), 543; so, swā hē hira mā wolde (i.e. ā-cwellan), 1056; pret. pl. +woldon, 482, 2637, 3173; subj. pret., 2730.--Forms contracted w. negative: +pres. sg. I. nelle (= ne + wille, _I will not_, nolo), 680, 2525(?); pret. +sg. III. nolde (= ne + wolde), 792, 804, 813, 1524; w. omitted inf. þā +metod nolde, 707, 968; pret. subj. nolde, 2519. + +wilnian, w. v., _to long for, beseech_: inf. wēl bið þǣm þe mōt ... tō +fæder fæðmum freoðo wilnian (_well for him that may beseech protection in +the Father's arms_), 188. + +wil-sīð, st. m., _chosen journey_: acc. sg. wil-sīð, 216. + +ge-win, st. n.: 1) _strife, struggle, enmity, conflict_: acc. sg., 878; þā +hīe ge-win drugon (_endured strife_), 799; under ȳða ge-win (_under the +tumult of the waves_), 1470; gen. sg. þæs ge-winnes weorc (_misery for this +strife_), 1722.--2) _suffering, oppression_: nom. sg., 133, 191; acc. sg. +eald ge-win, 1782.--Comp.: fyrn-, ȳð-ge-win. + +wīn-ærn, st. n., _hall of hospitality, hall, wine-hall_: gen. sg. +wīn-ærnes, 655. + +wind, st. m., _wind, storm_: nom. sg., 547, 1375, 1908; dat. instr. sg. +winde, 217; wið winde, 1133. + +windan, st. v.: 1) intrans., _to wind, whirl_: pret. sg. wand tō wolcnum +wæl-fȳra mǣst, 1120.--2) w. acc., _to twist, wind, curl_: pret. pl. +strēamas wundon sund wið sande, 212; pret. part. wunden gold (_twisted, +spirally-twined, gold_), 1194, 3135; instr. pl. wundnum (wundum, MS.) +golde, 1383. + +æt-windan, _to wrest one's self from, escape_: pret. sg. sē þǣm fēonde +æt-wand, 143. + +be-windan, _to wind with_ or _round, clasp, surround, envelop_ (involvere): +pret. sg. þē hit (the sword) mundum be-wand, 1462; pret. part. wīrum +be-wunden (_wound with wires_) 1032; feorh ... flǣsce be-wunden +(_flesh-enclosed_), 2425; gār ... mundum be-wunden (_a spear grasped with +the hands_), 3023; iū-manna gold galdre be-wunden (_spell-encircled gold_), +3053; (āstāh ...) lēg wōpe be-wunden (_uprose the flame mingled with a +lament_), 3147. + +ge-windan, _to writhe, get loose, escape_: inf. wīdre ge-windan (_to flee +further_), 764; pret. sg. on flēam ge-wand, 1002. + +on-windan, _to unwind, loosen_: pres. sg. (þonne fæder) on-windeð +wæl-rāpas, 1611. + +win-dæg, st. m., _day of struggle_ or _suffering_: dat. pl. on þyssum +win-dagum (_in these days of sorrow_, i.e. of earthly existence), 1063. + +wind-bland (blond), st. n., _wind-roar_: nom. sg., 3147. + +wind-gereste, f., _resting-place of the winds_: acc. sg., 2457. + +windig, adj., _windy_: acc. pl. windige (weallas, næssas), 572, 1359; +windige weallas (wind geard weallas, MS.), 1225. + +wine, st. m., _friend, protector_, especially the _beloved ruler_: nom. sg. +wine Scyldinga, lēof land-fruma (Scyld), 30; wine Scyldinga (Hrōðgār), 148, +1184. As vocative: mīn wine, 2048; wine mīn, Bēowulf (Hunferð), 457, 530, +1705; acc. sg. holdne wine (Hrōðgār), 376; wine Deniga, Scyldinga, 350, +2027; dat. sg. wine Scyldinga, 170; gen. sg. wines (Bēowulf), 3097; acc. +pl. wine, 21; dat. pl. Denum eallum, winum Scyldinga, 1419; gen. pl. +winigea lēasum, 1665; winia bealdor, 2568.--Comp.: frēa-, frēo-, gold-, +gūð-, mǣg-wine. + +wine-dryhten, st. m., (dominus amicus), _friendly lord, lord and friend_: +acc. sg. wine-drihten, 863, 1605; wine-dryhten, 2723, 3177; dat. sg. +wine-drihtne, 360. + +wine-geōmor, adj., _friend-mourning_: nom. sg., 2240. + +wine-lēas, adj., _friendless_: dat. sg. wine-lēasum, 2614. + +wine-mǣg, st. m., _dear kinsman_: nom. pl. wine-māgas, 65. + +ge-winna, w. m., _striver, struggler, foe_: comp. eald-, ealdor-gewinna. + +winnan, st. v., _to struggle, fight_: pret. sg. III. wan āna wið eallum, +144; Grendel wan ... wið Hrōðgār, 151; holm ... won wið winde (_the sea +fought with the wind_: cf. wan wind endi water, Heliand, 2244), 1133; II. +eart þū se Bēowulf, sē þe wið Brecan wunne, 506; pl. wið gode wunnon, 113; +þǣr þā graman wunnon (_where the foes fought_), 778. + +wīn-reced, st. n., _wine-hall, guest-hall, house for entertaining guests_: +acc. sg., 715, 994. + +wīn-sele, st. m., the same, _wine-hall_: nom. sg., 772; dat. sg. wīn-sele, +696 (cf. Heliand Glossary, 369 [364]). + +winter, st. m. n.: 1) _winter_: nom. sg., 1133, 1137; acc. sg. winter, +1129; gen. sg. wintres, 516.--2) _year_ (counted by winters): acc. pl. +fīftig wintru (neut.), 2210; instr. pl. wintrum, 1725, 2115, 2278; gen. pl. +wintra, 147, 264, 1928, 2279, 2734, 3051. + +wintre, adj., _so many winters_ (old): in comp. syfan-wintre. + +ge-wislīce, adv., _certainly, undoubtedly_: superl. gewislīcost, 1351. + +wist, st. f., fundamental meaning = _existentia_, hence: 1) _good +condition, happiness, abundance_: dat. sg. wunað hē on wiste, 1736.--2) +_food, subsistence, booty_: dat. sg. þā wæs æfter wiste wōp up ā-hafen (_a +cry was then uplifted after the meal_, i.e. Grendel's meal of thirty men), +128. + +wist-fyllo, st. f., _fulness_ or _fill of food, rich meal_: gen. sg. +wist-fylle, 735. + +wit, st. n., (wit), _understanding_: nom. sg., 590.--Comp.: fyr-, in-wit. + +ge-wit, st. n.: 1) _consciousness_. dat. sg. ge-wēold his ge-witte, +2704.--2) _heart, breast_: dat. sg. fȳr unswīðor wēoll (_the fire surged +less strongly from the dragon's breast_), 2883. + +wit, pers. pron. dual of wē, _we two_, 535, 537, 539, 540, 544, 1187, etc. +See unc, uncer. + +wita, weota, w. m., _counsellor, royal adviser_; pl., _the king's council +of nobles_: nom. pl. witan, 779: gen. pl. witena, 157, 266, 937 weotena, +1099.--Comp.: fyrn-, rūn-wita. + +witan, pret.-pres. v., _to wot, know_. 1) w. depend, clause: pres. sg. I., +III. wāt, 1332, 2657; ic on Higelāce wāt þæt hē ... (_I know as to H., that +he_ ...), 1831; so, god wāt on mec þæt ...(_God knows of me, that_ ...), +2651; sg. II. þū wāst, 272; weak pret. sg. I., III. wiste, 822; wisse, +2340, 2726; pl. wiston, 799, 1605; subj. pres. I. gif ic wiste, 2520.--2) +w. acc. and inf.: pres. sg. I. ic wāt, 1864.--3) w. object, predicative +part, or adj.: pret. sg. III. tō þæs hē win-reced ... gearwost wisse, +fǣttum fāhne, 716; so, 1310; wiste þǣm āhlǣcan hilde ge-binged, 647.--4) w. +acc., _to know_: inf. witan, 252, 288; pret. sg. wisse, 169; wiste his +fingra ge-weald on grames grāpum, 765; pl. II. wisson, 246; wiston, 181. + +nāt = ne + wāt, _I know not_: 1) elliptically with hwylc, indef. pronoun = +_some or other_: sceaða ic nāt hwylc.--2) w. gen. and depend. clause: nāt +hē þāra gōda, þæt hē mē on-gēan slēa, 682. + +ge-witan, _to know, perceive_: inf. þæs þe hīe gewis-līcost ge-witan +meahton, 1351. + +be-witian. See be-weotian. + +wītig, adj., _wise, sagacious_: nom. sg. wītig god, 686, 1057; wītig +drihten (God), 1555; wittig drihten, 1842. + +ge-wittig, adj., _conscious_: nom. sg. 3095. + +ge-wītnian, w. v., _to chastise, punish_: wommum gewītnad (_punished with +plagues_), 3074. + +wīc, st. n., _dwelling, house_: acc. sg. wīc, 822, 2590;--often in pl. +because houses of nobles were complex: dat. wīcum, 1305, 1613, 3084; gen. +wīca, 125, 1126. + +ge-wīcan, st. v., _to soften, give way, yield_ (here chiefly of swords): +pret. sg. ge-wāc, 2578, 2630. + +wīc-stede, st. m., _dwelling-place_: nom. sg. 2463; acc. sg. wīc-stede, +2608. + +wīd, adj., _wide, extended_: 1) space: acc. sg. neut. ofer wīd wæter, 2474; +gen. sg. wīdan rīces, 1860; acc. pl. wīde sīðas, waroðas, 878, 1966.--2) +temporal: acc. sg. wīdan feorh (acc. of time), 2015; dat. sg. tō wīdan +feore, 934. + +wīde, adv., _widely, afar_, 18, 74, 79, 266, 1404, 1589, 1960, etc.; wīde +cūð (_widely, universally, known_), 2136, 2924; so, underne wīde, 2914; +wīde geond eorðan (_over the whole earth, widely_), 3100;--modifier of +superl.: wreccena wīde mǣrost (_the most famous of wanderers, exiles_), +899.--Compar. wīdre, 764. + +wīd-cūð, adj., _widely known, very celebrated_: nom. sg. neut., 1257; acc. +sg. m. wīd-cūðne man (Bēowulf), 1490; wīd-cūðne wēan, 1992; wīd-cūðes +(Hrōðgār), 1043. + +wīde-ferhð, st. m. n., (_long life_), _great length of time_: acc. sg. as +acc. of time: wīde-ferhð (_down to distant times, always_), 703, 938; ealne +wīde-ferhð, 1223. + +wīd-floga, w. m., _wide-flier_ (of the dragon): nom. sg., 2831; acc. sg. +wīd-flogan, 2347. + +wīd-scofen, pret. part., _wide-spread_? _causing fear far and wide_? 937. + +wīd-weg, st. m., _wide way, long journey_: acc. pl. wīd-wegas, 841, 1705. + +wīf, st. n., _woman, lady, wife_: nom. sg. frēo-līc wīf (Queen Wealhþēow), +616; wīf un-hȳre (Grendel's mother), 2121; acc. sg. drihtlīce wīf (Finn's +wife), 1159; instr. sg. mid þȳ wīfe (Hrōðgār's daughter, Frēawaru), 2029; +dat. sg. þām wīfe (Wealhþēow), 640; gen. sg. wīfes (as opposed to _man_), +1285; gen. pl. wera and wīfa, 994.--Comp.: āglǣc-, mere-wīf. + +wīf-lufe, w. f., _wife-love, love for a wife, woman's love_: nom. pl. +wīf-lufan, 2066. + +wīg, st. m.: 1) _war, battle_: nom. sg., 23, 1081, 2317, 2873; acc. sg., +686, 1084, 1248; dat. sg. wīge, wigge, 1338, 2630, 1657, 1771; as instr., +1085; ; gen. sg. wīges, 65, 887, 1269.--2) _valor, warlike prowess_: nom. +sg. wæs his mōd-sefa manegum ge-cȳðed, wīg and wīsdōm, 350; wīg, 1043; wīg +... eafoð and ellen, 2349; gen. sg. wīges, 2324.--Comp. fēðe-wīg. + +wiga, w. m., _warrior, fighter_: nom. sg., 630; dat. pl. wigum, 2396; gen. +pl. wigena, 1544, 1560, 3116.--Comp.: æsc-, byrn-, gār-, gūð-, lind-, +rand-, scyld-wiga. + +wīgan, st. v., _to fight_: pres. sg. III. wīgeð, 600; inf., 2510. + +wīgend, pres. part., _fighter, warrior_: nom. sg., 3100; nom. pl. wīgend, +1126, 1815, 3145; acc. pl. wīgend, 3025; gen. pl. wīgendra, 429, 900, 1973, +2338.--Comp. gārwīgend. + +wīg-bealu, st. n., _war-bale, evil contest_: acc. sg., 2047. + +wīg-bil, st. n., _war-bill, battle-sword_: nom. sg., 1608. + +wīg-bord, st. n., _war-board_ or _shield_: acc. sg., 2340. + +wīg-cræft, st. m., _war-power_: acc. sg., 2954. + +wīg-cræftig, adj., _vigorous in fight, strong in war_: acc. sg. +wīg-cræftigne (of the sword Hrunting), 1812. + +wīg-freca, w. m., _war-wolf, war-hero_: acc. sg. wīg-frecan, 2497; nom. pl. +wīg-frecan, 1213. + +wīg-fruma, w. m., _war-chief_ or _king_: nom. sg., 665; acc. sg. +wīg-fruman, 2262. + +wīg-geatwe, st. f. pl., _war-ornaments, war-gear_: dat. pl. on wīg-geatwum +(-getawum, MS.), 368. + +wīg-ge-weorðad, pret. part., _war-honored, distinguished in war_, 1784? See +Note. + +wīg-gryre, st. m., _war-horror_ or _terror_: nom. sg., 1285. + +wīg-hete, st. m., _war-hate, hostility_: nom. sg., 2121. + +wīg-heafola, w. m., _war head-piece, helmet_: acc. sg. wīg-heafolan, +2662.--Leo. + +wīg-hēap, st. m., _war-band_: nom sg., 447. + +wīg-hryre, st. m., _war-ruin, slaughter, carnage_: acc. sg., 1620. + +wīg-sigor, st. m., _war-victory_: acc. sg., 1555. + +wīg-sped, st. f.?, _war-speed, success in war_: gen. pl. wīg-spēda, 698. + +wīg-weorðung, st. f., _idol-worship, idolatry, sacrifice to idols_: acc. +pl. -weorðunga, 176. + +wīn, st. n., _wine_: acc. sg., 1163, 1234; instr. wīne, 1468. + +wīr, st. n., _wire, spiral ornament of wire_: instr. pl. wīrum, 1032; gen. +pl. wīra, 2414. + +wīs, adj., _wise, experienced, discreet_: nom. sg. m. wīs (_in his mind, +conscious_), 3095; f. wīs, 1928; in w. form, se wīsa, 1401, 1699, 2330; +acc. sg. þone wīsan, 1319; gen. pl. wīsra, 1414; w. gen. nom. sg. wīs +wordcwida (_wise of speech_), 1846. + +wīsa, w. m., _guide, leader_: nom. sg. werodes wīsa, 259.--Comp.: brim-, +here-, hilde-wīsa. + +wīscte. See wȳscan. + +wīs-dōm, st. m., _wisdom, experience_: nom. sg., 350; instr. sg. wīs-dōme, +1960. + +wīse, w. f., _fashion, wise, custom_: acc. sg. (instr.) ealde wīsan (_after +ancient custom_), 1866. + +wīs-fæst, adj., _wise, sagacious_ (sapientiā firmus): nom. sg. f., 627. + +wīs-hycgende, pres. part. _wise-thinking, wise_, 2717. + +wīsian, w. v., _to guide_ or _lead to, direct, point out_: 1) w. acc.: inf. +hēan wong wīsian, 2410; pret. sg. secg wīsade land-gemyrcu, 208.--2) w. +dat.: pres. sg. I. ic ēow wīsige (_I shall guide you_), 292, 3104; pret. +sg. sē þǣm heaðo-rincum hider wīsade, 370; sōna him sele-þegn ... forð +wīsade _(the hall-thane led him thither forthwith_, i.e. to his couch), +1796; stīg wīsode gumum æt-gædere, 320; so, 1664.--3) w. prep.?: pret. sg. +þā secg wīsode under Heorotes hrōf (_when the warrior showed them the way +under Heorot's roof_, [but under H.'s hrōf depends rather on snyredon +ætsomne]), 402. + +wītan, st. v., properly _to look at; to look at with censure, to blame, +reproach, accuse_, w. dat. of pers. and acc. of thing: inf. for-þām mē +wītan ne þearf waldend fīra morðor-bealo māga, 2742. + +æt-wītan, _to blame, censure_ (cf. 'twit), w. acc. of thing: pret. pl. +æt-witon wēana dǣl, 1151. + +ge-wītan, properly _spectare aliquo; to go_ (most general verb of motion): +1) with inf. after verbs of motion: pret. sg. þanon eft ge-wāt ... tō hām +faran, 123; so, 2570; pl. þanon eft gewiton ... mēarum rīdan, 854. +Sometimes with reflex, dat.: pres. sg. him þā Scyld ge-wāt ... fēran on +frēan wǣre, 26; gewāt him ... rīdan, 234; so, 1964; pl. ge-witon, 301.--2) +associated with general infinitives of motion and aim: imper. pl. ge-wītað +forð beran wǣpen and gewǣdu, 291; pret. sg. ge-wāt þā nēosian hēan hūses, +115; hē þā fāg ge-wāt ... man-drēam flēon, 1264; nyðer eft gewāt dennes +nīosian, 3045; so, 1275, 2402, 2820. So, with reflex, dat.: him eft gewāt +... hāmes nīosan, 2388; so, 2950; pl. ge-witon, 1126.--3) without inf. and +with prep, or adv.: pres. sg. III. þǣr firgen-strēam under næssa genipu +niðer ge-wīteð, 1361; ge-wīteð on sealman, 2461; inf. on flōdes ǣht feor +ge-wītan, 42; pret. sg. ge-wāt, 217; him ge-wāt, 1237, 1904; of līfe, +ealdre ge-wāt (_died_), 2472, 2625; fyrst forð ge-wāt (_time went on_), +210; him ge-wāt ūt of healle, 663; ge-wāt him hām, 1602; pret. part. dat. +sg. mē forð-ge-witenum (_me defuncto, I dead_), 1480. + +oð-wītan, _to blame, censure, reproach_: inf. ne þorfte him þā lēan +oð-wītan mon on middan-gearde, 2997. + +wlanc, wlonc, adj., _proud, exulting_: nom. sg. wlanc, 341; w. instr. ǣse +wlanc (_proud of, exulting in, her prey, meal_), 1333; wlonc, 331; w. gen. +māðm-ǣhta wlonc (_proud of the treasures_), 2834; gen. sg. wlonces, +2954.--Comp. gold-wlanc. + +wlātian, w. v., _to look_ or _gaze out, forth_: pret. sg. sē þe ǣr ... feor +wlātode, 1917. + +wlenco, st. f., _pride, heroism_: dat. sg. wlenco, 338, 1207; wlence, 508. + +wlite, st. m. _form, noble form, look, beauty_: nom. sg., 250. + +wlite-beorht, adj., _beauteous, brilliant in aspect_: acc. sg. +wlite-beorhtne wang, 93. + +wlite-sēon, st. n. f., _sight, spectacle_: acc. sg., 1651. + +wlitig, adj., _beautiful, glorious, fair in form_: acc. sg. wlitig +(sweord), 1663. + +wlītan, st. v., _to see, look, gaze_: pret. sg. hē æfter recede wlāt +(_looked along the hall_), 1573; pret. pl. on holm wliton (_looked on the +sea_), 1593; wlitan on Wīglāf, 2853. + +geond-wlītan, w. acc., _to examine, look through, scan_: inf. wrǣte +giond-wlītan, 2772. + +wōh-bogen, pret. part., (_bent crooked), crooked, twisted_: nom. sg. wyrm +wōh-bogen, 2828. + +wolcen, st. n. m., _cloud_ (cf. welkin): dat. pl. under wolcnum (_under the +clouds, on earth_), 8, 652, 715, 1771; tō wolcnum, 1120, 1375. + +wollen-tēar, adj., _tear-flowing, with flowing tears_: nom. pl. +wollen-tēare, 3033. + +wom. See wam. + +won. See wan. + +worc. See weorc. + +word, st. n.: 1) _word, speech_: nom. sg., 2818; acc. sg. þæt word, 655, +2047; word, 315, 341, 390, 871, 2552; instr. sg. worde, 2157; gen. sg. +wordes, 2792; nom. pl. þā word, 640; word, 613; acc. pl. word (of an +alliterative song), 871; instr. pl, wordum, 176, 366, 627, 875, 1101, 1173, +1194, 1319, 1812, etc.; ge-saga him wordum (_tell them in words, +expressly_), 388. The instr. wordum accompanies biddan, þancian, be-wægnan, +secgan, hērgan, to emphasize the verb, 176, 627, 1194, 2796, 3177; gen. pl. +worda, 289, 398, 2247, 2263(?), 3031.--2) _command, order_: gen. sg. his +wordes geweald habban (_to rule, reign_), 79; so, instr. pl. wordum wēold, +30.--Comp.: bēot-, gylp-, meðel-, þrȳð-word. + +word-cwide, st. m., (_word-utterance_), _speech_: acc. pl. word-cwydas, +1842; dat. pl. word-cwydum, 2754; gen. pl. word-cwida, 1846. + +word-gid, st. m, _speech, saying_: acc. sg. word-gyd, 3174. + +word-hord, st. n., _word-hoard, treasury of speech, mouth_: acc. sg. +word-hord on-lēac (_unlocked his word-hoard_, opened his mouth, spoke), +259. + +word-riht, st. n., _right speech, suitable word_: gen. pl. Wīglāf maðelode +word-rihta fela, 2632. + +worð-mynd. See weorð-mynd. + +worðig (for weorðig), st. m., _palace, estate, court_: acc. sg. on worðig +(_into the palace_), 1973. + +worn, st. n., _multitude, number_: acc. sg. worn eall (_very many_), 3095; +wintra worn (_many years_), 264; þonne hē wintrum frōd worn ge-munde (_when +he old in years thought of their number_), 2115. Used with fela to +strengthen the meaning: nom. acc. sg. worn fela, 1784; hwæt þū worn fela +... sprǣce (_how very much thou hast spoken!_), 530; so, eal-fela +eald-gesegena worn, 871; gen. pl. worna fela, 2004, 2543. + +woruld, worold, st. f., _humanity, world, earth_: nom. sg. eal worold, +1739; acc. sg. in worold (wacan) (_to be born, come into the world_), 60; +worold oflǣtan, of-gifan (_die_), 1184, 1682; gen. sg. worolde, 951, 1081, +1388, 1733; worulde, 2344; his worulde ge-dāl (_his separation from the +world, death_), 3069; worolde brūcan (_to enjoy life, live_), 1063; worlde, +2712. + +worold-ār, st. f., _worldly honor_ or _dignity_: acc. sg. worold-āre, 17. + +woruld-candel, st. f., _world-candle, sun_: nom. sg., 1966. + +worold-cyning, st. m., _world king, mighty king_: nom. sg., 3182; gen. pl. +worold-cyninga, 1685. + +woruld-ende, st. m., _world's end_: acc. sg., 3084. + +worold-rǣden, st. f., _usual course, fate of the world, customary fate_: +dat. sg. worold-rǣdenne, 1143? + +wōp, st. m., (_whoop_), _cry of grief, lament_: nom. sg., 128; acc. sg. +wōp, 786; instr. sg. wōpe, 3147. + +wracu, st. f., _persecution, vengeance, revenge_: nom. sg. wracu (MS, +uncertain), 2614; acc. sg. wræce, 2337.--Comp.: gyrn-, nȳd-wracu. + +wraðu, st. f., _protection, safety_: in comp. līf-wraðu. + +wrāð, adj., _wroth, furious, hostile_: acc. sg. neut. wrāð, 319; dat. sg. +wrāðum, 661, 709; gen. pl. wrāðra, 1620. + +wrāðe, adv., _contemptibly, disgracefully_, 2873. + +wrāð-līce, adv., _wrathfully, hostilely_ (in battle), 3063. + +wrāsn, st. f., _circlet of gold for the head, diadem, crown_: in comp. +frēa-wrāsn. + +wræc-lāst, st. m., _exile-step, exile, banishment_: acc. sg. wræc-lāstas +træd (_trod exile-steps, wandered in exile_), 1353. + +wræc-mæcg, st. m., _exile, outcast_: nom. pl. wræc-mæcgas, 2380. + +wræc-sīð, st. m., _exile-journey, banishment, exile, persecution_: acc. +sg., 2293; dat. sg. -sīðum, 338. + +wrǣt, st. f., _ornament, jewel_: acc. pl. wrǣte (wrǣce, MS.), 2772, 3061; +instr. pl. wrǣttum, 1532; gen. pl. wrǣtta, 2414. + +wrǣt-līc, adj.: 1) _artistic, ornamental; valuable_: acc. sg. wrǣt-līcne +wundur-māððum, 2174; wrǣt-līc wǣg-sweord, 1490; wīg-bord wrǣt-līc, +2340.--2) _wondrous, strange_: acc. sg. wrǣt-līcne wyrm [from its rings or +spots?], 892; wlite-sēon wrǣt-līc, 1651. + +wrǣc, st. f., _persecution_; hence, _wretchedness, misery_: nom. sg., 170; +acc. sg. wrǣc, 3079. + +wrecan, st. v. w. acc.: 1) _to press, force_: pret. part. þǣr wæs Ongenþēo +... on bīd wrecen, 2963.--2) _to drive out, expel_: pret. sg. ferh ellen +wræc, 2707.--3) _to wreak_ or _utter_: gid, spel wrecan (_to utter words or +songs_); subj. pres. sg. III. hē gyd wrece, 2447; inf. wrecan spel ge-rāde, +874; word-gyd wrecan, 3174; pret. sg. gyd æfter wræc, 2155; pres. part. þǣr +wæs ... gid wrecen, 1066.--4) _to avenge, punish_: subj. pres. þæt hē his +frēond wrece, 1386; inf. wolde hire mǣg wrecan, 1340; so, 1279, 1547; pres. +part. wrecend (_an avenger_), 1257; pret. sg. wræc Wedera nīð, 423; so, +1334, 1670. + +ā-wrecan, _to tell, recount_: pret. sg. ic þis gid be þē ā-wræc (_I have +told this tale for thee_), 1725; so, 2109. + +for-wrecan, w. acc., _to drive away, expel; carry away_: inf. þȳ lǣs him +ȳða þrym wudu wyn-suman for-wrecan meahte (_lest the force of the waves +might carry away the winsome ship_), 1920; pret. sg. hē hine feor for-wræc +... man-cynne fram, 109. + +ge-wrecan, w. acc., _to avenge, wreak vengeance upon, punish_: pret. sg. +ge-wræc, 107, 2006; hē ge-wræc (i.e. hit, _this_) cealdum cear-sīðum, 2396; +hē hine sylfne ge-wræc (_avenged himself_), 2876; pl. ge-wrǣcan, 2480; +pret. part. ge-wrecen, 3063. + +wrecca, w. m., (_wretch_), _exile, adventurer, wandering soldier, hero_: +nom. sg. wrecca (Hengest), 1138; gen. pl. wreccena wīde mǣrost (Sigemund), +899. + +wreoðen-hilt, adj., _wreathen-hilted, with twisted hilt_: nom. sg., 1699. + +wridian, w. v., _to flourish, spring up_: pret. sg. III. wridað, 1742. + +wriða, w. m., _band_: in comp. bēag-wriða (_bracelet_), 2019. + +wrixl, st. n., _exchange, change_: instr. sg. wyrsan wrixle (_in a worse +way, with a worse exchange_), 2970. + +ge-wrixle, st. n., _exchange, arrangement, bargain_: nom. sg. ne wæs þæt +ge-wrixle til (_it was not a good arrangement, trade_), 1305. + +wrixlan, w. v., _to exchange_: inf. wordum wrixlan (_to exchange words, +converse_), 366; 875 (_tell_). + +wrīðan, st. v. w. acc.: 1) _to bind, fasten, wreathe together_: inf. ic +hine (him, MS.) ... on wæl-bedde wrīðan þōhte, 965.--2) _to bind up_ (a +wounded person, a wound): pret. pl. þā wǣron monige þē his mǣg wriðon, +2983. See hand-gewriðen. + +wrītan, st. v., _to incise, engrave_: pret. part. on þǣm (hilte) wæs ōr +writen fyrn-gewinnes (_on which was engraved the origin of an ancient +struggle_), 1689. + +for-wrītan, _to cut to pieces_ or _in two_: pret. sg. for-wrāt Wedra helm +wyrm on middan, 2706. + +wrōht, st. m. f., _blame, accusation, crime_; here _strife, contest, +hostility_: nom. sg., 2288, 2474, 2914. + +wudu, st. m., _wood_: 1) _material, timber_: nom. pl. wudu, 1365; hence, +_the wooden spear_: acc. pl. wudu, 398.--2) _forest, wood_: acc. sg. wudu, +1417.--3) _wooden ship_: nom. sg. 298; acc. sg. wudu, 216, 1920.--Comp.: +bǣl-, bord-, gamen-, heal-, holt-, mægen-, sǣ-, sund-, þrec-wudu. + +wudu-rēc, st. m., _wood-reek_ or _smoke_: nom. sg., 3145. + +wuldor, st. n., _glory_: nom. sg. kyninga wuldor (_God_), 666; gen. sg. +wuldres wealdend, 17, 183, 1753; wuldres hyrde, 932, (designations of God). + +wuldor-cyning, st. m., _king of glory, God_. dat. sg. wuldur-cyninge, 2796 + +wuldor-torht, adj., _glory-bright, brilliant, clear_: acc. pl. +wuldor-torhtan weder, 1137. + +wulf, st. m., _wolf_: acc. sg., 3028. + +wulf-hlið, st. n., _wolf-slope, wolf's retreat, slope whereunder wolves +house_: acc. pl. wulf-hleoðu, 1359. + +wund, st. f., _wound_: nom. sg., 2712, 2977; acc. sg. wunde, 2532, 2907; +acc. sg. wunde, 2726; instr. pl. wundum, 1114, 2831, 2938.--Comp. +feorh-wund. + +wund, adj., _wounded, sore_: nom. sg., 2747; dat. sg. wundum, 2754; nom. +pl. wunde, 565, 1076. + +wunden-feax, adj., _curly-haired_ (of a horse's mane): nom. sg., 1401. + +wunden-heals, adj., _with twisted_ or _curved neck_ or _prow_: nom. sg. +wudu wunden-hals (_the ship_), 298. + +wunden-heorde?, _curly-haired_?: nom. sg. f., 3153. + +wunden-mǣl, adj., _damascened, etched, with wavy ornaments_(?): nom. sg. +neut., 1532 (of a sword). + +wunden-stefna, w. m. _curved prow, ship_: nom. sg., 220. + +wundor, st. n.: 1) _wonder, wonderwork_: nom. sg., 772, 1725; wundur, 3063; +acc. sg. wundor, 841; wunder, 932; wundur, 2760, 3033, 3104; dat. sg. +wundre, 932; instr. pl. wundrum (_wondrously_), 1453, 2688; gen. pl. +wundra, 1608.--2) _portent, monster_: gen. pl. wundra, 1510.--Comp.: hand-, +nīð-, searo-wundor. + +wundor-bebod, st. n., _wondrous command, strange order_: instr. pl. +-bebodum, 1748. + +wundor-dēað, st. m., _wonder-death, strange death_: instr. sg. wundor +dēaðe, 3038. + +wundor-fæt, st. n., _wonder-vat, strange vessel_: dat. pl. of wundor-fatum +(_from wondrous vessels_), 1163. + +wundor-līc, adj., _wonder like, remarkable_: nom. sg., 1441. + +wundor-māððum, st. m., _wonder-jewel, wonderful treasure_: acc. sg., 2174. + +wundor-smið, st. m., _wonder-smith, skilled smith, worker of marvellous +things_: gen. pl. wundor-smiða geweorc (the ancient giant's sword), 1682. + +wundor-sēon, st. f., _wondrous sight_: gen. pl. wunder-sīona, 996. + +wunian, w. v.: 1) _to stand, exist, remain_: pres. sg. III. þenden þǣr +wunað on hēah-stede hūsa sēlest (_as long as the best of houses stands +there on the high place_), 284; wunað hē on wiste (_lives in plenty_), +1736; inf. on sele wunian (_to remain in the hall_), 3129; pret. sg. wunode +mid Finne (_remained with F._), 1129.--2) w. acc. or dat., _to dwell in, to +inhabit, to possess_: pres. sg. III. wunað wæl-reste (_holds his +death-bed_), 2903; inf. wæter-egesan wunian scolde..., strēamas, 1261; +wīcum wunian, 3084; w. prep.: pres. sg. Higelāc þǣr æt hām wunað, 1924. + +ge-wunian, w. acc.: 1) _to inhabit_: inf. ge-[wunian], 2276.--2) _to remain +with, stand by_: subj. pres. þæt hine on ylde eft ge-wunigen wil-ge-sīðas, +22. + +wurðan. See weorðan. + +wuton, v. from wītan, used as interj., _let us go! up!_ w. inf.: wutun +gangan tō (_let us go to him!_), 2649; uton hraðe fēran! 1391; uton nū +efstan, 3102. + +wylf, st. f., _she-wolf_: in comp. brim-wylf. + +wylm, st. m., _surge, surf, billow_: num. sg. flōdes wylm, 1765; dat. +wintres wylme (_with winter's flood_), 516; acc. sg. þurh wæteres wylm, +1694; acc. pl. heortan wylmas, 2508.--Comp.: brēost-, brim-, byrne-, cear-, +fȳr-, heaðo-, holm-, sǣ-, sorh-wylm. See wælm. + +wyn, st. f., _pleasantness, pleasure, joy, enjoyment_: acc. sg. mǣste ... +worolde wynne (_the highest earthly joy_), 1081; eorðan wynne (_earth-joy, +the delightful earth_), 1731; heofenes wynne (_heaven's joy_, the rising +sun), 1802; hearpan wynne (_harp-joy, the pleasant harp_), 2108; þæt hē ... +ge-drogen hæfde eorðan wynne (_that he had had his earthly joy_), 2728; +dat. sg. weorod wæs on wynne, 2015; instr. pl. mægenes wynnum (_in joy of +strength_), 1717; so, 1888.--Comp.: ēðel-, hord-, līf-, lyft-, symbel-wyn. + +wyn-lēas, adj., _joyless_: acc. sg. wyn-lēasne wudu, 1417; wyn-lēas wīc, +822. + +wyn-sum, adj., _winsome, pleasant_: acc. sg. wudu wyn-suman (_the ship_), +1920; nom. pl. word wǣron wyn-sume, 613. + +wyrcan, v. irreg.: 1) _to do, effect_, w. acc.: inf. (wundor) wyrcan, +931.--2) _to make, create_, w. acc.: pret. sg. þæt se æl-mihtiga eorðan +worh[te], 92; swā hine _(the helmet_) worhte wǣpna smið, 1453.--3) _to +gain, win, acquire_, w. gen.: subj. pres. wyrce, sē þe mōte, dōmes ǣr +dēaðe, 1388. + +be-wyrcan, _to gird, surround_: pret. pl. bronda betost wealle be-worhton, +3163. + +ge-wyrcan: 1) intrans., _to act, behave_: inf. swā sceal geong guma gōde +gewyrcean ... on fæder wine þæt ... (_a young man shall so act with +benefits towards his father's friends that_ ...), 20.--2) w. acc., _to do, +make, effect, perform_: inf. ne meahte ic æt hilde mid Hruntinge wiht +ge-wyrcan, 1661; sweorde ne meahte on þām āglǣcan ... wunde ge-wyrcean, +2907; pret. sg. ge-worhte, 636, 1579, 2713; pret. part. acc. ic þā lēode +wāt ... fæste ge-worhte. 1865.--3) _to make, construct_: inf. (medo-ærn) +ge-wyrcean, 69; (wīg-bord) ge-wyrcean, 2338; (hlǣw) ge-wyrcean, 2803; pret. +pl. II. ge-worhton, 3097; III. ge-worhton, 3158; pret. part. ge-worht, +1697.--4) _to win, acquire_: pres. sg. ic mē mid Hruntinge dōm ge-wyrce, +1492. + +Wyrd, st. f., _Weird_ (one of the Norns, guide of human destiny; mostly +weakened down = _fate, providence_): nom. sg., 455, 477, 572, 735, 1206, +2421, 2527, 2575, 2815; acc. sg. wyrd, 1057, 1234; gen. pl. wyrda, 3031. +(Cf. Weird Sisters of Macbeth.) + +wyrdan, w. v., _to ruin, kill, destroy_: pret. sg. hē tō lange lēode mine +wanode and wyrde, 1338. + +ā-wyrdan, w. v., _to destroy, kill_: pret. part.: æðeling monig wundum +ā-wyrded, 1114. + +wyrðe, adj., _noble; worthy, honored, valued_: acc. sg. m. wyrðne (ge-dōn) +(_to esteem worthy_), 2186; nom. pl. wyrðe, 368; compar. nom. sg. rīces +wyrðra (_worthier of rule_), 862.--Comp. fyrd-wyrðe. See weorð. + +wyrgen, st, f., _throttler_ [cf. sphinx], _she-wolf_; in comp. +grund-wyrgen. + +ge-wyrht, st. n., _work; desert_; in comp. eald-gewyrht, 2658. + +wyrm, st. m., _worm, dragon, drake_: nom. sg., 898, 2288, 2344, 2568, 2630, +2670, 2746, 2828; acc. sg. wyrm, 887, 892, 2706, 3040, 3133; dat. sg. +wyrme, 2308, 2520; gen. wyrmes, 2317, 2349, 2760, 2772, 2903; acc. pl. +wyrmas, 1431. + +wyrm-cyn, st. m., _worm-kin, race of reptiles, dragons_: gen. sg. +wyrm-cynnes fela, 1426. + +wyrm-fāh, adj., _dragon-ornamented, snake-adorned_ (ornamented with figures +of dragons, snakes, etc.: cf. Dietrich in Germania X., 278): nom. sg. +sweord ... wreoðen-hilt and wyrm-fāh, 1699. + +wyrm-hord, st. n., _dragon-hoard_: gen. pl. wyrm-horda, 2223. + +for-wyrnan, w. v., _to refuse, reject_: subj. pres. II. þæt þū mē nō +for-wyrne, þæt... (_that thou refuse me not that_...), 429; pret. sg. hē ne +for-wyrnde worold-rǣdenne, 1143. + +ge-wyrpan, w. v. reflex., _to refresh one's self, recover_: pret. sg. hē +hyne ge-wyrpte, 2977. + +wyrpe, st. m., _change_: acc. sg. æfter wēa-spelle wyrpe ge-fremman (_after +the woe-spell to bring about a change of things_), 1316. + +wyrsa, compar. adj., _worse_: acc. sg. neut. þæt wyrse, 1740; instr. sg. +wyrsan wrixle, 2970; gen. sg. wyrsan geþinges, 525; nom. acc. pl. wyrsan +wīg-frecan, 1213, 2497. + +wyrt, st. f., [_-wort_], _root_: instr. pl. wudu wyrtum fæst, 1365. + +wȳscan, w. v., _to wish, desire_: pret. sg. wīscte (rihde, MS.) þæs yldan +(_wished to delay that_ or _for this reason_, 2440, 1605(?). See Note. + +Y + +yfel, st n., _evil_: gen. pl. yfla, 2095. + +yldan, w. v., _to delay, put off_: inf. nē þæt se āglǣca yldan þōhte, 740; +weard wine-geōmor wīscte þæs yldan, þæt hē lȳtel fæc long-gestrēona brūcan +mōste, 2240. + +ylde, st. m. pl., _men_: dat. pl. yldum, 77, 706, 2118; gen. pl. ylda, 150, +606, 1662. See elde. + +yldest. See eald. + +yldo, st. f., _age (senectus), old age_: nom. sg., 1737, 1887; atol yldo, +1767; dat. sg. on ylde, 22.--2) _age (ǣtas), time, era_: gen. sg. yldo +bearn, 70. See eldo. + +yldra. See eald. + +ylf, st. f., _elf (incubus, alp_): nom. pl. ylfe, 112. + +ymb, prep. w. acc.: 1) local, _around, about, at, upon_: ymb hine (_around, +with, him_), 399. With prep, postponed: hine ymb, 690; ymb brontne ford +(_around the seas, on the high sea_), 568; ymb þā gif-healle (_around the +gift-hall, throne-hall_), 839; ymb þæs helmes hrōf (_around the helm's +roof, crown_), 1031.--2) temporal, _about, after_: ymb ān-tīd ōðres dōgores +(_about the same time the next day_), 219; ymb āne niht (_after a night_), +135.--3) causal, _about, on account of, for, owing to_: (frīnan) ymb þīnne +sīð (_on account of, concerning?, thy journey_), 353; hwæt þū ... ymb +Brecan sprǣce (_hast spoken about B._), 531; so, 1596, 3174; nā ymb his līf +cearað (_careth not for his life_), 1537; so, 450; ymb feorh sacan, 439; +sundor-nytte behēold ymb aldor Dena, 669; ymb sund (_about the swimming, +the prize for swimming_), 507. + +ymbe, I. prep. w. acc. = ymb: 1) local, 2884, 3171; hlǣw oft ymbe hwearf +(prep, postponed), 2297. 2) causal, 2071, 2619.--II. adv., _around_: him +... ymbe, 2598. + +ymb-sittend, pres. part., _neighbor_ gen. pl. ymb-sittendra, 9. + +ymbe-sittend, the same: nom. pl. ymbe-sittend, 1828; gen. pl. +ymbe-sittendra, 2735. + +yppe, w. f., _high seat, dais, throne_: dat. sg. ēode ... tō yppan, 1816. + +yrfe, st. n., _bequest, legacy_: nom. sg., 3052. + +yrfe-lāf, st. f., _sword left as a bequest_: acc. sg. yrfe-lāfe, 1054; +instr. sg. yrfe-lāfe, 1904. + +yrfe-weard, st. m., _heir, son_: nom. sg., 2732; gen. sg. yrfe-weardes, +2454. (-as, MS.) + +yrmðo, st. f., _misery, shame, wretchedness_: acc. sg. yrmðe, 1260, 2006. + +yrre, st. n., _anger, ire, excitement_: acc. sg. godes yrre, 712; dat. sg, +on yrre, 2093. + +yrre, adj., _angry, irate, furious_: nom. sg. yrre ōretta (Bēowulf), 1533; +þegn yrre (the same), 1576; gæst yrre (Grendel), 2074; nom. pl. yrre, 770. +See eorre. + +yrringa, adv., _angrily, fiercely_, 1566, 2965. + +yrre-mōd, adj., _wrathful-minded, wild_: nom. sg., 727. + +ys, _he is_. See wesan. + +Ȳ + +ȳð (O.H.G. unda), st. f., _wave; sea_: nom. pl. ȳða, 548; acc. pl. ȳðe, +46, 1133, 1910; dat. pl. ȳðum, 210, 421, 534, 1438, 1908; ȳðum weallan +(_to surge with waves_), 515, 2694; gen. pl. ȳða, 464, 849, 1209, 1470, +1919.--Comp: flōd-, līg-, wæter-ȳð. + +ȳðan, w. v., _to ravage, devastate, destroy_: pret. sg. ȳðde eotena cyn, +421 (cf. īðende = _depopulating_, Bosworth, from AElfric's Glossary; pret. +ȳðde, Wanderer, 85). + +ȳðe. See ēaðe. + +ȳðe-līce, adv., _easily_: ȳðe-līce hē eft ā-stōd (_he easily arose +afterwards_), 1557. + +ȳð-gebland, st. n., _mingling_ or _surging waters, water-tumult_: nom. sg. +-geblond, 1374, 1594; nom. pl. -gebland, 1621. + +ȳð-gewin, st. n., _strife with the sea, wave-struggle, rushing of water_: +dat. sg. ȳð-gewinne, 2413; gen. sg. -gewinnes, 1435. + +ȳð-lād, st. f., _water-journey, sea-voyage_: nom. pl. ȳð-lāde, 228. + +ȳð-lāf, st. f., _water-leaving, what is left by the water (undarum +reliquiae), shore_: dat. sg. be ȳð-lāfe, 566. + +ȳð-lida, w. m., _wave-traverser, ship_: acc. sg. ȳð-lidan, 198. + +ȳð-naca, w. m., _sea-boat_: acc. sg. [ȳð-]nacan, 1904. + +ȳð-gesēne. See ēð-gesȳne. + +ȳwan, w. v. w. acc., _to show_: pret. sg. an-sȳn ȳwde (_showed itself, +appeared_), 2835. See ēawan, ēowan. + +ge-ȳwan, w. acc. of thing, dat. of pers., _to lay before, offer_: inf., +2150. + +GLOSSARY TO FINNSBURH. + +ābrecan, st. v., _to shatter_: part. his byrne ābrocen wǣre (_his byrnie +was shattered_). + +ānyman, st. v., _to take, take away_. + +bān-helm, st. m., _bone-helmet; skull_, [_shield_, Bosw.]. + +buruh-þelu, st. f., _castle-floor_. + +cēlod, part, (adj.?), _keeled_, i.e. boat-shaped or hollow. + +dagian, w. v., _to dawn_: nē þis nē dagiað ēastan (_this is not dawning +from the east_). + +dēor-mōd, adj., _brave in mood_: dēor-mōd hæleð. + +driht-gesīð, st m., _companion, associate_. + +ēastan, adv., _from the east_. + +eorð-būend, st. m., _earth-dweller, man_. + +fēr, st. m. _fear, terror_. + +fȳren, adj., _flaming, afire_: nom. f. swylce eal Finns-buruh fȳrenu wǣre +(_as if all Finnsburh were afire_). + +gehlyn, st. n., _noise, tumult_. + +gellan, st. v., _to sing_ (i.e. ring or resound): pres. sg. gylleð +grǣg-hama (_the gray garment_ [byrnie] _rings_); (_the gray wolf +yelleth_?). + +genesan, st. v., _to survive, recover from_: pret. pl. þā wīgend hyra wunda +genǣson (_the warriors were recovering from their wounds_). + +gold-hladen, adj., _laden with gold_ (wearing heavy gold ornaments). + +grǣg-hama, w. m., _gray garment, mail-coat_; (_wolf_?--Brooke). + +gūð-wudu, st. m., _war-wood, spear_. + +hæg-steald, st. m., _one who lives in his lord's house, a house-carl._ + +heaðo-geong, adj., _young in war._ + +here-sceorp, st. n., _war-dress, coat of mail_. + +hleoðrian, w. v., _to speak, exclaim_: pret. sg. hleoðrode ... cyning (_the +prince exclaimed_). + +hrǣw, st. n., _corpse_. + +hrōr, adj., _strong_: here-sceorpum hrōr (_strong_ [though it was] _as +armor_, Bosw.). + +lac (lað?)? for flacor, _fluttering?_ + +oncweðan, st. v., _to answer_: pres. sg. scyld scefte oncwyð (_the shield +answers the spear_). + +onwacnian, w. v., _to awake, arouse one's self_: imper. pl. onwacnigeað +..., wīgend mine (_awake, my warriors!_). + +sceft (sceaft), st. m., _spear, shaft_. + +sealo-brūn, adj., _dusky-brown_. + +sige-beorn, st. m., _victorious hero, valiant warrior_. + +swæðer (swā hwæðer), pron., _which of two, which_. + +swān, st. m., _swain, youth; warrior_. + +sweart, adj., _swart, black_. + +swēt, adj., _sweet_: acc. m. swētne medo ... forgyldan (_requite the sweet +mead_, i.e. repay, by prowess in battle, the bounty of their chief). + +swurd-lēoma, w. m., _sword-flame, flashing of swords_. + +þyrl, adj., _pierced, cloven_. + +undearninga, adv., _without concealment, openly_. + +wandrian, w. v., _to fly about, hover_: pret. sg. hræfn wandrode (_the +raven hovered_). + +waðol, st. m., _the full moon_ [Grein]; [adj., _wandering_, Bosw.]. + +wæl-sliht (-sleaht), st. m., _combat, deadly struggle_: gen. pl. wæl-slihta +gehlyn (_the din of combats_) + +weā-dǣd, st. f., _deed of woe_: nom. pl. ārisað weā-dǣda. + +witian (weotian), w. v., _to appoint, determine_: part. þē is ... witod. + +wurðlīce (weorðlīce), adv., _worthily, gallantly_: compar. wurð-līcor. + +wæg, weg, st. m., _way_. + +CORRECTIONS MADE TO THE SOURCE TEXT: + +ARGUMENT, recals = recalls ll. 131, 737 þryð-swyð = þrȳð-sw̄ð l. 256 ōfest += ōfost l. 303 scīonon = scionon l. 706 buton = būton l. 1115 āt = æt l. +1133 wīð = wið ll. 1304, 1560, 1616 missing caesuras supplied l. 1436 +here-stræl = here-strǣl l. 1642 feōwer- = fēower l. 1747 stræle = strǣle l. +1828 þywað = þȳwað l. 1926 betlic = betlīc l. 2224 gescēod = gesceōd ll. +2288, 3036 wās = wæs l. 2453 to = tō l. 2503 Huga = Hūga (marked long, +correctly, in the list of names, but not elsewhere) l. 2586 niðe = nīðe l. +2587 sið = sīð l. 2684 irenna = īrenna l. 2915 Hugas = Hūgas l. 2956 +hēaðo-liðendum = heaðo-līðendum l. 3000 Þāt = Þæt; feōnd- = fēond- l. 3056 +sóð = sōð l. 3137 Hrōnes = Hrones list of names, under: Dene, Scedenīgge = +Scedenigge Ēadgils, Ohthere = Ōhthere Frēawaru, Freawaru = Frēawaru +Hrōðgār, Hrōð-gāre = Hrōðgāre Hygelac, Hǣreð = Hæreð notes, for l. 31, of +l. 31 = of l. 30 l. 1441, wōð- = wǣg- l. 1916, leōfra = lēofra glossary, +under: æðele, Beowulf's = Bēowulf's ān, gehwilces = gehwylces ǣg-hwā, +ǣgh-wæs = ǣghwæs æt-beran, beadolāce = beadulāce beadu-lāc, beado- = beadu- +(twice) bēag, beages = bēages beorh, hēaford- = hēafod bēodan, leodum = +lēodum bēon, cwēnlic = cwēnlīc biddan, bliðne = blīðne bitter, stræle = +strǣle ge-bīdan, therefor = therefore on-bīdan, earfōðlīce = earfoðlīce +brecan, lētdse = lēt se burne, of of = of būtan, swīce = swice cempa, Huga += Hūga ge-cēosan, usic = ūsic on-cirran, wealdendas = wealdendes corðer, þæ += þā cūð, wīð- = wīd- cunnan, þēawe = þēaw dōgor, gehwam = gehwām dōn, +ymbsittend = ymbesittend; hettend = hetend; þywað = þȳwað drīfan, feoran = +feorran dryhten, frēah- = frēa- dryht-scipe, drihtscipe = drihtscype +ge-dȳgan, wræcsið = wræcsīð eal, oncyððe = oncȳððe ealdor, herestræl = +herestrǣl ēacen-cræftig, iūmanna = iūmonna eofor-sprēot, hocyhtum = +hōcyhtum eorlīc, eorlic [ellen] = eorlīc fāh, wāldrēore = wældrēore fela, +maððum- = māððum- oð-ferian, panon = þonan fēran, wære = wǣre fēond, feonda += fēonda flēon, fenhōpu = fenhopu floga, wīð- = wīd- folc-toga, Hrōðgar = +Hrōðgār for, wonhydum = wonhȳdum; handgeweorc = hondgeweorc fōt-gemearc, +long = lang ge-frignan, þeodcyninga = þēodcyninga ge-fyrðran, fratwum = +frætwum ge-fȳsan, to sēcanne = tō sēceanne gān, swa = swā; [or] giong = +gīong; flore = flōre; sīttan = sittan ge-gan, Wīglaf = Wīglāf gār-wiga, +Wīglaf = Wīglāf gæst, fēde- = fēðe- gegn-cwide, þinra = þīnra ge-gyrwan, +yðlidan = ȳðlidan gēoc, gást = gāst geōmore-līc, [bið] geōmorlic = +geōmorlīc for-gildan, therefor = therefore gold-wlanc, guðrinc = gūðrinc +grētan, walgǣst = wælgǣst grim, searo-grimm = searo-grim habban, gecorene = +gecorone wið-habban, winsele = wīnsele hatan, sǣliðend = sǣlīðend hatian, +guð-sceaða = gūð-sceaða hār, heāre = hēare here-strǣl, -stræl = strǣl +heard, -stræl = -strǣl; regen- = regn- heorte, starc- = stearc heoro-drēor, +heoro-dreore (citation) = heoro-drēore hlið, hliðu = hliðo (twice) hōp, hōp += hop (twice) hreow, þāt = þæt hrōf, gesēah = geseah hwīl, seo = sēo +hȳran, ǣghwilc = ǣghwylc inne, abēad = ābēad īren, drihtlīc = dryhtlīc +lāð, gewiðru = gewidru; scynnum = scinnum be-lēan, beleān = belēan mētan, +Aescheres = Æscheres mearcian, mōrhōpu = mōrhopu ge-mearian, hwam = hwām +morðor-bed, stred = strēd mōd, stið- = stīð nǣnig, horð-māðum = hord-māððum +on, hēaðe = heoðe; willen = willan rǣd, fǣst- = fæst reccan, hu = hū rīdan, +gealgan = galgan sang, -leasne = lēasne sceapan, Hugas = Hūgas (twice) +scānan, scīonon = scionon scīnan, scīnon = scinon secg, synnigne = sinnigne +ge-sēcan, -cyððe = cȳððe ge-sīgan, ætsæcce = æt sæcce ge-slēan, ge-slōgan += ge-slōgon standan, stræl = strǣl stapan, furðor = furður ge-steppan, +Ohtheres = Ōhteres stincan, þæ = þā styrian, ge-wiðru = ge-widru sweord, +maððum- = māððum ge-swīcan, þeodne = þēodne tēon (w. v.), nalæs = nalas; +teodan = tēodan tō, hælum = hǣlum; sitte = site; Eofore = Jofore ge-trūwan, +-wære = wǣre ge-twǣfan, ōððe = oððe þǣr, snotera = snottra þē, gimfæstan = +ginfæstan of-þincan, gehwam = gehwām ge-þolian, þāt = þæt þū, sǣlran = +selran þūsend, sēofon = seofan un-hēore, -speru = -sporu ūs, ǣg-hwilc = +ǣg-hwylc wacan, wōcon = wōcun werian, beaduscrūd = beaduscrūda be-werian, +scynnum = scinnum wēn, orlēg = orleg; ōr-wena = or-wēna weorðian, leōde = +lēode willa, wyllum = willum wilnian, fæðer = fæder nāt, hwilc = hwylc +(twice) ge-wītan, wære = wǣre + +Changes to Vowel Quantities in the Revised Edition: (_Revisions that were +mentioned in the source text have been siltently incorporated and aren't +listed here. Unless otherwise noted, changes are to all related forms of +the word._) Abel = Ābel aglǣc (æglǣc) = āglǣc (ǣglǣc) āttor = attor āwā = +āwa begen = bēgen gebræd = gebrǣd breme = brēme Brosinga = Brōsinga cōfa = +cofa cymlīcor = cȳlīcor drusian = drūsian ēfstan = efstan eode (-iode) +[pret. of gān] = ēode (-īode) [and in compounds] fæger = fǣ [in cpd. un- +and l. 774 only] fīftena = fīftȳna feor(-e/-es/-um) = fēor- [except ll. +73, 934, 1844] forþam = forþām Fresan/Frysan = Frēsan/Frȳsan frinan +(gefrunon) = frīnan (gefrūnon) (of)geāfon = (of)gēafon gen = gēn genunga = +gēnunga gēo/gīo = geō/gio [and in compounts] gigant = gīgant Hǣðcyn = +Hæðcyn hēht = heht her = hēr ofer-higian = ofer-hīgian hliðe/hliðes = +hlīðe/hlīðes [dat. and gen. of hlið] hlifian = hlīfian Hreosna- = Hrēosna +(H)ūnferð = (H)unferð hydig = hȳdig hyda = hȳda læs = lǣs lixan = līxan +lyt(el) = lȳt(el) [and in compounds] Merewioingas = Merewīoingas meagol = +mēagol mearh [oblique cases], mear- = mēar- missere = missēre ne = nē [as +conjunct/disjunct] niwe = nīwe geniwian = genīwian niw-tyrwed = nīw-tyrwed +ōfost = ofost onettan = ōnettan oret/oretta = ōret/ōretta ōð = oð [and as +verbal prefix] scōp = scop [n. only] scyran = scȳran se = sē [as +substantive and relative] singal = singāl sīoloð (sēoloð) = sioloð sleac = +slēac stæl = stǣl swēlan = swelan Sweon = Swēon (ge)trūwan = (ge)truwan tux += tūx twegen = twēgen tydre = tȳdre (un)tyder = (un)tȳder tyn = tȳn þrag += þrā þritig = þrītig þryð = þrȳð þihtig/þyhtig = þīhtig/þȳhtig wag = wāg +wæfre = wǣfre wel = wēl [and in compounds] weōx = wēox wīga = wiga Wihstān +(Weohstān) = Wīhstān (Wēohstān) witig = wītig ge-witnian = ge-wītnian wræt += wrǣt uhte = ūhte [and in compounds] + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Beowulf +by James A. 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