diff options
| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 05:33:37 -0700 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 05:33:37 -0700 |
| commit | 5662b890608ef2c0994b602c1f09cca2d2a3d510 (patch) | |
| tree | 73ceb2b3927ec89c33f776187ad49a61ede552d3 /old/8bwlf10ha.htm | |
Diffstat (limited to 'old/8bwlf10ha.htm')
| -rw-r--r-- | old/8bwlf10ha.htm | 22411 |
1 files changed, 22411 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/old/8bwlf10ha.htm b/old/8bwlf10ha.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..24eaff2 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/8bwlf10ha.htm @@ -0,0 +1,22411 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"> +<html> +<head> + <title>Beowulf</title> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"> + <style type="text/css"> + <!-- + body { margin: 0; padding: 0 15em 0 0; + background: white; color: black; + font-family: "Arial Unicode MS", "Lucida Sans Unicode", "Lucida Grande", Arial, Lucida, Tahoma, sans-serif;} + hr { width: 20%; } + a:link { color: black; text-decoration: none; } + a:visited { color: black; text-decoration: none; } + a:hover { color: #F93; } + a.lineno { float: left; text-align: right; margin-left: 1em; } + a.lineno:hover { color: black; } + a.nref { float: right; margin-right: 6em; } + a.glentry { font-weight: bold; } + a.glentry:hover { color: black; } + div.line { margin-left: 4em; } + div.lcite { margin-left: 8em; } + div.content { padding: 0 .5em;} + div.toc { position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; width: 15em; height: 100%; + background: #e0e8dd;} + @media screen { + body>div.toc { position: fixed; } + } + div.toc h4 { margin: 0; padding: 0; text-align: center; + color: white; background: #336633; + font: bold 110% Arial, Verdana, sans-seri; } + div.toc ul {margin-left: 0; padding: 0 1em;} + div.toc ul li {list-style-type: none; + font: bold 100% Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; } + div.toc ul ul li { font-size: 80%; font-weight: normal; } + div.toc ul ul li.runin { display: inline; } + div#titlepage { text-align: center; } + --> + </style> + <!-- Now a hack to work around Explorer's non-compliant behavior --> + <!--[if IE]> + <style type="text/css"> + body ( overflow-y: hidden; } + div.content { height: 100%; overflow: auto; + </style> + <![endif]--> +</head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +Project Gutenberg's Beowulf, by James A. Harrison and Robert Sharp, eds. + +Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the +copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing +this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook. + +This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project +Gutenberg file. Please do not remove it. Do not change or edit the +header without written permission. + +Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the +eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is +important information about your specific rights and restrictions in +how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** + + +Title: Beowulf + +Author: James A. Harrison and Robert Sharp, eds. + +Release Date: January, 2006 [EBook #9701] +[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] +[This file was first posted on October 12, 2003] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BEOWULF *** + + + + +Produced by Karl Hagen and PG Distributed Proofreaders + + + + + +</pre> + +<div class="toc"> +<!-- Added for the HTML version; not in original text --> +<h4>Contents</h4> +<ul> + <li>Preface + <ul> + <li><a href="#pgintro">PG Preface</a></li> + <li><a href="#titlepage">Title Page</a></li> + <li><a href="#intro4">Preface to the 4th ed.</a></li> + <li><a href="#intro3">Note to the 3rd ed.</a></li> + <li><a href="#intro2">Note to the 2nd ed.</a></li> + <li><a href="#intron1">Note I.</a></li> + <li><a href="#intron2">Note II.</a></li> + <li><a href="#argument">Argument</a></li> + </ul> + </li> + <li><a href="#poemtop">Beowulf</a> + <ul> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittI">I</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittII">II</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittIII">III</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittIV">IV</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittV">V</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittVI">VI</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittVII">VII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittVIII">VIII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittIX">IX</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittX">X</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXI">XI</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXII">XII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXIII">XIII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXIV">XIV</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXV">XV</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXVI">XVI</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXVII">XVII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXVIII">XVIII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXIX">XIX</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXX">XX</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXI">XXI</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXII">XXII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXIII">XXIII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXIV">XXIV</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXV">XXV</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXVI">XXVI</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXVII">XXVII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXVIII">XXVIII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXIX">XXIX</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXX">XXX</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXXI">XXXI</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXXII">XXXII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXXIII">XXXIII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXXIV">XXXIV</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXXV">XXXV</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXXVI">XXXVI</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXXVII">XXXVII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXXVIII">XXXVIII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXXXIX">XXXIX</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXL">XL</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXLI">XLI</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXLII">XLII</a></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#fittXLIII">XLIII</a></li> + </ul> + </li> + <li><a href="#finnsburg">The Fight at Finnsburh</a></li> + <li><a href="#names">List of Names</a></li> + <li><a href="#notes">Notes</a></li> + <li><a href="#glossary" title="Words beginning with ge- or other verbal prefixes are listed under the root word.">Glossary</a> + <ul> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossA">A</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossAl">Ā</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossAE">Æ</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossAEl">Ǣ</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossB">B</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossC">C</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossD">D</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossE">E</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossEl">Ē</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossEA">EA</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossEAl">ĒA</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossEO">EO</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossEOl">ĒO</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossF">F</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossG">G</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossH">H</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossI">I</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossIl">Ī</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossIO">IO</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossL">L</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossM">M</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossN">N</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossO">O</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossOl">Ō</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossP">P</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossR">R</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossS">S</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossT">T</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossTH">Þ</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossU">U</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossUl">Ū</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossW">W</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossY">Y</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossYl">Ȳ</A></li> + <li class="runin"><a href="#glossFin">Finnsburh</a></li> + </ul> + </li> + <li><a href="#corr">Corrections</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +<div class="content"> +<div id="front"> +<a name="pgintro"></a><h3>Preface to the Project Gutenberg Edition of Beowulf</h3> + +<p>This text is a revised and corrected version of the fourth edition of +Harrison and Sharp in its entirety. It comes in two basic versions. The +base version (available in 8-bit (Latin-1) text and HTML) presents the +original text as printed. It preserves the source-text's idiosyncratic use +of accented vowels with the exception of y-circumflex (ŷ), which is +replaced by y-acute (ý) to fit within the Latin-1 character set. +Manifestly unintentional errors in the text have been corrected. In +general, this has only been done when the text is internally inconsistent +(e.g., a quotation in the glossary does not match the main text). Forms +that represent deliberate editorial choice have not been altered, even +where they appear wrong. (For example, some of the markings of vowel length +do not reflect current scholarly consensus.) Where an uncorrected problem +may confuse the reader, I have inserted a note explaining the difficulty, +signed KTH. A complete list of the changes made is appended at the end of +the file. In order to make the text more useful to modern readers, I have +also produced a revised edition, available in Unicode (UTF-8) and HTML. +<b>The file you are reading is this revised version</b>. Notes from the +source text that indicate changes adopted in later editions have been +incorporated directly into the text and apparatus. Further, long vowels are +indicated with macrons, as is the common practice of most modern editions. +Finally, the quantity of some words has been altered to the values currently +accepted as correct. Quantities have not been changed when the difference +is a matter of editorial interpretation (e.g., gæst vs. gǣst in l. 102, +etc.) A list of these altered quantities appears at the end of the list of +corrections. Your browser must support the Unicode character set to use +this file. To tell if your browser supports the necessary characters, check +the table of vowel equivalents below. If you see any empty boxes or +question marks in the "revised" columns, you should use the basic +version.</p> + +<h4>Explanation of the Vowel Accenting</h4> + +<p>In general, Harrison and Sharp use circumflex accents over vowels to mark +long vowels. For ash, however, the actual character 'æ' represents the long +vowel. Short ash is rendered with a-umlaut (ä). The long diphthongs (ēo, +ēa, etc.) are indicated with an acute accent over the +<em>second</em> vowel (eó, eá, etc.).</p> + +<p>Vowel Equivalents in Different Versions:</p> +<table> +<tr><td>Orig.</td><td>Revised</td><td>Orig.</td><td>Revised</td></tr> +<tr><td>ä</td><td>æ</td><td>Ô</td><td>Ō</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ä</td><td>Æ</td><td>û</td><td>ū</td></tr> +<tr><td>æ</td><td>ǣ</td><td>Û</td><td>Ū</td></tr> +<tr><td>Æ</td><td>Ǣ</td><td>ý</td><td>ȳ</td></tr> +<tr><td>â</td><td>ā</td><td>Ý</td><td>Ȳ</td></tr> +<tr><td>Â</td><td>Ā</td><td>eá</td><td>ēa</td></tr> +<tr><td>ê</td><td>ē</td><td>Eá</td><td>Ēa</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ê</td><td>Ē</td><td>eó</td><td>ēo</td></tr> +<tr><td>î</td><td>ī</td><td>Eó</td><td>Ēo</td></tr> +<tr><td>Î</td><td>Ī</td><td>ié</td><td>īe</td></tr> +<tr><td>ô</td><td>ō</td><td>ió</td><td>īo</td></tr> +</table> +<hr> +<div id="titlepage"> +<a name="titlepage"></a><h1>I. BĒOWULF:</h1> + +<p><i>AN ANGLO-SAXON POEM</i>.</p> + +<h2>II. THE FIGHT AT FINNSBURH:</h2> + +<p><i>A FRAGMENT</i>.</p> + +<p>WITH TEXT AND GLOSSARY ON THE</p> +<p>BASIS OF M. HEYNE.</p> + +<p>EDITED, CORRECTED, AND ENLARGED, BY</p> + +<p>JAMES A. HARRISON, LL.D., LITT. D.,</p> + +<p>PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH AND MODERN LANGUAGES,</p> +<p>WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY,</p> + +<p>AND</p> + +<p>ROBERT SHARP (PH.D. LIPS.),</p> + +<p>PROFESSOR OF GREEK AND ENGLISH,</p> +<p>TULANE UNIVERSITY OF LOUISIANA.</p> + +<p>FOURTH EDITION. REVISED, WITH NOTES.</p> + +<p>GINN & COMPANY</p> + +<p>BOSTON—NEW YORK—CHICAGO—LONDON</p> +<hr> +<p>Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1883, by</p> +<p>JAMES ALBERT HARRISON AND ROBERT SHARP</p> +<p>in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.</p> +<hr> +<p>DEDICATED</p> + +<p>TO</p> +<p>PROFESSOR F. A. MARCH,</p> +<p>OF LAFAYETTE COLLEGE, PA.,</p> +<p>AND</p> +<p>FREDERICK J. FURNIVALL, ESQ.</p> +<p>FOUNDER OF THE "NEW SHAKSPERE SOCIETY,"</p> +<p>THE "CHAUCER SOCIETY," ETC., ETC.</p> +</div> +<hr> + +<a name="intro4"></a><h3>PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION.</h3> + +<p>The favor with which the successive editions of "Bēowulf" have been +received during the past thirteen years emboldens the editors to +continue the work of revision in a fourth issue, the most noticeable +feature of which is a considerable body of explanatory Notes, now for +the first time added. These Notes mainly concern themselves with new +textual readings, with here and there grammatical, geographical, and +archæological points that seemed worthy of explanation. Parallelisms +and parallel passages are constantly compared, with the view of making +the poem illustrate and explain itself. A few emendations and textual +changes are suggested by the editors with all possible diffidence; +numerous corrections have been made in the Glossary and List of Names; +and the valuable parts of former Appendices have been embodied in the +Notes.</p> + +<p>For the Notes, the editors are much indebted to the various German +periodicals mentioned on page 116, to the recent publications of +Professors Earle and J. L. Hall, to Mr. S. A. Brooke, and to the +Heyne-Socin edition of "Bēowulf." No change has been made in the +system of accentuation, though a few errors in quantity have been +corrected. The editors are looking forward to an eventual fifth +edition, in which an entirely new text will be presented.</p> + +<p>October, 1893.</p> + + +<a name="intro3"></a><h3>NOTE TO THE THIRD EDITION.</h3> + +<p>This third edition of the American issue of Bēowulf will, the editors +hope, be found more accurate and useful than either of the preceding +editions. Further corrections in text and glossary have been made, and +some additional new readings and suggestions will be found in two +brief appendices at the back of the book. Students of the metrical +system of Bēowulf will find ample material for their studies in +Sievers' exhaustive essay on that subject (Beiträge, X. 209-314).</p> + +<p>Socin's edition of Heyne's Bēowulf (called the fifth edition) has been +utilized to some extent in this edition, though it unfortunately came +too late to be freely used. While it repeats many of the omissions and +inaccuracies of Heyne's fourth edition, it contains much that is +valuable to the student, particularly in the notes and commentary. +Students of the poem, which has been subjected to much searching +criticism during the last decade, will also derive especial help from +the contributions of Sievers and Kluge on difficult questions +appertaining to it. Wülker's new edition (in the Grein +<i>Bibliothek</i>) is of the highest value, however one may dissent +from particular textual views laid down in the 'Berichtigter Text.' +Paul and Braune's Beiträge contain a varied miscellany of hints, +corrections, and suggestions principally embodying the views of Kluge, +Cosijn, Sievers, and Bugge, some of the more important of which are +found in the appendices to the present and the preceding edition. +Holder and Zupitza, Sarrazin and Hermann Möller (Kiel, 1883), Heinzel +(Anzeiger f.d. Alterthum, X.), Gering (Zacher's Zeitschrift, XII.), +Brenner (Eng. Studien, IX.), and the contributors to Anglia, have +assisted materially in the textual and metrical interpretation of the +poem.</p> + +<p>The subject of Anglo-Saxon quantity has been discussed in several able +essays by Sievers, Sweet, Ten Brink (Anzeiger, f.d. Alterthum, V.), +Kluge (Beiträge, XI.), and others; but so much is uncertain in this +field that the editors have left undisturbed the marking of vowels +found in the text of their original edition, while indicating in the +appendices the now accepted views of scholars on the quantity of the +personal pronouns (<b>mē, wē, þū, þē, gē, hē</b>); the adverb +<b>nū</b>, etc. Perhaps it would be best to banish absolutely all +attempts at marking quantities except in cases where the Ms. has them +marked.</p> + +<p>An approximately complete Bibliography of Bēowulf literature will be +found in Wülker's <i>Grundriss</i> and in Garnett's translation of the +poem.</p> + +<p>JAMES A. HARRISON,</p> + +<p>ROBERT SHARP.</p> + +<p>WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY, +LEXINGTON, VA., May, 1888.</p> + +<a name="intro2"></a><h3>NOTE TO THE SECOND REVISED EDITION.</h3> + +<p>The editors feel so encouraged at the kind reception accorded their +edition of Bēowulf (1883), that, in spite of its many shortcomings, +they have determined to prepare a second revised edition of the book, +and thus endeavor to extend its sphere of usefulness. About twenty +errors had, notwithstanding a vigilant proof-reading, crept into the +text,—errors in single letters, accents, and punctuation. These have +been corrected, and it is hoped that the text has been rendered +generally accurate and trustworthy. In the List of Names one or two +corrections have been made, and in the Glossary numerous mistakes in +gender, classification, and translation, apparently unavoidable in a +first edition, have been rectified. Wherever these mistakes concern +<i>single</i> letters, or occupy very small space, they have been +corrected in the plates; where they are longer, and the expense of +correcting them in the plates would have been very great, the editors +have thought it best to include them in an Appendix of Corrections and +Additions, which will be found at the back of the book. Students are +accordingly referred to this Appendix for important longer corrections +and additions. It is believed that the value of the book has been much +enhanced by an Appendix of Recent Readings, based on late criticisms +and essays from the pens of Sievers, Kluge, Cosijn, Holder, Wülker, +and Sweet. A perplexed student, in turning to these suggested +readings, will often find great help in unravelling obscure or corrupt +passages.</p> + +<p>The objectionable ä and æ, for the short and the long diphthong, have +been retained in the revised edition, owing to the impossibility of +removing them without entirely recasting the plates.</p> + +<p>In conclusion, the editors would acknowledge their great indebtedness +to the friends and critics whose remarks and criticisms have +materially aided in the correction of the text,—particularly to +Profs. C.P.G. Scott, Baskervill, Price, and J.M. Hart; to Prof. J.W. +Bright; and to the authorities of Cornell University, for the loan of +periodicals necessary to the completeness of the revision. While the +second revised edition still contains much that might be improved, the +editors cannot but hope that it is an advance on its predecessor, and +that it will continue its work of extending the study of Old English +throughout the land.</p> + +<p>JUNE, 1885.</p> + +<a name="intron1"></a><h3>NOTE I.</h3> + +<p>The present work, carefully edited from Heyne's fourth edition, +(Paderborn, 1879), is designed primarily for college classes in +Anglo-Saxon, rather than for independent investigators or for seekers +after a restored or ideal text. The need of an American edition of +"Bēowulf" has long been felt, as, hitherto, students have had either +to send to Germany for a text, or secure, with great trouble, one of +the scarce and expensive English editions. Heyne's first edition came +out in 1863, and was followed in 1867 and 1873 by a second and a third +edition, all three having essentially the same text.</p> + +<p>So many important contributions to the "Bēowulf" literature were, +however, made between 1873 and 1879 that Heyne found it necessary to +put forth a new edition (1879). In this new, last edition, the text +was subjected to a careful revision, and was fortified by the views, +contributions, and criticisms of other zealous scholars. In it the +collation of the unique "Bēowulf" Ms. (Vitellius A. 15: Cottonian Mss. +of the British Museum), as made by E. Kölbing in Herrig's +<i>Archiv</i> (Bd. 56; 1876), was followed wherever the present +condition of the Ms. had to be discussed; and the researches of Bugge, +Bieger, and others, on single passages, were made use of. The +discussion of the metrical structure of the poem, as occurring in the +second and third editions, was omitted in the fourth, owing to the +many controversies in which the subject is still involved. The present +editor has thought it best to do the same, though, happily, the +subject of Old English <i>Metrik</i> is undergoing a steady +illumination through the labors of Schipper and others.</p> + +<p>Some errors and misplaced accents in Heyne's text have been corrected +in the present edition, in which, as in the general revision of the +text, the editor has been most kindly aided by Prof. J.M. Garnett, +late Principal of St. John's College, Maryland.</p> + +<p>In the preparation of the present school edition it has been thought +best to omit Heyne's notes, as they concern themselves principally +with conjectural emendations, substitutions of one reading for +another, and discussions of the condition of the Ms. Until Wülker's +text and the photographic fac-simile of the original Ms. are in the +hands of all scholars, it will be better not to introduce such matters +in the school room, where they would puzzle without instructing.</p> + +<p>For convenience of reference, the editor has added a head-line to each +"fit" of the poem, with a view to facilitate a knowledge of its +episodes.</p> + +<p>WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY, +LEXINGTON, VA., June, 1882.</p> + +<a name="intron2"></a><h3>NOTE II.</h3> + +<p>The editors now have the pleasure of presenting to the public a +complete text and a tolerably complete glossary of "Bēowulf." The +edition is the first published in America, and the first of its +special kind presented to the English public, and it is the initial +volume of a "Library of Anglo-Saxon Poetry," to be edited under the +same auspices and with the coöperation of distinguished scholars in +this country. Among these scholars may be mentioned Professors F.A. +March of Lafayette College, T.K. Price of Columbia College, and W.M. +Baskervill of Vanderbilt University.</p> + +<p>In the preparation of the Glossary the editors found it necessary to +abandon a literal and exact translation of Heyne for several reasons, +and among others from the fact that Heyne seems to be wrong in the +translation of some of his illustrative quotations, and even +translates the same passage in two or three different ways under +different headings. The orthography of his glossary differs +considerably from the orthography of his text. He fails to +discriminate with due nicety the meanings of many of the words in his +vocabulary, while criticism more recent than his latest edition (1879) +has illustrated or overthrown several of his renderings. The +references were found to be incorrect in innumerable instances, and +had to be verified in every individual case so far as this was +possible, a few only, which resisted all efforts at verification, +having to be indicated by an interrogation point (?). The references +are exceedingly numerous, and the labor of verifying them was +naturally great. To many passages in the Glossary, where Heyne's +translation could not be trusted with entire certainty, the editors +have added other translations of phrases and sentences or of special +words; and in this they have been aided by a careful study of the text +and a comparison and utilization of the views of Kemble and Professor +J.M. Garnett (who takes Grein for his foundation). Many new references +have been added; and the various passages in which Heyne fails to +indicate whether a given verb is weak or strong, or fails to point out +the number, etc., of the illustrative form, have been corrected and +made to harmonize with the general plan of the work. Numerous +misprints in the glossary have also been corrected, and a brief +glossary to the Finnsburh-fragment, prepared by Dr. Wm. Hand Browne, +and supplemented and adapted by the editor-in-chief, has been added.</p> + +<p>The editors think that they may without immodesty put forth for +themselves something more than the claim of being re-translators of a +translation: the present edition is, so far as they were able to make +it so, an adaptation, correction, and extension of the work of the +great German scholar to whose loving appreciation of the Anglo-Saxon +epic all students of Old English owe a debt of gratitude. While +following his usually sure and cautious guidance, and in the main +appropriating his results, they have thought it best to deviate from +him in the manner above indicated, whenever it seemed that he was +wrong. The careful reader will notice at once the marks of +interrogation which point out these deviations, or which introduce a +point of view illustrative of, or supplementary to, the one given by +the German editor. No doubt the editors are wrong themselves in many +places,—"Bēowulf" is a most difficult poem,—but their view may at +least be defended by a reference to the original text, which they have +faithfully and constantly consulted.</p> + +<p>A good many cognate Modern English words have been introduced here and +there in the Glossary with a view to illustration, and other addenda +will be found between brackets and parenthetical marks.</p> + +<p>It is hoped that the present edition of the most famous of Old English +poems will do something to promote a valuable and interesting study.</p> + +<p> +JAMES A. HARRISON, +<i>Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Va</i>.</p> + +<p>ROBERT SHARP, +<i>University of Louisiana, New Orleans</i>.</p> + +<p>April, 1883.</p> + +<p>The responsibility of the editors is as follows: H. is responsible for +the Text, and for the Glossary from <b>hrīnan</b> on; S. for the List +of Names, and for the Glossary as far as <b>hrīnan.</b></p> +<hr> +<a name="argument"></a><h3>ARGUMENT.</h3> + +<p>The only national [Anglo-Saxon] epic which has been preserved entire +is Bēowulf. Its argument is briefly as follows:—The poem opens with a +few verses in praise of the Danish Kings, especially Scild, the son of +Sceaf. His death is related, and his descendants briefly traced down +to Hroðgar. Hroðgar, elated with his prosperity and success in war, +builds a magnificent hall, which he calls Heorot. In this hall Hroðgar +and his retainers live in joy and festivity, until a malignant fiend, +called Grendel, jealous of their happiness, carries off by night +thirty of Hroðgar's men, and devours them in his moorland retreat. +These ravages go on for twelve years. Bēowulf, a thane of Hygelac, +King of the Goths, hearing of Hroðgar's calamities, sails from Sweden +with fourteen warriors—to help him. They reach the Danish coast in +safety; and, after an animated parley with Hroðgar's coastguard, who +at first takes them for pirates, they are allowed to proceed to the +royal hall, where they are well received by Hroðgar. A banquet ensues, +during which Bēowulf is taunted by the envious Hunferhð about his +swimming-match with Breca, King of the Brondings. Bēowulf gives the +true account of the contest, and silences Hunferhð. At night-fall the +King departs, leaving Bēowulf in charge of the hall. Grendel soon +breaks in, seizes and devours one of Bēowulf's companions; is attacked +by Bēowulf, and, after losing an arm, which is torn off by Bēowulf, +escapes to the fens. The joy of Hroðgar and the Danes, and their +festivities, are described, various episodes are introduced, and +Bēowulf and his companions receive splendid gifts. The next night +Grendel's mother revenges her son by carrying off AEschere, the friend +and councillor of Hroðgar, during the absence of Bēowulf. Hroðgar +appeals to Bēowulf for vengeance, and describes the haunts of Grendel +and his mother. They all proceed thither; the scenery of the lake, and +the monsters that dwell in it, are described. Bēowulf plunges into the +water, and attacks Grendel's mother in her dwelling at the bottom of +the lake. He at length overcomes her, and cuts off her head, together +with that of Grendel, and brings the heads to Hroðgar. He then takes +leave of Hroðgar, sails back to Sweden, and relates his adventures to +Hygelac. Here the first half of the poem ends. The second begins with +the accession of Bēowulf to the throne, after the fall of Hygelac and +his son Heardred. He rules prosperously for fifty years, till a +dragon, brooding over a hidden treasure, begins to ravage the country, +and destroys Bēowulf's palace with fire. Bēowulf sets out in quest of +its hiding-place, with twelve men. Having a presentiment of his +approaching end, he pauses and recalls to mind his past life and +exploits. He then takes leave of his followers, one by one, and +advances alone to attack the dragon. Unable, from the heat, to enter +the cavern, he shouts aloud, and the dragon comes forth. The dragon's +scaly hide is proof against Bēowulf's sword, and he is reduced to +great straits. Then Wiglaf, one of his followers, advances to help +him. Wiglaf's shield is consumed by the dragon's fiery breath, and he +is compelled to seek shelter under Bēowulf's shield of iron. Bēowulf's +sword snaps asunder, and he is seized by the dragon. Wiglaf stabs the +dragon from underneath, and Bēowulf cuts it in two with his dagger. +Feeling that his end is near, he bids Wiglaf bring out the treasures +from the cavern, that he may see them before he dies. Wiglaf enters +the dragon's den, which is described, returns to Bēowulf, and receives +his last commands. Bēowulf dies, and Wiglaf bitterly reproaches his +companions for their cowardice. The disastrous consequences of +Bēowulf's death are then foretold, and the poem ends with his +funeral.—H. Sweet, in Warton's <i>History of English Poetry</i>, Vol. +II. (ed. 1871). Cf. also Ten Brink's <i>History of English +Literature</i>.</p> +</div> +<div class="poem"> +<a name="poemtop"></a><h1>BĒOWULF.</h1> + +<div class="fitt"> +<div><a name="fittI"></a><h2>I. THE PASSING OF SCYLD.</h2></div> + +<a name="li1"></a><a class="nref" href="#note1">†</a><div class="line">Hwæt! wē Gār-Dena in geār-dagum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2"></a>þēod-cyninga þrym gefrūnon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3"></a>hū þā æðelingas ellen fremedon.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note4">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li4"></a>Oft Scyld Scēfing sceaðena þrēatum,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li5">5</a><div class="line">monegum mǣgðum meodo-setla oftēah.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note6">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li6"></a>Egsode eorl, syððan ǣrest wearð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li7"></a>fēa-sceaft funden: hē þæs frōfre gebād,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li8"></a>wēox under wolcnum, weorð-myndum ðāh,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li9"></a>oð þæt him ǣghwylc þāra ymb-sittendra</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li10">10</a><div class="line">ofer hron-rāde hȳran scolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li11"></a>gomban gyldan: þæt wæs gōd cyning!</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li12"></a>þǣm eafera wæs æfter cenned</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li13"></a>geong in geardum, þone god sende</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li14"></a>folce tō frōfre; fyren-þearfe ongeat,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note15">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li15">15</a><div class="line">þæt hīe ǣr drugon aldor-<i>lē</i>ase</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li16"></a>lange hwīle. Him þæs līf-frēa,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li17"></a>wuldres wealdend, worold-āre forgeaf;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note18">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li18"></a>Bēowulf wæs brēme (blǣd wīde sprang),</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note19">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li19"></a>Scyldes eafera Scede-landum in.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li20">20</a><div class="line">Swā sceal <i>geong gu</i>ma, gōde gewyrcean,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note21">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li21"></a>fromum feoh-giftum on fæder <i>wi</i>ne,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note22">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li22"></a>þæt hine on ylde eft gewunigen</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li23"></a>wil-gesīðas, þonne wīg cume,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li24"></a>lēode gelǣsten: lof-dǣdum sceal</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li25">25</a><div class="line">in mǣgða gehwǣre man geþēon.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note26">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li26"></a>Him þā Scyld gewāt tō gescæp-hwīle</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li27"></a>fela-hrōr fēran on frēan wǣre;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li28"></a>hī hyne þā ætbǣron tō brimes faroðe.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li29"></a>swǣse gesīðas, swā hē selfa bæd,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li30">30</a><div class="line">þenden wordum wēold wine Scyldinga,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note31">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li31"></a>lēof land-fruma lange āhte.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note32">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li32"></a>Þǣr æt hȳðe stōd hringed-stefna,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li33"></a>īsig and ūtfūs, æðelinges fær;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note34">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li34"></a>ā-lēdon þā lēofne þēoden,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note35">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li35">35</a><div class="line">bēaga bryttan on bearm scipes,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li36"></a>mǣrne be mæste. Þǣr wæs mādma fela,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li37"></a>of feor-wegum frætwa gelǣded:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li38"></a>ne hȳrde ic cȳmlīcor cēol gegyrwan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li39"></a>hilde-wǣpnum and heaðo-wǣdum,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li40">40</a><div class="line">billum and byrnum; him on bearme læg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li41"></a>mādma mænigo, þā him mid scoldon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li42"></a>on flōdes ǣht feor gewītan.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li43"></a>Nalas hī hine lǣssan lācum tēodan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li44"></a>þēod-gestrēonum, þonne þā dydon,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li45">45</a><div class="line">þē hine æt frumsceafte forð onsendon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li46"></a>ǣnne ofer ȳðe umbor wesende:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li47"></a>þā gȳt hīe him āsetton segen <i>gy</i>ldenne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li48"></a>hēah ofer hēafod, lēton holm beran,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note49">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li49"></a>gēafon on gār-secg: him wæs geōmor sefa,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li50">50</a><div class="line">murnende mōd. Men ne cunnon</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note51">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li51"></a>secgan tō soðe sele-rǣdende,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li52"></a>hæleð under heofenum, hwā þǣm hlæste onfēng.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittII"></a><h2>II. THE HALL HEOROT.</h2> + +<a class="nref" href="#note53">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li53"></a>Þā wæs on burgum Bēowulf Scyldinga,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li54"></a>lēof lēod-cyning, longe þrāge</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li55">55</a><div class="line">folcum gefrǣge (fæder ellor hwearf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li56"></a>aldor of earde), oð þæt him eft onwōc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li57"></a>hēah Healfdene; hēold þenden lifde,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note58">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li58"></a>gamol and gūð-rēow, glæde Scyldingas.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li59"></a>Þǣm fēower bearn forð-gerīmed</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note60">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li60">60</a><div class="line">in worold wōcun, weoroda rǣswan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li61"></a>Heorogār and Hrōðgār and Hālga til;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note62">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li62"></a>hȳrde ic, þat Elan cwēn <i>Ongenþēowes wæs</i></div> +<div class="line"><a name="li63"></a>Heaðoscilfinges heals-gebedde.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li64"></a>Þā wæs Hrōðgāre here-spēd gyfen,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li65">65</a><div class="line">wīges weorð-mynd, þæt him his wine-māgas</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li66"></a>georne hȳrdon, oð þæt sēo geogoð gewēox,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li67"></a>mago-driht micel. Him on mōd bearn,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note68">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li68"></a>þæt heal-reced hātan wolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li69"></a>medo-ærn micel men gewyrcean,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note70">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li70">70</a><div class="line">þone yldo bearn ǣfre gefrūnon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li71"></a>and þǣr on innan eall gedǣlan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li72"></a>geongum and ealdum, swylc him god sealde,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note73">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li73"></a>būton folc-scare and feorum gumena.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li74"></a>Þā ic wīde gefrægn weorc gebannan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li75">75</a><div class="line">manigre mǣgðe geond þisne middan-geard,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li76"></a>folc-stede frætwan. Him on fyrste gelomp</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li77"></a>ǣdre mid yldum, þæt hit wearð eal gearo,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note78">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li78"></a>heal-ærna mǣst; scōp him Heort naman,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li79"></a>sē þe his wordes geweald wīde hæfde.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li80">80</a><div class="line">Hē bēot ne ālēh, bēagas dǣlde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li81"></a>sinc æt symle. Sele hlīfade</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li82"></a>hēah and horn-gēap: heaðo-wylma bād,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li83"></a>lāðan līges; ne wæs hit lenge þā gēn</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note84">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li84"></a>þæt se ecg-hete āðum-swerian</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li85">85</a><div class="line">æfter wæl-nīðe wæcnan scolde.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li86"></a>Þā se ellen-gǣst earfoðlīce</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li87"></a>þrāge geþolode, sē þe in þȳstrum bād,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note88">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li88"></a>þæt hē dōgora gehwām drēam gehȳrde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li89"></a>hlūdne in healle; þǣr wæs hearpan swēg,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note90">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li90">90</a><div class="line">swutol sang scopes. Sægde sē þe cūðe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li91"></a>frum-sceaft fīra feorran reccan,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note92">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li92"></a>cwæð þæt se ælmihtiga eorðan worh<i>te</i>,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li93"></a>wlite-beorhtne wang, swā wæter bebūgeð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li94"></a>gesette sige-hrēðig sunnan and mōnan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li95">95</a><div class="line">lēoman tō lēohte land-būendum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li96"></a>and gefrætwade foldan scēatas</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li97"></a>leomum and lēafum; līf ēac gesceōp</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li98"></a>cynna gehwylcum, þāra þe cwice hwyrfað.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li99"></a>Swā þā driht-guman drēamum lifdon</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note100">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li100">100</a><div class="line">ēadiglīce, oð þæt ān ongan</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note101">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li101"></a>fyrene fremman, fēond on helle:</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note102">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li102"></a>wæs se grimma gæst Grendel hāten,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note103">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li103"></a>mǣre mearc-stapa, sē þe mōras hēold,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li104"></a>fen and fæsten; fīfel-cynnes eard</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note105">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li105">105</a><div class="line">won-sǣlig wer weardode hwīle,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note106">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li106"></a>siððan him scyppend forscrifen hæfde.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li107"></a>In Caines cynne þone cwealm gewræc,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note108">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li108"></a>ēce drihten, þæs þe hē Ābel slōg;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li109"></a>ne gefeah hē þǣre fǣhðe, ac hē hine feor forwræc,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li110">110</a><div class="line">metod for þȳ māne man-cynne fram.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li111"></a>Þanon untȳdras ealle onwōcon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li112"></a>eotenas and ylfe and orcnēas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li113"></a>swylce gīgantas, þā wið gode wunnon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li114"></a>lange þrāge; hē him þæs lēan forgeald.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittIII"></a><h2>III. GRENDEL'S VISITS.</h2> + +<a class="lineno" name="li115">115</a><div class="line">Gewāt þā nēosian, syððan niht becōm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li116"></a>hēan hūses, hū hit Hring-Dene</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li117"></a>æfter bēor-þege gebūn hæfdon.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li118"></a>Fand þā þǣr inne æðelinga gedriht</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note119">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li119"></a>swefan æfter symble; sorge ne cūðon,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note120">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li120">120</a><div class="line">won-sceaft wera. Wiht unhǣlo</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li121"></a>grim and grǣdig gearo sōna wæs,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li122"></a>rēoc and rēðe, and on ræste genam</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li123"></a>þrītig þegna: þanon eft gewāt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li124"></a>hūðe hrēmig tō hām faran,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li125">125</a><div class="line">mid þǣre wæl-fylle wīca nēosan.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li126"></a>Þā wæs on ūhtan mid ǣr-dæge</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li127"></a>Grendles gūð-cræft gumum undyrne:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li128"></a>þā wæs æfter wiste wōp up āhafen,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li129"></a>micel morgen-swēg. Mǣre þēoden,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li130">130</a><div class="line">æðeling ǣr-gōd, unblīðe sæt,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note131">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li131"></a>þolode þrȳð-swȳð, þegn-sorge drēah,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li132"></a>syððan hīe þæs lāðan lāst scēawedon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li133"></a>wergan gāstes; wæs þæt gewin tō strang,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li134"></a>lāð and longsum. Næs hit lengra fyrst,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li135">135</a><div class="line">ac ymb āne niht eft gefremede</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li136"></a>morð-beala māre and nō mearn fore</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li137"></a>fǣhðe and fyrene; wæs tō fæst on þām.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li138"></a>Þā wæs ēað-fynde, þē him elles hwǣr</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li139"></a>gerūmlīcor ræste <i>sōhte</i>,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li140">140</a><div class="line">bed æfter būrum, þā him gebēacnod wæs,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li141"></a>gesægd sōðlīce sweotolan tācne</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note142">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li142"></a>heal-þegnes hete; hēold hine syððan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li143"></a>fyr and fæstor, sē þǣm fēonde ætwand.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note144">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li144"></a>Swā rīxode and wið rihte wan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li145">145</a><div class="line">āna wið eallum, oð þæt īdel stōd</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note146">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li146"></a>hūsa sēlest. Wæs sēo hwīl micel:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li147"></a>twelf wintra tīd torn geþolode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li148"></a>wine Scyldinga, wēana gehwelcne,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note149">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li149"></a>sīdra sorga; forþām <i>syððan</i> wearð</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li150">150</a><div class="line">ylda bearnum undyrne cūð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li151"></a>gyddum geōmore, þætte Grendel wan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li152"></a>hwīle wið Hrōðgār;— hete-nīðas wæg,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li153"></a>fyrene and fǣhðe fela missēra,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note154">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li154"></a>singāle sæce, sibbe ne wolde</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li155">155</a><div class="line">wið manna hwone mægenes Deniga</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li156"></a>feorh-bealo feorran, fēo þingian,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li157"></a>nē þǣr nǣnig witena wēnan þorfte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li158"></a>beorhtre bōte tō banan folmum;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note159">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li159"></a><i>atol</i> ǣglǣca ēhtende wæs,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li160">160</a><div class="line">deorc dēað-scūa duguðe and geogoðe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li161"></a>seomade and syrede. Sin-nihte hēold</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li162"></a>mistige mōras; men ne cunnon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li163"></a>hwyder hel-rūnan hwyrftum scrīðað.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li164"></a>Swā fela fyrena fēond man-cynnes,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li165">165</a><div class="line">atol ān-gengea, oft gefremede</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li166"></a>heardra hȳnða; Heorot eardode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li167"></a>sinc-fāge sel sweartum nihtum</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note168">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li168"></a>(nō hē þone gif-stōl grētan mōste,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note169">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li169"></a>māððum for metode, nē his myne wisse);</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li170">170</a><div class="line">þæt wæs wrǣc micel wine Scyldinga,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li171"></a>mōdes brecða. Monig-oft gesæt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li172"></a>rīce tō rūne; rǣd eahtedon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li173"></a>hwæt swīð-ferhðum sēlest wǣre</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note174">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li174"></a>wið fǣr-gryrum tō gefremmanne.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note175">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li175">175</a><div class="line">Hwīlum hīe gehēton æt hærg-trafum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li176"></a>wīg-weorðunga, wordum bǣdon,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note177">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li177"></a>þæt him gāst-bona gēoce gefremede</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li178"></a>wið þēod-þrēaum. Swylc wæs þēaw hyra,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li179"></a>hǣðenra hyht; helle gemundon</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li180">180</a><div class="line">in mōd-sefan, metod hīe ne cūðon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li181"></a>dǣda dēmend, ne wiston hīe drihten god,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li182"></a>nē hīe hūru heofena helm herian ne cūðon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li183"></a>wuldres waldend. Wā bið þǣm þe sceal</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li184"></a>þurh slīðne nīð sāwle bescūfan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li185">185</a><div class="line">in fȳres fæðm, frōfre ne wēnan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li186"></a>wihte gewendan; wēl bið þǣm þe mōt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li187"></a>æfter dēað-dæge drihten sēcean</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li188"></a>and tō fæder fæðmum freoðo wilnian.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittIV"></a><h2>IV. HYGELAC'S THANE.</h2> + +<a class="nref" href="#note189">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li189"></a>Swā þā mǣl-ceare maga Healfdenes</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note190">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li190">190</a><div class="line">singāla sēað; ne mihte snotor hæleð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li191"></a>wēan onwendan: wæs þæt gewin tō swȳð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li192"></a>lāð and longsum, þē on þā lēode becōm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li193"></a>nȳd-wracu nīð-grim, niht-bealwa mǣst.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note194">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li194"></a>Þæt fram hām gefrægn Higelāces þegn,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li195">195</a><div class="line">gōd mid Gēatum, Grendles dǣda:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li196"></a>sē wæs mon-cynnes mægenes strengest</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note197">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li197"></a>on þǣm dæge þysses līfes,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li198"></a>æðele and ēacen. Hēt him ȳð-lidan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li199"></a>gōdne gegyrwan; cwæð hē gūð-cyning</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note200">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li200">200</a><div class="line">ofer swan-rāde sēcean wolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li201"></a>mǣrne þēoden, þā him wæs manna þearf.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li202"></a>Þone sīð-fæt him snotere ceorlas</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note203">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li203"></a>lȳt-hwōn lōgon, þēah hē him lēof wǣre;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note204">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li204"></a>hwetton higerōfne, hǣl scēawedon.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li205">205</a><div class="line">Hæfde se gōda Gēata lēoda</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li206"></a>cempan gecorone, þāra þe hē cēnoste</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note207">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li207"></a>findan mihte; fīftȳna sum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li208"></a>sund-wudu sōhte; secg wīsade,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li209"></a>lagu-cræftig mon, land-gemyrcu.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li210">210</a><div class="line">Fyrst forð gewāt: flota wæs on ȳðum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li211"></a>bāt under beorge. Beornas gearwe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li212"></a>on stefn stigon; strēamas wundon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li213"></a>sund wið sande; secgas bǣron</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li214"></a>on bearm nacan beorhte frætwe,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li215">215</a><div class="line">gūð-searo geatolīc; guman ūt scufon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li216"></a>weras on wil-sīð wudu bundenne.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note217">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li217"></a>Gewāt þā ofer wǣg-holm winde gefȳsed</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note218">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li218"></a>flota fāmig-heals fugle gelīcost,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note219">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li219"></a>oð þæt ymb ān-tīd ōðres dōgores</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li220">220</a><div class="line">wunden-stefna gewaden hæfde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li221"></a>þæt þā līðende land gesāwon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li222"></a>brim-clifu blīcan, beorgas stēape,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li223"></a>sīde sǣ-næssas: þā wæs sund liden,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note224">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li224"></a>eoletes æt ende. Þanon up hraðe</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li225">225</a><div class="line">Wedera lēode on wang stigon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li226"></a>sǣ-wudu sǣldon (syrcan hrysedon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li227"></a>gūð-gewǣdo); gode þancedon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li228"></a>þæs þe him ȳð-lāde ēaðe wurdon.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note229">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li229"></a>Þā of wealle geseah weard Scildinga,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li230">230</a><div class="line">sē þe holm-clifu healdan scolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li231"></a>beran ofer bolcan beorhte randas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li232"></a>fyrd-searu fūslīcu; hine fyrwyt bræc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li233"></a>mōd-gehygdum, hwæt þā men wǣron.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li234"></a>Gewāt him þā tō waroðe wicge rīdan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li235">235</a><div class="line">þegn Hrōðgāres, þrymmum cwehte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li236"></a>mægen-wudu mundum, meðel-wordum frægn:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li237"></a>"Hwæt syndon gē searo-hæbbendra</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li238"></a>"byrnum werede, þē þus brontne cēol</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note239">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li239"></a>"ofer lagu-strǣte lǣdan cwōmon,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note240">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li240">240</a><div class="line">"hider ofer holmas <i>helmas bǣron</i>?</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li241"></a>"Ic wæs ende-sǣta, ǣg-wearde hēold,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li242"></a>"þæt on land Dena lāðra nǣnig</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li243"></a>"mid scip-herge sceððan ne meahte.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li244"></a>"Nō hēr cūðlīcor cuman ongunnon</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note245">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li245">245</a><div class="line">"lind-hæbbende; nē gē lēafnes-word</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li246"></a>"gūð-fremmendra gearwe ne wisson,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li247"></a>"māga gemēdu. Nǣfre ic māran geseah</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li248"></a>"eorla ofer eorðan, þonne is ēower sum,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note249">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li249"></a>"secg on searwum; nis þæt seld-guma</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note250">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li250">250</a><div class="line">"wǣpnum geweorðad, næfne him his wlite lēoge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li251"></a>"ǣnlīc an-sȳn. Nū ic ēower sceal</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note252">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li252"></a>"frum-cyn witan, ǣr gē fyr heonan</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note253">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li253"></a>"lēase scēaweras on land Dena</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li254"></a>"furður fēran. Nū gē feor-būend,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li255">255</a><div class="line">"mere-līðende, mīnne gehȳrað</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note256">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li256"></a>"ān-fealdne geþōht: ofost is sēlest</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li257"></a>"tō gecȳðanne, hwanan ēowre cyme syndon."</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittV"></a><h2>V. THE ERRAND.</h2> + +<a class="nref" href="#note258">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li258"></a>Him se yldesta andswarode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li259"></a>werodes wīsa, word-hord onlēac:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li260">260</a><div class="line">"Wē synt gum-cynnes Gēata lēode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li261"></a>"and Higelāces heorð-genēatas.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li262"></a>"Wæs mīn fæder folcum gecȳðed,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li263"></a>"æðele ord-fruma Ecgþēow hāten;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li264"></a>"gebād wintra worn, ǣr hē on weg hwurfe,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li265">265</a><div class="line">"gamol of geardum; hine gearwe geman</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li266"></a>"witena wēl-hwylc wīde geond eorðan.—</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li267"></a>"Wē þurh holdne hige hlāford þinne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li268"></a>"sunu Healfdenes, sēcean cwōmon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li269"></a>"lēod-gebyrgean: wes þū ūs lārena gōd!</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li270">270</a><div class="line">"Habbað wē tō þǣm mǣran micel ǣrende</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li271"></a>"Deniga frēan; ne sceal þǣr dyrne sum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li272"></a>"wesan, þæs ic wēne. Þū wāst, gif hit is,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note273">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li273"></a>"swā wē sōðlice secgan hȳrdon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li274"></a>"þæt mid Scyldingum sceaða ic nāt hwylc,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note275">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li275">275</a><div class="line">"dēogol dǣd-hata, deorcum nihtum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li276"></a>"ēaweð þurh egsan uncūðne nīð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li277"></a>"hȳnðu and hrā-fyl. Ic þæs Hrōðgār mæg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li278"></a>"þurh rūmne sefan rǣd gelǣran,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li279"></a>"hū hē frōd and gōd fēond oferswȳðeð,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note280">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li280">280</a><div class="line">"gyf him ed-wendan ǣfre scolde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li281"></a>"bealuwa bisigu, bōt eft cuman</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li282"></a>"and þā cear-wylmas cōlran wurðað;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li283"></a>"oððe ā syððan earfoð-þrāge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li284"></a>"þrēa-nȳd þolað, þenden þǣr wunað</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li285">285</a><div class="line">"on hēah-stede hūsa sēlest."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li286"></a>Weard maðelode, þǣr on wicge sæt</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note287">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li287"></a>ombeht unforht: "Ǣghwæðres sceal</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li288"></a>"scearp scyld-wiga gescād witan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li289"></a>"worda and worca, sē þe wēl þenceð.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li290">290</a><div class="line">"Ic þæt gehȳre, þæt þis is hold weorod</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li291"></a>"frēan Scyldinga. Gewītað forð beran</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note292">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li292"></a>"wǣpen and gewǣdu, ic ēow wīsige:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li293"></a>"swylce ic magu-þegnas mīne hāte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li294"></a>"wið fēonda gehwone flotan ēowerne,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li295">295</a><div class="line">"nīw-tyrwedne nacan on sande</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li296"></a>"ārum healdan, oð þæt eft byreð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li297"></a>"ofer lagu-strēamas lēofne mannan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li298"></a>"wudu wunden-hals tō Weder-mearce.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note299">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li299"></a>"Gūð-fremmendra swylcum gifeðe bið,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li300">300</a><div class="line">"þæt þone hilde-rǣs hāl gedīgeð."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li301"></a>Gewiton him þā fēran (flota stille bād,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li302"></a>seomode on sāle sīd-fæðmed scyp,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note303">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li303"></a>on ancre fæst); eofor-līc scionon</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note304">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li304"></a>ofer hlēor-beran gehroden golde</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note305">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li305">305</a><div class="line">fāh and fȳr-heard, ferh wearde hēold.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li306"></a>Gūðmōde grummon, guman ōnetton,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li307"></a>sigon ætsomne, oð þæt hȳ sæl timbred</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li308"></a>geatolīc and gold-fāh ongytan mihton;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li309"></a>þæt wæs fore-mǣrost fold-būendum</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li310">310</a><div class="line">receda under roderum, on þǣm se rīca bād;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note311">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li311"></a>līxte se lēoma ofer landa fela.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li312"></a>Him þā hilde-dēor hof mōdigra</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li313"></a>torht getǣhte, þæt hīe him tō mihton</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li314"></a>gegnum gangan; gūð-beorna sum</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li315">315</a><div class="line">wicg gewende, word æfter cwæð:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li316"></a>"Mǣl is mē tō fēran; fæder alwalda</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li317"></a>"mid ār-stafum ēowic gehealde</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note318">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li318"></a>"sīða gesunde! ic tō sǣ wille,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li319"></a>"wið wrāð werod wearde healdan."</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittVI"></a><h2>VI. BĒOWULF'S SPEECH.</h2> + +<a class="nref" href="#note320">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li320">320</a><div class="line">Strǣt wæs stān-fāh, stīg wīsode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li321"></a>gumum ætgædere. Gūð-byrne scān</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note322">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li322"></a>heard hond-locen, hring-īren scīr</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li323"></a>song in searwum, þā hīe tō sele furðum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li324"></a>in hyra gryre-geatwum gangan cwōmon.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note325">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li325">325</a><div class="line">Setton sǣ-mēðe sīde scyldas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li326"></a>rondas regn-hearde wið þæs recedes weal,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li327"></a>bugon þā tō bence; byrnan hringdon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li328"></a>gūð-searo gumena; gāras stōdon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li329"></a>sǣ-manna searo, samod ætgædere,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li330">330</a><div class="line">æsc-holt ufan grǣg: wæs se īren-þrēat</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li331"></a>wǣpnum gewurðad. Þā þǣr wlonc hæleð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li332"></a>ōret-mecgas æfter æðelum frægn:</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note333">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li333"></a>"Hwanon ferigeað gē fǣtte scyldas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li334"></a>"grǣge syrcan and grīm-helmas,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li335">335</a><div class="line">"here-sceafta hēap?— Ic eom Hrōðgāres</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note336">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li336"></a>"ār and ombiht. Ne seah ic el-þēodige</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li337"></a>"þus manige men mōdiglīcran.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note338">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li338"></a>"Wēn' ic þæt gē for wlenco, nalles for wræc-sīðum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li339"></a>"ac for hige-þrymmum Hrōðgār sōhton."</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li340">340</a><div class="line">Him þā ellen-rōf andswarode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li341"></a>wlanc Wedera lēod word æfter spræc,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li342"></a>heard under helme: "Wē synt Higelāces</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note343">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li343"></a>"bēod-genēatas; Bēowulf is mīn nama.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note344">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li344"></a>"Wille ic āsecgan suna Healfdenes,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li345">345</a><div class="line">"mǣrum þēodne mīn ǣrende,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li346"></a>"aldre þīnum, gif hē ūs geunnan wile,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li347"></a>"þæt wē hine swā gōdne grētan mōton."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li348"></a>Wulfgār maðelode (þæt wæs Wendla lēod,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li349"></a>wæs his mōd-sefa manegum gecȳðed,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li350">350</a><div class="line">wīg and wīs-dōm): "ic þæs wine Deniga,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li351"></a>"frēan Scildinga frīnan wille,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li352"></a>"bēaga bryttan, swā þū bēna eart,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note353">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li353"></a>"þēoden mǣrne ymb þīnne sīð ;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li354"></a>"and þē þā andsware ǣdre gecȳðan,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li355">355</a><div class="line">"þē mē se gōda āgifan þenceð."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li356"></a>Hwearf þā hrædlīce, þǣr Hrōðgār sæt,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note357">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li357"></a>eald and unhār mid his eorla gedriht;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note358">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li358"></a>ēode ellen-rōf, þæt hē for eaxlum gestōd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li359"></a>Deniga frēan, cūðe hē duguðe þēaw.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li360">360</a><div class="line">Wulfgār maðelode tō his wine-drihtne:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li361"></a>"Hēr syndon geferede feorran cumene</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li362"></a>"ofer geofenes begang Gēata lēode:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li363"></a>"þone yldestan ōret-mecgas</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li364"></a>"Bēowulf nemnað. Hȳ bēnan synt,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li365">365</a><div class="line">"þæt hīe, þēoden mīn, wið þē mōton</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li366"></a>"wordum wrixlan; nō þū him wearne getēoh,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note367">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li367"></a>"þīnra gegn-cwida glædnian, Hrōðgār!</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li368"></a>"Hȳ on wīg-geatwum wyrðe þinceað</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note369">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li369"></a>"eorla geæhtlan; hūru se aldor dēah,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li370">370</a><div class="line">"sē þǣm heaðo-rincum hider wīsade."</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittVII"></a><h2>VII. HROTHGAR'S WELCOME.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li371"></a>Hrōðgār maðelode, helm Scyldinga:</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note372">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li372"></a>"Ic hine cūðe cniht-wesende.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note373">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li373"></a>"Wæs his eald-fæder Ecgþēo hāten,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li374"></a>"þǣm tō hām forgeaf Hrēðel Gēata</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li375">375</a><div class="line">"āngan dōhtor; is his eafora nū</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li376"></a>"heard hēr cumen, sōhte holdne wine.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li377"></a>"þonne sægdon þæt sǣ-līðende,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note378">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li378"></a>"þā þe gif-sceattas Gēata fyredon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li379"></a>"þyder tō þance, þæt hē þrīttiges</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note380">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li380">380</a><div class="line">"manna mægen-cræft on his mund-grīpe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li381"></a>"heaðo-rōf hæbbe. Hine hālig god</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li382"></a>"for ār-stafum us onsende,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li383"></a>"tō West-Denum, þæs ic wēn hæbbe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li384"></a>"wið Grendles gryre: ic þǣm gōdan sceal</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li385">385</a><div class="line">"for his mōd-þræce mādmas bēodan.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note386">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li386"></a>"Bēo þū on ofeste, hāt <i>hig</i> in gān,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note387">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li387"></a>"sēon sibbe-gedriht samod ætgædere;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li388"></a>"gesaga him ēac wordum, þæt hīe sint wil-cuman</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li389"></a>"Deniga lēodum." Þā <i>wið duru healle</i></div> +<a class="lineno" name="li390">390</a><div class="line"><i>Wulfgār ēode</i>, word inne ābēad:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li391"></a>"Ēow hēt secgan sige-drihten mīn,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li392"></a>"aldor Ēast-Dena, þæt hē ēower æðelu can</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li393"></a>"and gē him syndon ofer sǣ-wylmas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li394"></a>"heard-hicgende, hider wil-cuman.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li395">395</a><div class="line">"Nū gē mōton gangan in ēowrum guð-geatawum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li396"></a>"under here-grīman, Hrōðgār gesēon;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li397"></a>"lǣtað hilde-bord hēr onbidian,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li398"></a>"wudu wæl-sceaftas, worda geþinges."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li399"></a>Ārās þā se rīca, ymb hine rinc manig,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li400">400</a><div class="line">þrȳðlīc þegna hēap; sume þǣr bidon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li401"></a>heaðo-rēaf hēoldon, swā him se hearda bebēad.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li402"></a>Snyredon ætsomne, þā secg wīsode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li403"></a>under Heorotes hrōf; <i>hyge-rōf ēode</i>,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note404">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li404"></a>heard under helme, þæt hē on heoðe gestōd.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note405">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li405">405</a><div class="line">Bēowulf maðelode (on him byrne scān,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li406"></a>searo-net sēowed smiðes or-þancum):</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note407">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li407"></a>"Wes þū Hrōðgār hāl! ic eom Higelāces</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li408"></a>"mǣg and mago-þegn; hæbbe ic mǣrða fela</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li409"></a>"ongunnen on geogoðe. Mē wearð Grendles þing</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li410">410</a><div class="line">"on mīnre ēðel-tyrf undyrne cūð:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li411"></a>"secgað sǣ-līðend, þæt þes sele stande,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li412"></a>"reced sēlesta, rinca gehwylcum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li413"></a>"īdel and unnyt, siððan ǣfen-lēoht</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note414">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li414"></a>"under heofenes hādor beholen weorðeð.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li415">415</a><div class="line">"Þā mē þæt gelǣrdon lēode mīne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li416"></a>"þā sēlestan, snotere ceorlas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li417"></a>"þēoden Hrōðgār, þæt ic þē sōhte;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li418"></a>"forþan hīe mægenes cræft mīnne cūðon:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li419"></a>"selfe ofersāwon, þā ic of searwum cwōm,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note420">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li420">420</a><div class="line">"fāh from fēondum, þǣr ic fīfe geband,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li421"></a>"ȳðde eotena cyn, and on ȳðum slōg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li422"></a>"niceras nihtes, nearo-þearfe drēah,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li423"></a>"wræc Wedera nīð (wēan āhsodon)</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li424"></a>"forgrand gramum; and nū wið Grendel sceal,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note425">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li425">425</a><div class="line">"wið þām āglǣcan, āna gehegan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li426"></a>"þing wið þyrse. Ic þē nū þā,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li427"></a>"brego Beorht-Dena, biddan wille,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li428"></a>"eodor Scyldinga, ānre bēne;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li429"></a>"þæt þū mē ne forwyrne, wīgendra hlēo,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li430">430</a><div class="line">"frēo-wine folca, nū ic þus feorran cōm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li431"></a>"þæt ic mōte āna and mīnra eorla gedryht,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li432"></a>"þes hearda hēap, Heorot fǣlsian.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li433"></a>"Hæbbe ic ēac geāhsod, þæt se ǣglǣca</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li434"></a>"for his won-hȳdum wǣpna ne rēceð;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li435">435</a><div class="line">"ic þæt þonne forhicge, swā mē Higelāc sīe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li436"></a>"mīn mon-drihten, mōdes blīðe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li437"></a>"þæt ic sweord bere oððe sīdne scyld</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li438"></a>"geolo-rand tō gūðe; ac ic mid grāpe sceal</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li439"></a>"fōn wið fēonde and ymb feorh sacan,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li440">440</a><div class="line">"lāð wið lāðum; þǣr gelȳfan sceal</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note441">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li441"></a>"dryhtnes dōme sē þe hine dēað nimeð.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li442"></a>"Wēn' ic þæt hē wille, gif hē wealdan mōt,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note443">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li443"></a>"in þǣm gūð-sele Gēatena lēode</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note444">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li444"></a>"etan unforhte, swā hē oft dyde</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li445">445</a><div class="line">"mægen Hrēðmanna. Nā þū mīnne þearft</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note446">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li446"></a>"hafalan hȳdan, ac hē mē habban wile</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note447">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li447"></a>"drēore fāhne, gif mec dēað nimeð;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li448"></a>"byreð blōdig wæl, byrgean þenceð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li449"></a>"eteð ān-genga unmurnlīce,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li450">450</a><div class="line">"mearcað mōr-hopu: nō þū ymb mīnes ne þearft</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note451">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li451"></a>"līces feorme leng sorgian.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note452">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li452"></a>"Onsend Higelāce, gif mec hild nime,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li453"></a>"beadu-scrūda betst, þæt mīne brēost wereð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li454"></a>"hrægla sēlest; þæt is Hrēðlan lāf,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note455">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li455">455</a><div class="line">"Wēlandes geweorc. Gǣð ā Wyrd swā hīo scel!"</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittVIII"></a><h2>VIII. HROTHGAR TELLS OF GRENDEL.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li456"></a>Hrōðgār maðelode, helm Scyldinga:</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note457">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li457"></a>"for <i>were</i>-fyhtum þū, wine mīn Bēowulf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li458"></a>"and for ār-stafum ūsic sōhtest.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li459"></a>"Geslōh þin fæder fǣhðe mǣste,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li460">460</a><div class="line">"wearð hē Heaðolāfe tō hand-bonan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li461"></a>"mid Wilfingum; þā hine Wedera cyn</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li462"></a>"for here-brōgan habban ne mihte.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li463"></a>"Þanon hē gesōhte Sūð-Dena folc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li464"></a>"ofer ȳða gewealc, Ār-Scyldinga;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li465">465</a><div class="line">"þā ic furðum wēold folce Deninga,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li466"></a>"and on geogoðe hēold gimme-rīce</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li467"></a>"hord-burh hæleða: þā wæs Heregār dēad,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li468"></a>"mīn yldra mǣg unlifigende,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li469"></a>"bearn Healfdenes. Sē wæs betera þonne ic!</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li470">470</a><div class="line">"Siððan þā fǣhðe fēo þingode;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li471"></a>"sende ic Wylfingum ofer wæteres hrycg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li472"></a>"ealde mādmas: hē mē āðas swōr.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li473"></a>"Sorh is mē tō secganne on sefan mīnum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li474"></a>"gumena ǣngum, hwæt mē Grendel hafað</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li475">475</a><div class="line">"hȳnðo on Heorote mid his hete-þancum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li476"></a>"fǣr-nīða gefremed. Is mīn flet-werod,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li477"></a>"wīg-hēap gewanod; hīe Wyrd forswēop</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li478"></a>"on Grendles gryre. God ēaðe mæg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li479"></a>"þone dol-scaðan dǣda getwǣfan!</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note480">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li480">480</a><div class="line">"Ful oft gebēotedon bēore druncne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li481"></a>"ofer ealo-wǣge ōret-mecgas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li482"></a>"þæt hīe in bēor-sele bīdan woldon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li483"></a>"Grendles gūðe mid gryrum ecga.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li484"></a>"Þonne wæs þēos medo-heal on morgen-tīd,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li485">485</a><div class="line">"driht-sele drēor-fāh, þonne dæg līxte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li486"></a>"eal benc-þelu blōde bestȳmed,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li487"></a>"heall heoru-drēore: āhte ic holdra þȳ lǣs,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note488">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li488"></a>"dēorre duguðe, þē þā dēað fornam.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note489">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li489"></a>"Site nū tō symle and onsǣl meoto,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li490">490</a><div class="line">"sige-hrēð secgum, swā þīn sefa hwette!"</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li491"></a>Þā wæs Gēat-mæcgum geador ætsomne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li492"></a>on bēor-sele benc gerȳmed;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li493"></a>þǣr swīð-ferhðe sittan ēodon</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note494">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li494"></a>þrȳðum dealle. Þegn nytte behēold,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li495">495</a><div class="line">sē þe on handa bær hroden ealo-wǣge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li496"></a>scencte scīr wered. Scop hwīlum sang</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li497"></a>hādor on Heorote; þǣr wæs hæleða drēam,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li498"></a>duguð unlȳtel Dena and Wedera.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittIX"></a><h2>IX. HUNFERTH OBJECTS TO BĒOWULF.</h2> + +<a class="nref" href="#note499">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li499"></a>Unferð maðelode, Ecglāfes bearn,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li500">500</a><div class="line">þē æt fōtum sæt frēan Scyldinga;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note501">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li501"></a>onband beadu-rūne (wæs him Bēowulfes sīð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li502"></a>mōdges mere-faran, micel æf-þunca,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li503"></a>forþon þe hē ne ūðe, þæt ǣnig ōðer man</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note504">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li504"></a>ǣfre mǣrða þon mā middan-geardes</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li505">505</a><div class="line">gehēdde under heofenum þonne hē sylfa):</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note506">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li506"></a>"Eart þū sē Bēowulf, sē þe wið Brecan wunne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li507"></a>"on sīdne sǣ ymb sund flite,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li508"></a>"þǣr git for wlence wada cunnedon</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note509">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li509"></a>"and for dol-gilpe on dēop wæter</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li510">510</a><div class="line">"aldrum nēðdon? Nē inc ǣnig mon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li511"></a>"nē lēof nē lāð, belēan mihte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li512"></a>"sorh-fullne sīð; þā git on sund rēon,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note513">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li513"></a>"þǣr git ēagor-strēam earmum þehton,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li514"></a>"mǣton mere-strǣta, mundum brugdon,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li515">515</a><div class="line">"glidon ofer gār-secg; geofon ȳðum wēol,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li516"></a>"wintres wylme. Git on wæteres ǣht</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li517"></a>"seofon niht swuncon; hē þē æt sunde oferflāt,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li518"></a>"hæfde māre mægen. Þā hine on morgen-tīd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li519"></a>"on Heaðo-rǣmas holm up ætbær,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li520">520</a><div class="line">"þonon hē gesōhte swǣsne ēðel</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li521"></a>"lēof his lēodum lond Brondinga,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li522"></a>"freoðo-burh fægere, þǣr hē folc āhte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li523"></a>"burg and bēagas. Bēot eal wið þē</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note524">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li524"></a>"sunu Bēanstānes sōðe gelǣste.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note525">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li525">525</a><div class="line">"Þonne wēne ic tō þē wyrsan geþinges,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li526"></a>"þēah þū heaðo-rǣsa gehwǣr dohte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li527"></a>"grimre gūðe, gif þū Grendles dearst</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li528"></a>"niht-longne fyrst nēan bīdan!"</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li529"></a>Bēowulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþēowes:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li530">530</a><div class="line">"Hwæt! þū worn fela, wine mīn Unferð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li531"></a>"bēore druncen ymb Brecan sprǣce,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li532"></a>"sægdest from his sīðe! Sōð ic talige,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li533"></a>"þæt ic mere-strengo māran āhte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li534"></a>"earfeðo on ȳðum, þonne ǣnig ōðer man.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li535">535</a><div class="line">"Wit þæt gecwǣdon cniht-wesende</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li536"></a>"and gebēotedon (wǣron bēgen þā gīt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li537"></a>"on geogoð-feore) þæt wit on gār-secg ūt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li538"></a>"aldrum nēðdon; and þæt geæfndon swā.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li539"></a>"Hæfdon swurd nacod, þā wit on sund rēon,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li540">540</a><div class="line">"heard on handa, wit unc wið hron-fixas</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li541"></a>"werian þōhton. Nō hē wiht fram mē</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li542"></a>"flōd-ȳðum feor flēotan meahte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li543"></a>"hraðor on holme, nō ic fram him wolde.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li544"></a>"Þā wit ætsomne on sǣ wǣron</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note545">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li545">545</a><div class="line">"fīf nihta fyrst, oð þæt unc flōd tōdrāf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li546"></a>"wado weallende, wedera cealdost,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li547"></a>"nīpende niht and norðan wind</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li548"></a>"heaðo-grim andhwearf; hrēo wǣron ȳða,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li549"></a>"Wæs mere-fixa mōd onhrēred:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li550">550</a><div class="line">"þǣr mē wið lāðum līc-syrce mīn,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li551"></a>"heard hond-locen, helpe gefremede;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li552"></a>"beado-hrægl brōden on brēostum læg,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li553"></a>"golde gegyrwed. Mē tō grunde tēah</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li554"></a>"fāh fēond-scaða, fæste hæfde</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li555">555</a><div class="line">"grim on grāpe: hwæðre mē gyfeðe wearð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li556"></a>"þæt ic āglǣcan orde gerǣhte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li557"></a>"hilde-bille; heaðo-rǣs fornam</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li558"></a>"mihtig mere-dēor þurh mīne hand.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittX"></a><h2>X. BĒOWULF'S CONTEST WITH BRECA.—THE FEAST.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li559"></a>"Swā mec gelōme lāð-getēonan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li560">560</a><div class="line">"þrēatedon þearle. Ic him þēnode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li561"></a>"dēoran sweorde, swā hit gedēfe wæs;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li562"></a>"næs hīe þǣre fylle gefēan hæfdon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li563"></a>"mān-fordǣdlan, þæt hīe mē þēgon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li564"></a>"symbel ymb-sǣton sǣ-grunde nēah,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li565">565</a><div class="line">"ac on mergenne mēcum wunde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li566"></a>"be ȳð-lāfe uppe lǣgon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li567"></a>"sweordum āswefede, þæt syððan nā</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li568"></a>"ymb brontne ford brim-līðende</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li569"></a>"lāde ne letton. Lēoht ēastan cōm,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li570">570</a><div class="line">"beorht bēacen godes; brimu swaðredon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li571"></a>"þæt ic sǣ-næssas gesēon mihte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li572"></a>"windige weallas. Wyrd oft nereð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li573"></a>"unfǣgne eorl, ðonne his ellen dēah!</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note574">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li574"></a>"Hwæðere mē gesǣlde, þæt ic mid sweorde ofslōh</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li575">575</a><div class="line">"niceras nigene. Nō ic on niht gefrægn</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li576"></a>"under heofones hwealf heardran feohtan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li577"></a>"nē on ēg-strēamum earmran mannan;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li578"></a>"hwæðere ic fāra feng fēore gedīgde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li579"></a>"siðes wērig. Þā mec sǣ oðbær,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li580">580</a><div class="line">"flōd æfter faroðe, on Finna land,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li581"></a>"wadu weallendu. Nō ic wiht fram þē</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li582"></a>"swylcra searo-nīða secgan hȳrde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li583"></a>"billa brōgan: Breca nǣfre gīt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li584"></a>"æt heaðo-lāce, nē gehwæðer incer</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li585">585</a><div class="line">"swā dēorlīce dǣd gefremede</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note586">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li586"></a>"fāgum sweordum . . . . . . .</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li587"></a>". . . . . . . nō ic þæs gylpe;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li588"></a>"þēah þū þīnum brōðrum tō banan wurde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li589"></a>"hēafod-mǣgum; þæs þū in helle scealt</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li590">590</a><div class="line">"werhðo drēogan, þēah þīn wit duge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li591"></a>"Secge ic þē tō sōðe, sunu Ecglāfes,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li592"></a>"þæt nǣfre Grendel swā fela gryra gefremede,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li593"></a>"atol ǣglǣca ealdre þīnum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li594"></a>"hȳnðo on Heorote, gif þīn hige wǣre,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li595">595</a><div class="line">"sefa swā searo-grim, swā þū self talast.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li596"></a>"Ac hē hafað onfunden, þæt hē þā fǣhðe ne þearf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li597"></a>"atole ecg-þræce ēower lēode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li598"></a>"swīðe onsittan, Sige-Scyldinga;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note599">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li599"></a>"nymeð nȳd-bāde, nǣnegum ārað</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li600">600</a><div class="line">"lēode Deniga, ac hē <i>on</i> lust wīgeð,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note601">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li601"></a>"swefeð ond sendeð, secce ne wēneð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li602"></a>"tō Gār-Denum. Ac him Gēata sceal</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li603"></a>"eafoð and ellen ungeāra nū</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li604"></a>"gūðe gebēodan. Gǣð eft sē þe mōt</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li605">605</a><div class="line">"tō medo mōdig, siððan morgen-lēoht</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li606"></a>"ofer ylda bearn ōðres dōgores,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li607"></a>"sunne swegl-wered sūðan scīneð!"</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li608"></a>Þā wæs on sālum sinces brytta</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li609"></a>gamol-feax and gūð-rōf, gēoce gelȳfde</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li610">610</a><div class="line">brego Beorht-Dena; gehȳrde on Bēowulfe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li611"></a>folces hyrde fæst-rǣdne geþōht.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note612">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li612"></a>Þǣr wæs hæleða hleahtor; hlyn swynsode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li613"></a>word wǣron wynsume. Ēode Wealhþēow forð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li614"></a>cwēn Hrōðgāres, cynna gemyndig,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li615">615</a><div class="line">grētte gold-hroden guman on healle,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li616"></a>and þā frēolīc wīf ful gesealde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li617"></a>ǣrest Ēast-Dena ēðel-wearde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li618"></a>bæd hine blīðne æt þǣre bēor-þege,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li619"></a>lēodum lēofne; hē on lust geþeah</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note620">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li620">620</a><div class="line">symbel and sele-ful, sige-rōf kyning.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li621"></a>Ymb-ēode þā ides Helminga</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note622">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li622"></a>duguðe and geogoðe dǣl ǣghwylcne;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note623">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li623"></a>sinc-fato sealde, oð þæt sǣl ālamp,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li624"></a>þæt hīo Bēowulfe, bēag-hroden cwēn,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li625">625</a><div class="line">mōde geþungen, medo-ful ætbær;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li626"></a>grētte Gēata lēod, gode þancode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li627"></a>wīs-fæst wordum, þæs þe hire se willa gelamp,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li628"></a>þæt hēo on ǣnigne eorl gelȳfde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li629"></a>fyrena frōfre. Hē þæt ful geþeah,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li630">630</a><div class="line">wæl-rēow wiga æt Wealhþēon,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note631">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li631"></a>and þā gyddode gūðe gefȳsed,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li632"></a>Bēowulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþēowes:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li633"></a>"Ic þæt hogode, þā ic on holm gestāh,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li634"></a>"sǣ-bāt gesæt mid mīnra secga gedriht,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li635">635</a><div class="line">"þæt ic ānunga ēowra lēoda</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li636"></a>"willan geworhte, oððe on wæl crunge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li637"></a>"fēond-grāpum fæst. Ic gefremman sceal</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li638"></a>"eorlīc ellen, oððe ende-dæg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li639"></a>"on þisse meodu-healle mīnne gebīdan."</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li640">640</a><div class="line">Þām wīfe þā word wēl līcodon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li641"></a>gilp-cwide Gēates; ēode gold-hroden</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li642"></a>frēolīcu folc-cwēn tō hire frēan sittan.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li643"></a>Þā wæs eft swā ǣr inne on healle</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li644"></a>þrȳð-word sprecen, þēod on sǣlum,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li645">645</a><div class="line">sige-folca swēg, oð þæt semninga</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li646"></a>sunu Healfdenes sēcean wolde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li647"></a>ǣfen-ræste; wiste <i>æt</i> þǣm āhlǣcan</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note648">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li648"></a>tō þǣm hēah-sele hilde geþinged,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li649"></a>siððan hīe sunnan lēoht gesēon <i>ne</i> meahton,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note650">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li650">650</a><div class="line">oððe nīpende niht ofer ealle,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note651">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li651"></a>scadu-helma gesceapu scrīðan cwōman,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li652"></a>wan under wolcnum. Werod eall ārās.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li653"></a>Grētte þā <i>giddum</i> guma ōðerne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li654"></a>Hrōðgār Bēowulf, and him hǣl ābēad,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li655">655</a><div class="line">wīn-ærnes geweald and þæt word ācwæð:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li656"></a>"Nǣfre ic ǣnegum men ǣr ālȳfde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li657"></a>"siððan ic hond and rond hebban mihte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li658"></a>"þrȳð-ærn Dena būton þē nū þā.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note659">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li659"></a>"Hafa nū and geheald hūsa sēlest;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li660">660</a><div class="line">"gemyne mǣrðo, mægen-ellen cȳð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li661"></a>"waca wið wrāðum! Ne bið þē wilna gād,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li662"></a>"gif þū þæt ellen-weorc aldre gedīgest."</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXI"></a><h2>XI. THE WATCH FOR GRENDEL.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li663"></a>Þā him Hrōðgār gewāt mid his hæleða gedryht,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li664"></a>eodur Scyldinga ūt of healle;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li665">665</a><div class="line">wolde wīg-fruma Wealhþēo sēcan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li666"></a>cwēn tō gebeddan Hæfde kyninga wuldor</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li667"></a>Grendle tō-gēanes, swā guman gefrungon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li668"></a>sele-weard āseted, sundor-nytte behēold</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li669"></a>ymb aldor Dena, eoton weard ābēad;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li670">670</a><div class="line">hūru Gēata lēod georne truwode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li671"></a>mōdgan mægnes, metodes hyldo.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li672"></a>Þā hē him of dyde īsern-byrnan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li673"></a>helm of hafelan, sealde his hyrsted sweord,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li674"></a>īrena cyst ombiht-þegne,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li675">675</a><div class="line">and gehealdan hēt hilde-geatwe.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li676"></a>Gespræc þā se gōda gylp-worda sum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li677"></a>Bēowulf Gēata, ǣr hē on bed stige:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li678"></a>"Nō ic mē an here-wǣsmum hnāgran talige</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li679"></a>"gūð-geweorca, þonne Grendel hine;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li680">680</a><div class="line">"forþan ic hine sweorde swebban nelle,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note681">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li681"></a>"aldre benēotan, þēah ic eal mǣge.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note682">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li682"></a>"Nāt hē þāra gōda, þæt hē mē on-gēan slēa,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li683"></a>"rand gehēawe, þēah þe hē rōf sīe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li684"></a>"nīð-geweorca; ac wit on niht sculon</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li685">685</a><div class="line">"secge ofersittan, gif hē gesēcean dear</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li686"></a>"wīg ofer wǣpen, and siððan wītig god</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li687"></a>"on swā hwæðere hond hālig dryhten</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li688"></a>"mǣrðo dēme, swā him gemet þince."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li689"></a>Hylde hine þā heaðo-dēor, hlēor-bolster onfēng</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li690">690</a><div class="line">eorles andwlitan; and hine ymb monig</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li691"></a>snellīc sǣ-rinc sele-reste gebēah.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li692"></a>Nǣnig heora þōhte þæt hē þanon scolde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li693"></a>eft eard-lufan ǣfre gesēcean,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li694"></a>folc oððe frēo-burh, þǣr hē āfēded wæs,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note695">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li695">695</a><div class="line">ac hīe hæfdon gefrūnen, þæt hīe ǣr tō fela micles</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li696"></a>in þǣm wīn-sele wæl-dēað fornam,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li697"></a>Denigea lēode. Ac him dryhten forgeaf</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note698">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li698"></a>wīg-spēda gewiofu, Wedera lēodum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li699"></a>frōfor and fultum, þæt hīe fēond heora</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li700">700</a><div class="line">þurh ānes cræft ealle ofercōmon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li701"></a>selfes mihtum: sōð is gecȳðed,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li702"></a>þæt mihtig god manna cynnes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li703"></a>wēold wīde-ferhð. Cōm on wanre niht</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li704"></a>scrīðan sceadu-genga. Scēotend swǣfon,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li705">705</a><div class="line">þā þæt horn-reced healdan scoldon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li706"></a>ealle būton ānum. Þæt wæs yldum cūð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li707"></a>þæt hīe ne mōste, þā metod nolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li708"></a>se syn-scaða under sceadu bregdan;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li709"></a>ac hē wæccende wrāðum on andan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li710">710</a><div class="line">bād bolgen-mōd beadwa geþinges.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXII"></a><h2>XII. GRENDEL'S RAID.</h2> + +<a class="nref" href="#note711">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li711"></a>Þā cōm of mōre under mist-hleoðum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li712"></a>Grendel gongan, godes yrre bær.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li713"></a>Mynte se mān-scaða manna cynnes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li714"></a>sumne besyrwan in sele þām hēan;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li715">715</a><div class="line">wōd under wolcnum, tō þæs þe hē wīn-reced,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li716"></a>gold-sele gumena, gearwost wisse</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note717">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li717"></a>fǣttum fāhne. Ne wæs þæt forma sīð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li718"></a>þæt hē Hrōðgāres hām gesōhte:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li719"></a>nǣfre hē on aldor-dagum ǣr nē siððan</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note720">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li720">720</a><div class="line">heardran hæle, heal-þegnas fand!</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li721"></a>Cōm þā tō recede rinc sīðian</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li722"></a>drēamum bedǣled. Duru sōna onarn</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note723">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li723"></a>fȳr-bendum fæst, syððan hē hire folmum hrān;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li724"></a>onbræd þā bealo-hȳdig, þā <i>hē</i> ābolgen wæs,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li725">725</a><div class="line">recedes mūðan. Raðe æfter þon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li726"></a>on fāgne flōr fēond treddode,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note727">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li727"></a>ēode yrre-mōd; him of ēagum stōd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li728"></a>līge gelīcost lēoht unfǣger.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li729"></a>Geseah hē in recede rinca manige,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li730">730</a><div class="line">swefan sibbe-gedriht samod ætgædere,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li731"></a>mago-rinca hēap: þā his mōd āhlōg,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li732"></a>mynte þæt hē gedǣlde, ǣr þon dæg cwōme,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li733"></a>atol āglǣca, ānra gehwylces</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li734"></a>līf wið līce, þā him ālumpen wæs</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li735">735</a><div class="line">wist-fylle wēn. Ne wæs þæt wyrd þā gēn,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li736"></a>þæt hē mā mōste manna cynnes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li737"></a>þicgean ofer þā niht. Þrȳð-swȳð behēold</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li738"></a>mǣg Higelāces, hū se mān-scaða</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li739"></a>under fǣr-gripum gefaran wolde.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li740">740</a><div class="line">Nē þæt se āglǣca yldan þōhte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li741"></a>ac hē gefēng hraðe forman siðe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li742"></a>slǣpendne rinc, slāt unwearnum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li743"></a>bāt bān-locan, blōd ēdrum dranc,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li744"></a>syn-snǣdum swealh: sōna hæfde</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li745">745</a><div class="line">unlyfigendes eal gefeormod</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li746"></a>fēt and folma. Forð nēar ætstōp,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li747"></a>nam þā mid handa hige-þīhtigne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li748"></a>rinc on ræste; rǣhte ongēan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li749"></a>fēond mid folme, hē onfēng hraðe</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li750">750</a><div class="line">inwit-þancum and wið earm gesæt.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li751"></a>Sōna þæt onfunde fyrena hyrde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li752"></a>þæt hē ne mētte middan-geardes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li753"></a>eorðan scēata on elran men</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li754"></a>mund-gripe māran: hē on mōde wearð</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li755">755</a><div class="line">forht on ferhðe, nō þȳ ǣr fram meahte;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li756"></a>hyge wæs him hin-fūs, wolde on heolster flēon,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note757">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li757"></a>sēcan dēofla gedræg: ne wæs his drohtoð þǣr,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li758"></a>swylce hē on ealder-dagum ǣr gemētte.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note759">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li759"></a>Gemunde þā se gōda mǣg Higelāces</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li760">760</a><div class="line">ǣfen-sprǣce, up-lang āstōd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li761"></a>and him fæste wiðfēng. Fingras burston;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note762">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li762"></a>eoten wæs ūt-weard, eorl furður stōp.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li763"></a>Mynte se mǣra, þǣr hē meahte swā,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li764"></a>wīdre gewindan and on weg þanon</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li765">765</a><div class="line">flēon on fen-hopu; wiste his fingra geweald</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li766"></a>on grames grāpum. Þæt wæs gēocor sīð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li767"></a>þæt se hearm-scaða tō Heorute ātēah:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li768"></a>dryht-sele dynede, Denum eallum wearð,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note769">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li769"></a>ceaster-būendum, cēnra gehwylcum,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note770">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li770">770</a><div class="line">eorlum ealu-scerwen. Yrre wǣron bēgen,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note771">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li771"></a>rēðe rēn-weardas. Reced hlynsode;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li772"></a>þā wæs wundor micel, þæt se wīn-sele</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li773"></a>wiðhæfde heaðo-dēorum, þæt hē on hrūsan ne fēol,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li774"></a>fǣger fold-bold; ac hē þæs fæste wæs</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li775">775</a><div class="line">innan and ūtan īren-bendum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li776"></a>searo-þoncum besmiðod. Þǣr fram sylle ābēag</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li777"></a>medu-benc monig mīne gefrǣge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li778"></a>golde geregnad, þǣr þā graman wunnon;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li779"></a>þæs ne wēndon ǣr witan Scyldinga,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li780">780</a><div class="line">þæt hit ā mid gemete manna ǣnig</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li781"></a>betlīc and bān-fāg tōbrecan meahte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li782"></a>listum tōlūcan, nymðe līges fæðm</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li783"></a>swulge on swaðule. Swēg up āstāg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li784"></a>nīwe geneahhe; Norð-Denum stōd</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li785">785</a><div class="line">atelīc egesa ānra gehwylcum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li786"></a>þāra þe of wealle wōp gehȳrdon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li787"></a>gryre-lēoð galan godes andsacan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li788"></a>sige-lēasne sang, sār wānigean</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li789"></a>helle hæftan. Hēold hine tō fæste</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li790">790</a><div class="line">sē þe manna wæs mægene strengest</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li791"></a>on þǣm dæge þysses līfes.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXIII"></a><h2>XIII. BĒOWULF TEARS OFF GRENDEL'S ARM.</h2> + +<a class="nref" href="#note792">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li792"></a>Nolde eorla hlēo ǣnige þinga</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li793"></a>þone cwealm-cuman cwicne forlǣtan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li794"></a>nē his līf-dagas lēoda ǣnigum</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li795">795</a><div class="line">nytte tealde. Þǣr genehost brægd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li796"></a>eorl Bēowulfes ealde lāfe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li797"></a>wolde frēa-drihtnes feorh ealgian</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li798"></a>mǣres þēodnes, þǣr hīe meahton swā;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li799"></a>hīe þæt ne wiston, þā hīe gewin drugon,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li800">800</a><div class="line">heard-hicgende hilde-mecgas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li801"></a>and on healfa gehwone hēawan þōhton,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li802"></a>sāwle sēcan, <i>þæt</i> þone syn-scaðan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li803"></a>ǣnig ofer eorðan īrenna cyst,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li804"></a>gūð-billa nān grētan nolde;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li805">805</a><div class="line">ac hē sige-wǣpnum forsworen hæfde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li806"></a>ecga gehwylcre. Scolde his aldor-gedāl</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li807"></a>on þǣm dæge þysses līfes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li808"></a>earmlīc wurðan and se ellor-gāst</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li809"></a>on fēonda geweald feor sīðian.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li810">810</a><div class="line">Þā þæt onfunde sē þe fela ǣror</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note811">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li811"></a>mōdes myrðe manna cynne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li812"></a>fyrene gefremede (hē <i>wæs</i> fāg wið god)</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li813"></a>þæt him se līc-homa lǣstan nolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li814"></a>ac hine se mōdega mǣg Hygelāces</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li815">815</a><div class="line">hæfde be honda; wæs gehwæðer ōðrum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li816"></a>lifigende lāð. Līc-sār gebād</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li817"></a>atol ǣglǣca, him on eaxle wearð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li818"></a>syn-dolh sweotol, seonowe onsprungon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li819"></a>burston bān-locan. Bēowulfe wearð</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li820">820</a><div class="line">gūð-hrēð gyfeðe; scolde Grendel þonan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li821"></a>feorh-sēoc flēon under fen-hleoðu,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li822"></a>sēcean wyn-lēas wīc; wiste þē geornor,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li823"></a>þæt his aldres wæs ende gegongen,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li824"></a>dōgera dæg-rīm. Denum eallum wearð</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li825">825</a><div class="line">æfter þām wæl-rǣse willa gelumpen.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li826"></a>Hæfde þā gefǣlsod, sē þe ǣr feorran cōm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li827"></a>snotor and swȳð-ferhð sele Hrōðgāres,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li828"></a>genered wið nīðe. Niht-weorce gefeh,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li829"></a>ellen-mǣrðum; hæfde Ēast-Denum</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li830">830</a><div class="line">Gēat-mecga lēod gilp gelǣsted,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li831"></a>swylce oncȳððe ealle gebētte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li832"></a>inwid-sorge, þē hīe ǣr drugon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li833"></a>and for þrēa-nȳdum þolian scoldon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li834"></a>torn unlȳtel. Þæt wæs tācen sweotol,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li835">835</a><div class="line">syððan hilde-dēor hond ālegde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li836"></a>earm and eaxle (þǣr wæs eal geador</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li837"></a>Grendles grāpe) under gēapne hr<i>ōf</i>.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXIV"></a><h2>XIV. THE JOY AT HEOROT.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li838"></a>Þā wæs on morgen mīne gefrǣge</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li839"></a>ymb þā gif-healle gūð-rinc monig:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li840">840</a><div class="line">fērdon folc-togan feorran and nēan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li841"></a>geond wīd-wegas wundor scēawian,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li842"></a>lāðes lāstas. Nō his līf-gedāl</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li843"></a>sārlīc þūhte secga ǣnegum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li844"></a>þāra þe tīr-lēases trode scēawode,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li845">845</a><div class="line">hū hē wērig-mōd on weg þanon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li846"></a>nīða ofercumen, on nicera mere</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li847"></a>fǣge and geflȳmed feorh-lāstas bær.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li848"></a>Þǣr wæs on blōde brim weallende,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li849"></a>atol ȳða geswing eal gemenged</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note850">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li850">850</a><div class="line">hātan heolfre, heoro-drēore wēol;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li851"></a>dēað-fǣge dēog, siððan drēama lēas</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li852"></a>in fen-freoðo feorh ālegde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li853"></a>hǣðene sāwle, þǣr him hel onfēng.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li854"></a>Þanon eft gewiton eald-gesīðas,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li855">855</a><div class="line">swylce geong manig of gomen-wāðe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li856"></a>fram mere mōdge, mēarum rīdan,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note857">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li857"></a>beornas on blancum. Þǣr wæs Bēowulfes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li858"></a>mǣrðo mǣned; monig oft gecwæð,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note859">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li859"></a>þætte sūð nē norð be sǣm tweonum</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li860">860</a><div class="line">ofer eormen-grund ōðer nǣnig</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li861"></a>under swegles begong sēlra nǣre</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li862"></a>rond-hæbbendra, rīces wyrðra.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li863"></a>Nē hīe hūru wine-drihten wiht ne lōgon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li864"></a>glædne Hrōðgār, ac þæt wæs gōd cyning.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note865">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li865">865</a><div class="line">Hwīlum heaðo-rōfe hlēapan lēton,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li866"></a>on geflīt faran fealwe mēaras,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li867"></a>þǣr him fold-wegas fægere þūhton,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note868">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li868"></a>cystum cūðe; hwīlum cyninges þegn,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li869"></a>guma gilp-hlæden gidda gemyndig,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li870">870</a><div class="line">sē þe eal-fela eald-gesegena</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note871">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li871"></a>worn gemunde, word ōðer fand</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note872">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li872"></a>sōðe gebunden: secg eft ongan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li873"></a>sīð Bēowulfes snyttrum styrian</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li874"></a>and on spēd wrecan spel gerāde,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li875">875</a><div class="line">wordum wrixlan, wēl-hwylc gecwæð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li876"></a>þæt hē fram Sigemunde secgan hȳrde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li877"></a>ellen-dǣdum, uncūðes fela,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note878">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li878"></a>Wælsinges gewin, wīde sīðas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li879"></a>þāra þe gumena bearn gearwe ne wiston,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li880">880</a><div class="line">fǣhðe and fyrene, būton Fitela mid hine,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li881"></a>þonne hē swylces hwæt secgan wolde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li882"></a>ēam his nefan, swā hīe ā wǣron</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li883"></a>æt nīða gehwām nȳd-gesteallan:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li884"></a>hæfdon eal-fela eotena cynnes</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li885">885</a><div class="line">sweordum gesǣged. Sigemunde gesprong</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li886"></a>æfter dēað-dæge dōm unlȳtel,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li887"></a>syððan wīges heard wyrm ācwealde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li888"></a>hordes hyrde; hē under hārne stān,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li889"></a>æðelinges bearn, āna genēðde</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li890">890</a><div class="line">frēcne dǣde; ne wæs him Fitela mid.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li891"></a>Hwæðre him gesǣlde, þæt þæt swurd þurhwōd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li892"></a>wrǣtlīcne wyrm, þæt hit on wealle ætstōd,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li893"></a>dryhtlīc īren; draca morðre swealt.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note894">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li894"></a>Hæfde āglǣca elne gegongen,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note895">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li895">895</a><div class="line">þæt hē bēah-hordes brūcan mōste</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li896"></a>selfes dōme: sǣ-bāt gehlōd,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li897"></a>bær on bearm scipes beorhte frætwa,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note898">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li898"></a>Wælses eafera; wyrm hāt gemealt.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li899"></a>Sē wæs wreccena wīde mǣrost</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li900">900</a><div class="line">ofer wer-þēode, wīgendra hlēo</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note901">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li901"></a>ellen-dǣdum: hē þæs āron þāh.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note902">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li902"></a>Siððan Heremōdes hild sweðrode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li903"></a>eafoð and ellen. Hē mid eotenum wearð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li904"></a>on fēonda geweald forð forlācen,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li905">905</a><div class="line">snūde forsended. Hine sorh-wylmas</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note906">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li906"></a>lemede tō lange, hē his lēodum wearð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li907"></a>eallum æðelingum tō aldor-ceare;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li908"></a>swylce oft bemearn ǣrran mǣlum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li909"></a>swīð-ferhðes sīð snotor ceorl monig,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li910">910</a><div class="line">sē þe him bealwa tō bōte gelȳfde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li911"></a>þæt þæt þēodnes bearn geþēon scolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li912"></a>fæder-æðelum onfōn, folc gehealdan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li913"></a>hord and hlēo-burh, hæleða rīce,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li914"></a>ēðel Scyldinga. Hē þǣr eallum wearð,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li915">915</a><div class="line">mǣg Higelāces manna cynne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li916"></a>frēondum gefægra; hine fyren onwōd.</div> + +<a class="nref" href="#note917">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li917"></a>Hwīlum flītende fealwe strǣte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li918"></a>mēarum mǣton. Þā wæs morgen-lēoht</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li919"></a>scofen and scynded. Ēode scealc monig</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li920">920</a><div class="line">swīð-hicgende tō sele þām hēan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li921"></a>searo-wundor sēon, swylce self cyning,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li922"></a>of brȳd-būre bēah-horda weard,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li923"></a>tryddode tīr-fæst getrume micle,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li924"></a>cystum gecȳðed, and his cwēn mid him</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note925">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li925">925</a><div class="line">medo-stīg gemæt mægða hōse.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXV"></a><h2>XV. HROTHGAR'S GRATULATION.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li926"></a>Hrōðgār maðelode (hē tō healle gēong,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note927">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li927"></a>stōd on stapole, geseah stēapne hrōf</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li928"></a>golde fāhne and Grendles hond):</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li929"></a>"þisse ansȳne al-wealdan þanc</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li930">930</a><div class="line">"lungre gelimpe! Fela ic lāðes gebād,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note931">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li931"></a>"grynna æt Grendle: ā mæg god wyrcan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li932"></a>"wunder æfter wundre, wuldres hyrde!</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li933"></a>"Þæt wæs ungeāra, þæt ic ǣnigra mē</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li934"></a>"wēana ne wēnde tō wīdan feore</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li935">935</a><div class="line">"bōte gebīdan þonne blōde fāh</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li936"></a>"hūsa sēlest heoro-drēorig stōd;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note937">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li937"></a>"wēa wīd-scofen witena gehwylcne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li938"></a>"þāra þe ne wēndon, þæt hīe wīde-ferhð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li939"></a>"lēoda land-geweorc lāðum beweredon</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note940">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li940">940</a><div class="line">"scuccum and scinnum. Nū scealc hafað</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li941"></a>"þurh drihtnes miht dǣd gefremede,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li942"></a>"þē wē ealle ǣr ne meahton</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li943"></a>"snyttrum besyrwan. Hwæt! þæt secgan mæg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li944"></a>"efne swā hwylc mægða, swā þone magan cende</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li945">945</a><div class="line">"æfter gum-cynnum, gyf hēo gȳt lyfað,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li946"></a>"þæt hyre eald-metod ēste wǣre</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li947"></a>"bearn-gebyrdo. Nū ic Bēowulf</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li948"></a>"þec, secg betsta, mē for sunu wylle</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li949"></a>"frēogan on ferhðe; heald forð tela</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li950">950</a><div class="line">"nīwe sibbe. Ne bið þē nǣnigra gād</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li951"></a>"worolde wilna, þē ic geweald hæbbe.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li952"></a>"Ful-oft ic for lǣssan lēan teohhode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li953"></a>"hord-weorðunge hnāhran rince,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li954"></a>"sǣmran æt sæcce. Þū þē self hafast</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li955">955</a><div class="line">"dǣdum gefremed, þæt þīn <i>dōm</i> lyfað</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li956"></a>"āwa tō aldre. Alwalda þec</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li957"></a>"gōde forgylde, swā hē nū gȳt dyde!"</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li958"></a>Bēowulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþēowes:</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note959">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li959"></a>"Wē þæt ellen-weorc ēstum miclum,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li960">960</a><div class="line">"feohtan fremedon, frēcne genēðdon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li961"></a>"eafoð uncūðes; ūðe ic swīðor,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li962"></a>"þæt þū hinc selfne gesēon mōste,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note963">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li963"></a>"fēond on frætewum fyl-wērigne!</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li964"></a>"Ic hine hrædlīce heardan clammum</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li965">965</a><div class="line">"on wæl-bedde wrīðan þōhte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li966"></a>"þæt hē for mund-gripe mīnum scolde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li967"></a>"licgean līf-bysig, būtan his līc swice;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li968"></a>"ic hine ne mihte, þā metod nolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li969"></a>"ganges getwǣman, nō ic him þæs georne ætfealh,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li970">970</a><div class="line">"feorh-genīðlan; wæs tō fore-mihtig</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li971"></a>"fēond on fēðe. Hwæðere hē his folme forlēt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li972"></a>"tō līf-wraðe lāst weardian,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li973"></a>"earm and eaxle; nō þǣr ǣnige swā þēah</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li974"></a>"fēa-sceaft guma frōfre gebohte:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li975">975</a><div class="line">"nō þȳ leng leofað lāð-getēona</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note976">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li976"></a>"synnum geswenced, ac hyne sār hafað</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li977"></a>"in nȳd-gripe nearwe befongen,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li978"></a>"balwon bendum: þǣr ābīdan sceal</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li979"></a>"maga māne fāh miclan dōmes,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li980">980</a><div class="line">"hū him scīr metod scrīfan wille."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li981"></a>Þā wæs swīgra secg, sunu Ecglāfes,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li982"></a>on gylp-sprǣce gūð-geweorca,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li983"></a>siððan æðelingas eorles cræfte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li984"></a>ofer hēahne hrōf hand scēawedon,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li985">985</a><div class="line">fēondes fingras, foran ǣghwylc;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note986">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li986"></a>wæs stēde nægla gehwylc, stȳle gelīcost,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note987">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li987"></a>hǣðenes hand-sporu hilde-rinces</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note988">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li988"></a>egle unhēoru; ǣg-hwylc gecwæð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li989"></a>þæt him heardra nān hrīnan wolde</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li990">990</a><div class="line">īren ǣr-gōd, þæt þæs āhlǣcan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li991"></a>blōdge beadu-folme onberan wolde.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXVI"></a><h2>XVI. THE BANQUET AND THE GIFTS.</h2> + +<a class="nref" href="#note992">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li992"></a>Þā wæs hāten hreðe Heort innan-weard</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li993"></a>folmum gefrætwod: fela þǣra wæs</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li994"></a>wera and wīfa, þē þæt wīn-reced,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note995">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li995">995</a><div class="line">gest-sele gyredon. Gold-fāg scinon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li996"></a>web æfter wāgum, wundor-sīona fela</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note997">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li997"></a>secga gehwylcum þāra þe on swylc starað</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note998">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li998"></a>Wæs þæt beorhte bold tōbrocen swīðe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li999"></a>eal inne-weard īren-bendum fæst,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1000">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1000">1000</a><div class="line">heorras tōhlidene; hrōf āna genæs</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1001"></a>ealles ansund, þā se āglǣca</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1002"></a>fyren-dǣdum fāg on flēam gewand,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1003"></a>aldres or-wēna. Nō þæt ȳðe byð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1004"></a>tō beflēonne (fremme sē þe wille!)</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1005">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1005">1005</a><div class="line">ac gesacan sceal sāwl-berendra</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1006"></a>nȳde genȳdde niðða bearna</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1007"></a>grund-būendra gearwe stōwe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1008"></a>þǣr his līc-homa leger-bedde fæst</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1009">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1009"></a>swefeð æfter symle. Þā wæs sǣl and mǣl,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1010">1010</a><div class="line">þæt tō healle gang Healfdenes sunu;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1011"></a>wolde self cyning symbel þicgan.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1012">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1012"></a>Ne gefrægen ic þā mǣgðe māran weorode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1013"></a>ymb hyra sinc-gyfan sēl gebǣran.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1014">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1014"></a>Bugon þā tō bence blǣd-āgende,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1015">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1015">1015</a><div class="line">fylle gefǣgon. Fægere geþǣgon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1016"></a>medo-ful manig māgas þāra</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1017"></a>swīð-hicgende on sele þām hēan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1018"></a>Hrōðgār and Hrōðulf. Heorot innan wæs</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1019"></a>frēondum āfylled; nalles fācen-stafas</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1020">1020</a><div class="line">Þēod-Scyldingas þenden fremedon.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1021"></a>Forgeaf þā Bēowulfe bearn Healfdenes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1022"></a>segen gyldenne sigores tō lēane,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1023"></a>hroden hilte-cumbor, helm and byrnan;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1024">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1024"></a>mǣre māððum-sweord manige gesāwon</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1025">1025</a><div class="line">beforan beorn beran. Bēowulf geþah</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1026"></a>ful on flette; nō hē þǣre feoh-gyfte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1027"></a>for scēotendum scamigan þorfte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1028"></a>ne gefrægn ic frēondlīcor fēower mādmas</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1029"></a>golde gegyrede gum-manna fela</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1030">1030</a><div class="line">in ealo-bence ōðrum gesellan.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1031"></a>Ymb þæs helmes hrōf hēafod-beorge</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1032"></a>wīrum bewunden walan ūtan hēold,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1033"></a>þæt him fēla lāfe frēcne ne meahton</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1034">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1034"></a>scūr-heard sceððan, þonne scyld-freca</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1035">1035</a><div class="line">ongēan gramum gangan scolde.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1036"></a>Heht þā eorla hlēo eahta mēaras,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1037"></a>fǣted-hlēore, on flet tēon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1038"></a>in under eoderas; þāra ānum stōd</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1039">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1039"></a>sadol searwum fāh since gewurðad,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1040">1040</a><div class="line">þæt wæs hilde-setl hēah-cyninges,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1041"></a>þonne sweorda gelāc sunu Healfdenes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1042"></a>efnan wolde; nǣfre on ōre læg</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1043">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1043"></a>wīd-cūðes wīg, þonne walu fēollon.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1044">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1044"></a>And þā Bēowulfe bēga gehwæðres</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1045">1045</a><div class="line">eodor Ingwina onweald getēah,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1046"></a>wicga and wǣpna; hēt hine wēl brūcan.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1047"></a>Swā manlīce mǣre þēoden,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1048"></a>hord-weard hæleða heaðo-rǣsas geald</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1049"></a>mēarum and mādmum, swā hȳ nǣfre man lyhð,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1050">1050</a><div class="line">sē þe secgan wile sōð æfter rihte.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXVII"></a><h2>XVII. SONG OF HROTHGAR'S POET—THE LAY OF HNAEF AND HENGEST.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li1051"></a>Þā gȳt ǣghwylcum eorla drihten</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1052"></a>þāra þe mid Bēowulfe brim-lāde tēah,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1053"></a>on þǣre medu-bence māððum gesealde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1054"></a>yrfe-lāfe, and þone ǣnne heht</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1055">1055</a><div class="line">golde forgyldan, þone þe Grendel ǣr</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1056"></a>māne ācwealde, swā hē hyra mā wolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1057"></a>nefne him wītig god wyrd forstōde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1058"></a>and þæs mannes mōd: metod eallum wēold</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1059"></a>gumena cynnes, swā hē nū gīt dēð;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1060">1060</a><div class="line">forþan bið andgit ǣghwǣr sēlest,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1061"></a>ferhðes fore-þanc! fela sceal gebīdan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1062"></a>lēofes and lāðes, sē þe longe hēr</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1063"></a>on þyssum win-dagum worolde brūceð.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1064"></a>Þǣr wæs sang and swēg samod ætgædere</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1065">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1065">1065</a><div class="line">fore Healfdenes hilde-wīsan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1066"></a>gomen-wudu grēted, gid oft wrecen,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1067"></a>þonne heal-gamen Hrōðgāres scop</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1068"></a>æfter medo-bence mǣnan scolde</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1069">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1069"></a>Finnes eaferum, þā hīe se fǣr begeat:</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1070">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1070">1070</a><div class="line">"Hæleð Healfdenes, Hnæf Scyldinga,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1071"></a>"in Fr..es wæle feallan scolde.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1072"></a>"Nē hūru Hildeburh herian þorfte</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1073">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1073"></a>"Eotena trēowe: unsynnum wearð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1074"></a>"beloren lēofum æt þām lind-plegan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1075">1075</a><div class="line">"bearnum and brōðrum; hīe on gebyrd hruron</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1076"></a>"gāre wunde; þæt wæs geōmuru ides.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1077"></a>"Nalles hōlinga Hōces dōhtor</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1078"></a>"meotod-sceaft bemearn, syððan morgen cōm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1079"></a>"þā hēo under swegle gesēon meahte</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1080">1080</a><div class="line">"morðor-bealo māga, þǣr hēo ǣr mǣste hēold</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1081"></a>"worolde wynne: wīg ealle fornam</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1082"></a>"Finnes þegnas, nemne fēaum ānum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1083"></a>"þæt hē ne mehte on þǣm meðel-stede</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1084">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1084"></a>"wīg Hengeste wiht gefeohtan,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1085">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1085">1085</a><div class="line">"nē þā wēa-lāfe wīge forþringan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1086"></a>"þōodnes þegne; ac hig him geþingo budon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1087"></a>"þæt hīe him ōðer flet eal gerȳmdon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1088"></a>"healle and hēah-setl, þæt hīe healfre geweald</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1089"></a>"wið Eotena bearn āgan mōston,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1090">1090</a><div class="line">"and æt feoh-gyftum Folcwaldan sunu</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1091"></a>"dōgra gehwylce Dene weorðode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1092"></a>"Hengestes hēap hringum wenede,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1093"></a>"efne swā swīðe sinc-gestrēonum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1094"></a>"fǣttan goldes, swā hē Frēsena cyn</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1095">1095</a><div class="line">"on bēor-sele byldan wolde.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1096"></a>"Þā hīe getruwedon on twā healfa</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1097"></a>"fæste frioðu-wǣre; Fin Hengeste</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1098">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1098"></a>"elne unflitme āðum benemde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1099"></a>"þæt hē þā wēa-lāfe weotena dōme</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1100">1100</a><div class="line">"ārum heolde, þæt þǣr ǣnig mon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1101"></a>"wordum nē worcum wǣre ne brǣce,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1102"></a>"nē þurh inwit-searo ǣfre gemǣnden,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1103"></a>"þēah hīe hira bēag-gyfan banan folgedon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1104"></a>"þēoden-lēase, þā him swā geþearfod wæs:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1105">1105</a><div class="line">"gyf þonne Frȳsna hwylc frēcnan sprǣce</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1106">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1106"></a>"þæs morðor-hetes myndgiend wǣre,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1107"></a>"þonne hit sweordes ecg syððan scolde.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1108">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1108"></a>"Āð wæs geæfned and icge gold</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1109"></a>"āhæfen of horde. Here-Scyldinga</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1110">1110</a><div class="line">"betst beado-rinca wæs on bǣl gearu;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1111"></a>"æt þǣm āde wæs ēð-gesȳne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1112"></a>"swāt-fāh syrce, swȳn eal-gylden,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1113"></a>"eofer īren-heard, æðeling manig</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1114"></a>"wundum āwyrded; sume on wæle crungon.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1115">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1115">1115</a><div class="line">"Hēt þā Hildeburh æt Hnæfes āde</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1116">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1116"></a>"hire selfre sunu sweoloðe befæstan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1117"></a>"bān-fatu bærnan and on bǣl dōn.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1118"></a>"Earme on eaxle ides gnornode,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1119">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1119"></a>"geōmrode giddum; gūð-rinc āstāh.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1120">1120</a><div class="line">"Wand tō wolcnum wæl-fȳra mǣst,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1121"></a>"hlynode for hlāwe; hafelan multon,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1122">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1122"></a>"ben-geato burston, þonne blōd ætspranc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1123"></a>"lāð-bite līces. Līg ealle forswealg,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1124"></a>"gǣsta gīfrost, þāra þe þǣr gūð fornam</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1125">1125</a><div class="line">"bēga folces; wæs hira blǣd scacen.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXVIII"></a><h2>XVIII. THE GLEEMAN'S TALE IS ENDED.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li1126"></a>"Gewiton him þā wīgend wīca nēosian,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1127"></a>"frēondum befeallen Frȳsland gesēon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1128"></a>"hāmas and hēa-burh. Hengest þā gȳt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1129"></a>"wæl-fāgne winter wunode mid Finne</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1130">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1130">1130</a><div class="line">"<i>ealles</i> unhlitme; eard gemunde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1131"></a>"þēah þe hē <i>ne</i> meahte on mere drīfan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1132"></a>"hringed-stefnan; holm storme wēol,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1133"></a>"won wið winde; winter ȳðe belēac</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1134"></a>"īs-gebinde oð þæt ōðer cōm</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1135">1135</a><div class="line">"geār in geardas, swā nū gȳt dēð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1136"></a>"þā þe syngales sēle bewitiað,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1137">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1137"></a>"wuldor-torhtan weder. Þā wæs winter scacen,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1138"></a>"fæger foldan bearm; fundode wrecca,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1139"></a>"gist of geardum; hē tō gyrn-wræce</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1140">1140</a><div class="line">"swīðor þōhte, þonne tō sǣ-lāde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1141"></a>"gif hē torn-gemōt þurhtēon mihte,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1142">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1142"></a>"þæt hē Eotena bearn inne gemunde.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1143">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1143"></a>"Swā hē ne forwyrnde worold-rǣdenne,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1144">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1144"></a>"þonne him Hūnlāfing hilde-lēoman,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1145">1145</a><div class="line">"billa sēlest, on bearm dyde:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1146"></a>"þæs wǣron mid Eotenum ecge cūðe.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1147"></a>"Swylce ferhð-frecan Fin eft begeat</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1148"></a>"sweord-bealo slīðen æt his selfes hām,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1149"></a>"siððan grimne gripe Gūðlaf ond Ōslāf</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1150">1150</a><div class="line">"æfter sǣ-siðe sorge mǣndon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1151"></a>"ætwiton wēana dǣl; ne meahte wǣfre mōd</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1152">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1152"></a>"forhabban in hreðre. Þā wæs heal hroden</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1153"></a>"fēonda fēorum, swilce Fin slægen,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1154"></a>"cyning on corðre, and sēo cwēn numen.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1155">1155</a><div class="line">"Scēotend Scyldinga tō scypum feredon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1156"></a>"eal in-gesteald eorð-cyninges,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1157"></a>"swylce hīe æt Finnes hām findan meahton</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1158"></a>"sigla searo-gimma. Hīe on sǣ-lāde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1159"></a>"drihtlīce wīf tō Denum feredon,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1160">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1160">1160</a><div class="line">"lǣddon tō lēodum." Lēoð wæs āsungen,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1161"></a>glēo-mannes gyd. Gamen eft āstāh,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1162">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1162"></a>beorhtode benc-swēg, byrelas sealdon</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1163">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1163"></a>wīn of wunder-fatum. Þā cwōm Wealhþēo forð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1164"></a>gān under gyldnum bēage, þǣr þā gōdan twēgen</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1165">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1165">1165</a><div class="line">sǣton suhter-gefæderan; þā gȳt wæs hiera sib ætgædere</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1166"></a>ǣghwylc ōðrum trȳwe. Swylce þǣr Unferð þyle</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1167">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1167"></a>æt fōtum sæt frēan Scyldinga: gehwylc hiora his ferhðe trēowde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1168"></a>þæt hē hæfde mōd micel, þēah þe hē his māgum nǣre</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1169"></a>ārfæst æt ecga gelācum. Spræc þā ides Scyldinga:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1170">1170</a><div class="line">"Onfōh þissum fulle, frēo-drihten mīn,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1171"></a>"sinces brytta; þū on sǣlum wes,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1172"></a>"gold-wine gumena, and tō Gēatum sprec</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1173"></a>"mildum wordum! Swā sceal man dōn.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1174"></a>"Bēo wið Gēatas glæd, geofena gemyndig;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1175">1175</a><div class="line">"nēan and feorran þū nū <i>friðu</i> hafast.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1176"></a>"Mē man sægde, þæt þū þē for sunu wolde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1177"></a>"here-rinc habban. Heorot is gefǣlsod,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1178"></a>"bēah-sele beorhta; brūc þenden þū mōte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1179"></a>"manigra mēda and þīnum māgum lǣf</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1180">1180</a><div class="line">"folc and rīce, þonne þū forð scyle</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1181"></a>"metod-sceaft sēon. Ic mīnne can</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1182"></a>"glædne Hrōðulf, þæt hē þā geogoðe wile</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1183"></a>"ārum healdan, gyf þū ǣr þonne hē,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1184"></a>"wine Scildinga, worold oflǣtest;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1185">1185</a><div class="line">"wēne ic, þæt hē mid gōde gyldan wille</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1186"></a>"uncran eaferan, gif hē þæt eal gemon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1187"></a>"hwæt wit tō willan and tō worð-myndum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1188"></a>"umbor wesendum ǣr ārna gefremedon."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1189"></a>Hwearf þā bī bence, þǣr hyre byre wǣron,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1190">1190</a><div class="line">Hrēðrīc and Hrōðmund, and hæleða bearn,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1191">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1191"></a>giogoð ætgædere; þǣr se gōda sæt</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1192">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1192"></a>Bēowulf Gēata be þǣm gebrōðrum twǣm.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXIX"></a><h2>XIX. BĒOWULF'S JEWELLED COLLAR. THE HEROES REST.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li1193"></a>Him wæs ful boren and frēond-laðu</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1194">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1194"></a>wordum bewægned and wunden gold</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1195">1195</a><div class="line">ēstum geēawed, earm-hrēade twā,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1196">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1196"></a>hrægl and hringas, heals-bēaga mǣst</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1197"></a>þāra þe ic on foldan gefrægen hæbbe.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1198"></a>Nǣnigne ic under swegle sēlran hȳrde</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1199">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1199"></a>hord-māððum hæleða, syððan Hāma ætwæg</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1200">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1200">1200</a><div class="line">tō þǣre byrhtan byrig Brōsinga mene,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1201"></a>sigle and sinc-fæt, searo-nīðas fealh</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1202">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1202"></a>Eormenrīces, gecēas ēcne rǣd.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1203"></a>Þone hring hæfde Higelāc Gēata,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1204"></a>nefa Swertinges, nȳhstan sīðe,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1205">1205</a><div class="line">siððan hē under segne sinc ealgode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1206"></a>wæl-rēaf werede; hyne Wyrd fornam,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1207"></a>syððan hē for wlenco wēan āhsode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1208"></a>fǣhðe tō Frȳsum; hē þā frætwe wæg,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1209"></a>eorclan-stānas ofer ȳða ful,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1210">1210</a><div class="line">rīce þēoden, hē under rande gecranc;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1211">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1211"></a>gehwearf þā in Francna fæðm feorh cyninges,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1212"></a>brēost-gewǣdu and se bēah somod:</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1213">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1213"></a>wyrsan wīg-frecan wæl rēafedon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1214"></a>æfter gūð-sceare, Gēata lēode</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1215">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1215">1215</a><div class="line">hreā-wīc hēoldon. Heal swēge onfēng.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1216"></a>Wealhþēo maðelode, hēo fore þǣm werede spræc:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1217"></a>"Brūc þisses bēages, Bēowulf, lēofa</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1218"></a>"hyse, mid hǣle, and þisses hrægles nēot</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1219"></a>"þēod-gestrēona, and geþēoh tela,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1220">1220</a><div class="line">"cen þec mid cræfte and þyssum cnyhtum wes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1221"></a>"lāra līðe! ic þē þæs lēan geman.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1222"></a>"Hafast þū gefēred, þæt þē feor and nēah</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1223"></a>"ealne wīde-ferhð weras ehtigað,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1224"></a>"efne swā sīde swā sǣ bebūgeð</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1225">1225</a><div class="line">"windige weallas. Wes, þenden þū lifige,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1226"></a>"æðeling ēadig! ic þē an tela</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1227">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1227"></a>"sinc-gestrēona. Bēo þū suna mīnum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1228"></a>"dǣdum gedēfe drēam healdende!</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1229">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1229"></a>"Hēr is ǣghwylc eorl ōðrum getrȳwe,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1230">1230</a><div class="line">"mōdes milde, man-drihtne hold,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1231"></a>"þegnas syndon geþwǣre, þēod eal gearo:</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1232">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1232"></a>"druncne dryht-guman, dōð swā ic bidde!"</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1233"></a>Ēode þā tō setle. Þǣr wæs symbla cyst,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1234"></a>druncon wīn weras: wyrd ne cūðon,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1235">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1235">1235</a><div class="line">geō-sceaft grimme, swā hit āgangen wearð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1236"></a>eorla manegum, syððan ǣfen cwōm</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1237"></a>and him Hrōðgār gewāt tō hofe sīnum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1238"></a>rīce tō ræste. Reced weardode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1239"></a>unrīm eorla, swā hīe oft ǣr dydon:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1240">1240</a><div class="line">benc-þelu beredon, hit geond-brǣded wearð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1241"></a>beddum and bolstrum. Bēor-scealca sum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1242"></a>fūs and fǣge flet-ræste gebēag.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1243"></a>Setton him tō hēafdum hilde-randas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1244"></a>bord-wudu beorhtan; þǣr on bence wæs</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1245">1245</a><div class="line">ofer æðelinge ȳð-gesēne</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1246">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1246"></a>heaðo-stēapa helm, hringed byrne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1247"></a>þrec-wudu þrymlīc. Wæs þēaw hyra,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1248">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1248"></a>þæt hīe oft wǣron an wīg gearwe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1249"></a>gē æt hām gē on herge, gē gehwæðer þāra</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1250">1250</a><div class="line">efne swylce mǣla, swylce hira man-dryhtne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1251"></a>þearf gesǣlde; wæs sēo þēod tilu.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXX"></a><h2>XX. GRENDEL'S MOTHER ATTACKS THE RING-DANES.</h2> + +<a class="nref" href="#note1252">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1252"></a>Sigon þā tō slǣpe. Sum sāre angeald</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1253"></a>ǣfen-ræste, swā him ful-oft gelamp,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1254">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1254"></a>siððan gold-sele Grendel warode,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1255">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1255">1255</a><div class="line">unriht æfnde, oð þæt ende becwōm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1256"></a>swylt æfter synnum. Þæt gesȳne wearð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1257"></a>wīd-cūð werum, þætte wrecend þā gȳt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1258"></a>lifde æfter lāðum, lange þrāge</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1259">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1259"></a>æfter gūð-ceare; Grendles mōdor,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1260">1260</a><div class="line">ides āglǣc-wīf yrmðe gemunde,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1261">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1261"></a>sē þe wæter-egesan wunian scolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1262"></a>cealde strēamas, siððan Cain wearð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1263"></a>tō ecg-banan āngan brēðer,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1264"></a>fæderen-mǣge; hē þā fāg gewāt,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1265">1265</a><div class="line">morðre gemearcod man-drēam flēon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1266"></a>wēsten warode. Þanon wōc fela</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1267"></a>geōsceaft-gāsta; wæs þǣra Grendel sum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1268"></a>heoro-wearh hetelīc, sē æt Heorote fand</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1269"></a>wæccendne wer wīges bīdan,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1270">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1270">1270</a><div class="line">þǣr him āglǣca æt-grǣpe wearð;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1271"></a>hwæðre hē gemunde mægenes strenge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1272"></a>gim-fæste gife, þē him god sealde,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1273">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1273"></a>and him tō anwaldan āre gelȳfde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1274"></a>frōfre and fultum: þȳ hē þone fēond ofercwōm,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1275">1275</a><div class="line">gehnǣgde helle gāst: þā hē hēan gewāt,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1276"></a>drēame bedǣled dēað-wīc sēon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1277"></a>man-cynnes fēond. And his mōdor þā gȳt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1278"></a>gīfre and galg-mōd gegān wolde</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1279">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1279"></a>sorh-fulne sīð, suna dēað wrecan.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1280">1280</a><div class="line">Cōm þā tō Heorote, þǣr Hring-Dene</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1281">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1281"></a>geond þæt sæld swǣfun. Þā þǣr sōna wearð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1282"></a>ed-hwyrft eorlum, siððan inne fealh</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1283"></a>Grendles mōdor; wæs se gryre lǣssa</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1284"></a>efne swā micle, swā bið mægða cræft,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1285">1285</a><div class="line">wīg-gryre wīfes be wǣpned-men,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1286">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1286"></a>þonne heoru bunden, hamere geþuren,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1287"></a>sweord swāte fāh swīn ofer helme,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1288"></a>ecgum dyhtig andweard scireð.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1289"></a>Þā wæs on healle heard-ecg togen,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1290">1290</a><div class="line">sweord ofer setlum, sīd-rand manig</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1291"></a>hafen handa fæst; helm ne gemunde,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1292">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1292"></a>byrnan sīde, þe hine se brōga angeat.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1293"></a>Hēo wæs on ofste, wolde ūt þanon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1294"></a>fēore beorgan, þā hēo onfunden wæs;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1295">1295</a><div class="line">hraðe hēo æðelinga ānne hæfde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1296"></a>fæste befangen, þā hēo tō fenne gang;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1297"></a>sē wæs Hrōðgāre hæleða lēofost</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1298">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1298"></a>on gesīðes hād be sǣm tweonum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1299"></a>rīce rand-wiga, þone þe hēo on ræste ābrēat,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1300">1300</a><div class="line">blǣd-fæstne beorn. Næs Bēowulf þǣr,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1301">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1301"></a>ac wæs ōðer in ǣr geteohhod</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1302"></a>æfter māððum-gife mǣrum Gēate.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1303">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1303"></a>Hrēam wearð on Heorote. Hēo under heolfre genam</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1304"></a>cūðe folme; cearu wæs genīwod</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1305">1305</a><div class="line">geworden in wīcum: ne wæs þæt gewrixle til,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1306"></a>þæt hīe on bā healfa bicgan scoldon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1307"></a>frēonda fēorum. Þā wæs frōd cyning,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1308"></a>hār hilde-rinc, on hrēon mōde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1309"></a>syððan hē aldor-þegn unlyfigendne,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1310">1310</a><div class="line">þone dēorestan dēadne wisse.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1311"></a>Hraðe wæs tō būre Bēowulf fetod,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1312"></a>sigor-ēadig secg. Samod ǣr-dæge</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1313"></a>ēode eorla sum, æðele cempa</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1314"></a>self mid gesīðum, þǣr se snottra bād,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1315">1315</a><div class="line">hwæðre him al-walda ǣfre wille</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1316"></a>æfter wēa-spelle wyrpe gefremman.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1317"></a>Gang þā æfter flōre fyrd-wyrðe man</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1318"></a>mid his hand-scale (heal-wudu dynede)</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1319">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1319"></a>þæt hē þone wīsan wordum hnǣgde</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1320">1320</a><div class="line">frēan Ingwina; frægn gif him wǣre</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1321">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1321"></a>æfter nēod-laðu niht getǣse.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXI"></a><h2>XXI. SORROW AT HEOROT: AESCHERE'S DEATH</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li1322"></a>Hrōðgār maðelode, helm Scildinga:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1323"></a>"Ne frīn þū æfter sǣlum! Sorh is genīwod</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1324"></a>"Denigea lēodum. Dēad is Æsc-here,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1325">1325</a><div class="line">"Yrmenlāfes yldra brōðor,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1326"></a>"mīn rūn-wita and mīn rǣd-bora,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1327"></a>"eaxl-gestealla, þonne wē on orlege</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1328"></a>"hafelan weredon, þonne hniton fēðan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1329"></a>"eoferas cnysedan; swylc scolde eorl wesan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1330">1330</a><div class="line">"<i>æðeling</i> ǣr-gōd, swylc Æsc-here wæs.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1331"></a>"Wearð him on Heorote tō hand-banan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1332"></a>"wæl-gǣst wǣfre; ic ne wāt hwæder</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1333"></a>"atol ǣse wlanc eft-sīðas tēah,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1334">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1334"></a>"fylle gefrǣgnod. Hēo þā fǣhðe wræc,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1335">1335</a><div class="line">"þē þū gystran niht Grendel cwealdest</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1336"></a>"þurh hǣstne hād heardum clammum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1337"></a>"forþan hē tō lange lēode mīne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1338"></a>"wanode and wyrde. Hē æt wīge gecrang</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1339"></a>"ealdres scyldig, and nū ōðer cwōm</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1340">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1340">1340</a><div class="line">"mihtig mān-scaða, wolde hyre mǣg wrecan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1341"></a>"gē feor hafað fǣhðe gestǣled,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1342"></a>"þæs þe þincean mæg þegne monegum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1343"></a>"sē þe æfter sinc-gyfan on sefan grēoteð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1344"></a>"hreðer-bealo hearde; nū sēo hand ligeð,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1345">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1345">1345</a><div class="line">"sē þe ēow wēl-hwylcra wilna dohte.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1346">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1346"></a>"Ic þæt lond-būend lēode mīne</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1347">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1347"></a>"sele-rǣdende secgan hȳrde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1348"></a>"þæt hīe gesāwon swylce twēgen</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1349"></a>"micle mearc-stapan mōras healdan,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1350">1350</a><div class="line">"ellor-gǣstas: þǣra ōðer wæs,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1351">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1351"></a>"þæs þe hīe gewislīcost gewitan meahton,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1352">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1352"></a>"idese onlīcnes, ōðer earm-sceapen</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1353"></a>"on weres wæstmum wræc-lāstas træd,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1354"></a>"næfne hē wæs māra þonne ǣnig man ōðer,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1355">1355</a><div class="line">"þone on geār-dagum Grendel nemdon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1356"></a>"fold-būende: nō hīe fæder cunnon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1357"></a>"hwæðer him ǣnig wæs ǣr ācenned</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1358"></a>"dyrnra gāsta. Hīe dȳgel lond</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1359"></a>"warigeað, wulf-hleoðu, windige næssas,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1360">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1360">1360</a><div class="line">"frēcne fen-gelād, þǣr fyrgen-strēam</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1361"></a>"under næssa genipu niðer gewīteð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1362"></a>"flōd under foldan; nis þæt feor heonon</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1363">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1363"></a>"mīl-gemearces, þæt se mere standeð,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1364">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1364"></a>"ofer þǣm hongiað hrīmge bearwas,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1365">1365</a><div class="line">"wudu wyrtum fæst, wæter oferhelmað.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1366">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1366"></a>"Þǣr mæg nihta gehwǣm nīð-wundor sēon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1367"></a>"fȳr on flōde; nō þæs frōd leofað</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1368"></a>"gumena bearna, þæt þone grund wite;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1369"></a>"þēah þe hǣð-stapa hundum geswenced,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1370">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1370">1370</a><div class="line">"heorot hornum trum holt-wudu sēce,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1371">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1371"></a>"feorran geflȳmed, ǣr hē feorh seleð,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1372">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1372"></a>"aldor on ōfre, ǣr hē in wille,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1373">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1373"></a>"hafelan <i>hȳdan</i>. Nis þæt hēoru stōw:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1374"></a>"þonon ȳð-geblond up āstīgeð</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1375">1375</a><div class="line">"won tō wolcnum, þonne wind styreð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1376"></a>"lāð gewidru, oð þæt lyft drysmað,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1377"></a>"roderas rēotað. Nū is rǣd gelang</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1378"></a>"eft æt þē ānum! Eard gīt ne const,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1379"></a>"frēcne stōwe, þǣr þū findan miht</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1380">1380</a><div class="line">"sinnigne secg: sēc gif þū dyrre!</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1381"></a>"Ic þē þā fǣhðe fēo lēanige,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1382"></a>"eald-gestrēonum, swā ic ǣr dyde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1383"></a>"wundnum golde, gyf þū on weg cymest."</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXII"></a><h2>XXII. BĒOWULF SEEKS THE MONSTER IN THE HAUNTS OF THE NIXIES.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li1384"></a>Bēowulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþēowes:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1385">1385</a><div class="line">"Ne sorga, snotor guma! sēlre bið ǣghwǣm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1386"></a>"þæt hē his frēond wrece, þonne hē fela murne;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1387"></a>"ūre ǣghwylc sceal ende gebīdan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1388"></a>"worolde līfes; wyrce sē þe mōte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1389"></a>"dōmes ǣr dēaðe! þæt bið driht-guman</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1390">1390</a><div class="line">"unlifgendum æfter sēlest.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1391">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1391"></a>"Ārīs, rīces weard; uton hraðe fēran,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1392"></a>"Grendles māgan gang scēawigan!</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1393"></a>"Ic hit þē gehāte: nō hē on helm losað,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1394"></a>"nē on foldan fæðm, nē on fyrgen-holt,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1395">1395</a><div class="line">"nē on gyfenes grund, gā þǣr hē wille.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1396"></a>"Þȳs dōgor þū geþyld hafa</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1397"></a>"wēana gehwylces, swā ic þē wēne tō!"</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1398"></a>Āhlēop þā se gomela, gode þancode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1399"></a>mihtigan drihtne, þæs se man gespræc.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1400">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1400">1400</a><div class="line">Þā wæs Hrōðgāre hors gebǣted,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1401"></a>wicg wunden-feax. Wīsa fengel</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1402">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1402"></a>geatolīc gengde; gum-fēða stōp</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1403"></a>lind-hæbbendra. Lāstas wǣron</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1404"></a>æfter wald-swaðum wīde gesȳne,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1405">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1405">1405</a><div class="line">gang ofer grundas; gegnum fōr <i>þā</i></div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1406"></a>ofer myrcan mōr, mago-þegna bær</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1407"></a>þone sēlestan sāwol-lēasne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1408"></a>þāra þe mid Hrōðgāre hām eahtode.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1409"></a>Ofer-ēode þā æðelinga bearn</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1410">1410</a><div class="line">stēap stān-hliðo, stīge nearwe,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1411">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1411"></a>enge ān-paðas, un-cūð gelād,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1412"></a>neowle næssas, nicor-hūsa fela;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1413"></a>hē fēara sum beforan gengde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1414"></a>wīsra monna, wong scēawian,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1415">1415</a><div class="line">oð þæt hē fǣringa fyrgen-bēamas</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1416"></a>ofer hārne stān hleonian funde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1417"></a>wyn-lēasne wudu; wæter under stōd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1418"></a>drēorig and gedrēfed. Denum eallum wæs,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1419"></a>winum Scyldinga, weorce on mōde,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1420">1420</a><div class="line">tō geþolianne þegne monegum,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1421">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1421"></a>oncȳð eorla gehwǣm, syððan Æsc-heres</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1422"></a>on þām holm-clife hafelan mētton.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1423"></a>Flōd blōde wēol (folc tō sǣgon)</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1424"></a>hātan heolfre. Horn stundum song</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1425">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1425">1425</a><div class="line">fūslīc <i>fyrd</i>-lēoð. Fēða eal gesæt;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1426"></a>gesāwon þā æfter wætere wyrm-cynnes fela,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1427"></a>sellīce sǣ-dracan sund cunnian,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1428">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1428"></a>swylce on næs-hleoðum nicras licgean,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1429"></a>þā on undern-mǣl oft bewitigað</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1430">1430</a><div class="line">sorh-fulne sīð on segl-rāde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1431"></a>wyrmas and wil-dēor; hīe on weg hruron</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1432"></a>bitere and gebolgne, bearhtm ongeāton,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1433"></a>gūð-horn galan. Sumne Gēata lēod</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1434"></a>of flān-bogan fēores getwǣfde,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1435">1435</a><div class="line">ȳð-gewinnes, þæt him on aldre stōd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1436"></a>here-strǣl hearda; hē on holme wæs</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1437"></a>sundes þē sǣnra, þē hyne swylt fornam.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1438"></a>Hræðe wearð on ȳðum mid eofer-sprēotum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1439"></a>heoro-hōcyhtum hearde genearwod,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1440">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1440">1440</a><div class="line">nīða genǣged and on næs togen</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1441">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1441"></a>wundorlīc wǣg-bora; weras scēawedon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1442"></a>gryrelīcne gist. Gyrede hine Bēowulf</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1443"></a>eorl-gewǣdum, nalles for ealdre mearn:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1444"></a>scolde here-byrne hondum gebrōden,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1445">1445</a><div class="line">sīd and searo-fāh, sund cunnian,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1446"></a>sēo þe bān-cofan beorgan cūðe,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1447">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1447"></a>þæt him hilde-grāp hreðre ne mihte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1448"></a>eorres inwit-feng, aldre gesceððan;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1449"></a>ac se hwīta helm hafelan werede,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1450">1450</a><div class="line">sē þe mere-grundas mengan scolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1451"></a>sēcan sund-gebland since geweorðad,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1452"></a>befongen frēa-wrāsnum, swā hine fyrn-dagum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1453"></a>worhte wǣpna smið, wundrum tēode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1454"></a>besette swīn-līcum, þæt hine syððan nō</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1455">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1455">1455</a><div class="line">brond nē beado-mēcas bītan ne meahton.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1456"></a>Næs þæt þonne mǣtost mægen-fultuma,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1457">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1457"></a>þæt him on þearfe lāh þyle Hrōðgāres;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1458">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1458"></a>wæs þǣm hæft-mēce Hrunting nama,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1459">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1459"></a>þæt wæs ān foran eald-gestrēona;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1460">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1460">1460</a><div class="line">ecg wæs īren āter-tēarum fāh,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1461"></a>āhyrded heaðo-swāte; nǣfre hit æt hilde ne swāc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1462"></a>manna ǣngum þāra þe hit mid mundum bewand,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1463"></a>sē þe gryre-sīðas gegān dorste,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1464"></a>folc-stede fāra; næs þæt forma sīð,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1465">1465</a><div class="line">þæt hit ellen-weorc æfnan scolde.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1466"></a>Hūru ne gemunde mago Ecglāfes</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1467">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1467"></a>eafoðes cræftig, þæt hē ǣr gespræc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1468"></a>wīne druncen, þā hē þæs wǣpnes onlāh</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1469"></a>sēlran sweord-frecan: selfa ne dorste</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1470">1470</a><div class="line">under ȳða gewin aldre genēðan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1471"></a>driht-scype drēogan; þǣr hē dōme forlēas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1472"></a>ellen-mǣrðum. Ne wæs þǣm ōðrum swā,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1473"></a>syððan hē hine tō gūðe gegyred hæfde.</div> +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXIII"></a><h2>XXIII. THE BATTLE WITH THE WATER-DRAKE.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li1474"></a>Bēowulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþēowes:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1475">1475</a><div class="line">"geþenc nū, se mǣra maga Healfdenes,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1476"></a>"snottra fengel, nū ic eom sīðes fūs,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1477"></a>"gold-wine gumena, hwæt wit geō sprǣcon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1478"></a>"gif ic æt þearfe þīnre scolde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1479"></a>"aldre linnan, þæt þū mē ā wǣre</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1480">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1480">1480</a><div class="line">"forð-gewitenum on fæder stǣle;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1481"></a>"wes þū mund-bora mīnum mago-þegnum,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1482">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1482"></a>"hond-gesellum, gif mec hild nime:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1483"></a>"swylce þū þā mādmas, þē þū mē sealdest,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1484"></a>"Hrōðgār lēofa, Higelāce onsend.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1485">1485</a><div class="line">"Mæg þonne on þǣm golde ongitan Gēata dryhten,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1486"></a>"gesēon sunu Hrēðles, þonne hē on þæt sinc starað,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1487">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1487"></a>"þæt ic gum-cystum gōdne funde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1488"></a>"bēaga bryttan, brēac þonne mōste.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1489"></a>"And þū Unferð lǣt ealde lāfe,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1490">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1490">1490</a><div class="line">"wrǣtlīc wǣg-sweord wīd-cūðne man</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1491"></a>"heard-ecg habban; ic mē mid Hruntinge</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1492"></a>"dōm gewyrce, oððe mec dēað nimeð."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1493"></a>Æfter þǣm wordum Weder-Gēata lēod</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1494"></a>efste mid elne, nalas andsware</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1495">1495</a><div class="line">bīdan wolde; brim-wylm onfēng</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1496"></a>hilde-rince. Þā wæs hwīl dæges,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1497"></a>ǣr hē þone grund-wong ongytan mehte.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1498"></a>Sōna þæt onfunde, sē þe flōda begong</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1499"></a>heoro-gīfre behēold hund missēra,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1500">1500</a><div class="line">grim and grǣdig, þæt þǣr gumena sum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1501"></a>æl-wihta eard ufan cunnode.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1502"></a>Grāp þā tōgēanes, gūð-rinc gefēng</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1503"></a>atolan clommum; nō þȳ ǣr in gescōd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1504"></a>hālan līce: hring ūtan ymb-bearh,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1505">1505</a><div class="line">þæt hēo þone fyrd-hom þurh-fōn ne mihte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1506"></a>locene leoðo-syrcan lāðan fingrum.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1507">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1507"></a>Bær þā sēo brim-wylf, þā hēo tō botme cōm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1508"></a>hringa þengel tō hofe sīnum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1509"></a>swā hē ne mihte nō (hē þæs mōdig wæs)</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1510">1510</a><div class="line">wǣpna gewealdan, ac hine wundra þæs fela</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1511"></a>swencte on sunde, sǣ-dēor monig</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1512"></a>hilde-tūxum here-syrcan bræc,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1513"></a>ēhton āglǣcan. Þā se eorl ongeat,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1514">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1514"></a>þæt hē <i>in</i> nið-sele nāt-hwylcum wæs,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1515">1515</a><div class="line">þǣr him nǣnig wæter wihte ne sceðede,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1516"></a>nē him for hrōf-sele hrīnan ne mehte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1517"></a>fǣr-gripe flōdes: fȳr-lēoht geseah,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1518"></a>blācne lēoman beorhte scīnan.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1519"></a>Ongeat þā se gōda grund-wyrgenne,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1520">1520</a><div class="line">mere-wīf mihtig; mægen-rǣs forgeaf</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1521"></a>hilde-bille, hond swenge ne oftēah,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1522"></a>þæt hire on hafelan hring-mǣl āgōl</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1523"></a>grǣdig gūð-lēoð. Þā se gist onfand,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1524"></a>þæt se beado-lēoma bītan nolde,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1525">1525</a><div class="line">aldre sceððan, ac sēo ecg geswāc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1526"></a>þēodne æt þearfe: þolode ǣr fela</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1527"></a>hond-gemōta, helm oft gescær,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1528"></a>fǣges fyrd-hrægl: þæt wæs forma sīð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1529"></a>dēorum māðme, þæt his dōm ālæg.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1530">1530</a><div class="line">Eft wæs ān-rǣd, nalas elnes læt,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1531"></a>mǣrða gemyndig mǣg Hygelāces;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1532"></a>wearp þā wunden-mǣl wrǣttum gebunden</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1533"></a>yrre ōretta, þæt hit on eorðan læg,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1534"></a>stīð and stȳl-ecg; strenge getruwode,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1535">1535</a><div class="line">mund-gripe mægenes. Swā sceal man dōn,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1536"></a>þonne hē æt gūðe gegān þenceð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1537"></a>longsumne lof, nā ymb his līf cearað.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1538">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1538"></a>Gefēng þā be eaxle (nalas for fǣhðe mearn)</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1539"></a>Gūð-Gēata lēod Grendles mōdor;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1540">1540</a><div class="line">brægd þā beadwe heard, þā hē gebolgen wæs,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1541"></a>feorh-genīðlan, þæt hēo on flet gebēah.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1542"></a>Hēo him eft hraðe and-lēan forgeald</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1543">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1543"></a>grimman grāpum and him tōgēanes fēng;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1544"></a>oferwearp þā wērig-mōd wigena strengest,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1545">1545</a><div class="line">fēðe-cempa, þæt hē on fylle wearð.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1546">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1546"></a>Ofsæt þā þone sele-gyst and hyre seaxe getēah,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1547"></a>brād <i>and</i> brūn-ecg wolde hire bearn wrecan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1548"></a>āngan eaferan. Him on eaxle læg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1549"></a>brēost-net brōden; þæt gebearh fēore,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1550">1550</a><div class="line">wið ord and wið ecge ingang forstōd.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1551"></a>Hæfde þā forsīðod sunu Ecgþēowes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1552"></a>under gynne grund, Gēata cempa,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1553"></a>nemne him heaðo-byrne helpe gefremede,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1554"></a>here-net hearde, and hālig god</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1555">1555</a><div class="line">gewēold wīg-sigor, wītig drihten;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1556"></a>rodera rǣdend hit on ryht gescēd,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1557">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1557"></a>ȳðelīce syððan hē eft āstōd.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXIV"></a><h2>XXIV. BĒOWULF SLAYS THE SPRITE.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li1558"></a>Geseah þā on searwum sige-ēadig bil,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1559"></a>eald sweord eotenisc ecgum þȳhtig,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1560">1560</a><div class="line">wigena weorð-mynd: þæt <i>wæs</i> wǣpna cyst,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1561"></a>būton hit wæs māre þonne ǣnig mon ōðer</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1562"></a>tō beadu-lāce ætberan meahte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1563"></a>gōd and geatolīc gīganta geweorc.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1564"></a>Hē gefēng þā fetel-hilt, freca Scildinga,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1565">1565</a><div class="line">hrēoh and heoro-grim hring-mǣl gebrægd,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1566"></a>aldres orwēna, yrringa slōh,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1567"></a>þæt hire wið halse heard grāpode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1568"></a>bān-hringas bræc, bil eal þurh-wōd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1569"></a>fǣgne flǣsc-homan, hēo on flet gecrong;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1570">1570</a><div class="line">sweord wæs swātig, secg weorce gefeh.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1571"></a>Līxte se lēoma, lēoht inne stōd,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1572"></a>efne swā of hefene hādre scīneð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1573"></a>rodores candel. Hē æfter recede wlāt,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1574"></a>hwearf þā be wealle, wǣpen hafenade</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1575">1575</a><div class="line">heard be hiltum Higelāces þegn,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1576"></a>yrre and ān-rǣd. Næs sēo ecg fracod</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1577"></a>hilde-rince, ac hē hraðe wolde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1578"></a>Grendle forgyldan gūð-rǣsa fela</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1579"></a>þāra þe hē geworhte tō West-Denum</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1580">1580</a><div class="line">oftor micle þonne on ǣnne sīð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1581"></a>þonne hē Hrōðgāres heorð-genēatas</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1582"></a>slōh on sweofote, slǣpende fræt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1583"></a>folces Denigea fȳf-tȳne men</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1584">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1584"></a>and ōðer swylc ūt of-ferede,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1585">1585</a><div class="line">lāðlīcu lāc. Hē him þæs lēan forgeald,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1586"></a>rēðe cempa, tō þæs þe hē on ræste geseah</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1587"></a>gūð-wērigne Grendel licgan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1588"></a>aldor-lēasne, swā him ǣr gescōd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1589"></a>hild æt Heorote; hrā wīde sprong,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1590">1590</a><div class="line">syððan hē æfter dēaðe drepe þrowade,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1591"></a>heoro-sweng heardne, and hine þā hēafde becearf,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1592">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1592"></a>Sōna þæt gesāwon snottre ceorlas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1593"></a>þā þe mid Hrōðgāre on holm wliton,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1594"></a>þæt wæs ȳð-geblond eal gemenged,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1595">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1595">1595</a><div class="line">brim blōde fāh: blonden-feaxe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1596"></a>gomele ymb gōdne ongeador sprǣcon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1597"></a>þæt hig þæs æðelinges eft ne wēndon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1598"></a>þæt hē sige-hrēðig sēcean cōme</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1599">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1599"></a>mǣrne þēoden; þā þæs monige gewearð,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1600">1600</a><div class="line">þæt hine sēo brim-wylf ābroten hæfde.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1601"></a>Þā cōm nōn dæges. Næs ofgēafon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1602"></a>hwate Scyldingas; gewāt him hām þonon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1603"></a>gold-wine gumena. Gistas sētan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1604"></a>mōdes sēoce, and on mere staredon,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1605">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1605">1605</a><div class="line">wiston and ne wēndon, þæt hīe heora wine-drihten</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1606"></a>selfne gesāwon. Þā þæt sweord ongan</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1607">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1607"></a>æfter heaðo-swāte hilde-gicelum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1608"></a>wīg-bil wanian; þæt wæs wundra sum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1609"></a>þæt hit eal gemealt īse gelīcost,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1610">1610</a><div class="line">þonne forstes bend fæder onlǣteð,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1611">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1611"></a>onwindeð wæl-rāpas, sē þe geweald hafað</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1612"></a>sǣla and mǣla; þæt is sōð metod.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1613"></a>Ne nom hē in þǣm wīcum, Weder-Gēata lēod,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1614"></a>māðm-ǣhta mā, þēh hē þǣr monige geseah,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1615">1615</a><div class="line">būton þone hafelan and þā hilt somod,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1616"></a>since fāge; sweord ǣr gemealt,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1617"></a>forbarn brōden mǣl: wæs þæt blōd tō þæs hāt,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1618"></a>ǣttren ellor-gǣst, sē þǣr inne swealt.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1619"></a>Sōna wæs on sunde, sē þe ǣr æt sæcce gebād</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1620">1620</a><div class="line">wīg-hryre wrāðra, wæter up þurh-dēaf;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1621"></a>wǣron ȳð-gebland eal gefǣlsod,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1622">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1622"></a>ēacne eardas, þā se ellor-gāst</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1623"></a>oflēt līf-dagas and þās lǣnan gesceaft.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1624"></a>Cōm þā tō lande lid-manna helm</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1625">1625</a><div class="line">swīð-mōd swymman, sǣ-lāce gefeah,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1626"></a>mægen-byrðenne þāra þe hē him mid hæfde.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1627"></a>Ēodon him þā tōgēanes, gode þancodon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1628"></a>þrȳðlīc þegna hēap, þēodnes gefēgon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1629"></a>þæs þe hī hyne gesundne gesēon mōston.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1630">1630</a><div class="line">Þā wæs of þǣm hrōran helm and byrne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1631"></a>lungre ālȳsed: lagu drūsade,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1632"></a>wæter under wolcnum, wæl-drēore fāg.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1633"></a>Fērdon forð þonon fēðe-lāstum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1634"></a>ferhðum fægne, fold-weg mǣton,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1635">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1635">1635</a><div class="line">cūðe strǣte; cyning-balde men</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1636"></a>from þǣm holm-clife hafelan bǣron</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1637"></a>earfoðlīce heora ǣghwæðrum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1638"></a>fela-mōdigra: fēower scoldon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1639"></a>on ðæm wæl-stenge weorcum geferian</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1640">1640</a><div class="line">tō þǣm gold-sele Grendles hēafod,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1641"></a>oð þæt semninga tō sele cōmon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1642"></a>frome fyrd-hwate fēower-tȳne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1643"></a>Gēata gongan; gum-dryhten mid</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1644"></a>mōdig on gemonge meodo-wongas træd.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1645">1645</a><div class="line">Þā cōm in gān ealdor þegna,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1646"></a>dǣd-cēne mon dōme gewurðad,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1647"></a>hæle hilde-dēor. Hrōðgār grētan:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1648"></a>Þā wæs be feaxe on flet boren</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1649"></a>Grendles hēafod, þǣr guman druncon,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1650">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1650">1650</a><div class="line">egeslīc for eorlum and þǣre idese mid:</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1651">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1651"></a>wlite-sēon wrǣtlīc weras onsāwon.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXV"></a><h2>XXV. HROTHGAR'S GRATITUDE: HE DISCOURSES.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li1652"></a>Bēowulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþēowes:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1653"></a>"Hwæt! wē þē þās sǣ-lāc, sunu Healfdenes,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1654"></a>"lēod Scyldinga, lustum brōhton,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1655">1655</a><div class="line">"tīres tō tācne, þē þū hēr tō lōcast.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1656"></a>"Ic þæt unsōfte ealdre gedīgde:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1657"></a>"wigge under wætere weorc genēðde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1658"></a>"earfoðlīce, æt-rihte wæs</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1659"></a>"gūð getwǣfed, nymðe mec god scylde.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1660">1660</a><div class="line">"Ne meahte ic æt hilde mid Hruntinge</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1661"></a>"wiht gewyrcan, þēah þæt wǣpen duge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1662"></a>"ac mē geūðe ylda waldend,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1663"></a>"þæt ic on wāge geseah wlitig hangian</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1664">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1664"></a>"eald sweord ēacen (oftost wīsode</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1665">1665</a><div class="line">"winigea lēasum) þæt ic þȳ wǣpne gebrǣ.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1666"></a>"Ofslōh þā æt þǣre sæcce (þā mē sǣl āgeald)</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1667"></a>"hūses hyrdas. Þā þæt hilde-bil</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1668"></a>"forbarn, brogden mǣl, swā þæt blōd gesprang,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1669"></a>"hātost heaðo-swāta: ic þæt hilt þanan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1670">1670</a><div class="line">"fēondum ætferede; fyren-dǣda wræc,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1671"></a>"dēað-cwealm Denigea, swā hit gedēfe wæs.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1672"></a>"Ic hit þē þonne gehāte, þæt þū on Heorote mōst</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1673"></a>"sorh-lēas swefan mid þīnra secga gedryht,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1674"></a>"and þegna gehwylc þīnra lēoda,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1675">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1675">1675</a><div class="line">"duguðe and iogoðe, þæt þū him ondrǣdan ne þearft,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1676"></a>"þēoden Scyldinga, on þā healfe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1677"></a>"aldor-bealu eorlum, swā þū ǣr dydest."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1678"></a>Þā wæs gylden hilt gamelum rince.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1679"></a>hārum hild-fruman, on hand gyfen,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1680">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1680">1680</a><div class="line">enta ǣr-geweorc, hit on ǣht gehwearf</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1681"></a>æfter dēofla hryre Denigea frēan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1682"></a>wundor-smiða geweorc, and þā þās worold ofgeaf</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1683"></a>grom-heort guma, godes andsaca,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1684"></a>morðres scyldig, and his mōdor ēac;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1685">1685</a><div class="line">on geweald gehwearf worold-cyninga</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1686"></a>þǣm sēlestan be sǣm twēonum</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1687">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1687"></a>þāra þe on Sceden-igge sceattas dǣlde.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1688"></a>Hrōðgār maðelode, hylt scēawode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1689"></a>ealde lāfe, on þǣm wæs ōr writen</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1690">1690</a><div class="line">fyrn-gewinnes: syððan flōd ofslōh,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1691"></a>gifen gēotende, gīganta cyn,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1692"></a>frēcne gefērdon: þæt wæs fremde þēod</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1693"></a>ēcean dryhtne, him þæs ende-lēan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1694"></a>þurh wæteres wylm waldend sealde.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1695">1695</a><div class="line">Swā wæs on þǣm scennum scīran goldes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1696"></a>þurh rūn-stafas rihte gemearcod,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1697"></a>geseted and gesǣd, hwām þæt sweord geworht,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1698"></a>īrena cyst ǣrest wǣre,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1699"></a>wreoðen-hilt and wyrm-fāh. þā se wīsa spræc</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1700">1700</a><div class="line">sunu Healfdenes (swīgedon ealle):</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1701"></a>"Þæt lā mæg secgan, sē þe sōð and riht</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1702"></a>"fremeð on folce, (feor eal gemon</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1703">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1703"></a>"eald ēðel-weard), þæt þes eorl wǣre</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1704"></a>"geboren betera! Blǣd is ārǣred</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1705">1705</a><div class="line">"geond wīd-wegas, wine mīn Bēowulf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1706"></a>"þīn ofer þēoda gehwylce. Eal þū hit geþyldum healdest,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1707"></a>"mægen mid mōdes snyttrum. Ic þē sceal mīne gelǣstan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1708"></a>"frēode, swā wit furðum sprǣcon; þū scealt tō frōfre weorðan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1709"></a>"eal lang-twidig lēodum þīnum,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1710">1710</a><div class="line">"hæleðum tō helpe. Ne wearð Heremōd swā</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1711"></a>"eaforum Ecgwelan, Ār-Scyldingum;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1712"></a>"ne gewēox hē him tō willan, ac tō wæl-fealle</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1713"></a>"and tō dēað-cwalum Deniga lēodum;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1714"></a>"brēat bolgen-mōd bēod-genēatas,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1715">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1715">1715</a><div class="line">"eaxl-gesteallan, oð þæt hē āna hwearf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1716"></a>"mǣre þēoden. mon-drēamum from:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1717"></a>"þēah þe hine mihtig god mægenes wynnum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1718"></a>"eafeðum stēpte, ofer ealle men</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1719"></a>"forð gefremede, hwæðere him on ferhðe grēow</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1720">1720</a><div class="line">"brēost-hord blōd-rēow: nallas bēagas geaf</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1721"></a>"Denum æfter dōme; drēam-lēas gebād,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1722"></a>"þæt hē þæs gewinnes weorc þrowade,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1723">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1723"></a>"lēod-bealo longsum. Þū þē lǣr be þon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1724"></a>"gum-cyste ongit! ic þis gid be þē</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1725">1725</a><div class="line">"āwræc wintrum frōd. Wundor is tō secganne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1726"></a>"hū mihtig god manna cynne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1727"></a>"þurh sīdne sefan snyttru bryttað,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1728"></a>"eard and eorl-scipe, hē āh ealra geweald.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1729">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1729"></a>"Hwīlum hē on lufan lǣteð hworfan</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1730">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1730">1730</a><div class="line">"monnes mōd-geþonc mǣran cynnes,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1731"></a>"seleð him on ēðle eorðan wynne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1732"></a>"tō healdanne hlēo-burh wera,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1733"></a>"gedēð him swā gewealdene worolde dǣlas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1734"></a>"sīde rīce, þæt hē his selfa ne mæg</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1735">1735</a><div class="line">"for his un-snyttrum ende geþencean;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1736"></a>"wunað hē on wiste, nō hine wiht dweleð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1737"></a>"ādl nē yldo, nē him inwit-sorh</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1738"></a>"on sefan sweorceð, nē gesacu ōhwǣr,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1739"></a>"ecg-hete ēoweð, ac him eal worold</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1740">1740</a><div class="line">"wendeð on willan; hē þæt wyrse ne con,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1741">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1741"></a>"oð þæt him on innan ofer-hygda dǣl</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1742"></a>"weaxeð and wridað, þonne se weard swefeð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1743"></a>"sāwele hyrde: bið se slǣp tō fæst,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1744"></a>"bisgum gebunden, bona swīðe nēah,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1745">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1745">1745</a><div class="line">"sē þe of flān-bogan fyrenum scēoteð.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXVI"></a><h2>XXVI. THE DISCOURSE IS ENDED.—BĒOWULF PREPARES TO LEAVE.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li1746"></a>"Þonne bið on hreðre under helm drepen</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1747"></a>"biteran strǣle: him bebeorgan ne con</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1748">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1748"></a>"wom wundor-bebodum wergan gāstes;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1749"></a>"þinceð him tō lȳtel, þæt hē tō lange hēold,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1750">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1750">1750</a><div class="line">"gȳtsað grom-hȳdig, nallas on gylp seleð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1751"></a>"fǣtte bēagas and hē þā forð-gesceaft</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1752"></a>"forgyteð and forgȳmeð, þæs þe him ǣr god sealde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1753"></a>"wuldres waldend, weorð-mynda dǣl.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1754"></a>"Hit on ende-stæf eft gelimpeð,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1755">1755</a><div class="line">"þæt se līc-homa lǣne gedrēoseð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1756"></a>"fǣge gefealleð; fēhð ōðer tō,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1757"></a>"sē þe unmurnlīce mādmas dǣleð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1758"></a>"eorles ǣr-gestrēon, egesan ne gȳmeð.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1759"></a>"Bebeorh þē þone bealo-nīð, Bēowulf lēofa,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1760">1760</a><div class="line">"secg <i>se</i> betsta, and þē þæt sēlre gecēos,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1761"></a>"ēce rǣdas; oferhȳda ne gȳm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1762"></a>"mǣre cempa! Nū is þīnes mægnes blǣd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1763"></a>"āne hwīle; eft sōna bið,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1764"></a>"þæt þec ādl oððe ecg eafoðes getwǣfeð,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1765">1765</a><div class="line">"oððe fȳres feng oððe flōdes wylm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1766"></a>"oððe gripe mēces oððe gāres fliht,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1767">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1767"></a>"oððe atol yldo, oððe ēagena bearhtm</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1768"></a>"forsiteð and forsworceð; semninga bið,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1769"></a>"þæt þec, dryht-guma, dēað oferswȳðeð.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1770">1770</a><div class="line">"Swā ic Hring-Dena hund missēra</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1771"></a>"wēold under wolcnum, and hig wigge belēac</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1772"></a>"manigum mǣgða geond þysne middan-geard,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1773"></a>"æscum and ecgum, þæt ic mē ǣnigne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1774"></a>"under swegles begong gesacan ne tealde.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1775">1775</a><div class="line">"Hwæt! mē þæs on ēðle edwenden cwōm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1776"></a>"gyrn æfter gomene, seoððan Grendel wearð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1777"></a>"eald-gewinna, in-genga mīn:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1778"></a>"ic þǣre sōcne singāles wæg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1779"></a>"mōd-ceare micle. Þæs sig metode þanc,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1780">1780</a><div class="line">"ēcean drihtne, þæs þe ic on aldre gebād,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1781"></a>"þæt ic on þone hafelan heoro-drēorigne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1782"></a>"ofer eald gewin ēagum starige!</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1783"></a>"Gā nū tō setle, symbel-wynne drēoh</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1784">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1784"></a>"wīgge weorðad: unc sceal worn fela</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1785">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1785">1785</a><div class="line">"māðma gemǣnra, siððan morgen bið."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1786"></a>Gēat wæs glæd-mōd, gēong sōna tō,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1787"></a>setles nēosan, swā se snottra heht.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1788"></a>Þā wæs eft swā ǣr ellen-rōfum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1789"></a>flet-sittendum fægere gereorded</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1790">1790</a><div class="line">nīowan stefne. Niht-helm geswearc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1791"></a>deorc ofer dryht-gumum. Duguð eal ārās;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1792"></a>wolde blonden-feax beddes nēosan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1793"></a>gamela Scylding. Gēat ungemetes wēl,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1794">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1794"></a>rōfne rand-wigan restan lyste:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1795">1795</a><div class="line">sōna him sele-þegn sīðes wērgum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1796"></a>feorran-cundum forð wīsade,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1797"></a>se for andrysnum ealle beweotede</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1798"></a>þegnes þearfe, swylce þȳ dōgore</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1799"></a>hēaðo-līðende habban scoldon.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1800">1800</a><div class="line">Reste hine þā rūm-heort; reced hlīfade</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1801"></a>gēap and gold-fāh, gæst inne swæf,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1802">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1802"></a>oð þæt hrefn blaca heofones wynne</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1803">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1803"></a>blīð-heort bodode. Þā cōm beorht <i>sunne</i></div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1804"></a>scacan <i>ofer grundas</i>; scaðan ōnetton,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1805">1805</a><div class="line">wǣron æðelingas eft tō lēodum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1806"></a>fūse tō farenne, wolde feor þanon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1807"></a>cuma collen-ferhð cēoles nēosan.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1808">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1808"></a>Heht þā se hearda Hrunting beran,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1809"></a>sunu Ecglāfes, heht his sweord niman,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1810">1810</a><div class="line">lēoflīc īren; sægde him þæs lēanes þanc,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1811"></a>cwæð hē þone gūð-wine gōdne tealde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1812"></a>wīg-cræftigne, nales wordum lōg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1813"></a>mēces ecge: þæt wæs mōdig secg.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1814"></a>And þā sīð-frome searwum gearwe</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1815">1815</a><div class="line">wīgend wǣron, ēode weorð Denum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1816"></a>æðeling tō yppan, þǣr se ōðer wæs</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1817"></a>hæle hilde-dēor, Hrōðgār grētte.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXVII"></a><h2>XXVII. THE PARTING WORDS.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li1818"></a>Bēowulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþēowes:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1819"></a>"Nū wē sǣ-līðend secgan wyllað</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1820">1820</a><div class="line">"feorran cumene, þæt wē fundiað</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1821"></a>"Higelāc sēcan. Wǣron hēr tela</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1822"></a>"willum bewenede; þū ūs wēl dohtest.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1823">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1823"></a>"Gif ic þonne on eorðan ōwihte mæg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1824"></a>"þīnre mōd-lufan māran tilian,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1825">1825</a><div class="line">"gumena dryhten, þonne ic gȳt dyde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1826"></a>"gūð-geweorca ic bēo gearo sōna.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1827"></a>"Gif ic þæt gefricge ofer flōda begang,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1828"></a>"þæt þec ymbe-sittend egesan þȳwað,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1829"></a>"swā þec hetende hwīlum dydon,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1830">1830</a><div class="line">"ic þē þūsenda þegna bringe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1831"></a>"hæleða tō helpe. Ic on Higelāce wāt,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1832">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1832"></a>"Gēata dryhten, þēah þe hē geong sȳ,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1833"></a>"folces hyrde, þæt hē mec fremman wile</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1834"></a>"wordum and worcum, þæt ic þē wēl herige,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1835">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1835">1835</a><div class="line">"and þē tō gēoce gār-holt bere</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1836"></a>"mægenes fultum, þǣr þē bið manna þearf;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1837"></a>"gif him þonne Hrēðrīc tō hofum Gēata</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1838"></a>"geþingeð, þēodnes bearn, hē mæg þǣr fela</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1839"></a>"frēonda findan: feor-cȳððe bēoð</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1840">1840</a><div class="line">"sēlran gesōhte þǣm þe him selfa dēah."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1841"></a>Hrōðgār maðelode him on andsware:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1842"></a>"Þē þā word-cwydas wittig drihten</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1843"></a>"on sefan sende! ne hȳrde ic snotorlīcor</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1844"></a>"on swā geongum feore guman þingian:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1845">1845</a><div class="line">"þū eart mægenes strang and on mōde frōd,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1846"></a>"wīs word-cwida. Wēn ic talige,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1847"></a>"gif þæt gegangeð, þæt þe gār nymeð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1848"></a>"hild heoru-grimme Hrēðles eaferan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1849"></a>"ādl oððe īren ealdor þīnne,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1850">1850</a><div class="line">"folces hyrde, and þū þīn feorh hafast,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1851"></a>"þæt þe Sǣ-Gēatas sēlran næbben</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1852"></a>"tō gecēosenne cyning ǣnigne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1853"></a>"hord-weard hæleða, gif þū healdan wylt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1854"></a>"māga rīce. Mē þīn mōd-sefa</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1855">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1855">1855</a><div class="line">"līcað leng swā wēl, lēofa Bēowulf:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1856"></a>"hafast þū gefēred, þæt þām folcum sceal,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1857"></a>"Gēata lēodum and Gār-Denum</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1858">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1858"></a>"sib gemǣnum and sacu restan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1859"></a>"inwit-nīðas, þē hīe ǣr drugon;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1860">1860</a><div class="line">"wesan, þenden ic wealde wīdan rīces,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1861"></a>"māðmas gemǣne, manig ōðerne</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1862">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1862"></a>"gōdum gegrētan ofer ganotes bæð;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1863">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1863"></a>"sceal hring-naca ofer hēaðu bringan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1864"></a>"lāc and luf-tācen. Ic þā lēode wāt</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1865">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1865">1865</a><div class="line">"gē wið fēond gē wið frēond fæste geworhte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1866"></a>"ǣghwæs untǣle ealde wīsan."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1867"></a>Þā gīt him eorla hlēo inne gesealde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1868"></a>mago Healfdenes māðmas twelfe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1869"></a>hēt hine mid þǣm lācum lēode swǣse</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1870">1870</a><div class="line">sēcean on gesyntum, snūde eft cuman.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1871"></a>Gecyste þā cyning æðelum gōd,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1872"></a>þēoden Scildinga, þegen betstan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1873"></a>and be healse genam; hruron him tēaras,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1874"></a>blonden-feaxum: him wæs bēga wēn,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1875">1875</a><div class="line">ealdum infrōdum, ōðres swīðor,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1876">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1876"></a>þæt hī seoððan gesēon mōston</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1877"></a>mōdige on meðle. Wæs him se man tō þon lēof,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1878"></a>þæt hē þone brēost-wylm forberan ne mehte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1879"></a>ac him on hreðre hyge-bendum fæst</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1880">1880</a><div class="line">æfter dēorum men dyrne langað</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1881">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1881"></a>beorn wið blōde. Him Bēowulf þanan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1882"></a>gūð-rinc gold-wlanc græs-moldan træd,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1883"></a>since hrēmig: sǣ-genga bād</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1884"></a>āgend-frēan, sē þe on ancre rād.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1885">1885</a><div class="line">Þā wæs on gange gifu Hrōðgāres</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1886"></a>oft geæhted: þæt wæs ān cyning</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1887">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1887"></a>ǣghwæs orleahtre, oð þæt hine yldo benam</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1888"></a>mægenes wynnum, sē þe oft manegum scōd.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXVIII"></a><h2>XXVIII. BĒOWULF RETURNS TO GEATLAND.—THE QUEENS HYGD AND THRYTHO.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li1889"></a>Cwōm þā tō flōde fela-mōdigra</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1890">1890</a><div class="line">hæg-stealdra <i>hēap</i>; hring-net bǣron,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1891"></a>locene leoðo-syrcan. Land-weard onfand</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1892"></a>eft-sīð eorla, swā hē ǣr dyde;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1893"></a>nō hē mid hearme of hlīðes nosan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1894"></a>gæs<i>tas</i> grētte, ac him tōgēanes rād;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1895">1895</a><div class="line">cwæð þæt wilcuman Wedera lēodum</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1896">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1896"></a>scawan scīr-hame tō scipe fōron.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1897">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1897"></a>Þā wæs on sande sǣ-gēap naca</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1898"></a>hladen here-wǣdum, hringed-stefna</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1899"></a>mēarum and māðmum: mæst hlīfade</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1900">1900</a><div class="line">ofer Hrōðgāres hord-gestrēonum.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1901"></a>Hē þǣm bāt-wearde bunden golde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1902"></a>swurd gesealde, þæt hē syððan wæs</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1903"></a>on meodu-bence māðme þȳ weorðra,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1904">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1904"></a>yrfe-lāfe. Gewāt him on <i>ȳð</i>-nacan,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1905">1905</a><div class="line">drēfan dēop wæter, Dena land ofgeaf.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1906"></a>Þā wæs be mæste mere-hrægla sum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1907"></a>segl sāle fæst. Sund-wudu þunede,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1908"></a>nō þǣr wēg-flotan wind ofer ȳðum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1909"></a>sīðes getwǣfde; sǣ-genga fōr,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1910">1910</a><div class="line">flēat fāmig-heals forð ofer ȳðe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1911"></a>bunden-stefna ofer brim-strēamas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1912"></a>þæt hīe Gēata clifu ongitan meahton,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1913">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1913"></a>cūðe næssas. Cēol up geþrang,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1914">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1914"></a>lyft-geswenced on lande stōd.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1915">1915</a><div class="line">Hraðe wæs æt holme hȳð-weard gearo,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1916">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1916"></a>sē þe ǣr lange tīd, lēofra manna</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1917"></a>fūs, æt faroðe feor wlātode;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1918"></a>sǣlde tō sande sīd-fæðme scip</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1919"></a>oncer-bendum fæst, þȳ lǣs hym ȳða þrym</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1920">1920</a><div class="line">wudu wynsuman forwrecan meahte.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1921"></a>Hēt þā up beran æðelinga gestrēon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1922"></a>frætwe and fǣt-gold; næs him feor þanon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1923"></a>tō gesēcanne sinces bryttan:</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1924">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1924"></a>Higelāc Hrēðling þǣr æt hām wunað,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1925">1925</a><div class="line">selfa mid gesīðum sǣ-wealle nēah;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1926"></a>bold wæs betlīc, brego-rōf cyning,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1927">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1927"></a>hēa <i>on</i> healle, Hygd swīðe geong,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1928"></a>wīs, wēl-þungen, þēah þe wintra lȳt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1929"></a>under burh-locan gebiden hæbbe</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1930">1930</a><div class="line">Hæreðes dōhtor: næs hīo hnāh swā þēah,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1931"></a>nē tō gnēað gifa Gēata lēodum,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1932">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1932"></a>māðm-gestrēona. Mod Þrȳðo wæg,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1933">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1933"></a>fremu folces cwēn, firen ondrysne:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1934"></a>nǣnig þæt dorste dēor genēðan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1935">1935</a><div class="line">swǣsra gesīða, nefne sin-frēa,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1936">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1936"></a>þæt hire an dæges ēagum starede;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1937"></a>ac him wæl-bende weotode tealde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1938"></a>hand-gewriðene: hraðe seoððan wæs</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1939"></a>æfter mund-gripe mēce geþinged,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1940">1940</a><div class="line">þæt hit sceaðen-mǣl scȳran mōste,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1941"></a>cwealm-bealu cȳðan. Ne bið swylc cwēnlīc þēaw</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1942"></a>idese tō efnanne, þēah þe hīo ǣnlīcu sȳ,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1943">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1943"></a>þætte freoðu-webbe fēores onsæce</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1944"></a>æfter līge-torne lēofne mannan.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1945">1945</a><div class="line">Hūru þæt onhōhsnode Heminges mǣg;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1946"></a>ealo drincende ōðer sǣdan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1947"></a>þæt hīo lēod-bealewa lǣs gefremede,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1948"></a>inwit-nīða, syððan ǣrest wearð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1949"></a>gyfen gold-hroden geongum cempan,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1950">1950</a><div class="line">æðelum dīore, syððan hīo Offan flet</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1951"></a>ofer fealone flōd be fæder lāre</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1952"></a>sīðe gesōhte, þǣr hīo syððan wēl</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1953"></a>in gum-stōle, gōde mǣre,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1954"></a>līf-gesceafta lifigende brēac,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1955">1955</a><div class="line">hīold hēah-lufan wið hæleða brego,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1956"></a>ealles mon-cynnes mīne gefrǣge</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1957"></a>þone sēlestan bī sǣm twēonum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1958"></a>eormen-cynnes; forþām Offa wæs</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1959"></a>geofum and gūðum gār-cēne man,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1960">1960</a><div class="line">wīde geweorðod; wīsdōme hēold</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1961"></a>ēðel sīnne, þonon Ēomǣr wōc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1962"></a>hæleðum tō helpe, Heminges mǣg,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1963"></a>nefa Gārmundes, nīða cræftig.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXIX"></a><h2>XXIX. HIS ARRIVAL. HYGELAC'S RECEPTION.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li1964"></a>Gewāt him þā se hearda mid his hond-scole</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1965">1965</a><div class="line">sylf æfter sande sǣ-wong tredan,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1966">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1966"></a>wīde waroðas. Woruld-candel scān,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1967"></a>sigel sūðan fūs: hī sīð drugon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1968"></a>elne geēodon, tō þæs þe eorla hlēo,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1969">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1969"></a>bonan Ongenþēowes burgum on innan,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1970">1970</a><div class="line">geongne gūð-cyning gōdne gefrūnon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1971"></a>hringas dǣlan. Higelāce wæs</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1972"></a>sīð Bēowulfes snūde gecȳðed,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1973"></a>þæt þǣr on worðig wīgendra hlēo,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1974"></a>lind-gestealla lifigende cwōm,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1975">1975</a><div class="line">heaðo-lāces hāl tō hofe gongan.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1976"></a>Hraðe wæs gerȳmed, swā se rīca bebēad,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1977"></a>fēðe-gestum flet innan-weard.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1978"></a>Gesæt þā wið sylfne, sē þā sæcce genæs,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1979"></a>mǣg wið mǣge, syððan man-dryhten</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1980">1980</a><div class="line">þurh hlēoðor-cwyde holdne gegrētte</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1981">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1981"></a>mēaglum wordum. Meodu-scencum</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1982">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1982"></a>hwearf geond þæt reced Hæreðes dōhtor:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1983"></a>lufode þā lēode, līð-wǣge bær</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1984">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1984"></a>hǣlum tō handa. Higelāc ongan</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1985">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li1985">1985</a><div class="line">sīnne geseldan in sele þām hēan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1986"></a>fægre fricgean, hyne fyrwet bræc,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1987"></a>hwylce Sǣ-Gēata sīðas wǣron:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1988"></a>"Hū lomp ēow on lāde, lēofa Bīowulf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1989"></a>"þā þū fǣringa feorr gehogodest,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1990">1990</a><div class="line">"sæcce sēcean ofer sealt wæter,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1991"></a>"hilde tō Hiorote? Ac þū Hrōðgāre</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1992"></a>"wīd-cūðne wēan wihte gebēttest,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1993"></a>"mǣrum þēodne? Ic þæs mōd-ceare</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note1994">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li1994"></a>"sorh-wylmum sēað, sīðe ne truwode</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li1995">1995</a><div class="line">"lēofes mannes; ic þē lange bæd,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1996"></a>"þæt þū þone wæl-gǣst wihte ne grētte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1997"></a>"lēte Sūð-Dene sylfe geweorðan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1998"></a>"gūðe wið Grendel. Gode ic þanc secge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li1999"></a>"þæs þe ic þē gesundne gesēon mōste."</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2000">2000</a><div class="line">Bīowulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþīowes:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2001"></a>"Þæt is undyrne, dryhten Higelāc,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2002"></a>"<i>mǣre</i> gemēting monegum fīra,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2003"></a>"hwylc <i>orleg</i>-hwīl uncer Grendles</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2004"></a>"wearð on þām wange, þǣr hē worna fela</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2005">2005</a><div class="line">"Sige-Scildingum sorge gefremede,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2006"></a>"yrmðe tō aldre; ic þæt eal gewræc,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2007"></a>"swā ne gylpan þearf Grendeles māga</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2008"></a>"<i>ǣnig</i> ofer eorðan ūht-hlem þone,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2009"></a>"sē þe lengest leofað lāðan cynnes,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2010">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2010">2010</a><div class="line">"fe<i>nne</i> bifongen. Ic þǣr furðum cwōm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2011"></a>"tō þām hring-sele Hrōðgār grētan:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2012"></a>"sōna mē se mǣra mago Healfdenes,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2013"></a>"syððan hē mōd-sefan mīnne cūðe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2014"></a>"wið his sylfes sunu setl getǣhte.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2015">2015</a><div class="line">"Weorod wæs on wynne; ne seah ic wīdan feorh</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2016"></a>"under heofenes hwealf heal-sittendra</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2017"></a>"medu-drēam māran. Hwīlum mǣru cwēn,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2018"></a>"friðu-sibb folca flet eall geond-hwearf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2019"></a>"bǣdde byre geonge; oft hīo bēah-wriðan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2020">2020</a><div class="line">"secge <i>sealde</i>, ǣr hīo tō setle gēong.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2021"></a>"Hwīlum for duguðe dōhtor Hrōðgāres</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2022">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2022"></a>"eorlum on ende ealu-wǣge bær,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2023"></a>"þā ic Frēaware flet-sittende</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2024"></a>"nemnan hȳrde, þǣr hīo nægled sinc</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2025">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2025">2025</a><div class="line">"hæleðum sealde: sīo gehāten <i>wæs</i>,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2026"></a>"geong gold-hroden, gladum suna Frōdan;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2027">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2027"></a>"hafað þæs geworden wine Scyldinga</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2028"></a>"rīces hyrde and þæt rǣd talað,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2029"></a>"þæt hē mid þȳ wīfe wæl-fǣhða dǣl,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2030">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2030">2030</a><div class="line">"sæcca gesette. Oft <i>nō</i> seldan hwǣr</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2031"></a>"æfter lēod-hryre lȳtle hwīle</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2032"></a>"bon-gār būgeð, þēah sēo brȳd duge!</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXX"></a><h2>XXX. BĒOWULF'S STORY OF THE SLAYINGS.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li2033"></a>"Mæg þæs þonne ofþyncan þēoden Heaðobeardna</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2034"></a>"and þegna gehwām þāra lēoda,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2035">2035</a><div class="line">"þonne hē mid fǣmnan on flett gǣð,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2036">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2036"></a>"dryht-bearn Dena duguða biwenede:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2037"></a>"on him gladiað gomelra lāfe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2038"></a>"heard and hring-mǣl, Heaðobeardna gestrēon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2039"></a>"þenden hīe þām wǣpnum wealdan mōston,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2040">2040</a><div class="line">"oð þæt hīe forlǣddan tō þām lind-plegan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2041"></a>"swǣse gesīðas ond hyra sylfra feorh.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2042">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2042"></a>"Þonne cwið æt bēore, sē þe bēah gesyhð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2043"></a>"eald æsc-wiga, sē þe eall geman</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2044"></a>"gār-cwealm gumena (him bið grim <i>se</i>fa),</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2045">2045</a><div class="line">"onginneð geōmor-mōd geong<i>ne</i> cempan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2046"></a>"þurh hreðra gehygd higes cunnian,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2047"></a>"wīg-bealu weccean and þæt word ācwyð:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2048"></a>"'Meaht þū, mīn wine, mēce gecnāwan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2049"></a>"'þone þin fæder tō gefeohte bær</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2050">2050</a><div class="line">"'under here-grīman hindeman sīðe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2051"></a>"'dȳre īren, þǣr hyne Dene slōgon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2052"></a>"'wēoldon wæl-stōwe, syððan wiðer-gyld læg,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2053"></a>"'æfter hæleða hryre, hwate Scyldungas?</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2054"></a>"'Nu hēr þāra banena byre nāt-hwylces,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2055">2055</a><div class="line">"'frætwum hrēmig on flet gǣð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2056"></a>"'morðres gylpeð and þone māððum byreð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2057"></a>"'þone þe þū mid rihte rǣdan sceoldest!'"</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2058"></a>"Manað swā and myndgað mǣla gehwylce</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2059"></a>"sārum wordum, oð þæt sǣl cymeð,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2060">2060</a><div class="line">"þæt se fǣmnan þegn fore fæder dǣdum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2061"></a>"æfter billes bite blōd-fāg swefeð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2062"></a>"ealdres scyldig; him se ōðer þonan</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2063">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2063"></a>"losað <i>li</i>figende, con him land geare.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2064"></a>"Þonne bīoð brocene on bā healfe</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2065">2065</a><div class="line">"āð-sweord eorla; <i>syð</i>ðan Ingelde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2066"></a>"weallað wæl-nīðas and him wīf-lufan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2067"></a>"æfter cear-wælmum cōlran weorðað.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2068">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2068"></a>"Þȳ ic Heaðobeardna hyldo ne telge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2069"></a>"dryht-sibbe dǣl Denum unfǣcne,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2070">2070</a><div class="line">"frēond-scipe fæstne. Ic sceal forð sprecan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2071"></a>"gēn ymbe Grendel, þæt þū geare cunne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2072"></a>"sinces brytta, tō hwan syððan wearð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2073"></a>"hond-rǣs hæleða. Syððan heofones gim</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2074"></a>"glād ofer grundas, gæst yrre cwōm,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2075">2075</a><div class="line">"eatol ǣfen-grom, ūser nēosan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2076"></a>"þǣr wē gesunde sæl weardodon;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2077"></a>"þǣr wæs Hondscīo hild onsǣge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2078"></a>"feorh-bealu fǣgum, hē fyrmest læg,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2079"></a>"gyrded cempa; him Grendel wearð,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2080">2080</a><div class="line">"mǣrum magu-þegne tō mūð-bonan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2081"></a>"lēofes mannes līc eall forswealg.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2082"></a>"Nō þȳ ǣr ūt þā gēn īdel-hende</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2083"></a>"bona blōdig-tōð bealewa gemyndig,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2084"></a>"of þām gold-sele gongan wolde,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2085">2085</a><div class="line">"ac hē mægnes rōf mīn costode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2086"></a>"grāpode gearo-folm. Glōf hangode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2087"></a>"sīd and syllīc searo-bendum fæst,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2088"></a>"sīo wæs orþoncum eall gegyrwed</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2089"></a>"dēofles cræftum and dracan fellum:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2090">2090</a><div class="line">"hē mec þǣr on innan unsynnigne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2091"></a>"dīor dǣd-fruma, gedōn wolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2092"></a>"manigra sumne: hyt ne mihte swā,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2093"></a>"syððan ic on yrre upp-riht āstōd.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2094"></a>"Tō lang ys tō reccenne, hū ic þām lēod-sceaðan</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2095">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2095">2095</a><div class="line">"yfla gehwylces ond-lēan forgeald;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2096"></a>"þǣr ic, þēoden mīn, þīne lēode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2097"></a>"weorðode weorcum. Hē on weg losade,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2098"></a>"lȳtle hwīle līf-wynna brēac;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2099"></a>"hwæðre him sīo swīðre swaðe weardade</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2100">2100</a><div class="line">"hand on Hiorte and hē hēan þonan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2101"></a>"mōdes geōmor mere-grund gefēoll.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2102"></a>"Mē þone wæl-rǣs wine Scildunga</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2103"></a>"fǣttan golde fela lēanode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2104"></a>"manegum māðmum, syððan mergen cōm</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2105">2105</a><div class="line">"and wē tō symble geseten hæfdon.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2106"></a>"Þǣr wæs gidd and glēo; gomela Scilding</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2107"></a>"fela fricgende feorran rehte;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2108"></a>"hwīlum hilde-dēor hearpan wynne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2109"></a>"gomen-wudu grētte; hwīlum gyd āwræc</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2110">2110</a><div class="line">"sōð and sārlīc; hwīlum syllīc spell</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2111"></a>"rehte æfter rihte rūm-heort cyning.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2112"></a>"Hwīlum eft ongan eldo gebunden,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2113"></a>"gomel gūð-wiga gioguðe cwīðan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2114"></a>"hilde-strengo; hreðer inne wēoll,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2115">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2115">2115</a><div class="line">"þonne hē wintrum frōd worn gemunde.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2116"></a>"Swā wē þǣr inne andlangne dæg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2117"></a>"nīode nāman, oð þæt niht becwōm</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2118"></a>"ōðer tō yldum. Þā wæs eft hraðe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2119"></a>"gearo gyrn-wræce Grendeles mōdor,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2120">2120</a><div class="line">"sīðode sorh-full; sunu dēað fornam,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2121"></a>"wīg-hete Wedra. Wīf unhȳre</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2122"></a>"hyre bearn gewræc, beorn ācwealde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2123"></a>"ellenlīce; þǣr wæs Æsc-here,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2124"></a>"frōdan fyrn-witan, feorh ūðgenge;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2125">2125</a><div class="line">"nōðer hȳ hine ne mōston, syððan mergen cwōm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2126"></a>"dēað-wērigne Denia lēode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2127"></a>"bronde forbærnan, nē on bǣl hladan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2128"></a>"lēofne mannan: hīo þæt līc ætbær</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2129">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2129"></a>"fēondes fæð<i>mum</i> <i>un</i>der firgen-strēam.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2130">2130</a><div class="line">"Þæt wæs Hrōðgāre hrēowa tornost</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2131"></a>"þāra þe lēod-fruman lange begeāte;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2132">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2132"></a>"þā se þēoden mec þīne līfe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2133"></a>"healsode hrēoh-mōd, þæt ic on holma geþring</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2134"></a>"eorl-scipe efnde, ealdre genēðde,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2135">2135</a><div class="line">"mǣrðo fremede: hē mē mēde gehēt.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2136"></a>"Ic þā þæs wælmes, þē is wīde cūð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2137"></a>"grimne gryrelīcne grund-hyrde fond.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2138"></a>"Þǣr unc hwīle wæs hand gemǣne;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2139"></a>"holm heolfre wēoll and ic hēafde becearf</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2140">2140</a><div class="line">"in þām <i>grund</i>-sele Grendeles mōdor</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2141"></a>"ēacnum ecgum, unsōfte þonan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2142"></a>"feorh oðferede; næs ic fǣge þā gȳt,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2143"></a>"ac mē eorla hlēo eft gesealde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2144"></a>"māðma menigeo, maga Healfdenes.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXXI"></a><h2>XXXI. HE GIVES PRESENTS TO HYGELAC. HYGELAC REWARDS HIM. HYGELAC'S DEATH. BĒOWULF REIGNS.</h2> + +<a class="lineno" name="li2145">2145</a><div class="line">"Swā se þēod-kyning þēawum lyfde;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2146"></a>"nealles ic þām lēanum forloren hæfde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2147"></a>"mægnes mēde, ac hē mē <i>māðm</i>as geaf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2148"></a>"sunu Healfdenes, on <i>sīn</i>ne sylfes dōm;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2149"></a>"þā ic þē, beorn-cyning, bringan wylle,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2150">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2150">2150</a><div class="line">"ēstum geȳwan. Gēn is eall æt þē</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2151">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2151"></a>"lissa gelong: ic lȳt hafo</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2152"></a>"hēafod-māga, nefne Hygelāc þec!"</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2153">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2153"></a>Hēt þā in beran eafor, hēafod-segn,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2154"></a>heaðo-stēapne helm, hāre byrnan,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2155">2155</a><div class="line">gūð-sweord geatolīc, gyd æfter wræc:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2156"></a>"Mē þis hilde-sceorp Hrōðgār sealde,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2157">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2157"></a>"snotra fengel, sume worde hēt,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2158">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2158"></a>"þæt ic his ǣrest þē eft gesægde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2159"></a>"cwæð þæt hyt hæfde Hiorogār cyning,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2160">2160</a><div class="line">"lēod Scyldunga lange hwīle:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2161"></a>"nō þȳ ǣr suna sīnum syllan wolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2162"></a>"hwatum Heorowearde, þēah hē him hold wǣre,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2163"></a>"brēost-gewǣdu. Brūc ealles well!"</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2164"></a>Hȳrde ic þæt þām frætwum fēower mēaras</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2165">2165</a><div class="line">lungre gelīce lāst weardode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2166"></a>æppel-fealuwe; hē him ēst getēah</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2167"></a>mēara and māðma. Swā sceal mǣg dōn,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2168"></a>nealles inwit-net ōðrum bregdan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2169"></a>dyrnum cræfte dēað rēn<i>ian</i></div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2170">2170</a><div class="line">hond-gesteallan. Hygelāce wæs,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2171"></a>nīða heardum, nefa swȳðe hold</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2172"></a>and gehwæðer ōðrum hrōðra gemyndig.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2173"></a>Hȳrde ic þæt hē þone heals-bēah Hygde gesealde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2174"></a>wrǣtlīcne wundur-māððum, þone þe him Wealhþēo geaf,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2175">2175</a><div class="line">þēodnes dōhtor, þrīo wicg somod</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2176"></a>swancor and sadol-beorht; hyre syððan wæs</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2177"></a>æfter bēah-þege brēost geweorðod.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2178"></a>Swā bealdode bearn Ecgþēowes,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2179"></a>guma gūðum cūð, gōdum dǣdum,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2180">2180</a><div class="line">drēah æfter dōme, nealles druncne slōg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2181"></a>heorð-genēatas; næs him hrēoh sefa,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2182"></a>ac hē man-cynnes mǣste cræfte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2183"></a>gin-fæstan gife, þē him god sealde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2184"></a>hēold hilde-dēor. Hēan wæs lange,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2185">2185</a><div class="line">swā hyne Gēata bearn gōdne ne tealdon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2186"></a>nē hyne on medo-bence micles wyrðne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2187"></a>drihten wereda gedōn wolde;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2188">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2188"></a>swȳðe <i>oft</i> <i>sæg</i>don, þæt hē slēac wǣre,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2189"></a>æðeling unfrom: edwenden cwōm</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2190">2190</a><div class="line">tīr-ēadigum menn torna gehwylces.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2191"></a>Hēt þā eorla hlēo in gefetian,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2192"></a>heaðo-rōf cyning, Hrēðles lāfe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2193"></a>golde gegyrede; næs mid Gēatum þā</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2194"></a>sinc-māððum sēlra on sweordes hād;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2195">2195</a><div class="line">þæt hē on Bīowulfes bearm ālegde,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2196">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2196"></a>and him gesealde seofan þūsendo,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2197"></a>bold and brego-stōl. Him wæs bām samod</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2198"></a>on þām lēod-scipe lond gecynde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2199"></a>eard ēðel-riht, ōðrum swīðor</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2200">2200</a><div class="line">sīde rīce, þām þǣr sēlra wæs.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2201"></a>Eft þæt geīode ufaran dōgrum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2202"></a>hilde-hlæmmum, syððan Hygelāc læg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2203"></a>and Heardrēde hilde-mēceas</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2204"></a>under bord-hrēoðan tō bonan wurdon,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2205">2205</a><div class="line">þā hyne gesōhtan on sige-þēode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2206"></a>hearde hilde-frecan, Heaðo-Scilfingas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2207"></a>nīða genǣgdan nefan Hererīces.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2208"></a>Syððan Bēowulfe brāde rīce</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2209"></a>on hand gehwearf: hē gehēold tela</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2210">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2210">2210</a><div class="line">fīftig wintru (wæs þā frōd cyning,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2211">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2211"></a>eald ēðel-weard), oð þæt ān ongan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2212"></a>deorcum nihtum draca rīcsian,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2213">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2213"></a>sē þe on hēare hǣðe hord beweotode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2214"></a>stān-beorh stēapne: stīg under læg,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2215">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2215">2215</a><div class="line">eldum uncūð. Þǣr on innan gīong</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2216">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2216"></a>niða nāt-hwylces nēode gefēng</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2217"></a>hǣðnum horde hond . d . . geþ . . hwylc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2218"></a>since fāhne, hē þæt syððan . . . . .</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2219"></a>. . . þ . . . lð . þ . . l . g</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2220">2220</a><div class="line">slǣpende be fȳre, fyrena hyrde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2221"></a>þēofes cræfte, þæt sie . . . . ðioð . . . . .</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2222"></a>. idh . folc-beorn, þæt hē gebolgen wæs.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXXII"></a><h2>XXXII. THE FIRE-DRAKE. THE HOARD.</h2> + +<a class="nref" href="#note2223">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2223"></a>Nealles mid geweoldum wyrm-horda . . . cræft</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2224">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2224"></a><i>sōhte</i> sylfes willum, sē þe him <i>sā</i>re gesceōd,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2225">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2225">2225</a><div class="line">ac for þrēa-nēdlan þ<i>ēow</i> nāt-hwylces</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2226"></a>hæleða bearna hete-swengeas flēah,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2227">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2227"></a><i>for</i> <i>ofer</i>-þear<i>fe</i> and þǣr inne fealh</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2228"></a>secg syn-bysig. Sōna in þā tīde</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2229">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2229"></a>þæt . . . . . þām gyste . . . . br . g . stōd,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2230">2230</a><div class="line">hwæðre earm-sceapen . . . . . . .</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2231"></a>. . ð . . . sceapen o . . . . i r . . e se fǣs begeat,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2232">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2232"></a>sinc-fæt <i>geseah</i>: þǣr wæs swylcra fela</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2233">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2233"></a>in þām eorð-<i>scræ</i>fe ǣr-gestrēona,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2234"></a>swā hȳ on geār-dagum gumena nāt-hwylc</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2235">2235</a><div class="line">eormen-lāfe æðelan cynnes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2236"></a>þanc-hycgende þǣr gehȳdde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2237"></a>dēore māðmas. Ealle hīe dēað fornam</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2238"></a>ǣrran mǣlum, and se ān þā gēn</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2239"></a>lēoda duguðe, sē þǣr lengest hwearf,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2240">2240</a><div class="line">weard wine-geōmor wīscte þæs yldan,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2241">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2241"></a>þæt hē lȳtel fæc long-gestrēona</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2242"></a>brūcan mōste. Beorh eal gearo</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2243"></a>wunode on wonge wæter-ȳðum nēah,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2244"></a>nīwe be næsse nearo-cræftum fæst:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2245">2245</a><div class="line">þǣr on innan bær eorl-gestrēona</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2246">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2246"></a>hringa hyrde hard-fyrdne dǣl</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2247">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2247"></a>fǣttan goldes, fēa worda cwæð:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2248"></a>"Heald þū nū, hrūse, nū hæleð ne mōston,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2249"></a>"eorla ǣhte. Hwæt! hit ǣr on þē</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2250">2250</a><div class="line">"gōde begeāton; gūð-dēað fornam,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2251"></a>"feorh-bealo frēcne fȳra gehwylcne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2252"></a>"lēoda mīnra, þāra þe þis <i>līf</i> ofgeaf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2253"></a>"gesāwon sele-drēam. Nāh hwā sweord wege</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2254">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2254"></a>"oððe fe<i>tige</i> fǣted wǣge,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2255">2255</a><div class="line">"drync-fæt dēore: dug<i>uð</i> ellor scōc.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2256"></a>"Sceal se hearda helm <i>hyr</i>sted golde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2257"></a>"fǣtum befeallen: feormiend swefað,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2258"></a>"þā þe beado-grīman bȳwan sceoldon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2259"></a>"gē swylce sēo here-pād, sīo æt hilde gebād</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2260">2260</a><div class="line">"ofer borda gebræc bite īrena,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2261">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2261"></a>"brosnað æfter beorne. Ne mæg byrnan hring</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2262"></a>"æfter wīg-fruman wīde fēran</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2263">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2263"></a>"hæleðum be healfe; næs hearpan wyn,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2264">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2264"></a>"gomen glēo-bēames, nē gōd hafoc</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2265">2265</a><div class="line">"geond sæl swingeð, nē se swifta mearh</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2266"></a>"burh-stede bēateð. Bealo-cwealm hafað</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2267"></a>"fela feorh-cynna feorr onsended!"</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2268"></a>Swā giōmor-mōd giohðo mǣnde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2269"></a>ān æfter eallum unblīðe hwēop,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2270">2270</a><div class="line">dæges and nihtes, oð þæt dēaðes wylm</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2271"></a>hrān æt heortan. Hord-wynne fond</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2272"></a>eald ūht-sceaða opene standan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2273"></a>sē þe byrnende biorgas sēceð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2274"></a>nacod nīð-draca, nihtes flēogeð</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2275">2275</a><div class="line">fȳre befangen; hyne fold-būend</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2276">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2276"></a><i>wīde</i> <i>gesāw</i>on. Hē gē<i>wuni</i>an sceall</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2277">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2277"></a>hlāw <i>under</i> hrūsan, þǣr hē hǣðen gold</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2278"></a>warað wintrum frōd; ne byð him wihte þē sēl.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2279"></a>Swā se þēod-sceaða þrēo hund wintra</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2280">2280</a><div class="line">hēold on hrūsan hord-ærna sum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2281"></a>ēacen-cræftig, oð þæt hyne ān ābealh</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2282"></a>mon on mōde: man-dryhtne bær</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2283"></a>fǣted wǣge, frioðo-wǣre bæd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2284"></a>hlāford sīnne. Þā wæs hord rāsod,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2285">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2285">2285</a><div class="line">onboren bēaga hord, bēne getīðad</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2286"></a>fēa-sceaftum men. Frēa scēawode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2287"></a>fīra fyrn-geweorc forman sīðe.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2288"></a>Þā se wyrm onwōc, wrōht wæs genīwad;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2289"></a>stonc þā æfter stāne, stearc-heort onfand</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2290">2290</a><div class="line">fēondes fōt-lāst; hē tō forð gestōp,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2291"></a>dyrnan cræfte, dracan hēafde nēah.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2292"></a>Swā mæg unfǣge ēaðe gedīgan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2293"></a>wēan and wræc-sīð, sē þe waldendes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2294"></a>hyldo gehealdeð. Hord-weard sōhte</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2295">2295</a><div class="line">georne æfter grunde, wolde guman findan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2296"></a>þone þe him on sweofote sāre getēode:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2297"></a>hāt and hrēoh-mōd hlǣw oft ymbe hwearf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2298"></a>ealne ūtan-weardne; nē þǣr ǣnig mon</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2299">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2299"></a><i>wæs</i> on þǣre wēstenne. Hwæðre hilde gefeh,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2300">2300</a><div class="line">bea<i>do</i>-weorces: hwīlum on beorh æthwearf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2301"></a>sinc-fæt sōhte; hē þæt sōna onfand,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2302"></a>þæt hæfde gumena sum goldes gefandod</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2303"></a>hēah-gestrēona. Hord-weard onbād</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2304"></a>earfoðlīce, oð þæt ǣfen cwōm;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2305">2305</a><div class="line">wæs þā gebolgen beorges hyrde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2306"></a>wolde se lāða līge forgyldan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2307"></a>drinc-fæt dȳre. Þā wæs dæg sceacen</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2308"></a>wyrme on willan, nō on wealle leng</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2309"></a>bīdan wolde, ac mid bǣle fōr,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2310">2310</a><div class="line">fȳre gefȳsed. Wæs se fruma egeslīc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2311"></a>lēodum on lande, swā hyt lungre wearð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2312"></a>on hyra sinc-gifan sāre geendod.</div> +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXXIII"></a><h2>XXXIII. BEOWULF RESOLVES TO KILL THE FIRE-DRAKE.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li2313"></a>Þā se gæst ongan glēdum spīwan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2314"></a>beorht hofu bærnan; bryne-lēoma stōd</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2315">2315</a><div class="line">eldum on andan; nō þǣr āht cwices</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2316"></a>lāð lyft-floga lǣfan wolde.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2317"></a>Wæs þæs wyrmes wīg wīde gesȳne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2318"></a>nearo-fāges nīð nēan and feorran,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2319"></a>hū se gūð-sceaða Gēata lēode</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2320">2320</a><div class="line">hatode and hȳnde: hord eft gescēat,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2321"></a>dryht-sele dyrnne ǣr dæges hwīle.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2322"></a>Hæfde land-wara līge befangen,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2323"></a>bǣle and bronde; beorges getruwode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2324"></a>wīges and wealles: him sēo wēn gelēah.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2325">2325</a><div class="line">Þā wæs Bīowulfe brōga gecȳðed</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2326">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2326"></a>snūde tō sōðe, þæt his sylfes him</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2327"></a>bolda sēlest bryne-wylmum mealt,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2328"></a>gif-stōl Gēata. Þæt þām gōdan wæs</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2329"></a>hrēow on hreðre, hyge-sorga mǣst:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2330">2330</a><div class="line">wēnde se wīsa, þæt hē wealdende,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2331"></a>ofer ealde riht, ēcean dryhtne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2332"></a>bitre gebulge: brēost innan wēoll</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2333"></a>þēostrum geþoncum, swā him geþȳwe ne wæs.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2334"></a>Hæfde līg-draca lēoda fæsten,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2335">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2335">2335</a><div class="line">ēa-lond ūtan, eorð-weard þone</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2336"></a>glēdum forgrunden. Him þæs gūð-cyning,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2337"></a>Wedera þīoden, wræce leornode.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2338"></a>Heht him þā gewyrcean wīgendra hlēo</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2339"></a>eall-īrenne, eorla dryhten</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2340">2340</a><div class="line">wīg-bord wrǣtlīc; wisse hē gearwe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2341"></a>þæt him holt-wudu he<i>lpan</i> ne meahte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2342"></a>lind wið līge. Sceolde lǣn-daga</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2343"></a>æðeling ǣr-gōd ende gebīdan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2344"></a>worulde līfes and se wyrm somod;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2345">2345</a><div class="line">þēah þe hord-welan hēolde lange.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2346">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2346"></a>Oferhogode þā hringa fengel,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2347"></a>þæt hē þone wīd-flogan weorode gesōhte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2348"></a>sīdan herge; nō hē him þā sæcce ondrēd,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2349"></a>nē him þæs wyrmes wīg for wiht dyde,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2350">2350</a><div class="line">eafoð and ellen; forþon hē ǣr fela</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2351"></a>nearo nēðende nīða gedīgde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2352"></a>hilde-hlemma, syððan hē Hrōðgāres,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2353"></a>sigor-ēadig secg, sele fǣlsode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2354"></a>and æt gūðe forgrāp Grendeles mǣgum,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2355">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2355">2355</a><div class="line">lāðan cynnes. Nō þæt lǣsest wæs</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2356"></a>hond-gemota, þǣr mon Hygelāc slōh,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2357"></a>syððan Gēata cyning gūðe rǣsum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2358"></a>frēa-wine folces Frēslondum on,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2359"></a>Hrēðles eafora hioro-dryncum swealt,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2360">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2360">2360</a><div class="line">bille gebēaten; þonan Bīowulf cōm</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2361"></a>sylfes cræfte, sund-nytte drēah;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2362">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2362"></a>hæfde him on earme ... XXX</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2363"></a>hilde-geatwa, þā hē tō holme <i>st</i>āg.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2364">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2364"></a>Nealles Hetware hrēmge þorfton</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2365">2365</a><div class="line">fēðe-wīges, þē him foran ongēan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2366"></a>linde bǣron: lȳt eft becwōm</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2367"></a>fram þām hild-frecan hāmes nīosan.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2368">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2368"></a>Oferswam þā sioleða bigong sunu Ecgþēowes,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2369"></a>earm ān-haga eft tō lēodum,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2370">2370</a><div class="line">þǣr him Hygd gebēad hord and rīce,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2371"></a>bēagas and brego-stōl: bearne ne truwode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2372"></a>þæt hē wið æl-fylcum ēðel-stōlas</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2373"></a>healdan cūðe, þā wæs Hygelāc dēad.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2374"></a>Nō þȳ ǣr fēa-sceafte findan meahton</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2375">2375</a><div class="line">æt þām æðelinge ǣnige þinga,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2376"></a>þæt hē Heardrēde hlāford wǣre,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2377"></a>oððe þone cyne-dōm cīosan wolde;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2378"></a>hwæðre hē him on folce frēond-lārum hēold,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2379"></a>ēstum mid āre, oð þæt hē yldra wearð,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2380">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2380">2380</a><div class="line">Weder-Gēatum wēold. Hyne wræc-mæcgas</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2381"></a>ofer sǣ sōhtan, suna Ōhteres:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2382"></a>hæfdon hȳ forhealden helm Scylfinga,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2383"></a>þone sēlestan sǣ-cyninga,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2384">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2384"></a>þāra þe in Swīo-rīce sinc brytnade,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2385">2385</a><div class="line">mǣrne þēoden. Him þæt tō mearce wearð;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2386">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2386"></a>hē þǣr orfeorme feorh-wunde hlēat</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2387"></a>sweordes swengum, sunu Hygelāces;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2388"></a>and him eft gewāt Ongenþīowes bearn</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2389"></a>hāmes nīosan, syððan Heardrēd læg;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2390">2390</a><div class="line">lēt þone brego-stōl Bīowulf healdan,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2391">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2391"></a>Gēatum wealdan: þæt wæs gōd cyning.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXXIV"></a><h2>XXXIV. RETROSPECT OF BĒOWULF.—STRIFE BETWEEN SWEONAS AND GEATAS.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li2392"></a>Sē þæs lēod-hryres lēan gemunde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2393"></a>uferan dōgrum, Ēadgilse wearð</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2394">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2394"></a>fēa-sceaftum fēond. Folce gestepte</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2395">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2395">2395</a><div class="line">ofer sǣ sīde sunu Ōhteres</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2396"></a>wigum and wǣpnum: hē gewræc syððan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2397"></a>cealdum cear-sīðum, cyning ealdre binēat.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2398"></a>Swā hē nīða gehwane genesen hæfde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2399"></a>slīðra geslyhta, sunu Ecgþīowes,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2400">2400</a><div class="line">ellen-weorca, oð þone ānne dæg,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2401"></a>þē hē wið þām wyrme gewegan sceolde.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2402">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2402"></a>Gewāt þā twelfa sum torne gebolgen</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2403"></a>dryhten Gēata dracan scēawian;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2404"></a>hæfde þā gefrūnen, hwanan sīo fǣhð ārās,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2405">2405</a><div class="line">bealo-nīð biorna; him tō bearme cwōm</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2406"></a>māððum-fæt mǣre þurh þæs meldan hond,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2407"></a>Sē wæs on þām þrēate þreotteoða secg,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2408"></a>sē þæs orleges ōr onstealde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2409"></a>hæft hyge-giōmor, sceolde hēan þonon</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2410">2410</a><div class="line">wong wīsian: hē ofer willan gīong</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2411"></a>tō þæs þe hē eorð-sele ānne wisse,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2412"></a>hlǣw under hrūsan holm-wylme nēh,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2413"></a>ȳð-gewinne, sē wæs innan full</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2414"></a>wrǣtta and wīra: weard unhīore,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2415">2415</a><div class="line">gearo gūð-freca, gold-māðmas hēold,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2416"></a>eald under eorðan; næs þæt ȳðe cēap,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2417"></a>tō gegangenne gumena ǣnigum.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2418"></a>Gesæt þā on næsse nīð-heard cyning,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2419"></a>þenden hǣlo ābēad heorð-genēatum</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2420">2420</a><div class="line">gold-wine Gēata: him wæs geōmor sefa,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2421"></a>wǣfre and wæl-fūs, Wyrd ungemete nēah,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2422"></a>sē þone gomelan grētan sceolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2423"></a>sēcean sāwle hord, sundur gedǣlan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2424"></a>līf wið līce: nō þon lange wæs</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2425">2425</a><div class="line">feorh æðelinges flǣsce bewunden.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2426"></a>Bīowulf maðelade, bearn Ecgþēowes:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2427"></a>"Fela ic on giogoðe guð-rǣsa genæs,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2428"></a>"orleg-hwīla: ic þæt eall gemon.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2429"></a>"Ic wæs syfan-wintre, þā mec sinca baldor,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2430">2430</a><div class="line">"frēa-wine folca æt mīnum fæder genam,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2431"></a>"hēold mec and hæfde Hrēðel cyning,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2432"></a>"geaf mē sinc and symbel, sibbe gemunde;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2433"></a>"næs ic him tō līfe lāðra ōwihte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2434"></a>"beorn in burgum, þonne his bearna hwylc,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2435">2435</a><div class="line">"Herebeald and Hæðcyn, oððe Hygelāc mīn.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2436"></a>"Wæs þām yldestan ungedēfelīce</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2437">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2437"></a>"mǣges dǣdum morðor-bed strēd,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2438"></a>"syððan hyne Hæðcyn of horn-bogan,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2439">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2439"></a>"his frēa-wine flāne geswencte,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2440">2440</a><div class="line">"miste mercelses and his mǣg ofscēt,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2441"></a>"brōðor ōðerne, blōdigan gāre:</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2442">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2442"></a>"þæt wæs feoh-lēas gefeoht, fyrenum gesyngad</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2443"></a>"hreðre hyge-mēðe; sceolde hwæðre swā þēah</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2444"></a>"æðeling unwrecen ealdres linnan.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2445">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2445">2445</a><div class="line">"Swā bið geōmorlīc gomelum ceorle</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2446"></a>"tō gebīdanne, þæt his byre rīde</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2447">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2447"></a>"giong on galgan, þonne hē gyd wrece,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2448"></a>"sārigne sang, þonne his sunu hangað</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2449">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2449"></a>"hrefne tō hrōðre and hē him helpe ne mæg,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2450">2450</a><div class="line">"eald and in-frōd, ǣnige gefremman.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2451"></a>"Symble bið gemyndgad morna gehwylce</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2452"></a>"eaforan ellor-sīð; ōðres ne gȳmeð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2453"></a>"tō gebīdanne burgum on innan</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2454">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2454"></a>"yrfe-weardes, þonne se ān hafað</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2455">2455</a><div class="line">"þurh dēaðes nȳd dǣda gefondad.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2456"></a>"Gesyhð sorh-cearig on his suna būre</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2457"></a>"wīn-sele wēstne, wind-gereste,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2458">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2458"></a>"rēote berofene; rīdend swefað</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2459"></a>"hæleð in hoðman; nis þǣr hearpan swēg,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2460">2460</a><div class="line">"gomen in geardum, swylce þǣr iū wǣron.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXXV"></a><h2>XXXV. MEMORIES OF PAST TIME.—THE FEUD WITH THE FIRE-DRAKE.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li2461"></a>"Gewīteð þonne on sealman, sorh-lēoð gæleð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2462"></a>"ān æfter ānum: þūhte him eall tō rūm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2463"></a>"wongas and wīc-stede. Swā Wedra helm</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2464"></a>"æfter Herebealde heortan sorge</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2465">2465</a><div class="line">"weallende wæg, wihte ne meahte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2466"></a>"on þām feorh-bonan fǣhðe gebētan:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2467"></a>"nō þȳ ǣr hē þone heaðo-rinc hatian ne meahte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2468"></a>"lāðum dǣdum, þēah him lēof ne wæs.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2469"></a>"Hē þā mid þǣre sorge, þē him sīo sār belamp,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2470">2470</a><div class="line">"gum-drēam ofgeaf, godes lēoht gecēas;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2471"></a>"eaferum lǣfde, swā dēð ēadig mon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2472"></a>"lond and lēod-byrig, þā hē of līfe gewāt.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2473"></a>"Þā wæs synn and sacu Swēona and Gēata,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2474">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2474"></a>"ofer wīd wæter wrōht gemǣne,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2475">2475</a><div class="line">"here-nīð hearda, syððan Hrēðel swealt,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2476"></a>"oððe him Ongenþēowes eaferan wǣran</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2477">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2477"></a>"frome fyrd-hwate, frēode ne woldon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2478"></a>"ofer heafo healdan, ac ymb Hrēosna-beorh</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2479"></a>"eatolne inwit-scear oft gefremedon.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2480">2480</a><div class="line">"Þæt mǣg-wine mīne gewrǣcan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2481"></a>"fǣhðe and fyrene, swā hyt gefrǣge wæs,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2482"></a>"þēah þe ōðer hit ealdre gebohte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2483"></a>"heardan cēape: Hæðcynne wearð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2484"></a>"Gēata dryhtne, gūð onsǣge.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2485">2485</a><div class="line">"Þā ic on morgne gefrægn mǣg ōðerne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2486"></a>"billes ecgum on bonan stǣlan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2487"></a>"þǣr Ongenþēow Eofores nīosade:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2488"></a>"gūð-helm tōglād, gomela Scylfing</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2489">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2489"></a>"hrēas <i>heoro</i>-blāc; hond gemunde</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2490">2490</a><div class="line">"fǣhðo genōge, feorh-sweng ne oftēah.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2491"></a>"Ic him þā māðmas, þē hē mē sealde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2492"></a>"geald æt gūðe, swā mē gifeðe wæs,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2493"></a>"lēohtan sweorde: hē mē lond forgeaf,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2494">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2494"></a>"eard ēðel-wyn. Næs him ǣnig þearf,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2495">2495</a><div class="line">"þæt hē tō Gifðum oððe tō Gār-Denum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2496"></a>"oððe in Swīo-rīce sēcean þurfe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2497"></a>"wyrsan wīg-frecan, weorðe gecȳpan;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2498"></a>"symle ic him on fēðan beforan wolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2499"></a>"āna on orde, and swā tō aldre sceall</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2500">2500</a><div class="line">"sæcce fremman, þenden þis sweord þolað,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2501"></a>"þæt mec ǣr and sīð oft gelǣste,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2502">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2502"></a>"syððan ic for dugeðum Dæghrefne wearð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2503"></a>"tō hand-bonan, Hūga cempan:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2504"></a>"nalles hē þā frætwe Frēs-cyninge,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2505">2505</a><div class="line">"brēost-weorðunge bringan mōste,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2506"></a>"ac in campe gecrong cumbles hyrde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2507"></a>"æðeling on elne. Ne wæs ecg bona,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2508"></a>"ac him hilde-grāp heortan wylmas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2509"></a>"bān-hūs gebræc. Nū sceall billes ecg,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2510">2510</a><div class="line">"hond and heard sweord ymb hord wīgan."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2511"></a>Bēowulf maðelode, bēot-wordum spræc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2512"></a>nīehstan sīðe: "Ic genēðde fela</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2513"></a>"gūða on geogoðe; gȳt ic wylle,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2514"></a>"frōd folces weard, fǣhðe sēcan,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2515">2515</a><div class="line">"mǣrðum fremman, gif mec se mān-sceaða</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2516"></a>"of eorð-sele ūt gesēceð!"</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2517"></a>Gegrētte þā gumena gehwylcne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2518"></a>hwate helm-berend hindeman sīðe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2519"></a>swǣse gesīðas: "Nolde ic sweord beran,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2520">2520</a><div class="line">"wǣpen tō wyrme, gif ic wiste hū</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2521"></a>"wið þām āglǣcean elles meahte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2522"></a>"gylpe wiðgrīpan, swā ic giō wið Grendle dyde;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2523"></a>"ac ic þǣr heaðu-fȳres hātes wēne,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2524">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2524"></a>"rēðes and-hāttres: forþon ic mē on hafu</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2525">2525</a><div class="line">"bord and byrnan. Nelle ic beorges weard</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2526">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2526"></a>"oferflēon fōtes trem, <i>fēond</i> <i>unhȳre</i>,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2527"></a>"ac unc sceal weorðan æt wealle, swā unc Wyrd getēoð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2528"></a>"metod manna gehwæs. Ic eom on mōde from,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2529"></a>"þæt ic wið þone gūð-flogan gylp ofersitte.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2530">2530</a><div class="line">"Gebīde gē on beorge byrnum werede,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2531"></a>"secgas on searwum, hwæðer sēl mǣge</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2532"></a>"æfter wæl-rǣse wunde gedȳgan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2533"></a>"uncer twēga. Nis þæt ēower sīð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2534"></a>"nē gemet mannes, nefne mīn ānes,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2535">2535</a><div class="line">"þæt hē wið āglǣcean eofoðo dǣle,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2536"></a>"eorl-scype efne. Ic mid elne sceall</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2537"></a>"gold gegangan oððe gūð nimeð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2538"></a>"feorh-bealu frēcne, frēan ēowerne!"</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2539"></a>Ārās þā bī ronde rōf ōretta,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2540">2540</a><div class="line">heard under helm, hioro-sercean bær</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2541"></a>under stān-cleofu, strengo getruwode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2542"></a>ānes mannes: ne bið swylc earges sīð.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2543"></a>Geseah þā be wealle, sē þe worna fela,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2544"></a>gum-cystum gōd, gūða gedīgde,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2545">2545</a><div class="line">hilde-hlemma, þonne hnitan fēðan,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2546">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2546"></a>(stōd on stān-bogan) strēam ūt þonan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2547"></a>brecan of beorge; wæs þǣre burnan wælm</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2548"></a>heaðo-fȳrum hāt: ne meahte horde nēah</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2549"></a>unbyrnende ǣnige hwīle</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2550">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2550">2550</a><div class="line">dēop gedȳgan for dracan lēge.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2551"></a>Lēt þā of brēostum, þā hē gebolgen wæs,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2552"></a>Weder-Gēata lēod word ūt faran,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2553"></a>stearc-heort styrmde; stefn in becōm</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2554"></a>heaðo-torht hlynnan under hārne stān.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2555">2555</a><div class="line">Hete wæs onhrēred, hord-weard oncnīow</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2556"></a>mannes reorde; næs þǣr māra fyrst,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2557"></a>frēode tō friclan. From ǣrest cwōm</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2558"></a>oruð āglǣcean ūt of stāne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2559"></a>hāt hilde-swāt; hrūse dynede.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2560">2560</a><div class="line">Biorn under beorge bord-rand onswāf</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2561"></a>wið þām gryre-gieste, Gēata dryhten:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2562"></a>þā wæs hring-bogan heorte gefȳsed</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2563"></a>sæcce tō sēceanne. Sweord ǣr gebrǣ</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2564"></a>gōd gūð-cyning gomele lāfe,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2565">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2565">2565</a><div class="line">ecgum unglēaw, ǣghwæðrum wæs</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2566"></a>bealo-hycgendra brōga fram ōðrum.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2567"></a>Stīð-mōd gestōd wið stēapne rond</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2568"></a>winia bealdor, þā se wyrm gebēah</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2569"></a>snūde tōsomne: hē on searwum bād.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2570">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2570">2570</a><div class="line">Gewāt þā byrnende gebogen scrīðan tō,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2571"></a>gescīfe scyndan. Scyld wēl gebearg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2572"></a>līfe and līce lǣssan hwīle</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2573"></a>mǣrum þēodne, þonne his myne sōhte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2574"></a>þǣr hē þȳ fyrste forman dōgore</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2575">2575</a><div class="line">wealdan mōste, swā him Wyrd ne gescrāf</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2576"></a>hrēð æt hilde. Hond up ābræd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2577"></a>Gēata dryhten, gryre-fāhne slōh</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2578"></a>incge lāfe, þæt sīo ecg gewāc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2579"></a>brūn on bāne, bāt unswīðor,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2580">2580</a><div class="line">þonne his þīod-cyning þearfe hæfde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2581"></a>bysigum gebǣded. Þā wæs beorges weard</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2582"></a>æfter heaðu-swenge on hrēoum mōde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2583"></a>wearp wæl-fȳre, wīde sprungon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2584"></a>hilde-lēoman: hrēð-sigora ne gealp</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2585">2585</a><div class="line">gold-wine Gēata, gūð-bill geswāc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2586"></a>nacod æt nīðe, swā hyt nō sceolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2587"></a>īren ǣr-gōd. Ne wæs þæt ēðe sīð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2588"></a>þæt se mǣra maga Ecgþēowes</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2589">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2589"></a>grund-wong þone ofgyfan wolde;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2590">2590</a><div class="line">sceolde <i>wyrmes</i> willan wīc eardian</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2591"></a>elles hwergen, swā sceal ǣghwylc mon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2592"></a>ālǣtan lǣn-dagas. Næs þā long tō þon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2593"></a>þæt þā āglǣcean hȳ eft gemētton.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2594"></a>Hyrte hyne hord-weard, hreðer ǣðme wēoll,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2595">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2595">2595</a><div class="line">nīwan stefne: nearo þrowode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2596"></a>fȳre befongen sē þe ǣr folce wēold.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2597"></a>Nealles him on hēape hand-gesteallan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2598"></a>æðelinga bearn ymbe gestōdon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2599"></a>hilde-cystum, ac hȳ on holt bugon,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2600">2600</a><div class="line">ealdre burgan. Hiora in ānum wēoll</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2601"></a>sefa wið sorgum: sibb ǣfre ne mæg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2602"></a>wiht onwendan, þām þe wēl þenceð.</div> +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXXVI"></a><h2>XXXVI. WIGLAF HELPS BĒOWULF IN THE FEUD</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li2603"></a>Wīglāf wæs hāten Wēoxstānes sunu,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2604">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2604"></a>lēoflīc lind-wiga, lēod Scylfinga,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2605">2605</a><div class="line">mǣg Ælfheres: geseah his mon-dryhten</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2606"></a>under here-grīman hāt þrowian.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2607">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2607"></a>Gemunde þā þā āre, þē hē him ǣr forgeaf</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2608"></a>wīc-stede weligne Wǣgmundinga,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2609">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2609"></a>folc-rihta gehwylc, swā his fæder āhte;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2610">2610</a><div class="line">ne mihte þā forhabban, hond rond gefēng,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2611"></a>geolwe linde, gomel swyrd getēah,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2612"></a>þæt wæs mid eldum Ēanmundes lāf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2613"></a>suna Ōhteres, þām æt sæcce wearð</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2614">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2614"></a>wracu wine-lēasum Wēohstānes bana</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2615">2615</a><div class="line">mēces ecgum, and his māgum ætbær</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2616"></a>brūn-fāgne helm, hringde byrnan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2617"></a>eald sweord eotonisc, þæt him Onela forgeaf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2618"></a>his gædelinges gūð-gewǣdu,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2619"></a>fyrd-searo fūslīc: nō ymbe þā fǣhðe spræc,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2620">2620</a><div class="line">þēah þe hē his brōðor bearn ābredwade.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2621"></a>Hē frætwe gehēold fela missēra,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2622"></a>bill and byrnan, oð þæt his byre mihte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2623"></a>eorl-scipe efnan, swā his ǣr-fæder;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2624"></a>geaf him þā mid Gēatum gūð-gewǣda</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2625">2625</a><div class="line">ǣghwæs unrīm; þā hē of ealdre gewāt,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2626"></a>frōd on forð-weg. Þā wæs forma sīð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2627"></a>geongan cempan, þæt hē gūðe rǣs</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2628"></a>mid his frēo-dryhtne fremman sceolde;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2629"></a>ne gemealt him se mōd-sefa, nē his mǣges lāf</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2630">2630</a><div class="line">gewāc æt wīge: þæt se wyrm onfand,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2631"></a>syððan hīe tōgædre gegān hæfdon.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2632"></a>Wīglāf maðelode word-rihta fela,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2633"></a>sægde gesīðum, him wæs sefa geōmor:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2634"></a>"Ic þæt mǣl geman, þǣr wē medu þēgun,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2635">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2635">2635</a><div class="line">"þonne wē gehēton ūssum hlāforde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2636"></a>"in bīor-sele, þē ūs þās bēagas geaf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2637"></a>"þæt wē him þā gūð-geatwa gyldan woldon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2638"></a>"gif him þyslīcu þearf gelumpe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2639"></a>"helmas and heard sweord: þē hē ūsic on herge gecēas</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2640">2640</a><div class="line">"tō þyssum sīð-fate sylfes willum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2641"></a>"onmunde ūsic mǣrða and mē þās māðmas geaf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2642"></a>"þē hē ūsic gār-wīgend gōde tealde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2643"></a>"hwate helm-berend, þēah þe hlāford ūs</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2644"></a>"þis ellen-weorc āna āþōhte</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2645">2645</a><div class="line">"tō gefremmanne, folces hyrde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2646"></a>"forþām hē manna mǣst mǣrða gefremede,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2647"></a>"dǣda dollīcra. Nū is sē dæg cumen,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2648"></a>"þæt ūre man-dryhten mægenes behōfað</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2649">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2649"></a>"gōdra gūð-rinca: wutun gangan tō,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2650">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2650">2650</a><div class="line">"helpan hild-fruman, þenden hyt sȳ,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2651"></a>"glēd-egesa grim! God wāt on mec,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2652"></a>"þæt mē is micle lēofre, þæt mīnne līc-haman</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2653"></a>"mid mīnne gold-gyfan glēd fæðmie.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2654"></a>"Ne þynceð mē gerysne, þæt wē rondas beren</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2655">2655</a><div class="line">"eft tō earde, nemne wē ǣror mǣgen</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2656">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2656"></a>"fāne gefyllan, feorh ealgian</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2657"></a>"Wedra þīodnes. Ic wāt geare,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2658"></a>"þæt nǣron eald-gewyrht, þæt hē āna scyle</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2659"></a>"Gēata duguðe gnorn þrowian,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2660">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2660">2660</a><div class="line">"gesīgan æt sæcce: sceal ūrum þæt sweord and helm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2661"></a>"byrne and byrdu-scrūd bām gemǣne."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2662"></a>Wōd þā þurh þone wæl-rēc, wīg-heafolan bær</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2663"></a>frēan on fultum, fēa worda cwæð:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2664"></a>"Lēofa Bīowulf, lǣst eall tela,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2665">2665</a><div class="line">"swā þū on geoguð-fēore geāra gecwǣde,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2666">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2666"></a>"þæt þū ne ālǣte be þē lifigendum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2667"></a>"dōm gedrēosan: scealt nū dǣdum rōf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2668"></a>"æðeling ān-hȳdig, ealle mægene</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2669"></a>"feorh ealgian; ic þē fullǣstu!"</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2670">2670</a><div class="line">Æfter þām wordum wyrm yrre cwōm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2671"></a>atol inwit-gæst ōðre sīðe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2672"></a>fȳr-wylmum fāh fīonda nīosan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2673"></a>lāðra manna; līg-ȳðum forborn</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2674"></a>bord wið ronde: byrne ne meahte</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2675">2675</a><div class="line">geongum gār-wigan gēoce gefremman:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2676"></a>ac se maga geonga under his mǣges scyld</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2677"></a>elne geēode, þā his āgen w<i>æs</i></div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2678"></a>glēdum forgrunden. Þā gēn gūð-cyning</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2679"></a>m<i>ǣrða</i> gemunde, mægen-strengo,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2680">2680</a><div class="line">slōh hilde-bille, þæt hyt on heafolan stōd</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2681">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2681"></a>nīðe genȳded: Nægling forbærst,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2682"></a>geswāc æt sæcce sweord Bīowulfes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2683"></a>gomol and grǣg-mǣl. Him þæt gifeðe ne wæs,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2684"></a>þæt him īrenna ecge mihton</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2685">2685</a><div class="line">helpan æt hilde; wæs sīo hond tō strong,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2686"></a>sē þe mēca gehwane mīne gefrǣge</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2687">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2687"></a>swenge ofersōhte, þonne hē tō sæcce bær</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2688">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2688"></a>wǣpen wundrum heard, næs him wihte þē sēl.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2689"></a>Þā wæs þēod-sceaða þriddan sīðe,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2690">2690</a><div class="line">frēcne fȳr-draca fǣhða gemyndig,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2691"></a>rǣsde on þone rōfan, þā him rūm āgeald,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2692"></a>hāt and heaðo-grim, heals ealne ymbefēng</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2693"></a>biteran bānum; hē geblōdegod wearð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2694"></a>sāwul-drīore; swāt ȳðum wēoll.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXXVII"></a><h2>XXXVII. BĒOWULF WOUNDED TO DEATH.</h2> + +<a class="lineno" name="li2695">2695</a><div class="line">Þā ic æt þearfe <i>gefrægn</i> þēod-cyninges</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2696"></a>and-longne eorl ellen cȳðan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2697"></a>cræft and cēnðu, swā him gecynde wæs;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2698">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2698"></a>ne hēdde hē þæs heafolan, ac sīo hand gebarn</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2699"></a>mōdiges mannes, þǣr hē his mǣges healp,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2700">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2700">2700</a><div class="line">þæt hē þone nīð-gæst nioðor hwēne slōh,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2701"></a>secg on searwum, þæt þæt sweord gedēaf</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2702">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2702"></a>fāh and fǣted, þæt þæt fȳr ongon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2703"></a>sweðrian syððan. Þā gēn sylf cyning</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2704">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2704"></a>gewēold his gewitte, wæll-seaxe gebrǣ,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2705">2705</a><div class="line">biter and beadu-scearp, þæt hē on byrnan wæg:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2706"></a>forwrāt Wedra helm wyrm on middan.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2707">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2707"></a>Fēond gefyldan (ferh ellen wræc),</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2708"></a>and hī hyne þā bēgen ābroten hæfdon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2709"></a>sib-æðelingas: swylc sceolde secg wesan,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2710">2710</a><div class="line">þegn æt þearfe. Þæt þām þēodne wæs</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2711"></a>sīðast sīge-hwīle sylfes dǣdum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2712"></a>worlde geweorces. Þā sīo wund ongon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2713"></a>þē him se eorð-draca ǣr geworhte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2714"></a>swelan and swellan. Hē þæt sōna onfand,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2715">2715</a><div class="line">þæt him on brēostum bealo-nīð wēoll,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2716"></a>attor on innan. Þā se æðeling gīong,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2717"></a>þæt hē bī wealle, wīs-hycgende,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2718"></a>gesæt on sesse; seah on enta geweorc,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2719"></a>hū þā stān-bogan stapulum fæste</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2720">2720</a><div class="line">ēce eorð-reced innan hēoldon.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2721"></a>Hyne þā mid handa heoro-drēorigne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2722"></a>þēoden mǣrne þegn ungemete till,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2723"></a>wine-dryhten his wætere gelafede,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2724"></a>hilde-sædne and his helm onspēon.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2725">2725</a><div class="line">Bīowulf maðelode, hē ofer benne spræc,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2726"></a>wunde wæl-blēate (wisse hē gearwe,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2727">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2727"></a>þæt hē dæg-hwīla gedrogen hæfde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2728"></a>eorðan wynne; þā wæs eall sceacen</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2729"></a>dōgor-gerīmes, dēað ungemete nēah):</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2730">2730</a><div class="line">"Nū ic suna mīnum syllan wolde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2731"></a>"gūð-gewǣdu, þǣr mē gifeðe swā</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2732"></a>"ǣnig yrfe-weard æfter wurde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2733"></a>"līce gelenge. Ic þās lēode hēold</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2734"></a>"fīftig wintra: næs se folc-cyning</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2735">2735</a><div class="line">"ymbe-sittendra ǣnig þāra,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2736"></a>"þē mec gūð-winum grētan dorste,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2737"></a>"egesan þēon. Ic on earde bād</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2738"></a>"mǣl-gesceafta, hēold mīn tela,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2739"></a>"ne sōhte searo-nīðas, nē mē swōr fela</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2740">2740</a><div class="line">"āða on unriht. Ic þæs ealles mæg,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2741"></a>"feorh-bennum sēoc, gefēan habban:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2742"></a>"forþām mē wītan ne þearf waldend fīra</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2743"></a>"morðor-bealo māga, þonne mīn sceaceð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2744"></a>"līf of līce. Nū þū lungre</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2745">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2745">2745</a><div class="line">"geong, hord scēawian under hārne stān,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2746"></a>"Wīglāf lēofa, nū se wyrm ligeð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2747"></a>"swefeð sāre wund, since berēafod.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2748"></a>"Bīo nū on ofoste, þæt ic ǣr-welan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2749"></a>"gold-ǣht ongite, gearo scēawige</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2750">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2750">2750</a><div class="line">"swegle searo-gimmas, þæt ic þȳ sēft mǣge</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2751"></a>"æfter māððum-welan mīn ālǣtan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2752"></a>"līf and lēod-scipe, þone ic longe hēold."</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXXVIII"></a><h2>XXXVIII. THE JEWEL-HOARD. THE PASSING OF BEOWULF.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li2753"></a>Þā ic snūde gefrægn sunu Wīhstānes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2754"></a>æfter word-cwydum wundum dryhtne</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2755">2755</a><div class="line">hȳran heaðo-sīocum, hring-net beran,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2756"></a>brogdne beadu-sercean under beorges hrōf.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2757"></a>Geseah þā sige-hrēðig, þā hē bī sesse gēong,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2758"></a>mago-þegn mōdig māððum-sigla fela,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2759"></a>gold glitinian grunde getenge,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2760">2760</a><div class="line">wundur on wealle and þæs wyrmes denn,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2761"></a>ealdes ūht-flogan, orcas stondan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2762"></a>fyrn-manna fatu feormend-lēase,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2763"></a>hyrstum behrorene: þǣr wæs helm monig,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2764"></a>eald and ōmig, earm-bēaga fela,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2765">2765</a><div class="line">searwum gesǣled. Sinc ēaðe mæg,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2766"></a>gold on grunde, gum<i>ena</i> cynnes</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2767">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2767"></a>gehwone ofer-hīgian, hȳde sē þe wylle!</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2768"></a>Swylce hē siomian geseah segn eall-gylden</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2769"></a>hēah ofer horde, hond-wundra mǣst,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2770">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2770">2770</a><div class="line">gelocen leoðo-cræftum: of þām lēoma stōd,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2771"></a>þæt hē þone grund-wong ongitan meahte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2772"></a>wrǣte giond-wlītan. Næs þæs wyrmes þǣr</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2773"></a>onsȳn ǣnig, ac hyne ecg fornam.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2774"></a>Þā ic on hlǣwe gefrægn hord rēafian,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2775">2775</a><div class="line">eald enta geweorc ānne mannan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2776"></a>him on bearm hladan bunan and discas</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2777"></a>sylfes dōme, segn ēac genom,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2778">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2778"></a>bēacna beorhtost; bill ǣr-gescōd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2779"></a>(ecg wæs īren) eald-hlāfordes</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2780">2780</a><div class="line">þām þāra māðma mund-bora wæs</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2781"></a>longe hwīle, līg-egesan wæg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2782"></a>hātne for horde, hioro-weallende,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2783"></a>middel-nihtum, oð þæt hē morðre swealt.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2784"></a>Ār wæs on ofoste eft-sīðes georn,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2785">2785</a><div class="line">frætwum gefyrðred: hyne fyrwet bræc,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2786"></a>hwæðer collen-ferð cwicne gemētte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2787"></a>in þām wong-stede Wedra þēoden,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2788"></a>ellen-sīocne, þǣr hē hine ǣr forlēt.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2789"></a>Hē þā mid þām māðmum mǣrne þīoden,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2790">2790</a><div class="line">dryhten sīnne drīorigne fand</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2791">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2791"></a>ealdres æt ende: hē hine eft ongon</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2792">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2792"></a>wæteres weorpan, oð þæt wordes ord</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2793"></a>brēost-hord þurhbræc. <i>Bēowulf maðelode</i>,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2794"></a>gomel on giohðe (gold scēawode):</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2795">2795</a><div class="line">"Ic þāra frætwa frēan ealles þanc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2796"></a>"wuldur-cyninge wordum secge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2797"></a>"ēcum dryhtne, þē ic hēr on starie,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2798"></a>"þæs þe ic mōste mīnum lēodum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2799"></a>"ǣr swylt-dæge swylc gestrȳnan.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2800">2800</a><div class="line">"Nū ic on māðma hord mīne bebohte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2801"></a>"frōde feorh-lege, fremmað gē nū</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2802"></a>"lēoda þearfe; ne mæg ic hēr leng wesan.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2803"></a>"Hātað heaðo-mǣre hlǣw gewyrcean,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2804"></a>"beorhtne æfter bǣle æt brimes nosan;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2805">2805</a><div class="line">"se scel tō gemyndum mīnum lēodum</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2806">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2806"></a>"hēah hlīfian on Hrones næsse,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2807"></a>"þæt hit sǣ-līðend syððan hātan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2808"></a>"Bīowulfes biorh, þā þe brentingas</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2809"></a>"ofer flōda genipu feorran drīfað."</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2810">2810</a><div class="line">Dyde him of healse hring gyldenne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2811"></a>þīoden þrīst-hȳdig, þegne gesealde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2812"></a>geongum gār-wigan, gold-fāhne helm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2813"></a>bēah and byrnan, hēt hyne brūcan well:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2814"></a>"Þū eart ende-lāf ūsses cynnes,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2815">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2815">2815</a><div class="line">"Wǣgmundinga; ealle Wyrd forswēof,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2816"></a>"mīne māgas tō metod-sceafte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2817"></a>"eorlas on elne: ic him æfter sceal."</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2818">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2818"></a>Þæt wæs þām gomelan gingeste word</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2819"></a>brēost-gehygdum, ǣr hē bǣl cure,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2820">2820</a><div class="line">hāte heaðo-wylmas: him of hreðre gewāt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2821"></a>sāwol sēcean sōð-fæstra dōm.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXXXIX"></a><h2>XXXIX. THE COWARD-THANES.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li2822"></a>Þā wæs gegongen guman unfrōdum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2823"></a>earfoðlīce, þæt hē on eorðan geseah</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2824"></a>þone lēofestan līfes æt ende</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2825">2825</a><div class="line">blēate gebǣran. Bona swylce læg,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2826"></a>egeslīc eorð-draca, ealdre berēafod,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2827"></a>bealwe gebǣded: bēah-hordum leng</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2828"></a>wyrm wōh-bogen wealdan ne mōste,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2829"></a>ac him īrenna ecga fornāmon,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2830">2830</a><div class="line">hearde heaðo-scearpe homera lāfe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2831"></a>þæt se wīd-floga wundum stille</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2832"></a>hrēas on hrūsan hord-ærne nēah,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2833"></a>nalles æfter lyfte lācende hwearf</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2834"></a>middel-nihtum, māðm-ǣhta wlonc</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2835">2835</a><div class="line">ansȳn ȳwde: ac hē eorðan gefēoll</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2836"></a>for þæs hild-fruman hond-geweorce.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2837">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2837"></a>Hūru þæt on lande lȳt manna þāh</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2838"></a>mægen-āgendra mīne gefrǣge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2839"></a>þēah þe hē dǣda gehwæs dyrstig wǣre,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2840">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2840">2840</a><div class="line">þæt hē wið attor-sceaðan oreðe gerǣsde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2841"></a>oððe hring-sele hondum styrede,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2842"></a>gif hē wæccende weard onfunde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2843"></a>būan on beorge. Bīowulfe wearð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2844"></a>dryht-māðma dǣl dēaðe forgolden;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2845">2845</a><div class="line">hæfde ǣghwæðer ende gefēred</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2846"></a>lǣnan līfes. Næs þā lang tō þon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2847"></a>þæt þā hild-latan holt ofgēfan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2848"></a>tȳdre trēow-logan tȳne ætsomne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2849"></a>þā ne dorston ǣr dareðum lācan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2850">2850</a><div class="line">on hyra man-dryhtnes miclan þearfe;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2851"></a>ac hȳ scamiende scyldas bǣran,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2852"></a>gūð-gewǣdu, þǣr se gomela læg:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2853"></a>wlitan on Wīglāf. Hē gewērgad sæt,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2854"></a>fēðe-cempa frēan eaxlum nēah,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2855">2855</a><div class="line">wehte hyne wætre; him wiht ne spēow;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2856"></a>ne meahte hē on eorðan, þēah hē ūðe wēl,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2857"></a>on þām frum-gāre feorh gehealdan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2858"></a>nē þæs wealdendes <i>willan</i> wiht oncirran;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2859">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2859"></a>wolde dōm godes dǣdum rǣdan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2860">2860</a><div class="line">gumena gehwylcum, swā hē nū gēn dēð.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2861">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2861"></a>Þā wæs æt þām geongan grim andswaru</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2862"></a>ēð-begēte þām þe ǣr his elne forlēas.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2863"></a>Wīglāf maðelode, Wēohstānes sunu,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2864"></a>secg sārig-ferð seah on unlēofe:</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2865">2865</a><div class="line">"Þæt lā mæg secgan, sē þe wyle sōð sprecan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2866"></a>"þæt se mon-dryhten, se ēow þā māðmas geaf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2867"></a>"ēored-geatwe, þē gē þǣr on standað,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2868"></a>"þonne hē on ealu-bence oft gesealde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2869"></a>"heal-sittendum helm and byrnan,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2870">2870</a><div class="line">"þēoden his þegnum, swylce hē þrȳðlīcost</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2871">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2871"></a>"ōhwǣr feor oððe nēah findan meahte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2872"></a>"þæt hē gēnunga gūð-gewǣdu</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2873">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2873"></a>"wrāðe forwurpe. Þā hyne wīg beget,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2874">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2874"></a>"nealles folc-cyning fyrd-gesteallum</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2875">2875</a><div class="line">"gylpan þorfte; hwæðre him god ūðe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2876"></a>"sigora waldend, þæt hē hyne sylfne gewræc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2877"></a>"āna mid ecge, þā him wæs elnes þearf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2878"></a>"Ic him līf-wraðe lȳtle meahte</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2879">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2879"></a>"ætgifan æt gūðe and ongan swā þēah</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2880">2880</a><div class="line">"ofer mīn gemet mǣges helpan:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2881"></a>"symle wæs þȳ sǣmra, þonne ic sweorde drep</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2882"></a>"ferhð-genīðlan, fȳr unswīðor</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2883"></a>"wēoll of gewitte. Wergendra tō lȳt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2884"></a>"þrong ymbe þēoden, þā hyne sīo þrāg becwōm.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2885">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2885">2885</a><div class="line">"Nū sceal sinc-þego and swyrd-gifu</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2886">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2886"></a>"eall ēðel-wyn ēowrum cynne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2887"></a>"lufen ālicgean: lond-rihtes mōt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2888"></a>"þǣre mǣg-burge monna ǣghwylc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2889"></a>"īdel hweorfan, syððan æðelingas</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2890">2890</a><div class="line">"feorran gefricgean flēam ēowerne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2891"></a>"dōm-lēasan dǣd. Dēað bið sēlla</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2892">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2892"></a>"eorla gehwylcum þonne edwīt-līf!"</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXL"></a><h2>XL. THE SOLDIER'S DIRGE AND PROPHECY.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li2893"></a>Heht þā þæt heaðo-weorc tō hagan bīodan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2894"></a>up ofer ēg-clif, þǣr þæt eorl-weorod</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2895">2895</a><div class="line">morgen-longne dæg mōd-giōmor sæt,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2896"></a>bord-hæbbende, bēga on wēnum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2897"></a>ende-dōgores and eft-cymes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2898"></a>lēofes monnes. Lȳt swīgode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2899"></a>nīwra spella, sē þe næs gerād,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2900">2900</a><div class="line">ac hē sōðlīce sægde ofer ealle;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2901">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2901"></a>"Nū is wil-geofa Wedra lēoda,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2902"></a>"dryhten Gēata dēað-bedde fæst,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2903"></a>"wunað wæl-reste wyrmes dǣdum;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2904"></a>"him on efn ligeð ealdor-gewinna,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2905">2905</a><div class="line">"siex-bennum sēoc: sweorde ne meahte</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2906"></a>"on þām āglǣcean ǣnige þinga</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2907"></a>"wunde gewyrcean. Wīglāf siteð</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2908"></a>"ofer Bīowulfe, byre Wīhstānes,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2909"></a>"eorl ofer ōðrum unlifigendum,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2910">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2910">2910</a><div class="line">"healdeð hige-mēðum hēafod-wearde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2911"></a>"lēofes and lāðes. Nū ys lēodum wēn</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2912"></a>"orleg-hwīle, syððan underne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2913"></a>"Froncum and Frȳsum fyll cyninges</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2914"></a>"wīde weorðeð. Wæs sīo wrōht scepen</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2915">2915</a><div class="line">"heard wið Hūgas, syððan Higelāc cwōm</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2916"></a>"faran flot-herge on Frēsna land,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2917"></a>"þǣr hyne Hetware hilde gehnǣgdon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2918"></a>"elne geēodon mid ofer-mægene,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2919"></a>"þæt se byrn-wiga būgan sceolde,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2920">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2920">2920</a><div class="line">"fēoll on fēðan: nalles frætwe geaf</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2921"></a>"ealdor dugoðe; ūs wæs ā syððan</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2922">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2922"></a>"Merewīoinga milts ungyfeðe.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2923"></a>"Nē ic tō Swēo-þēode sibbe oððe trēowe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2924"></a>"wihte ne wēne; ac wæs wīde cūð,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2925">2925</a><div class="line">"þætte Ongenþīo ealdre besnyðede</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2926"></a>"Hæðcyn Hrēðling wið Hrefna-wudu,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2927"></a>"þā for on-mēdlan ǣrest gesōhton</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2928"></a>"Gēata lēode Gūð-scilfingas.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2929"></a>"Sōna him se frōda fæder Ōhtheres,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2930">2930</a><div class="line">"eald and eges-full ond-slyht āgeaf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2931"></a>"ābrēot brim-wīsan, brȳd āhēorde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2932"></a>"gomela īo-meowlan golde berofene,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2933"></a>"Onelan mōdor and Ōhtheres,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2934"></a>"and þā folgode feorh-genīðlan</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2935">2935</a><div class="line">"oð þæt hī oðēodon earfoðlīce</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2936"></a>"in Hrefnes-holt hlāford-lēase.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2937"></a>"Besæt þā sin-herge sweorda lāfe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2938"></a>"wundum wērge, wēan oft gehēt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2939"></a>"earmre teohhe andlonge niht:</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2940">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2940">2940</a><div class="line">"cwæð hē on mergenne mēces ecgum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2941"></a>"gētan wolde, sume on galg-trēowum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2942"></a>"<i>fuglum</i> tō gamene. Frōfor eft gelamp</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2943"></a>"sārig-mōdum somod ǣr-dæge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2944"></a>"syððan hīe Hygelāces horn and bȳman</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2945">2945</a><div class="line">"gealdor ongeāton. Þā se gōda cōm</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2946"></a>"lēoda dugoðe on lāst faran.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXLI"></a><h2>XLI. HE TELLS OF THE SWEDES AND THE GEATAS</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li2947"></a>"Wæs sīo swāt-swaðu Swēona and Gēata,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2948"></a>"wæl-rǣs wera wīde gesȳne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2949"></a>"hū þā folc mid him fǣhðe tōwehton.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2950">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2950">2950</a><div class="line">"Gewāt him þā se gōda mid his gædelingum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2951"></a>"frōd fela geōmor fæsten sēcean,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2952"></a>"eorl Ongenþīo ufor oncirde;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2953"></a>"hæfde Higelāces hilde gefrūnen,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2954"></a>"wlonces wīg-cræft, wiðres ne truwode,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2955">2955</a><div class="line">"þæt hē sǣ-mannum onsacan mihte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2956"></a>"hēaðo-līðendum hord forstandan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2957"></a>"bearn and brȳde; bēah eft þonan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2958"></a>"eald under eorð-weall. Þā wæs ǣht boden</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2959">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2959"></a>"Swēona lēodum, segn Higelāce.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2960">2960</a><div class="line">"Freoðo-wong þone forð oferēodon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2961"></a>"syððan Hrēðlingas tō hagan þrungon.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2962"></a>"Þǣr wearð Ongenþīo ecgum sweorda,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2963"></a>"blonden-fexa on bīd wrecen,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2964"></a>"þæt se þēod-cyning þafian sceolde</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2965">2965</a><div class="line">"Eofores ānne dōm: hyne yrringa</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2966"></a>"Wulf Wonrēding wǣpne gerǣhte,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2967"></a>"þæt him for swenge swāt ǣdrum sprong</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2968"></a>"forð under fexe. Næs hē forht swā þēh,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2969"></a>"gomela Scilfing, ac forgeald hraðe</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2970">2970</a><div class="line">"wyrsan wrixle wæl-hlem þone,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2971"></a>"syððan þēod-cyning þyder oncirde:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2972"></a>"ne meahte se snella sunu Wonrēdes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2973"></a>"ealdum ceorle ond-slyht giofan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2974"></a>"ac hē him on hēafde helm ǣr gescer,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2975">2975</a><div class="line">"þæt hē blōde fāh būgan sceolde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2976"></a>"fēoll on foldan; næs hē fǣge þā gīt,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2977">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2977"></a>"ac hē hyne gewyrpte, þēah þe him wund hrīne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2978"></a>"Lēt se hearda Higelāces þegn</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2979"></a>"brādne mēce, þā his brōðor læg,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2980">2980</a><div class="line">"eald sweord eotonisc, entiscne helm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2981"></a>"brecan ofer bord-weal: þā gebēah cyning,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2982"></a>"folces hyrde, wæs in feorh dropen.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2983"></a>"Þā wǣron monige, þē his mǣg wriðon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2984"></a>"ricone ārǣrdon, þā him gerȳmed wearð,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2985">2985</a><div class="line">"þæt hīe wæl-stōwe wealdan mōston.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2986"></a>"Þenden rēafode rinc ōðerne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2987"></a>"nam on Ongenþīo īren-byrnan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2988"></a>"heard swyrd hilted and his helm somod;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2989">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li2989"></a>"hāres hyrste Higelāce bær.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li2990">2990</a><div class="line">"Hē þ<i>ām</i> frætwum fēng and him fægre gehēt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2991"></a>"lēana <i>fore</i> lēodum and gelǣste swā:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2992"></a>"geald þone gūð-rǣs Gēata dryhten,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2993"></a>"Hrēðles eafora, þā hē tō hām becōm,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2994"></a>"Jofore and Wulfe mid ofer-māðmum,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note2995">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li2995">2995</a><div class="line">"sealde hiora gehwæðrum hund þūsenda</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2996"></a>"landes and locenra bēaga; ne þorfte him þā lēan oðwītan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2997"></a>"mon on middan-gearde, syððan hīe þā mǣrða geslōgon;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2998"></a>"and þā Jofore forgeaf āngan dōhtor,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li2999"></a>"hām-weorðunge, hyldo tō wedde.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3000">3000</a><div class="line">"Þæt ys sīo fǣhðo and se fēond-scipe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3001"></a>"wæl-nīð wera, þæs þe ic <i>wēn</i> hafo,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3002"></a>"þē ūs sēceað tō Swēona lēode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3003"></a>"syððan hīe gefricgeað frēan ūserne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3004"></a>"ealdor-lēasne, þone þe ǣr gehēold</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3005">3005</a><div class="line">"wið hettendum hord and rīce,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3006">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3006"></a>"æfter hæleða hryre hwate Scylfingas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3007"></a>"folc-rǣd fremede oððe furður gēn</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3008">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3008"></a>"eorl-scipe efnde. Nū is ofost betost,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3009"></a>"þæt wē þēod-cyning þǣr scēawian</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3010">3010</a><div class="line">"and þone gebringan, þē ūs bēagas geaf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3011"></a>"on ād-fære. Ne scel ānes hwæt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3012"></a>"meltan mid þām mōdigan, ac þǣr is māðma hord.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3013"></a>"gold unrīme grimme gecēa<i>po</i>d</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3014"></a>"and nū æt sīðestan sylfes fēore</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3015">3015</a><div class="line">"bēagas <i>geboh</i>te; þā sceal brond fretan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3016"></a>"ǣled þeccean, nalles eorl wegan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3017"></a>"māððum tō gemyndum, nē mægð scȳne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3018"></a>"habban on healse hring-weorðunge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3019"></a>"ac sceall geōmor-mōd golde berēafod</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3020">3020</a><div class="line">"oft nalles ǣne el-land tredan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3021"></a>"nū se here-wīsa hleahtor ālegde,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3022">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3022"></a>"gamen and glēo-drēam. Forþon sceall gār wesan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3023"></a>"monig morgen-ceald mundum bewunden,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3024"></a>"hæfen on handa, nalles hearpan swēg</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3025">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li3025">3025</a><div class="line">"wīgend weccean, ac se wonna hrefn</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3026"></a>"fūs ofer fǣgum, fela reordian,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3027"></a>"earne secgan, hū him æt ǣte spēow,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3028"></a>"þenden hē wið wulf wæl rēafode."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3029"></a>Swā se secg hwata secgende wæs</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3030">3030</a><div class="line">lāðra spella; hē ne lēag fela</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3031"></a>wyrda nē worda. Weorod eall ārās,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3032"></a>ēodon unblīðe under Earna næs</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3033">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3033"></a>wollen-tēare wundur scēawian.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3034"></a>Fundon þā on sande sāwul-lēasne</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3035">3035</a><div class="line">hlim-bed healdan, þone þe him hringas geaf</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3036"></a>ǣrran mǣlum: þā wæs ende-dæg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3037"></a>gōdum gegongen, þæt se gūð-cyning,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3038"></a>Wedra þēoden, wundor-dēaðe swealt.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3039">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3039"></a>Ǣr hī gesēgan syllīcran wiht,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3040">3040</a><div class="line">wyrm on wonge wiðer-ræhtes þǣr</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3041"></a>lāðne licgean: wæs se lēg-draca,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3042">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3042"></a>grimlīc gry<i>re-gæst</i>, glēdum beswǣled,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3043"></a>sē wæs fīftiges fōt-gemearces.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3044">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3044"></a>lang on legere, lyft-wynne hēold</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3045">3045</a><div class="line">nihtes hwīlum, nyðer eft gewāt</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3046"></a>dennes nīosian; wæs þā dēaðe fæst,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3047"></a>hæfde eorð-scrafa ende genyttod.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3048"></a>Him big stōdan bunan and orcas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3049"></a>discas lāgon and dȳre swyrd,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3050">3050</a><div class="line">ōmige þurh-etone, swā hīe wið eorðan fæðm</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3051"></a>þūsend wintra þǣr eardodon:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3052"></a>þonne wæs þæt yrfe ēacen-cræftig,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3053">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3053"></a>iū-monna gold galdre bewunden,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3054"></a>þæt þām hring-sele hrīnan ne mōste</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3055">3055</a><div class="line">gumena ǣnig, nefne god sylfa,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3056"></a>sigora sōð-cyning, sealde þām þe hē wolde</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3057">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3057"></a>(hē is manna gehyld) hord openian,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3058"></a>efne swā hwylcum manna, swā him gemet þūhte.</div> + + +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXLII"></a><h2>XLII. WĪGLAF SPEAKS. THE BUILDING OF THE BALE-FIRE.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li3059"></a>Þā wæs gesȳne, þæt se sīð ne þāh</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3060">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li3060">3060</a><div class="line">þām þe unrihte inne gehȳdde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3061"></a>wrǣte under wealle. Weard ǣr ofslōh</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3062"></a>fēara sumne; þā sīo fǣhð gewearð</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3063">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3063"></a>gewrecen wrāðlīce. Wundur hwār, þonne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3064"></a>eorl ellen-rōf ende gefēre</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3065">3065</a><div class="line">līf-gesceafta, þonne leng ne mæg</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3066"></a>mon mid his <i>mā</i>gum medu-seld būan.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3067"></a>Swā wæs Bīowulfe, þā hē biorges weard</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3068"></a>sōhte, searo-nīðas: seolfa ne cūðe,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3069"></a>þurh hwæt his worulde gedāl weorðan sceolde;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3070">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li3070">3070</a><div class="line">swā hit oð dōmes dæg dīope benemdon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3071"></a>þēodnas mǣre, þā þæt þǣr dydon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3072"></a>þæt se secg wǣre synnum scildig,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3073">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3073"></a>hergum geheaðerod, hell-bendum fæst,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3074">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3074"></a>wommum gewītnad, sē þone wong strāde.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3075">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li3075">3075</a><div class="line">Næs hē gold-hwæt: gearwor hæfde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3076"></a>āgendes ēst ǣr gescēawod.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3077"></a>Wīglāf maðelode, Wīhstānes sunu:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3078"></a>"Oft sceall eorl monig ānes willan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3079"></a>"wrǣc ādrēogan, swā ūs geworden is.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3080">3080</a><div class="line">"Ne meahton wē gelǣran lēofne þēoden,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3081"></a>"rīces hyrde rǣd ǣnigne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3082"></a>"þæt hē ne grētte gold-weard þone,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3083"></a>"lēte hyne licgean, þǣr hē longe wæs,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3084"></a>"wīcum wunian oð woruld-ende.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3085">3085</a><div class="line">"Hēoldon hēah gesceap: hord ys gescēawod,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3086">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3086"></a>"grimme gegongen; wæs þæt gifeðe tō swīð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3087"></a>"þē þone <i>þēoden</i> þyder ontyhte.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3088"></a>"Ic wæs þǣr inne and þæt eall geond-seh,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3089"></a>"recedes geatwa, þā mē gerȳmed wæs,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3090">3090</a><div class="line">"nealles swǣslīce sīð ālȳfed</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3091"></a>"inn under eorð-weall. Ic on ofoste gefēng</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3092"></a>"micle mid mundum mægen-byrðenne</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3093"></a>"hord-gestrēona, hider ūt ætbær</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3094"></a>"cyninge mīnum: cwico wæs þā gēna,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3095">3095</a><div class="line">"wīs and gewittig; worn eall gespræc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3096"></a>"gomol on gehðo and ēowic grētan hēt,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3097">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3097"></a>"bæd þæt gē geworhton æfter wines dǣdum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3098"></a>"in bǣl-stede beorh þone hēan</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3099"></a>"micelne and mǣrne, swā hē manna wæs</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3100">3100</a><div class="line">"wīgend weorð-fullost wīde geond eorðan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3101"></a>"þenden hē burh-welan brūcan mōste.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3102"></a>"Uton nū efstan ōðre <i>sīðe</i></div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3103"></a>"sēon and sēcean searo-geþræc,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3104"></a>"wundur under wealle! ic ēow wīsige,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3105">3105</a><div class="line">"þæt gē genōge nēan scēawiað</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3106">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3106"></a>"bēagas and brād gold. Sīe sīo bǣr gearo</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3107"></a>"ǣdre geæfned, þonne wē ūt cymen,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3108"></a>"and þonne geferian frēan ūserne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3109"></a>"lēofne mannan, þǣr hē longe sceal</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3110">3110</a><div class="line">"on þæs waldendes wǣre geþolian."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3111"></a>Hēt þā gebēodan byre Wīhstānes,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3112"></a>hæle hilde-dīor, hæleða monegum</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3113"></a>bold-āgendra, þæt hīe bǣl-wudu</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3114">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3114"></a>feorran feredon, folc-āgende</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3115">3115</a><div class="line">gōdum tōgēnes: "Nū sceal glēd fretan</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3116">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3116"></a>"(weaxan wonna lēg) wigena strengel,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3117"></a>"þone þe oft gebād īsern-scūre,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3118"></a>"þonne strǣla storm, strengum gebǣded,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3119"></a>"scōc ofer scild-weall, sceft nytte hēold,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3120">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li3120">3120</a><div class="line">"feðer-gearwum fūs flāne full-ēode."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3121"></a>Hūru se snotra sunu Wīhstānes</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3122"></a>ācīgde of corðre cyninges þegnas</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3123"></a>syfone <i>tōsom</i>ne þā sēlestan,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3124">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3124"></a>ēode eahta sum under inwit-hrōf;</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3125">3125</a><div class="line">hilde-rinc sum on handa bær</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3126"></a>ǣled-lēoman, sē þe on orde gēong.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3127"></a>Næs þā on hlytme, hwā þæt hord strude,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3128"></a>syððan or-wearde ǣnigne dǣl</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3129"></a>secgas gesēgon on sele wunian,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3130">3130</a><div class="line">lǣne licgan: lȳt ǣnig mearn,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3131"></a>þæt hī ofostlice ūt geferedon</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3132"></a>dȳre māðmas; dracan ēc scufun,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3133"></a>wyrm ofer weall-clif, lēton wǣg niman,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3134"></a>flōd fæðmian frætwa hyrde.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3135">3135</a><div class="line">Þǣr wæs wunden gold on wǣn hladen,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3136">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3136"></a>ǣghwæs unrīm, æðeling boren,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3137"></a>hār hilde-<i>rinc</i> tō Hrones næsse.</div> +</div> +<div class="fitt"> +<a name="fittXLIII"></a><h2>XLIII. BĒOWULF'S FUNERAL PYRE.</h2> + +<div class="line"><a name="li3138"></a>Him þā gegiredan Gēata lēode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3139"></a>ād on eorðan un-wāclīcne,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3140">3140</a><div class="line">helmum behongen, hilde-bordum,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3141"></a>beorhtum byrnum, swā hē bēna wæs;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3142"></a>ālegdon þā tō-middes mǣrne þēoden</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3143"></a>hæleð hīofende, hlāford lēofne.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3144"></a>Ongunnon þā on beorge bǣl-fȳra mǣst</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3145">†</a><a class="lineno" name="li3145">3145</a><div class="line">wīgend weccan: wudu-rēc āstāh</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3146">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3146"></a>sweart ofer swioðole, swōgende lēg,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3147">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3147"></a>wōpe bewunden (wind-blond gelæg)</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3148"></a>oð þæt hē þā bān-hūs gebrocen hæfde,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3149"></a>hāt on hreðre. Higum unrōte</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3150">3150</a><div class="line">mōd-ceare mǣndon mon-dryhtnes cwealm;</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3151">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3151"></a>swylce giōmor-gyd lat . <sup>con</sup> meowle</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3152"></a>. . . . . wunden heorde . . .</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3153"></a>serg (?) cearig sǣlde geneahhe</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3154"></a>þæt hīo hyre . . . . gas hearde</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3155">3155</a><div class="line">. . . . . ede wælfylla wonn . .</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3156"></a>hildes egesan hyðo</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3157"></a>haf mid heofon rēce swealh (?)</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3158"></a>Geworhton þā Wedra lēode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3159"></a>hlǣw on hlīðe, sē wæs hēah and brād,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3160">3160</a><div class="line">wǣg-līðendum wīde gesȳne,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3161"></a>and betimbredon on tȳn dagum</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3162">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3162"></a>beadu-rōfes bēcn: bronda be<i>tost</i></div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3163"></a>wealle beworhton, swā hyt weorðlīcost</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3164"></a>fore-snotre men findan mihton.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3165">3165</a><div class="line">Hī on beorg dydon bēg and siglu,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3166"></a>eall swylce hyrsta, swylce on horde ǣr</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3167"></a>nīð-hȳdige men genumen hæfdon;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3168"></a>forlēton eorla gestrēon eorðan healdan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3169"></a>gold on grēote, þǣr hit nū gēn lifað</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3170">3170</a><div class="line">eldum swā unnyt, swā hit <i>ǣror</i> wæs.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3171">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3171"></a>Þā ymbe hlǣw riodan hilde-dēore,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3172"></a>æðelinga bearn ealra twelfa,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3173">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3173"></a>woldon <i>ceare</i> cwīðan, kyning mǣnan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3174"></a>word-gyd wrecan and ymb wer sprecan,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3175">3175</a><div class="line">eahtodan eorl-scipe and his ellen-weorc</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3176"></a>duguðum dēmdon, swā hit ge-<i>dēfe</i> bið,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3177"></a>þæt mon his wine-dryhten wordum herge,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3178"></a>ferhðum frēoge, þonne hē forð scile</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3179"></a>of līc-haman <i>lǣne</i> weorðan.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="li3180">3180</a><div class="line">Swā begnornodon Gēata lēode</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3181"></a>hlāfordes <em>hry</em>re, heorð-genēatas,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="li3182"></a>cwǣdon þæt hē wǣre woruld-cyning</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3183">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3183"></a>mannum mildust and mon-þwǣrust,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#note3184">†</a><div class="line"><a name="li3184"></a>lēodum līðost and lof-geornost.</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div id="back"> +<h1>APPENDIX</h1> + +<a class="nref" href="#finnotes">†</a><h2><a name="finnsburg"></a>THE ATTACK IN FINNSBURG.<a href="#li1069" title="See v. 1069 seqq.">‡</a></h2> + +<a class="nref" href="#finnote1">†</a><div class="line"><a name="finli1"></a>". . . . . . . . . . . næs byrnað nǣfre."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli2"></a>Hleoðrode þā heaðo-geong cyning:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli3"></a>"Ne þis ne dagað ēastan, ne hēr draca ne flēogeð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli4"></a>"ne hēr þisse healle hornas ne byrnað,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#finnote5">†</a><a name="finli5" class="lineno">5</a><div class="line">"ac fēr forð berað fugelas singað,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli6"></a>"gylleð grǣg-hama, gūð-wudu hlynneð,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli7"></a>"scyld scefte oncwyð. Nū scȳneð þes mōna</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli8"></a>"waðol under wolcnum; nū ārīsað wēa-dǣda,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli9"></a>"þē þisne folces nīð fremman willað.</div> +<a class="lineno" name="finli10">10</a><div class="line">"Ac onwacnigeað nū, wīgend mīne,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#finnote11">†</a><div class="line"><a name="finli11"></a>"hebbað ēowre handa, hicgeað on ellen,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli12"></a>"winnað on orde, wesað on mōde!"</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli13"></a>Þā ārās monig gold-hladen þegn, gyrde hine his swurde;</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli14"></a>þā tō dura ēodon drihtlīce cempan,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#finnote15">†</a><a class="lineno" name="finli15">15</a><div class="line">Sigeferð and Eaha, hyra sweord getugon,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli16"></a>and æt ōðrum durum Ordlāf and Gūðlāf,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli17"></a>and Hengest sylf; hwearf him on lāste.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#finnote18">†</a><div class="line"><a name="finli18"></a>Þā gīt Gārulf Gūðere styrode,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli19"></a>þæt hīe swā frēolīc feorh forman sīðe</div> +<a class="lineno" name="finli20">20</a><div class="line">tō þǣre healle durum hyrsta ne bǣran,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli21"></a>nū hyt nīða heard ānyman wolde:</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli22"></a>ac hē frægn ofer eal undearninga,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli23"></a>dēor-mōd hæleð, hwā þā duru hēolde.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli24"></a>"Sigeferð is mīn nama (cwæð hē), ic eom Secgena lēod,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="finli25">25</a><div class="line">"wrecca wīde cūð. Fela ic wēana gebād,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli26"></a>"heardra hilda; þē is gȳt hēr witod,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#finnote27">†</a><div class="line"><a name="finli27"></a>"swæðer þū sylf tō mē sēcean wylle."</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli28"></a>Þā wæs on wealle wæl-slihta gehlyn,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#finnote29">†</a><div class="line"><a name="finli29"></a>sceolde cēlod bord cēnum on handa</div> +<a class="nref" href="#finnote30">†</a><a class="lineno" name="finli30">30</a><div class="line">bān-helm berstan. Buruh-þelu dynede,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli31"></a>oð þæt æt þǣre gūðe Gārulf gecrang,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli32"></a>ealra ǣrest eorð-būendra,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli33"></a>Gūðlāfes sunu; ymbe hine gōdra fela.</div> +<a class="nref" href="#finnote34">†</a><div class="line"><a name="finli34"></a>Hwearf flacra hrǣw hræfn, wandrode</div> +<a class="lineno" name="finli35">35</a><div class="line">sweart and sealo-brūn; swurd-lēoma stōd</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli36"></a>swylce eal Finns-buruh fȳrenu wǣre.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli37"></a>Ne gefrægn ic nǣfre wurðlīcor æt wera hilde</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli38"></a>sixtig sige-beorna sēl gebǣran,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli39"></a>ne nǣfre swānas swētne medo sēl forgyldan,</div> +<a class="lineno" name="finli40">40</a><div class="line">þonne Hnæfe guldon his hæg-stealdas.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli41"></a>Hig fuhton fīf dagas, swā hyra nān ne fēol</div> +<a class="nref" href="#finnote43">†</a><div class="line"><a name="finli42"></a>driht-gesīða, ac hig þā duru hēoldon.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli43"></a>Þā gewāt him wund hæleð on wæg gangan,</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli44"></a>sǣde þæt his byrne ābrocen wǣre,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#finnote45">†</a><a class="lineno" name="finli45">45</a><div class="line">here-sceorpum hrōr, and ēac wæs his helm þyrl.</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli56"></a>Þā hine sōna frægn folces hyrde,</div> +<a class="nref" href="#finnote47">†</a><div class="line"><a name="finli47"></a>hū þā wīgend hyra wunda genǣson</div> +<div class="line"><a name="finli48"></a>oððe hwæðer þǣra hyssa . . . . . . .</div> + +<h2>LIST OF NAMES; NOTES; AND GLOSSARY.</h2> + +<p>ABBREVIATIONS</p> +<table> +<tr><td>m.:</td><td>masculine.</td></tr> +<tr><td>f.:</td><td>feminine.</td></tr> +<tr><td>n.:</td><td>neuter.</td></tr> +<tr><td>nom., gen.:</td><td>nominative, genitive, etc.</td></tr> +<tr><td>w.:</td><td>weak.</td></tr> +<tr><td>w. v.:</td><td>weak verb.</td></tr> +<tr><td>st.:</td><td>strong.</td></tr> +<tr><td>st. v.:</td><td>strong verb.</td></tr> +<tr><td>I., II., III.:</td><td>first, second, third person.</td></tr> +<tr><td>comp.:</td><td>compound.</td></tr> +<tr><td>imper.:</td><td>imperative.</td></tr> +<tr><td>w.:</td><td>with.</td></tr> +<tr><td>instr.:</td><td>instrumental.</td></tr> +<tr><td>G. and Goth.:</td><td>Gothic.</td></tr> +<tr><td>O.N.:</td><td>Old Norse.</td></tr> +<tr><td>O.S.:</td><td>Old Saxon.</td></tr> +<tr><td>O.H.G.:</td><td>Old High German.</td></tr> +<tr><td>M.H.G.:</td><td>Middle High German.</td></tr> +</table> + +<table> +<tr><td>The vowel</td><td>æ = <i>a</i> in <i>glad</i></td><td>}</td></tr> +<tr><td>The diphthong</td><td>ǣ = <i>a</i> in <i>hair</i></td><td>}</td><td>approximately.</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>The names Leo, Bugge, Rieger, etc., refer to authors of emendations.</p> + +<p>Words beginning with <b>ge-</b> will be found under their root-word.</p> + +<p>Obvious abbreviations, like subj., etc., are not included in this list.</p> + + +<a name="names"></a><h2>LIST OF NAMES.</h2> + +<p><b>Ābel</b>, Cain's brother, <a href="#li108">108</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ælf-here</b> (gen. Ælf-heres, <a href="#li2605">2605</a>), a kinsman of Wīglāf's, <a href="#li2605">2605</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Æsc-here</b>, confidential adviser of King Hrōðgār (<a href="#li1326">1326</a>), older brother +of Yrmenlāf (<a href="#li1325">1325</a>), killed by Grendel's mother, <a href="#li1295">1295</a>, <a href="#li1324">1324</a>, <a href="#li2123">2123</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Bān-stān</b>, father of Breca, <a href="#li524">524</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Bēo-wulf</b>, son of Scyld, king of the Danes, <a href="#li18">18</a>, <a href="#li19">19</a>. After the death +of his father, he succeeds to the throne of the Scyldings, <a href="#li53">53</a>. His son is +Healfdene, <a href="#li57">57</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Bēo-wulf</b> (Bīowulf, <a href="#li1988">1988</a>, <a href="#li2390">2390</a>; gen. Bēowulfes, <a href="#li857">857</a>, etc., Bīowulfes, +<a href="#li2195">2195</a>, <a href="#li2808">2808</a>, etc.; dat. Bēowulfe, <a href="#li610">610</a>, etc., Bīowulfe, <a href="#li2325">2325</a>, <a href="#li2843">2843</a>), of the +race of the Gēatas. His father is the Wǣgmunding Ecgþēow (<a href="#li263">263</a>, etc.); his +mother a daughter of Hrēðel, king of the Gēatas (<a href="#li374">374</a>), at whose court he is +brought up after his seventh year with Hrēðel's sons, Herebeald, Hæðcyn, +and Hygelāc, <a href="#li2429">2429</a> ff. In his youth lazy and unapt (<a href="#li2184">2184</a> f., <a href="#li2188">2188</a> f.); as +man he attains in the gripe of his hand the strength of thirty men, <a href="#li379">379</a>. +Hence his victories in his combats with bare hands (<a href="#li711">711</a> ff., <a href="#li2502">2502</a> ff.), +while fate denies him the victory in the battle with swords, <a href="#li2683">2683</a> f. His +swimming-match with Breca in his youth, <a href="#li506">506</a> ff. Goes with fourteen Gēatas +to the assistance of the Danish king, Hrōðgār, against Grendel, <a href="#li198">198</a> ff. His +combat with Grendel, and his victory, <a href="#li711">711</a> ff., <a href="#li819">819</a> ff. He is, in +consequence, presented with rich gifts by Hrōðgār, <a href="#li1021">1021</a> ff. His combat with +Grendel's mother, <a href="#li1442">1442</a> ff. Having again received gifts, he leaves Hrōðgār +(<a href="#li1818">1818-1888</a>), and returns to Hygelāc, <a href="#li1964">1964</a> ff.—After Hygelāc's last battle +and death, he flees alone across the sea, <a href="#li2360">2360</a> f. In this battle he crushes +Dæghrefn, one of the Hūgas, to death, <a href="#li2502">2502</a> f. He rejects at the same time +Hygelāc's kingdom and the hand of his widow (<a href="#li2370">2370</a> ff.), but carries on the +government as guardian of the young Heardrēd, son of Hygelāc, <a href="#li2378">2378</a> ff. +After Heardrēd's death, the kingdom falls to Bēowulf, <a href="#li2208">2208</a>, +<a href="#li2390">2390</a>.—Afterwards, on an expedition to avenge the murdered Heardrēd, he +kills the Scylfing, Ēadgils (<a href="#li2397">2397</a>), and probably conquers his country. +—His fight with the drake, <a href="#li2539">2539</a> ff. His death, <a href="#li2818">2818</a>. His burial, <a href="#li3135">3135</a> ff.</p> + +<p><b>Breca</b> (acc. Brecan, <a href="#li506">506</a>, <a href="#li531">531</a>), son of Bēanstān, <a href="#li524">524</a>. Chief of the +Brondings, <a href="#li521">521</a>. His swimming-match with Bēowulf, <a href="#li506">506</a> ff.</p> + +<p><b>Brondingas</b> (gen. Brondinga, <a href="#li521">521</a>), Breca, their chief, <a href="#li521">521</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Brōsinga mene</b>, corrupted from, or according to Müllenhoff, written +by mistake for, Breosinga mene (O.N., Brisinga men, cf. Haupts Zeitschr. +XII. 304), collar, which the Brisingas once possessed.</p> + +<p><b>Cain</b> (gen. Caines, <a href="#li107">107</a>): descended from him are Grendel and his kin, +<a href="#li107">107</a>, <a href="#li1262">1262</a> ff.</p> + +<p><b>Dæg-hrefn</b> (dat. Dæghrefne, <a href="#li2502">2502</a>), a warrior of the Hūgas, who, +according to <a href="#li2504">2504-5</a>, compared with <a href="#li1203">1203</a>, and with <a href="#li1208">1208</a>, seems to have been +the slayer of King Hygelāc, in his battle against the allied Franks, +Frisians, and Hūgas. Is crushed to death by Bēowulf in a hand-to-hand +combat, <a href="#li2502">2502</a> ff.</p> + +<p><b>Dene</b> (gen. Dena, <a href="#li242">242</a>, etc., Denia, <a href="#li2126">2126</a>, Deniga, <a href="#li271">271</a>, etc.; dat. +Denum, <a href="#li768">768</a>, etc.), as subjects of Scyld and his descendants, they are also +called Scyldings; and after the first king of the East Danes, Ing +(Runenlied, <a href="#li22">22</a>), Ing-wine, <a href="#li1045">1045</a>, <a href="#li1320">1320</a>. They are also once called Hrēðmen, +<a href="#li445">445</a>. On account of their renowned warlike character, they bore the names +Gār-Dene, <a href="#li1">1</a>, <a href="#li1857">1857</a>, Hring-Dene (Armor-Danes), <a href="#li116">116</a>, <a href="#li1280">1280</a>, Beorht-Dene, <a href="#li427">427</a>, +<a href="#li610">610</a>. The great extent of this people is indicated by their names from the +four quarters of the heavens: Ēast-Dene, <a href="#li392">392</a>, <a href="#li617">617</a>, etc., West-Dene, <a href="#li383">383</a>, +<a href="#li1579">1579</a>, Sūð-Dene, <a href="#li463">463</a>, Norð-Dene, <a href="#li784">784</a>.—Their dwelling-place "in +Scedelandum," <a href="#li19">19</a>, "on Scedenigge," <a href="#li1687">1687</a>, "be sǣm twēonum," <a href="#li1686">1686</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ecg-lāf</b> (gen. Ecglāfes, <a href="#li499">499</a>), Hunferð's father, <a href="#li499">499</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ecg-þēow</b> (nom. Ecgþēow, <a href="#li263">263</a>, Ecgþēo, <a href="#li373">373</a>; gen. Ecgþēowes, <a href="#li529">529</a>, etc., +Ecgþīowes, <a href="#li2000">2000</a>), a far-famed hero of the Gēatas, of the house of the +Wǣgmundings. Bēowulf is the son of Ecgþēow, by the only daughter of Hrēðel, +king of the Gēatas, <a href="#li262">262</a>, etc. Among the Wylfings, he has slain Heaðolāf +(<a href="#li460">460</a>), and in consequence he goes over the sea to the Danes (<a href="#li463">463</a>), whose +king, Hrōðgār, by means of gold, finishes the strife for him, <a href="#li470">470</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ecg-wela</b> (gen. Ecg-welan, <a href="#li1711">1711</a>). The Scyldings are called his +descendants, <a href="#li1711">1711</a>. Grein considers him the founder of the older dynasty of +Danish kings, which closes with Heremōd. See <b>Heremōd</b>.</p> + +<p><b>Elan</b>, daughter of Healfdene, king of the Danes, (?) <a href="#li62">62</a>. According to +the restored text, she is the wife of Ongenþēow, the Scylfing, <a href="#li62">62</a>, <a href="#li63">63</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Earna-næs</b>, the Eagle Cape in the land of the Gēatas, where occurred +Bēowulf's fight with the drake, <a href="#li3032">3032</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ēadgils</b> (dat. Ēadgilse, <a href="#li2393">2393</a>), son of Ōhthere, and grandson of +Ongenþēow, the Scylfing, <a href="#li2393">2393</a>. His older brother is</p> + +<p><b>Ēanmund</b> (gen. Ēanmundes, <a href="#li2612">2612</a>). What is said about both in our poem +(<a href="#li2201">2201-2207</a>, <a href="#li2380">2380-2397</a>, <a href="#li2612">2612-2620</a>) is obscure, but the following may be +conjectured:—</p> + +<p>The sons of Ōhthere, Ēanmund and Ēadgils, have rebelled against their +father (<a href="#li2382">2382</a>), and must, in consequence, depart with their followers from +Swīorīce, <a href="#li2205">2205-6</a>, <a href="#li2380">2380</a>. They come into the country of the Gēatas to +Heardrēd (<a href="#li2380">2380</a>), but whether with friendly or hostile intent is not stated; +but, according to <a href="#li2203">2203</a> f., we are to presume that they came against +Heardrēd with designs of conquest. At a banquet (on feorme; or feorme, MS.) +Heardrēd falls, probably through treachery, by the hand of one of the +brothers, <a href="#li2386">2386</a>, <a href="#li2207">2207</a>. The murderer must have been Ēanmund, to whom, +according to <a href="#li2613">2613</a>, "in battle the revenge of Wēohstān brings death." +Wēohstān takes revenge for his murdered king, and exercises upon Ēanmund's +body the booty-right, and robs it of helm, breastplate, and sword +(<a href="#li2616">2616-17</a>), which the slain man had received as gifts from his uncle, Onela, +<a href="#li2617">2617-18</a>. But Wēohstān does not speak willingly of this fight, although he +has slain Onela's brother's son, <a href="#li2619">2619-20</a>.—After Heardrēd's and Ēanmund's +death, the descendant of Ongenþēow, Ēadgils, returns to his home, <a href="#li2388">2388</a>. He +must give way before Bēowulf, who has, since Heardrēd's death, ascended the +throne of the Gēatas, <a href="#li2390">2390</a>. But Bēowulf remembers it against him in after +days, and the old feud breaks out anew, <a href="#li2392">2392-94</a>. Ēadgils makes an invasion +into the land of the Gēatas (<a href="#li2394">2394-95</a>), during which he falls at the hands +of Bēowulf, <a href="#li2397">2397</a>. The latter must have then obtained the sovereignty over +the Swēonas (<a href="#li3005">3005-6</a>, where only the version, Scylfingas, can give a +satisfactory sense).</p> + +<p><b>Eofor</b> (gen. Eofores, <a href="#li2487">2487</a>, <a href="#li2965">2965</a>; dat. Jofore, <a href="#li2994">2994</a>, <a href="#li2998">2998</a>), one of +the Gēatas, son of Wonrēd and brother of Wulf (<a href="#li2965">2965</a>, <a href="#li2979">2979</a>), kills the +Swedish king, Ongenþēow (<a href="#li2487">2487</a> ff., <a href="#li2978">2978-82</a>), for which he receives from +King Hygelāc, along with other gifts, his only daughter in marriage, +<a href="#li2994">2994-99</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Eormen-rīc</b> (gen. Eormenrīces, <a href="#li1202">1202</a>), king of the Goths (cf. about +him, W. Grimm, Deutsche Heldensage, p. 2, ff.). Hāma has wrested the +Brōsinga mene from him, <a href="#li1202">1202</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Eomǣr</b>, son of Offa and Þrȳðo (cf. Þrȳðo), <a href="#li1961">1961</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Eotenas</b> (gen. pl. Eotena, <a href="#li1073">1073</a>, <a href="#li1089">1089</a>, <a href="#li1142">1142</a>; dat. Eotenum, <a href="#li1146">1146</a>), the +subjects of Finn, the North Frisians: distinguished from <b>eoton</b>, +<i>giant</i>. Vid <b>eoton</b>. Cf. Bugge, Beit., xii. 37; Earle, Beowulf +in Prose, pp. 146, 198.</p> + +<p><b>Finn</b> (gen. Finnes, <a href="#li1069">1069</a>, etc.; dat. Finne, <a href="#li1129">1129</a>), son of Folcwalda +(<a href="#li1090">1090</a>), king of the North Frisians, i.e. of the Eotenas, husband of +Hildeburg, a daughter of Hōc, <a href="#li1072">1072</a>, <a href="#li1077">1077</a>. He is the hero of the inserted +poem on the Attack in Finnsburg, the obscure incidents of which are, +perhaps, as follows: In Finn's castle, Finnsburg, situated in Jutland +(<a href="#li1126">1126-28</a>), the Hōcing, Hnæf, a relative—perhaps a brother—of Hildeburg is +spending some time as guest. Hnæf, who is a liegeman of the Danish king, +Healfdene, has sixty men with him (Finnsburg, <a href="#li38">38</a>). These are treacherously +attacked one night by Finn's men, <a href="#li1073">1073</a>. For five days they hold the doors +of their lodging-place without losing one of their number (Finnsburg, <a href="#li41">41</a>, +<a href="#li42">42</a>). Then, however, Hnæf is slain (<a href="#li1071">1071</a>), and the Dane, Hengest, who was +among Hnæf's followers, assumes the command of the beleaguered band. But on +the attacking side the fight has brought terrible losses to Finn's men. +Their numbers are diminished (<a href="#li1081">1081</a> f.), and Hildeburg bemoans a son and a +brother among the fallen (<a href="#li1074">1074</a> f., cf. <a href="#li1116">1116</a>, <a href="#li1119">1119</a>). Therefore the Frisians +offer the Danes peace (<a href="#li1086">1086</a>) under the conditions mentioned (<a href="#li1087">1087-1095</a>), +and it is confirmed with oaths (<a href="#li1097">1097</a>), and money is given by Finn in +propitiation (<a href="#li1108">1108</a>). Now all who have survived the battle go together to +Friesland, the homo proper of Finn, and here Hengest remains during the +winter, prevented by ice and storms from returning home (Grein). But in +spring the feud breaks out anew. Gūðlāf and Oslāf avenge Hnæf's fall, +probably after they have brought help from home (<a href="#li1150">1150</a>). In the battle, the +hall is filled with the corpses of the enemy. Finn himself is killed, and +the queen is captured and carried away, along with the booty, to the land +of the Danes, <a href="#li1147">1147-1160</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Finna land.</b> Bēowulf reaches it in his swimming-race with Breca, <a href="#li580">580</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fitela</b>, the son and nephew of the Wälsing, Sigemund, and his +companion in arms, <a href="#li876">876-890</a>. (Sigemund had begotten Fitela by his sister, +Signȳ. Cf. more at length Leo on Bēowulf, p. 38 ff., where an extract from +the legend of the Walsungs is given.)</p> + +<p><b>Folc-walda</b> (gen. Folc-waldan, <a href="#li1090">1090</a>), Finn's father, <a href="#li1090">1090</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Francan</b> (gen. Francna, <a href="#li1211">1211</a>; dat. Froncum, <a href="#li2913">2913</a>). King Hygelāc fell +on an expedition against the allied Franks, Frisians, and Hūgas, <a href="#li1211">1211</a>, +<a href="#li2917">2917</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Frēsan, Frȳsan</b> (gen. Frēsena, <a href="#li1094">1094</a>, Frȳsna, <a href="#li1105">1105</a>, Frēsna, +<a href="#li2916">2916</a>: dat. Frȳsum, <a href="#li1208">1208</a>, <a href="#li2913">2913</a>). To be distinguished, are: 1) North +Frisians, whose king is Finn, <a href="#li1069">1069</a> ff.; 2) West Frisians, in alliance with +the Franks and Hūgas, in the war against whom Hygelāc falls, <a href="#li1208">1208</a>, <a href="#li2916">2916</a>. +The country of the former is called Frȳsland, <a href="#li1127">1127</a>; that of the latter, +Frēsna land, <a href="#li2916">2916</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Fr..es wæl</b> (in Fr..es wæle, <a href="#li1071">1071</a>), mutilated proper name.</p> + +<p><b>Frēawaru</b>, daughter of the Danish king, Hrōðgār; given in marriage to +Ingeld, the son of the Heaðobeard king, Frōda, in order to end a war +between the Danes and the Heaðobeardnas, <a href="#li2023">2023</a> ff., <a href="#li2065">2065</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Frōda</b> (gen. Frōdan), father of Ingeld, the husband of Frēaware, +<a href="#li2026">2026</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Gārmund</b> (gen. Gārmundes, <a href="#li1963">1963</a>) father of Offa. His grandson is +Ēomǣr, <a href="#li1961">1961-63</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Gēatas</b> (gen. Gēata, <a href="#li205">205</a>, etc.; dat. Gēatum, <a href="#li195">195</a>, etc.), a tribe in +Southern Scandinavia, to which the hero of this poem belongs; also called +Wedergēatas, <a href="#li1493">1493</a>, <a href="#li2552">2552</a>; or, Wederas, <a href="#li225">225</a>, <a href="#li423">423</a>, etc.; Gūðgēatas, <a href="#li1539">1539</a>; +Sǣgēatas, <a href="#li1851">1851</a>, <a href="#li1987">1987</a>. Their kings named in this poem are: Hrēðel; Hæðcyn, +second son of Hrēðel; Hygelāc, the brother of Hæðcyn; Heardrēd, son of +Hygelāc; then Bēowulf.</p> + +<p><b>Gifðas</b> (dat. Gifðum, <a href="#li2495">2495</a>), Gepidǣ, mentioned in connection with +Danes and Swedes, <a href="#li2495">2495</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Grendel</b>, a fen-spirit (<a href="#li102">102-3</a>) of Cain's race, <a href="#li107">107</a>, <a href="#li111">111</a>, <a href="#li1262">1262</a>, <a href="#li1267">1267</a>. +He breaks every night into Hrōðgār's hall and carries off thirty warriors, +<a href="#li115">115</a> ff., <a href="#li1583">1583</a>ff. He continues this for twelve years, till Bēowulf fights +with him (<a href="#li147">147</a>, <a href="#li711">711</a> ff.), and gives him a mortal wound, in that he tears out +one of his arms (<a href="#li817">817</a>), which is hung up as a trophy in the roof of Heorot, +<a href="#li837">837</a>. Grendel's mother wishes to avenge her son, and the following night +breaks into the hall and carries off Æschere, <a href="#li1295">1295</a>. Bēowulf seeks for and +finds her home in the fen-lake (<a href="#li1493">1493</a> ff.), fights with her (<a href="#li1498">1498</a> ff.), and +kills her (<a href="#li1567">1567</a>); and cuts off the head of Grendel, who lay there dead +(<a href="#li1589">1589</a>), and brings it to Hrōðgār, <a href="#li1648">1648</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Gūð-lāf</b> and Oslāf, Danish warriors under Hnæf, whose death they +avenge on Finn, <a href="#li1149">1149</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hālga</b>, with the surname, <i>til</i>, the younger brother of the +Danish king, Hrōðgār, <a href="#li61">61</a>. His son is Hrōðulf, <a href="#li1018">1018</a>, <a href="#li1165">1165</a>, <a href="#li1182">1182</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hāma</b> wrests the <i>Brōsinga mene</i> from Eormenrīc, <a href="#li1199">1199</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hæreð</b> (gen. Hæreðes, <a href="#li1982">1982</a>), father of Hygd, the wife of Hygelāc, +<a href="#li1930">1930</a>, <a href="#li1982">1982</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hæðcyn</b> (dat. Hæðcynne, <a href="#li2483">2483</a>), second son of Hrēðel, king of the +Gēatas, <a href="#li2435">2435</a>. Kills his oldest brother, Herebeald, accidentally, with an +arrow, <a href="#li2438">2438</a> ff. After Hrēðel's death, he obtains the kingdom, <a href="#li2475">2475</a>, <a href="#li2483">2483</a>. +He falls at Ravenswood, in the battle against the Swedish king, Ongenþēow, +<a href="#li2925">2925</a>. His successor is his younger brother, Hygelāc, <a href="#li2944">2944</a> ff., <a href="#li2992">2992</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Helmingas</b> (gen. Helminga, <a href="#li621">621</a>). From them comes Wealhþēow, Hrōðgār's +wife, <a href="#li621">621</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Heming</b> (gen. Heminges, <a href="#li1945">1945</a>, <a href="#li1962">1962</a>). Offa is called Heminges mǣg, +<a href="#li1945">1945</a>; Ēomǣr, <a href="#li1962">1962</a>. According to Bachlechner (Pfeiffer's Germania, I., p. +458), Heming is the son of the sister of Gārmund, Offa's father.</p> + +<p><b>Hengest</b> (gen. Hengestes, <a href="#li1092">1092</a>; dat. Hengeste, <a href="#li1084">1084</a>): about him and +his relations to Hnæf and Finn, see <b>Finn</b>.</p> + +<p><b>Here-beald</b> (dat. Herebealde, <a href="#li2464">2464</a>), the oldest son of Hrēðel, king +of the Gēatas (<a href="#li2435">2435</a>), accidentally killed with an arrow by his younger +brother, Hæðcyn, <a href="#li2440">2440</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Here-mōd</b> (gen. Heremōdes, <a href="#li902">902</a>), king of the Danes, not belonging to +the Scylding dynasty, but, according to Grein, immediately preceding it; +is, on account of his unprecedented cruelty, driven out, <a href="#li902">902</a> ff., <a href="#li1710">1710</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Here-rīc</b> (gen. Hererīces, <a href="#li2207">2207</a>) Heardrēd is called Hererīces nefa, +<a href="#li2207">2207</a>. Nothing further is known of him.</p> + +<p><b>Het-ware</b> or Franks, in alliance with the Frisians and the Hūgas, +conquer Hygelāc, king of the Gēatas, <a href="#li2355">2355</a>, <a href="#li2364">2364</a> ff., <a href="#li2917">2917</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Healf-dene</b> (gen. Healfdenes, <a href="#li189">189</a>, etc.), son of Bēowulf, the +Scylding (<a href="#li57">57</a>); rules the Danes long and gloriously (<a href="#li57">57</a> f.); has three sons, +Heorogār, Hrōðgār, and Hālga (<a href="#li61">61</a>), and a daughter, Elan, who, according to +the renewed text of the passage, was married to the Scylfing, Ongenþēow, +<a href="#li62">62</a>, <a href="#li63">63</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Heard-rēd</b> (dat. Heardrēde, <a href="#li2203">2203</a>, <a href="#li2376">2376</a>), son of Hygelāc, king of the +Gēatas, and Hygd. After his father's death, while still under age, he +obtains the throne (<a href="#li2371">2371</a>, <a href="#li2376">2376</a>, <a href="#li2379">2379</a>); wherefore Bēowulf, as nephew of +Heardrēd's father, acts as guardian to the youth till he becomes older, +<a href="#li2378">2378</a>. He is slain by Ōhthere's sons, <a href="#li2386">2386</a>. This murder Bēowulf avenges on +Ēadgils, <a href="#li2396">2396-97</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Heaðo-beardnas</b> (gen. -beardna, <a href="#li2033">2033</a>, <a href="#li2038">2038</a>, <a href="#li2068">2068</a>), the tribe of the +Lombards. Their king, Frōda, has fallen in a war with the Danes, <a href="#li2029">2029</a>, +<a href="#li2051">2051</a>. In order to end the feud, King Hrōðgār has given his daughter, +Frēawaru, as wife to the young Ingeld, the son of Frōda, a marriage that +does not result happily; for Ingeld, though he long defers it on account of +his love for his wife, nevertheless takes revenge for his father, <a href="#li2021">2021-2070</a> +(Wīdsīð, 45-49).</p> + +<p><b>Heaðo-lāf</b> (dat. Heaðo-lāfe, <a href="#li460">460</a>), a Wylfingish warrior. Ecgþēow, +Bēowulf's father, kills him, <a href="#li460">460</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Heaðo-rǣmas</b> reached by B. in the swimming-race with Bēowulf, <a href="#li519">519</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Heoro-gār</b> (nom. <a href="#li61">61</a>; Heregār, <a href="#li467">467</a>; Hiorogār, <a href="#li2159">2159</a>), son of Healfdene, +and older brother of Hrōðgār, <a href="#li61">61</a>. His death is mentioned, <a href="#li467">467</a>. He has a +son, Heoroweard, <a href="#li2162">2162</a>. His coat of mail Bēowulf has received from Hrōðgār +(<a href="#li2156">2156</a>), and presents it to Hygelāc, <a href="#li2158">2158</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Heoro-weard</b> (dat. Heorowearde, <a href="#li2162">2162</a>), Heorogār's son, <a href="#li2161">2161-62</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Heort</b>, <a href="#li78">78</a>. Heorot, <a href="#li166">166</a> (gen. Heorotes, <a href="#li403">403</a>; dat. Heorote, <a href="#li475">475</a>, +Heorute, <a href="#li767">767</a>, Hiorte, <a href="#li2100">2100</a>). Hrōðgār's throne-room and banqueting hall and +assembly-room for his liegemen, built by him with unusual splendor, <a href="#li69">69</a>, <a href="#li78">78</a>. +In it occurs Bēowulf's fight with Grendel, <a href="#li720">720</a> ff. The hall receives its +name from the stag's antlers, of which the one-half crowns the eastern +gable, the other half the western.</p> + +<p><b>Hildeburh</b>, daughter of Hōc, relative of the Danish leader, Hnæf, +consort of the Frisian king, Finn. After the fall of the latter, she +becomes a captive of the Danes, <a href="#li1072">1072</a>, <a href="#li1077">1077</a>, <a href="#li1159">1159</a>. See also under +<b>Finn</b>.</p> + +<p><b>Hnæf</b> (gen. Hnæfes, <a href="#li1115">1115</a>), a <b>Hōcing</b> (Wīdsīð, 29), the Danish +King Healfdene's general, <a href="#li1070">1070</a> ff. For his fight with Finn, his death and +burial, see under <b>Finn</b>.</p> + +<p><b>Hond-scīo</b>, warrior of the Gēatas: dat. <a href="#li2077">2077</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hōc</b> (gen. Hōces, <a href="#li1077">1077</a>), father of Hildeburh, <a href="#li1077">1077</a>; probably also of +Hnæf (Wīdsīð, 29).</p> + +<p><b>Hrēðel</b> (gen. Hrēðles, <a href="#li1486">1486</a>), son of Swerting, <a href="#li1204">1204</a>. King of the +Gēatas, <a href="#li374">374</a>. He has, besides, a daughter, who is married to Ecgþēow, and +has borne him Bēowulf, (<a href="#li374">374</a>), three sons, Herebeald, Hæðcyn, and Hygelāc, +<a href="#li2435">2435</a>. The eldest of these is accidentally killed by the second, <a href="#li2440">2440</a>. On +account of this inexpiable deed, Hrēðel becomes melancholy (<a href="#li2443">2443</a>), and +dies, <a href="#li2475">2475</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hrēðla</b> (gen. Hrēðlan, MS. Hrǣdlan, <a href="#li454">454</a>), the same as Hrēðel (cf. +Müllenhoff in Haupts Zeitschrift, 12, 260), the former owner of Bēowulf's +coat of mail, <a href="#li454">454</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hrēðling</b>, son of Hrēðel, Hygelāc: nom. sg. <a href="#li1924">1924</a>; nom. pl., the +subjects of Hygelāc, the Geats, <a href="#li2961">2961</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hrēð-men</b> (gen. Hrēð-manna, <a href="#li445">445</a>), the Danes are so called, <a href="#li445">445</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hrēð-rīc</b>, son of Hrōðgār, <a href="#li1190">1190</a>, <a href="#li1837">1837</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hrefna-wudu</b>, <a href="#li2926">2926</a>, or Hrefnes-holt, <a href="#li2936">2936</a>, the thicket near which +the Swedish king, Ongenþēow, slew Hæðcyn, king of the Gēatas, in battle.</p> + +<p><b>Hrēosna-beorh</b>, promontory in the land of the Gēatas, near +which Ongenþēow's sons, Ōhthere and Onela, had made repeated robbing +incursions into the country after Hrēðel's death. These were the immediate +cause of the war in which Hrēðel's son, King Hæcyn, fell, <a href="#li2478">2478</a> ff.</p> + +<p><b>Hrōð-gār</b> (gen. Hrōðgāres, <a href="#li235">235</a>, etc.; dat. Hrōðgāre, <a href="#li64">64</a>, etc.), of +the dynasty of the Scyldings; the second of the three sons of King +Healfdene, <a href="#li61">61</a>. After the death of his elder brother, Heorogār, he assumes +the government of the Danes, <a href="#li465">465</a>, <a href="#li467">467</a> (yet it is not certain whether +Heorogār was king of the Danes before Hrōðgār, or whether his death +occurred while his father, Healfdene, was still alive). His consort is +Wealhþēow (<a href="#li613">613</a>), of the stock of the Helmings (<a href="#li621">621</a>), who has borne him two +sons, Hrēðrīc and Hrōðmund (<a href="#li1190">1190</a>), and a daughter, Frēaware (<a href="#li2023">2023</a>), who has +been given in marriage to the king of the Heaðobeardnas, Ingeld. His +throne-room (<a href="#li78">78</a> ff.), which has been built at great cost (<a href="#li74">74</a> ff.), is +visited every night by Grendel (<a href="#li102">102</a>, <a href="#li115">115</a>), who, along with his mother, is +slain by Bēowulf (<a href="#li711">711</a> ff., <a href="#li1493">1493</a> ff). Hrōðgār's rich gifts to Bēowulf, in +consequence, <a href="#li1021">1021</a>, <a href="#li1818">1818</a>; he is praised as being generous, <a href="#li71">71</a> ff., <a href="#li80">80</a>, <a href="#li1028">1028</a> +ff., <a href="#li1868">1868</a> ff.; as being brave, <a href="#li1041">1041</a> ff., <a href="#li1771">1771</a> ff.; and wise, <a href="#li1699">1699</a>, +<a href="#li1725">1725</a>.—Other information about Hrōðgār's reign for the most part only +suggested: his expiation of the murder which Ecgþēow, Bēowulf's father, +committed upon Heaðolāf, <a href="#li460">460</a>, <a href="#li470">470</a>; his war with the Heaðobeardnas; his +adjustment of it by giving his daughter, Frēaware, in marriage to their +king, Ingeld; evil results of this marriage, <a href="#li2021">2021-2070</a>.—Treachery of his +brother's son, Hrōðulf, intimated, <a href="#li1165">1165-1166</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hrōð-mund</b>, Hrōðgār's son, <a href="#li1190">1190</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hrōð-ulf</b>, probably a son of Hālga, the younger brother of King +Hrōðgār, <a href="#li1018">1018</a>, <a href="#li1182">1182</a>. Wealhþēow expresses the hope (<a href="#li1182">1182</a>) that, in case of +the early death of Hrōðgār, Hrōð-ulf would prove a good guardian to +Hrōðgār's young son, who would succeed to the government; a hope which +seems not to have been accomplished, since it appears from <a href="#li1165">1165</a>, <a href="#li1166">1166</a> that +Hrōð-ulf has abused his trust towards Hrōðgār.</p> + +<p><b>Hrones-næs</b> (dat. -næsse, <a href="#li2806">2806</a>, <a href="#li3137">3137</a>), a promontory on the coast of +the country of the Gēatas, visible from afar. Here is Bēowulf's +grave-mound, <a href="#li2806">2806</a>, <a href="#li3137">3137</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hrunting</b> (dat. Hruntinge, <a href="#li1660">1660</a>), Hunferð's sword, is so called, +<a href="#li1458">1458</a>, <a href="#li1660">1660</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hūgas</b> (gen. Hūga, <a href="#li2503">2503</a>), Hygelāc wars against them allied with the +Franks and Frisians, and falls, <a href="#li2195">2195</a> ff. One of their heroes is called +Dæghrefn, whom Bēowulf slays, <a href="#li2503">2503</a>.</p> + +<p><b>[H]ūn-ferð</b>, the son of Ecglāf, þyle of King Hrōðgār. As such, he has +his place near the throne of the king, <a href="#li499">499</a>, <a href="#li500">500</a>, <a href="#li1167">1167</a>. He lends his sword, +Hrunting, to Bēowulf for his battle with Grendel's mother, <a href="#li1456">1456</a> f. +According to <a href="#li588">588</a>, <a href="#li1168">1168</a>, he slew his brothers. Since his name is always +alliterated with vowels, it is probable that the original form was, as +Rieger (Zachers Ztschr., <a href="#li3">3</a>, <a href="#li414">414</a>) conjectures, Unferð.</p> + +<p><b>Hūn-lāfing</b>, name of a costly sword, which Finn presents to Hengest, +<a href="#li1144">1144</a>. See <a href="#note1144">Note</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Hygd</b> (dat. Hygde, <a href="#li2173">2173</a>), daughter of Hæreð, <a href="#li1930">1930</a>; consort of +Hygelāc, king of the Gēatas, <a href="#li1927">1927</a>; her son, Heardrēd, <a href="#li2203">2203</a>, etc.—Her +noble, womanly character is emphasized, <a href="#li1927">1927</a> ff.</p> + +<p><b>Hyge-lāc</b> (gen. Hige-lāces, <a href="#li194">194</a>, etc., Hygelāces, <a href="#li2387">2387</a>; dat. +Higelāce, <a href="#li452">452</a>, Hygelāce, <a href="#li2170">2170</a>), king of the Gēatas, <a href="#li1203">1203</a>, etc. His +grandfather is Swerting, <a href="#li1204">1204</a>; his father, Hrēðel, <a href="#li1486">1486</a>, <a href="#li1848">1848</a>; his older +brothers, Herebeald and Hæðcyn, <a href="#li2435">2435</a>; his sister's son, Bēowulf, <a href="#li374">374</a>, <a href="#li375">375</a>. +After his brother, Hæðcyn, is killed by Ongenþēow, he undertakes the +government (<a href="#li2992">2992</a> in connection with the preceding from <a href="#li2937">2937</a> on). To Eofor +he gives, as reward for slaying Ongenþēow, his only daughter in marriage, +<a href="#li2998">2998</a>. But much later, at the time of the return of Bēowulf from his +expedition to Hrōðgār, we see him married to the very young Hygd, the +daughter of Hæreð, <a href="#li1930">1930</a>. The latter seems, then, to have been his second +wife. Their son is Heardrēd, <a href="#li2203">2203</a>, <a href="#li2376">2376</a>, <a href="#li2387">2387</a>.—Hygelāc falls during an +expedition against the Franks, Frisians, and Hūgas, <a href="#li1206">1206</a>, <a href="#li1211">1211</a>, <a href="#li2356">2356-59</a>, +<a href="#li2916">2916-17</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ingeld</b> (dat. Ingelde, <a href="#li2065">2065</a>), son of Frōda, the Heaðobeard chief, who +fell in a battle with the Danes, <a href="#li2051">2051</a> ff. in order to end the war, Ingeld +is married to Frēawaru, daughter of the Danish king, Hrōðgār, <a href="#li2025">2025-30</a>. Yet +his love for his young wife can make him forget only for a short while his +desire to avenge his father. He finally carries it out, excited thereto by +the repeated admonitions of an old warrior, <a href="#li2042">2042-70</a> (Wīdsīð, 45-59).</p> + +<p><b>Ing-wine</b> (gen. Ingwina, <a href="#li1045">1045</a>, <a href="#li1320">1320</a>), friends of Ing, the first king +of the East Danes. The Danes are so called, <a href="#li1045">1045</a>, <a href="#li1320">1320</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Mere-wīoingas</b> (gen. Mere-wīoinga, +<a href="#li2922">2922</a>), as name of the Franks, +<a href="#li2922">2922</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Nægling</b>, the name of Bēowulf's sword, <a href="#li2681">2681</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Offa</b> (gen. Offan, <a href="#li1950">1950</a>), king of the Angles (Wīdsīð, 35), the son of +Gārmund, <a href="#li1963">1963</a>; married (<a href="#li1950">1950</a>) to Þrȳðo (<a href="#li1932">1932</a>), a beautiful but cruel woman, +of unfeminine spirit (<a href="#li1932">1932</a> ff.), by whom he has a son, Ēomǣr, <a href="#li1961">1961</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ōht-here</b> (gen. Ōhtheres, <a href="#li2929">2929</a>, <a href="#li2933">2933</a>; Ōhteres, <a href="#li2381">2381</a>, <a href="#li2393">2393</a>, <a href="#li2395">2395</a>, +<a href="#li2613">2613</a>), son of Ongenþēow, king of the Swedes, <a href="#li2929">2929</a>. His sons are Ēanmund +(<a href="#li2612">2612</a>) and Ēadgils, <a href="#li2393">2393</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Onela</b> (gen. Onelan, <a href="#li2933">2933</a>), Ōhthere's brother, <a href="#li2617">2617</a>, <a href="#li2933">2933</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Ongen-þēow</b> (nom. -þēow, <a href="#li2487">2487</a>, -þīo, <a href="#li2952">2952</a>; gen. -þēowes, <a href="#li2476">2476</a>, +-þīowes, <a href="#li2388">2388</a>; dat. -þīo, <a href="#li2987">2987</a>), of the dynasty of the Scylfings; king of +the Swedes, <a href="#li2384">2384</a>. His wife is, perhaps, Elan, daughter of the Danish king, +Healfdene (<a href="#li62">62</a>), and mother of two sons, Onela and Ōhthere, <a href="#li2933">2933</a>. She is +taken prisoner by Hæðcyn, king of the Gēatas, on an expedition into Sweden, +which he undertakes on account of her sons' plundering raids into his +country, <a href="#li2480">2480</a> ff. She is set free by Ongenþēow (<a href="#li2931">2931</a>), who kills Hæðcyn, +<a href="#li2925">2925</a>, and encloses the Gēatas, now deprived of their leader, in the +Ravenswood (<a href="#li2937">2937</a> ff.), till they are freed by Hygelāc, <a href="#li2944">2944</a>. A battle then +follows, which is unfavorable to Ongenþēow's army. Ongenþēow himself, +attacked by the brothers, Wulf and Eofor, is slain by the latter, <a href="#li2487">2487</a> ff., +<a href="#li2962">2962</a> ff.</p> + +<p><b>Ōs-lāf</b>, a warrior of Hnæf's, who avenges on Finn his leader's death, +<a href="#li1149">1149</a> f.</p> + +<p><b>Scede-land</b>, <a href="#li19">19</a>. Sceden-īg (dat. Sceden-īgge, <a href="#li1687">1687</a>), O.N., Scān-ey, +the most southern portion of the Scandinavian peninsula, belonging to the +Danish kingdom, and, in the above-mentioned passages of our poem, a +designation of the whole Danish kingdom.</p> + +<p><b>Scēf</b> or <b>Scēaf</b>. See <a href="#note4">Note</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Scēfing</b>, the son (?) of Scēf, or Scēaf, reputed father of Scyld, <a href="#li4">4</a>. +See <a href="#note4">Note</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Scyld</b> (gen. Scyldes, <a href="#li19">19</a>), a Scēfing. <a href="#li4">4</a>. His son is Bēowulf, <a href="#li18">18</a>, <a href="#li53">53</a>: +his grandson, Healfdene, <a href="#li57">57</a>; his great-grandson, Hrōðgār, who had two +brothers and a sister, <a href="#li59">59</a> ff.—Scyld dies, <a href="#li26">26</a>; his body, upon a decorated +ship, is given over to the sea (<a href="#li32">32</a> ff.), just as he, when a child, drifted +alone, upon a ship, to the land of the Danes, <a href="#li43">43</a> ff. After him his +descendants bear his name.</p> + +<p><b>Scyldingas</b> (Scyldungas, <a href="#li2053">2053</a>; gen. Scyldinga, <a href="#li53">53</a>, etc., Scyldunga, +<a href="#li2102">2102</a>, <a href="#li2160">2160</a>; dat. Scyldingum, <a href="#li274">274</a>, etc.), a name which is extended also to +the Danes, who are ruled by the Scyldings, <a href="#li53">53</a>, etc. They are also called +Ār-Scyldingas, <a href="#li464">464</a>; Sige-Scyldingas, <a href="#li598">598</a>, <a href="#li2005">2005</a>; Þēod-Scyldingas, <a href="#li1020">1020</a>; +Here-Scyldingas, <a href="#li1109">1109</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Scylfingas</b>, a Swedish royal family, whose relationship seems to +extend to the Gēatas, since Wīglāf, the son of Wīhstān, who in another +place, as a kinsman of Bēowulf, is called a Wǣgmunding (<a href="#li2815">2815</a>), is also +called lēod Scylfinga, <a href="#li2604">2604</a>. The family connections are perhaps as +follows:—</p> + +<pre> + Scylf. + | + ------------------------ + Wǣgmund. ....... + | | +------------------ ---------- +Ecgþēow. Wēohstān. Ongenþēow. + | | | +-------- -------- --------------- +Bēowulf. Wīglāf. Onela. Ōhthere. + | + ----------------- + Ēaumund. Ēadgils. +</pre> + +<p>The Scylfings are also called Heaðo-Scilfingas, <a href="#li63">63</a>, Gūð-Scylfingas, <a href="#li2928">2928</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Sige-mund</b> (dat. -munde, <a href="#li876">876</a>, <a href="#li885">885</a>), the son of Wæls, <a href="#li878">878</a>, <a href="#li898">898</a>. His +(son and ) nephew is Fitela, <a href="#li880">880</a>, <a href="#li882">882</a>. His fight with the drake, <a href="#li887">887</a> ff.</p> + +<p><b>Swerting</b> (gen. Swertinges, <a href="#li1204">1204</a>), Hygelāc's grandfather, and +Hrēðel's father, <a href="#li1204">1204</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Swēon</b> (gen. Swēona, <a href="#li2473">2473</a>, <a href="#li2947">2947</a>, <a href="#li3002">3002</a>), also Swēo-þēod, <a href="#li2923">2923</a>. The +dynasty of the Scylfings rules over them, <a href="#li2382">2382</a>, <a href="#li2925">2925</a>. Their realm is called +Swīorice, <a href="#li2384">2384</a>, <a href="#li2496">2496</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Þrȳðo</b>, consort of the Angle king, Offa, <a href="#li1932">1932</a>, <a href="#li1950">1950</a>. Mother of Ēomǣr, +<a href="#li1961">1961</a>, notorious on account of her cruel, unfeminine character, <a href="#li1932">1932</a> ff. She +is mentioned as the opposite to the mild, dignified Hygd, the queen of the +Gēatas.</p> + +<p><b>Wæls</b> (gen. Wælses, <a href="#li898">898</a>), father of Sigemund, <a href="#li878">878</a>, <a href="#li898">898</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Wǣg-mundingas</b> (gen. Wǣgmundinga, <a href="#li2608">2608</a>, <a href="#li2815">2815</a>). The Wǣgmundings are on +one side, Wīhstān and his son Wīglāf; on the other side, Ecgþēow and his +son Bēowulf (<a href="#li2608">2608</a>, <a href="#li2815">2815</a>). See under <b>Scylfingas</b>.</p> + +<p><b>Wederas</b> (gen. Wedera, <a href="#li225">225</a>, <a href="#li423">423</a>, <a href="#li498">498</a>, etc.), or Weder-gēatas. See +<b>Gēatas</b>.</p> + +<p><b>Wēland</b> (gen. Wēlandes, <a href="#li455">455</a>), the maker of Bēowulf's coat of mail, +<a href="#li455">455</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Wendlas</b> (gen. Wendla, <a href="#li348">348</a>): their chief is Wulfgār. See +<b>Wulfgār</b>. The Wendlas are, according to Grundtvig and Bugge, the +inhabitants of Vendill, the most northern part of Jutland, between Limfjord +and the sea.</p> + +<p><b>Wealh-þēow</b> (<a href="#li613">613</a>, Wealh-þēo, <a href="#li665">665</a>, <a href="#li1163">1163</a>), the consort of King Hrōðgār, +of the stock of the Helmings, <a href="#li621">621</a>. Her sons are Hrēðrīc and Hrōðmund, <a href="#li1190">1190</a>; +her daughter, Frēawaru, <a href="#li2023">2023</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Wēoh-stān</b> (gen. Wēox-stānes, <a href="#li2603">2603</a>, Wēoh-stānes, <a href="#li2863">2863</a>, Wih-stānes, +<a href="#li2753">2753</a>, <a href="#li2908">2908</a>, etc.), a Wǣgmunding (<a href="#li2608">2608</a>), father of Wīglāf, <a href="#li2603">2603</a>. In what +relationship to him Ælfhere, mentioned <a href="#li2605">2605</a>, stands, is not +clear.—Wēohstān is the slayer of Ēanmund (<a href="#li2612">2612</a>), in that, as it seems, he +takes revenge for his murdered king, Heardrēd. See +<b>Ēanmund</b>.</p> + +<p><b>Wīg-lāf</b>, Wēohstān's son, <a href="#li2603">2603</a>, etc., a Wǣgmunding, <a href="#li2815">2815</a>, and so also +a Scylfing, <a href="#li2604">2604</a>; a kinsman of Ælfhere, <a href="#li2605">2605</a>. For his relationship to +Bēowulf, see the genealogical table under <b>Scylfingas</b>.—He supports +Bēowulf in his fight with the drake, <a href="#li2605">2605</a> ff., <a href="#li2662">2662</a> ff. The hero gives him, +before his death, his ring, his helm, and his coat of mail, <a href="#li2810">2810</a> ff.</p> + +<p><b>Won-rēd</b> (gen. Wonrēdes, <a href="#li2972">2972</a>), father of Wulf and Eofor, <a href="#li2966">2966</a>, +<a href="#li2979">2979</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Wulf</b> (dat. Wulfe, <a href="#li2994">2994</a>), one of the Gēatas, Wonrēd's son. He fights +in the battle between the armies of Hygelāc and Ongenþēow with Ongenþēow +himself, and gives him a wound (<a href="#li2966">2966</a>), whereupon Ongenþēow, by a stroke of +his sword, disables him, <a href="#li2975">2975</a>. Eofor avenges his brother's fall by dealing +Ongenþēow a mortal blow, <a href="#li2978">2978</a> ff.</p> + +<p><b>Wulf-gār</b>, chief of the Wendlas, <a href="#li348">348</a>, lives at Hrōðgār's court, and +is his "ār and ombiht," <a href="#li335">335</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Wylfingas</b> (dat. Wylfingum, <a href="#li461">461</a>). Ecgþēow has slain Heoðolāf, a +warrior of this tribe, <a href="#li460">460</a>.</p> + +<p><b>Yrmen-lāf</b>, younger brother of Æschere, <a href="#li1325">1325</a>.</p> + +<hr> + +<p>ABBREVIATIONS.</p> +<table> +<tr><td align="right">B.: </td><td>Bugge.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Br.: </td><td>S.A. Brooke, Hist. of Early Eng. Lit.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">C.: </td><td>Cosijn.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">E.: </td><td>Earle, Deeds of Beowulf in Prose.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">G.: </td><td>Garnett, Translation of Beowulf</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Gr.: </td><td>Grein.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">H.: </td><td>Heyne.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Ha.: </td><td>Hall, Translation of Beowulf.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">H.-So.: </td><td>Heyne-Socin, 5th ed.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Ho.: </td><td>Holder.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">K.: </td><td>Kemble.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Kl.: </td><td>Kluge.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Müllenh.: </td><td>Müllenhoff.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">R.: </td><td>Rieger.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">S.: </td><td>Sievers.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Sw.: </td><td>Sweet, Anglo-Saxon Reader, 6th ed.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Ten Br.: </td><td>Ten Brink.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Th.: </td><td>Thorpe.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Z.: </td><td>Zupitza.</td></tr> +</table> +<p>PERIODICALS.</p> +<table> +<tr><td align="right">Ang.: </td><td>Anglia.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Beit.: </td><td>Paul und Branne's Beiträge.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Eng. Stud.: </td><td>Englische Studien.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Germ.: </td><td>Germania.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Haupts Zeitschr.: </td><td>Haupts Zeitschrift, etc.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Mod. Lang. Notes: </td><td>Modern Language Notes.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Tidskr.: </td><td>Tidskrift for Philologi.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Zachers Zeitschr.: </td><td>Zachers Zeitschrift, etc.</td></tr> +</table> + +<a name="notes"></a><h2>NOTES.</h2> + +<p><a name="note1"></a>l. 1. <b>hwæt</b>: for this interjectional formula opening a poem, cf. +<cite>Andreas, Daniel, Juliana, Exodus, Fata Apost., Dream of the Rood</cite>, +and the "Listenith lordinges!" of mediaeval lays.—E. Cf. Chaucer, +Prologue, ed. Morris, l. 853:</p> +<div class="line">"Sin I shal beginne the game,</div> +<div class="line"><i>What</i>, welcome be the cut, a Goddes name!"</div> + +<p><b>wē ... gefrūnon</b> is a variant on the usual epic formulǣ <b>ic +gefrægn</b> (<a href="#li74">l. 74</a>) and <b>mīne gefrǣge</b> (<a href="#li777">l. 777</a>). <cite>Exodus, Daniel, +Phoenix</cite>, etc., open with the same formula.</p> + +<p>l. 1. "<b>Gār</b> was the javelin, armed with two of which the warrior went +into battle, and which he threw over the 'shield-wall.' It was +barbed."—Br. 124. Cf. <cite>Maldon</cite>, l. 296; <cite>Judith</cite>, l. 224; +<cite>Gnom. Verses</cite>, l. 22; etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note4"></a>l. 4. "Scild of the Sheaf, not 'Scyld the son of Scaf'; for it is too +inconsistent, even in myth, to give a patronymic to a foundling. According +to the original form of the story, Scēaf was the foundling; he had come +ashore with a sheaf of corn, and from that was named. This form of the +story is preserved in Ethelwerd and in William of Malmesbury. But here the +foundling is Scyld, and we must suppose he was picked up with the sheaf, +and hence his cognomen."—E., p. 105. Cf. the accounts of Romulus and +Remus, of Moses, of Cyrus, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note6"></a>l. 6. <b>egsian</b> is also used in an active sense (not in the Gloss.), = +<i>to terrify</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note15"></a>l. 15. S. suggests <b>þā</b> (<i>which</i>) for <b>þæt</b>, as object of +<b>drēogan</b>; and for <b>aldor-lēase</b>, Gr. suggested +<b>aldor-ceare</b>.—<i>Beit</i>. ix. 136.</p> + +<p>S. translates: "For God had seen the dire need which the rulerless ones +before endured."</p> + +<p><a name="note18"></a>l. 18. "Beowulf (that is, Beaw of the Anglo-Saxon genealogists, not our +Beowulf, who was a Geat, not a Dane), 'the son of Scyld in Scedeland.' This +is our ancestral myth,—the story of the first culture-hero of the North; +'the patriarch,' as Rydberg calls him, 'of the royal families of Sweden, +Denmark, Angeln, Saxland, and England.'"—Br., p. 78. Cf. <cite>A.-S. +Chron.</cite> an. 855.</p> + +<p>H.-So. omits parenthetic marks, and reads (after S., <i>Beit.</i> ix. 135) +<b>eaferan</b>; cf. <cite>Fata Apost.</cite>: <b>lof wīde sprang þēodnes þegna</b>.</p> + +<p>"The name <i>Bēowulf</i> means literally 'Bee-wolf,' wolf or +ravager of the bees, = bear. Cf. <i>beorn</i>, 'hero,' originally 'bear,' +and <i>bēohata</i>, 'warrior,' in Cǣdmon, literally 'bee-hater' or +'persecutor,' and hence identical in meaning with +<i>bēowulf</i>."—Sw.</p> +<p>Cf.</p> +<div class="line">"Arcite and Palamon,</div> +<div class="line">That foughten <i>breme</i>, as it were bores two."</div> +<div class="lcite">—Chaucer, <cite>Knightes Tale</cite>, l. 841, ed. Morris.</div> + +<p>Cf. M. Müller, <cite>Science of Lang.</cite>, Sec. Series, pp. 217, 218; and +Hunt's <cite>Daniel</cite>, 104.</p> + +<p><a name="note19"></a>l. 19. Cf. <a href="#li1866">l. 1866</a>, where <b>Scedenig</b> is used, = <i>Scania</i>, in +Sweden(?).</p> + +<p><a name="note21"></a>l. 21. <b>wine</b> is pl.; cf. its apposition <b>wil-gesīðas</b> below. +H.-So. compares <cite>Héliand</cite>, 1017, for language almost identical with +<a href="#li20">ll. 20</a>, <a href="#li21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note22"></a>l. 22. <b>on ylde</b>: cf.</p> +<div class="line">"<i>In elde</i> is bothe wisdom and usage."</div> +<div class="lcite">—Chaucer, <cite>Knightes Tale</cite>, l. 1590, ed. Morris.</div> + +<p><a name="note26"></a>l. 26. Reflexive objects often pleonastically accompany verbs of motion; +cf. <a href="#li234">ll. 234</a>, <a href="#li301">301</a>, <a href="#li1964">1964</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note31"></a>l. 31. The object of <b>āhte</b> is probably <b>geweald</b>, to be supplied +from <b>wordum wēold</b> of <a href="#li30">l. 30</a>.—H.-So.</p> + +<p>R., Kl., and B. all hold conflicting views of this passage: <cite>Beit.</cite> +xii. 80, ix. 188; <cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> iii. 382, etc. Kl. suggests +<b>lǣndagas</b> for <b>lange</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note32"></a>l. 32. "<b>hringed-stefna</b> is sometimes translated 'with curved prow,' +but it means, I think, that in the prow were fastened rings through which +the cables were passed that tied it to the shore."—Br., p. 26. Cf. <a href="#li1132">ll. +1132</a>, <a href="#li1898">1898</a>. <b>Hring-horni</b> was the mythic ship of the Edda. See +Toller-Bosworth for three different views; and cf. <b>wunden-stefna</b> (<a href="#li220">l. +220</a>), <b>hring-naca</b> (<a href="#li1863">l. 1863</a>).</p> + +<p><a name="note34"></a>ll. 34-52. Cf. the burial of Haki on a funeral-pyre ship, <cite>Inglinga +Saga;</cite> the burial of Balder, Sinfiötli, Arthur, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note35"></a>l. 35. "And this [their joy in the sea] is all the plainer from the number +of names given to the ship-names which speak their pride and affection. It +is the AEtheling's vessel, the Floater, the Wave-swimmer, the Ring-sterned, +the Keel, the Well-bound wood, the Sea-wood, the Sea-ganger, the Sea-broad +ship, the Wide-bosomed, the Prow-curved, the Wood of the curved neck, the +Foam-throated floater that flew like a bird."—Br., p. 168.</p> + +<p><a name="note49"></a>l. 49. "We know from Scandinavian graves ... that the illustrious dead were +buried ... in ships, with their bows to sea-ward; that they were however +not sent to sea, but were either burnt in that position, or mounded over +with earth."—E. See Du Chaillu, <cite>The Viking Age</cite>, xix.</p> + +<p><a name="note51"></a>l. 51. (1) <b>sele-rǣdende</b> (K., S., C.); (2) <b>sēle-rǣdenne</b> (H.); +(3) <b>sele-rǣdende</b> (H.-So.). Cf. <a href="li1347">l. 1347</a>; and see Ha.</p> + +<p>l. 51. E. compares with this canto Tennyson's "Passing of Arthur" and the +legendary burial-journey of St. James of Campostella, an. 800.</p> + +<p><a name="note53"></a>l. 53. The poem proper begins with this, "There was once upon a time," the +first 52 lines being a prelude. Eleven of the "fitts," or cantos, begin +with the monosyllable <b>þā</b>, four with the verb <b>gewītan</b>, nine +with the formula <b>Hrōðgār</b> (Bēowulf, Unferð) <b>maðelode</b>, +twenty-four with monosyllables in general (<b>him, swā, sē, hwæt, þā, heht, +wæs, mæg, cwōm, strǣt</b>).</p> + +<p><a name="note58"></a>l. 58. <b>gamel.</b> "The ... characteristics of the poetry are the use of +archaic forms and words, such as <b>mec</b> for <b>mé</b>, the possessive +<b>sín, gamol, dógor, swát</b> for <b>eald, dǣg, blód</b>, etc., after they +had become obsolete in the prose language, and the use of special compounds +and phrases, such as <b>hildenǣdre</b> (<i>war-adder</i>) for 'arrow,' +gold-gifa (<i>gold-giver</i>) for 'king,' ... <b>goldwine gumena</b> +(<i>goldfriend of men, distributor of gold to men</i>) for 'king,'" +etc.—Sw. Other poetic words are <b>ides, ielde</b> (<i>men</i>), etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note60"></a>l. 60. H.-So. reads <b>rǣswa</b> (referring to <b>Heorogār</b> alone), +and places a point (with the Ms.) after <b>Heorogār</b> instead of after +<b>rǣswa.</b> Cf. l. 469; see B., <cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> iv. 193.</p> + +<p><a name="note62"></a>l. 62. <b>Elan</b> here (OHG. <i>Elana, Ellena, Elena, Elina, Alyan</i>) is +thought by B. (<cite>Tidskr.</cite> viii. 43) to be a remnant of the masc. name +<b>Onela</b>, and he reads: <b>[On-]elan ewēn, Heaðoscilfingas(=es) +healsgebedda.</b></p> + +<p><a name="note68"></a>l. 68. For <b>hē</b>, omitted here, cf. <a href="#li300">l. 300</a>. Pronouns are occasionally +thus omitted in subord. clauses.—Sw.</p> + +<p><a name="note70"></a>l. 70. <b>þone</b>, here = <b>þonne</b>, <i>than</i>, and <b>micel = +māre?</b> The passage, by a slight change, might be made to read, +<b>medo-ærn micle mā gewyrcean,—þone</b> = <i>by much larger than</i>,—in +which <b>þone (þonne)</b> would come in naturally.</p> + +<p><a name="note73"></a>l. 73. <b>folc-scare.</b> Add <i>folk-share</i> to the meanings in the +Gloss.; and cf. gūð-scearu.</p> + +<p><a name="note74"></a>l. 74. <b>ic wide gefrægn:</b> an epic formula very frequent in poetry, = +<i>men said.</i> Cf. <cite>Judith</cite>, ll. 7, 246; <cite>Phoenix</cite>, l. 1; and +the parallel (noun) formula, <b>mīne gefrǣge</b>, <a href="#li777">ll. 777</a>, <a href="#li838">838</a>, <a href="#li1956">1956</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note78"></a>ll. 78-83. "The hall was a rectangular, high-roofed, wooden building, its +long sides facing north and south. The two gables, at either end, had +stag-horns on their points, curving forwards, and these, as well as the +ridge of the roof, were probably covered with shining metal, and glittered +bravely in the sun."—Br., p. 32.</p> + +<p><a name="note84"></a>l. 84. <i>Son-in-law and father-in-law;</i> B., a so-called <i>dvanda</i> +compound. Cf. <a href="#li1164">l. 1164</a>, where a similar compound means <i>uncle and +nephew;</i> and <b>Wīdsīð's suhtorfǣdran</b>, used of the same persons.</p> + +<p><a name="note88"></a>l. 88. "The word <b>drēam</b> conveys the buzz and hum of social happiness, +and more particularly the sound of music and singing."—E. Cf. <a href="#li3021">l. 3021</a>; and +<cite>Judith</cite>, l. 350; <cite>Wanderer</cite>, l. 79, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note90"></a>ll. 90-99. There is a suspicious similarity between this passage and the +lines attributed by Bede to Cǣdmon:</p> +<div class="line"><b>Nū wē sculan herian heofonrices Weard</b>, etc.</div> +<div class="lcite">—Sw., p. 47.</div> + +<p>ll. 90-98 are probably the interpolation of a Christian scribe.</p> + +<p><a name="note92"></a>ll. 92-97. "The first of these Christian elements [in <cite>Bēowulf</cite>] is +the sense of a fairer, softer world than that in which the Northern +warriors lived.... Another Christian passage (<a href="#li107">ll. 107</a>, <a href="#li1262">1262</a>) derives all +the demons, eotens, elves, and dreadful sea-beasts from the race of Cain. +The folly of sacrificing to the heathen gods is spoken of (<a href="#li175">l. 175</a>).... The +other point is the belief in immortality (<a href="#li1202">ll. 1202</a>, <a href="#li1761">1761</a>)."—Br. 71.</p> + +<p><a name="note100"></a>l. 100. Cf. <a href="#li2211">l. 2211</a>, where the third dragon of the poem is introduced in +the same words. Beowulf is the forerunner of that other national +dragon-slayer, St. George.</p> + +<p>l. 100. <b>onginnan</b> in <cite>Bēowulf</cite> is treated like verbs of motion +and modal auxiliaries, and takes the object inf. without <b>tō</b>; cf. ll. +<a href="#li872">872</a>, <a href="#li1606">1606</a>, <a href="#li1984">1984</a>, <a href="#li244">244</a>. Cf. <i>gan</i> (= <i>did</i>) in Mid. Eng.: +<i>gan</i> espye (Chaucer, <cite>Knightes Tale</cite>, l. 254, ed. Morris).</p> + +<p><a name="note101"></a>l. 101. B. and H.-So. read, <b>fēond on healle</b>; cf. l. +<a href="#li142">142</a>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii.</p> + +<p>ll. 101-151. "Grimm connects [<b>Grendel</b>] with the Anglo-Saxon +<b>grindel</b> (<i>a bolt</i> or <i>bar</i>).... It carries with it the +notion of the bolts and bars of hell, and hence <i>a fiend.</i> ... +Ettmüller was the first ... to connect the name with <b>grindan</b>, <i>to +grind, to crush to pieces, to utterly destroy.</i> <b>Grendel</b> is then +<i>the tearer, the destroyer</i>."—Br., p. 83.</p> + +<p><a name="note102"></a>l. 102. <b>gæst</b> = <i>stranger</i> (Ha.); cf. <a href="#li1139">ll. 1139</a>, <a href="#li1442">1442</a>, <a href="#li2313">2313</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note103"></a>l. 103. See Ha., p. 4.</p> + +<p><a name="note105"></a>l. 105 MS. and Ho. read <b>won-sǣli</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note106"></a>l. 106. "The perfect and pluperfect are often expressed, as in Modern +English, by <b>hǣfð</b> and <b>hǣfde</b> with the past participle."—Sw. +Cf. <a href="#li433">ll. 433</a>, <a href="#li408">408</a>, <a href="#li940">940</a>, <a href="#li205">205</a> (p. p. inflected in the last two cases), etc.</p> + +<p>l. 106. S. destroys period here, reads <b>in Caines</b>, etc., and puts +<b>þone ... drihten</b> in parenthesis.</p> + +<p><a name="note108"></a>l. 108. <b>þæs þe</b> = <i>because</i>, especially after verbs of thanking +(cf. <a href="#li228">ll. 228</a>, <a href="#li627">627</a>, <a href="#li1780">1780</a>, <a href="#li2798">2798</a>); <i>according as</i> (<a href="#li1351">l. 1351</a>).</p> + +<p>l. 108. The def. article is omitted with <b>Drihten</b> (<i>Lord</i>) and +<b>Deofol</b> (<i>devil</i>; cf. <a href="#li2089">l. 2089</a>), as it is, generally, sparingly +employed in poetry; cf. <b>tō sǣ</b> (<a href="#li318">l. 318</a>), <b>ofer sǣ</b> (<a href="#li2381">l. 2381</a>), +<b>on lande</b> (<a href="#li2311">l. 2311</a>), <b>tō ræste</b> (<a href="#li1238">l. 1238</a>), <b>on wicge</b> (l. +<a href="#li286">286</a>), etc., etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note119"></a>l. 119. <b>weras</b> (S., H.-So.); <b>wera</b> (K., Th.).—<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. +137.</p> + +<p><a name="note120"></a>l. 120. <b>unfǣlo</b> = <i>uncanny</i> (R.).</p> + +<p><a name="note131"></a>l. 131. E. translates, <i>majestic rage;</i> adopting Gr.'s view that +<b>swyð</b> is = Icel. <b>sviði</b>, <i>a burn</i> or <i>burning</i>. Cf. +<a href="#li737">l. 737</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note142"></a>l. 142. B. supposes <b>heal-þegnes</b> to be corrupted from +<b>helþegnes</b>; cf. <a href="#li101">l. 101</a>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 80. See <b>Gūðlāc</b>, l. +1042.</p> + +<p><a name="note144"></a>l. 144. See Ha., p. 6, for S.'s rearrangement.</p> + +<p><a name="note146"></a>l. 146. S. destroys period after <b>sēlest</b>, puts <b>wæs ... micel</b> in +parenthesis, and inserts a colon after <b>tīd</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note149"></a>l. 149. B. reads <b>sārcwidum</b> for <b>syððan</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note154"></a>l. 154. B. takes <b>sibbe</b> for accus. obj. of <b>wolde</b>, and places a +comma after <b>Deniga</b>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 82.</p> + +<p><a name="note159"></a>l. 159. R. suggests <b>ac se</b> for <b>atol</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note168"></a>l. 168. H.-So. plausibly conjectures this parenthesis to be a late +insertion, as, at <a href="#li180">ll. 180-181</a>, the Danes also are said to be heathen. +Another commentator considers the throne under a "spell of enchantment," +and therefore it could not be touched.</p> + +<p><a name="note169"></a>l. 169. <b>nē ... wisse</b>: <i>nor had he desire to do so</i> (W.). See Ha., p. 7, +for other suggestions.</p> + +<p>l. 169. <b>myne wisse</b> occurs in <cite>Wanderer</cite>, <a href="#li27">l. 27</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note174"></a>l. 174. The gerundial inf. with <b>tō</b> expresses purpose, defines a noun +or adjective, or, with the verb <b>be</b>, expresses duty or necessity +passively; cf. <a href="#li257">ll. 257</a>, <a href="#li473">473</a>, <a href="#li1004">1004</a>, <a href="#li1420">1420</a>, <a href="#li1806">1806</a>, etc. Cf. <b>tō</b> + inf. at +<a href="#li316">ll. 316</a>, <a href="#li2557">2557</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note175"></a>ll. 175-188. E. regards this passage as dating the time and place of the +poem relatively to the times of heathenism. Cf. the opening lines, <i>In +days of yore</i>, etc., as if the story, even then, were very old.</p> + +<p><a name="note177"></a>l. 177. <b>gāst-bona</b> is regarded by Ettmüller and G. Stephens +(<cite>Thunor</cite>, p. 54) as an epithet of Thor (= <i>giant-killer</i>), a +kenning for Thunor or Thor, meaning both <i>man</i> and <i>monster</i>.—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note189"></a>l. 189. Cf. <a href="#li1993">l. 1993</a>, where similar language is used. H.-So. takes both +<b>mōd-ceare</b> and <b>mǣl-ceare</b> as accus., others as instr.</p> + +<p><a name="note190"></a>ll. 190, 1994. <b>sēað</b>: for this use of <b>sēoðan</b> cf. Bede, +<cite>Eccles. Hist.</cite>, ed. Miller, p. 128, where p. p. <b>soden</b> is thus +used.</p> + +<p><a name="note194"></a>l. 194. <b>fram hām</b> = <i>in his home</i> (S., H.-So.); but <b>fram +hām</b> may be for <b>fram him</b> (<i>from them</i>, i.e. <i>his +people</i>, or <i>from Hrothgar's</i>). Cf. Ha., p. 8.</p> + +<p><a name="note197"></a>l. 197. Cf. <a href="#li791">ll. 791</a>, <a href="#li807">807</a>, for this fixed phrase.</p> + +<p><a name="note200"></a>l. 200. See <cite>Andreas, Elene</cite>, and <cite>Juliana</cite> for <b>swan-rād</b> +(<i>= sea</i>). "The swan is said to breed wild now no further away than +the North of Sweden." —E. Cf. <b>ganotes bæð</b>, <a href="#li1862">l. 1862</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note203"></a>l. 203. Concessive clauses with <b>þēah, þēah þe, þēah ... eal</b>, vary +with subj. and ind., according as fact or contingency is dominant in the +mind; cf. <a href="#li526">ll. 526</a>, <a href="#li1168">1168</a>, <a href="#li2032">2032</a>, etc. (subj.), 1103, 1614 (ind.). Cf. <b>gif, +nefne.</b></p> + +<p><a name="note204"></a>l. 204. <b>hǣl</b>, an OE. word found in Wülker's Glossaries in various +forms, = <i>augury, omen, divination</i>, etc. Cf. <b>hǣlsere</b>, +<i>augur</i>; <b>hǣl</b>, <i>omen;</i> <b>hǣlsung</b>, <i>augurium</i>, +<b>hǣlsian</b>, etc. Cf. Tac., <cite>Germania</cite>, 10.</p> + +<p><a name="note207"></a>l. 207. C. adds "= <i>impetrare</i>" to the other meanings of findan given +in the Gloss.</p> + +<p><a name="note217"></a>l. 217. Cf. <a href="#li1910">l. 1910</a>; and <cite>Andreas</cite>, <a href="#li993">l. 993</a>.—E. E. compares Byron's</p> +<div class="line">"And fast and falcon-like the vessel flew,"</div> +<div class="lcite">—<cite>Corsair</cite>, i. 17.</div> + +<p>and Scott's</p> +<div class="line">"Merrily, merrily bounds the bark."</div> +<div class="lcite">—<cite>Lord of the Isles</cite>, iv. 7.</div> + +<p><a name="note218"></a>l. 218. Cf.</p> +<div class="line">"The fomy stedes on the golden brydel</div> +<div class="line">Gnawinge."</div> +<div class="lcite">—Chaucer, <cite>Knightes Tale</cite>, <a href="#li1648">l. 1648</a>, ed. Morris.</div> + +<p>l 218. MS. and Ho. read <b>fāmi-heals</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note219"></a>l. 219. Does <b>ān-tīd</b> mean <i>hour</i> (Th.), or <i>corresponding +hour</i> = <b>ānd-tīd</b> (H.-So.), or <i>in due time</i> (E.), or <i>after +a time</i>, when <b>ōþres</b>, etc., would be adv. gen.? See C., +<cite>Beit.</cite> viii. 568.</p> + +<p><a name="note224"></a>l. 224. <b>eoletes</b> may = (1) <i>voyage</i>; (2) <i>toil, labor</i>; (3) +<i>hurried journey;</i> but <i>sea</i> or <i>fjord</i> appears preferable.</p> + +<p><a name="note229"></a>ll. 229-257. "The scenery ... is laid on the coast of the North Sea and the +Kattegat, the first act of the poem among the Danes in Seeland, the second +among the Geats in South Sweden."—Br., p. 15.</p> + +<p><a name="note239"></a>l. 239. "A shoal of simple terms express in <cite>Bēowulf</cite> the earliest +sea-thoughts of the English.... The simplest term is <b>Sǣ</b>.... To this +they added <b>Wǣter, Flod, Stream, Lagu, Mere, Holm, Grund, Heathu, Sund, +Brim, Garsecg, Eagor, Geofon, Fifel, Hron-rad, Swan-rad, Segl-rad, +Ganotes-bǣð</b>."—Br., p. 163-166.</p> + +<p>l. 239. "The infinitive is often used in poetry after a verb of motion +where we should use the present participle."—Sw. Cf. <a href="#li711">ll. 711</a>, <a href="#li721">721</a>, <a href="#li1163">1163</a> +1803, 268, etc. Cf. German <i>spazieren fahren reiten</i>, etc., and +similar constructions in French, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note240"></a>l. 240, W. reads <b>hringed-stefnan</b> for <b>helmas bǣron</b>. B. inserts +(?) after <b>holmas</b> and begins a new line at the middle of the verse. +S. omits B.'s "on the wall."</p> + +<p><a name="note245"></a>l. 245. Double and triple negatives strengthen each other and do not +produce an affirmative in A.-S. or M. E. The neg. is often prefixed to +several emphatic words in the sentence, and readily contracts with vowels, +and <b>h</b> or <b>w</b>; cf. <a href="#li863">ll. 863</a>, <a href="#li182">182</a>, <a href="#li2125">2125</a>, <a href="#li1509">1509</a>, <a href="#li575">575</a>, <a href="#li583">583</a>, <a href="#li3016">3016</a>, +etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note249"></a>l. 249. <b>seld-guma</b> = <i>man-at-arms in another's house</i> (Wood); = +<i>low-ranking fellow</i> (Ha.); <b>stubenhocker</b>, <i>stay-at-home</i> +(Gr.), Scott's "carpet knight," <cite>Marmion</cite>, i. 5.</p> + +<p><a name="note250"></a>l. 250. <b>næfne</b> (<b>nefne, nemne</b>) usually takes the subj., = +<i>unless</i>; cf. <a href="#li1057">ll. 1057</a>, <a href="#li3055">3055</a>, <a href="#li1553">1553</a>. For ind., = <i>except</i>, see l. +<a href="#li1354">1354</a>. Cf. <b>būtan, gif, þēah</b>.</p> + +<p>l. 250. For a remarkable account of armor and weapons in <cite>Bēowulf</cite>, +see S. A. Brooke, <cite>Hist. of Early Eng. Lit.</cite> For general "Old Teutonic +Life in Bēowulf," see J. A. Harrison, <cite>Overland Monthly</cite>.</p> + +<p><a name="note252"></a>l. 252. <b>ǣr</b> as a conj. generally has subj., as here; cf. <a href="#li264">ll. 264</a>, +<a href="#li677">677</a>, <a href="#li2819">2819</a>, <a href="#li732">732</a>. For ind., cf. <a href="#li2020">l. 2020</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note253"></a>l. 253. <b>lēas</b> = <i>loose</i>, <i>roving</i>. Ettmüller corrected to +<b>lēase</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note256"></a>l. 256. This proverb (<b>ofest</b>, etc.) occurs in <cite>Exod.</cite> (Hunt), l. +293.</p> + +<p><a name="note258"></a>l. 258. An "elder" may be a very young man; hence <b>yldesta</b>, = +<i>eminent</i>, may be used of Beowulf. Cf. <cite>Laws of AElfred</cite>, C. 17: +<b>Nā þæt ǣlc eald sȳ, ac þæt hē eald sȳ on wīsdōme</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note273"></a>l. 273. Verbs of hearing and seeing are often followed by acc. with inf.; +cf. <a href="#li229">ll. 229</a>, <a href="#li1024">1024</a>, <a href="#li729">729</a>, <a href="#li1517">1517</a>, etc. Cf. German construction with <i>sehen, +horen</i>, etc., French construction with <i>voir, entendre</i>, etc., and +the classical constructions.</p> + +<p><a name="note275"></a>l. 275. <b>dǣd-hata</b> = <i>instigator</i>. Kl. reads <b>dǣd-hwata</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note280"></a>l. 280. <b>ed-wendan</b>, n. (B.; cf. 1775), = <b>edwenden</b>, limited by +<b>bisigu</b>. So ten Br. = <cite>Tidskr.</cite> viii. 291.</p> + +<p><a name="note287"></a>l. 287. "Each is denoted ... also by the strengthened forms <b>ǽghwæðer +(ǽgðer), éghwæðer</b>, etc. This prefixed <b>ǽ, óe</b> corresponds to +the Goth, <i>aiw</i>, OHG. <i>eo</i>, <i>io</i>, and is umlauted from +<b>á</b>, <b>ó</b> by the <b>i</b> of the <b>gi</b> which originally +followed."—Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 190.</p> + +<p><a name="note292"></a>l. 292. "All through the middle ages suits of armour are called +'weeds.'"—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note299"></a>l. 299. MS. reads <b>gōd-fremmendra</b>. So H.-So.</p> + +<p><a name="note303"></a>l. 303. "An English warrior went into battle with a boar-crested helmet, +and a round linden shield, with a byrnie of ringmail ... with two javelins +or a single ashen spear some eight or ten feet long, with a long two-edged +sword naked or held in an ornamental scabbard.... In his belt was a short, +heavy, one-edged sword, or rather a long knife, called the seax ... used for +close quarters."—Br., p. 121.</p> + +<p>l. 303. For other references to the boar-crest, cf. <a href="#li1112">ll. 1112</a>, <a href="#li1287">1287</a>, <a href="#li1454">1454</a>; +Grimm, <cite>Myth.</cite> 195; Tacitus, <cite>Germania</cite>, 45. "It was the symbol +of their [the Baltic AEstii's] goddess, and they had great faith in it as a +preservative from hard knocks."—E. See the print in the illus. ed. of +Green's <cite>Short History</cite>, Harper & Bros.</p> + +<p>l. 303. "See Kemble, <cite>Saxons in England</cite>, chapter on heathendom, and +Grimm's <cite>Teutonic Mythology</cite>, chapter on Freyr, for the connection +these and other writers establish between the Boar-sign and the golden boar +which Freyr rode, and his worship."—Br., p. 128. Cf. <cite>Elene</cite>, l. 50.</p> + +<p><a name="note304"></a>l. 304. Gering proposes <b>hlēor-bergan</b> = <i>cheek-protectors</i>; cf. +<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 26. "A bronze disk found at Öland in Sweden +represents two warriors in helmets with boars as their crests, and +cheek-guards under; these are the <b>hlēor-bergan</b>."—E. Cf. +<b>hauberk</b>, with its diminutive <b>habergeon</b>, < A.-S. +<b>heals</b>, <i>neck</i> + <b>beorgan</b>, <i>to cover</i> or +<i>protect</i>; and <b>harbor</b>, < A.-S. <b>here</b>, <i>army</i> + +<b>beorgan</b>, id.—<cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> xii. 123. Cf. +<b>cinberge</b>, Hunt's <cite>Exod.</cite> l. 175.</p> + +<p><a name="note305"></a>l. 305. For <b>ferh wearde</b> and <b>gūðmōde grummon</b>, B. and ten Br. +read <b>ferh-wearde</b> (<a href="#li305">l. 305</a>) and <b>gūðmōdgum men</b> (<a href="#li306">l. 306</a>), = +<i>the boar-images ... guarded the lives of the warlike men</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note311"></a>l. 311. <b>lēoma</b>: cf. Chaucer, <cite>Nonne Preestes Tale</cite>, l. 110, ed. +Morris:</p> +<div class="line">"To dremen in here dremes</div> +<div class="line">Of armes, and of fyr with rede <i>lemes</i>."</div> + +<p><a name="note318"></a>l. 318. On the double gender of <b>sǣ</b>, cf. Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. +147; and note the omitted article at <a href="#li2381">ll. 2381</a>, <a href="#li318">318</a>, <a href="#li544">544</a>, with the peculiar +tmesis of <i>between</i> at <a href="#li859">ll. 859</a>, <a href="#li1298">1298</a>, <a href="#li1686">1686</a>, <a href="#li1957">1957</a>. So <cite>Cǣdmon</cite>, l. +163 (Thorpe), <cite>Exod.</cite> l. 562 (Hunt), etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note320"></a>l. 320. Cf. <a href="#li924">l. 924</a>; and <cite>Andreas</cite>, l. 987, where almost the same words +occur. "Here we have manifestly before our eye one of those ancient +causeways, which are among the oldest visible institutions of +civilization." —E.</p> + +<p><a name="note322"></a>l. 322. S. inserts comma after <b>scīr</b>, and makes <b>hring-īren</b> (= +<i>ring-mail</i>) parallel with <b>gūð-byrne</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note325"></a>l. 325. Cf. <a href="#li397">l. 397</a>. "The deposit of weapons outside before entering a house +was the rule at all periods.... In provincial Swedish almost everywhere a +church porch is called <b>våkenhus</b>,... i.e. <i>weapon-house</i>, +because the worshippers deposited their arms there before they entered the +house."—E., after G. Stephens.</p> + +<p><a name="note333"></a>l. 333. Cf. Dryden's "mingled metal <i>damask'd</i> o'er with gold."—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note336"></a>l. 336. "<b>ǣl-, el-</b>, kindred with Goth. <i>aljis</i>, other, e.g. in +<b>ǣlþéodig, elþéodig</b>, foreign."—Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 47.</p> + +<p>l. 336. Cf. <a href="#li673">l. 673</a> for the functions of an <b>ombiht-þegn</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note338"></a>l. 338. Ho. marks <b>wræc-</b> and its group long.</p> + +<p><a name="note343"></a>l. 343. Cf. <a href="#li1714">l. 1714</a> for the same <b>bēod-genēatas</b>,—"the predecessor +title to that of the Knights of the Table Round."—E. Cf. <cite>Andreas</cite> +(K.), l. 2177.</p> + +<p><a name="note344"></a>l. 344. The future is sometimes expressed by <b>willan</b> + inf., +generally with some idea of volition involved; cf. <a href="#li351">ll. 351</a>, <a href="#li427">427</a>, etc. Cf. +the use of <b>willan</b> as principal vb. (with omitted inf.) at <a href="#li318">ll. 318</a>, +<a href="#li1372">1372</a>, <a href="#li543">543</a>, <a href="#li1056">1056</a>; and <b>sculan</b>, <a href="#li1784">ll. 1784</a>, <a href="#li2817">2817</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note353"></a>l. 353. <b>sīð</b> here, and at <a href="#li501">l. 501</a>, probably means <i>arrival</i>. E. +translates the former by <i>visit</i>, the latter by <i>adventure</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note357"></a>l. 357. <b>unhār</b> = <i>hairless, bald</i> (Gr., etc.).</p> + +<p><a name="note358"></a>l. 358. <b>ēode</b> is only one of four or five preterits of <b>gān +(gongan, gangan, gengan</b>), viz. <b>gēong</b> (<b>gīong</b>: <a href="#li926">ll. 926</a>, +<a href="#li2410">2410</a>, etc.), <b>gang</b> (<a href="#li1296">l. 1296</a>, etc.), <b>gengde</b> (<a href="#li1402">ll. 1402</a>, <a href="#li1413">1413</a>). +Sievers, p. 217, apparently remarks that <b>ēode</b> is "probably used only +in prose." (?!). Cf. <b>geng</b>, <cite>Gen.</cite> ll. 626, 834; <cite>Exod.</cite> +(Hunt) l. 102.</p> + +<p><a name="note367"></a>l. 367. The MS. and H.-So. read with Gr. and B. <b>glædman Hrōðgār</b>, +abandoning Thorkelin's <b>glædnian</b>. There is a glass. <b>hilaris +glædman.</b>—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 84; same as <b>glæd</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note369"></a>l. 369. <b>dugan</b> is a "preterit-present" verb, with new wk. preterit, +like <b>sculan, durran, magan</b>, etc. For various inflections, see ll. +<a href="#li573">573</a>, <a href="#li590">590</a>, <a href="#li1822">1822</a>, <a href="#li526">526</a>. Cf. <i>do</i> in "that will <i>do</i>"; +<i>doughty</i>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note372"></a>l. 372. Cf. <a href="#li535">l. 535</a> for a similar use; and <a href="#li1220">l. 1220</a>. Bede, <cite>Eccles. +Hist.</cite>, ed. Miller, uses the same expression several times. "Here, and +in all other places where <b>cniht</b> occurs in this poem, it seems to +carry that technical sense which it bore in the military hierarchy [of a +noble youth placed out and learning the elements of the art of war in the +service of a qualified warrior, to whom he is, in a military sense, a +servant], before it bloomed out in the full sense of <i>knight</i>."—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note373"></a>l. 373. E. remarks of the hyphened <b>eald-fæder</b>, "hyphens are risky +toys to play with in fixing texts of pre-hyphenial antiquity"; +<b>eald-fæder</b> could only = <i>grandfather</i>. <b>eald</b> here can +only mean <i>honored</i>, and the hyphen is unnecessary. Cf. "old fellow," +"my old man," etc.; and Ger. <i>alt-vater</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note378"></a>l. 378. Th. and B. propose <b>Gēatum</b>, as presents from the Danish to +the Geatish king.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii.</p> + +<p><a name="note380"></a>l. 380. <b>hæbbe</b>. The subj. is used in indirect narration and question, +wish and command, purpose, result, and hypothetical comparison with +<b>swelce</b> = <i>as if</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note386"></a>ll. 386, 387. Ten Br. emends to read: "Hurry, bid the kinsman-throng go +into the hall together."</p> + +<p><a name="note387"></a>l. 387. <b>sibbe-gedriht</b>, for Beowulf's friends, occurs also at <a href="#li730">l. 730</a>. +It is subject-acc. to <b>sēon</b>. Cf. <a href="#li347">ll. 347</a>, <a href="#li365">365</a>, and Hunt's +<cite>Exod.</cite> l. 214.</p> + +<p><a name="note404"></a>l. 404. "Here, as in the later Icelandic halls, Beowulf saw Hrothgar +enthroned on a high seat at the east end of the hall. The seat is sacred. +It has a supernatural quality. Grendel, the fiend, cannot approach +it."—Br., p. 34. Cf. <a href="#li168">l. 168</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note405"></a>l. 405. "At Benty Grange, in Derbyshire, an Anglo-Saxon barrow, opened in +1848, contained a coat of mail. 'The iron chain work consists of a large +number of links of two kinds attached to each other by small rings half an +inch in diameter; one kind flat and lozenge-shaped ... the others all of +one kind, but of different lengths.'"—Br., p. 126.</p> + +<p><a name="note407"></a>l. 407. <b>Wes</b> ... <b>hāl</b>: this ancient Teutonic greeting +afterwards grew into <b>wassail</b>. Cf. Skeat's <cite>Luke</cite>, i. 28; +<cite>Andreas</cite> (K.), 1827; Layamon, l. 14309, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note414"></a>l. 414. "The distinction between <b>wesan</b> and <b>weorðan</b> [in +passive relations] is not very clearly defined, but <b>wesan</b> appears to +indicate a state, <b>weorðan</b> generally an action."—Sw. Cf. Mod. German +<i>werden</i> and <i>sein</i> in similar relations.</p> + +<p><a name="note414"></a>l. 414. Gr. translates <b>hādor</b> by <i>receptaculum</i>; cf. Gering, +<cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> xii. 124. Toller-Bosw. ignores Gr.'s suggestion.</p> + +<p><a name="note420"></a>ll. 420, 421. B. reads: <b>þǣr ic</b> (<i>on</i>) <b>fīfelgeban</b> (= +<i>ocean</i>) <b>ȳðde eotena cyn</b>. Ten Br. reads: <b>þǣr ic fīfelgeban +ȳðde, eotena hām</b>. Ha. suggests <b>fīfelgeband</b> = +<i>monster-band</i>, without further changes.</p> + +<p>l. 420. R. reads <b>þǣra</b> = <i>of them</i>, for <b>þǣr</b>.—<cite>Zachers +Zeitschr.</cite> iii. 399; <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 367.</p> + +<p>l. 420. "<b>niht</b> has a gen., <b>nihtes</b>, used for the most part only +adverbially, and almost certainly to be regarded as masculine."—Cook's +Sievers' Gram., p. 158.</p> + +<p><a name="note425"></a>l. 425. Cf. also <a href="#li435">ll. 435</a>, <a href="#li635">635</a>, <a href="#li2345">2345</a>, for other examples of Beowulf's +determination to fight single-handed.</p> + +<p><a name="note441"></a>l. 441. <b>þe hine</b> = <i>whom</i>, as at <a href="#li1292">l. 1292</a>, etc. The indeclinable +<b>þe</b> is often thus combined with personal pronouns, = relative, and is +sometimes separated from them by a considerable interval.—Sw.</p> + +<p><a name="note443"></a>l. 443. The MS. has <b>Geotena</b>. B. and Fahlbeck, says H.-So., do not +consider the <b>Gēatas</b>, but the Jutes, as the inhabitants of Swedish +West-Gothland. Alfred translates <b>Juti</b> by <b>Gēatas</b>, but +<i>Jutland</i> by <i>Gotland</i>. In the laws they are called +<b>Guti</b>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 1, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note444"></a>l. 444. B., Gr., and Ha. make <b>unforhte</b> an adv. = <i>fearlessly</i>, +modifying <b>etan</b>. Kl. reads <b>anforhte</b> = <i>timid</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note446"></a>l. 446. Cf. <a href="#li2910">l. 2910</a>. Th. translates: <i>thou wilt not need my head to +hide</i> (i.e. <i>bury</i>). Simrock supposes a dead-watch or lyke-wake to +be meant. Wood, <i>thou wilt not have to bury so much as my head!</i> +H.-So. supposes <b>hēafod-weard</b>, <i>a guard of honor</i>, such as +sovereigns or presumptive rulers had, to be meant by <b>hafalan hȳdan</b>; +hence, <i>you need not give me any guard</i>, etc. Cf. Schmid, <cite>Gesetze +der A.</cite>, 370-372.</p> + +<p><a name="note447"></a>l. 447. S. places a colon after <b>nimeð</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note451"></a>l. 451. H.-So., Ha., and B. (<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 87) agree essentially in translating +<b>feorme</b>, <i>food</i>. R. translates <i>consumption of my corpse. Maintenance, +support</i>, seems preferable to either.</p> + +<p><a name="note452"></a>l. 452. Rönning (after Grimm) personifies Hild.—<cite>Beovulfs Kvadet</cite>, +l. 59. Hildr is the name of one of the Scandinavian Walkyries, or battle-maidens, who transport the spirits of the slain to Walhalla. Cf. Kent's +<cite>Elene</cite>, l. 18, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note455"></a>l. 455. "The war-smiths, especially as forgers of the sword, were garmented +with legend, and made into divine personages. Of these Weland +is the type, husband of a swan maiden, and afterwards almost a god."— +Br., p. 120. Cf. A. J. C. Hare's account of "Wayland Smith's sword with +which Henry II. was knighted," and which hung in Westminster Abbey +to a late date.—<cite>Walks in London</cite>, ii. 228.</p> + +<p>l. 455. This is the <b>ǣlces mannes wyrd</b> of Boethius (Sw., p. 44) and +the <b>wyrd bið swīðost</b> of Gnomic Verses, 5. There are about a dozen +references to it in <cite>Bēowulf</cite>.</p> + +<p>l. 455. E. compares the fatalism of this concluding hemistich with the +Christian tone of <a href="#li685">l. 685</a> <i>seq.</i></p> + +<p><a name="note457"></a>ll. 457, 458. B. reads <b>wǣre-ryhtum</b> ( = <i>from the obligations of +clientage</i>).</p> + +<p><a name="note480"></a>l. 480. Cf. <a href="#li1231">l. 1231</a>, where the same sense, "flown with wine," occurs.</p> + +<p><a name="note488"></a>l. 488. "The <b>duguð</b>, the mature and ripe warriors, the aristocracy of +the nation, are the support of the throne."—E. The M. E. form of the word, +<i>douth</i>, occurs often. Associated with <b>geogoð</b>, <a href="#li160">ll. 160</a> and <a href="#li622">622</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note489"></a>l. 489. Kl. omits comma after <b>meoto</b> and reads (with B.) +<b>sige-hrēð-secgum</b>, = <i>disclose thy thought to the +victor-heroes</i>. Others, as Körner, convert <b>meoto</b> into an +imperative and divide <b>on sǣl</b> = <i>think upon happiness</i>. But cf. +<b>onband beadu-rūne</b>, <a href="#li501">l. 501</a>. B. supposes <b>onsǣl meoto</b> =<i>speak +courteous words</i>. <cite>Tidskr.</cite> viii. 292; <cite>Haupts Zeitschr.</cite> xi. 411; +<cite>Eng. Stud.</cite> ii. 251.</p> + +<p>l. 489. Cf. the invitation at <a href="#li1783">l. 1783</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note494"></a>l. 494. Cf. Grimm's <cite>Andreas</cite>, l. 1097, for <b>deal</b>, =<i>proud, +elated, exulting</i>; <cite>Phoenix</cite> (Bright), l. 266.</p> + +<p><a name="note499"></a>l. 499. MS. has <b>Hunferð</b>, but the alliteration requires +<b>Unferð</b>, as at <a href="#li499">ll. 499</a>, <a href="#li1166">1166</a>, <a href="#li1489">1489</a>; and cf. <a href="#li1542">ll. 1542</a>, <a href="#li2095">2095</a>, <a href="#li2930">2930</a>. See +<i>List of Names</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note501"></a>l. 501. <b>sīð</b> = <i>arrival</i> (?); cf. <a href="#li353">l. 353</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note504"></a>l. 504. <b>þon mā</b> = <i>the more</i> (?), may be added to the references +under <b>þon</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note506"></a>l. 506. E. compares the taunt of Eliab to David, I Sam. xvii. 28.</p> + +<p><a name="note509"></a>l. 509. <b>dol-gilp</b> = <i>idle boasting</i>. The second definition in +the Gloss. is wrong.</p> + +<p><a name="note513"></a>l. 513. "Eagor-stream might possibly be translated the stream of Eagor, the +awful terror-striking stormy sea in which the terrible [Scandinavian] giant +dwelt, and through which he acted."—Br., p. 164. He remarks, "The English +term <i>eagre</i> still survives in provincial dialect for the tide-wave or +bore on rivers. Dryden uses it in his <cite>Threnod. Angust.</cite> 'But like an +<i>eagre</i> rode in triumph o'er the tide.' Yet we must be cautious," etc. +Cf. Fox's <cite>Boethius</cite>, ll. 20, 236; Thorpe's <cite>Cǣdmon</cite>, 69, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note524"></a>l. 524. Krüger and B. read <b>Bānstānes</b>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 573.</p> + +<p><a name="note525"></a>l. 525. R. reads <b>wyrsan</b> (= <b>wyrses:</b> cf. Mod. Gr. <i>guten +Muthes</i>) <b>geþinges</b>; but H.-So. shows that the MS. <b>wyrsan ... +þingea = wyrsena þinga</b>, <i>can stand</i>; cf. gen. pl. <b>banan</b>, +<cite>Christ</cite>, l. 66, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note545"></a>l. 545 <i>seq.</i> "Five nights Beowulf and Breca kept together, not +swimming, but sailing in open boats (to swim the seas is to sail the seas), +then storm drove them asunder ... Breca is afterwards chief of the +Brondings, a tribe mentioned in <cite>Wīdsíth</cite>. The story seems legendary, +not mythical."—Br., pp. 60, 61.</p> + +<p><a name="note574"></a>ll. 574-578. B. suggests <b>swā þǣr for hwæðere</b>, = <i>so there it +befell me</i>. But the word at <a href="#li574">l. 574</a> seems = <i>however</i>, and at <a href="#li578">l. 578</a> += <i>yet</i>; cf. <a href="#li891">l. 891</a>; see S.; <cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 138; <cite>Tidskr.</cite> +viii. 48; <cite>Zacher</cite>, iii. 387, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note586"></a>l. 586. Gr. and Grundt. read <b>fāgum sweordum (no ic þæs fela gylpe!</b>), +supplying <b>fela</b> and blending the broken half-lines into one. Ho. and +Kl. supply <b>geflites</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note599"></a>l. 599. E. translates <b>nȳd-bāde</b> by <i>blackmail</i>; adding "<b>nēd +bād</b>, <i>toll</i>; <b>nēd bādere</b>, <i>tolltaker</i>."—Land Charters, +Gloss, v.</p> + +<p><a name="note601"></a>l. 601. MS. has <b>ond</b> = <i>and</i> in three places only (<a href="#li601">601</a>, <a href="#li1149">1149</a>, +<a href="#li2041">2041</a>); elsewhere it uses the symbol 7 = <i>and</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note612"></a>l. 612. <i>seq.</i> Cf. the drinking ceremony at <a href="#li1025">l. 1025</a>. "The royal lady +offers the cup to Beowulf, not in his turn where he sate among the rest, +but after it has gone the round; her approach to Beowulf is an act +apart."—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note620"></a>l. 620. "The [loving] cup which went the round of the company and was +tasted by all," like the Oriel and other college anniversary cups.—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note622"></a>l. 622. Cf. <a href="#li160">ll. 160</a>, <a href="#li1191">1191</a>, for the respective places of young and old.</p> + +<p><a name="note623"></a>l. 623. Cf. the circlet of gold worn by Wealhþēow at <a href="#li1164">l. 1164</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note631"></a>l. 631. <b>gyddode</b>. Cf. Chaucer, <cite>Prol.</cite> l. 237 (ed. Morris):</p> +<div class="line">"Of <i>yeddynges</i> he bar utterly the prys."</div> +<p>Cf. <i>giddy</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note648"></a>l. 648. Kl. suggests a period after <b>geþinged</b>, especially as B. +(<cite>Tidskr.</cite> viii. 57) has shown that <b>oþþe</b> is sometimes = +<b>ond</b>. Th. supplies <b>ne</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note650"></a>l. 650. <b>oþþe</b> here and at <a href="#li2476">ll. 2476</a>, <a href="#li3007">3007</a>, probably = <i>and</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note651"></a>l. 651. Cf. 704, where <b>sceadu-genga</b> (the <i>night-ganger</i> of +<cite>Leechdoms</cite>, ii. 344) is applied to the demon.—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note659"></a>l. 659. Cf. <a href="#li2431">l. 2431</a> for same formula, "to have and to hold" of the Marriage +Service.—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note681"></a>l. 681. B. considers <b>þēah ... eal</b> a precursor of Mod. Eng. +<i>although</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note682"></a>l. 682. <b>gōdra</b> = <i>advantages in battle</i> (Gr.), +<i>battle-skill</i> (Ha.), <i>skill in war</i> (H.-So.). Might not +<b>nāt</b> be changed to <b>nah = ne + āh</b> (cf. <a href="#li2253">l. 2253</a>), thus +justifying the translation <i>ability</i> (?) —<i>he has not the ability +to</i>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note695"></a>l. 695. Kl. reads <b>hiera</b>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 189. B. omits <b>hīe</b> +as occurring in the previous hemistich.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 89.</p> + +<p><a name="note698"></a>l. 698. "Here Destiny is a web of cloth."—E., who compares the Greek +Clotho, "spinster of fate." Women are also called "weavers of peace," as l. +<a href="#li1943">1943</a>. Cf. Kent's <cite>Elene</cite>, l. 88; <cite>Wīdsīð</cite>, l. 6, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note711"></a>l. 711. B. translates <b>þā</b> by <i>when</i> and connects with the +preceding sentences, thus rejecting the ordinary canto-division at <a href="#li711">l. 711</a>. +He objects to the use of <b>cōm</b> as principal vb. at <a href="#li703">ll. 703</a>, <a href="#li711">711</a>, and +721. (<cite>Beit</cite>, xii.)</p> + +<p>l. 711. "Perhaps the Gnomic verse which tells of Thyrs, the giant, is +written with Grendel in the writer's mind,—<b>þyrs sceal on fenne gewunian +āna inuan lande</b>, <i>the giant shall dwell in the fen, alone in the +land</i> (Sweet's Read., p. 187)."—Br. p. 36.</p> + +<p><a name="note717"></a>l. 717. Dietrich, in <cite>Haupt.</cite> xi. 419, quotes from AElfric, <cite>Hom.</cite> +ii. 498: <b>hē beworhte þā bigelsas mid gyldenum lǣfrum</b>, <i>he covered +the arches with gold-leaf</i>,—a Roman custom derived from Carthage. Cf. +Mod. Eng. <i>oriel</i> = <i>aureolum</i>, a gilded room.—E. (quoting +Skeat). Cf. <a href="#li2257">ll. 2257</a>, <a href="#li1097">1097</a>, <a href="#li2247">2247</a>, <a href="#li2103">2103</a>, <a href="#li2702">2702</a>, <a href="#li2283">2283</a>, <a href="#li333">333</a>, <a href="#li1751">1751</a>, for various +uses of gold-sheets.</p> + +<p><a name="note720"></a>l. 720. B. and ten Br. suggest <i>hell-thane</i> (Grendel) for +<b>heal-þegnas</b>, and make <b>hæle</b> refer to Beowulf. Cf. <a href="#li142">l. 142</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note723"></a>l. 723. Z. reads <b>[ge]hrān</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note727"></a>l. 727. For this use of <b>standan</b>, cf. <a href="#li2314">ll. 2314</a>, <a href="#li2770">2770</a>; and Vergil, +<cite>Ecl.</cite> ii. 26:</p> +<div class="line">"Cum placidum ventis <i>staret</i> mare."</div> + +<p><a name="note757"></a>l. 757. <b>gedræg</b>. <i>Tumult</i> is one of the meanings of this word. +Here, appar. = <i>occupation, lair</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note759"></a>l. 759. R. reads <b>mōdega</b> for <b>gōda</b>, "because the attribute +cannot be separated from the word modified unless the two alliterate."</p> + +<p><a name="note762"></a>l. 762. Cf. <cite>Andreas</cite>, l. 1537, for a similar use of <b>ūt</b> = +<i>off</i>.—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note769"></a>l. 769. The foreign words in <cite>Bēowulf</cite> (as <b>ceaster</b>-here) are +not numerous; others are (aside from proper names like <i>Cain, Abel</i>, +etc.) <b>dēofol (diabolus), candel</b> (<a href="#li1573">l. 1573</a>), <b>ancor</b> (<a href="#li303">l. 303</a>), +<b>scrīfan (for- ge-), segn</b> (<a href="#li47">l. 47</a>), <b>gīgant</b> (<a href="#li113">l. 113</a>), +<b>mīl-</b> (<a href="#li1363">l. 1363</a>), <b>strǣt</b> (<a href="#li320">l. 320</a>), <b>ombeht</b> (<a href="#li287">l. 287</a>), +<b>gim</b> (<a href="#li2073">l. 2073</a>), etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note770"></a>l. 770. MS. reads <b>cerwen</b>, a word conceived by B. and others to be +part of a fem. compd.: <b>-scerwen</b> like <b>-wenden</b> in +<b>ed-wenden</b>, <b>-rǣden</b>, etc. (cf. <b>meodu-scerpen</b> in +<cite>Andreas</cite>, l. 1528); emended to <b>-scerwen</b>, <i>a great scare +under the figure of a mishap at a drinking-bout</i>; one might compare +<b>bescerwan</b>, <i>to deprive</i>, from <b>bescyrian</b> (Grein, i. 93), +hence <b>ealu-seerwen</b> would = <i>a sudden taking away, deprivation, of +the beer</i>.—H.-So., p. 93. See B., <cite>Tidskr.</cite> viii. 292.</p> + +<p><a name="note771"></a>l. 771. Ten Br. reads <b>rēðe, rēnhearde</b>, = <i>raging, exceeding +bold</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note792"></a>l. 792. Instrumental adverbial phrases like <b>ǣnige þinga, nǣnige +þinga</b> (<i>not at all</i>), <b>hūru þinga</b> (<i>especially</i>) are +not infrequent. See Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 178; March, <cite>A.-S. +Gram.</cite>, p. 182.</p> + +<p><a name="note811"></a>l. 811. <b>myrðe</b>. E. translates <i>in wanton mood</i>. Toller-Bosw. +does not recognize <i>sorrow</i> as one of the meanings of this word.</p> + +<p><a name="note850"></a>ll. 850, 851. S. reads <b>dēop</b> for <b>dēog</b> and erases semicolon after <b>wēol</b>, = +<i>the death-stained deep welled with sword-gore</i>; cf. <a href="#li1424">l. 1424</a>. B. reads +<b>dēað-fǣges dēop</b>, etc., = <i>the deep welled with the doomed one's +gore</i>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 89.</p> + +<p><a name="note857"></a>l. 857. The meaning of <b>blaneum</b> is partly explained by <b>fealwe +mēaras</b> below, <a href="#li866">l. 866</a>. Cf. Layamon's "and leop on his <i>blancke" = +steed</i>, l. 23900; Kent's <cite>Elene</cite>, l. 1185.</p> + +<p><a name="note859"></a>l. 859. Körner, <cite>Eng. Stud.</cite> i. 482, regards the oft-recurring <b>be +sǣm twēonum</b> as a mere formula = <i>on earth</i>; cf. <a href="#li1298">ll. 1298</a>, <a href="#li1686">1686</a>. +<b>twēone</b> is part of the separable prep. <i>between</i>; see +<b>be-</b>. Cf. Baskerville's <cite>Andreas</cite>, l. 558.</p> + +<p><a name="note865"></a>l. 865. Cf. <cite>Voyage of Ōhthere and Wulfstān</cite> for an account of funeral +horse-racing, Sweet's Read., p. 22.</p> + +<p><a name="note868"></a>l. 868. See Ha., p. 31, for a variant translation.</p> + +<p><a name="note871"></a>l. 871 <i>seq.</i> R. considers this a technical description of improvised +alliterative verse, suggested by and wrought out on the spur of the moment.</p> + +<p><a name="note872"></a>l. 872. R. and B. propose <b>secg[an]</b>, = <i>rehearse</i>, for +<b>secg</b>, which suits the verbs in the next two lines.</p> + +<p><a name="note878"></a>ll. 878-98. "It pleases me to think that it is in English literature we +possess the first sketch of that mighty saga [the Volsunga Saga = +<b>Wælsinges gewin</b>] which has for so many centuries engaged all the +arts, and at last in the hands of Wagner the art of music."—Br., p. 63. +Cf. <cite>Nibelung. Lied</cite>, l. 739.</p> + +<p><a name="note894"></a>l. 894. Intransitive verbs, as <b>gān, weorðan</b>, sometimes take +<b>habban</b>, "to indicate independent action."—Sw. Cf. <b>hafað ... +geworden</b>, <a href="#li2027">l. 2027</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note895"></a>l. 895. "<b>brūcan</b> (<i>enjoy</i>) always has the genitive."—Sw.; cf. +<a href="#li895">l. 895</a>; acc., gen., instr., dat., according to March, <cite>A.-S. Gram.</cite>, +p. 151.</p> + +<p><a name="note898"></a>l. 898. Scherer proposes <b>hāte</b>, = <i>from heat</i>, instr. of +<b>hāt</b>, <i>heat</i>; cf. <a href="#li2606">l. 2606</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note901"></a>l. 901. <b>hē þæs āron þāh</b> = <i>he throve in honor</i> (B.). Ten Br. +inserts comma after <b>þāh</b>, making <b>siððan</b> introduce a depend. +clause.—<cite>Beit.</cite> viii. 568. Cf. <b>weorð-myndum þāh</b>, <a href="#li8">l. 8</a>; ll. +<a href="#li1155">1155</a>, <a href="#li1243">1243</a>.—H.-So.</p> + +<p><a name="note902"></a>l. 902. <b>Heremōdes</b> is considered by Heinzel to be a mere epithet = +<i>the valiant</i>; which would refer the whole passage to Sigmund +(Sigfrid), the <b>eotenas</b>, <a href="#li903">l. 903</a>, being the Nibelungen. This, says +H.-So., gets rid of the contradiction between the good "Heremōd" here and +the bad one, <a href="#li1710">l. 1710</a> <i>seq.</i>—B. however holds fast to +Heremōd.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 41. <b>on fēonda geweald</b>, <a href="#li904">l. 904</a>,—<i>into +the hands of devils</i>, says B.; cf. <a href="#li809">ll. 809</a>, <a href="#li1721">1721</a>, <a href="#li2267">2267</a>; <cite>Christ</cite>, +l. 1416; <cite>Andreas</cite>, l. 1621; for <b>hine fyren onwōd</b>, cf. +<cite>Gen.</cite> l. 2579; Hunt's <cite>Dan.</cite> 17: <b>hīe wlenco anwōd</b>.</p> + +<p>l. 902 <i>seq.</i> "Heremōd's shame is contrasted with the glory of +Sigemund, and with the prudence, patience, generosity, and gentleness of +Beowulf as a chieftain."—Br., p. 66.</p> + +<p><a name="note906"></a>l. 906. MS. has <b>lemede</b>. Toller-Bosw. corrects to <b>lemedon</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note917"></a>l. 917. Cf. Hunt's <cite>Exod.</cite>, l. 170, for similar language.</p> + +<p><a name="note925"></a>l. 925. <b>hōs</b>, G. <b>hansa</b>, <i>company</i>, "the word from which +the mercantile association of the 'Hanseatic' towns took their +designation."—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note927"></a>l. 927. <b>on staþole</b> = <i>on the floor</i> (B., Rask, ten +Br.).—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 90.</p> + +<p>l. 927. May not <b>stēapne</b> here = <i>bright</i>, from its being +immediately followed by <b>golde fāhne</b>? Cf. Chaucer's "his eyen +<i>stepe</i>," <cite>Prol.</cite> l. 201 (ed. Morris); Cockayne's <cite>Ste. +Marherete</cite>, pp. 9, 108; <cite>St. Kath.</cite>, l. 1647.</p> + +<p><a name="note931"></a>l. 931. <b>grynna</b> may be for <b>gyrnna</b> (= <i>sorrows</i>), gen. +plu. of <b>gyrn</b>, as suggested by one commentator.</p> + +<p><a name="note937"></a>l. 937. B. (<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 90) makes <b>gehwylcne</b> object of +<b>wīd-scofen (hæfde)</b>. Gr. makes <b>wēa</b> nom. absolute.</p> + +<p><a name="note940"></a>l. 940. <b>scuccum</b>: cf. G. <b>scheuche, scheusal</b>; Prov. Eng. +<i>old-shock</i>; perhaps the pop. interjection <i>O shucks!</i> (!)</p> + +<p><a name="note959"></a>l. 959. H. explains <b>wē</b> as a "plur. of majesty," which Bēowulf throws +off at <a href="#li964">l. 964</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note963"></a>l. 963. <b>fēond þone frætgan</b> (B. <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 90).</p> + +<p><a name="note976"></a>l. 976. <b>synnum</b>. "Most abstract words in the poetry have a very wide +range of meanings, diverging widely from the prose usage, <b>synn</b>, for +instance, means simply <i>injury, mischief, hatred</i>, and the prose +meaning <i>sin</i> is only a secondary one; <b>hata</b> in poetry is not +only <i>hater</i>, but <i>persecutor, enemy</i>, just as <b>nīð</b> is both +<i>hatred</i> and <i>violence, strength</i>; <b>heard</b> is <i>sharp</i> +as well as <i>hard</i>."—Sw.</p> + +<p><a name="note986"></a>l. 986. S. places <b>wæs</b> at end of <a href="#li985">l. 985</a> and reads <b>stīðra +nægla</b>, omitting <b>gehwylc</b> and the commas after that and after +<b>scēawedon</b>. <cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 138; <b>stēdra</b> (H.-So.); +<b>hand-sporu</b> (H.-So.) at <a href="#li987">l. 987</a>.</p> + +<p>l. 986. Miller (<cite>Anglia</cite>, xii. 3) corrects to <b>ǣghwylene</b>, in +apposition to <b>fingras</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note987"></a>l. 987. <b>hand-sporu</b>. See <cite>Anglia</cite>, vii. 176, for a discussion of +the intrusion of <b>u</b> into the nom. of <b>n</b>-stems.</p> + +<p><a name="note988"></a>l. 988. Cf. <a href="#li2121">ll. 2121</a>, <a href="#li2414">2414</a>, for similar use of <b>unhēoru = ungeheuer</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note992"></a>l. 992. B. suggests <b>hēatimbred</b> for <b>hāten</b>, and +<b>gefrætwon</b> for <b>-od</b>; Kl., <b>hroden</b> (<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 189).</p> + +<p><a name="note995"></a>l. 995, 996. Gold-embroidered tapestries seem to be meant by <b>web</b> = +<i>aurifrisium</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note997"></a>l. 997. After <b>þāra þe</b> = <i>of those that</i>, the depend, vb. often +takes sg. for pl.; cf. <a href="#li844">ll. 844</a>, <a href="#li1462">1462</a>, <a href="#li2384">2384</a>, <a href="#li2736">2736</a>.—Sw.; Dietrich.</p> + +<p><a name="note998"></a>l. 998. "Metathesis of <b>l</b> takes place in <b>seld</b> for <b>setl, +bold</b> for <b>botl</b>," etc.—Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 96. Cf. Eng. +proper names, <i>Bootle, Battle</i>field, etc.—Skeat, <i>Principles</i>, +i. 250.</p> + +<p><a name="note1000"></a>l. 1000. <b>heorras</b>: cf. Chaucer, <cite>Prol.</cite> (ed. Morris) l. 550:</p> +<div class="line">"Ther was no dore that he nolde heve of <i>harre</i>."</div> + +<p><a name="note1005"></a>ll. 1005-1007. See <cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> iii. 391, and <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. +368, for R.'s and B.'s views of this difficult passage.</p> + +<p><a name="note1009"></a>l. 1009. Cf. <a href="#li1612">l. 1612</a> for <b>sǣl and mǣl</b>, surviving still in E. Anglia +in "mind your <i>seals and meals</i>," = <i>times and occasions</i>, i.e. +have your wits about you.—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note1012"></a>ll. 1012, 1013. Cf. <a href="#li753">ll. 753</a>, <a href="#li754">754</a> for two similar comparatives used in +conjunction.</p> + +<p><a name="note1014"></a>l. 1014. Cf. <a href="#li327">l. 327</a> for similar language.</p> + +<p><a name="note1015"></a>ll. 1015, 1016. H.-So. puts these two lines in parentheses (<b>fylle ... +þāra</b>). Cf. B., <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 91.</p> + +<p><a name="note1024"></a>l. 1024. One of the many famous swords spoken of in the poem. See +<b>Hrunting</b>, <a href="#li1458">ll. 1458</a>, <a href="#li1660">1660</a>; <b>Hūnlāfing</b>, <a href="#li1144">l. 1144</a>, etc. Cf. +Excalibur, Roland's sword, the Nibelung Balmung, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1034"></a>l. 1034. <b>scūr-heard</b>. For an ingenious explanation of this disputed +word see Professor Pearce's article in <cite>Mod. Lang. Notes</cite>, Nov. 1, +1892, and ensuing discussion.</p> + +<p><a name="note1039"></a>l. 1039. <b>eoderas</b> is of doubtful meaning. H. and Toller-Bosw. regard +the word here = <i>enclosure, palings of the court</i>. Cf. <cite>Cǣdmon</cite>, +ll. 2439, 2481. The passage throws interesting light on horses and their +trappings</p> + +<p><a name="note1043"></a>l. 1043. Grundt. emends <b>wīg</b> to <b>wicg</b>, = <i>charger</i>; and E. +quotes Tacitus, <cite>Germania</cite>, 7.</p> + +<p><a name="note1044"></a>l. 1044. "Power over each and both"; cf. "all and some," "one and all."</p> + +<p>For <b>Ingwin</b>, see <i>List of Names</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1065"></a>l. 1065. Gr. contends that <b>fore</b> here = <b>de</b>, <i>concerning, +about</i> (Ebert's <cite>Jahrb.</cite>, 1862, p. 269).</p> + +<p><a name="note1069"></a>l. 1069. H.-So. supplies <b>fram</b> after <b>eaferum</b>, to govern it, = +<i>concerning</i> (?). Cf. <cite>Fight at Finnsburg</cite>, Appendix.</p> + +<p><a name="note1070"></a>l. 1070. For the numerous names of the Danes, "bright-" "spear-" "east-" +"west-" "ring-" Danes, see these words.</p> + +<p><a name="note1073"></a>l. 1073. <b>Eotenas</b> = <i>Finn's people, the Frisians</i>; cf. <a href="#li1089">ll. 1089</a>, +<a href="#li1142">1142</a>, <a href="#li1146">1146</a>, etc., and <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 37. Why they are so called is not +known.</p> + +<p><a name="note1084"></a>l. 1084. R. proposes <b>wiht Hengeste wið gefeohtan</b> (<cite>Zachers +Zeitschr.</cite> iii. 394). Kl., <b>wið H. wiht gefeohtan</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1085"></a>ll. 1085 and 1099. <b>wēa-lāf</b> occurs in Wulfstan, <cite>Hom.</cite> 133, ed. +Napier.—E. Cf. <b>daroða lāf</b>, <cite>Brunanb.</cite>, l. 54; <b>ādes +lāfe</b>, <cite>Phoenix</cite>, 272 (Bright), etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1098"></a>l. 1098. <b>elne unflitme</b> = <i>so dass der eid (der inhalt des eides) +nicht streitig war</i>.—B., <cite>Beit.</cite> iii. 30. But cf. 1130, where +Hengist and Finn are again brought into juxtaposition and the expression +<b>ealles (?) unhlitme</b> occurs.</p> + +<p><a name="note1106"></a>l. 1106. The pres. part. + <b>be</b>, as <b>myndgiend wǣre</b> here, is +comparatively rare in original A.-S. literature, but occurs abundantly in +translations from the Latin. The periphrasis is generally meaningless. Cf. +<a href="#li3029">l. 3029</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1108"></a>l. 1108. Körner suggests <b>ecge</b>, = <i>sword</i>, in reference to a +supposed old German custom of placing ornaments, etc., on the point of a +sword or spear (<cite>Eng. Stud.</cite> i. 495). Singer, <b>ince-gold</b> = +<i>bright gold</i>; B., <b>andīege</b> = Goth, <i>andaugjo, evidently</i>. +Cf. <b>incge lāfe</b>, <a href="#li2578">l. 2578</a>. Possibly: and <b>inge</b> (= <i>young +men</i>) <b>gold āhōfon of horde</b>. For <b>inge</b>, cf. Hunt's +<cite>Exod.</cite> l. 190.</p> + +<p><a name="note1115"></a>ll. 1115-1120. R. proposes (<b>hēt þā ...) bānfatu bærnan ond on bǣl dōn, +earme on eaxe</b> = <i>to place the arms in the ashes</i>, reading +<b>gūðrēc</b> = <i>battle-reek</i>, for <b>-rinc</b> (<cite>Zachers +Zeitschr.</cite> iii. 395). B., Sarrazin (<cite>Beit.</cite> xi. 530), Lichtenfeld +(<cite>Haupts Zeitschr.</cite> xvi. 330), C., etc., propose various emendations. +See H.-So., p. 97, and <cite>Beit.</cite> viii. 568. For <b>gùðrinc āstāh</b>, +cf. Old Norse, <i>stiga á bál</i>, "ascend the bale-fire."</p> + +<p><a name="note1116"></a>l. 1116. <b>sweoloðe</b>. "On Dartmoor the burning of the furze up the +hillsides to let new grass grow, is called <i>zwayling</i>."—E. Cf. +<i>sultry</i>, G. <i>schwül</i>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1119"></a>l. 1119. Cf. <b>wudu-rēc āstāh</b>, <a href="#li3145">l. 3145</a>; and <cite>Exod.</cite> (Hunt), l. +450: <b>wǣlmist āstāh</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1122"></a>l. 1122. <b>ætspranc</b> = <i>burst forth, arose</i> (omitted from the +Gloss.), < <b>æt + springan</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1130"></a>l. 1130. R. and Gr. read <b>elne unflitme</b>, = <i>loyally and without +contest</i>, as at <a href="#li1098">l. 1098</a>. Cf. Ha., p. 39; H.-So., p. 97.</p> + +<p><a name="note1137"></a>l. 1137. <b>scacen</b> = <i>gone</i>; cf. <a href="#li1125">ll. 1125</a>, <a href="#li2307">2307</a>, <a href="#li2728">2728</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1142"></a>l. 1142. "The sons of the Eotenas" (B., <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 31, who +conjectures a gap after 1142).</p> + +<p><a name="note1144"></a>l. 1144. B. separates thus: <b>Hūn Lāfing</b>, = <i>Hūn placed the sword +Lāfing</i>, etc.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 32; cf. R., <cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> +iii. 396. Heinzel and Homburg make other conjectures (Herrig's +<cite>Archiv</cite>, 72, 374, etc.).</p> + +<p><a name="note1143"></a>l. 1143. B., H.-So., and Möller read: <b>worod rǣdenne, þonne him Hūn +Lāfing</b>, = <i>military brotherhood, when Hūn laid upon his breast</i> +(the sword) <i>Lāfing</i>. There is a sword <i>Laufi, Lövi</i> in the Norse +sagas; but swords, armor, etc., are often called the <i>leaving</i> +(<b>lāf</b>) of files, hammers, etc., especially a precious heirloom; cf. +<a href="#li454">ll. 454</a>, <a href="#li1033">1033</a>, <a href="#li2830">2830</a>, <a href="#li2037">2037</a>, <a href="#li2629">2629</a>, <a href="#li796">796</a>, etc., etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1152"></a>l. 1152. <b>roden</b> = <i>reddened</i> (B., <cite>Tidskr.</cite> viii. 295).</p> + +<p><a name="note1160"></a>l. 1160. For <a href="#li1069">ll. 1069-1160</a>, containing the Finn episode, cf. Möller, +<cite>Alteng. Volksepos</cite>, 69, 86, 94; Heinzel, <cite>Anz. f. dtsch. +Altert.</cite>, 10, 226; B., <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 29-37. Cf. <cite>Wīdsīð</cite>, l. +33, etc.</p> + +<p>ll. 1160, 1161. <b>lēoð</b> (<b>lied</b> = <i>song, lay</i>) and <b>gyd</b> +here appear synonyms.</p> + +<p><a name="note1162"></a>ll. 1162-1165. "Behind the wars and tribal wanderings, behind the +contentions of the great, we watch in this poem the steady, continuous life +of home, the passions and thoughts of men, the way they talked and moved +and sang and drank and lived and loved among one another and for one +another."—Br., p. 18.</p> + +<p><a name="note1163"></a>l. 1163. Cf. <i>wonderwork</i>. So <i>wonder-death, wonder-bidding, +wonder-treasure, -smith, -sight</i>, etc. at <a href="#li1748">ll. 1748</a>, <a href="#li3038">3038</a>, <a href="#li2174">2174</a>, <a href="#li1682">1682</a>, +<a href="#li996">996</a>, etc. Cf. the German use of the same intensive, = <i>wondrous</i>, in +<i>wunder-schön</i>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1165"></a>l. 1165. <b>þā gȳt</b> points to some future event when "each" was not +"true to other," undeveloped in this poem, <b>suhtor-gefæderan</b> = +Hrōðgār and Hrōðulf, <a href="#li1018">l. 1018</a>. Cf. <b>āðum-swerian</b>, <a href="#li84">l. 84</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1167"></a>l. 1167 almost repeats <a href="#li500">l. 500</a>, <b>æt fōtum</b>, etc., where Unferð is first +introduced.</p> + +<p><a name="note1191"></a>l. 1191. E. sees in this passage separate seats for youth and middle-aged +men, as in English college halls, chapels, convocations, and churches +still.</p> + +<p><a name="note1192"></a>l. 1192. <b>ymbutan</b>, <i>round about</i>, is sometimes thus separated: +<b>ymb hīe ūtan</b>; cf. <cite>Voyage of Ōhthere</cite>, etc. (Sw.), p. 18, l. +34, etc.; <cite>Bēowulf</cite>, <a href="#li859">ll. 859</a>, <a href="#li1686">1686</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1194"></a>l. 1194. <b>bewægned</b>, a ἃπαξ λεγόμενον, tr. <i>offered</i> by +Th. Probably a p. p. <b>wægen</b>, made into a vb. by <b>-ian</b>, like +<i>own, drown</i>, etc. Cf. <b>hafenian</b> ( < <b>hafen</b>, < +<b>hebban</b>), etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1196"></a>l. 1196. E. takes the expression to mean "mantle and its rings or +broaches." "Rail" long survived in Mid. Eng. (<cite>Piers Plow.</cite>, etc.).</p> + +<p>l. 1196. This necklace was afterwards given by Beowulf to Hygd, <a href="#li2173">ll. 2173</a>, +<a href="#li2174">2174</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1199"></a>ll. 1199-1215. From the obscure hints in the passage, a part of the poem +may be approximately dated,—if Hygelāc is the <i>Chochi-laicus</i> of +Gregory of Tours, <cite>Hist. Francorum</cite>, iii. 3,—about A.D. 512-20.</p> + +<p><a name="note1200"></a>l. 1200. The <b>Breosinga men</b> (Icel. <i>Brisinga men</i>) is the +necklace of the goddess Freya; cf. <cite>Elder Edda, Hamarshemt.</cite> Hāma +stole the necklace from the Gothic King Eormenrīc; cf. <cite>Traveller's +Song</cite>, ll. 8, 18, 88, 111. The comparison of the two necklaces leads the +poet to anticipate Hygelāc's history,—a suggestion of the poem's mosaic +construction.</p> + +<p>l. 1200. For <b>Brōsinga mene</b>, cf. B., <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 72. C. +suggests <b>flēah</b>, = <i>fled</i>, for <b>fealh</b>, placing semicolon +after <b>byrig</b>, and making <b>hē</b> subject of <b>flēah</b> and +<b>gecēas</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1202"></a>l. 1202. B. conjectures <b>gecēas ēcne rǣd</b> to mean <i>he became a pious +man and at death went to heaven</i>. Heime (Hāma) in the +<cite>Thidrekssaga</cite> goes into a cloister = to choose the better part (?). +Cf. H.-So., p. 98. But cf. Hrōðgār's language to Beowulf, <a href="#li1760">ll. 1760</a>, <a href="#li1761">1761</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1211"></a>l. 1211. S. proposes <b>feoh</b>, = <i>property</i>, for <b>feorh</b>, +which would be a parallel for <b>brēost-gewǣdu ... bēah</b> below.</p> + +<p><a name="note1213"></a>l. 1213. E. remarks that in the <cite>Laws of Cnut</cite>, i. 26, the devil is called +<b>se wōdfreca werewulf</b>, <i>the ravening werwolf</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1215"></a>l. 1215. C. proposes <b>heals-bēge onfēng</b>. <cite>Beit.</cite> viii. 570. For +<b>hreā-</b> Kl. suggests <b>hrǣ-</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1227"></a>l. 1227. The son referred to is, according to Ettmüller, the one that +reigns after Hrōðgār.</p> + +<p><a name="note1229"></a>l. 1229. Kl. suggests <b>sī</b>, = <i>be</i>, for <i>is</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1232"></a>l. 1232. S. gives <i>wine-elated</i> as the meaning of +<b>druncne</b>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 139; Kl. <cite>ibid.</cite> 189, 194. But cf. +<cite>Judith</cite>, ll. 67, 107.</p> + +<p><a name="note1235"></a>l. 1235. Cf. <a href="#li119">l. 119</a> for similarity of language.</p> + +<p>l. 1235. Kl. proposes <b>gea-sceaft</b>; but cf. <a href="#li1267">l. 1267</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1246"></a>l. 1246. Ring armor was common in the Middle Ages. E. points out the +numerous forms of <b>byrne</b> in cognate languages,—Gothic, Icelandic, +OHG., Slavonic, O. Irish, Romance, etc. Du Chaillu, <cite>The Viking Age</cite>, +i. 126. Cf. Murray's <cite>Dict.</cite> s. v.</p> + +<p><a name="note1248"></a>l. 1248. <b>ānwīg-gearwe</b> = <i>ready for single combat</i> (C.); but cf. +Ha. p. 43; <cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 210, 282.</p> + +<p><a name="note1252"></a>l. 1252. Some consider this <i>fitt</i> the beginning of Part (or Lay) II. +of the original epic, if not a separate work in itself.</p> + +<p><a name="note1254"></a>l. 1254. K., W., and Ho. read <b>farode</b> = <i>wasted;</i> Kolbing reads +<b>furode</b>; but cf. <b>wēsten warode</b>, <a href="#li1266">l. 1266</a>. MS. has <b>warode</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1255"></a>ll. 1255-1258. This passage is a good illustration of the constant +parallelism of word and phrase characteristic of A.-S. poetry, and is +quoted by Sw. The changes are rung on <b>ende</b> and <b>swylt</b>, on +<b>gesȳne</b> and <b>wīdcūð</b>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1259"></a>l. 1259. "That this story of Grendel's mother was originally a separate lay +from the first seems to be suggested by the fact that the monsters are +described over again, and many new details added, such as would be inserted +by a new singer who wished to enhance and adorn the original tale."—Br., +p. 41.</p> + +<p>l. 1259. Cf. <a href="#li107">l. 107</a>, which also points to the ancestry of murderers and +monsters and their descent from "Cain."</p> + +<p><a name="note1261"></a>l. 1261. The MS. has <b>sē þe</b>, m.; changed by some to <b>seo þe</b>. At +<a href="#li1393">ll. 1393</a>, <a href="#li1395">1395</a>, <a href="#li1498">1498</a>, Grendel's mother is referred to as m.; at <a href="#li1293">ll. 1293</a>, +<a href="#li1505">1505</a>, <a href="#li1541">1541-1546</a>, etc., as f., the uncertain pronoun designating a creature +female in certain aspects, but masculine in demonic strength and +savageness.—H.-So.; Sw. p. 202. Cf. the masc. epithets at <a href="#li1380">ll. 1380</a>, <a href="#li2137">2137</a>, +etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1270"></a>l. 1270. <b>āglǣca</b> = <i>Grendel</i>, though possibly referring to +Beowulf, as at <a href="#li1513">l. 1513</a>.—Sw.</p> + +<p><a name="note1273"></a>l. 1273. "It is not certain whether <b>anwalda</b> stands for +<b>onwealda</b>, or whether it should be read <b>ānwealda</b>, = <i>only +ruler</i>.—Sw.</p> + +<p><a name="note1279"></a>l. 1279. The MS. has <b>sunu þeod wrecan</b>, which R. changes to <b>sunu +þēod-wrecan</b>, <b>þēod-</b> = <i>monstrous</i>; but why not regard +<b>þēod</b> as opposition to <b>sunu</b>, = <i>her son, the prince?</i> See +Sweet's Reader, and Körner's discussion, <cite>Eng. Stud.</cite> i. 500.</p> + +<p><a name="note1281"></a>l. 1281. Ten Br. suggests (for <b>sōna</b>) <b>sāra</b> = <i>return of +sorrows.</i></p> + +<p><a name="note1286"></a>l. 1286. "<b>geþuren</b> (twice so written in MSS.) stands for +<b>geþrúen</b>, <i>forged</i>, and is an isolated p. p."—Cook's Sievers' +Gram., 209. But see Toller-Bosw. for examples; Sw., Gloss.; March, p. 100, +etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1292"></a>ll. 1292. <b>þe hine</b> = <i>whom;</i> cf. <a href="#li441">ll. 441</a>, <a href="#li1437">1437</a>, <a href="#li1292">1292</a>; +<cite>Hēliand</cite>, l. 1308.</p> + +<p><a name="note1298"></a>l. 1298. <b>be sǣm tweonum</b>; cf. <a href="#li1192">l. 1192</a>; Hunt's <cite>Exod.</cite> l. 442; +and Mod. Eng. "to <i>us</i>-ward, etc.—Earle's <cite>Philol.</cite>, p. 449. Cf. +note, l. 1192.</p> + +<p><a name="note1301"></a>l. 1301. C. proposes <b>ōðer him ærn</b> = <i>another apartment was +assigned him</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1303"></a>l. 1303. B. conjectures <b>under hrōf genam</b>; but Ha., p. 45, shows this +to be unnecessary, <b>under</b> also meaning <i>in</i>, as <i>in</i> (or +<i>under</i>) these circumstances.</p> + +<p><a name="note1319"></a>l. 1319. E. and Sw. suggest <b>nǣgde</b> or <b>nēgde</b>, <i>accosted</i>, +< <b>nēgan</b> = Mid. Ger. <i>nēhwian</i>, pr. p. <i>nēhwiandans, +approach</i>. For <b>hnǣgan</b>, <i>press down, vanquish</i>, see <a href="#li1275">ll. 1275</a>, +<a href="#li1440">1440</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1321"></a>l. 1321. C. suggests <b>nēad-lāðum</b> for <b>nēod-laðu</b>, <i>after +crushing hostility</i>; but cf. <b>frēond-laðu</b>, <a href="#li1193">l. 1193</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1334"></a>l. 1334. K. and ten Br. conjecture <b>gefægnod</b> = <i>rejoicing in her +fill</i>, a parallel to <b>ǣse wlanc</b>, <a href="#li1333">l. 1333</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1340"></a>l. 1340. B. translates: "and she has executed a deed of blood-vengeance of +far-reaching consequence."—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 93.</p> + +<p><a name="note1345"></a>l. 1345. B. reads <b>gēo</b> for <b>ēow</b> (<cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> iv. +205).</p> + +<p><a name="note1346"></a>ll. 1346-1377. "This is a fine piece of folk-lore in the oldest extant +form.... The authorities for the story are the rustics (<a href="#li1346">ll. 1346</a>, <a href="#li1356">1356</a>)." +—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note1347"></a>l. 1347. Cf. <b>sele-rǣdende</b> at <a href="#li51">l. 51</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1351"></a>l. 1351. "The <b>ge</b> [of <b>gewitan</b>] may be merely a scribal +error,—a repetition (dittography) of the preceding <b>ge</b> of +<b>gewislīcost</b>."—Sw.</p> + +<p><a name="note1352"></a>l. 1352. <b>ides</b>, like <b>fīras</b>, <i>men</i>, etc., is a poetic word +supposed by Grimm to have been applied, like Gr. νύμφη, to +superhuman or semi-divine women.</p> + +<p><a name="note1360"></a>ll. 1360-1495 <i>seq.</i> E. compares this Dantesque tarn and scenery with +the poetical accounts of <cite>AEneid</cite>, vii. 563; <cite>Lucretius</cite>, vi. 739, +etc.</p> + +<p>l. 1360. <b>firgenstrēam</b> occurs also in the <cite>Phoenix</cite> (Bright, p. +168) l. 100; <cite>Andreas</cite>, ll. 779, 3144 (K.); <cite>Gnomic Verses</cite>, l. +47, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1363"></a>l. 1363. The genitive is often thus used to denote measure = by or in +miles; cf. <a href="#li3043">l. 3043</a>; and contrast with partitive gen. at <a href="#li207">l. 207</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1364"></a>l. 1364. The MS. reads <b>hrinde</b> = <b>hrīnende</b> (?), which Gr. +adopts; K. and Th. read <b>hrinde-bearwas; hringde</b>, <i>encircling</i> +(Sarrazin, <cite>Beit.</cite> xi. 163); <b>hrīmge</b> = <i>frosty</i> (Sw.); +<i>with frost-whiting covered</i> (Ha.). See Morris, <cite>Blickling Hom.</cite>, +Preface, vi., vii.</p> + +<p>l. 1364. Cf. <b>Ruin, hrīmige edoras behrofene</b>, <i>rimy, roofless +halls</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1366"></a>l. 1366. <b>nīðwundor</b> may = <b>nið-</b> (as in <b>nið-sele</b>, +<i>q. v.</i>) <b>wundor</b>, <i>wonder of the deep</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1368"></a>l. 1368. The personal pronoun is sometimes omitted in subordinate and even +independent clauses; cf. <b>wite</b> here; and Hunt's <cite>Exod.</cite>, l. 319.</p> + +<p><a name="note1370"></a>l. 1370. <b>hornum</b>. Such "datives of manner or respect" are not +infrequent with adj.</p> + +<p><a name="note1371"></a>l. 1371. "<b>seleð</b> is not dependent on <b>ǣr</b>, for in that case it +would be in the subjunctive, but <b>ǣr</b> is simply an adverb, correlative +with the conjunction <b>ǣr</b> in the next line: 'he will (sooner) give up +his life, before he will,' etc."—Sw.</p> + +<p><a name="note1372"></a>l. 1372. Cf. <a href="#li318">ll. 318</a> and <a href="#li543">543</a> for <b>willan</b> with similar omitted inf.</p> + +<p><a name="note1373"></a>l. 1373. <b>heafola</b> is found only in poetry.—Sw. It occurs thirteen or +fourteen times in this poem. Cf. the poetic <b>gamol, swāt</b> (<a href="#li2694">l. 2694</a>), +etc., for <b>eald, blōd</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1391"></a>l. 1391. <b>uton</b>: hortatory subj. of <b>wītan</b>, <i>go</i>, = <i>let +us go;</i> cf. French <i>allons</i>, Lat. <i>eamus</i>, Ital. +<i>andiamo</i>, etc. + inf. Cf. <a href="#li2649">ll. 2649</a>, <a href="#li3102">3102</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1400"></a>l. 1400. H. is dat. of person indirectly affected, = advantage.</p> + +<p><a name="note1402"></a>l. 1402. <b>geatolīc</b> probably = <i>in his equipments</i>, as B. +suggests (<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 83), comparing <b>searolīc</b>.</p> + +<p>ll. 1402, 1413 reproduce the wk. form of the pret. of <b>gān</b> (Goth, +<i>gaggida</i>). Cf. <cite>Andreas</cite>, l. 1096, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1405"></a>l. 1405. S. (<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 140) supplies [<b>þǣr hēo</b>] <b>gegnum +fōr</b>; B. (<cite>ibid.</cite> xii. 14) suggests <b>hwǣr hēo</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1411"></a>l. 1411. B., Gr., and E. take <b>ān-paðas</b> = paths wide enough for only +one, like Norwegian <i>einstig</i>; cf. <b>stīge nearwe</b>, just above. +<i>Trail</i> is the meaning. Cf. <b>enge ānpaðas, uncūð gelād</b>, +<cite>Exod.</cite> (Hunt), l. 58.</p> + +<p><a name="note1421"></a>l. 1421. Cf. <b>oncȳð</b>, <a href="#li831">l. 831</a>. The whole passage (<a href="#li1411">ll. 1411-1442</a>) is +replete with suggestions of walrus-hunting, seal-fishing, harpooning of +sea-animals (<a href="#li1438">l. 1438</a>), etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1425"></a>l. 1425. E. quotes from the 8th cent. Corpus Gloss., "<i>Falanx</i> foeða."</p> + +<p><a name="note1428"></a>l. 1428. For other mention of <b>nicors</b>, cf. <a href="#li422">ll. 422</a>, <a href="#li575">575</a>, <a href="#li846">846</a>. E. +remarks, "it survives in the phrase 'Old Nick' ... a word of high +authority ... Icel. <i>nykr</i>, water-goblin, Dan. <i>nök, nisse</i>, Swed. +<i>näcken</i>, G. <i>nix, nixe</i>, etc." See Skeat, <cite>Nick.</cite></p> + +<p><a name="note1440"></a>l. 1440. Sw. reads <b>gehnǣged</b>, <i>prostrated</i>, and regards +<b>nīða</b> as gen. pl. "used instrumentally," = <i>by force.</i></p> + +<p><a name="note1441"></a>l. 1441. <b>-bora</b> = <i>bearer, stirrer;</i> occurs in other compds., as +<b>mund-, rǣd-, wǣg-bora</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1447"></a>l. 1447. <b>him</b> = <i>for him</i>, a remoter dative of reference.—Sw.</p> + +<p><a name="note1455"></a>l. 1455. Gr. reads <b>brondne</b>, = <i>flaming</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1457"></a>l. 1457. <b>lēon</b> is the inf. of <b>lāh</b>; cf. <b>onlāh</b> (< +<b>onlēon</b>) at <a href="#li1468">l. 1468</a>. <b>līhan</b> was formerly given as the inf.; cf. +<b>lǣne</b> = <b>lǣhne</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1458"></a>l. 1458. Cf. the similar dat. of possession as used in Latin.</p> + +<p>l. 1458. H.-So. compares the Icelandic saga account of Grettir's battle +with the giant in the cave. <b>hæft-mēce</b> may be = Icel. <i>heptisax</i> +(<cite>Anglia</cite>, iii. 83), "hip-knife."</p> + +<p><a name="note1459"></a>l. 1459. "The sense seems to be 'pre-eminent among the old treasures.' ... +But possibly <b>foran</b> is here a prep. with the gen.: 'one before the +old treasures.'".—Sw. For other examples of <b>foran</b>, cf. <a href="#li985">ll. 985</a>, +<a href="#li2365">2365</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1460"></a>l. 1460. <b>āter-tēarum</b> = <i>poison-drops</i> (C., <cite>Beit.</cite> viii. +571; S., <cite>ibid.</cite> xi. 359).</p> + +<p><a name="note1467"></a>l. 1467. <b>þæt</b>, comp. relative, = <i>that which</i>; "we testify +<i>that</i> we do know."</p> + +<p><a name="note1480"></a>l. 1480. <b>forð-gewitenum</b> is in appos. <b>to me</b>, = <i>mihi +defuncto</i>.—M. Callaway, <cite>Am. Journ. of Philol.</cite>, October, 1889.</p> + +<p><a name="note1482"></a>l. 1482. <b>nime</b>. Conditional clauses of doubt or future contingency +take <b>gif</b> or <b>būton</b> with subj.; cf. <a href="#li452">ll. 452</a>, <a href="#li594">594</a>; of fact or +certainty, the ind.; cf. <a href="#li442">ll. 442</a>, <a href="#li447">447</a>, <a href="#li527">527</a>, <a href="#li662">662</a>, etc. For <b>būton</b>, cf. +<a href="#li967">ll. 967</a>, <a href="#li1561">1561</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1487"></a>l. 1487. "<b>findan</b> sometimes has a preterit <b>funde</b> in W. S. +after the manner of the weak preterits."—Cook's Sievers' Cram., p, 210.</p> + +<p><a name="note1490"></a>l. 1490. Kl. reads <b>wæl-sweord</b>, = <i>battle-sword</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1507"></a>l. 1507. "This cave under the sea seems to be another of those natural +phenomena of which the writer had personal knowledge (<a href="#li2135">ll. 2135</a>, <a href="#li2277">2277</a>), and +which was introduced by him into the mythical tale to give it a local +color. There are many places of this kind. Their entrance is under the +lowest level of the tide."—Br., p. 45.</p> + +<p><a name="note1514"></a>l. 1514. B. (<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 362) explains <b>niðsele, hrōfsele</b> as +<i>roof-covered hall in the deep</i>; cf. Grettir Saga (<cite>Anglia</cite>, iii. +83).</p> + +<p><a name="note1538"></a>l. 1538. Sw., R., and ten Br. suggest <b>feaxe</b> for <b>eaxle</b>, = +<i>seized by the hair</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1543"></a>l. 1543. <b>and-lēan</b> (R.); cf. <a href="#li2095">l. 2095</a>. The MS. has <b>hand-lēan</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1546"></a>l. 1546. Sw. and S. read <b>seax</b>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 140.</p> + +<p><a name="note1557"></a>l. 1557. H.-So. omits comma and places semicolon after <b>ȳðelīce</b>; Sw. +and S. place comma after <b>gescēd</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1584"></a>l. 1584. <b>ōðer swylc</b> = <i>another fifteen</i> (Sw.); = <i>fully as +many</i> (Ha.).</p> + +<p><a name="note1592"></a>ll. 1592-1613 <i>seq.</i> Cf. <cite>Anglia</cite>, iii; 84 (Grettir Saga).</p> + +<p><a name="note1595"></a>l. 1595. <b>blondenfeax</b> = <i>grizzly-haired</i> (Bright, Reader, p. +258); cf. <cite>Brunanb.</cite>, l. 45 (Bright).</p> + +<p><a name="note1599"></a>l. 1599. <b>gewearð</b>, impers. vb., = <i>agree, decide = many agreed upon +this, that</i>, etc. (Ha., p. 55; cf. <a href="#li2025">ll. 2025-2027</a>, 1997; B., <cite>Beit.</cite> +xii. 97).</p> + +<p><a name="note1605"></a>l. 1605. C. supposes <b>wiston</b> = <b>wīscton</b> = +<i>wished</i>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> viii. 571.</p> + +<p><a name="note1607"></a>l. 1607. <b>brōden mǣl</b> is now regarded as a comp. noun, = <i>inlaid or +damascened sword</i>.—W., Ho.</p> + +<p><a name="note1611"></a>l. 1611. <b>wæl-rāpas</b> = <i>water-ropes = bands of frost</i> (<a href="#li1610">l. 1610</a>) +(?). Possibly the Prov. Eng. <b>weele</b>, <i>whirlpool</i>. Cf. +<b>wǣl</b>, <i>gurges</i>, Wright, Voc., <cite>Gnom. Verses</cite>, l. 39.—E.</p> + +<p>l. 1611. wǣgrāpas (Sw.) = <i>wave-bands</i> (Ha.).</p> + +<p><a name="note1622"></a>l. 1622. B. suggests <b>eatna = eotena, eardas</b>, <i>haunts of the +giants</i> (Northumbr. <b>ea</b> for <b>eo</b>).</p> + +<p><a name="note1635"></a>l. 1635. <b>cyning-holde</b> (B., <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 369); cf. <a href="#li290">l. 290</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1650"></a>l. 1650. H., Gr., and Ettmüller understand <b>idese</b> to refer to the +queen.</p> + +<p><a name="note1651"></a>l. 1651. Cf. <cite>Anglia</cite>, iii. 74, <cite>Beit.</cite> xi. 167, for coincidences +with the Grettir Saga (13th cent.).</p> + +<p><a name="note1664"></a>l. 1664. B. proposes <b>eotenise ... èste</b> for <b>ēacen ... oftost</b>, +omitting brackets (<cite>Zackers Zeitschr.</cite> iv. 206). G. translates +<i>mighty ... often</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1675"></a>l. 1675. <b>ondrǣdan</b>. "In late texts the final <b>n</b> of the +preposition <b>on</b> is frequently lost when it occurs in a compound word +or stereotyped phrase, and the prefix then appears as <b>a: abútan, amang, +aweg, aright, adr'ǣdan</b>."—Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 98.</p> + +<p><a name="note1680"></a>ll. 1680-1682. Giants and their work are also referred to at <a href="#li113">ll. 113</a>, <a href="#li455">455</a>, +<a href="#li1563">1563</a>, <a href="#li1691">1691</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1680"></a>l. 1680. Cf. <b>ceastra ... orðanc enta geweorc</b>, <cite>Gnomic Verses</cite>, +l. 2; Sweet's Reader, p. 186.</p> + +<p><a name="note1687"></a>ll. 1687-1697. "In this description of the writing on the sword, we see the +process of transition from heathen magic to the notions of Christian +times .... The history of the flood and of the giants ... were substitutes +for names of heathen gods, and magic spells for victory."—E. Cf. +Mohammedan usage.</p> + +<p><a name="note1703"></a>ll. 1703, 1704. <b>þæt þē eorl nǣre geboren betera</b> (B., <cite>Tidskr.</cite> +8, 52).</p> + +<p><a name="note1715"></a>l. 1715. <b>āna hwearf</b> = <i>he died solitary and alone</i> (B., +<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 38); = <i>lonely</i> (Ha.); = <i>alone</i> (G.).</p> + +<p><a name="note1723"></a>l. 1723. <b>lēod-bealo longsum</b> = <i>eternal hell-torment</i> (B., +<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 38, who compares <cite>Ps. Cott.</cite> 57, <b>līf +longsum</b>).</p> + +<p><a name="note1729"></a>l. 1729. E. translates <b>on lufan</b>, <i>towards possession</i>; Ha., +<i>to possessions</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1730"></a>l. 1730. <b>mōdgeþonc</b>, like <b>lig, sǣ, segn, niht</b>, etc., is of +double gender (m., n. in the case of <b>mōdgeþ</b>.).</p> + +<p><a name="note1741"></a>l. 1741. The doctrine of nemesis following close on ὓβρις, or +overweening pride, is here very clearly enunciated. The only protector +against the things that "assault and hurt" the soul is the "Bishop and +Shepherd of our souls" (<a href="#li1743">l. 1743</a>).</p> + +<p><a name="note1745"></a>l. 1745 appears dimly to fore-shadow the office of the evil archer Loki, +who in the Scandinavian mythology shoots Balder with a mistletoe twig. The +language closely resembles that of Psalm 64.</p> + +<p><a name="note1748"></a>l. 1748. Kl. regards <b>wom = wō(u)m</b>; cf. <b>wōh-bogen</b>, <a href="#li2828">l. 2828</a>. +See Gloss., p. 295, under <b>wam</b>. Contrast the construction of +<b>bebeorgan</b> a few lines below (<a href="#li1759">l. 1759</a>), where the dat. and acc. are +associated.</p> + +<p>l. 1748. See Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 167, for declension of <b>wōh</b>, +<i>wrong</i> = gen. <b>wōs</b> or <b>wōges</b>, dat. <b>wō(u)m</b>, etc.; +pl. gen. <b>wōra</b>, dat. <b>wō(u)m</b>, etc.; and cf. declension of +<b>hēah, hrēoh, rūh</b>, etc.</p> + +<p>l. 1748. <b>wergan gāstes</b>; cf. <cite>Blickl. Hom.</cite> vii.; +<cite>Andreas</cite>, <a href="#li1171">l. 1171</a>. "<i>Auld Wearie</i> is used in Scotland, or was +used a few years ago, ... to mean the devil."—E. Bede's <cite>Eccles. +Hist.</cite> contains (naturally) many examples of the expression = devil.</p> + +<p><a name="note1750"></a>l. 1750. <b>on gyld</b> = <i>in reward</i> (B. <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 95); Ha. +translates <i>boastfully</i>; G., <i>for boasting</i>; Gr., <i>to incite to +boastfulness</i>. Cf. <cite>Christ</cite>, l. 818.</p> + +<p><a name="note1767"></a>l. 1767. E. thinks this an allusion to the widespread superstition of the +evil eye (<i>mal occhio, mauvais ǣil</i>). Cf. Vergil, <cite>Ecl.</cite> iii. +103. He remarks that Pius IX., Gambetta, and President Carnot were charged +by their enemies with possessing this weapon.</p> + +<p><a name="note1784"></a>l. 1784. <b>wigge geweorðad</b> (MS. <b>wigge weorðad</b>) is C.'s +conjecture; cf. <cite>Elene</cite>, l. 150. So G., <i>honored in war</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1785"></a>l. 1785. The future generally implied in the present of <b>bēon</b> is +plainly seen in this line; cf. <a href="#li1826">ll. 1826</a>, <a href="#li661">661</a>, <a href="#li1830">1830</a>, <a href="#li1763">1763</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1794"></a>l. 1794. Some impers. vbs. take acc. (as here, <b>Geat</b>) of the person +affected; others (as <b>þyncan</b>) take the dat. of the person, as at ll. +<a href="#li688">688</a>, <a href="#li1749">1749</a>, etc. Cf. verbs of dreaming, being ashamed, desiring, +etc.—March, A.-S. Gram., p. 145.</p> + +<p><a name="note1802"></a>l. 1802. E. remarks that the <b>blaca hrefn</b> here is a bird of good +omen, as opposed to <b>se wonna hrefn</b> of <a href="#li3025">l. 3025</a>. The raven, wolf, and +eagle are the regular epic accompaniments of battle and carnage. Cf. ll. +<a href="#li3025">3025-3028</a>; <cite>Maldon</cite>, 106; <cite>Judith</cite>, 205-210, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1803"></a>l. 1803. S. emends to read: "then came the light, going bright after +darkness: the warriors," etc. Cf. Ho., p. 41, l. 23. G. puts period before +"the warriors." For <b>ōnettan</b>, cf. Sw.'s Gloss, and Bright's Read., +Gloss.</p> + +<p><a name="note1808"></a>ll. 1808-1810. Müllenh. and Grundt. refer <b>se hearda</b> to Beowulf, +correct <b>sunu</b> (MS.) to <b>suna Ecglāfes</b> (i.e. Unferth); +[<i>he</i>] (Beo.) <i>thanked him</i> (Un.) <i>for the loan</i>. Cf. ll. +<a href="#li344">344</a>, <a href="#li581">581</a>, <a href="#li1915">1915</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1823"></a>ll. 1823-1840. "Beowulf departing pledges his services to Hroðgar, to be +what afterwards in the mature language of chivalry was called his 'true +knight'"—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note1832"></a>l. 1832. Kl. corrects to <b>dryhtne</b>, in appos. with <b>Higelāce</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1835"></a>l. 1835 <b>gār-holt</b> more properly means <i>spear-shaft</i>; cf. +<b>æsc-holt</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1855"></a>l. 1855. <b>sēl</b> = <i>better</i> (Grundt.; B., <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 96), +instead of MS. <b>wēl</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1855"></a>ll. 1855-1866. "An ideal picture of international amity according to the +experience and doctrine of the eighth century."—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note1858"></a>l. 1858. S. and Kl. correct to <b>gemǣne</b>, agreeing with +<b>sib</b>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 140, 190.</p> + +<p><a name="note1862"></a>l. 1862. "The gannet is a great diver, plunging down into the sea from a +considerable height, such as forty feet."—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note1863"></a>l. 1863. Kl. suggests <b>heafu</b>, = <i>seas</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1865"></a>l. 1865. B. proposes <b>geþōhte</b>, = <i>with firm thought</i>, for +<b>geworhte</b>; cf. <a href="#li611">l. 611</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1876"></a>l. 1876. <b>gesēon</b> = <i>see again</i> (Kl., <cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 190). S. +and B. insert <b>nā</b> to modify <b>gesēon</b> and explain Hrōðgār's +tears. Ha. and G. follow Heyne's text. Cf. <a href="#li567">l. 567</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1881"></a>l. 1881. Is <b>beorn</b> here = <b>bearn</b> (<b>be-arn</b>?) of <a href="#li67">l. 67</a>? or +more likely = <b>born</b>, <b>barn</b>, = <i>burned?</i>—S., Th.</p> + +<p><a name="note1887"></a>l. 1887. <b>orleahtre</b> is a ἃπαξ λεγόμενον. E. compares +Tennyson's "blameless" king. Cf. also <a href="#li2015">ll. 2015</a>, <a href="#li2145">2145</a>; and the <b>gōd +cyning</b> of <a href="#li11">l. 11</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1896"></a>l. 1896. <b>scaðan</b> = <i>warriors</i> (cf. <a href="#li1804">l. 1804</a>) has been proposed by +C.; but cf. <a href="#li253">l. 253</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1897"></a>l. 1897. The boat had been left, at <a href="#li294">ll. 294-302</a>, in the keeping of +Hrōðgār's men; at <a href="#li1901">l. 1901</a> the <b>bāt-weard</b> is specially honored by +Beowulf with a sword and becomes a "sworded squire."—E. This circumstance +appears to weld the poem together. Cf. also the speed of the journey home +with <b>ymb ān-tīd ōþres dōgores</b> of <a href="#li219">l. 219</a>, and the similarity of +language in both passages (<b>fāmig-heals</b>, <b>clifu</b>, <b>næssas</b>, +<b>sǣlde</b>, <b>brim</b>, etc.).—The nautical terms in Beowulf would form +an interesting study.</p> + +<p><a name="note1904"></a>l. 1904. R. proposes, <b>gewāt him on naca</b>, = <i>the vessel set +out</i>, <b>on</b> alliterating as at <a href="#li2524">l. 2524</a> (<cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> +iii. 402). B. reads <b>on nacan</b>, but inserts irrelevant matter +(<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 97).</p> + +<p><a name="note1913"></a>l. 1913. Cf. the same use of <b>cēol</b>, = <i>ship</i>, in the <cite>A.-S. +Chron.</cite>, ed. Earle-Plummer; <cite>Gnomic Verses</cite>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note1914"></a>l. 1914. S. inserts <b>þæt hē</b> before <b>on lande</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1916"></a>l. 1916. B. makes <b>lēofra manna</b> depend on <b>wlātode</b>, = <i>looked +for the dear men ready at the coast</i> (<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 97).</p> + +<p><a name="note1924"></a>l. 1924. Gr., W., and Ho. propose <b>wunade</b>, = <i>remained;</i> but cf. +<a href="#li1929">l. 1929</a>. S. conceives <a href="#li1924">ll. 1924</a>, <a href="#li1925">1925</a> as "direct speech" (<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. +141).</p> + +<p><a name="note1927"></a>l. 1927 <i>seq.</i> "The women of Beowulf are of the fine northern type; +trusted and loved by their husbands and by the nobles and people; generous, +gentle, and holding their place with dignity."—Br., p. 67. Thrytho is the +exception, <a href="#li1932">l. 1932</a> <i>seq.</i></p> + +<p><a name="note1933"></a>l. 1933. C. suggests <b>frēcnu</b>, = <i>dangerous, bold</i>, for Thrytho +could not be called "excellent." G. writes "Modthrytho" as her name. The +womanly Hygd seems purposely here contrasted with the terrible Thrytho, +just as, at <a href="#li902">l. 902</a> <i>seq.</i>, Sigemund and Heremōd are contrasted. For +Thrytho, etc., cf. Gr., <cite>Jahrb. für rom. u. eng. Lit.</cite> iv. 279; +Müllenhoff, <cite>Haupts Zeitschr.</cite> xiv. 216; Matthew Paris; Suchier, +<cite>Beit.</cite> iv. 500-521; R. <cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> iii. 402; B., +<cite>ibid.</cite> iv. 206; Körner, <cite>Eng. Stud.</cite> i. 489-492; H.-So., p. 106.</p> + +<p><a name="note1932"></a>l. 1932-1963. K. first pointed out the connection between the historical +Offa, King of Mercia, and his wife Cwendrida, and the Offa and Þrȳðo (Gr.'s +<i>Drida</i> of the <i>Vita Offǣ Secundi</i>) of the present passage. The +tale is told of her, not of Hygd.</p> + +<p><a name="note1936"></a>l. 1936. Suchier proposes <b>andǣges</b>, = <i>eye to eye</i>; Leo proposes +<b>āndǣges</b>, = <i>the whole day</i>; G., <i>by day</i>. No change is +necessary if <b>an</b> be taken to govqern <b>hire</b>, = <i>on her</i>, and +<b>dæges</b> be explained (like <b>nihtes</b>, etc.) as a genitive of time, += <i>by day</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1943"></a>l. 1943. R. and Suchier propose <b>onsēce</b>, = <i>seek, require</i>; but cf. 2955.</p> + +<p><a name="note1966"></a>l. 1966. Cf. the <i>heofoncandel</i> of <cite>Exod.</cite> l. 115 (Hunt). Shak.'s 'night's +candles.'</p> + +<p><a name="note1969"></a>l. 1969. Cf. <a href="#li2487">l. 2487</a> <i>seq.</i> for the actual slayer of Ongenþēow, i.e. Eofor, +to whom Hygelāc gave his only daughter as a reward, <a href="#li2998">l. 2998</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1981"></a>l. 1981. <b>meodu-scencum</b> = <i>with mead-pourers</i> or <i>mead-cups</i> (G., +Ha.); <i>draught or cup of mead</i> (Toller-Bosw.).</p> + +<p><a name="note1982"></a>l. 1982. K., Th., W., H. supply <b>[heal-]reced</b>; Holler [hēa-].</p> + +<p><a name="note1984"></a>l. 1984. B. defends the MS., reading <b>hǣ nū</b> (for <b>hǣðnū</b>), which he +regards as = Heinir, the inhabitants of the Jutish "heaths" (<b>hǣð</b>). Cf. +H.-So., p. 107; <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 9.</p> + +<p><a name="note1985"></a>l. 1985. <b>sīnne</b>. "In poetry there is a reflexive possessive of the third +person, <b>sīn</b> (declined like <b>mīn</b>). It is used not only as a true reflexive, +but also as a non-reflexive (= Lat. <i>ejus</i>)"—Sw.; Cook's Sievers' Gram., +p. 185. Cf. <a href="#li1508">ll. 1508</a>, <a href="#li1961">1961</a>, <a href="#li2284">2284</a>, <a href="#li2790">2790</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note1994"></a>l. 1994. Cf. <a href="#li190">l. 190</a> for a similar use of <b>sēað</b>; cf. to "glow" with emotion, +"boil" with indignation, "burn" with anger, etc. <b>weallan</b> is often +so used; cf. <a href="#li2332">ll. 2332</a>, <a href="#li2066">2066</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note2010"></a>l. 2010. B. proposes <b>fācne</b>, = <i>in treachery</i>, for <b>fenne</b>. Cf. <cite>Juliana</cite>, +l. 350; <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 97.</p> + +<p><a name="note2022"></a>l. 2022. Food of specific sorts is rarely, if at all, mentioned in the poem. +Drink, on the other hand, occurs in its primitive varieties,—<i>ale</i> (as +here: <b>ealu-wǣg</b>), <i>mead, beer, wine, līð</i> (cider? Goth. <i>leiþus</i>, Prov. Ger. +<i>leit-</i> in <i>leit-haus</i>, ale-house), etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note2025"></a>l. 2025. Kl. proposes <b>is</b> for <b>wæs</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2027"></a>l. 2027. Cf. <a href="#li1599">l. 1599</a> for a similar use of <b>weorðan</b>, = <i>agree, be pleased +with</i> (Ha.); <i>appear</i> (Sw., Reader, 6th ed.).</p> + +<p><a name="note2030"></a>ll. 2030, 2031. Ten Br. proposes: <b>oft seldan</b> ( = <i>gave</i>) <b>wǣre æfter +lēod-hryre: lȳtle hwīle bongār būgeð, þēah sēo brȳd duge</b> = +<i>oft has a treaty been given after the fall of a prince: but little while the +murder-spear resteth, however excellent the bride be.</i> Cf. Kl., <cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 190; +B., <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 369; R., <cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> in. 404; Ha., p. 69; G., p. 62.</p> + +<p><a name="note2036"></a>l. 2036. Cf. Kl, <cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 191; R., <cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> iii. 404.</p> + +<p><a name="note2042"></a>l. 2042. For <b>bēah</b> B. reads <b>bā</b>, = <i>both</i>, i.e. Freaware and the Dane.</p> + +<p><a name="note2063"></a>l. 2063. Thorkelin and Conybeare propose <b>wīgende</b>, = <i>fighting</i>, for +<b>lifigende</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2068"></a>l. 2068. W.'s edition begins section xxx. (not marked in the MS.) with +this line. Section xxxix. (xxxviii. in copies A and B, xxxix. in Thorkelin) +is not so designated in the MS., though <b>þā</b> (at <a href="#li2822">l. 2822</a>) is written with +capitals and xl. begins at <a href="#li2893">l. 2893</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2095"></a>l. 2095. Cf. <a href="#li1542">l. 1542</a>, and note.</p> + +<p><a name="note2115"></a>l. 2115 <i>seq.</i> B. restores thus:</p> +<div class="line"> Þǣr on innan gīong</div> +<div class="line">niðða nāthwylc, nēode tō gefēng</div> +<div class="line">hǣðnum horde; hond ætgenam</div> +<div class="line">seleful since fāh; nē hē þæt syððan āgeaf,</div> +<div class="line">þēah þe hē slǣpende besyrede hyrde</div> +<div class="line">þēofes cræfte: þæt se þīoden onfand,</div> +<div class="line">bȳ-folc beorna, þæt hē gebolgen wæs.</div> +<div class="lcite">—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 99; <cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> iv. 210.</div> + +<p><a name="note2129"></a>l. 2129. B. proposes <b>fǣrunga</b>, = <i>suddenly</i>, for Gr.'s reading in the +text.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 98.</p> + +<p><a name="note2132"></a>l. 2132. MS. has <b>þine life</b>, which Leo translates <i>by thy leave</i> (= ON. +<i>leyfi</i>); B., <i>by thy life</i>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 369.</p> + +<p><a name="note2150"></a>l. 2150. B. renders <b>gēn</b>, etc., by "now I serve thee alone again as my +gracious king" (<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 99).</p> + +<p><a name="note2151"></a>l. 2151. The forms <b>hafu [hafo], hafast, hafað</b>, are poetic archaisms.—Sw.</p> + +<p><a name="note2153"></a>l. 2153. Kl. proposes <b>ealdor</b>, = <i>prince</i>, for <b>eafor</b>. W. proposes the +compd. <b>eafor-hēafodsegn</b>, = <i>helm</i>; cf. <a href="#li1245">l. 1245</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2157"></a>l. 2157. The wk. form of the adj. is frequent in the vocative, especially +when postponed: "Beowulf <b>lēofa</b>," <a href="#li1759">l. 1759</a>. So, often, in poetry in nom.: +<b>wudu selesta</b>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note2158"></a>l. 2158. <b>ǣrest</b> is possibly the verbal subs. from <b>ārīsan</b>, <i>to arise, = +arising, origin</i>. R. suggested <b>ǣrist</b>, <i>arising, origin</i>. Cf. Bede, <cite>Eccles. +Hist.</cite>, ed. Miller, where the word is spelt as above, but = (as usual) <i>resurrection</i>. +See Sweet, Reader, p. 211; E.-Plummer's <cite>Chronicle</cite>, p. 302, +etc. The MS. has <b>est</b>. See Ha., p. 73; S., <cite>Beit.</cite> x. 222; and cf. <a href="#li2166">l. 2166</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2188"></a>l. 2188. Gr., W., H. supply <b>[wēn]don</b>, = <i>weened</i>, instead of Th.'s +<b>[oft sæg]don</b>.</p> + +<p>l. 2188. The "slack" Beowulf, like the sluggish Brutus, ultimately +reveals his true character, and is presented with a historic sword of honor. +It is "laid on his breast" (<a href="#li2195">l. 2195</a>) as Hun laid Lāfing on Hengest's +breast, <a href="#li1145">l. 1145</a>.</p> + +<p>l. 2188. "The boy was at first slothful, and the Geats thought him an +unwarlike prince, and long despised him. Then, like many a lazy third +son in the folk tales, a change came, he suddenly showed wonderful daring +and was passionate for adventure."—Br., p. 22.</p> + +<p><a name="note2196"></a>l. 2196. "Seven of thousands, manor and lordship" (Ha.). Kl., <cite>Beit.</cite> +ix. 191, thinks with Ettm. that <b>þūsendo</b> means a hide of land (see +Schmid, <cite>Ges. der Angl</cite>, 610), Bede's <b>familia</b> = 1/2 sq. meter; <b>seofan</b> +being used (like <b>hund</b>, <a href="#li2995">l. 2995</a>) only for the alliteration.</p> + +<p>l. 2196. "A vast Honour of 7000 hides, a mansion, and a judgment-seat" +[throne].—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note2210"></a>l. 2210. MS. has the more correct <b>wintra</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2211"></a>l. 2211. Cf. similar language about the dragon at <a href="#li100">l. 100</a>. Beowulf's +"jubilee" is fitly solemnized by his third and last dragon-fight.</p> + +<p><a name="note2213"></a>l. 2213. B. proposes <b>sē þe on hearge hǣðen hord beweotode</b>; +cf. Ha., p. 75.</p> + +<p><a name="note2215"></a>l. 2215. "The dragon lies round the treasures in a cave, as Fafnir, like +a Python, lay coiled over his hoard. So constant was this habit among +the dragons that gold is called Worms' bed, Fafnir's couch, Worms' bed-fire. +Even in India, the cobras ... are guardians of treasure."—Br., +p. 50.</p> + +<p><a name="note2216"></a>l. 2216. <b>nēode</b>. E. translates <i>deftly</i>; Ha., <i>with ardor</i>. H.-So. reads +<b>nēode</b>, = <i>with desire, greedily</i>, instr. of <b>nēod</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2223"></a>l. 2223. E. begins his "Part Third" at this point as he begins "Part +Second" at <a href="#li1252">l. 1252</a>, each dragon-fight forming part of a trilogy.</p> + +<p><a name="note2224"></a>ll. 2224, 2225. B. proposes: <b>nealles mid gewealdum wyrmes +weard gæst sylfes willum.</b>—<cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> iv. 211; <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 100.</p> + +<p><a name="note2225"></a>l. 2225. For <b>þēow</b> read <b>þegn</b>.—K. and Z.</p> + +<p><a name="note2227"></a>l. 2227. For <b>ofer-þearfe</b> read <b>ǣrnes þearfa</b>.—Z.</p> + +<p><a name="note2229"></a>ll. 2229-2231. B. proposes:</p> +<div class="line">secg synbysig sōna onwlātode,</div> +<div class="line">þēah þām gyste gryrebrōga stōd,</div> +<div class="line">hwæðre earmsceapen innganges þearfa</div> +<div class="line">. . . . . . . . . .</div> +<div class="line">fēasceapen, þā hyne se fǣr begeat.</div> +<div class="lcite">—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 101. Cf. Ha., p. 69.</div> + +<p><a name="note2232"></a>l. 2232. W. suggests <b>seah</b> or <b>seīr</b> for <b>geseah</b>, and Gr. suggests +<b>searolīc</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2233"></a>l. 2233. Z. surmises <b>eorð-hūse</b> (for <b>-scræfe</b>).</p> + +<p><a name="note2241"></a>l. 2241. B. proposes <b>lǣn-gestrēona</b>, = <i>transitory</i>, etc.; Th., R. propose +<b>leng</b> (= <i>longer</i>) <b>gestrēona</b>; S. accepts the text but translates "the +long accumulating treasure."</p> + +<p><a name="note2246"></a>l. 2246. B. proposed (1) <b>hard-fyndne</b>, = <i>hard to find</i>; (2) <b>hord-wynne +dǣl</b>,—<i>a deal of treasure-joy</i> (cf. <a href="#li2271">l. 2271</a>).—<cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> +iv. 211; <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 102.</p> + +<p><a name="note2247"></a>l. 2247. <b>fecword</b> = <i>banning words</i> (?) MS. has <b>fec</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2254"></a>l. 2254. Others read <b>feor-[mie]</b>, = <i>furbish</i>, for <b>fetige</b>: <i>I own not one +who may</i>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note2261"></a>l. 2261. The Danes themselves were sometimes called the "Ring-Danes," += clad in ringed (or a ring of) armor, or possessing rings. Cf. +<a href="#li116">ll. 116</a>, <a href="#li1280">1280</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2263"></a>l. 2263. Koeppel suggests <b>nis</b> for <b>næs</b>.</p> + +<p>The editors are much indebted to E. Koeppel (in <cite>Eng. Stud.</cite> xiii. 3) +for numerous corrections in text and glossary.</p> + +<p><a name="note2264"></a>l. 2264. Note the early reference to hawking. Minstrelsy (<b>hearpan +wyn</b>), saga-telling, racing, swimming, harpooning of sea-animals, feasting, +and the bestowal of jewels, swords, and rings, are the other amusements +most frequent in <cite>Bēowulf</cite>.</p> + +<p>l. 2264. Cf. <cite>Maldon</cite>, ll. 8, 9, for a reference to hawking.</p> + +<p><a name="note2276"></a>l. 2276. Z. suggests <b>swȳðe ondrǣdað</b>; Ho. puts <b>gesēcean</b> for Gr.'s +<b>gewunian</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2277"></a>l. 2277. Z. and K. read: <b>hord on hrūsan</b>. "Three hundred winters," +at <a href="#li2279">l. 2279</a>, is probably conventional for "a long time," like <b>hund +missēra, </b> <a href="#li1499">l. 1499</a>; <b>hund þūsenda</b>, <a href="#li2995">l. 2995</a>; <b>þrītig</b> (of Beowulf's +strength), <a href="#li379">l. 379</a>; <b>þrītig</b> (of the men slain by Grendel), <a href="#li123">l. 123</a>; <b>seofan +þūsendo</b>, <a href="#li2196">l. 2196</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note2285"></a>l. 2285. B. objects to <b>hord</b> as repeated in <a href="#li2284">ll. 2284</a>, <a href="#li2285">2285</a>; but cf. Ha., +p. 77. C. prefers <b>sum</b> to <b>hord</b>. <b>onboren</b> = <i>inminutus</i>; cf. B., <cite>Beit.</cite> +xii. 102.</p> + +<p>l. 2285. <b>onberan</b> is found also at line 991, = <i>carry off</i>, with <b>on-</b> = E. +<i>un—(un-bind, -loose, -tie</i>, etc.), G. <i>ent-</i>. The negro still pronounces +<i>on-do</i>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note2299"></a>l. 2299. Cf. H.-So., p. 112, for a defense of the text as it stands. B. +proposes "nor was there any man in that desert who rejoiced in conflict," +etc. So ten Br.</p> + +<p><a name="note2326"></a>l. 2326. B. and ten Br,. propose <b>hām</b>, = <i>home</i>, for him.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 103.</p> + +<p><a name="note2335"></a>l. 2335. E. translates <b>ēalond utan</b> by <i>the sea-board front, the water-washed +land on the (its) outside</i>. See B., <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 1, 5.</p> + +<p><a name="note2346"></a>l. 2346. Cf. <a href="#li425">l. 425</a>, where Beowulf resolves to fight the dragon single-handed. +E. compares <cite>Guy of Warwick</cite>, ll. 49, 376.</p> + +<p><a name="note2355"></a>l. 2355. Ten Br. proposes <b>laðan cynne</b> as apposition to <b>mǣgum</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2360"></a>l. 2360. Cf. Beowulf's other swimming-feat with Breca, <a href="#li506">ll. 506</a> <i>seq.</i></p> + +<p><a name="note2362"></a>l. 2362. Gr. inserts <b>āna</b>, = <i>lone-going</i>, before xxx.: approved by B.; +and Krüger, <cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 575. Cf. <a href="#li379">l. 379</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2362"></a>l. 2362. "Beowulf has the strength of thirty men in the original tale. +Here, then, the new inventor makes him carry off thirty coats of mail."—Br., +p. 48.</p> + +<p><a name="note2364"></a>l. 2364. <b>Hetware</b> = Chattuarii, a nation allied against Hygelāc in his +Frisian expedition; cf. <a href="#li1208">ll. 1208</a> <i>seq.</i>, 2917, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note2368"></a>l. 2368. B. proposes <i>quiet sea</i> as trans, of <b>sioleða bigong</b>, and compares +Goth. <i>anasilan</i>, to be still; Swed. dial, <i>sil</i>, still water between +waterfalls.—<cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> iv. 214.</p> + +<p><a name="note2380"></a>l. 2380. <b>hyne</b>—Heardrēd; so <b>him</b>, <a href="#li2358">l. 2358</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2384"></a>l. 2384. E. calls attention to <b>Swīo-rīce</b> as identical with the modern +<i>Sverige</i> = Sweden; cf. <a href="#li2496">l. 2496</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2386"></a>l. 2386. Gr. reads <b>on feorme</b>, = <i>at the banquet</i>; cf. Möller, <cite>Alteng. +Volksepos</cite>, 111, who reads <b>(f)or feorme</b>. The MS. has <b>or</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2391"></a>l. 2391. Cf. <a href="#li11">l. 11</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2394"></a>l. 2394. B., Gr., and Mūllenh. understand <a href="#li2393">ll. 2393-2397</a> to mean that +Ēadgils, Ōhthere's son, driven from Sweden, returns later, supported by +Beowulf, takes the life of his uncle Onela, and probably becomes himself +O.'s successor and king of Sweden. For another view see H.-So., p. 115. +MS. has <b>freond</b> (<a href="#li2394">l. 2394</a>), which Leo, etc., change to <b>fēond</b>. G. translates +<i>friend</i>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 13; <cite>Anzeiger f. d. Altert.</cite> iii. 177.</p> + +<p><a name="note2395"></a>l. 2395. Ēadgils is Ōhthere's son; cf. <a href="#li2381">l. 2381</a>; Onela is Ōhthere's +brother; cf. <a href="#li2933">ll. 2933</a>, <a href="#li2617">2617</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2402"></a>l. 2402. "Twelfsome"; cf. "fifteensome" at <a href="#li207">l. 207</a>, etc. As <cite>Bēowulf</cite> +is essentially <i>the</i> Epic of Philanthropy, of the true love of man, as distinguished +from the ordinary love-epic, the number twelve in this passage +may be reminiscent of another Friend of Man and another Twelve. In +each case all but one desert the hero.</p> + +<p><a name="note2437"></a>l. 2437. R. proposes <b>stȳred</b>, = <i>ordered, decreed</i>, for <b>strēd</b>.—<cite>Zachers +Zeitschr.</cite> iii. 409.</p> + +<p><a name="note2439"></a>l. 2439. B. corrects to <b>frēo-wine</b> = <i>noble friend</i>, asking, "How can +Herebeald be called Hæðcyn's <b>frēa-wine</b> [MS.], <i>lord?</i>"</p> + +<p><a name="note2442"></a>l. 2442. <b>feohlēas gefeoht</b>, "a homicide which cannot be atoned for +by money—in this case an unintentional fratricide."—Sw.</p> + +<p><a name="note2445"></a>l. 2445. See Ha., pp. 82, 83, for a discussion of <a href="#li2445">ll. 2445-2463</a>. Cf. G., +p. 75.</p> + +<p><a name="note2447"></a>l. 2447. MS. reads <b>wrece</b>, justified by B. (<cite>Tidskr.</cite> viii. 56). W. conceives +<b>wrece</b> as optative or hortative, and places a colon before <b>þonne</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2449"></a>l. 2449. For <b>helpan</b> read <b>helpe</b>.—K., Th., S. (<cite>Zeitschr. f. D. Phil.</cite> +xxi. 3, 357).</p> + +<p><a name="note2454"></a>ll. 2454-2455. (1) Müllenh. (<cite>Haupts Zeitschr.</cite> xiv. 232) proposes:</p> +<div class="line"> þonne se ān hafað</div> +<div class="line">þurh dǣda nȳd dēaðes gefandod.</div> +<p>(2) B. proposes:</p> +<div class="line">þurh dǣda nīð dēaðes gefondad.</div> +<div class="lcite">—<cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> iv. 215.</div> + +<p><a name="note2458"></a>l. 2458. Cf. <b>scēotend</b>, pl., <a href="#li704">ll. 704</a>, <a href="#li1155">1155</a>, like <b>rīdend</b>. Cf. <cite>Judith</cite>, l. 305, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note2474"></a>l. 2474. Th. considers the "wide water" here as the Mälar lake, the +boundary between Swedes and Goths.</p> + +<p><a name="note2477"></a>l. 2477. On <b>oþþe</b> = <i>and</i>, cf. B., <cite>Tidskr.</cite> viii. 57. See Ha., p. 83.</p> + +<p><a name="note2489"></a>l. 2489. B. proposes <b>hrēa-blāc</b> for Gr.'s <b>heoro-</b>.—<cite>Tikskr.</cite> viii. 297.</p> + +<p><a name="note2494"></a>l. 2494. S. suggests <b>ēðel-wynne</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2502"></a>l. 2502. E. translates <b>for dugeðum</b>, <i>of my prowess</i>; so Ettmüller.</p> + +<p><a name="note2520"></a>ll. 2520-2522. Gr. and S. translate, "if I knew how else I might combat +the monster's boastfulness."—Ha., p. 85.</p> + +<p><a name="note2524"></a>l. 2524. <b>and-hāttres</b> is H.'s invention. Gr. reads <b>oreðes and attres</b>, +<i>blast and venom</i>. Cf. <b>oruð</b>, <a href="#li2558">l. 2558</a>, and <a href="#li2840">l. 2840</a> (where <b>attor-</b> also +occurs).</p> + +<p><a name="note2526"></a>l. 2526. E. quotes <b>flēon fōtes trym</b> from <cite>Maldon</cite>, l. 247.</p> + +<p><a name="note2546"></a>l. 2546. Gr., H.-So., and Ho. read <b>standan stān-bogan</b> (for <b>stōd on +stān-bogan</b>) depending on <b>geseah</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2550"></a>l. 2550. Grundt. and B. propose <b>dēor</b>, <i>brave one</i>, i.e. Beowulf, for <b>dēop</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2565"></a>L. 2565. MS. has <b>ungleaw</b> (K., Th.), <b>unglaw</b> (Grundt.). B. proposes +<b>unslāw</b>, = <i>sharp</i>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 104. So H.-So., Ha., p. 86.</p> + +<p><a name="note2570"></a>ll. 2570, 2571. (1) May not <b>gescīfe</b> (MS. <b>to gscipe</b>) = German <i>schief</i>, +"crooked," "bent," "aslant," and hence be a parallel to <b>gebogen</b>, <i>bent, +coiled?</i> cf. <a href="#li2568">l. 2568</a>, þā se wyrm gebēah snūde tōsomne, and <a href="#li2828">l. 2828</a>. +Coiled serpents spring more powerfully for the coiling. (2) Or perhaps +destroy comma after <b>tō</b> and read <b>gescæpe</b>, = <i>his fate</i>; cf. <a href="#li26">l. 26</a>: <b>him þā +Scyld gewāt tō gescæp-hwīle</b>. G. appar. adopts this reading, p. 78.</p> + +<p><a name="note2589"></a>l. 2589. <b>grund-wong</b> = <i>the field</i>, not <i>the earth</i> (so B.); H.-So., <i>cave</i>, +as at <a href="#li2771">l. 2771</a>. So Ha., p. 87.</p> + +<p><a name="note2595"></a>l. 2595. S. proposes colon after <b>stefne</b>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 141.</p> + +<p><a name="note2604"></a>l. 2604. Müllenh. explains <b>lēod Scylfinga</b> in <cite>Anzeiger f. d. Altert.</cite> +iii. 176-178.</p> + +<p><a name="note2607"></a>l. 2607. <b>āre</b> = <i>possessions, holding</i> (Kl., <cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 192; Ha., p. 88).</p> + +<p><a name="note2609"></a>l. 2609. <b>folcrihta</b>. Add "folk-right" to the meanings in the Gloss.; +and cf. <b>ēðel-, land-riht, word-riht.</b></p> + +<p><a name="note2614"></a>l. 2614. H.-So. reads with Gr. <b>wrǣccan winelēasum Wēohstān +bana</b>, = <i>whom, a friendless exile, W. had slain</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2635"></a>ll. 2635-61. E. quotes Tacitus, <cite>Germania</cite>, xiv.: "turpe comitatui virtutem +principis non adaequare." Beowulf had been deserted by his +<i>comitatus</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2643"></a>l. 2643. B. proposes <b>ūser</b>.—<cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> iv. 216.</p> + +<p><a name="note2649"></a>l. 2649. <b>wutun</b>; <a href="#li3102">l. 3102</a>, <b>uton</b> = pres. subj. pl. 1st person of <b>wītan</b>, +<i>to go</i>, used like Mod. Eng. <i>let us</i> + inf., Lat. <i>eamus</i>, Ital. <i>andiamo</i>, Fr. +<i>allons</i>; M. E. (<cite>Layamon</cite>) <i>uten</i>. Cf. Psa. ii. 3, etc. March, <cite>A.-S. Gram.</cite>, +pp. 104, 196.</p> + +<p><a name="note2650"></a>l. 2650. B. suggests <b>hāt</b> for <b>hyt</b>,.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 105.</p> + +<p><a name="note2656"></a>l. 2656. <b>fāne</b> = fāh-ne; cf. <b>fāra</b> = <b>fāh-ra</b>, <a href="#li578">l. 578</a>; so <b>hēanne</b> (MS.) += <b>hēah-ne</b>, etc., <a href="#li984">l. 984</a>. See Cook's Sievers' Gram.</p> + +<p><a name="note2660"></a>ll. 2660, 2661. Why not read <b>beadu-scrūd</b>, as at <a href="#li453">l. 453</a>, = <i>battle-shirt?</i> +B. and R. suppose two half-verses omitted between <b>byrdu-scrūd</b> and +<b>bām gemǣne</b>. B. reads <b>bȳwdu</b>, = <i>handsome</i>, etc. Gr. suggests <b>unc +nū</b>, = <i>to us two now</i>, for <b>ūrum</b>; and K. and Grundt. read <b>bēon gemǣne</b> +for <b>bām</b>, etc. This makes sense. Cf. Ha., p. 89.</p> + +<p><a name="note2666"></a>l. 2666. Cf. the dat. absolute without preposition.</p> + +<p><a name="note2681"></a>l. 2681. <b>Nægling</b>; cf. <b>Hrunting, Lāfing</b>, and other famous <b>wundor-smiða +geweorc</b> of the poem.</p> + +<p><a name="note2687"></a>l. 2687. B. changes <b>þonne</b> into <b>þone</b> (rel. pro.) = <i>which</i>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 105.</p> + +<p><a name="note2688"></a>l. 2688. B. supports the MS. reading, <b>wundum</b>.</p> + +<p>l. 2688. Cf. <a href="#li2278">l. 2278</a> for similar language.</p> + +<p><a name="note2698"></a>l. 2698. B. (<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 105) renders: "he did not heed the head of the +dragon (which Beowulf with his sword had struck without effect), but he +struck the dragon somewhat further down." Cf. Saxo, vi. p. 272.</p> + +<p>l. 2698. Cf. the language used at <a href="#li446">ll. 446</a> and <a href="#li1373">1373</a>, where <b>hafelan</b> also +occurs; and <b>hȳdan</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2700"></a>l. 2700. <b>hwēne</b>; cf. Lowl. Sc. <i>wheen</i>, a number; Chaucer's <i>woon</i>, +number.</p> + +<p><a name="note2702"></a>l. 2702. S. proposes <b>þā</b> (for <b>þæt</b>) <b>þæt fȳr</b>, etc., = <i>when the fire began</i>, +etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note2704"></a>l. 2704. "The (<b>hup</b>)<b>-seax</b> has often been found in Saxon graves on +the hip of the skeleton."—E.</p> + +<p><a name="note2707"></a>l. 2707. Kl. proposes: <b>feorh ealne wræc</b>, = <i>drove out all the life</i>; cf. +<cite>Gen.</cite> l. 1385.—<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 192. S. suggests <b>gefylde</b>,—<i>he felled the foe</i>, etc.—<cite>Ibid.</cite> +Parentheses seem unnecessary.</p> + +<p><a name="note2727"></a>l. 2727. <b>dæg-hwīl</b> = <i>time allotted, lifetime</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2745"></a>l. 2745, 2745. Ho. removes <b>geong</b> from the beginning of <a href="#li2745">l. 2745</a> and +places it at the end of <a href="#li2744">l. 2744</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2750"></a>l. 2750. R. proposes <b>sigle searogimmas</b>, as at <a href="#li1158">l. 1158</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2767"></a>l. 2767. (1) B. proposes doubtfully <b>oferhīgean</b> or <b>oferhīgan</b>, = +Goth, <i>ufarhauhjan</i>, p. p. <i>ufarhauhids</i> (Gr. τυφωθείς) = <i>exceed in value</i>.—<cite>Tidskr.</cite> +viii. 60. (2) Kl. proposes <b>oferhȳdian</b>, = <i>to make arrogant, +infatuate</i>; cf. <b>oferhȳd</b>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 192.</p> + +<p><a name="note2770"></a>l. 2770. <b>gelocen leoðocræftum</b> = (1) <i>spell-bound</i> (Th., Arnold, E.); +(2) <i>wrought with hand-craft</i> (G.); (3) <i>meshed, linked together</i> (H., Ho.); +cf. <cite>Elene</cite>, ll. 1251, 522.</p> + +<p><a name="note2778"></a>l. 2778. B. considers <b>bill ... ealdhlāfordes</b> as Beowulf's short +sword, with which he killed the dragon, <a href="#li2704">l. 2704</a> (<cite>Tidskr.</cite> viii. 299). R. +proposes <b>ealdhlāforde</b>. Müllenh. understands <b>ealdhlāford</b> to mean +the former possessor of the hoard. W. agrees to this, but conceives +<b>ǣrgescōd</b> as a compd. = <b>ǣre calceatus</b>, <i>sheathed in brass</i>. Ha. translates +<b>ǣrgescōd</b> as vb. and adv.</p> + +<p><a name="note2791"></a>l. 2791. Cf. <a href="#li224">l. 224</a>, <b>eoletes æt ende; landes æt ende</b>, <cite>Exod.</cite> (Hunt).</p> + +<p><a name="note2792"></a>l. 2792. MS. reads <b>wæteres weorpan</b>, which R. would change to +<b>wætere sweorfan</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2806"></a>l. 2806. "Men saw from its height the whales tumbling in the waves, +and called it Whale's Ness (<b>Hrones-nǣs</b>)."—Br. p. 28. Cf. <a href="#li3137">l. 3137</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2815"></a>l. 2815. Wīglāf was the next of kin, the last of the race, and hence the +recipient of Beowulf's kingly insignia. There is a possible play on the +word <b>lāf</b> (Wīg-<i>lāf</i>, ende-<i>lāf</i>).</p> + +<p><a name="note2818"></a>l. 2818. <b>gingeste word</b>; cf. <i>novissima verba</i>, and Ger. <i>jüngst</i>, lately.</p> + +<p><a name="note2837"></a>l. 2837. E. translates <b>on lande</b>, <i>in the world</i>, comparing <i>on līfe, on +worulde</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2840"></a>l. 2840. <b>gerǣsde</b> = pret. of <b>gerǣsan</b> (omitted from the Gloss.), same +as <b>rǣsan</b>; cf. <a href="#li2691">l. 2691</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2859"></a>l. 2859. B. proposes <b>dēað ārǣdan</b>, = <i>determine death</i>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. +106.</p> + +<p><a name="note2861"></a>l. 2861. Change <b>geongum</b> to <b>geongan</b> as a scribal error (?), but cf. +Lichtenheld, <cite>Haupts Zeitschr.</cite> xvi. 353-355.</p> + +<p><a name="note2871"></a>l. 2871. S. and W. propose <b>ōwēr</b>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 142.</p> + +<p><a name="note2873"></a>l. 2873. S. punctuates: <b>wrāðe forwurpe, þā</b>, etc.</p> + +<p><a name="note2874"></a>l. 2874. H.-So. begins a new sentence with <b>nealles</b>, ending the preceding +one with <b>beget</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2879"></a>l. 2879. <b>ætgifan</b> = <i>to render, to afford</i>; omitted in Gloss.</p> + +<p><a name="note2885"></a>ll. 2885-2892. "This passage ... equals the passage in Tacitus which +describes the tie of chief to companion and companion to chief among the +Germans, and which recounts the shame that fell on those who survived +their lord."—Br., p. 56.</p> + +<p><a name="note2886"></a>l. 2886. <b>cyn</b> thus has the meaning of <i>gens</i> or clan, just as in many +Oriental towns all are of one blood. E. compares Tacitus, <cite>Germania</cite>, +7; and cf. "kith and kin."</p> + +<p><a name="note2892"></a>l. 2892. Death is preferable to dishonor. Cf. Kemble, <cite>Saxons</cite>, i. 235.</p> + +<p><a name="note2901"></a>l. 2901. The ἄγγελος begins his ἀγγελία here.</p> + +<p><a name="note2910"></a>l. 2910. S. proposes <b>higemēðe</b>, <i>sad of soul;</i> cf. <a href="#li2853">ll. 2853</a> and <a href="#li2864">2864</a> +(<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 142). B. considers <b>higemēðum</b> a dat. or instr. pl. of an abstract +in <b>-u</b> (<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 106). H. makes it a dat. pl. = <i>for the dead</i>. For +<b>heafod-wearde</b>, etc., cf. note on <a href="#li446">l. 446</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2920"></a>l. 2920-2921. B. explains "he could not this time, as usual, give jewels +to his followers."—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 106.</p> + +<p><a name="note2922"></a>l. 2922. The Merovingian or Frankish race.</p> + +<p><a name="note2940"></a>l. 2940 <i>seq.</i> B. conjectures:</p> +<div class="line">cwæð hīe on mergenne mēces ecgum</div> +<div class="line">gētan wolde, sumon galgtreowu</div> +<div class="line">āhēawan on holte ond hīe āhōan on þā</div> +<div class="line">fuglum tō gamene.</div> +<div class="lcite">—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 107, 372.</div> +<p>Cf. S., <cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 143. <b>gētan</b> = <i>cause blood to be shed.</i></p> + +<p><a name="note2950"></a>l. 2950. B. proposes <b>gomela</b> for <b>gōda</b>; "a surprising epithet for a +Geat to apply to the 'terrible' Ongentheow."—Ha. p. 99. But "good" +does not necessarily mean "morally excellent," as a "good" hater, a +"good" fighter.</p> + +<p><a name="note2959"></a>l. 2959. See H.-So. for an explanatory quotation from Paulus Diaconus, +etc. B., K., and Th. read <b>segn Higelāces</b>, = H.'s banner uplifted +began to pursue the Swede-men.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 108. S. suggests <b>sǣce</b>, = +<i>pursuit</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2977"></a>l. 2977. <b>gewyrpton</b>: this vb. is also used reflexively in <cite>Exod.</cite> (Hunt), +l. 130: <b>wyrpton hīe wērige</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note2989"></a>l. 2989. <b>bær</b> is Grundt.'s reading, after the MS. "The surviving victor +is the heir of the slaughtered foe."—H.-So. Cf. <cite>Hildebrands Lied</cite>, +ll. 61, 62.</p> + +<p><a name="note2995"></a>l. 2995. "A hundred of thousands in land and rings" (Ha., p. 100). +Cf. <a href="#li2196">ll. 2196</a>, <a href="#li3051">3051</a>. Cf. B., <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 20, who quotes Saxo's <i>bis senas +gentes</i> and remarks: "Hrolf Kraki, who rewards his follower, for the +slaying of the foreign king, with jewels, rich lands, and his only daughter's +hand, answers to the Jutish king Hygelāc, who rewards his liegeman, for +the slaying of Ongenthēow, with jewels, enormous estates, and <i>his</i> only +daughter's hand."</p> + +<p><a name="note3006"></a>l. 3006. H.-So. suggests <b>Scilfingas</b> for <b>Scyldingas</b>, because, at <a href="#li2397">l. 2397</a>, +Beowulf kills the Scylfing Ēadgils and probably acquires his lands. Thus +<a href="#li3002">ll. 3002</a>, <a href="#li3005">3005</a>, <a href="#li3006">3006</a>, would indicate that, after Beowulf's death, the Swedes +desired to shake off his hated yoke. Müllenh., however, regards <a href="#li3006">l. 3006</a> +as a thoughtless repetition of <a href="#li2053">l. 2053</a>.—<cite>Haupts Zeitschr.</cite> xiv. 239.</p> + +<p><a name="note3008"></a>l. 3008. Cf. the same proverb at <a href="#li256">l. 256</a>; and <cite>Exod.</cite> (Hunt.) l. 293.</p> + +<p><a name="note3022"></a>l. 3022. E. quotes:</p> +<div class="line">"Thai token an harp <i>gle and game</i></div> +<div class="line">And maked a lai and yaf it name."</div> +<div class="lcite">—<cite>Weber</cite>, l. 358.</div> + +<p>and from Percy, "The word <i>glee</i>, which peculiarly denoted their art (the +minstrels'), continues still in our own language ... it is to this day used +in a musical sense, and applied to a peculiar piece of composition."</p> + +<p><a name="note3025"></a>l. 3025. "This is a finer use than usual of the common poetic attendants +of a battle, the wolf, the eagle, and the raven. The three are here like +three Valkyrie, talking of all that they have done."—Br., p. 57.</p> + +<p><a name="note3033"></a>l. 3033. Cf. Hunt's <cite>Dan.</cite> l. 731, for similar language.</p> + +<p><a name="note3039"></a>l. 3039. B. supplies a supposed gap here:</p> +<div class="line">[banan ēac fundon bennum sēocne</div> +<div class="line">(nē) ǣr hī þǣm gesēgan syllīcran wiht]</div> +<div class="line">wyrm on wonge...</div> +<div class="lcite">—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 372.</div> + +<p>Cf. Ha., p. 102. W. and Ho. insert [<b>þǣr</b>] before <b>gesēgan</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note3042"></a>l. 3042. Cf. <a href="#li2561">l. 2561</a>, where <b>gryre-giest</b> occurs as an epithet of the +dragon. B. proposes <b>gry</b>[<b>re-fāh</b>].</p> + +<p><a name="note3044"></a>l. 3044. <b>lyft-wynne</b>, <i>in the pride of the air</i>, E.; <i>to rejoice in the air</i>, +Ha.</p> + +<p><a name="note3057"></a>l. 3057. (1) He (God) is men's hope; (2) he is the heroes' hope; +(3) <b>gehyld</b> = the secret place of enchanters; cf. <b>hēlsmanna gehyld</b>, +Gr.'s reading, after A.-S. <b>hǣlsere</b>, haruspex, augur.</p> + +<p><a name="note3060"></a>l. 3060. B. suggests <b>gehȳðde</b>, = <i>plundered</i> (i.e. by the thief), for +<b>gehȳdde</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note3063"></a>ll. 3063-3066. (1) B. suggests <b>wundur [dēaðe] hwār þonne eorl +ellenrof ende gefēre</b> = <i>let a brave man then somewhere meet his end by +wondrous venture</i>, etc.—<cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> iv. 241; cf. <a href="#li3038">l. 3038</a>. (2) S. +supposes an indirect question introduced by <b>hwār</b> and dependent upon +<b>wundur</b>, = <i>a mystery is it when it happens that the hero is to die, if he +is no longer to linger among his people</i>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 143. (3) Müllenh. +suggests: <i>is it to be wondered at that a man should die when he can no +longer live?</i>—<cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> xiv. 241. (4) Possibly thus:</p> +<div class="line"> Wundrað hwæt þonne,</div> +<div class="line">eorl ellen-rōf, ende gefēre</div> +<div class="line">līf-gesceafta, þonne leng ne mæg (etc.),</div> +<p>in which <b>hwæt</b> would = <b>þurh hwæt</b> at <a href="#li3069">l. 3069</a>, and <b>eorl</b> would be subject +of the conjectural vb. <b>wundrað</b>: "the valiant earl wondereth then +through what he shall attain his life's end, when he no longer may live. + ... So Bēowulf knew not (wondered how) through what <i>his</i> end +should come," etc. W. and Ho. join <b>þonne</b> to the next line. Or, for +<b>hwār</b> read <b>wǣre</b>: <b>Wundur wǣre þonne</b> (= <b>gif</b>), etc., = "would it +be any wonder if a brave man," etc., which is virtually Müllenhoff's.</p> + +<p><a name="note3053"></a>l. 3053. <b>galdre bewunden</b>, <i>spell-bound</i>, throws light on <a href="#li2770">l. 2770</a>, <b>gelocen +leoðo-cræftum</b>. The "accursed" gold of legend is often dragon-guarded +and placed under a spell. Even human ashes (as Shakespeare's) +are thus banned. <a href="#li3047">ll. 3047-3058</a> recall the so-called "Treasury of Atreus."</p> + +<p><a name="note3070"></a>l. 3070. H.-So. begins a new line with <b>swā</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note3073"></a>l. 3073. <b>herh, hearh</b>, <i>temple</i>, is conjectured by E. to survive in <i>Harrow. +Temple, barrow</i>, etc., have thus been raised to proper names. Cf. <b>Bīowulfes +biorh</b> of <a href="#li2808">l. 2808</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note3074"></a>l. 3074. H.-So. has <b>strude</b>, = <i>ravage</i>, and compares <a href="#li3127">l. 3127</a>. MS. has +<b>strade</b>. S. suggests <b>stride</b>, = <i>tread</i>.</p> + +<p>l. 3074. H.-So. omits <b>strādan</b>, = <i>tread, stride over</i>, from the Gloss., +referring <a href="#li3174">ll. 3174</a> and <a href="#li3074">3074</a> to <b>strūdan</b>, q. v.</p> + +<p><a name="note3075"></a>l. 3075. S. proposes: <b>næs hē goldhwætes gearwor hæfde</b>, etc., = +<i>Beowulf had not before seen the greedy possessor's favor</i>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 143. +B. reads, <b>goldhwæte gearwor hæfde</b>, etc., making <b>goldhwæte</b> modify +<b>ēst</b>, = <i>golden favor</i>; but see <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 373, for B.'s later view.</p> + +<p><a name="note3086"></a>l. 3086-3087. B. translates, "that which (i.e. the treasure) drew the +king thither was granted indeed, but it overwhelmed us."—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 109.</p> + +<p><a name="note3097"></a>l. 3097. B. and S. propose <b>æfter wine dēadum</b>, = <i>in memory of the +dead friend</i>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 144.</p> + +<p><a name="note3106"></a>l. 3106. The <b>brād gold</b> here possibly includes the <b>iū-monna gold</b> of +<a href="#li3053">l. 3053</a> and the <b>wunden gold</b> of <a href="#li3135">l. 3135</a>. E. translates <b>brād</b> by <i>bullion</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note3114"></a>l. 3114. B. supposes <b>folc-āgende</b> to be dat. sg. to <b>gōdum</b>, referring +to Beowulf.</p> + +<p><a name="note3116"></a>l. 3116. C. considers <b>weaxan</b>, = Lat. <i>vescor</i>, to devour, as a parallel +to <b>fretan</b>, and discards parentheses.—<cite>Beit.</cite> viii. 573.</p> + +<p><a name="note3120"></a>l. 3120. <b>fūs</b> = <i>furnished with</i>; a meaning which must be added to +those in the Gloss.</p> + +<p><a name="note3124"></a>ll. 3124-3125. S. proposes:</p> +<div class="line">ēode eahta sum under inwit-hrōf</div> +<div class="line">hilderinca: sum on handa bær, etc.</div> +<div class="lcite">—<cite>Beit.</cite> ix. 144.</div> + +<p><a name="note3136"></a>l. 3136. H.-So. corrects (after B.) to <b>æðeling<i>c</i></b>, the MS. having <i>e</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="note3145"></a>l. 3145. "It was their [the Icelanders'] belief that the higher the smoke +rose in the air the more glorious would the burnt man be in heaven."— +<cite>Ynglinga Saga</cite>, 10 (quoted by E.). Cf. the funeral pyre of Herakles.</p> + +<p><a name="note3146"></a>l. 3146-3147. B. conjectures:</p> +<div class="line"> ... swōgende lēc</div> +<div class="line">wōpe bewunden windblonda lēg</div> +<p>(<b>lēc</b> from <b>lācan</b>, see Gloss.).—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 110. Why not <b>windblonda lāc</b>?</p> + +<p><a name="note3147"></a>l. 3147. Müllenhoff rejected <b>wind-blond gelæg</b> because a great fire +raises rather than "lays" the wind; hence B., as above, = "swoughing +sported the flame wound with the howling of wind-currents."</p> + +<p><a name="note3151"></a>l. 3151 <i>seq.</i> B. restores conjecturally:</p> +<div class="line">swylce giōmor-gyd sio geō-meowle</div> +<div class="line">[æfter Bēowulfe] bunden-heorde</div> +<div class="line">[song] sorg-cearig, sǣde geneahhe,</div> +<div class="line">þæt hīo hyre [hearm-]dagas hearde on [dr]ēde,</div> +<div class="line">wælfylla worn, [w]īgendes egesan,</div> +<div class="line">hȳ[n]ðo ond hæftnȳd, hēof on rīce wealg.</div> +<div class="lcite">—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 100.</div> + +<p>Here <b>geō-meowle</b> = <i>old woman</i> or <i>widow;</i> <b>bunden-heorde</b> = <i>with +bound locks;</i> <b>hēof</b> = <i>lamentation;</i> cf. <a href="#li3143">l. 3143</a>. <b>on rīce wealg</b> is less +preferable than the MS. reading, <b>heofon rēce swealg</b> = <i>heaven swallowed +the smoke</i>.—H.-So. B. thinks Beowulf's widow (<b>geōmeowle</b>) +was probably Hygd; cf. <a href="#li2370">ll. 2370</a>, <a href="#li3017">3017-3021</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="note3162"></a>l. 3162. H.-So. reads (with MS.) <b>bronda be lāfe</b>, for <b>betost</b>, and +omits colon after <b>bēcn</b>. So B., <cite>Zachers Zeitschr.</cite> iv. 224.</p> + +<p><a name="note3171"></a>l. 3171. E. quotes Gibbon's accounts of the burial of Attila when the +"chosen squadrons of the Hun, wheeling round in measured evolutions, +chanted a funeral song to the memory of a hero."</p> + +<p><a name="note3173"></a>ll. 3173-3174. B. proposes:</p> +<div class="line">woldon gēn cwīðan [ond] kyning</div> +<div class="line">wordgyd wrecan ond ymb wēl sprecan.</div> +<div class="lcite">—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 112.</div> + +<p><a name="note3183"></a>l. 3183. Z., K., Th. read <b>manna</b> for <b>mannum</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="note3184"></a>l. 3184. "It is the English ideal of a hero as it was conceived by an +Englishman some twelve hundred years ago."—Br., p. 18.</p> + +<h3>NOTES TO THE FIGHT AT FINNSBURG.</h3> + +<p><a name="finnotes"></a>The original MS. of this fragment has vanished, but a copy had been made +and printed by Hickes in his <cite>Thesaurus Linguarum Septentrionalium</cite>, +i. 192. The original was written on a single sheet attached to a codex of +homilies in the Lambeth Library. Möller, <cite>Alteng. Epos</cite>, p. 65, places +the fragment in the Finn episode, between <a href="#li1146">ll. 1146</a> and <a href="#li1147">1147</a>. Bugge +(<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 20) makes it illustrate the conflict in which Hnæf fell, +<i>i.e.</i> as described in <cite>Bēowulf</cite> as antecedent to the events +there given. Heinzel (<cite>Anzeiger f. d. Altert.</cite>), however, calls +attention to the fact that Hengest in the fragment is called <b>cyning</b>, +whereas in <cite>Bēowulf</cite>, <a href="#li1086">l. 1086</a>, he is called <b>þegn</b>. See H.-So., +p. 125.</p> + +<p>"The <cite>Fight at Finnsburg</cite> and the lays from which our <cite>Bēowulf</cite> +was composed were, as it seems to me, sung among the English who dwelt in +the north of Denmark and the south of Sweden, and whose tribal name was the +Jutes or Goths."—Br., p. 101.</p> + +<p><a name="finnote1"></a>l. 1. R. supposes [<b>hor</b>]<b>nas</b>, and conjectures such an +introductory conversation as follows: "Is it dawning in the east, or is a +fiery dragon flying about, or are the turrets of some castle burning?" +questions which the king negatives in the same order. Then comes the +positive declaration, "rather they are warriors marching whose armor gleams +in the moonlight." —<cite>Alt- und Angels. Lesebuch</cite>, 1861. Heinzel and B. +conjecture, [<b>beorhtor hor</b>]<b>nas byrnað nǣfre</b>. So. +G.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 22; <cite>Anzeiger f. d. Altert.</cite> x. 229.</p> + +<p><a name="finnote5"></a>l. 5. B. conjectures <b>fugelas</b> to mean <i>arrows</i>, and supplies:</p> +<div class="line">ac hēr forð berað [fyrdsearu rincas,</div> +<div class="line">flacre flānbogan], fugelas singað.</div> + +<p>He compares Saxo, p. 95, <i>cristatis galeis hastisque sonantibus +instant</i>, as explanatory of <a href="finli6">l. 6</a>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 22. But see Brooke, +<cite>Early Eng. Literature</cite>, who supposes <b>fugelas</b> = <i>raven</i> +and <i>eagle</i>, while <b>grǣg-hama</b> is = <i>wulf</i> (the "grey-coated +one"), the ordinary accompaniers of battle.</p> + +<p><a name="finnote11"></a>l. 11. <b>hicgeað</b>, etc.: cf. <cite>Maldon</cite>, l. 5; <cite>Exod.</cite> l. 218.</p> + +<p><a name="finnote15"></a>l. 15. Cf. B. (<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 25), etc., and Saxo, p. 101, for l. 13.</p> + +<p><a name="finnote18"></a>ll. 18-21. H.-So. remarks: "If, according to Möller and Bugge, Gārulf is +one of the attackers, one of Finn's men, this does not harmonize with his +character as Gūðlāf's son (<a href="finli33">l. 33</a>), who (<a href="finli16">l. 16</a>, and <cite>Bēowulf</cite>, <a href="li1149">l. 1149</a>) +is a Dane, therefore one of Finn's antagonists." B. (<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 25) +conjectures:</p> +<div class="line">þā gȳt Gūðdene Gārulf styrode,</div> +<div class="line">þæt hē swā frēolīc feorh forman sīðe</div> +<div class="line">tō þǣre healle durum hyrsta ne bǣre,</div> +<div class="line">nū hīe nīða heard ānyman wolde;</div> +<p>in which <b>Gūðdene</b> is the same as Sigeferð, <a href="finli24">l. 24</a>; <b>hē</b> (<a href="finli22">l. 22</a>) +refers to <b>Gārulf</b>; and <b>hīe</b> (<a href="finli21">l. 21</a>) to <b>hyrsta</b>.</p> + +<p><a name="finnote27"></a>l. 27. <b>swæðer</b> = <i>either</i> (bad or good, life or death).—H.-So.</p> + +<p><a name="finnote29"></a>l. 29. <b>cēlod</b>: meaning doubtful; cf. <cite>Maldon</cite>, l. 283. G. +renders "curved board"; Sw. suggests "round"? "hollow"?</p> + +<p><a name="finnote30"></a>l. 30. B. suggests <b>bār-helm</b>, = <i>boar-helm.</i> Cf. Saxo, p. +96.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 26.</p> + +<p><a name="finnote34"></a>l. 34. B. conjectures: (1) <b>hwearf flacra hrǣw hræfen, wandrode</b>; (2) +<b>hwearf flacra hrǣw hræfen fram ōðrum</b> = <i>flew from one corpse to +another</i>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 27.</p> + +<p><a name="finnote43"></a>l. 43. B. supposes <b>wund hæleð</b> to be a Dane, <b>folces hyrde</b> to +be Hnæf, in opposition to Holtzmann (<cite>Germania</cite>, viii. 494), who +supposes the wounded man to be a Frisian, and <b>folces hyrde</b> to be +their king, Finn.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 28.</p> + +<p><a name="finnote45"></a>l. 45. B. adopts Th.'s reading <b>heresceorp unhrōr</b> = <i>equipments +useless</i>.—<cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 28.</p> + +<p><a name="finnote47"></a>l. 47. "Though wounded, they had retained their strength and activity in +battle."—B., <cite>Beit.</cite> xii. 28.</p> + + +<a name="glossary"></a><h2>GLOSSARY</h2> + +<p><b><a name="glossA">A</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glac">ac</a>, conj. denoting contrariety: hence 1) <i>but</i> (like +N.H.G. sondern), <a href="#li109">109</a>, <a href="#li135">135</a>, <a href="#li339">339</a>, etc.—2) <i>but</i> (N.H.G. aber), +<i>nevertheless</i>, <a href="#li602">602</a>, <a href="#li697">697</a>, etc.—3) in direct questions: nonne, +numquid, <a href="#li1991">1991</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glaglǣca">āglǣca, āhlǣca, ǣglǣca, -cea</a>, w. m. (cf. Goth, aglo, +<i>trouble</i>, O.N. agi, <i>terror</i>, + lāc, <i>gift, sport: = +misery, vexation, = bringer of trouble</i>; hence): 1) <i>evil spirit, +demon, a demon-like being</i>; of Grendel, <a href="#li159">159</a>, <a href="#li433">433</a>, <a href="#li593">593</a>, etc.; of the +drake, <a href="#li2535">2535</a>, <a href="#li2906">2906</a>, etc.—2) <i>great hero, mighty warrior</i>; of +Sigemund, <a href="#li894">894</a>; of Bēowulf: gen. sg. āglǣcan(?), <a href="#li1513">1513</a>; of Bēowulf and +the drake: nom. pl. þā āglǣcean, <a href="#li2593">2593</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glaglǣcwīf">āglǣc-wīf</a>, st. n., <i>demon, devil, in the form of a woman</i>; +of Grendel's mother, <a href="#li1260">1260</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glaldor">aldor</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glealdor">ealdor</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glalwealda">al-wealda</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glealwealda">eal-w.</a></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glambiht">am-biht</a> (from and-b., Goth, and-baht-s), st. m., <i>servant, +man-servant</i>: nom. sg. ombeht, of the coast-guard, <a href="#li287">287</a>; ombiht, of +Wulfgār, <a href="#li336">336</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glambihtthegn">ambiht-þegn</a> (from ambiht n. officium and þegn, which see), +<i>servant, man-servant</i>: dat. sg. ombiht-þegne, of Bēowulf's +servant, <a href="#li674">674</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glan">an</a>, prep, with the dat., <i>on, in, with respect to</i>, <a href="#li678">678</a>; +<i>with, among, at, upon</i> (position after the governed word), <a href="#li1936">1936</a>; +with the acc., <a href="#li1248">1248</a>. Elsewhere on, which see.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glancor">ancor</a>, st. m., <i>anchor</i>: dat. sg. ancre, <a href="#li303">303</a>, <a href="#li1884">1884</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glancorbend">ancor-bend</a>, m. (?) f. (?), <i>anchor-cable</i>: dat. pl. +oncer-bendum, <a href="#li1919">1919</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gland">and</a>, conj. (<b>ond</b> is usual form; for example, <a href="#li601">601</a>, <a href="#li1149">1149</a>, +<a href="#li2041">2041</a>), and <a href="#li33">33</a>, <a href="#li39">39</a>, <a href="#li40">40</a>, etc. (See Appendix.)</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glanda">anda</a>, w. m., <i>excitement, vexation, horror</i>: dat. wrāðum +on andan, <a href="#li709">709</a>, <a href="#li2315">2315</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glandgit">and-git</a>, st. n., <i>insight, understanding</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1060">1060</a>. +See <a class="glentry" href="#glgitan">gitan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glandhātor">and-hātor</a>, st. m. n., <i>heat coming against one</i>: gen. sg. +rēðes and-hāttres, <a href="#li2524">2524</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glandlang">and-lang, -long</a>, adj., <i>very long.</i> hence 1) <i>at whole +length, raised up high</i>: acc. andlongne eorl, <a href="#li2696">2696</a> (cf. Bugge upon +this point, Zachers Ztschr., 4, 217).—2) <i>continual, entire</i>; +andlangne dæg, <a href="#li2116">2116</a>, <i>the whole day</i>; andlonge niht, <a href="#li2939">2939</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glandlēan">and-lēan</a>, st. n., <i>reward, payment in full</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li1542">1542</a>, <a href="#li2095">2095</a> (hand-, hond-lean, MS.).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glandrisno">and-risno</a>, st. f. (see rīsan, surgere, decere), <i>that which +is to be observed, that which is proper, etiquette</i>: dat. pl. for +andrysnum, <i>according to etiquette</i>, <a href="#li1797">1797</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glandsaca">and-saca</a>, w. m., <i>adversary</i>: godes andsaca (Grendel), <a href="#li787">787</a>, <a href="#li1683">1683</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glandslyht">and-slyht</a>, st. m., <i>blow in return</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li2930">2930</a>, <a href="#li2973">2973</a> +(MS. both times hond-slyht).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glandswaru">and-swaru</a>, st. f., <i>act of accosting</i>: 1) to persons +coming up, <i>an address</i>, <a href="#li2861">2861</a>.—2) in reply to something said, +<i>an answer</i>, <a href="#li354">354</a>, <a href="#li1494">1494</a>, <a href="#li1841">1841</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glandweard">and-weard</a>, adj., <i>present, existing</i>: acc. sg. n. swīn +ofer helme and-weard (<i>the image of the boar, which stands on his +helm</i>), <a href="#li1288">1288</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glandwlita">and-wlita</a>, w. m., <i>countenance</i>: acc. sg. -an, <a href="#li690">690</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glansund">an-sund</a>, adj., <i>entirely unharmed</i>: nom. sg. m., <a href="#li1001">1001</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glansȳn">an-sȳn</a>, f., <i>the state of being seen</i>: hence 1) <i>the +exterior, the form</i>, <a href="#li251">251</a>: ansȳn ȳwde, <i>showed his form</i>, i.e. +appeared, <a href="#li2835">2835</a>.—2) <i>aspect, appearance</i>, <a href="#li929">929</a>; on-sȳn, <a href="#li2773">2773</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glanwalda">an-walda</a>, w. m., <i>He who rules over all, God</i>, <a href="#li1273">1273</a>. See +Note.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glatelīc">atelīc</a>, adj., <i>terrible, dreadful</i>: atelīc egesa, <a href="#li785">785</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glatol">atol</a>, adj. (also eatol, <a href="#li2075">2075</a>, etc.), <i>hostile, frightful, +cruel</i>: of Grendel, <a href="#li159">159</a>, <a href="#li165">165</a>, <a href="#li593">593</a>, <a href="#li2075">2075</a>, etc.; of Grendel's +mother's hands (dat. pl. atolan), <a href="#li1503">1503</a>; of the undulation of the +waves, <a href="#li849">849</a>; of battle, <a href="#li597">597</a>, <a href="#li2479">2479</a>.—cf. O.N. atall, fortis, strenuus.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glattor">attor</a>, st. n., <i>poison</i>, here of the poison of the dragon's +bite: nom., <a href="#li2716">2716</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glattorsceatha">attor-sceaða</a>, w. m., <i>poisonous enemy, of the poisonous +dragon</i>: gen. sg. -sceaðan, <a href="#li2840">2840</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glāwa">āwa</a>, adv. (certainly not the dative, but a reduplicated form of +ā, which see), <i>ever</i>: āwa tō aldre, <i>fōr ever and ever</i>, +<a href="#li956">956</a>.</p> + +<p><b><a name="glossAl">Ā</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glā">ā</a>, adv. (Goth, áiv, acc. from aiv-s aevum), <i>ever, +always</i>, <a href="#li455">455</a>, <a href="#li882">882</a>, <a href="#li931">931</a>, <a href="#li1479">1479</a>: ā syððan, <i>ever afterwards, ever, +ever after</i>, <a href="#li283">283</a>, <a href="#li2921">2921</a>.—<i>ever</i>, <a href="#li780">780</a>.—Comp. nā.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glād">ād</a> st. m. <i>funeral pile</i>: acc. sg. ād, <a href="#li3139">3139</a>; dat. sg. āde, +<a href="#li1111">1111</a>, <a href="#li1115">1115</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glādfaru">ād-faru</a>, st. f., <i>way to the funeral pile</i>, dat. sg. on +ād-fære, <a href="#li3011">3011</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glādl">ādl</a>, st. f. <i>sickness</i>, <a href="#li1737">1737</a>, <a href="#li1764">1764</a>, <a href="#li1849">1849</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glāth">āð</a>, st. m., <i>oath in general</i>, <a href="#li2740">2740</a>; <i>oath of +allegiance</i>, <a href="#li472">472</a> (?); <i>oath of reconciliation of two warring +peoples</i>, <a href="#li1098">1098</a>, <a href="#li1108">1108</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glāthsweord">āð-sweord</a>, st. n., <i>the solemn taking of an oath, the +swearing of an oath</i>: nom. pl., <a href="#li2065">2065</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsweord">sweord</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glāthumswerian">āðum-swerian</a>, m. pl., <i>son-in-law and father-in-law</i>: dat. +pl., <a href="#li84">84</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glāgan">āgan</a>, verb, pret. and pres., <i>to have, to possess</i>, w. +acc.: III. prs. sg. āh, <a href="#li1728">1728</a>; inf. āgan, <a href="#li1089">1089</a>; prt. āhte, <a href="#li487">487</a>, <a href="#li522">522</a>, +<a href="#li533">533</a>; with object, geweald, to be supplied, <a href="#li31">31</a>. Form contracted with +the negative: prs. sg. I. nāh hwā sweord wege (<i>I have no one to +wield the sword</i>), <a href="#li2253">2253</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glāgen">āgen</a>, adj., <i>own, peculiar</i>, <a href="#li2677">2677</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glāgend">āgend</a> (prs. part. of āgan), <i>possessor, owner, lord</i>: gen. +sg. āgendes, <i>of God</i>, <a href="#li3076">3076</a>.—Compounds: blǣd-, bold-, folc-, +mægen-āgend.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glāgendfrēa">āgend-frēa</a>, w. m., <i>owner, lord</i>: gen. sg. āgend-frēan, +<a href="#li1884">1884</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glāhsian">āhsian</a>, ge-<b>āhsian</b>, w. v.: 1) <i>to examine, to find out +by inquiring</i>: pret. part. ge-āhsod, <a href="#li433">433</a>.—2) <i>to experience, to +endure</i>: pret. āhsode, <a href="#li1207">1207</a>; pl. āhsodon, <a href="#li423">423</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glāht">āht</a>, st. n. (contracted from ā-wiht, which see), <i>something, +anything</i>: āht cwices, <a href="#li2315">2315</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glān">ān</a>, num. The meaning of this word betrays its apparent +demonstrative character: 1) <i>this, that</i>, <a href="#li2411">2411</a>, of the hall in +the earth mentioned before; similarly, <a href="#li100">100</a> (of Grendel; already +mentioned), cf. also <a href="#li2775">2775</a>.—2) <i>one</i>, a particular one among +many, a single one, in numerical sense: ymb āne niht (<i>the next +night</i>), <a href="#li135">135</a>; þurh ānes cræft, <a href="#li700">700</a>; þāra ānum, <a href="#li1038">1038</a>; ān æfter ānum, +<i>one for the other</i> (Hrēðel for Herebeald), <a href="#li2462">2462</a>: similarly, ān +æfter eallum, <a href="#li2269">2269</a>; ānes hwæt, <i>some single thing, a part</i>, <a href="#li3011">3011</a>; +se ān lēoda duguðe, <i>the one of the heroes of the people</i>, <a href="#li2238">2238</a>; +ānes willan, <i>for the sake of a single one</i>, <a href="#li3078">3078</a>, etc.—Hence, +again, 3) <i>alone, distinguished</i>, <a href="#li1459">1459</a>, <a href="#li1886">1886</a>.—4) <i>a</i>, in +the sense of an indefinite article: ān ... fēond, <a href="#li100">100</a>; gen. sg. ānre +bēne (or to No.2[?]), <a href="#li428">428</a>; ān ... draca, 2211—5) gen. pl. ānra, in +connection with a pronoun, <i>single</i>; ānra gehwylces, <i>every +single one</i>, <a href="#li733">733</a>; ānra gehwylcum, <a href="#li785">785</a>. Similarly, the dat. pl. in +this sense: nemne fēaum ānum, <i>except a few single ones</i>, +<a href="#li1082">1082</a>.—6) solus, <i>alone</i>: in the strong form, <a href="#li1378">1378</a>, <a href="#li2965">2965</a>; in the +weak form, <a href="#li145">145</a>, <a href="#li425">425</a>, <a href="#li431">431</a>, <a href="#li889">889</a>, etc.; with the gen., āna Gēata duguðe, +<i>alone of the warriors of the Gēatas</i>, <a href="#li2658">2658</a>.—7) solitarius, +<i>alone, lonely</i>, see <a class="glentry" href="#glǣn">ǣn</a>.—Comp. nān.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glānfeald">ān-feald</a>, adj., <i>simple, plain, without reserve</i>: acc. sg. +ānfealdne geþōht, <i>simple opinion</i>, <a href="#li256">256</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glāngenga">ān-genga, -gengea</a>, w. m., <i>he who goes alone</i>, of Grendel, +<a href="#li165">165</a>, <a href="#li449">449</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glānhaga">ān-haga</a>, w. m., <i>he who stands alone</i>, solitarius, <a href="#li2369">2369</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glānhȳdig">ān-hȳdig</a>, adj. (like the O.N. ein-rād-r, <i>of one +resolve</i>, i.e. of firm resolve), <i>of one opinion</i>, i.e. firm, +brave, decided, <a href="#li2668">2668</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glānga">ānga</a>, adj. (only in the weak form), <i>single, only</i>: acc. +sg. āngan dōhtor, <a href="#li375">375</a>, <a href="#li2998">2998</a>; āngan eaferan, <a href="#li1548">1548</a>; dat. sg. āngan +brēðer, <a href="#li1263">1263</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glānpæth">ān-pæð</a>, st. m., <i>lonely way, path</i>: acc. pl. ānpaðas, +<a href="#li1411">1411</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glānrǣd">ān-rǣd</a>, adj. (cf. under ān-hȳdig), <i>of firm resolution, +resolved</i>, <a href="#li1530">1530</a>, <a href="#li1576">1576</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glāntīd">ān-tīd</a>, st. f., <i>one time</i>, i.e. the same time, ymb ān-tīd +ōðres dōgores, <i>about the same time the second day</i> (they sailed +twenty-four hours), <a href="#li219">219</a>.—ān stands as in ān-mod, O.H.G. ein-muoti, +<i>harmonious, of the same disposition</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glānunga">ānunga</a>, adv., <i>throughout, entirely, wholly</i>, <a href="#li635">635</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glār">ār</a>, st. m., <i>ambassador, messenger</i>, <a href="#li336">336</a>, <a href="#li2784">2784</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glār">ār</a>, st. f., 1) <i>honor, dignity</i>: ārum healdan, <i>to hold +in honor</i>, <a href="#li296">296</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1100">1100</a>, <a href="#li1183">1183</a>.—2) <i>favor, grace, +support</i>: acc. sg. āre, <a href="#li1273">1273</a>, <a href="#li2607">2607</a>; dat. sg. āre, <a href="#li2379">2379</a>; gen. pl. +hwæt ... ārna, <a href="#li1188">1188</a>.—Comp. worold-ār; also written ǣr.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glārfæst">ār-fæst</a>, adj., <i>honorable, upright</i>, <a href="#li1169">1169</a>; of Hunferð +(with reference to <a href="#li588">588</a>). See <a class="glentry" href="#glfæst">fæst</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glārian">ārian</a>, w. v., (<i>to be gracious</i>), <i>to spare</i>: III. sg. prs. +w. dat. nǣnegum ārað; of Grendel, <a href="#li599">599</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glārstæf">ār-stæf</a>, st. m.,(elementum honoris), <i>grace, favor</i>: dat. +pl. mid ārstafum, <a href="#li317">317</a>.—<i>Help, support</i>: dat. pl. for ār-stafum, +<i>to the assistance</i>, <a href="#li382">382</a>, <a href="#li458">458</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glstæf">stæf</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glātertēar">āter-tēar</a>, m., <i>poisonous drop</i>: dat. pl. īren āter-tēarum +fāh (steel which is dipped in poison or in poisonous sap of plants), +<a href="#li1460">1460</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossAE">Æ</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glæthele">æðele</a>, adj., <i>noble</i>: nom. sg., of Bēowulf, <a href="#li198">198</a>, <a href="#li1313">1313</a>; of +Bēowulf's father, <a href="#li263">263</a>, where it can be understood as well in a moral +as in a genealogical sense; the latter prevails decidedly in the gen. +sg. æðelan cynnes, <a href="#li2235">2235</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glætheling">æðeling</a>, st. m., <i>nobleman, man of noble descent</i>, +especially the appellation of a man of royal birth; so of the kings of +the Danes, <a href="#li3">3</a>; of Scyld, <a href="#li33">33</a>; of Hrōðgār, <a href="#li130">130</a>; of Sigemund, <a href="#li889">889</a>; of +Bēowulf, <a href="#li1226">1226</a>, <a href="#li1245">1245</a>, <a href="#li1597">1597</a>, <a href="#li1816">1816</a>, <a href="#li2189">2189</a>, <a href="#li2343">2343</a>, <a href="#li2375">2375</a>, <a href="#li2425">2425</a>, <a href="#li2716">2716</a>, <a href="#li3136">3136</a>; +perhaps also of Dæghrefn, <a href="#li2507">2507</a>;—then, in a broader sense, also +denoting other noble-born men: Æschere, <a href="#li1295">1295</a>; Hrōðgār's courtiers, +<a href="#li118">118</a>, <a href="#li983">983</a>; Heremōd's courtiers, <a href="#li907">907</a>; Hengest's warriors, <a href="#li1113">1113</a>; +Bēowulf's retinue, <a href="#li1805">1805</a>, <a href="#li1921">1921</a>, <a href="#li3172">3172</a>; noble-born in general, <a href="#li2889">2889</a>. +—Comp. sib-æðeling.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glæthelu">æðelu</a>, st. n., only in the pl., <i>noble descent, nobility</i>, +in the sense of noble lineage: acc. pl. æðelu, <a href="#li392">392</a>; dat. pl. cyning +æðelum gōd, <i>the king, of noble birth</i>, <a href="#li1871">1871</a>; æðelum dīore, +<i>worthy on account of noble lineage</i>, <a href="#li1950">1950</a>; æðelum (hǣleþum, +MS.), <a href="#li332">332</a>.—Comp. fæder-æðelu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glæfnan">æfnan</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to perform, to carry out, to +accomplish</i>: inf. ellen-weorc æfnan, <i>to do a heroic deed</i>, <a href="#li1465">1465</a>; +pret. unriht æfnde, <i>perpetrated wrong</i>, <a href="#li1255">1255</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgeæfnan">æfnan</a>, 1) <i>to carry out, to do, to accomplish</i>: pret. +pl. þæt geæfndon swā, <i>so carried that out</i>, <a href="#li538">538</a>; pret. part. āð +wæs geæfned, <i>the oath was sworn</i>, <a href="#li1108">1108</a>.—2) <i>get ready, +prepare</i>: pret. part. geæfned, <a href="#li3107">3107</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glefnan">efnan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glæfter">æfter</a> (comparative of af, Ags. of, which see; hence it +expresses the idea of <i>forth, away, from, back</i>), a) adv., +<i>thereupon, afterwards</i>, <a href="#li12">12</a>, <a href="#li341">341</a>, <a href="#li1390">1390</a>, <a href="#li2155">2155</a>.—ic him æfter +sceal, <i>I shall go after them</i>, <a href="#li2817">2817</a>; in word æfter cwæð, <a href="#li315">315</a>, +the sense seems to be, <i>spoke back, having turned</i>; b) prep. w. +dat., 1) (temporal) <i>after</i>, <a href="#li119">119</a>, <a href="#li128">128</a>, <a href="#li187">187</a>, <a href="#li825">825</a>, <a href="#li1939">1939</a>, etc.; +æfter beorne, <i>after the</i> (death of) <i>the hero</i>, <a href="#li2261">2261</a>, so +<a href="#li2262">2262</a>; æfter māððum-welan, <i>after</i> (obtaining) <i>the +treasure</i>, <a href="#li2751">2751</a>.—2) (causal) as proceeding from something, +denoting result and purpose, hence, <i>in consequence of, conformably +to</i>: æfter rihte, <i>in accordance with right</i>, <a href="#li1050">1050</a>, <a href="#li2111">2111</a>; +æfter faroðe, <i>with the current</i>, <a href="#li580">580</a>; so <a href="#li1321">1321</a>, <a href="#li1721">1721</a>, <a href="#li1944">1944</a>, <a href="#li2180">2180</a>, +etc., æfter heaðo-swāte, <i>in consequence of the blood of battle</i>, +<a href="#li1607">1607</a>; æfter wælnīðe, <i>in consequence of mortal enmity</i>, <a href="#li85">85</a>; <i>in +accordance with, on account of, after, about</i>: æfter æðelum +(hǣleþum, MS.)frægn, <i>asked about the descent</i>, <a href="#li332">332</a>; ne frīn þū +æfter sǣlum, <i>ask not after my welfare</i>, <a href="#li1323">1323</a>; æfter sincgyfan +grēoteð, <i>weeps for the giver of treasure</i>, <a href="#li1343">1343</a>; him æfter +dēorum men dyrne langað, <i>longs in secret for the dear man</i>, +<a href="#li1880">1880</a>; ān æfter ānum, <i>one for the other</i>, <a href="#li2462">2462</a>, etc.—3) (local), +<i>along</i>: æfter gumcynnum, <i>throughout the races of men, among +men</i>, <a href="#li945">945</a>; sōhte bed æfter būrum, <i>sought a bed among the rooms +of the castle</i> (the castle was fortified, the hall was not), <a href="#li140">140</a>; +æfter recede wlāt, <i>looked along the hall</i>, <a href="#li1573">1573</a>; stone æfter +stāne, <i>smelt along the rocks</i>, <a href="#li2289">2289</a>; æfter lyfte, <i>along the +air through the air</i>, <a href="#li2833">2833</a>; similarly, <a href="#li996">996</a>, <a href="#li1068">1068</a>, <a href="#li1317">1317</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glæfthunca">æf-þunca</a>, w. m., <i>anger, chagrin, vexatious affair</i>: nom., +<a href="#li502">502</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgeæhtan">æhtan</a>, w. v., <i>to prize, to speak in praise of</i>: pret. +part. geæhted, <a href="#li1866">1866</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgeæhtla">æhtla</a>, w. m., or <b>ge-æhtle</b>, w. f., <i>a speaking of +with praise, high esteem</i>: gen. sg. hȳ ... wyrðe þinceað +eorla geæhtlan, <i>seem worthy of the high esteem of the +noble-born</i>, <a href="#li369">369</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glæglǣcea">æglǣcea</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glaglǣcea">āglǣcea</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glælfylce">æl-fylce</a> (from æl-, Goth. ali-s, ἄλλος, and fylce, +O.N. fylki, collective form from folc), st. n., <i>other folk, hostile +army</i>: dat. pl. wið ælfylcum, <a href="#li2372">2372</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glælmihtig">æl-mihtig</a> (for eal-m.), adj., <i>almighty</i>: nom. sg. m., of +the weak form, se æl-mihtiga, <a href="#li92">92</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glælwiht">æl-wiht</a>, st. m., <i>being of another species, monster</i>: gen. +pl. æl-wihta eard, of the dwelling-place of Grendel's kindred, <a href="#li1501">1501</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glæppelfealu">æppel-fealu</a>, adj., <i>dappled sorrel</i>, or +<i>apple-yellow</i>: nom. pl. æppel-fealuwe mēaras, <i>apple-yellow +steeds</i>, <a href="#li2166">2166</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glærn">ærn</a>, st. n., <i>house</i>, in the compounds heal-, hord-, +medo-, þrȳð-, win-ærn.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glæsc">æsc</a>, st. m., <i>ash</i> (does not occur in Bēowulf in this +sense), <i>lance, spear</i>, because the shaft consists of ash wood: +dat. pl. (quā instr.) æscum and ecgum, <i>with spears and swords</i>, +<a href="#li1773">1773</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glæscholt">æsc-holt</a>, st. n., <i>ash wood, ashen shaft</i>: nom. pl. +æsc-holt ufan grǣg, <i>the ashen shafts gray above</i> (spears with +iron points), <a href="#li330">330</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glæscwiga">æsc-wiga</a>, w. m., <i>spear-fighter, warrior armed with the +spear</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2043">2043</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glæt">æt</a>, prep. w. dat., with the fundamental meaning of nearness to +something, hence 1) local, a) <i>with, near, at, on, in</i> (rest): æt +hȳðe, in <i>harbor</i>, <a href="#li32">32</a>; æt symle, <i>at the meal</i>, <a href="#li81">81</a>, æt āde, +<i>on the funeral-pile</i>, <a href="#li1111">1111</a>, <a href="#li1115">1115</a>; æt þē ānum, <i>with thee +alone</i>, <a href="#li1378">1378</a>; æt wīge, <i>in the fight</i>, <a href="#li1338">1338</a>; æt hilde, <a href="#li1660">1660</a>, +<a href="#li2682">2682</a>; æt ǣte, <i>in eating</i>, <a href="#li3027">3027</a>, etc. b) <i>to, towards, at, +on</i> (motion to): dēaðes wylm hrān æt heortan, <i>seized upon the +heart</i>, <a href="#li2271">2271</a>; gehēton æt hærgtrafum, <i>vowed at</i> (or <i>to</i>) +<i>the temples of the gods</i>, <a href="#li175">175</a>. c) with verbs of taking away, +<i>away from</i> (as starting from near an object): geþeah þæt ful æt +Wealhþēon, <i>took the cup from W</i>., <a href="#li630">630</a>; fela ic gebād grynna æt +Grendle, <i>from Grendel</i>, <a href="#li931">931</a>; æt mīnum fæder genam, <i>took me +from my father to himself</i>, <a href="#li2430">2430</a>.—2) temporal, <i>at, in, at the +time of</i>: æt frumsceafte, <i>in the beginning</i>, <a href="#li45">45</a>; æt ende, +<i>at an end</i>, <a href="#li224">224</a>; fand sīnne dryhten ealdres æt ende, <i>at the +end of life, dying</i>, <a href="#li2791">2791</a>; similarly, <a href="#li2823">2823</a>; æt feohgyftum, <i>in +giving gifts</i>, <a href="#li1090">1090</a>; æt sīðestan, <i>finally</i>, <a href="#li3014">3014</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glætgrǣpe">æt-grǣpe</a>, adj., <i>laying hold of</i>, prehendens, <a href="#li1270">1270</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glætrihte">æt-rihte</a>, adv., <i>almost</i>, <a href="#li1658">1658</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossAEl">Ǣ</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣdre">ǣdre, ēdre</a>, st. f., <i>aqueduct, canal</i> (not in Bēow.), + <i>vein</i> (not in Bēow.), <i>stream, violent pouring forth</i>: + dat. pl. swāt ǣdrum sprong, <i>the blood sprang in streams</i>, <a href="#li2967">2967</a>; + blōd ēdrum dranc, <i>drank the blood in streams</i>(?), <a href="#li743">743</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣdre2">ǣdre</a>, adv., <i>hastily, directly, immediately</i>, <a href="#li77">77</a>, <a href="#li354">354</a>, +<a href="#li3107">3107</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣthm">ǣðm</a>, st. m., <i>breath, gasp, snort</i>: instr. sg. hreðer ǣðme +wēoll, <i>the breast</i> (of the drake) <i>heaved with snorting</i>, +<a href="#li2594">2594</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣfen">ǣfen</a>, st. m., <i>evening</i>, <a href="#li1236">1236</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣfengram">ǣfen-gram</a>, adj., <i>hostile at evening, night-enemy</i>: nom. +sg. m. ǣfen-grom, of Grendel, <a href="#li2075">2075</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣfenlēoht">ǣfen-lēoht</a>, st. n., <i>evening-light</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li413">413</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣfenræst">ǣfen-ræst</a>, st. f., <i>evening-rest</i>: acc. sg. -ræste, <a href="#li647">647</a>, +<a href="#li1253">1253</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣfensprǣc">ǣfen-sprǣc</a>, st. f., <i>evening-talk</i>: acc. sg. +gemunde ...ǣfen-sprǣce, <i>thought about what he had spoken in the +evening</i>, <a href="#li760">760</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣfre">ǣfre</a>, adv., <i>ever, at any time</i>, <a href="#li70">70</a>, <a href="#li280">280</a>, <a href="#li504">504</a>, <a href="#li693">693</a>, etc.: +in negative sentences, ǣfre ne, <i>never</i>, <a href="#li2601">2601</a>.—Comp. nǣfre.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣghwā">ǣg-hwā</a> (O.H.G. ēo-ga-hwër), pron., <i>every, each</i>: dat. sg. +ǣghwǣm, <a href="#li1385">1385</a>. The gen. sg. in adverbial sense, <i>in all, throughout, +thoroughly</i>: ǣghwæs untǣle, <i>thoroughly blameless</i>, <a href="#li1866">1866</a>; +ǣghwæs unrīm, <i>entirely innumerable quantity</i>, i.e. an enormous +multitude, <a href="#li2625">2625</a>, <a href="#li3136">3136</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣghwæther">ǣg-hwæðer</a> (O.H.G. ēo-ga-hwëdar): 1) <i>each</i> (of two): nom. +sg. hæfde ǣghwæðer ende gefēred, <i>each of the two</i> (Bēowulf and +the drake) <i>had reached the end</i>, <a href="#li2845">2845</a>; dat. sg. ǣghwæðrum wæs +brōga fram ōðrum, <i>to each of the two</i> (Bēowulf and the drake) +<i>was fear of the other</i>, <a href="#li2565">2565</a>; gen. sg. ǣghwæðres ... worda and +worca, <a href="#li287">287</a>.—2) <i>each</i> (of several): dat. sg. heora ǣghwæðrum, +<a href="#li1637">1637</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣghwǣr">ǣg-hwǣr</a>, adv., <i>everywhere</i>, <a href="#li1060">1060</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣghwilc">ǣg-hwilc</a> (O.H.G. ēo-gi-hwëlih), pron., unusquisque, +<i>every</i> (one): 1) used as an adj.: acc. sg. m. dǣl ǣghwylcne, +<a href="#li622">622</a>.—2) as substantive, a) with the partitive genitive: nom. sg. +ǣg-hwylc, <a href="#li9">9</a>, <a href="#li2888">2888</a>; dat. sg. ǣghwylcum, <a href="#li1051">1051</a>. b) without gen.: nom. sg. +ǣghwylc, <a href="#li985">985</a>, <a href="#li988">988</a>; (wæs) ǣghwylc ōðrum trȳwe, <i>each one</i> (of two) +<i>true to the other</i>, <a href="#li1166">1166</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣgweard">ǣg-weard</a>, st. f., <i>watch on the sea shore</i>: acc. sg. +ǣg-wearde, <a href="#li241">241</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣht">ǣht</a> (abstract form from āgan, denoting the state of +possessing), st. f.: 1) <i>possession, power</i>: acc. sg. on flōdes +ǣht, <a href="#li42">42</a>; on wæteres ǣht, <i>into the power of the water</i>, <a href="#li516">516</a>; on +ǣht gehwearf Denigea frēan, <i>passed over into the possession of a +Danish master</i>, <a href="#li1680">1680</a>.—2) <i>property, possessions, goods</i>: acc. +pl. ǣhte, <a href="#li2249">2249</a>.—Comp. māðm-, gold-ǣht.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣht">ǣht</a> (O.H.G. āhta), st. f., <i>pursuit</i>: nom. þā wæs ǣht +boden Swēona lēodum, segn Higelāce, <i>then was pursuit offered to the +people of the Swēonas, (their) banner to Hygelāc</i> (i.e. the banner +of the Swedes, taken during their flight, fell into the hands of +Hygelāc), <a href="#li2958">2958</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣled">ǣled</a> (Old Sax. eld, O.N. edl-r), st. m., <i>fire</i>, <a href="#li3016">3016</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣledlēoma">ǣled-lēoma</a>, w. m., <i>(fire-light), torch</i>: acc. sg. lēoman, +<a href="#li3126">3126</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gllēoma">lēoma</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣn">ǣn</a> (oblique form of ān), num., <i>one</i>: acc. sg. m. þone ǣnne +þone..., <i>the one whom</i>..., <a href="#li1054">1054</a>; oftor micle þonne on ǣnne sīð, +<i>much oftener than one time</i>, <a href="#li1580">1580</a>; forð onsendon ǣnne, <i>sent him +forth alone</i>, <a href="#li46">46</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣne">ǣne</a>, adv., <i>once</i>: oft nalles ǣne, <a href="#li3020">3020</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣnig">ǣnig</a>, pron., <i>one, any one</i>, <a href="#li474">474</a>, <a href="#li503">503</a>, <a href="#li510">510</a>, <a href="#li534">534</a>, etc.: +instr. sg. nolde ... 0nige þinga, <i>would in no way, not at all</i>, +<a href="#li792">792</a>; lȳt ǣnig mearn, <i>little did any one sorrow</i> (i.e. no one), +<a href="#li3130">3130</a>.—With the article: næs se folccyning ... ǣnig, <i>no people's +king</i>, <a href="#li2735">2735</a>.—Comp. nǣnig.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣnlīc">ǣn-līc</a>, adj., <i>alone, excellent, distinguished</i>: ǣnlīc +ansȳn, <i>distinguished appearance</i>, <a href="#li251">251</a>; þēah þe hīo ǣnlīcu sȳ, +<i>though she be beautiful</i>, <a href="#li1942">1942</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣr">ǣr</a> (comparative form, from ā): 1) adv., <i>sooner, before, +beforehand</i>, <a href="#li15">15</a>, <a href="#li656">656</a>, <a href="#li695">695</a>, <a href="#li758">758</a>, etc., <i>for a long time</i>, <a href="#li2596">2596</a>; +eft swā ǣr, <i>again as formerly</i>, <a href="#li643">643</a>; ǣr nē siððan, <i>neither +sooner nor later</i>, <a href="#li719">719</a>; ǣr and sīð, <i>sooner and later</i> (all +times), <a href="#li2501">2501</a>; nō þȳ ǣr (<i>not so much the sooner</i>), <i>yet +not</i>, <a href="#li755">755</a>, <a href="#li1503">1503</a>, <a href="#li2082">2082</a>, <a href="#li2161">2161</a>, <a href="#li2467">2467</a>.—2) conjunct., <i>before, +ere</i>: a) with the ind.: ǣr hīo tō setle gēong, <a href="#li2020">2020</a>. b) w. +subjunc.: ǣr gē fyr fēran, <i>before you travel farther</i>, <a href="#li252">252</a>; ǣr +hē on hwurfe <a href="#li164">164</a>, so <a href="#li677">677</a>, <a href="#li2819">2819</a>; ǣr þon dæg cwōme, <i>ere the day +break</i>, <a href="#li732">732</a>; ǣr correlative to ǣr adv.: ǣr hē feorh seleð, aldor an +ōfre, ǣr hē wille ..., <i>he will sooner</i> (rather) <i>leave his +life upon the shore, before</i> (than) <i>he will</i> ..., <a href="#li1372">1372</a>.—3) +prepos. with dat., <i>before</i> ǣr dēaðe, <i>before death</i>, <a href="#li1389">1389</a>; +ǣr dæges hwīle, <i>before daybreak</i>, <a href="#li2321">2321</a>; ǣr swylt-dæge, <i>before +the day of death</i>, <a href="#li2799">2799</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣror">ǣror</a>, comp. adv., <i>sooner, before-hand</i>, <a href="#li810">810</a>; +<i>formerly</i>, <a href="#li2655">2655</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣrra">ǣrra</a>, comp. adj., <i>earlier</i>; instr. pl., ǣrran mǣlum, +<i>in former times</i>, <a href="#li908">908</a>, <a href="#li2238">2238</a>, <a href="#li3036">3036</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣrest">ǣrest</a>, superl.: 1) adv., <i>first of all, foremost</i>, <a href="#li6">6</a>, <a href="#li617">617</a>, +<a href="#li1698">1698</a>, etc.—2) as subst. n., <i>relation to, the beginning</i>: acc. +þæt ic his ǣrest þē eft gesægde (<i>to tell thee in what relation it +stood at first to the coat of mail that has been presented</i>), <a href="#li2158">2158</a>. +See <a href="#note2158">Note</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣrdæg">ǣr-dæg</a>, st. m. (<i>before-day</i>), <i>morning-twilight, gray +of morning</i>: dat. sg. mid ǣrdæge, <a href="#li126">126</a>; samod ǣrdæge, <a href="#li1312">1312</a>, <a href="#li2943">2943</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣrende">ǣrende</a>, st. n., <i>errand, trust</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li270">270</a>, <a href="#li345">345</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣrfæder">ǣr-fæder</a>, st. m., <i>late father, deceased father</i>: nom sg. +swā his ǣrfæder, <a href="#li2623">2623</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣrgestrēon">ǣr-gestrēon</a>, st. n., <i>old treasure, possessions dating from +old times</i>: acc sg., <a href="#li1758">1758</a>; gen. sg. swylcra fela ǣrgestrēona, +<i>much of such old treasure</i>, <a href="#li2233">2233</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgestrēon">gestrēon</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣrgeweorc">ǣr-geweorc</a>, st. n., <i>work dating from old times</i>: nom. sg. +enta ǣr-geweorc, <i>the old work of the giants</i> (of the golden +sword-hilt from Grendel's water-hall), <a href="#li1680">1680</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgeweorc">geweorc</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣrgōd">ǣr-gōd</a>, adj., <i>good since old times, long invested with +dignity</i> or <i>advantages</i>: æðeling ǣrgōd, <a href="#li130">130</a>; (eorl) ǣrgōd, +<a href="#li1330">1330</a>; īren ǣrgōd (<i>excellent sword</i>), <a href="#li990">990</a>, <a href="#li2587">2587</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣrwela">ǣr-wela</a>, w. m., <i>old possessions, riches dating from old +times</i>: acc. sg. ǣrwelan, <a href="#li2748">2748</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glwela">wela</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣs">ǣs</a>, st. n., <i>carcass, carrion</i>: dat. (instr.) sg. ǣse, of +Æschere's corpse, <a href="#li1333">1333</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣt">ǣt</a>, st. m., <i>food, meat</i>: dat, sg., hū him æt ǣte spēow, +<i>how he fared well at meat</i>, <a href="#li3027">3027</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glǣttren">ǣttren</a> (see attor), adj., <i>poisonous</i>: wæs þæt blōd tō þæs +hāt, ǣttren ellorgāst, se ǣr inne swealt, <i>so hot was the blood, +(and) poisonous the demon</i> (Grendel's mother) <i>who died +therein</i>, 1618</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossB">B</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbana">bana, bona</a>, w. m., <i>murderer</i>, <a href="#li158">158</a>, <a href="#li588">588</a>, <a href="#li1103">1103</a>, etc.: +acc. sg. bonan Ongenþēowes, of Hygelāc, although in reality his men +slew Ongenþēow (<a href="#li2965">2965</a> ff.), <a href="#li1969">1969</a>. Figuratively of inanimate objects: ne +wæs ecg bona, <a href="#li2507">2507</a>; wearð wracu Wēohstānes bana, <a href="#li2614">2614</a>.—Comp.: +ecg-, feorh-, gāst-, hand-, mūð-bana.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbongār">bon-gār</a>, st. m. <i>murdering spear</i>, <a href="#li2032">2032</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebannan">bannan</a>, st. v. w. acc. of the thing and dat. of the person, +<i>to command, to bid</i>: inf., <a href="#li74">74</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbād">bād</a>, st. f., <i>pledge</i>, only in comp.: nȳd-bād.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbān">bān</a>, st. n., <i>bone</i>: dat. sg. on bāne (on the bony skin of +the drake), <a href="#li2579">2579</a>; dat. pl. heals ealne ymbefēng biteran bānum (here of +the teeth of the drake), <a href="#li2693">2693</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbāncofa">bān-cofa</a>, w. m., "cubile ossium" (Grimm) of the body: dat. sg. +-cofan, <a href="#li1446">1446</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbānfāg">bān-fāg</a>, adj., <i>variegated with bones</i>, either with +ornaments made of bone-work, or adorned with bone, perhaps +deer-antlers; of Hrōðgār's hall, <a href="#li781">781</a>. The last meaning seems the more +probable.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbānfæt">bān-fæt</a>, st. n., <i>bone-vessel</i>, i.e. the body: acc. pl. +bān-fatu, <a href="#li1117">1117</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbānhring">bān-hring</a>, st. m., <i>the bone-structure, joint, +bone-joint</i>: acc. pl. hire wið halse ... bānhringas bræc (<i>broke +her neck-joint</i>), <a href="#li1568">1568</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbānhūs">bān-hūs</a>, st. n., <i>bone-house</i>, i.e. the body: acc. sg. +bānhūs gebræc, <a href="#li2509">2509</a>; similarly, <a href="#li3148">3148</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbānloca">bān-loca</a>, w. m., <i>the enclosure of the bones</i>, i.e. the +body: acc. sg. bāt bānlocan, <i>bit the body</i>, <a href="#li743">743</a>; nom. pl. +burston bānlocan, <i>the body burst</i> (of Grendel, because his arm +was torn out), <a href="#li819">819</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbāt">bāt</a>, st. m., <i>boat, craft, ship</i>, <a href="#li211">211</a>.—Comp. sǣ-bāt.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbātweard">bāt-weard</a>, st. m., <i>boat-watcher, he who keeps watch over the +craft.</i> dat. sg. -wearde, <a href="#li1901">1901</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbæth">bæð</a>, st. n., <i>bath</i>: acc. sg. ofer ganotes bæð, <i>over +the diver's bath</i> (i.e. the sea), <a href="#li1862">1862</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbærnan">bærnan</a>, w. v., <i>to cause to burn, to burn</i>: inf. hēt ... +bānfatu bærnan, <i>bade that the bodies be burned</i>, <a href="#li1117">1117</a>; ongan ... +beorht hofu bærnan, <i>began to consume the splendid country-seats</i> +(the dragon), <a href="#li2314">2314</a>.</p> + +<p>for-bærnan, w. v., <i>consume with fire</i>: inf. hȳ hine ne mōston +... brondefor-bærnan, <i>they</i> (the Danes) <i>could not burn +him</i> (the dead Æschere) <i>upon the funeral-pile</i>, <a href="#li2127">2127</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbǣdan">bǣdan</a> (Goth, baidjan, O.N. beðia), <i>to incite, to +encourage</i>: pret. bǣdde byre geonge, <i>encouraged the youths</i> +(at the banquet), <a href="#li2019">2019</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebǣdan">bǣdan</a>, w. v., <i>to press hard</i>: pret. part. bysigum +gebǣded, <i>distressed by trouble, difficulty, danger</i> (of battle), +<a href="#li2581">2581</a>; <i>to drive, to send forth</i>: strǣla storm strengum gebǣded, +<i>the storm of arrows sent with strength</i>, <a href="#li3118">3118</a>; <i>overcome</i>: +draca ... bealwe gebǣded, <i>the dragon ... overcome by the ills of +battle</i>, <a href="#li2827">2827</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbǣl">bǣl</a> (O.N. bāl), st. n., <i>fire, flames</i>: (wyrm) mid bǣle fōr, +<i>passed (through the air) with fire</i>, <a href="#li2309">2309</a>; hæfde landwara līge +befangan, bǣle and bronde, <i>with fire and burning</i>, <a href="#li2323">2323</a>.—Especially, +<i>the fire of the funeral-pile, the funeral-pile</i>, <a href="#li1110">1110</a>, <a href="#li1117">1117</a>, <a href="#li2127">2127</a>; ǣr +hē bǣl cure, <i>ere he sought the burning</i> (i.e. died), <a href="#li2819">2819</a>; hātað ... +hlǣw gewyrcean ... æfter bǣle, <i>after I am burned, let a burial mound be +thrown up</i> (Bēowulf's words), <a href="#li2804">2804</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbǣlfȳr">bǣl-fȳr</a>, st. n., <i>bale-fire, fire of the funeral-pile</i>: +gen. pl. bǣlfȳra mǣst, <a href="#li3144">3144</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbǣlstede">bǣl-stede</a>, st. m., <i>place for the funeral-pile</i>: dat. sg. +in bǣl=stede, <a href="#li3098">3098</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbǣlwudu">bǣl-wudu</a>, st. m., <i>wood for the funeral-pile</i>, <a href="#li3113">3113</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbǣr">bǣr</a>, st. f., <i>bier</i>, <a href="#li3106">3106</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebǣran">bǣran</a>, w. v., <i>to conduct one's self, behave</i>: inf. w. +adv., ne gefrægen ic þā mǣgðe ... sēl gebǣran, <i>I did not hear that a +troop bore itself better, maintained a nobler deportment</i>, <a href="#li1013">1013</a>; hē +on eorðan geseah þone lēofestan līfes æt ende blēate gebǣran, <i>saw +the best-beloved upon the earth, at the end of his life, struggling +miserably</i> (i.e. in a helpless situation), <a href="#li2825">2825</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebǣtan">bǣtan</a> (denominative from bǣte, <i>the bit</i>), w. v., <i>to +place the bit in the mouth of an animal, to bridle</i>: pret. part. þā +wæs Hrōðgāre hors gebǣted, <a href="#li1400">1400</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbe">be</a>, prep. w. dat. (with the fundamental meaning <i>near</i>, +"but not of one direction, as æt, but more general"): 1) local, +<i>near by, near, at, on</i> (rest): be ȳdlāfe uppe lǣgon, <i>lay +above, upon the deposit of the waves</i> (upon the strand, of the +slain nixies), <a href="#li566">566</a>; hæfde be honda, <i>held by the hand</i> (Bēowulf +held Grendel), <a href="#li815">815</a>; be sǣm tweonum, <i>in the circuit of both the +seas</i>, <a href="#li859">859</a>, <a href="#li1686">1686</a>; be mæste, <i>on the mast</i>, <a href="#li1906">1906</a>; by fȳre, +<i>by the fire</i>, <a href="#li2220">2220</a>; be næsse, <i>at the promontory</i>, <a href="#li2244">2244</a>; +sæt be þǣm gebrōðrum twǣm, <i>sat by the two brothers</i>, <a href="#li1192">1192</a>; wæs +se gryre lǣssa efne swā micle swā bið mægða cræft be wǣpnedmen, <i>the +terror was just so much less, as is the strength of woman to the +warrior</i> (i.e. is valued by), <a href="#li1285">1285</a>, etc.—2) also local, but of +motion from the subject in the direction of the object, <i>on, upon, +by</i>: gefēng be eaxle, <i>seized by the shoulder</i>, <a href="#li1538">1538</a>; ālēdon +lēofne þēoden be mæste, <i>laid the dear lord near the mast</i>, <a href="#li36">36</a>; +be healse genam, <i>took him by the neck, fell upon his neck</i>, +<a href="#li1873">1873</a>; wǣpen hafenade be hiltum, <i>grasped the weapon by the hilt</i>, +<a href="#li1757">1757</a>, etc.—3) with this is connected the causal force, <i>on account +of, for, according to</i>: ic þis gid be þē āwræc, <i>I spake this +solemn speech for thee, for thy sake</i>, <a href="#li1724">1724</a>; þū þē lǣr be þon, +<i>learn according to this, from this</i>, <a href="#li1723">1723</a>; be fæder lāre, +<i>according to her father's direction</i>, <a href="#li1951">1951</a>.—4) temporal, +<i>while, during</i>: be þē lifigendum, <i>while thou livest, during +thy life</i>, <a href="#li2666">2666</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glbī">bī</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbed">bed</a>, st. n., <i>bed, couch</i>: acc. sg. bed, <a href="#li140">140</a>, <a href="#li677">677</a>; gen. +sg. beddes, <a href="#li1792">1792</a>; dat. pl. beddum, <a href="#li1241">1241</a>.—Comp: deað-, hlin-, læger-, +morðor-, wæl-bed.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebedde">bedde</a>, w. f., <i>bed-fellow</i>: dat. sg. wolde sēcan ewēn +tō gebeddan, <i>wished to seek the queen as bed-fellow, to go to bed +with her</i>, <a href="#li666">666</a>.—Comp. heals-gebedde.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēgen">bēgen</a>, fem. <b>bā</b>, <i>both</i>: nom. m., <a href="#li536">536</a>, <a href="#li770">770</a>, <a href="#li2708">2708</a>; +acc. fem. on bā healfa, <i>on two sides</i> (i.e. Grendel and his +mother), <a href="#li1306">1306</a>; dat. m. bām, <a href="#li2197">2197</a>; and in connection with the +possessive instead of the personal pronoun, ūrum bām, <a href="#li2661">2661</a>; gen. n. +bēga, <a href="#li1874">1874</a>, <a href="#li2896">2896</a>; bēga gehwæðres, <i>each one of the two</i>, <a href="#li1044">1044</a>; +bēga folces, of <i>both peoples</i>, <a href="#li1125">1125</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebelgan">belgan</a>, st. v. (properly, <i>to cause to swell, to +swell</i>), <i>to irritate</i>: w. dat. (pret. subj.) þæt hē ēcean +dryhtne bitre gebulge, <i>that he had bitterly angered the eternal +Lord</i>, <a href="#li2332">2332</a>; pret. part. gebolgen, <a href="#li1540">1540</a>; (gebolge, MS.), <a href="#li2222">2222</a>; pl. +gebolgne, <a href="#li1432">1432</a>; more according to the original meaning in torne +gebolgen, <a href="#li2402">2402</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-belgan, <i>to anger</i>: pret. sg. w. acc. oð þæt hyne ān ābealh mon +on mōde, <i>till a man angered him in his heart</i>, <a href="#li2281">2281</a>; pret. part. +ābolgen, <a href="#li724">724</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glben">ben</a>, st. f., <i>wound</i>: acc. sg. benne, <a href="#li2725">2725</a>.—Comp.: +feorh-, seax-ben.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbenc">benc</a>, st. f., <i>bench</i>: nom. sg. benc, <a href="#li492">492</a>; dat. sg. bence, +<a href="#li327">327</a>, <a href="#li1014">1014</a>, <a href="#li1189">1189</a>, <a href="#li1244">1244</a>.—Comp.: ealu-, medu-benc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbencswēg">benc-swēg</a>, st. m., (<i>bench-rejoicing</i>), <i>rejoicing which +resounds from the benches</i>, <a href="#li1162">1162</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbencthel">benc-þel</a>, st. n., <i>bench-board, the wainscotted space where +the benches stand</i>: nom. pl. benc-þelu, <a href="#li486">486</a>; acc. pl. bencþelu +beredon, <i>cleared the bench-boards</i> (i.e. by taking away the +benches, so as to prepare couches), <a href="#li1240">1240</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbend">bend</a>, st. m. f., <i>bond, fetter</i>: acc. sg. forstes bend, +<i>frost's bond</i>, <a href="#li1610">1610</a>; dat. pl. bendum, <a href="#li978">978</a>.—Comp.: fȳr-, hell-, +hyge-, īren-, oncer-, searo-, wæl-bend.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbengeat">ben-geat</a>, st. n., (<i>wound-gate</i>), <i>wound-opening</i>: +nom. pl. ben-geato, <a href="#li1122">1122</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbera">bera</a> (O.N. beri), w. m., <i>bearer</i>: in comp. hleor-bera.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glberan">beran</a>, st. v. w. acc., <i>to carry</i>; III. sg. pres. byreð, <a href="#li296">296</a>, +<a href="#li448">448</a>; þone māððum byreð, <i>carries the treasure</i> (upon his person), +<a href="#li2056">2056</a>; pres. subj. bere, <a href="#li437">437</a>; pl. beren, <a href="#li2654">2654</a>; inf. beran, <a href="#li48">48</a>, <a href="#li231">231</a>, <a href="#li291">291</a>, +etc.; heht þā se hearda Hrunting beran, <i>to bring Hrunting</i>, <a href="#li1808">1808</a>; up +beran, <a href="#li1921">1921</a>; in beran, <a href="#li2153">2153</a>; pret. bær, <a href="#li495">495</a>, <a href="#li712">712</a>, <a href="#li847">847</a>, etc.; mandryhtne bær +fǣted wǣge, <i>brought the lord the costly vessel</i>, <a href="#li2282">2282</a>; pl. bǣron, +<a href="#li213">213</a>, <a href="#li1636">1636</a>, etc.; bǣran, <a href="#li2851">2851</a>; pret. part. boren, <a href="#li1193">1193</a>, <a href="#li1648">1648</a>, <a href="#li3136">3136</a>.—The +following expressions are poetic paraphrases of the forms <i>go, come</i>: +þæt wē rondas beren eft tō earde, <a href="#li2654">2654</a>; gewītað forð beran wǣpen and +gewǣdu, <a href="#li291">291</a>; ic gefrægn sunu Wīhstānes hringnet beran, <a href="#li2755">2755</a>; wīgheafolan +bær, <a href="#li2662">2662</a>; helmas bǣron, <a href="#li240">240</a> (conjecture); scyldas bǣran, <a href="#li2851">2851</a>: they lay +stress upon the connection of the man with his weapons.</p> + +<p>æt-beran, <i>to carry to</i>: inf. tō beadulāce (<i>battle</i>) ætberan, +<a href="#li1562">1562</a>; pret. þā hine on morgentīd on Heaðorǣmas holm up ætbær, <i>the sea +bore him up to the Heaðorǣmas</i>, <a href="#li519">519</a>; hīo Bēowulfe medoful ætbær +<i>brought Bēowulf the mead-cup</i>, <a href="#li625">625</a>; mægenbyrðenne ... hider ūt ætbær +cyninge mīnum, <i>bore the great burden hither to my king</i>, <a href="#li3093">3093</a>; pl. hī +hyne ætbǣron tō brimes faroðe, <a href="#li28">28</a>.—2) <i>bear away</i>: +æt līc ætbær, <a href="#li2128">2128</a>.</p> + +<p>for-beran, <i>to hold, to suppress</i>: inf. þæt hē þone brēostwylm +forberan ne mehte, <i>that he could not suppress the emotions of his +breast</i>, <a href="#li1878">1878</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-beran, <i>to bring forth, to bear</i>: pret. part. þæt lā mæg +secgan sē þe sōð and riht fremeð on folce ... þæt þes eorl wǣre geboren +betera (<i>that may every just man of the people say, that this +nobleman is better born</i>), <a href="#li1704">1704</a>.</p> + +<p>oð-beran, <i>to bring hither</i>: pret. þā mec sǣ oðbær on Finna land, +<a href="#li579">579</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glonberan">on-beran</a> (O.H.G. in bëran, intpëran, but in the sense of +carere), auferre, <i>to carry off, to take away</i>: inf. īren ǣrgōd +þæt þæs āhlǣcan blōdge beadufolme onberan wolde, <i>excellent sword +which would sweep off the bloody hand of the demon</i>, <a href="#li991">991</a>; pret. +part. (wæs) onboren bēaga hord, <i>the treasure of the rings had been +carried off</i>, <a href="#li2285">2285</a>.—Compounds with the pres. part.: helm-, +sāwl-berend.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glberian">berian</a> (denominative from bær, <i>naked</i>), w. v., <i>to make +bare, to clear</i>: pret. pl. bencþelu beredon, <i>cleared the +bench-place</i> (by removing the benches), <a href="#li1240">1240</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glberstan">berstan</a>, st. v., <i>to break, to burst</i>: pret. pl. burston +bānlocan, <a href="#li819">819</a>; bengeato burston, <a href="#li1122">1122</a>.—<i>to crack, to make the noise +of breaking</i>: fingras burston, <i>the fingers cracked</i> (from +Bēowulf's gripe), <a href="#li761">761</a>.</p> + +<p>for-berstan, <i>break, to fly asunder</i>: pret. Nægling forbærst, +<i>Nægling</i> (Bēowulf's sword) <i>broke in two</i>, <a href="#li2681">2681</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbetera">betera</a>, adj. (comp.), <i>better</i>: nom. sg. m. betera, <a href="#li469">469</a>, +<a href="#li1704">1704</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbetlīc">bet-līc</a>, adj., <i>excellent, splendid</i>: nom. sg. n., of +Hrōðgār's hall, <a href="#li781">781</a>; of Hygelāc's residence, <a href="#li1926">1926</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbetst">betst, betost</a> (superl.), <i>best, the best</i>: nom. sg. m. +betst beadurinca, <a href="#li1110">1110</a>; neut. nū is ofost betost, þæt wē ..., <i>now is +haste the best, that we...</i>, <a href="#li3008">3008</a>; voc. m. secg betsta, <a href="#li948">948</a>; neut. +acc. beaduscrūda betst, <a href="#li453">453</a>; acc. sg. m. þegn betstan, <a href="#li1872">1872</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēcn">bēcn</a>, st. n., <i>(beacon), token, mark, sign</i>: acc. sg. +betimbredon beadu-rōfes bēcn (of Bēowulf's grave-mound), <a href="#li3162">3162</a>. See +<a class="glentry" href="#glbeacen">beacen</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēg">bēg</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glbēag">bēag</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēn">bēn</a>, st. f., <i>entreaty</i>: gen. sg. bēne, <a href="#li428">428</a>, <a href="#li2285">2285</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēna">bēna</a>, w. m., <i>suppliant</i>, supplex: nom. sg. swā þū bēna +eart (<i>as thou entreatest</i>), <a href="#li352">352</a>; swā hē bēna wæs (<i>as he had +asked</i>), <a href="#li3141">3141</a>; nom. pl. hȳ bēnan synt, <a href="#li364">364</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebetan:">betan:</a> 1) <i>to make good, to remove</i>: pret. ac þū +Hrōðgāre wīdcūðne wēan wihte gebēttest, <i>hast thou in any way +relieved Hrōðgār of the evil known afar</i>, <a href="#li1992">1992</a>; pret. part. acc. +sg. swylce oncȳððe ealle gebētte, <i>removed all trouble</i>, <a href="#li831">831</a>. +—2) <i>to avenge</i>: inf. wihte ne meahte on þām feorhbonan fǣhðe +gebētan, <i>could in no way avenge the death upon the slayer</i>, +<a href="#li2466">2466</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeadu">beadu</a>, st. f., <i>battle, strife, combat</i>: dat. sg. (as +instr.) beadwe, <i>in combat</i>, <a href="#li1540">1540</a>; gen. pl. bād beadwa ge-þinges, +<i>waited for the combats</i> (with Grendel) <i>that were in store for +him</i>, <a href="#li710">710</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeadufolm">beadu-folm</a>, st. f., <i>battle-hand</i>: acc. sg. -folme, of +Grendel's hand, <a href="#li991">991</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeadogrīma">beado-grīma</a>, w. m., <i>(battle-mask), helmet</i>: acc. pl. +-grīman, <a href="#li2258">2258</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeadohrægl">beado-hrægl</a>, st. n., <i>(battle-garment), corselet, shirt of +mail</i>, <a href="#li552">552</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeadulāc">beadu-lāc</a>, st. n., (<i>exercise in arms, tilting</i>), +<i>combat, battle</i>: dat. sg. tō beadu-lāce, <a href="#li1562">1562</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeadolēoma">beado-lēoma</a>, w. m., (<i>battle-light</i>), <i>sword</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li1524">1524</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeadomēce">beado-mēce</a>, st. m., <i>battle-sword</i>: nom. pl. beado-mēcas, +<a href="#li1455">1455</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeadorinc">beado-rinc</a>, st. m., <i>battle-hero, warrior</i>: gen. pl. betst +beadorinca, <a href="#li1110">1110</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeadurōf">beadu-rōf</a>, adj., <i>strong in battle</i>: gen. sg. -rōfes, of +Bēowulf, <a href="#li3162">3162</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeadurūn">beadu-rūn</a>, st. f., <i>mystery of battle</i>: acc. sg. onband +beadu-rūne, <i>solved the mystery of the combat</i>, i.e. gave battle, +commenced the fight, <a href="#li501">501</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeaduscearp">beadu-scearp</a>, adj., <i>battle-sharp, sharp for the battle</i>, +<a href="#li2705">2705</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeaduscrūd">beadu-scrūd</a>, st. n., (<i>battle-dress</i>), <i>corselet, shirt +of mail</i>: gen. pl. beaduscrūda betst, <a href="#li453">453</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeaduserce">beadu-serce</a>, w. f., (<i>battle-garment</i>), <i>corselet, shirt +of mail</i>: acc. sg. brogdne beadu-sercean (because it consists of +interlaced metal rings), <a href="#li2756">2756</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeadoweorc">beado-weorc</a>, st. n., (<i>battle-work</i>), <i>battle</i>: gen. +sg. gefeh beado-weorces, <i>rejoiced at the battle</i>, <a href="#li2300">2300</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeald">beald</a>, adj., <i>bold, brave</i>: in comp. cyning-beald.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbealdian">bealdian</a>, w. v., <i>to show one's self brave</i>: pret. +bealdode gōdum dǣdum (<i>through brave deeds</i>), <a href="#li2178">2178</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbealdor">bealdor</a>, st. m., <i>lord, prince</i>: nom. sg. sinca baldor, +<a href="#li2429">2429</a>; winia bealdor, <a href="#li2568">2568</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbealu">bealu</a>, st. n., <i>evil, ruin, destruction</i>: instr. sg. +bealwe, <a href="#li2827">2827</a>; gen. pl. bealuwa, <a href="#li281">281</a>; bealewa, <a href="#li2083">2083</a>; bealwa, +<a href="#li910">910</a>.—Comp.: cwealm-, ealdor-, hreðer-, lēod-, morðor-, niht-, +sweord-, wīg-bealu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbealu">bealu</a>, adj., <i>deadly, dangerous, bad</i>: instr. sg. hyne sār +hafað befongen balwon bendum, <i>pain has entwined him in deadly +bands</i>, <a href="#li978">978</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbealocwealm">bealo-cwealm</a>, st. m., <i>violent death, death by the +sword</i>(?), <a href="#li2266">2266</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbealohycgende">bealo-hycgende</a>, pres. part., <i>thinking of death, meditating +destruction</i>: gen. pl. ǣghwæðrum bealo-hycgendra, <a href="#li2566">2566</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbealohȳdig">bealo-hȳdig</a>, adj., <i>thinking of death, meditating +destruction</i>: of Grendel, <a href="#li724">724</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbealonīth">bealo-nīð</a>, st. m., (<i>zeal for destruction</i>), <i>deadly +enmity</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2405">2405</a>; <i>destructive struggle</i>: acc. sg. +bebeorh þē þone bealonīð, <i>beware of destructive striving</i>, <a href="#li1759">1759</a>; +<i>death-bringing rage</i>: nom. sg. him on brēostum bealo-nīð wēoll, +<i>in his breast raged deadly fury</i> (of the dragon's poison), <a href="#li2715">2715</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbearhtm">bearhtm</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glbeorht">beorht</a>): 1) st. m., <i>splendor, +brightness, clearness</i>: nom. sg. ēagena bearhtm, <a href="#li1767">1767</a>.—2) +<i>sound, tone</i>: acc. sg. bearhtm ongeāton, gūðhorn galan, <i>they +heard the sound, (heard) the battle-horn sound</i>, <a href="#li1432">1432</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbearm">bearm</a>, m., gremium, sinus, <i>lap, bosom</i>: nom. sg. foldan +bearm, <a href="#li1138">1138</a>; acc. sg. on bearm scipes, <a href="#li35">35</a>, <a href="#li897">897</a>; on bearm nacan, <a href="#li214">214</a>; +him on bearm hladan bunan and discas, <a href="#li2776">2776</a>.—2) +figuratively, <i>possession, property</i>, because things bestowed were +placed in the lap of the receiver (<a href="#li1145">1145</a> and <a href="#li2195">2195</a>, on bearm licgan, +ālecgan); dat. sg. him tō bearme cwōm māððumfæt mǣre, <i>came into his +possession</i>, <a href="#li2405">2405</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbearn">bearn</a>, st. n., 1) <i>child, son</i>: nom. sg. bearn +Healfdenes, <a href="#li469">469</a>, etc.; Ecglāfes bearn, <a href="#li499">499</a>, etc.; dat. sg. bearne, +<a href="#li2371">2371</a>; nom. pl. bearn, <a href="#li59">59</a>; dat. pl. bearnum, <a href="#li1075">1075</a>.—2) in a broader +sense, <i>scion, offspring, descendant</i>: nom. sg. Ongenþēow's +bearn, of his grandson, <a href="#li2388">2388</a>; nom. pl. yldo. bearn, <a href="#li70">70</a>; gumena bearn, +<i>children of men</i>, <a href="#li879">879</a>; hæleða bearn, <a href="#li1190">1190</a>; æðelinga bearn, <a href="#li3172">3172</a>; acc. +pl. ofer ylda bearn, <a href="#li606">606</a>; dat. pl. ylda bearnum, <a href="#li150">150</a>; gen. pl. niðða +bearna, <a href="#li1006">1006</a>.—Comp.: brōðor-, dryht-bearn.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbearngebyrdu">bearn-gebyrdu</a>, f., <i>birth, birth of a son</i>: gen. sg. þæt hyre +ealdmetod ēste wǣre bearn-gebyrdo, <i>has been gracious through the birth +of such a son</i> (i.e. as Bēowulf), <a href="#li947">947</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbearu">bearu</a>, st. m., (<i>the bearer</i>, hence properly only the +fruit-tree, especially the oak and the beech), <i>tree</i>, collectively +<i>forest</i>: nom. pl. hrīmge bearwas, <i>rime-covered</i> or +<i>ice-clad</i>, <a href="#li1364">1364</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēacen">bēacen</a>, st. n., <i>sign, banner</i>, vexillum: nom. sg. beorht +bēacen godes, <i>of the sun</i>, <a href="#li570">570</a>; gen. pl. bēacna beorhtost, <a href="#li2778">2778</a>. See +<a class="glentry" href="#glbēcn">bēcn</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebēacnian">bēacnian</a>, w. v., <i>to mark, to indicate</i>: pret. part. +ge-bēacnod, <a href="#li140">140</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēag">bēag</a>, st. m., <i>ring, ornament</i>: nom. sg. bēah +(<i>neck-ring</i>), <a href="#li1212">1212</a>; acc. sg. bēah (the collar of the murdered +king of the Heaðobeardnas), <a href="#li2042">2042</a>; bēg (collective for the acc. pl.), +<a href="#li3165">3165</a>; dat. sg. cwōm Wealhþēo forð gān under gyldnum bēage, <i>she +walked along under a golden head-ring, wore a golden diadem</i>, <a href="#li1164">1164</a>; +gen. sg. bēages (of a collar), <a href="#li1217">1217</a>; acc. pl. bēagas (rings in +general), <a href="#li80">80</a>, <a href="#li523">523</a>, etc.; gen. pl. bēaga, <a href="#li35">35</a>, <a href="#li352">352</a>, <a href="#li1488">1488</a>, <a href="#li2285">2285</a>, etc.— +Comp.: earm-, heals-bēag.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēaggyfa">bēag-gyfa</a>, w. m., <i>ring-giver</i>, designation of the prince: +gen. sg. -gyfan, <a href="#li1103">1103</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēaghroden">bēag-hroden</a>, adj., <i>adorned with rings, ornamented with +clasps</i>: nom. sg. bēaghroden, cwēn, of Hrōðgār's consort, perhaps +with reference to her diadem (cf. <a href="#li1164">1164</a>, <a href="#li624">624</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēahhord">bēah-hord</a>, st. m. n., <i>ring-hoard, treasure consisting of +rings</i>: gen. sg. bēah-hordes, <a href="#li895">895</a>; dat. pl. bēah-hordum, <a href="#li2827">2827</a>; gen. +pl. bēah-horda weard, of King Hrōðgār, <a href="#li922">922</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēahsele">bēah-sele</a>, st. m., <i>ring-hall, hall in which the rings were +distributed</i>: nom. sg., of Heorot, <a href="#li1178">1178</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēahthegu">bēah-þegu</a>, st. f., <i>the receiving of the ring</i>: dat. sg. +æfter bēah-þege, <a href="#li2177">2177</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēahwritha">bēah-wriða</a>, w. m. <i>ring-band</i>, ring with prominence given +to its having the form of a band: acc. sg. bēah-wriðan, <a href="#li2019">2019</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēam">bēam</a>, st. m., <i>tree</i>, only in the compounds fyrgen-, +glēo-bēam.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēatan">bēatan</a>, st. v., <i>thrust, strike</i>: pres. sg. mearh +burhstede bēateð, <i>the steed beats the castle-ground</i> (place +where the castle is built), i.e. with his hoofs, <a href="#li2266">2266</a>; pret. part. +swealt bille ge-bēaten, <i>died, struck by the battle-axe</i>, <a href="#li2360">2360</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeorh">beorh</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>mountain, rock</i>: dat. sg. beorge, <a href="#li211">211</a>; +gen. sg. beorges, <a href="#li2525">2525</a>, <a href="#li2756">2756</a>; acc. pl. beorgas, +<a href="#li222">222</a>.—2) <i>grave-mound, tomb-hill</i>: acc. sg. biorh, <a href="#li2808">2808</a>; beorh, +<a href="#li3098">3098</a>, <a href="#li3165">3165</a>. A grave-mound serves the drake as a retreat (cf. <a href="#li2277">2277</a>, +<a href="#li2412">2412</a>): nom. sg. beorh, <a href="#li2242">2242</a>; gen. sg. beorges, <a href="#li2323">2323</a>.—Comp. +stān-beorh.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeorh">beorh</a>, st. f., <i>veil, covering, cap</i>; only in the comp. +hēafod-beorh.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeorgan">beorgan</a>, st. v. (w. dat. of the interested person or thing), +<i>to save, to shield</i>: inf. wolde fēore beorgan, <i>place her life +in safety</i>, <a href="#li1294">1294</a>; here-byrne ... sēo þe bāncofan beorgan cūðe, +<i>which could protect his body</i>, <a href="#li1446">1446</a>; pret. pl. ealdre burgan, +<a href="#li2600">2600</a>.</p> + +<p>be-beorgan (w. dat. refl. of pers. and acc. of the thing), <i>to take +care, to defend one's self from</i>: inf. him be-beorgan ne con wom, +<i>cannot keep himself from stain</i> (fault), <a href="#li1747">1747</a>; imp. bebeorh þē +þone bealontð, <a href="#li1759">1759</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-beorgan (w, dat. of person or thing to be saved), <i>to save, to +protect</i>: pret. sg. þæt gebearh fēore, <i>protected the life</i>, +<a href="#li1549">1549</a>; scyld wēl gebearg līfe and līce, <a href="#li2571">2571</a>.</p> + +<p>ymb-beorgan, <i>to surround protectingly</i>: pret. sg. bring ūtan +ymb-bearh, <a href="#li1504">1504</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeorht">beorht, byrht</a>, adj.: 1) <i>gleaming, shining, radiant, +shimmering</i>: nom. sg. beorht, of the sun, <a href="#li570">570</a>, <a href="#li1803">1803</a>; beorhta, of +Heorot, <a href="#li1178">1178</a>; þæt beorhte bold, <a href="#li998">998</a>; acc. sg. beorhtne, of Bēowulf's +grave-mound, <a href="#li2804">2804</a>; dat. sg. tō þǣre byrhtan (here-byrhtan, MS.) byrig, +<a href="#li1200">1200</a>; acc. pl. beorhte frætwe, <a href="#li214">214</a>, <a href="#li897">897</a>; beorhte randas, <a href="#li231">231</a>; bordwudu +beorhtan, <a href="#li1244">1244</a>; n. beorht hofu, <a href="#li2314">2314</a>. Superl.: bēacna beorhtost, <a href="#li2778">2778</a>. +—2) <i>excellent, remarkable</i>: gen. sg. beorhtre bōte, <a href="#li158">158</a>. +—Comp.: sadol-, wlite-beorht.</p> + +<p>beorhte, adv., <i>brilliantly, brightly, radiantly</i>, <a href="#li1518">1518</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeorhtian">beorhtian</a>, w. v., <i>to sound clearly</i>: pret. sg. beorhtode +benc-swēg, <a href="#li1162">1162</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeorn">beorn</a>, st. m., <i>hero, warrior, noble man</i>: nom. sg. +(Hrōðgār), <a href="#li1881">1881</a>, (Bēowulf), <a href="#li2434">2434</a>, etc.; acc. sg. (Bēow.), <a href="#li1025">1025</a>, +(Æschere), <a href="#li1300">1300</a>; dat. sg. beorne, <a href="#li2261">2261</a>; nom. pl. beornas (Bēowulf and +his companions), <a href="#li211">211</a>, (Hrōðgār's guests), <a href="#li857">857</a>; gen. pl. biorna +(Bēowulf's liege-men), <a href="#li2405">2405</a>.—Comp.: folc-, gūð-beorn.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeornan">beornan</a>, st. v., <i>to burn</i>: pres. part. byrnende (of the +drake), <a href="#li2273">2273</a>.—Comp. un-byrnende.</p> + +<p>for-beornan, <i>to be consumed, to burn</i>: pret. sg. for-barn, <a href="#li1617">1617</a>, +<a href="#li1668">1668</a>; for-born, <a href="#li2673">2673</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-beornan, <i>to be burned</i>: pret. gebarn, <a href="#li2698">2698</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeorncyning">beorn-cyning</a>, st. m., <i>king of warriors, king of heroes</i>: +nom. sg. (as voc.), <a href="#li2149">2149</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēodan">bēodan</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to announce, to inform, to make +known</i>: inf. bīodan, <a href="#li2893">2893</a>.—2) <i>to offer, to proffer</i> (as the +notifying of a transaction in direct reference to the person concerned +in it): pret. pl. him geþingo budon, <i>offered them an agreement</i>, +<a href="#li1086">1086</a>; pret. part. þā wæs ǣht boden Swēona lēodum, <i>then was pursuit +offered the Swedish people</i>, <a href="#li2958">2958</a>; inf. ic þǣm gōdan sceal māðmas +bēodan, <i>I shall offer the excellent man treasures</i>, <a href="#li385">385</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-bēodan, <i>to present, to announce</i>: pret. word inne ābēad, +<i>made known the words within</i>, <a href="#li390">390</a>; <i>to offer, to tender, to +wish</i>: pret. him hǣl ābēad, <i>wished him health</i> (greeted him), +<a href="#li654">654</a>. Similarly, hǣlo ābēad, <a href="#li2419">2419</a>; eoton weard ābēad, <i>offered the +giant a watcher</i>, <a href="#li669">669</a>.</p> + +<p>be-bēodan, <i>to command, to order</i>: pret. swā him se hearda +bebēad, <i>as the strong man commanded them</i>, <a href="#li401">401</a>. Similarly, swā +se rīca bebēad, <a href="#li1976">1976</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-bēodan: 1) <i>to command, to order</i>: inf. hēt þā gebēodan byre +Wīhstānes hæleða monegum, þæt hīe..., <i>the son of Wihstan caused +orders to be given to many of the men...</i>, <a href="#li3111">3111</a>.—2) <i>to +offer</i>: him Hygd gebēad hord and rīce, <i>offered him the treasure +and the chief power</i>, <a href="#li2370">2370</a>; inf. gūðe gebēodan, <i>to offer +battle</i>, <a href="#li604">604</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēodgenēat">bēod-genēat</a>, st. m., <i>table-companion</i>: nom. and acc. pl. +genēatas, <a href="#li343">343</a>, <a href="#li1714">1714</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēon">bēon</a>, verb, <i>to be</i>, generally in the future sense, +<i>will be</i>: pres. sg. I. gūðgeweorca ic bēo gearo sōna, <i>I shall +immediately be ready for warlike deeds</i>, <a href="#li1826">1826</a>; sg. III. wā bið þǣm +þe sceal..., <i>woe to him who</i>...! <a href="#li183">183</a>; so, <a href="#li186">186</a>; gifeðe bið is +given, <a href="#li299">299</a>; ne bið þē wilna gād (<i>no wish will be denied thee</i>), +<a href="#li661">661</a>; þǣr þē bið manna þearf, <i>if thou shalt need the warriors</i>, +<a href="#li1836">1836</a>; ne bið swylc cwēnlīc þēaw, <i>is not becoming, honorable to a +woman</i>, <a href="#li1941">1941</a>; eft sōna bið <i>will happen directly</i>, <a href="#li1763">1763</a>; +similarly, <a href="#li1768">1768</a>, etc.; pl. þonne bīoð brocene, <i>then are broken</i>, +<a href="#li2064">2064</a>; feor cȳððe bēoð sēlran gesōhte þām þe..., "terrae longinquae +meliores sunt visitatu ei qui..." (Grein), <a href="#li1839">1839</a>; imp. bēo (bīo) þū on +ofeste, <i>hasten!</i> <a href="#li386">386</a>, <a href="#li2748">2748</a>; bēo wið Gēatas glæd, <i>be gracious +to the Gēatas</i>, <a href="#li1174">1174</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēor">bēor</a>, st. n., <i>beer</i>: dat. sg. æt bēore, <i>at +beer-drinking</i>, <a href="#li2042">2042</a>; instr. sg. bēore druncen, <a href="#li531">531</a>; bēore druncne, +<a href="#li480">480</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēorscealc">bēor-scealc</a>, st. m., <i>keeper of the beer, cup-bearer</i>: +gen. pl. bēor-scealca sum (one of Hrōðgār's followers, because they +served the Gēatas at meals), <a href="#li1241">1241</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēorsele">bēor-sele</a>, st. m., <i>beer-hall, hall in which beer is +drunk</i>: dat. sg. in (on) bēorsele, <a href="#li482">482</a>, <a href="#li492">492</a>, <a href="#li1095">1095</a>; bīorsele, <a href="#li2636">2636</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēorthegu">bēor-þegu</a>, st. f., <i>beer-drinking, beer-banquet</i>: dat. sg. +æfter bēorþege, <a href="#li117">117</a>; æt þǣre bēorþege, <a href="#li618">618</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēot">bēot</a>, st. n., <i>promise, binding agreement to something that +is to be undertaken</i>: acc. sg. hē bēot ne ālēh, <i>did not break +his pledge</i>, <a href="#li80">80</a>; bēot eal ... gelǣste, <i>performed all that he had +pledged himself to</i>, <a href="#li523">523</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebēotian">bēotian</a>, w. v., <i>to pledge one's self to an undertaking, +to bind one's self</i>: pret. gebēotedon, <a href="#li480">480</a>, <a href="#li536">536</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbēotword">bēot-word</a>, st. n., same as bēot: dat. pl. bēot-wordum spræc, +<a href="#li2511">2511</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbiddan">biddan</a>, st. v., <i>to beg, to ask, to pray</i>: pres. sg. I. +dōð swā ic bidde! <a href="#li1232">1232</a>; inf. (w. acc. of the pers. and gen. of the +thing asked for) ic þē biddan wille ānre bēne, <i>beg thee for +one</i>, <a href="#li427">427</a>; pret. swā hē selfa bæd, <i>as he himself had +requested</i>, <a href="#li29">29</a>; bæd hine blīðne (supply wesan) æt þǣre bēorþege, +<i>begged him to be cheerful at the beer-banquet</i>, <a href="#li618">618</a>; ic þē lange +bæd þæt þū..., <i>begged you a long time that you</i>, <a href="#li1995">1995</a>; +frioðowǣre bæd hlāford sīnne, <i>begged his lord for protection</i> +(acc. of pers. and gen. of thing), <a href="#li2283">2283</a>; bæd þæt gē geworhton, +<i>asked that you</i>..., <a href="#li3097">3097</a>; pl. wordum bǣdon þæt..., <a href="#li176">176</a>.</p> + +<p>on-<a class="glentry" name="glonbidian">bidian</a>, w. v., <i>to await</i>: inf. lǣtað hilde-bord hēr +onbidian ... worda geþinges, <i>let the shields await here the result +of the conference</i> (lay the shields aside here), <a href="#li397">397</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbil">bil</a>, st. n. <i>sword</i>: nom. sg. bil, <a href="#li1568">1568</a>; bill, <a href="#li2778">2778</a>; acc. +sg. bil, <a href="#li1558">1558</a>; instr. sg. bille, <a href="#li2360">2360</a>; gen. sg. billes, <a href="#li2061">2061</a>, etc.; +instr. pl. billum, <a href="#li40">40</a>; gen. pl. billa, <a href="#li583">583</a>, <a href="#li1145">1145</a>.—Comp.: gūð-, +hilde-, wīg-bil.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbindan">bindan</a>, st. v., <i>to bind, to tie</i>: pret. part. acc. sg. +wudu bundenne, <i>the bound wood</i>, i.e. the built ship, <a href="#li216">216</a>; bunden +golde swurd, <i>a sword bound with gold</i>, i.e. either having its +hilt inlaid with gold, or having gold chains upon the hilt (swords of +both kinds have been found), <a href="#li1901">1901</a>; nom. sg. heoru bunden, <a href="#li1286">1286</a>, has +probably a similar meaning.</p> + +<p>ge-bindan, <i>to bind</i>: pret. sg. þǣr ic fīfe geband, <i>where I +had bound five</i>(?), <a href="#li420">420</a>; pret. part. cyninges þegn word ōðer fand +sōðe gebunden, <i>the king's man found</i> (after many had already +praised Bēowulf's deed) <i>other words</i> (also referring to Bēowulf, +but in connection with Sigemund) <i>rightly bound together</i>, i.e. +in good alliterative verses, as are becoming to a gid, <a href="#li872">872</a>; wundenmǣl +wrǣttum gebunden, <i>sword bound with ornaments</i>, i.e. inlaid, +<a href="#li1532">1532</a>; bisgum gebunden, <i>bound together by sorrow</i>, <a href="#li1744">1744</a>; gomel +gūðwīga eldo gebunden, <i>hoary hero bound by old age</i> (fettered, +oppressed), <a href="#li2112">2112</a>.</p> + +<p>on-bindan, <i>to unbind, to untie, to loose</i>: pret. onband, <a href="#li501">501</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebind">bind</a>, st. n. coll., <i>that which binds, fetters</i>: in +comp. īs-gebind.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbite">bite</a>, st. m., <i>bite</i>, figuratively of the cut of the +sword: acc. sg. bite īrena, <i>the swords' bite</i>, <a href="#li2260">2260</a>; dat. sg. +æfter billes bite, <a href="#li2061">2061</a>.—Comp. lāð-bite.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbiter">biter</a> (primary meaning that of biting), adj.: 1) <i>sharp, +cutting, cutting in</i>: acc. sg. biter (of a short sword), <a href="#li2705">2705</a>; +instr. sg. biteran strǣle, <a href="#li1747">1747</a>; instr. pl. biteran bānum, <i>with +sharp teeth</i>, <a href="#li2693">2693</a>.—2) <i>irritated, furious</i>: nom. pl. bitere, +<a href="#li1432">1432</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbitre">bitre</a>, adv., <i>bitterly</i> (in a moral sense), <a href="#li2332">2332</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbī">bī, big</a> (fuller form of the prep. be, which see), prep. w. +dat.: 1) <i>near, at, on, about, by</i> (as under be, No. 1): bī sǣm +twēonum, <i>in the circuit of both seas</i>, <a href="#li1957">1957</a>; ārās bī ronde, +<i>raised himself up by the shield</i>, <a href="#li2539">2539</a>; bī wealle gesæt, <i>sat +by the wall</i>, <a href="#li2718">2718</a>. With a freer position: him big stōdan bunan and +orcas, <i>round about him</i>, <a href="#li3048">3048</a>.—2) <i>to, towards</i> (motion): +hwearf þā bī bence, <i>turned then towards the bench</i>, <a href="#li1189">1189</a>; gēong +bī sesse, <i>went to the seat</i>, <a href="#li2757">2757</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbīd">bīd</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glbīdan">bīdan</a>), st. n., <i>tarrying hesitation</i>: þǣr +wearð Ongenþīo on bīd wrecen, <i>forced to tarry</i>, <a href="#li2963">2963</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbīdan">bīdan</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to delay, to stay, to remain, to wait</i>: +inf. nō on wealle leng bīdan wolde, <i>would not stay longer within +the wall</i> (the drake), <a href="#li2309">2309</a>; pret. in þȳstrum bād, <i>remained in +darkness</i>, <a href="#li87">87</a>; flota stille bād, <i>the craft lay still</i>, <a href="#li301">301</a>; +receda ... on þǣm se rīca bād, <i>where the mighty one dwelt</i>, <a href="#li310">310</a>; +þǣr se snottra bād, <i>where the wise man</i> (Hrōðgār) <i>waited</i>, +<a href="#li1314">1314</a>; hē on searwum bād, <i>he</i> (Bēowulf) <i>stood there armed</i>, +<a href="#li2569">2569</a>; ic on earde bād mǣlgesceafta, <i>lived upon the paternal ground +the time appointed me by fate</i>, <a href="#li2737">2737</a>; pret. pl. sume þǣr bidon, +<i>some remained, waited there</i>, <a href="#li400">400</a>.—2) <i>to await, to wait +for</i>, with the gen. of that which is awaited: inf. bīdan woldon +Grendles gūðe, <i>wished to await the combat with Grendel, to +undertake it</i>, <a href="#li482">482</a>; similarly, <a href="#li528">528</a>; wīges bīdan, <i>await the +combat</i>, <a href="#li1269">1269</a>; nalas andsware bīdan wolde, <i>would await no +answer</i>, <a href="#li1495">1495</a>; pret. bād beadwa geþinges, <i>awaited the event of +the battle</i>, <a href="#li710">710</a>; sǣgenga bād āgend-frēan, <i>the sea-goer</i> +(boat) <i>awaited its owner</i>, <a href="#li1883">1883</a>; sele ... heaðowylma bād, lāðan +līges (the poet probably means to indicate by these words that the +hall Heorot was destroyed later in a fight by fire; an occurrence, +indeed, about which we know nothing, but which <a href="#li1165">1165</a> and <a href="#li1166">1166</a>, and +again <a href="#li2068">2068</a> ff. seem to indicate), <a href="#li82">82</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-bīdan, <i>to await</i>, with the gen.: inf., <a href="#li978">978</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-bīdan: 1) <i>to tarry, to wait</i>: imp. gebīde gē on beorge, +<i>wait ye on the mountain</i>, <a href="#li2530">2530</a>; pret. part. þēah þe wintra lȳt +under burhlocan gebiden hæbbe Hæreðes dōhtor <i>although H's daughter +had dwelt only a few years in the castle</i>, <a href="#li1929">1929</a>.—2) <i>to live +through, to experience, to expect</i> (w. acc.): inf. sceal endedæg +mīnne gebīdan, <i>shall live my last day</i>, <a href="#li639">639</a>; ne wēnde ... bōte +gebīdan, <i>did not hope ... to live to see reparation</i>, <a href="#li935">935</a>; fela +sceal gebīdan lēofes and lāðes, <i>experience much good and much +affliction</i>, <a href="#li1061">1061</a>; ende gebīdan, <a href="#li1387">1387</a>, <a href="#li2343">2343</a>; pret. hē þæs frōfre +gebād, <i>received consolation</i> (compensation) <i>therefore</i>, <a href="#li7">7</a>; +gebād wintra worn, <i>lived a great number of years</i>, <a href="#li264">264</a>; in a +similar construction, <a href="#li816">816</a>, <a href="#li930">930</a>, <a href="#li1619">1619</a>, <a href="#li2259">2259</a>, <a href="#li3117">3117</a>. With gen.: inf. tō +gebīdanne ōðres yrfeweardes, <i>to await another heir</i>, <a href="#li2453">2453</a>. With +depend, clause: inf. tō gebīdanne þæt his byre rīde on galgan, <i>to +live to see it, that his son hang upon the gallows</i>, <a href="#li2446">2446</a>; pret. +drēam-lēas gebād þæt hē..., <i>joyless he experienced it, that +he</i>..., <a href="#li1721">1721</a>; þæs þe ic on aldre gebād þæt ic..., <i>for this, that +I, in my old age, lived to see that</i>..., <a href="#li1780">1780</a>.</p> + +<p>on-bīdan, <i>to wait, to await</i>: pret. hordweard onbād earfoðlīce +oð þæt ǣfen cwōm, <i>scarcely waited, could scarcely delay till it was +evening</i>, <a href="#li2303">2303</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbītan">bītan</a>, st. v., <i>to bite</i>, of the cutting of swords: inf. +bītan, <a href="#li1455">1455</a>, <a href="#li1524">1524</a>; pret. bāt bānlocan, <i>bit into his body</i> +(Grendel), <a href="#li743">743</a>; bāt unswīðor, <i>cut with less force</i> (Bēowulf's +sword), <a href="#li2579">2579</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblanca">blanca</a>, w. m., properly <i>that which shines</i> here of the +horse, not so much of the white horse as the dappled: dat. pl. on +blancum, <a href="#li857">857</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebland">bland</a>, ge-<b>blond</b>, st. n., <i>mixture, heaving mass, a +turning</i>.—Comp.: sund-, ȳð-geblond, windblond.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblandenfeax">blanden-feax, blonden-feax</a>, adj., <i>mixed</i>, i.e. having +gray hair, <i>gray-headed</i>, as epithet of an old man: nom. sg. +blondenfeax, <a href="#li1792">1792</a>; blondenfexa, <a href="#li2963">2963</a>; dat. sg. blondenfeaxum, <a href="#li1874">1874</a>; +nom. pl. blondenfeaxe, <a href="#li1595">1595</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblæc">blæc</a>, adj., <i>dark, black</i>: nom. sg, hrefn blaca, <a href="#li1802">1802</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblāc">blāc</a>, adj.: 1) <i>gleaming, shining</i>: acc. sg. blācne +lēoman, <i>a brilliant gleam</i>, <a href="#li1518">1518</a>.—2) of the white death-color, +<i>pale</i>; in comp. heoroblāc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblǣd">blǣd</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>strength, force, vigor</i>: nom. sg. wæs hira +blǣd scacen (of both tribes), <i>strength was gone</i>, i.e. the +bravest of both tribes lay slain, <a href="#li1125">1125</a>; nū is þīnes mægnes blǣd āne +hwīle, <i>now the fulness of thy strength lasts for a time</i>, +<a href="#li1762">1762</a>.—2) <i>reputation, renown, knowledge</i> (with stress upon the +idea of filling up, spreading out): nom. sg. blǣd, <a href="#li18">18</a>; (þīn) blǣd is +ārǣred, <i>thy renown is spread abroad</i>, <a href="#li1704">1704</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblǣdāgend">blǣd-āgend</a>, pt., <i>having renown, renowned</i>: nom. pl. +blǣd-āgende, <a href="#li1014">1014</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblǣdfæst">blǣd-fæst</a>, adj., <i>firm in renown, renowned, known afar</i>: +acc. sg. blǣdfæstne beorn (of Æschere, with reference to <a href="#li1329">1329</a>, <a href="#li1300">1300</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblēat">blēat</a>, adj., <i>miserable, helpless</i>; only in comp. +wæl-blēat.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblēate">blēate</a>, adv., <i>miserably, helplessly</i>, <a href="#li2825">2825</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblīcan">blīcan</a>, st. v., <i>shine, gleam</i>: inf., 222</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblīthe">blīðe</a>, adj.: 1) <i>blithe, joyous, happy</i> acc. sg. blīðne, +<a href="#li618">618</a>.—2) <i>gracious, pleasing</i>: nom. sg. blīðe, <a href="#li436">436</a>.—Comp. +un-blīðe.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblīthheort">blīð-heort</a>, adj., <i>joyous in heart, happy</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li1803">1803</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblōd">blōd</a>, st. n., <i>blood</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1122">1122</a>; acc. sg., <a href="#li743">743</a>; dat. +sg. blōde, <a href="#li848">848</a>; æfter dēorum men him langað beorn wið blōde, <i>the +hero</i> (Hrōðgār) <i>longs for the beloved man contrary to blood</i>, +i.e. he loves him although he is not related to him by blood, <a href="#li1881">1881</a>; +dat. as instr. blōde, <a href="#li486">486</a>, <a href="#li935">935</a>, <a href="#li1595">1595</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblōdfāg">blōd-fāg</a>, adj., <i>spotted with blood, bloody</i>, <a href="#li2061">2061</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblōdig">blōdig</a>, adj., <i>bloody</i>: acc. sg. f. blōdge, <a href="#li991">991</a>; acc. sg. +n. blōdig, <a href="#li448">448</a>; instr. sg. blōdigan gāre, <a href="#li2441">2441</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgeblōdian">blōdian</a>, w. v., <i>to make bloody, to sprinkle with +blood</i>: pret. part. ge-blōdegod, <a href="#li2693">2693</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblōdigtōth">blōdig-tōð</a>, adj., <i>with bloody teeth</i>: nom. sg. bona +blōdig-tōð (of Grendel, because he bites his victims to death), <a href="#li2083">2083</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glblōdrēow">blōd-rēow</a>, adj., <i>bloodthirsty, bloody-minded</i>: nom. sg. +him on ferhðe grēow brēost-hord blōd-rēow, <i>in his bosom there grew +a bloodthirsty feeling</i>, <a href="#li1720">1720</a>.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbebod">bod</a>, st. n., <i>command, order</i>; in comp. wundor-bebod.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbodian">bodian</a>, w. v., <i>(to be a messenger), to announce, to make +known</i>: pret. hrefn blaca heofones wynne blīð-heort bodode, <i>the +black raven announced joyfully heaven's delight</i> (the rising sun), +<a href="#li1803">1803</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glboga">boga</a>, w. m., <i>bow</i>, of the bended form; here of the +dragon, in comp. hring-boga; as an instrument for shooting, in the +comp. flān-, horn-boga; bow of the arch, in comp. stān-boga.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbolca">bolca</a>, w. m., "forus navis" (Grein), <i>gangway</i>; here +probably the planks which at landing are laid from the ship to the +shore: acc. sg. ofer bolcan, <a href="#li231">231</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbold">bold</a>, st. n., <i>building, house, edifice</i>: nom. sg. +(Heorot), <a href="#li998">998</a>; (Hygelāc's residence), <a href="#li1926">1926</a>; (Bēowulfs residence), +<a href="#li2197">2197</a>, <a href="#li2327">2327</a>.—Comp. fold-bold.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glboldāgend">bold-āgend</a>, pt., <i>house-owner, property-holder</i>: gen. pl. +monegum boldāgendra, <a href="#li3113">3113</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbolgenmōd">bolgen-mōd</a>, adj., <i>angry at heart, angry</i>, <a href="#li710">710</a>, <a href="#li1714">1714</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbolster">bolster</a>, st. m., <i>bolster, cushion, pillow</i>: dat. pl. +(reced) geond-brǣded wearð beddum and bolstrum, <i>was covered with +beds and bolsters</i>, <a href="#li1241">1241</a>.—Comp. hlēor-bolster.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbon">bon-</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glbana">ban-</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbora">bora</a>, w. m., <i>carrier, bringer, leader</i>: in the comp. +mund-, rǣd-, wǣg-bora.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbord">bord</a>, st. n., <i>shield</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2674">2674</a>; acc. sg., <a href="#li2525">2525</a>; +gen. pl. ofer borda gebræc, <i>over the crashing of the shields</i>, +<a href="#li2260">2260</a>.—Comp.: hilde-, wīg-bord.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbordhæbbend">bord-hæbbend</a>, pt., <i>one having a shield, shield-bearer</i>: +nom. pl. hæbbende, <a href="#li2896">2896</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbordhrēotha">bord-hrēoða</a>, w. m., <i>shield-cover, shield</i> with particular +reference to its cover (of hides or linden bark): dat. sg. -hrēoðan, +<a href="#li2204">2204</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbordrand">bord-rand</a>, st. m., <i>shield</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li2560">2560</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbordweall">bord-weall</a>, st. m., <i>shield-wall, wall of shields</i>: acc. +sg., <a href="#li2981">2981</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbordwudu">bord-wudu</a>, st. m., <i>shield-wood, shield</i>: acc. pl. +beorhtan beord-wudu, <a href="#li1244">1244</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbotm">botm</a>, st. m., <i>bottom</i>: dat. sg. tō botme (here of the +bottom of the fen-lake), <a href="#li1507">1507</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbōt">bōt</a> (emendation, cf. <a class="glentry" href="glbētan">bētan</a>), st. f.: 1) <i>relief, remedy</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li281">281</a>; acc. +sg. bōte, <a href="#li935">935</a>; acc. sg. bōte, <a href="#li910">910</a>.—2) <i>a performance in expiation, +a giving satisfaction, tribute</i>: gen. sg. bōte, <a href="#li158">158</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrand">brand, brond</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>burning, fire</i>: nom. sg. þā sceal +brond fretan (<i>the burning of the body</i>), <a href="#li3015">3015</a>; instr. sg. by +hine ne mōston ... bronde forbærnan (<i>could not bestow upon him the +solemn burning</i>), <a href="#li2127">2127</a>; hæfde landwara līge befangen, bǣle and +bronde, <i>with glow, fire, and flame</i>, <a href="#li2323">2323</a>.—2) in the passage, +þæt hine nō brond nē beadomēcas bītan ne meahton, <a href="#li1455">1455</a>, brond has been +translated <i>sword, brand</i> (after the O.N. brand-r). The meaning +<i>fire</i> may be justified as well, if we consider that the old +helmets were generally made of leather, and only the principal parts +were mounted with bronze. The poet wishes here to emphasize the fact +that the helmet was made entirely of metal, a thing which was very +unusual.—3) in the passage, forgeaf þā Bēowulfe brand Healfdenes +segen gyldenne, <a href="#li1021">1021</a>, our text, with other editions, has emendated, +bearn, since brand, if it be intended as a designation of Hrōðgār +(perhaps <i>son</i>), has not up to this time been found in this sense +in A.-S.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrant">brant, bront</a>, adj., <i>raging, foaming, going-high</i>, of +ships and of waves: acc. sg. brontne, <a href="#li238">238</a>, <a href="#li568">568</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrād">brād</a>, adj.: 1) <i>extended, wide</i>: nom. pl. brāde rīce, +<a href="#li2208">2208</a>.—2) <i>broad</i>: nom. sg. hēah and brād (of Bēowulf's +grave-mound), <a href="#li3159">3159</a>; acc. sg. brādne mēce, <a href="#li2979">2979</a>; (seax) brād [and] +brūnecg, <i>the broad, short sword with bright edge</i>, <a href="#li1547">1547</a>.—3) +<i>massive, in abundance</i>. acc, sg. brād gold, <a href="#li3106">3106</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebræc">bræc</a>, st. n., <i>noise, crash</i>: acc. sg. borda gebræc, +<a href="#li2260">2260</a>.</p> + +<p>geond-<a class="glentry" name="glgeondbrǣdan">brǣdan</a>, w. v., <i>to spread over, to cover entirely</i>: +pret. part. geond-brǣded, <a href="#li1240">1240</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrecan">brecan</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to break, to break to pieces</i>: pret. +bānhringas bræc, (the sword) <i>broke the joints</i>, <a href="#li1568">1568</a>. In a moral +sense: pret. subj. þæt þǣr ǣnig mon wǣre ne brǣce, <i>that no one +should break the agreement</i>, <a href="#li1101">1101</a>; pret. part. þonne bīoð brocene +... āð-sweord eorla, <i>then are the oaths of the men broken</i>, +<a href="#li2064">2064</a>.—2) probably also simply <i>to break in upon something, to press +upon</i>, w. acc.: pret. sg. sǣdēor monig hildetūxum heresyrcan bræc, +<i>many a sea-animal pressed with his battle-teeth upon the shirt of +mail</i> (did not break it, for, according to <a href="#li1549">1549</a> f., <a href="#li1553">1553</a> f., it was +still unharmed). <a href="#li1512">1512</a>.—3) <i>to break out, to spring out</i>: inf. +geseah ... strēam ūt brecan of beorge, <i>saw a stream break out from +the rocks</i>, <a href="#li2547">2547</a>; lēt se hearda Higelāces þegn brādne mēce ... +brecan ofer bordweal, <i>caused the broadsword to spring out over the +wall of shields</i>, <a href="#li2981">2981</a>.—4) figuratively, <i>to vex, not to let +rest</i>: pret. hine fyrwyt bræc, <i>curiosity tormented</i> (N.H.G. +brachte die Neugier um), <a href="#li232">232</a>, <a href="#li1986">1986</a>, <a href="#li2785">2785</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebrecan">brecan</a>, <i>to break to pieces</i>: pret. bānhūs gebræc, +<i>broke in pieces his body</i> (Bēowulf in combat with Dæghrefn), +<a href="#li2509">2509</a>.</p> + +<p>tō-<a class="glentry" name="gltōbrecan">brecan</a>, <i>to break in pieces</i>: inf., <a href="#li781">781</a>; pret. part. +tō-brocen, <a href="#li998">998</a>.</p> + +<p>þurh-<a class="glentry" name="glthurhbrecan">brecan</a>, <i>to break through</i>, pret. wordes ord brēosthord +þurh-bræc, <i>the word's point broke through his closed breast</i>, i.e. a +word burst out from his breast, <a href="#li2793">2793</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrecth">brecð</a>, st. f., <i>condition of being broken, breach</i>: nom. +pl. mōdes brecða (<i>sorrow of heart</i>), <a href="#li171">171</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-<a class="glentry" name="glābredwian">bredwian</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to fell to the ground, to +kill</i> (?): pret. ābredwade, <a href="#li2620">2620</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbregdan">bregdan</a>, st. v., properly <i>to swing round</i>, hence: 1) +<i>to swing</i>: inf. under sceadu bregdan, <i>swing among the shadows, +to send into the realm of shadows</i>, <a href="#li708">708</a>; pret. brægd ealde lāfe, +<i>swung the old weapon</i>, <a href="#li796">796</a>; brægd feorh-genīðlan, <i>swung his +mortal enemy</i> (Grendel's mother), threw her down, <a href="#li1540">1540</a>; pl. git +ēagorstrēam ... mundum brugdon, <i>stirred the sea with your hands</i> +(of the movement of the hands in swimming), <a href="#li514">514</a>; pret. part. brōden +(brogden) mǣl, <i>the drawn sword</i>, <a href="#li1617">1617</a>, <a href="#li1668">1668</a>.—2) <i>to knit, to +knot, to plait</i>: inf., figuratively, inwitnet ōðrum bregdan, <i>to +weave a waylaying net for another</i> (as we say in the same way, to +lay a trap for another, to dig a pit for another), <a href="#li2168">2168</a>; pret. part. +beadohrægl brōden, <i>a woven shirt of mail</i> (because it consisted +of metal rings joined together), <a href="#li552">552</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1549">1549</a>; brogdne +beadusercean, <a href="#li2756">2756</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-bregdan, <i>to swing</i>: pret. hond up ā-bræd, <i>swung, raised his +hand</i>, <a href="#li2576">2576</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-bregdan: 1) <i>swing</i>: pret. hring-mǣl gebrægd, <i>swung the +ringed sword</i>, <a href="#li1565">1565</a>; eald sweord ēacen ... þæt ic þȳ wǣpne gebrægd, +<i>an old heavy sword that I swung as my weapon</i>, <a href="#li1665">1665</a>; with +interchanging instr. and acc. wællseaxe gebrǣ, biter and beadu-scearp, +<a href="#li2704">2704</a>; also, <i>to draw out of the sheath</i>: sweord ǣr gebrǣ, <i>had +drawn the sword before</i>, <a href="#li2563">2563</a>.—2) <i>to knit, to knot, to +plait</i>: pret. part. bere-byrne hondum gebrōden, <a href="#li1444">1444</a>.</p> + +<p>on-bregdan, <i>to tear open, to throw open</i>: pret. onbræd þā +recedes mūðan, <i>had then thrown open the entrance of the hall</i> +(onbregdan is used because the opening door swings upon its hinges), +<a href="#li724">724</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrego">brego</a>, st. m., <i>prince, ruler</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li427">427</a>, <a href="#li610">610</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbregorōf">brego-rōf</a>, adj., <i>powerful, like a ruler, of heroic strength +</i>: nom. sg. m., <a href="#li1926">1926</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbregostōl">brego-stōl</a>, st. m., <i>throne</i>, figuratively for +<i>rule</i>: acc. sg. him gesealde seofon þūsendo, bold and +brego-stōl, <i>seven thousand</i> see under sceat), <i>a country-seat, +and the dignity of a prince</i>, <a href="#li2197">2197</a>; þǣr him Hygd gebēad ... +brego-stōl, <i>where H. offered him the chief power</i>, <a href="#li2371">2371</a>; lēt +þone bregostōl Bēowulf healdan, <i>gave over to Bēowulf the chief +power</i> (did not prevent Bēowulf from entering upon the government), +<a href="#li2390">2390</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbreme">brēme</a>, adj., <i>known afar, renowned</i>. nom. sg., <a href="#li18">18</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrenting">brenting</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glbrant">brant</a>), st. m., <i>ship craft</i>: nom. +pl. brentingas, <a href="#li2808">2808</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-<a class="glentry" name="glābrēatan">brēatan</a>, st. v., <i>to break, to break in pieces, to +kill</i>: pret. ābrēot brimwīsan, <i>killed the sea-king</i> (King +Hæðcyn), <a href="#li2931">2931</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glbrēotan">brēotan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrēost">brēost</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>breast</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2177">2177</a>; often used in +the pl., so acc. þæt mīne brēost wereð, <i>which protects my +breast</i>, <a href="#li453">453</a>; dat. pl. beadohrægl brōden on brēostum læg. <a href="#li552">552</a>.—2) +<i>the inmost thoughts, the mind, the heart, the bosom</i>: nom. sg. +brēost innan wēoll þēostrum geþoncum, <i>his breast heaved with +troubled thoughts</i>, <a href="#li2332">2332</a>; dat. pl. lēt þā of brēostum word ūt +faran, <i>caused the words to come out from his bosom</i>, <a href="#li2551">2551</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrēostgehygd">brēost-gehygd</a>, st. n. f., <i>breast-thought, secret +thought</i>: instr. pl. -gehygdum, <a href="#li2819">2819</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrēostgewǣdu">brēost-gewǣdu</a>, st. n. pl., <i>breast-clothing, garment covering +the breast</i>, of the coat of mail: nom., <a href="#li1212">1212</a>; acc., <a href="#li2163">2163</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrēosthord">brēost-hord</a>, st. m., <i>breast-hoard, that which is locked in +the breast, heart, mind, thought, soul</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1720">1720</a>; acc. sg., +<a href="#li2793">2793</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrēostnet">brēost-net</a>, st. n., <i>breast-net, shirt of chain-mail, coat of +mail</i>: nom. sg. brēost-net brōden, <a href="#li1549">1549</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrēostweorthung">brēost-weorðung</a>, st. f., <i>ornament that is worn upon the +breast</i>: acc. sg. brēost-weorðunge, <a href="#li2505">2505</a>: here the collar is meant +which Bēowulf receives from Wealhþēow (<a href="#li1196">1196</a>, <a href="#li2174">2174</a>) as a present, and +which B., according to <a href="#li2173">2173</a>, presents to Hygd, while, according to +<a href="#li1203">1203</a>, it is in the possession of her husband Hygelāc. In front the +collar is trimmed with ornaments (frætwe), which hang down upon the +breast, hence the name brēost-weorðung.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrēostwylm">brēost-wylm</a>, st. m., <i>heaving of the breast, emotion of the +bosom</i>: acc. sg, <a href="#li1878">1878</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrēotan">brēotan</a>, st. v., <i>to break, to break in pieces, to kill</i>: +pret. brēat bēodgenēatas, <i>killed his table-companions</i> +(courtiers), <a href="#li1714">1714</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-brēotan, same as above: pret. þone þe hēo on ræste ābrēat, +<i>whom she killed upon his couch</i>, <a href="#li1299">1299</a>; pret. part. þā þæt monige +gewearð, þæt hine sēo brimwylf ābroten hæfde, <i>many believed that +the sea-wolf</i> (Grendel's mother) <i>had killed him</i>, <a href="#li1600">1600</a>; hī +hyne ... ābroten hæfdon, <i>had killed him</i> (the dragon), <a href="#li2708">2708</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrim">brim</a>, st. n., <i>flood, the sea</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li848">848</a>, <a href="#li1595">1595</a>; gen. +sg. tō brimes faroðe, <i>to the sea</i>, <a href="#li28">28</a>; æt brimes nosan, <i>at +the sea's promontory</i>, <a href="#li2804">2804</a>; nom. pl. brimu swaðredon, <i>the waves +subsided</i>, <a href="#li570">570</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrimclif">brim-clif</a>, st. n., <i>sea-cliff, cliff washed by the sea</i>: +acc. pl. -clifu, <a href="#li222">222</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrimlād">brim-lād</a>, st. f., <i>flood-way, sea-way</i>: acc. sg. þāra þe +mid Bēowulfe brimlāde tēah, <i>who had travelled the sea-way with +B.</i>, <a href="#li1052">1052</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrimlīthend">brim-līðend</a>, pt, <i>sea-farer, sailor</i> acc. p. -līðende, +<a href="#li568">568</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrimstrēam">brim-strēam</a>, st. m., <i>sea-stream, the flood of the sea</i>: +acc. pl. ofer brim-strēamas, <a href="#li1911">1911</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrimwīsa">brim-wīsa</a>, w. m., <i>sea-king</i>: acc. sg. brimwīsan, of +Hæðcyn, king of the Gēatas, <a href="#li2931">2931</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrimwylf">brim-wylf</a>, st. f., <i>sea-wolf</i> (designation of Grendel's +mother): nom. sg. sēo brimwylf, <a href="#li1507">1507</a>, <a href="#li1600">1600</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrimwylm">brim-wylm</a>, st. m., <i>sea-wave</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1495">1495</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbringan">bringan</a>, anom. v., <i>to bring, to bear</i>: prs. sg. I. ic þē +þūsenda þegna bringe tō helpe, <i>bring to your assistance thousands +of warriors</i>, <a href="#li1830">1830</a>; inf. sceal hringnaca ofer hēaðu bringan lāc and +luftācen, <i>shall bring gifts and love-tokens over the high sea</i>, +<a href="#li1863">1863</a>; similarly, <a href="#li2149">2149</a>, <a href="#li2505">2505</a>; pret. pl. wē þās sǣlāc ... brōhton, +<i>brought this sea-offering</i> (Grendel's head), <a href="#li1654">1654</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-bringan, <i>to bring</i>: pres. subj. pl. þat wē þone gebringan ... +on ādfære, <i>that we bring him upon the funeral-pile</i>, <a href="#li3010">3010</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrosnian">brosnian</a>, w. v., <i>to crumble, to become rotten, to fall to +pieces</i>: prs. sg. III. herepād ... brosnað æfter beorne, <i>the coat of +mail falls to pieces after</i> (the death of) <i>the hero</i>, <a href="#li2261">2261</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrōthor">brōðor</a>, st. m., <i>brother</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1325">1325</a>, <a href="#li2441">2441</a>; dat sg. +brēðer, <a href="#li1263">1263</a>; gen. sg. his brōðor bearn, <a href="#li2620">2620</a>; dat. pl. brōðrum, <a href="#li588">588</a>, +<a href="#li1075">1075</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebrōthru">brōðru</a>, pl., <i>brethren, brothers</i>: dat. pl. sæt be þǣm +gebrōðrum twǣm, <i>sat by the two brothers</i>, <a href="#li1192">1192</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrōga">brōga</a>, w. m., <i>terror, horror</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1292">1292</a>, <a href="#li2325">2325</a>, <a href="#li2566">2566</a>; +acc. sg. billa brōgan, <a href="#li583">583</a>.—Comp.: gryre-, here-brōga.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrūcan">brūcan</a>, st. v. w. gen., <i>to use, to make use of</i>: prs. sg. +III. sē þe longe hēr worolde brūceð, <i>who here long makes use of the +world</i>, i.e. lives long, <a href="#li1063">1063</a>; imp. brūc manigra mēda, <i>make use +of many rewards, give good rewards</i>, <a href="#li1179">1179</a>; <i>to enjoy</i>: inf. +þæt hē bēahhordes brūcan mōste, <i>could enjoy the ring-hoard</i>, +<a href="#li895">895</a>; similarly, <a href="#li2242">2242</a>, <a href="#li3101">3101</a>; pret. brēac līfgesceafta, <i>enjoyed the +appointed life, lived the appointed time</i>, <a href="#li1954">1954</a>. With the genitive +to be supplied: brēac þonne mōste, <a href="#li1488">1488</a>; imp. brūc þisses bēages, +<i>enjoy this ring, take this ring</i>, <a href="#li1217">1217</a>. Upon this meaning +depends the form of the wish, wēl brūcan (compare the German geniesze +froh!): inf. hēt hine wēl brūcan, <a href="#li1046">1046</a>; hēt hine brūcan well, <a href="#li2813">2813</a>; +imp. brūc ealles well, <a href="#li2163">2163</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrūn">brūn</a>, adj., <i>having a brown lustre, shining</i>: nom. sg. sīo +ecg brūn, <a href="#li2579">2579</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrūnecg">brūn-ecg</a>, adj., <i>having a gleaming blade</i>: acc. sg. n. +(hyre seaxe) brād [and] brūnecg, <i>her broad sword with gleaming +blade</i>, <a href="#li1547">1547</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrūnfāg">brūn-fāg</a>, adj., <i>gleaming like metal</i>: acc. sg. brūnfāgne +helm, <a href="#li2616">2616</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrynelēoma">bryne-lēoma</a>, w. m., <i>light of a conflagration, gleam of fire +</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2314">2314</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrynewylm">bryne-wylm</a>, st. m., <i>wave of fire</i>: dat. pl. -wylmum, +<a href="#li2327">2327</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrytnian">brytnian</a> (properly <i>to break in small pieces</i>, cf. brēotan), w. +v., <i>to bestow, to distribute</i>: pret. sinc brytnade, <i>distributed +presents</i>, i.e. ruled (since the giving of gifts belongs especially to +rulers), <a href="#li2384">2384</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrytta">brytta</a>, w. m., <i>giver, distributer</i>, always designating +the king: nom. sg. sinces brytta, <a href="#li608">608</a>, <a href="#li1171">1171</a>, <a href="#li2072">2072</a>; acc. sg. bēaga +bryttan, <a href="#li35">35</a>, <a href="#li352">352</a>, <a href="#li1488">1488</a>; sinces bryttan, <a href="#li1923">1923</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbryttian">bryttian</a> (<i>to be a dispenser</i>), w. v., <i>to distribute, +to confer</i>: prs. sg. III. god manna cynne snyttru bryttað, +<i>bestows wisdom upon the human race</i>, <a href="#li1727">1727</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrȳd">brȳd</a>, st. f.: 1) <i>wife, consort</i>: acc. sg. brȳd, <a href="#li2931">2931</a>; brȳde, +<a href="#li2957">2957</a>, both times of the consort of Ongenþēow (?).—2) <i>betrothed, +bride</i>: nom. sg., of Hrōðgār's daughter, Frēaware, <a href="#li2032">2032</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbrȳdbūr">brȳd-būr</a>, st. n., <i>woman's apartment</i>: dat. sg. ēode ... +cyning of brȳdbūre, <i>the king came out of the apartment of his +wife</i> (into which, according to <a href="#li666">666</a>, he had gone), <a href="#li922">922</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbundenstefna">bunden-stefna</a>, w. m., <i>(that which has a bound prow), the +framed ship</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1911">1911</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbune">bune</a>, w. f., <i>can</i> or <i>cup, drinking-vessel</i>: nom. +pl. bunan, <a href="#li3048">3048</a>; acc. pl. bunan, <a href="#li2776">2776</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glburh">burh, burg</a>, st. f., <i>castle, city, fortified house</i>: +acc. sg. burh, <a href="#li523">523</a>; dat. sg. byrig, <a href="#li1200">1200</a>; dat. pl. burgum, <a href="#li53">53</a>, <a href="#li1969">1969</a>, +<a href="#li2434">2434</a>.—Comp.: frēo, freoðo-, hēa-, hlēo-, hord-, lēod-, mǣg-burg.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glburhloca">burh-loca</a>, w. m., <i>castle-bars</i>: dat. sg. under +burh-locan, <i>under the castle-bars</i>, i.e. in the castle +(Hygelāc's), <a href="#li1929">1929</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glburhstede">burh-stede</a>, st. m., <i>castle-place, place where the castle</i> +or <i>city stands</i>: acc. sg. burhstede, <a href="#li2266">2266</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glburhwela">burh-wela</a>, w. m., <i>riches, treasure of a castle</i> or +<i>city</i>: gen. sg. þenden hē burh-welan brūcan mōste, <a href="#li3101">3101</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glburne">burne</a>, w. f., <i>spring, fountain</i>: gen. þǣre burnan wælm, +<i>the bubbling of the spring</i>, <a href="#li2547">2547</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbūan">būan</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to stay, to remain, to dwell</i>: inf. gif +hē weard onfunde būan on beorge, <i>if he had found the watchman +dwelling on the mountain</i>, <a href="#li2843">2843</a>.—2) <i>to inhabit</i>, w. acc.: +meduseld būan, <i>to inhabit the mead-house</i>, <a href="#li3066">3066</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-būan, w. acc., <i>to occupy a house, to take possession</i>: pret. +part. hēan hūses, hū hit Hring Dene æfter bēorþege gebūn hæfdon, +<i>how the Danes, after their beer-carouse, had occupied it</i> (had +made their beds in it), <a href="#li117">117</a>.—With the pres. part. būend are the +compounds ceaster-, fold-, grund-, lond-būend.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbūgan">būgan</a>, st. v., <i>to bend, to bow, to sink; to turn, to +flee</i>: prs. sg. III. bon-gār būgeð, <i>the fatal spear sinks</i>, +i.e. its deadly point is turned down, it rests, <a href="#li2032">2032</a>; inf. þæt se +byrnwīga būgan sceolde, <i>that the armed hero had to sink down</i> +(having received a deadly blow), <a href="#li2919">2919</a>; similarly, <a href="#li2975">2975</a>; pret. sg. bēah +eft under eorðweall, <i>turned, fled again behind the earth-wall</i>, +<a href="#li2957">2957</a>; pret. pl. bugon tō bence, <i>turned to the bench</i>, <a href="#li327">327</a>, <a href="#li1014">1014</a>; +hȳ on holt bugon, <i>fled to the wood</i>, <a href="#li2599">2599</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-būgan, <i>to bend off, to curve away from</i>: pret. fram sylle +ābēag medubenc monig, <i>from the threshold curved away many a +mead-bench</i>, <a href="#li776">776</a>.</p> + +<p>be-būgan, w. acc., <i>to surround, to encircle</i>: prs. swā +(<i>which</i>) wæter bebūgeð, <a href="#li93">93</a>; efne swā sīde swā sǣ bebūgeð windige +weallas, <i>as far as the sea encircles windy shores</i>, <a href="#li1224">1224</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-būgan, <i>to bend, to bow, to sink</i>: a) intrans.: hēo on flet +gebēah, <i>sank on the floor</i>, <a href="#li1541">1541</a>; þā gebēah cyning, <i>then sank +the king</i>, <a href="#li2981">2981</a>; þā se wyrm gebēah snūde tōsomne (<i>when the drake +at once coiled itself up</i>), <a href="#li2568">2568</a>; gewāt þā gebogen scrīðan tō, +<i>advanced with curved body</i> (the drake), <a href="#li2570">2570</a>.—b) w. acc. of the +thing to which one bends or sinks: pret. selereste gebēah, <i>sank +upon the couch in the hall</i>, <a href="#li691">691</a>; similarly gebēag, <a href="#li1242">1242</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbūr">būr</a>, st. n., <i>apartment, room</i>: dat. sg. būre, <a href="#li1311">1311</a>, <a href="#li2456">2456</a>; +dat. pl. būrum, <a href="#li140">140</a>.—Comp. brȳd-būr.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbūtan">būtan, būton</a> (from be and ūtan, hence in its meaning referring +to what is without, excluded): 1) conj. with subjunctive following, +<i>lest</i>: būtan his līc swice, <i>lest his body escape</i>, <a href="#li967">967</a>. +With ind. following, <i>but</i>: būton hit wæs māre þonne ǣnig mon +ōðer tō beadulāce ætberan meahte, <i>but it</i> (the sword) <i>was +greater than any other man could have carried to battle</i>, <a href="#li1561">1561</a>. +After a preceding negative verb, <i>except</i>: þāra þe gumena bearn +gearwe ne wiston būton Fitela mid hine, <i>which the children of men +did not know at all, except Fitela, who was with him</i>, <a href="#li880">880</a>; ne nom +hē māðm-ǣhta mā būton þone hafelan, etc., <i>he took no more of the +rich treasure than the head alone</i>, <a href="#li1615">1615</a>.—2) prep, with +dat., <i>except</i>: būton folcscare, <a href="#li73">73</a>; būton þē, <a href="#li658">658</a>; ealle būton +ānum, <a href="#li706">706</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbycgan">bycgan</a>, w. v., <i>to buy, to pay</i>: inf. ne wæs þæt gewrixle +til þæt hīe on bā healfa bicgan scoldon frēonda fēorum, <i>that was no +good transaction, that they, on both sides</i> (as well to Grendel as +to his mother), <i>had to pay with the lives of their friends</i>, +<a href="#li1306">1306</a>.</p> + +<p>be-bycgan, <i>to sell</i>: pret. nū ic on māðma hord mīne bebohte +frōde feorhlege (<i>now I, for the treasure-hoard, gave up my old +life</i>), <a href="#li2800">2800</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-bycgan, <i>to buy, to acquire; to pay</i>: pret. w. acc. nō þǣr +ǣnige ... frōfre gebohte, <i>obtained no sort of help, +consolation</i>, <a href="#li974">974</a>; hit (his, MS.) ealdre gebohte, <i>paid it with +his life</i>, <a href="#li2482">2482</a>; pret. part. sylfes fēore bēagas [geboh]te, +<i>bought rings with his own life</i>, <a href="#li3015">3015</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbyldan">byldan</a>, w. v. (<i>to make</i> beald, which see), <i>to excite, +to encourage, to brave deeds</i>: inf. w. acc. swā hē Frēsena cyn on +bēorsele byldan wolde (by distributing gifts), <a href="#li1095">1095</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebyrd">byrd</a>, st. n., "fatum destinatum" (Grein) (?): acc. sg. hīe +on gebyrd hruron gāre wunde, <a href="#li1075">1075</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebyrdu">byrdu</a>, st. f., <i>birth</i>; in compound, bearn-gebyrdu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbyrduscrūd">byrdu-scrūd</a>, st. n., <i>shield-ornament, design upon a +shield</i>(?): nom. sg., <a href="#li2661">2661</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbyre">byre</a>, st. m., (<i>born</i>) <i>son</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2054">2054</a>, <a href="#li2446">2446</a>, +<a href="#li2622">2622</a>, etc.; nom. pl. byre, <a href="#li1189">1189</a>. In a broader sense, <i>young man, +youth</i>: acc. pl. bǣdde byre geonge, <i>encouraged the youths</i> +(at the banquet), <a href="#li2019">2019</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbyrthen">byrðen</a>, st. f., <i>burden</i>; in comp. mægen-byrðen.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbyrele">byrele</a>, st. m., <i>steward, waiter, cupbearer</i>: nom. pl. +byrelas, <a href="#li1162">1162</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbyrgan">byrgan</a>, w. v., <i>to feast, to eat</i>: inf., <a href="#li448">448</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgebyrgea">byrgea</a>, w. m., <i>protector</i>; in comp. lēod-gebyrgea.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbyrht">byrht</a>. See <i>beorht</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbyrne">byrne</a>, w. f., <i>shirt of mail, mail</i>: nom. sg. byrne, <a href="#li405">405</a>, +<a href="#li1630">1630</a>, etc.; hringed byrne, <i>ring-shirt</i>, consisting of interlaced +rings, <a href="#li1246">1246</a>; acc. sg. byrnan, <a href="#li1023">1023</a>, etc.; sīde byrnan, <i>large coat +of mail</i>, <a href="#li1292">1292</a>; hringde byrnan, <a href="#li2616">2616</a>; hāre byrnan, <i>gray coat of +mail</i> (of iron), <a href="#li2154">2154</a>; dat. sg. on byrnan, <a href="#li2705">2705</a>; gen. sg. byrnan +hring, <i>the ring of the shirt of mail</i> (i.e. the shirt of mail), +<a href="#li2261">2261</a>; dat. pl. byrnum, <a href="#li40">40</a>, <a href="#li238">238</a>, etc.; beorhtum byrnum, <i>with +gleaming mail</i>, <a href="#li3141">3141</a>.—Comp.: gūð-, here-, heaðo-, īren-, +īsern-byrne.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbyrnend">byrnend</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glbeornan">beornan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbyrnwiga">byrn-wiga</a>, w. m., <i>warrior dressed in a coat of mail</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li2919">2919</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbysgu">bysgu, bisigu</a>, st. f., <i>trouble, difficulty, opposition</i>: +nom. sg. bisigu, <a href="#li281">281</a>; dat. pl. bisgum, <a href="#li1744">1744</a>, bysigum, <a href="#li2581">2581</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbysig">bysig</a>, adj., <i>opposed, in need</i>, in the compounds +līf-bysig, syn-bysig.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbȳme">bȳme</a>, w. f., <i>a wind-instrument, a trumpet, a trombone</i>: +gen. sg. bȳman gealdor, <i>the sound of the trumpet</i>, <a href="#li2944">2944</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbȳwan">bȳwan</a>, w. v., <i>to ornament, to prepare</i>: inf. þā þe +beado-grīman bȳwan sceoldon, <i>who should prepare the helmets</i>, +<a href="#li2258">2258</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossC">C</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcamp">camp</a>, st. m., <i>combat, fight between two</i>: dat. sg. in +campe (Bēowulf's with Dæghrefn; cempan, MS.), <a href="#li2506">2506</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcandel">candel</a>, st. f., <i>light, candle</i>: nom. sg. rodores candel, +of the sun, <a href="#li1573">1573</a>.—Comp. woruld-candel.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcempa">cempa</a>, w. m., <i>fighter, warrior, hero</i>: nom. sg. æðele +cempa, <a href="#li1313">1313</a>; Gēata cempa, <a href="#li1552">1552</a>; rēðe cempa, <a href="#li1586">1586</a>; mǣre cempa (as +voc.), <a href="#li1762">1762</a>; gyrded cempa, <a href="#li2079">2079</a>; dat. sg. geongum (geongan) cempan, +<a href="#li1949">1949</a>, <a href="#li2045">2045</a>, <a href="#li2627">2627</a>; Hūga cempan, <a href="#li2503">2503</a>; acc. pl. cempan, <a href="#li206">206</a>.—Comp. +fēðe-cempa.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcennan">cennan</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to bear</i>, w. acc.: efne swā hwylc mægða +swā þone magan cende, <i>who bore the son</i>, <a href="#li944">944</a>; pret. part. þǣm +eafera wæs æfter cenned, <i>to him was a son born</i>, <a href="#li12">12</a>.—2) +reflexive, <i>to show one's self, to reveal one's self</i>: imp. cen +þec mid cræfte, <i>prove yourself by your strength</i>, <a href="#li1220">1220</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-cennan, <i>to bear</i>: pret. part. nō hīe fæder cunnon, +hwæðer him ǣnig wæs ǣr ācenned dyrnra gāsta, <i>they</i> (the people +of the country) <i>do not know his</i> (Grendel's) <i>father, nor +whether any evil spirit has been before born to him</i> (whether he +has begotten a son), <a href="#li1357">1357</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcēnthu">cēnðu</a>, st. f., <i>boldness</i>: acc. sg. cēnðu, <a href="#li2697">2697</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcēne">cēne</a>, adj., <i>keen, warlike, bold</i>: gen. p.. cēnra +gehwylcum, <a href="#li769">769</a>. Superl., acc. pl. cēnoste, <a href="#li206">206</a>.—Comp.: dǣd-, +gār-cēne.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glceald">ceald</a>, adj., <i>cold</i>: acc. pl. cealde strēamas, <a href="#li1262">1262</a>; dat. +pl. cealdum cearsīðum, <i>with cold, sad journeys</i>, <a href="#li2397">2397</a>. Superl. +nom. sg. wedera cealdost, <a href="#li546">546</a>;—Comp. morgen-ceald.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcearian">cearian</a>, w. v., <i>to have care, to take care, to trouble one's +self</i>: prs. sg. III. nā ymb his līf cearað, <i>takes no care for +his life</i>, <a href="#li1537">1537</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcearig">cearig</a>, adj., <i>troubled, sad</i>: in comp. sorh-cearig.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcearsīth">cear-sīð</a>, st. m., <i>sorrowful way, an undertaking that brings +sorrow</i>, i.e. a warlike expedition: dat. pl. cearsīðum (of +Bēowulf's expeditions against Ēadgils), <a href="#li2397">2397</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcearu">cearu</a>, st. f., <i>care, sorrow, lamentation</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li1304">1304</a>; acc. sg. [ceare], <a href="#li3173">3173</a>.—Comp.: ealdor-, gūð-, mǣl-, mōd-cearu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcearwælm">cear-wælm</a>, st. m., <i>care-agitation, waves of sorrow in the +breast</i>: dat. pl. æfter cear-wælmum, <a href="#li2067">2067</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcearwylm">cear-wylm</a>, st. m., same as above; nom. pl. þā cear-wylmas, <a href="#li282">282</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glceasterbūend">ceaster-būend</a>, pt, <i>inhabitant of a fortified place, +inhabitant of a castle</i>: dat. pl. ceaster-būendum, of those +established in Hrōðgār's castle, <a href="#li769">769</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcēap">cēap</a>, st. m., <i>purchase, transaction</i>: figuratively, nom. +sg. næs þæt ȳðe cēap, <i>no easy transaction</i>, <a href="#li2416">2416</a>; instr. sg. +þēah þe ōðer hit ealdre gebohte, heardan cēape, <i>although the one +paid it with his life, a dear purchase</i>, <a href="#li2483">2483</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgecēapian">cēapian</a>, w. v., <i>to purchase</i>: pret. part. gold unrīme +grimme gecēapod, <i>gold without measure, bitterly purchased</i> (with +Bēowulf's life), <a href="#li3013">3013</a>.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbeceorfan">ceorfan</a>, st. v., <i>to separate, to cut off</i> (with acc. +of the pers. and instr. of the thing): pret. hine þā hēafde becearf, +<i>cut off his head</i>, <a href="#li1591">1591</a>; similarly, <a href="#li2139">2139</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glceorl">ceorl</a>, st. m., <i>man</i>: nom. sg. snotor ceorl monig, <i>many +a wise man</i>, <a href="#li909">909</a>; dat. sg. gomelum ceorle, <i>the old man</i> (of +King Hrēðel), <a href="#li2445">2445</a>; so, ealdum ceorle, of King Ongenþēow, <a href="#li2973">2973</a>; nom. +pl. snotere ceorlas, <i>wise men</i>, <a href="#li202">202</a>, <a href="#li416">416</a>, <a href="#li1592">1592</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcēol">cēol</a>, st. m., <i>keel</i>, figuratively for the ship: nom. sg., +<a href="#li1913">1913</a>; acc. sg. cēol, <a href="#li38">38</a>, <a href="#li238">238</a>; gen. sg. cēoles, <a href="#li1807">1807</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcēosan">cēosan</a>, st. v., <i>to choose</i>, hence, <i>to assume</i>: inf. +þone cynedōm cīosan wolde, <i>would assume the royal dignity</i>, +<a href="#li2377">2377</a>; <i>to seek</i>: pret. subj. ǣr hē bǣl cure, <i>before he sought +his funeral-pile</i> (before he died), <a href="#li2819">2819</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-cēosan, <i>to choose, to elect</i>: gerund, tō gecēosenne cyning +ǣnigne (sēlran), <i>to choose a better king</i>, <a href="#li1852">1852</a>; imp. þē þæt +sēlre ge-cēos, <i>choose thee the better</i> (of two: bealonīð and ēce +rǣdas), <a href="#li1759">1759</a>; pret. hē ūsic on herge gecēas tō þyssum siðfate, +<i>selected us among the soldiers for this undertaking</i>, <a href="#li2639">2639</a>; +gecēas ēcne rǣd, <i>chose the everlasting gain</i>, i.e. died, <a href="#li1202">1202</a>; +similarly, godes lēoht gecēas, <a href="#li2470">2470</a>; pret. part. acc. pl. hæfde ... +cempan gecorone, <a href="#li206">206</a>.</p> + +<p>on-<a class="glentry" name="gloncirran">cirran</a>, w. v., <i>to turn, to change</i>: inf. ne meahte ... +þæs wealdendes [willan] wiht on-cirran, <i>could not change the will +of the Almighty</i>, <a href="#li2858">2858</a>; pret. ufor oncirde, <i>turned higher</i>, +<a href="#li2952">2952</a>; þyder oncirde, <i>turned thither</i>, <a href="#li2971">2971</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-<a class="glentry" name="glācīgan">cīgan</a>, w. v., <i>to call hither</i>: pret. ācīgde of corðre +cyninges þegnas syfone, <i>called from the retinue of the king seven +men</i>, <a href="#li3122">3122</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glclam">clam, clom</a>, st. m., f. n.? <i>fetter</i>, figuratively of a +strong gripe: dat. pl. heardan clammum, <a href="#li964">964</a>; heardum clammum, <a href="#li1336">1336</a>; +atolan clommum (horrible claws of the mother of Grendel), <a href="#li1503">1503</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glclif">clif, cleof</a>, st. n., <i>cliff, promontory</i>: acc. pl. Gēata +clifu, <a href="#li1912">1912</a>.—Comp.: brim-, ēg-, holm-, stān-clif.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgecnāwan">cnāwan</a>, st. v., <i>to know, to recognize</i>: inf. meaht þū, +mīn wine, mēce gecnāwan, <i>mayst thou, my friend, recognize the +sword</i>, <a href="#li2048">2048</a>.</p> + +<p>on-cnāwan, <i>to recognize, to distinguish</i>: hordweard oncnīow +mannes reorde, <i>distinguished the speech of a man</i>, <a href="#li2555">2555</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcniht">cniht</a>, st. m., <i>boy, youth</i>: dat. pl. þyssum cnyhtum, +<i>to these boys</i> (Hrōðgār's sons), <a href="#li1220">1220</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcnihtwesende">cniht-wesende</a>, prs. part., <i>being a boy</i> or <i>a +youth</i>: acc. sg. ic hine cūðe cniht-wesende, <i>knew him while +still a boy</i>, <a href="#li372">372</a>; nom. pl. wit þæt gecwǣdon cniht-wesende, <i>we +both as young men said that</i>, <a href="#li535">535</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcnyssan">cnyssan</a>, w. v., <i>to strike, to dash against each other</i>: +pret. pl. þonne ... eoferas cnysedan, <i>when the bold warriors dashed +against each other, stormed</i> (in battle), <a href="#li1329">1329</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcollenferhth">collen-ferhð, -ferð</a>, adj., (properly, <i>of swollen mind</i>), +<i>of uncommon thoughts, in his way of thinking, standing higher than +others, high-minded</i>: nom. sg. cuma collen-ferhð, of Bēowulf, <a href="#li1807">1807</a>; +collen-ferð, of Wīglāf, <a href="#li2786">2786</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcorther">corðer</a>, st. n., <i>troop, division of an army, retinue</i>: +dat. sg. þā wæs ... Fin slægen, cyning on corðre, <i>then was Fin +slain, the king in the troop</i> (of warriors), <a href="#li1154">1154</a>; of corðre +cyninges, <i>out of the retinue of the king</i>, <a href="#li3122">3122</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcostian">costian</a>, w. v., <i>to try</i>; pret. (w. gen.) hē mīn costode, +<i>tried me</i>, <a href="#li2085">2085</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcofa">cofa</a>, w. m., <i>apartment, sleeping-room, couch</i>: in comp. +bān-cofa.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcōl">cōl</a>, adj., <i>cool</i>: compar. cearwylmas cōlran wurðað, +<i>the waves of sorrow become cooler</i>, i.e. the mind becomes quiet, +<a href="#li282">282</a>; him wīflufan ... cōlran weorðað, <i>his love for his wife +cools</i>, <a href="#li2067">2067</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcræft">cræft</a>, st. m., <i>the condition of being able</i>, hence: 1) +<i>physical strength</i>: nom. sg. mægða cræft, <a href="#li1284">1284</a>; acc. sg. mægenes +cræft, <a href="#li418">418</a>; þurh ānes cræft, <a href="#li700">700</a>; cræft and cēnðu, <a href="#li2697">2697</a>; dat. (instr.) +sg. cræfte, <a href="#li983">983</a>, <a href="#li1220">1220</a>, <a href="#li2182">2182</a>, <a href="#li2361">2361</a>.—2) <i>art, craft, skill</i>: dat. +sg. as instr. dyrnum cræfte, <i>with secret</i> (magic) <i>art</i>, +<a href="#li2169">2169</a>; dyrnan cræfte, <a href="#li2291">2291</a>; þēofes cræfte, <i>with thief's craft</i>, +<a href="#li2221">2221</a>; dat. pl. dēofles cræftum, <i>by devil's art</i> (sorcery), +<a href="#li2089">2089</a>.—3) <i>great quantity</i> (?): acc. sg. wyrm-horda cræft, +<a href="#li2223">2223</a>.—Comp.: leoðo-, mægen-, nearo-, wīg-cræft.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcræftig">cræftig</a>, adj.: 1) <i>strong, stout</i>: nom. sg. eafoðes +cræftig, <a href="#li1467">1467</a>; nīða cræftig, <a href="#li1963">1963</a>. Comp. wīg-cræftig.—2) <i>adroit, +skilful</i>: in comp. lagu-cræftig.—3) <i>rich</i> (of treasures); in +comp. ēacen-cræftig.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcringan">cringan</a>, st. v., <i>to fall in combat, to fall with the +writhing movement of those mortally wounded</i>: pret. subj. on wæl +crunge, <i>would sink into death, would fall</i>, <a href="#li636">636</a>; pret. pl. for +the pluperfect, sume on wæle crungon, <a href="#li1114">1114</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgecringan">cringan</a>, same as above: pret. hē under rande gecranc, +<i>fell under his shield</i>, <a href="#li1210">1210</a>; æt wīge gecrang, <i>fell in +battle</i>, <a href="#li1338">1338</a>; hēo on flet gecrong, <i>fell to the ground</i>, +<a href="#li1569">1569</a>; in campe gecrong, <i>fell in single combat</i>, <a href="#li2506">2506</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcuma">cuma</a> (<i>he who comes</i>), w. m., <i>newcomer, guest</i>: nom. +sg. <a href="#li1807">1807</a>.—Comp.: cwealm-, wil-cuma.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcuman">cuman</a>, st. v., <i>to come</i>: pres. sg. II. gyf þū on weg +cymest, <i>if thou comest from there</i>, <a href="#li1383">1383</a>; III. cymeð, <a href="#li2059">2059</a>; +pres. subj. sg. III. cume, <a href="#li23">23</a>; pl. þonne wē ūt cymen, <i>when we come +out</i>, <a href="#li3107">3107</a>; inf. cuman, <a href="#li244">244</a>, <a href="#li281">281</a>, <a href="#li1870">1870</a>; pret. sg. cōm, <a href="#li430">430</a>, <a href="#li569">569</a>, +<a href="#li826">826</a>, <a href="#li1134">1134</a>, <a href="#li1507">1507</a>, <a href="#li1601">1601</a>, etc.; cwōm, <a href="#li419">419</a>, <a href="#li2915">2915</a>; pret. subj. sg. cwōme, +<a href="#li732">732</a>; pret. part. cumen, <a href="#li376">376</a>; pl. cumene, <a href="#li361">361</a>. Often with the inf. of a +verb of motion, as, cōm gongan, <a href="#li711">711</a>; cōm sīðian, <a href="#li721">721</a>; cōm in gān, +<a href="#li1645">1645</a>; cwōm gān, <a href="#li1163">1163</a>; cōm scacan, <a href="#li1803">1803</a>; cwōmon lǣdan, <a href="#li239">239</a>; cwōmon +sēcean, <a href="#li268">268</a>; cwōman scrīðan, <a href="#li651">651</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbecuman">be-cuman</a>, <i>to come, to approach, to arrive</i>: pret. syððan +niht becōm, <i>after the night had come</i>, <a href="#li115">115</a>; þē on þā lēode +becōm, <i>that had come over the people</i>, <a href="#li192">192</a>; þā hē tō hām becōm, +<a href="#li2993">2993</a>. And with inf. following: stefn in becōm ... hlynnan under hārne +stān, <a href="#li2553">2553</a>; lȳt eft becwōm ... hāmes nīosan, <a href="#li2366">2366</a>; oð þæt ende becwōm, +<a href="#li1255">1255</a>; similarly, <a href="#li2117">2117</a>. With acc. of pers.: þā hyne sīo þrāg becwōm, +<i>when this time of battle came over him</i>, <a href="#li2884">2884</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glofercuman">ofer-cuman</a>, <i>to overcome, to compel</i>: pret. þȳ hē þone +fēond ofercwōm, <i>thereby he overcame the foe</i>, <a href="#li1274">1274</a>: pl. hīe +fēond heora ... ofercōmon, <a href="#li700">700</a>; pret. part. (w. gen.) nīða ofercumen, +<i>compelled by combats</i>, <a href="#li846">846</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcumbol">cumbol, cumbor</a>, st. m., <i>banner</i>: gen. sg. cumbles hyrde, +<a href="#li2506">2506</a>.—Comp. hilte-cumbor.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcund">cund</a>, adj., <i>originating in, descended from</i>: in comp. +feorran-cund.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcunnan">cunnan</a>, verb pret. pres.: 1) <i>to know, to be acquainted +with</i> (w. acc. or depend, clause): sg. pres. I. ic mīnne can glædne +Hrōðulf þæt hē ... wile, <i>I know my gracious H., that he +will</i>..., <a href="#li1181">1181</a>; II. eard gīt ne const, <i>thou knowest not yet the +land</i>, <a href="#li1378">1378</a>; III. hē þæt wyrse ne con, <i>knows no worse</i>, <a href="#li1740">1740</a>. +And reflexive: con him land geare, <i>knows the land well</i>, <a href="#li2063">2063</a>; +pl. men ne cunnon hwyder helrūnan scrīðað, <i>men do not know +whither</i>..., <a href="#li162">162</a>; pret. sg. ic hine cūðe, <i>knew him</i>, <a href="#li372">372</a>; +cūðe hē duguð þēaw, <i>knew the customs of the distinguished +courtiers</i>, <a href="#li359">359</a>; so with the acc., <a href="#li2013">2013</a>; seolfa ne cūðe þurh +hwæt..., <i>he himself did not know through what</i>..., <a href="#li3068">3068</a>; pl. +sorge ne cūðon, <a href="#li119">119</a>; so with the acc., <a href="#li180">180</a>, <a href="#li418">418</a>, <a href="#li1234">1234</a>. With both (acc. +and depend. clause): nō hīe fæder cunnon (scil. nō hīe cunnon) hwæðer +him ǣnig wæs ǣr ācenned dyrnra gāsta, <a href="#li1356">1356</a>.—2) with inf. following, +<i>can, to be able</i>: prs. sg. him bebeorgan ne con, <i>cannot +defend himself</i>, <a href="#li1747">1747</a>; prs. pl. men ne cunnon secgan, <i>cannot +say</i>, <a href="#li50">50</a>; pret. sg. cūðe reccan, <a href="#li90">90</a>; beorgan cūðe, <a href="#li1446">1446</a>; pret. pl. +herian ne cūðon, <i>could not praise</i>, <a href="#li182">182</a>; pret. subj. healdan +cūðe, <a href="#li2373">2373</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcunnian">cunnian</a>, w. v., <i>to inquire into, to try</i>, w. gen. or +acc.: inf. sund cunnian (figurative for <i>roam over the sea</i>), +<a href="#li1427">1427</a>, <a href="#li1445">1445</a>; geongne cempan higes cunnian, <i>to try the young +warrior's mind</i>, <a href="#li2046">2046</a>; pret. eard cunnode, <i>tried the home</i>, +i.e. came to it, <a href="#li1501">1501</a>; pl. wada cunnedon, <i>tried the flood</i>, i.e. +swam through the sea, <a href="#li508">508</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcūth">cūð</a>, adj.: 1) <i>known, well known; manifest, certain</i>: nom. +sg. undyrne cūð, <a href="#li150">150</a>, <a href="#li410">410</a>; wīde cūð, <a href="#li2924">2924</a>; acc. sg. fern. cūðe folme, +<a href="#li1304">1304</a>; cūðe strǣte, <a href="#li1635">1635</a>; nom. pl. ecge cūðe, <a href="#li1146">1146</a>; acc. pl. cūðe +næssas, <a href="#li1913">1913</a>.—2) <i>renowned</i>: nom. sg. gūðum cūð, <a href="#li2179">2179</a>; nom. pl. +cystum cūðe, <a href="#li868">868</a>.—3) also, <i>friendly, dear, good</i> (see +<a class="glentry" href="#gluncūth">un-cūð</a>).—Comp.: un-, wīd-cūð.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcūthlīce">cūð-līce</a>, adv., <i>openly, publicly</i>: comp. nō hēr cūðlīcor +cuman ongunnon lind-hæbbende, <i>no shield-bearing men undertook +more boldly to come hither</i> (the coast-watchman means by this the +secret landing of the Vikings), <a href="#li244">244</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcwalu">cwalu</a>, st. f., <i>murder, fall</i>: in comp. dēað-cwalu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcweccan">cweccan</a> (<i>to make alive</i>, see <a class="glentry" href="#glcwic">cwic</a>), w. v., <i>to +move, to swing</i>: pret. cwehte mægen-wudu, <i>swung the wood of +strength</i> (= spear), <a href="#li235">235</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcwethan">cweðan</a>, st. v., <i>to say, to speak</i>: a) absolutely: prs. +sg. III. cwið æt bēore, <i>speaks at beer-drinking</i>, <a href="#li2042">2042</a>.—b) w. +acc.: pret. word æfter cwæð, <a href="#li315">315</a>; fēa worda cwæð, <a href="#li2247">2247</a>, <a href="#li2663">2663</a>.—c) with +þæt following: pret. sg. cwæð, <a href="#li92">92</a>, <a href="#li2159">2159</a>; pl. cwǣdon, <a href="#li3182">3182</a>.—d) with +þæt omitted: pret. cwæð hē gūð-cyning sēcean wolde, <i>said he would +seek out the war-king</i>, <a href="#li199">199</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1811">1811</a>, <a href="#li2940">2940</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glācwethan">ā-cweðan</a>, <i>to say, to speak</i>, w. acc.: prs. þæt word +ācwyð, <i>speaks the word</i>, <a href="#li2047">2047</a>; pret. þæt word ācwæð, <a href="#li655">655</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgecwethan">cweðan</a>, <i>to say, to speak</i>: a) absolutely: pret. sg. +II. swā þū gecwǣde, <a href="#li2665">2665</a>.—b)w. acc.: pret. wēl-hwylc gecwæð, +<i>spoke everything</i>, <a href="#li875">875</a>; pl. wit þæt gecwǣdon, <a href="#li535">535</a>.—c) w. þæt +following: pret. gecwæð, <a href="#li858">858</a>, <a href="#li988">988</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcwellan">cwellan</a>, w. v., (<i>to make die</i>), <i>to kill, to +murder</i>: pret. sg. II. þū Grendel cwealdest, <a href="#li1335">1335</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glācwellan">ā-cwellan</a>, <i>to kill</i>: pret. sg. (hē) wyrm ācwealde, <a href="#li887">887</a>; +þone þe Grendel ǣr māne ācwealde, <i>whom Grendel had before wickedly +murdered</i>, <a href="#li1056">1056</a>; beorn ācwealde, <a href="#li2122">2122</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcwēn">cwēn</a>, st. f.: 1) <i>wife, consort</i> (of noble birth): nom. +sg. cwēn, <a href="#li62">62</a>; (Hrōðgār's), <a href="#li614">614</a>, <a href="#li924">924</a>; (Finn's), <a href="#li1154">1154</a>.—2) particularly +denoting the queen: nom. sg. bēaghroden cwēn (Wealhþēow), <a href="#li624">624</a>; mǣru +cwēn, <a href="#li2017">2017</a>; fremu folces cwēn (Þrȳðo), <a href="#li1933">1933</a>; acc. sg. cwēn +(Wealhþēow), <a href="#li666">666</a>.-Comp. folc-cwēn.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcwēnlīc">cwēn-līc</a>, adj., <i>feminine, womanly</i>: nom. sg. ne bið swylc +cwēnlīc þēaw (<i>such is not the custom of women, does not become a +woman</i>), <a href="#li1941">1941</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcwealm">cwealm</a>, st. m., <i>violent death, murder, destruction</i>: acc. +sg. þone cwealm gewræc, <i>avenged the death</i> (of Abel by Cain), +<a href="#li107">107</a>; mǣndon mondryhtnes cwealm, <i>lamented the ruler's fall</i>, +<a href="#li3150">3150</a>.—Comp.: bealo-, dēað-, gār-cwealm.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcwealmbealu">cwealm-bealu</a>, st. n., <i>the evil of murder</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li1941">1941</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcwealmcuma">cwealm-cuma</a>, w. m., <i>one coming for murder, a new-comer who +contemplates murder</i>: acc. sg. þone cwealm-cuman (of Grendel), <a href="#li793">793</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcwic">cwic</a> and <b>cwico</b>, adj., <i>quick, having life, alive</i>: +acc. sg. cwicne, <a href="#li793">793</a>, <a href="#li2786">2786</a>; gen. sg. āht cwices, <i>something +living</i>, <a href="#li2315">2315</a>; nom. pl. cwice, <a href="#li98">98</a>; cwico wæs þā gēna, <i>was still +alive</i>, <a href="#li3094">3094</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcwide">cwide</a>, st. m., <i>word, speech, saying</i>: in comp. gegn-, +gilp-, hlēo-, word-cwide.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcwīthan">cwīðan</a>, st. v., <i>to complain, to lament</i>: inf. w. acc. +ongan ... gioguðe cwīðan hilde-strengo, <i>began to lament the</i> +(departed) <i>battle-strength of his youth</i>, <a href="#li2113">2113</a> [ceare] cwīðan, +<i>lament their cares</i>, <a href="#li3173">3173</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcyme">cyme</a>, st. m., <i>coming, arrival</i>: nom. pl. hwanan ēowre +cyme syndon, <i>whence your coming is</i>, i. e. whence ye are, +<a href="#li257">257</a>.—Comp. eft-cyme.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcymlīce">cȳmlīce</a>, adv., (convenienter), <i>splendidly, grandly</i>: +comp. cȳmlīcor, <a href="#li38">38</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcyn">cyn</a>, st. n., <i>race</i>, both in the general sense, and +denoting noble lineage: nom. sg. Frēsena cyn, <a href="#li1094">1094</a>; Wedera (gara, MS.) +cyn, <a href="#li461">461</a>; acc. sg. eotena cyn, <a href="#li421">421</a>; gīganta cyn, <a href="#li1691">1691</a>; dat. sg. Caines +cynne, <a href="#li107">107</a>; manna cynne, <a href="#li811">811</a>, <a href="#li915">915</a>, <a href="#li1726">1726</a>; ēowrum (of those who desert +Bēowulf in battle) cynne, <a href="#li2886">2886</a>; gen. sg. manna (gumena) cynnes, <a href="#li702">702</a>, +etc.; mǣran cynnes, <a href="#li1730">1730</a>; lāðan cynnes, <a href="#li2009">2009</a>, <a href="#li2355">2355</a>; ūsses cynnes +Wǣgmundinga, <a href="#li2814">2814</a>; gen. pl. cynna gehwylcum, <a href="#li98">98</a>.—Comp.: eormen-, +feorh-, frum-, gum-, man-, wyrm-cyn.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcyn">cyn</a>, st. n., <i>that which is suitable or proper</i>: gen. pl. +cynna (of etiquette) gemyndig, <a href="#li614">614</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgecynde">cynde</a>, adj., <i>innate, peculiar, natural</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li2198">2198</a>, <a href="#li2697">2697</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcynedōm">cyne-dōm</a>, st. m., <i>kingdom, royal dignity</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li2377">2377</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcyning">cyning</a>, st. m., <i>king</i>: nom. acc. sg. cyning, II, <a href="#li864">864</a>, +<a href="#li921">921</a>, etc.; kyning, <a href="#li620">620</a>, <a href="#li3173">3173</a>; dat. sg. cyninge, <a href="#li3094">3094</a>; gen. sg. +cyninges, <a href="#li868">868</a>, <a href="#li1211">1211</a>; gen. pl. kyning[a] wuldor, of God, <a href="#li666">666</a>.—Comp. +beorn-, eorð-, folc-, guð-, hēah-, lēod-, sǣ-, sōð-, þēod-, worold-, +wuldor-cyning.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcyningbeald">cyning-beald</a>, adj., "<i>nobly bold</i>" (Thorpe), +<i>excellently brave</i> (?): nom. pl. cyning-balde men, <a href="#li1635">1635</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgecyssan">cyssan</a>, w. v., <i>to kiss</i>: pret. gecyste þā cyning ... +þegen betstan, <i>kissed the best thane</i> (Bēowulf), <a href="#li1871">1871</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcyst">cyst</a> (<i>choosing</i>, see <a class="glentry" href="#glcēosan">cēosan</a>), st. f., <i>the +select, the best of a thing, good quality, excellence</i>: nom. sg. +īrenna cyst, <i>of the swords</i>, <a href="#li803">803</a>, <a href="#li1698">1698</a>; wǣpna cyst, <a href="#li1560">1560</a>; symbla +cyst, <i>choice banquet</i>, <a href="#li1233">1233</a>; acc. sg. īrena cyst, <a href="#li674">674</a>; dat. pl. +foldwegas ... cystum cūðe, <i>known through excellent qualities</i>, +<a href="#li868">868</a>; (cyning) cystum gecȳðed, <a href="#li924">924</a>.—Comp. gum-, hilde-cyst.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcȳth">cȳð</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gloncȳth">on-cȳð</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcȳthan">cȳðan</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glcūth">cūð</a>), w. v., <i>to make known, to manifest, +to show</i>: imp. sg. mægen-ellen cȳð, <i>show thy heroic +strength</i>, <a href="#li660">660</a>; inf. cwealmbealu cȳðan, <a href="#li1941">1941</a>; ellen cȳðan, <a href="#li2696">2696</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-cȳðan (<i>to make known</i>, hence): 1) <i>to give information, to +announce</i>: inf. andsware gecȳðan, <i>to give answer</i>, <a href="#li354">354</a>; +gerund, tō gecȳðanne hwanan ēowre cyme syndon (<i>to show whence ye +come</i>), <a href="#li257">257</a>; pret. part. sōð is gecȳðed þæt ... (<i>the truth has +become known</i>, it has shown itself to be true), <a href="#li701">701</a>; Higelāce wæs +sīð Bēowulfes snūde gecȳðed, <i>the arrival of B. was quickly +announced</i>, <a href="#li1972">1972</a>; similarly, <a href="#li2325">2325</a>.—2) <i>to make celebrated</i>, +in pret. part.: wæs mīn fæder folcum gecȳðed (<i>my father was known +to warriors</i>), <a href="#li262">262</a>; wæs his mōdsefa manegum gecȳðed, <a href="#li349">349</a>; cystum +gecȳðed, <a href="#li924">924</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcȳth">cȳð</a> (properly, <i>condition of being known</i>, hence +<i>relationship</i>), st. f., <i>home, country, land</i>: in comp. +feor-cȳð.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgecȳpan">cȳpan</a>, w. v., <i>to purchase</i>: inf. næs him ǣnig þearf +þæt hē ... þurfe wyrsan wīgfrecan weorðe gecȳpan, <i>had need to buy +with treasures no inferior warrior</i>, <a href="#li2497">2497</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossD">D</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldaroth">daroð</a>, st. m., <i>spear</i>: dat. pl. dareðum lācan (<i>to +fight</i>), <a href="#li2849">2849</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgedāl">dāl</a>, st. n., <i>parting, separation</i>: nom. sg. his +worulde gedāl, <i>his separation from the world</i> (his death), +<a href="#li3069">3069</a>.—Comp. ealdor-, līf-gedāl.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldæg">dæg</a>, st. m., <i>day</i>: nom. sg. dæg, <a href="#li485">485</a>, <a href="#li732">732</a>, <a href="#li2647">2647</a>; acc. sg. +dæg, <a href="#li2400">2400</a>; andlangne dæg, <i>the whole day</i>, <a href="#li2116">2116</a>; morgenlongne dæg +(<i>the whole morning</i>), <a href="#li2895">2895</a>; oð dōmes dæg, <i>till +judgment-day</i>, <a href="#li3070">3070</a>; dat. sg. on þǣm dæge þysses līfes (eo tempore, +tunc), <a href="#li197">197</a>, <a href="#li791">791</a>, <a href="#li807">807</a>; gen. sg. dæges, <a href="#li1601">1601</a>, <a href="#li2321">2321</a>; hwīl dæges, <i>a +day's time, a whole day</i>, <a href="#li1496">1496</a>; dæges and nihtes, <i>day and +night</i>, <a href="#li2270">2270</a>; dæges, <i>by day</i>, <a href="#li1936">1936</a>; dat. pl. on tȳn dagum, +<i>in ten days</i>, <a href="#li3161">3161</a>.—Comp. ǣr-, dēað-, ende-, ealdor-, fyrn-, +geār-, lǣn-, līf-, swylt-, win-dæg, an-dæges.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldæghwīl">dæg-hwīl</a>, st. f., <i>day-time</i>: acc. pl. þæt hē dæghwīla +gedrogen hæfde eorðan wynne, <i>that he had enjoyed earth's pleasures +during the days</i> (appointed to him), i.e. that his life was +finished, <a href="#li2727">2727</a>.—(After Grein.)</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldægrīm">dæg-rīm</a>, st. n., <i>series of days, fixed number of days</i>: +nom. sg. dōgera dægrīm (<i>number of the days of his life</i>), <a href="#li824">824</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldǣd">dǣd</a>, st. f., <i>deed, action</i>: acc. sg. dēorlīce dǣd, <a href="#li585">585</a>; +dōmlēasan dǣd, <a href="#li2891">2891</a>; frēcne dǣde, <a href="#li890">890</a>; dǣd, <a href="#li941">941</a>; acc. pl. Grendles +dǣda, <a href="#li195">195</a>; gen. pl. dǣda, <a href="#li181">181</a>, <a href="#li479">479</a>, <a href="#li2455">2455</a>, etc.; dat. pl. dǣdum, <a href="#li1228">1228</a>, +<a href="#li2437">2437</a>, etc.—Comp. ellen-, fyren-, lof-dǣd.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldǣdcēne">dǣd-cēne</a>, adj., <i>bold in deed</i>: nom. sg. dǣd-cēne mon, +<a href="#li1646">1646</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldǣdfruma">dǣd-fruma</a>, w. m., <i>doer of deeds, doer</i>: nom. sg., of Grendel, <a href="#li2091">2091</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldǣdbata">dǣd-bata</a>, w. m., <i>he who pursues with his deeds</i>: nom. sg., +of Grendel, <a href="#li275">275</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldǣdla">dǣdla</a>, w. m., <i>doer</i>: in comp. mān-for-dǣdla.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldǣl">dǣl</a>, st. m., <i>part, portion</i>: acc. sg. dǣl, <a href="#li622">622</a>, <a href="#li2246">2246</a>, +<a href="#li3128">3128</a>; acc. pl. dǣlas, <a href="#li1733">1733</a>.—Often dǣl designates the portion of a +thing or of a quality which belongs in general to an individual, as, +oð þæt him on innan oferhygda dǣl weaxeð, <i>till in his bosom his +portion of arrogance increases</i>: i.e. whatever arrogance he has, +his arrogance, <a href="#li1741">1741</a>. Bīowulfe wearð dryhtmāðma dǣl dēaðe, forgolden, +<i>to Bēowulf his part of the splendid treasures was paid with +death</i>, i.e. whatever splendid treasures were allotted to him, +whatever part of them he could win in the fight with the dragon, <a href="#li2844">2844</a>; +similarly, <a href="#li1151">1151</a>, <a href="#li1753">1753</a>, <a href="#li2029">2029</a>, <a href="#li2069">2069</a>, <a href="#li3128">3128</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldǣlan">dǣlan</a>, w. v., <i>to divide, to bestow, to share with</i>, w. +acc.: pres. sg. III. mādmas dǣleð, <a href="#li1757">1757</a>; pres. subj. þæt hē wið +āglǣcean eofoðo dǣle, <i>that he bestow his strength upon</i> +(strive with) <i>the bringer of misery</i> the drake), <a href="#li2535">2535</a>; inf. +hringas dǣlan, <a href="#li1971">1971</a>; pret. bēagas dǣlde, <a href="#li80">80</a>; sceattas dǣlde, <a href="#li1687">1687</a>.</p> + +<p>be-dǣlan, w. instr., <i>(to divide), to tear away from, to strip +of</i>: pret. part. drēamum (drēame) bedǣled, <i>deprived of the +heavenly joys</i> (of Grendel), <a href="#li722">722</a>, <a href="#li1276">1276</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-dǣlan: 1) <i>to distribute</i>: inf. (w. acc. <i>of the +thing distributed</i>); bǣr on innan eall gedǣlan geongum and ealdum +swylc him god sealde, <i>distribute therein to young and old all that +God had given him</i>, <a href="#li71">71</a>.—2) <i>to divide, to separate</i>, with +acc.: inf. sundur gedǣlan līf wið līce, <i>separate life from the +body</i>, <a href="#li2423">2423</a>; so pret. subj. þæt hē gedǣlde ... ānra gehwylces līf +wið līce, <a href="#li732">732</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldenn">denn</a> (cf. denu, dene, vallis), st. n., <i>den, cave</i>: acc. +sg. þæs wyrmes denn, <a href="#li2761">2761</a>; gen. sg. (draca) gewāt dennes nīosian, +<a href="#li3046">3046</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgedefe">defe</a>, adj.: 1) (impersonal) <i>proper, appropriate</i>: nom. +sg. swā hit gedēfe wæs (bið), <i>as was appropriate, proper</i>, <a href="#li561">561</a>, +<a href="#li1671">1671</a>, <a href="#li3176">3176</a>.—2) <i>good, kind, friendly</i>; nom sg. bēo þū suna mīnum +dǣdum gedēfe, <i>be friendly to my son by deeds</i> (support my son in +deed, namely, when he shall have attained to the government), +<a href="#li1228">1228</a>.—Comp. un-ge-dēfelīce.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldēman">dēman</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#gldōm">dōm</a>), w. v.: 1) <i>to judge, to award +justly</i>: pres. subj. mǣrðo dēme, <a href="#li688">688</a>.—2) <i>to judge favorably, to +praise, to glorify</i>: pret. pl. his ellenweorc duguðum dēmdon, +<i>praised his heroic deed with all their might</i>, <a href="#li3176">3176</a>.</p> + +<p>dēmend, <i>judge</i>: dǣda dēmend (of God), <a href="#li181">181</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldeal">deal</a>, adj., "superbus, clarus, fretus" (Grimm): nom. pl. þrȳðum +dealle, <a href="#li494">494</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldēad">dēad</a>, adj., <i>dead</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li467">467</a>, <a href="#li1324">1324</a>, <a href="#li2373">2373</a>; acc. sg. +dēadne, <a href="#li1310">1310</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldēath">dēað</a>, st. m., <i>death, dying</i>: nom. sg, dēað, <a href="#li441">441</a>, <a href="#li447">447</a>, +etc.; acc. sg. dēað, <a href="#li2169">2169</a>; dat. sg. dēaðe, <a href="#li1389">1389</a>, <a href="#li1590">1590</a>, (as instr.) +<a href="#li2844">2844</a>, <a href="#li3046">3046</a>; gen. sg. dēaðes wylm, <a href="#li2270">2270</a>; dēaðes nȳd, <a href="#li2455">2455</a>.—Comp. gūð-, +wæl-, wundor-dēað.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldēathbed">dēað-bed</a>, st. n., <i>death-bed</i>: dat. sg. dēað-bedde fæst, +<a href="#li2902">2902</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldēathcwalu">dēað-cwalu</a>, st. f., <i>violent death</i>, <i>ruin and +death</i>: dat. pl. tō dēað-cwalum, <a href="#li1713">1713</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldēathcwealm">dēað-cwealm</a>, st. m., <i>violent death, murder</i>: nom. sg. +<a href="#li1671">1671</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldēathdæg">dēað-dæg</a>, st. m., <i>death-day, dying day</i>: dat. sg. æfter +dēað-dæge (<i>after his death</i>), <a href="#li187">187</a>, <a href="#li886">886</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldēathfǣge">dēað-fǣge</a>, adj., <i>given over to death</i>: nom. sg. (Grendel) +dēað-fǣge dēog, <i>had hidden himself, being given over to death</i> +(mortally wounded), <a href="#li851">851</a>.</p> + +<p>dēað-scūa, w. m., <i>death-shadow, ghostly being, demon of death</i>: +nom. sg. deorc dēað-scūa (of Grendel), <a href="#li160">160</a>.</p> + +<p>dēað-wērig, adj., <i>weakened by death</i>, i.e. dead: acc. sg. +dēað-wērigne, <a href="#li2126">2126</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glwērig">wērig</a>.</p> + +<p>dēað-wīc, st. n. <i>death's house, home of death</i>: acc. sg. gewāt +dēaðwīc sēon (<i>had died</i>), <a href="#li1276">1276</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldēagan">dēagan</a> (O.H.G. pret. part. tougan, <i>hidden</i>), <i>to +conceal one's self, to hide</i>: pret. (for pluperf.) dēog, <a href="#li851">851</a>.—Leo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldeorc">deorc</a>, adj., <i>dark</i>: of the night, nom. sg. (nihthelm) +deorc, <a href="#li1791">1791</a>; dat. pl. deorcum nihtum, <a href="#li275">275</a>, <a href="#li2212">2212</a>; of the terrible +Grendel, nom. sg. deorc dēað-scūa, <a href="#li160">160</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldēofol">dēofol</a>, st. m. n., <i>devil</i>: gen. sg. dēofles, <a href="#li2089">2089</a>; gen. pl. +dēofla, of Grendel and his troop, <a href="#li757">757</a>, <a href="#li1681">1681</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldēogol">dēogol, dȳgol</a>, adj., <i>concealed, hidden, inaccessible, beyond +information, unknown</i>: nom. sg. dēogol dǣdhata (of Grendel), <a href="#li275">275</a>; +acc. sg. dȳgel lond, <i>inaccessible land</i>, <a href="#li1358">1358</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldēop">dēop</a>, st. n., <i>deep, abyss</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li2550">2550</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldēop">dēop</a>, adv. <i>deeply</i>: acc. sg. dēop wæter, <a href="#li509">509</a>, <a href="#li1905">1905</a>.</p> + +<p>dīope, adj., <i>deep</i>: hit oð dōmes dæg dīope benemdon þēodnas +mǣre, <i>the illustrious rulers had charmed it deeply till the +judgment-day, had laid a solemn spell upon it</i>, <a href="#li3070">3070</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldēor">dēor</a>, st. n., <i>animal, wild animal</i>: in comp. mere-, +sǣ-dēor.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldēor">dēor</a>, adj.: 1) <i>wild, terrible</i>: nom. sg. dīor dǣd-fruma +(of Grendel), <a href="#li2091">2091</a>.—2) <i>bold, brave</i>: nom. nǣnig ... dēor, +<a href="#li1934">1934</a>.—Comp.: heaðu-, hilde-dēor.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldēore">dēore, dȳre</a>, adj.: 1) <i>dear, costly</i> (high in price): acc. +sg. dȳre īren, <a href="#li2051">2051</a>; drincfæt dȳre (dēore), <a href="#li2307">2307</a>, <a href="#li2255">2255</a>; instr. sg. +dēoran sweorde, <a href="#li561">561</a>; dat. sg. dēorum māðme, <a href="#li1529">1529</a>; nom. pl. dȳre swyrd, +<a href="#li3049">3049</a>; acc. pl. dēore (dȳre) māðmas, <a href="#li2237">2237</a>, <a href="#li3132">3132</a>.—2) <i>dear, beloved, +worthy</i>: nom. sg. f., æðelum dīore, <i>worthy by reason of +origin</i>, <a href="#li1950">1950</a>; dat. sg. æfter dēorum men, <a href="#li1880">1880</a>; gen. sg. dēorre +duguðe, <a href="#li488">488</a>; superl. acc. sg. aldorþegn þone dēorestan, <a href="#li1310">1310</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldēorlīc">dēor-līc</a>, adj., <i>bold, brave</i>: acc. sg. dēorlīce dǣd, <a href="#li585">585</a>. +See <a class="glentry" href="#gldēor">dēor</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldisc">disc</a>, st. m., <i>disc, plate, flat dish</i>: nom. acc. pl. +discas, <a href="#li2776">2776</a>, <a href="#li3049">3049</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgedīgan">dīgan</a>. See ge-<a class="glentry" href="#glgedȳgan">dȳgan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldolgilp">dol-gilp</a>, st. m., <i>mad boast, foolish pride, vain-glory, +thoughtless audacity</i>: dat. sg. for dolgilpe, <a href="#li509">509</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldollīc">dol-līc</a>, adj., <i>audacious</i>: gen. pl. mǣst ... dǣda +dollīcra, <a href="#li2647">2647</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldolsceatha">dol-sceaða</a>, w. m., <i>bold enemy</i>: acc. sg. þone dol-scaðan +(Grendel), <a href="#li479">479</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldōgor">dōgor</a>, st. m. n., <i>day</i>; 1) day as a period of 24 hours: +gen. sg. ymb āntīd ōðres dōgores, <i>at the same time of the next +day</i>, <a href="#li219">219</a>; morgen-lēoht ōðres dōgores, <i>the morning-light of the +second day</i>, <a href="#li606">606</a>.—2) day in the usual sense: acc. sg. n. þȳs +dōgor, <i>during this day</i>, <a href="#li1396">1396</a>; instr. þȳ dōgore, <a href="#li1798">1798</a>; forman +dōgore, <a href="#li2574">2574</a>; gen. pl. dōgora gehwām, <a href="#li88">88</a>; dōgra gehwylce, <a href="#li1091">1091</a>; +dōgera dægrim, <i>the number of his days</i> (the days of his life), +<a href="#li824">824</a>.—3) <i>day</i> in the wider sense of time: dat. pl. ufaran +dōgrum, <i>in later days, times</i>, <a href="#li2201">2201</a>, <a href="#li2393">2393</a>.—Comp. ende-dōgor.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldōgorgerīm">dōgor-gerīm</a>, st. n., <i>series of days</i>: gen. sg. wæs eall +sceacen dōgor-gerīmes, <i>the whole number of his days</i> (his life) +<i>was past</i>, <a href="#li2729">2729</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldōhtor">dōhtor</a>, st. f., <i>daughter</i>: nom. acc. sg. dōhtor, <a href="#li375">375</a>, +<a href="#li1077">1077</a>, <a href="#li1930">1930</a>, <a href="#li1982">1982</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldōm">dōm</a>, st. m.: I., <i>condition, state in general</i>; in comp. +cyne-, wis-dōm.—II., having reference to justice, hence: 1) +<i>judgment, judicial opinion</i>: instr. sg. weotena dōme, +<i>according to the judgment of the Witan</i>, <a href="#li1099">1099</a>. 2) <i>custom</i>: +æfter dōme, <i>according to custom</i>, <a href="#li1721">1721</a>. 3) <i>court, +tribunal</i>: gen. sg. miclan dōmes, <a href="#li979">979</a>; oð dōmes dæg, <a href="#li3070">3070</a>, both +times of the last judgment.—III., <i>condition of freedom</i> or +<i>superiority</i>, hence: 4) <i>choice, free will</i>: acc. sg. on +sīnne sylfes dōm, <i>according to his own choice</i>, <a href="#li2148">2148</a>; instr. sg. +selfes dōme, <a href="#li896">896</a>, <a href="#li2777">2777</a>. 5) <i>might, power</i>: nom. sg. dōm godes, +<a href="#li2859">2859</a>; acc. sg. Eofores ānne dōm, <a href="#li2965">2965</a>; dat. sg. drihtnes dōme, <a href="#li441">441</a>. 6) +<i>glory, honor, renown</i>: nom. sg. [dōm], <a href="#li955">955</a>; dōm unlȳtel, <i>not +a little glory</i>, <a href="#li886">886</a>; þæt wæs forma sīð dēorum māðme þæt his dōm +ālæg, <i>it was the first time to the dear treasure</i> (the sword +Hrunting) <i>that its fame was not made good</i>, <a href="#li1529">1529</a>; acc. sg. ic mē +dōm gewyrce, <i>make renown for myself</i>, <a href="#li1492">1492</a>; þæt þū ne ālǣte dōm +gedrēosan, <i>that thou let not honor fall</i>, <a href="#li2667">2667</a>; dat. instr. sg. +þǣr hē dōme forlēas, <i>here he lost his reputation</i>, <a href="#li1471">1471</a>; dōme +gewurðad, <i>adorned with glory</i>, <a href="#li1646">1646</a>; gen. sg. wyrce sē þe mōte +dōmes, <i>let him make himself reputation, whoever is able</i>, <a href="#li1389">1389</a>. +7) <i>splendor</i> (in heaven): acc. sōð-fæstra dōm, <i>the glory of +the saints</i>, <a href="#li2821">2821</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldōmlēas">dōm-lēas</a>, adj., <i>without reputation, inglorious</i>: acc. sg. +f. dōmlēasan dǣd, <a href="#li2891">2891</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldōn">dōn</a>, red. v., <i>to do, to make, to treat</i>: 1) absolutely: +imp. dōð swā ic bidde, <i>do as I beg</i>, <a href="#li1232">1232</a>.—2) w. acc.: inf. hēt +hire selfre sunu on bǣl dōn, <a href="#li1117">1117</a>; pret. þā hē him of dyde +īsernbyrnan, <i>took off the iron corselet</i>, <a href="#li672">672</a>; (þonne) him +Hūnlāfing, ... billa sēlest, on bearm dyde, <i>when he made a present +to him of Hūnlāfing, the best of swords</i>, <a href="#li1145">1145</a>; dyde him of healse +hring gyldenne, <i>took off the gold ring from his neck</i>, <a href="#li2810">2810</a>; nē +him þæs wyrmes wīg for wiht dyde, eafoð and ellen, <i>nor did he +reckon as anything the drake's fighting, power, and strength</i>, +<a href="#li2349">2349</a>; pl. hī on beorg dydon bēg and siglu, <i>placed in the (grave-) +mound rings and ornaments</i>, <a href="#li3165">3165</a>.—3) representing preceding verbs: +inf. tō Gēatum sprec mildum wordum! swā sceal man dōn, <i>as one +should do</i>, <a href="#li1173">1173</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1535">1535</a>, <a href="#li2167">2167</a>; pres. metod eallum wēold, +swā hē nū gīt dēð, <i>the creator ruled over all, as he still +does</i>, <a href="#li1059">1059</a>; similarly, <a href="#li2471">2471</a>, <a href="#li2860">2860</a>, and (sg. for pl.) <a href="#li1135">1135</a>; pret. +II. swā þū ǣr dydest, <a href="#li1677">1677</a>; III. swā hē nū gȳt dyde, <a href="#li957">957</a>; similarly, +<a href="#li1382">1382</a>, <a href="#li1892">1892</a>, <a href="#li2522">2522</a>; pl. swā hīe oft ǣr dydon, <a href="#li1239">1239</a>; similarly, <a href="#li3071">3071</a>. +With the case also which the preceding verb governs: wēn' ic þæt hē +wille ... Gēatena lēode etan unforhte, swā hē oft dyde mægen +Hrēðmanna, <i>I believe he will wish to devour the Gēat people, the +fearless, as he often did</i> (devoured) <i>the bloom of the +Hrēðmen</i>, <a href="#li444">444</a>; gif ic þæt gefricge ... þæt þec ymbesittend egesan +þȳwað, swā þec hetende hwīlum dydon, <i>that the neighbors distress +thee as once the enemy did thee</i> (i.e. distressed), <a href="#li1829">1829</a>; gif ic +ōwihte mæg þīnre mōd-lufan māran tilian þonne ic gȳt dyde, <i>if I can +with anything obtain thy greater love than I have yet done</i>, <a href="#li1825">1825</a>; +similarly, pl. þonne þā dydon, <a href="#li44">44</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-dōn, <i>to do, to make</i>, with the acc. and predicate adj.: prs. +(god) gedēð him swā gewealdene worolde dǣlas, <i>makes the parts of +the world</i> (i.e. the whole world) <i>so subject that ...</i>, <a href="#li1733">1733</a>; +inf. nē hyne on medo-bence micles wyrðne drihten wereda gedōn wolde, +<i>nor would the leader of the people much honor him at the +mead-banquet</i>, <a href="#li2187">2187</a>. With adv.: hē mec þǣr on innan ... gedōn +wolde, <i>wished to place me in there</i>, <a href="#li2091">2091</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldraca">draca</a>, w. m., <i>drake, dragon</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li893">893</a>, <a href="#li2212">2212</a>; acc. +sg. dracan, <a href="#li2403">2403</a>, <a href="#li3132">3132</a>; gen. sg., <a href="#li2089">2089</a>, <a href="#li2291">2291</a>, <a href="#li2550">2550</a>.—Comp.: eorð-, +fȳr-, lēg-, līg-, nīð-draca.</p> + +<p>on-<a class="glentry" name="glondrǣdan">drǣdan</a>, st. v., w. acc. of the thing and dat. of the pers., +<i>to fear, to be afraid of</i>: inf. þæt þū him on-drǣdan ne þearft +... aldorbealu, <i>needest not fear death for them</i>, <a href="#li1675">1675</a>; pret. nō +hē him þā sæcce ondrēd, <i>was not afraid of the combat</i>, <a href="#li2348">2348</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgedræg">dræg</a> (from dragan, in the sense se gerere), st. n., +<i>demeanor, actions</i>: acc. sg. sēcan dēofla gedræg, <a href="#li757">757</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrepan">drepan</a>, st. v., <i>to hit, to strike</i>: pret. sg. sweorde +drep ferhð-genīðlan, <a href="#li2881">2881</a>; pret. part. bið on hreðre ... drepen +biteran strǣle, <i>struck in the breast with piercing arrow</i>, <a href="#li1746">1746</a>; +wæs in feorh dropen (<i>fatally hit</i>), <a href="#li2982">2982</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrepe">drepe</a>, st. m., <i>blow, stroke</i>: acc. sg. drepe, <a href="#li1590">1590</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrēfan">drēfan</a>, ge-<b>drēfan</b>, w. v., <i>to move, to agitate, to +stir up</i>: inf. gewāt ... drēfan dēop wæter (<i>to navigate</i>), +<a href="#li1905">1905</a>; pret. part. wæter under stōd drēorig and gedrēfed, <a href="#li1418">1418</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrēam">drēam</a>, st. m., <i>rejoicing, joyous actions, joy</i>: nom. sg. +hæleða drēam, <a href="#li497">497</a>; acc. sg. drēam hlūdne, <a href="#li88">88</a>; þū ... drēam healdende, +<i>thou who livest in rejoicing</i> (at the drinking-carouse), <i>who +art joyous</i>, <a href="#li1228">1228</a>: dat. instr. sg. drēame bedǣled, <a href="#li1276">1276</a>; gen. pl. +drēama lēas, <a href="#li851">851</a>; dat. pl. drēamum (here adverbial) lifdon, <i>lived +in rejoicing, joyously</i>, <a href="#li99">99</a>; drēamum bedǣled, <a href="#li722">722</a>; the last may +refer also to heavenly joys.—Comp. glēo-, gum-, man-, sele-drēam.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrēamlēas">drēam-lēas</a>, adj., <i>without rejoicing, joyless</i>: nom. sg. +of King Heremōd, <a href="#li1721">1721</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrēogan">drēogan</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to lead a life, to be in a certain +condition</i>: pret. drēah æfter dōme, <i>lived in honor, honorably</i>, +<a href="#li2180">2180</a>; pret. pl. fyren-þearfe ongeat, þæt hīe ǣr drugon aldorlēase lange +hwile, <i>(God) had seen the great distress, (had seen) that they had lived +long without a ruler</i> (?), <a href="#li15">15</a>.—2) <i>to experience, to live through, to +do, to make, to enjoy</i>: imp. drēoh symbelwynne, <i>pass through the +pleasure of the meal, to enjoy the meal</i>, <a href="#li1783">1783</a>; inf. driht-scype drēogan +(<i>do a heroic deed</i>), <a href="#li1471">1471</a>; pret. sundnytte drēah (<i>had the +occupation of swimming</i>, i.e. swam through the sea), <a href="#li2361">2361</a>; pret. pl. hīe +gewin drugon (<i>fought</i>), <a href="#li799">799</a>; hī sīð drugon, <i>made the way, +went</i>, <a href="#li1967">1967</a>.—3) <i>to experience, to bear, to suffer</i>: scealt werhðo +drēogan, <i>shall suffer damnation</i>, <a href="#li590">590</a>; pret. þegn-sorge drēah, +<i>bore sorrow for his heroes</i>, <a href="#li131">131</a>; nearoþearfe drēah, <a href="#li422">422</a>; pret. pl. +inwidsorge þē hīe ǣr drugon, <a href="#li832">832</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1859">1859</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-drēogan, <i>to suffer, to endure</i>: inf. wrǣc ādrēogan, <a href="#li3079">3079</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-drēogan, <i>to live through, to enjoy</i>, pret. part. þæt hē ... +gedrogen hæfde eorðan wynne, <i>that he had now enjoyed the pleasures +of earth</i> (i.e. that he was at his death), <a href="#li2727">2727</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrēor">drēor</a>, st. m., <i>blood dropping or flowing from wounds</i>: +instr. sg. drēore, <a href="#li447">447</a>.—Comp. heoru-, sāwul-, wæl-drēor.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrēorfāh">drēor-fāh</a>, adj., <i>colored with blood, spotted with blood</i>: +nom. sg. <a href="#li485">485</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrēorig">drēorig</a>, adj., <i>bloody, bleeding</i>: nom. sg. wæter stōd +drēorig, <a href="#li1418">1418</a>; acc. sg. dryhten sīnne drīorigne fand, <a href="#li2790">2790</a>.—Comp. +heoru-drēorig.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgedrēosan">drēosan</a>, st. v., <i>to fall down, to sink</i>: pres. sg. +III. līc-homa lǣne gedrēoseð, <i>the body, belonging to death, sinks +down</i>, <a href="#li1755">1755</a>; inf. þæt þū ne ālǣte dōm gedrēosan, <i>honor fall, +sink</i>, <a href="#li2667">2667</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrincan">drincan</a>, st. v., <i>to drink</i> (with and without the acc.): +pres. part. nom. pl. ealo drincende, <a href="#li1946">1946</a>; pret. blōd ēdrum dranc, +<i>drank the blood in streams</i>(?), <a href="#li743">743</a>; pret. pl. druncon wīn +weras, <i>the men drank wine</i>, <a href="#li1234">1234</a>; þǣr guman druncon, <i>where +the men drank</i>, <a href="#li1649">1649</a>. The pret. part., when it stands absolutely, +has an active sense: nom. pl. druncne dryhtguman, <i>ye warriors who +have drunk, are drinking</i>, <a href="#li1232">1232</a>; acc. pl. nealles druncne slōg +heorð-genēatas, <i>slew not his hearth-companions who had drunk with +him</i>, i.e. at the banquet, <a href="#li2180">2180</a>. With the instr. it means +<i>drunken</i>: nom. sg. bēore (wīne) druncen, <a href="#li531">531</a>, <a href="#li1468">1468</a>; nom. pl. +bēore druncne, <a href="#li480">480</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrīfan">drīfan</a>, st. v., <i>to drive</i>: pres. pl. þā þe brentingas +ofer flōda genipu feorran drīfað, <i>who drive their ships thither from +afar over the darkness of the sea</i>, <a href="#li2809">2809</a>; inf. (w. acc.) þēah þe hē +[ne] meahte on mere drīfan hringedstefnan, <i>although he could not +drive the ship on the sea</i>, <a href="#li1131">1131</a>.</p> + +<p>to-drīfan, <i>to drive apart, to disperse</i>: pret. oð þæt unc flōd +tōdrāf, <a href="#li545">545</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrohtoth">drohtoð</a>, st. m., <i>mode of living</i> or <i>acting, calling, +employment</i>: nom. sg. ne wæs his drohtoð þǣr swylce hē ǣr gemētte, +<i>there was no employment for him</i> (Grendel) <i>there such as he +had found formerly</i>, <a href="#li757">757</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrūsian">drūsian</a>, w. v. (cf. <a class="glentry" href="#gldrēosan">drēosan</a>, properly, <i>to be ready to +fall</i>; here of water), <i>to stagnate, to be putrid</i>. pret. lagu +drūsade (through the blood of Grendel and his mother), <a href="#li1631">1631</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldryht">dryht, driht</a>, st. f., <i>company, troop, band of warriors; +noble band</i>: in comp. mago-driht.</p> + +<p>ge-dryht, ge-driht, st. f., <i>troop, band of noble warriors</i>: nom. +sg. mīnra eorla gedryht, <a href="#li431">431</a>; acc. sg. æðelinga gedriht, <a href="#li118">118</a>; mid his +eorla (hæleða) gedriht (gedryht), <a href="#li357">357</a>, <a href="#li663">663</a>; similarly, <a href="#li634">634</a>, +<a href="#li1673">1673</a>.—Comp. sibbe-gedriht.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldryhtbearn">dryht-bearn</a>, st. n., <i>youth from a noble warrior band, noble +young man</i>: nom. sg. dryhtbearn Dena, <a href="#li2036">2036</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldryhten">dryhten, drihten</a>, st. m., <i>commander, lord</i>: a) +<i>temporal lord</i>: nom. sg. dryhten, <a href="#li1485">1485</a>, <a href="#li2001">2001</a>, etc.; drihten, +<a href="#li1051">1051</a>; dat. dryhtne, <a href="#li2483">2483</a>, etc.; dryhten, <a href="#li1832">1832</a>.—b) <i>God</i>: nom. +drihten, <a href="#li108">108</a>, etc.; dryhten, <a href="#li687">687</a>, etc.; dat. sg. dryhtne, <a href="#li1693">1693</a>, etc.; +drihtne, <a href="#li1399">1399</a>, etc.; gen. sg. dryhtnes, <a href="#li441">441</a>; drihtnes, <a href="#li941">941</a>.—Comp.: +frēa-, frēo-, gum-, man-, sige-, wine-dryhten.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldryhtguma">dryht-guma</a>, w. m., <i>one of a troop of warriors, noble +warrior</i>: dat. sg. drihtguman, <a href="#li1389">1389</a>; nom. pl. drihtguman, <a href="#li99">99</a>; +dryhtguman, <a href="#li1232">1232</a>; dat. pl. ofer dryhtgumum, <a href="#li1791">1791</a> (of Hrōðgār's +warriors).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldryhtlīc">dryht-līc</a>, adj., <i>(that which befits a noble troop of +warriors), noble, excellent</i>: dryhtlīc īren, <i>excellent +sword</i>, <a href="#li893">893</a>; acc. sg. f. (with an acc. sg. n.) drihtlīce wīf (of +Hildeburh), <a href="#li1159">1159</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldryhtmāthum">dryht-māðum</a>, st. m., <i>excellent jewel, splendid treasure</i>: +gen. pl. dryhtmāðma, <a href="#li2844">2844</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldryhtscipe">dryht-scipe</a>, st. m., <i>(lord-ship) warlike virtue, bravery; +heroic deed</i>: acc. sg. drihtscype drēogan, <i>to do a heroic +deed</i>, <a href="#li1471">1471</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldryhtsele">dryht-sele</a>, st. m., <i>excellent, splendid hall</i>: nom. sg. +driht-sele, <a href="#li485">485</a>; dryhtsele, <a href="#li768">768</a>; acc. sg. dryhtsele, <a href="#li2321">2321</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldryhtsib">dryht-sib</a>, st. f., <i>peace</i> or <i>friendship between troops +of noble warriors</i>: gen. sg. dryhtsibbe, <a href="#li2069">2069</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrync">drync</a>, st. m., <i>drink</i>: in comp. heoru-drync.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldryncfæt">drync-fæt</a>, st. n., <i>vessel for drink, to receive the +drink</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li2255">2255</a>; drinc-fæt, <a href="#li2307">2307</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrysmian">drysmian</a>, w. v., <i>to become obscure, gloomy</i> (through the +falling rain): pres. sg. III. lyft drysmað, <a href="#li1376">1376</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrysne">drysne</a>, adj. See <a class="glentry" href="#glondrysne">on-drysne</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldugan">dugan</a>, v., <i>to avail, to be capable, to be good</i>: pres. +sg. III. hūru se aldor dēah, <i>especially is the prince capable</i>, +<a href="#li369">369</a>; ðonne his ellen dēah, <i>if his strength avails, is good</i>, +<a href="#li573">573</a>; þē him selfa dēah, <i>who is capable of himself, who can rely on +himself</i>, <a href="#li1840">1840</a>; pres. subj. þēah þīn wit duge, <i>though, indeed, +your understanding be good, avail</i>, <a href="#li590">590</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1661">1661</a>, <a href="#li2032">2032</a>; +pret. sg. þū ūs wēl dohtest, <i>you did us good, conducted yourself +well towards us</i>, <a href="#li1822">1822</a>; similarly, nū sēo hand ligeð sē þe ēow +welhwylcra wilna dohte, <i>which was helpful to each one of your +desires</i>, <a href="#li1345">1345</a>; pret. subj. þēah þū heaðorǣsa gehwǣr dohte, +<i>though thou wast everywhere strong in battle</i>, <a href="#li526">526</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glduguth">duguð</a> (<i>state of being fit, capable</i>), st. f.: 1) +<i>capability, strength</i>: dat. pl. for dugeðum, <i>in +ability</i>(?), <a href="#li2502">2502</a>; duguðum dēmdon, <i>praised with all their +might</i>(?), <a href="#li3176">3176</a>.—2) <i>men capable of bearing arms, band of +warriors</i>, esp., <i>noble warriors</i>: nom. sg. duguð unlȳtel, +<a href="#li498">498</a>; duguð, <a href="#li1791">1791</a>, <a href="#li2255">2255</a>; dat. sg. for duguðe, <i>before the heroes</i>, +<a href="#li2021">2021</a>; nalles frætwe geaf ealdor duguðe, <i>gave the band of heroes no +treasure</i> (more), <a href="#li2921">2921</a>; lēoda duguðe on lāst, <i>upon the track of +the heroes of the people</i>, i.e. after them, <a href="#li2946">2946</a>; gen. sg. cūðe hē +duguðe þēaw, <i>the custom of the noble warriors</i>, <a href="#li359">359</a>; dēorre +duguðe, <a href="#li488">488</a>; similarly, <a href="#li2239">2239</a>, <a href="#li2659">2659</a>; acc. pl. duguða, <a href="#li2036">2036</a>.—3) +contrasted with geogoð, duguð designates the noted warriors of noble +birth (as in the Middle Ages, knights in contrast with squires): so +gen. sg. duguðe and geogoðe, <a href="#li160">160</a>; gehwylc ... duguðe and iogoðe, <a href="#li1675">1675</a>; +duguðe and geogoðe dǣl ǣghwylcne, <a href="#li622">622</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldurran">durran</a>, v. pret. and pres. <i>to dare</i>; prs. sg. II. þū +dearst bīdan, <i>darest to await</i>, <a href="#li527">527</a>; III. hē gesēcean dear, <a href="#li685">685</a>; +pres. subj. sēc gyf þū dyrre, <i>seek</i> (Grendel's mother), <i>if +thou dare</i>, <a href="#li1380">1380</a>; pret. dorste, <a href="#li1463">1463</a>, <a href="#li1469">1469</a>, etc.; pl. dorston, +<a href="#li2849">2849</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glduru">duru</a>, st. f., <i>door, gate, wicket</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li722">722</a>; acc. +sg. [duru], <a href="#li389">389</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgedūfan">dūfan</a>, st. v., <i>to dip in, to sink into</i>: pret. þæt +sweord gedēaf (<i>the sword sank into the drake</i>, of a blow), <a href="#li2701">2701</a>.</p> + +<p>þurh-dūfan, <i>to dive through; to swim through, diving</i>: pret. +wæter up þurh-dēaf, <i>swam through the water upwards</i> (because he +was before at the bottom), <a href="#li1620">1620</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldwellan">dwellan</a>, w. v., <i>to mislead, to hinder</i>: prs. III. nō hine +wiht dweleð, ādl nē yldo, <i>him nothing misleads, neither sickness +nor age</i>, <a href="#li1736">1736</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldyhtig">dyhtig</a>, adj., <i>useful, good for</i>: nom. sg. n. sweord ... ecgum +dyhtig, <a href="#li1288">1288</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldynnan">dynnan</a>, w. v., <i>to sound, to groan, to roar</i>: pret. +dryhtsele (healwudu, hrūse) dynede, <a href="#li768">768</a>, <a href="#li1318">1318</a>, <a href="#li2559">2559</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldyrne">dyrne</a>, adj.: 1) <i>concealed, secret, retired</i>: nom. sg. +dyrne, <a href="#li271">271</a>; acc. sg. dryhtsele dyrnne (of the drake's cave-hall), +<a href="#li2321">2321</a>.—2) <i>secret, malicious, hidden by sorcery</i>: dat. instr. sg. +dyrnan cræfte, <i>with secret magic art</i>, <a href="#li2291">2291</a>; dyrnum cræfte, +<a href="#li2169">2169</a>; gen. pl. dyrnra gāsta, <i>of malicious spirits</i> (of Grendel's +kin), <a href="#li1358">1358</a>.—Comp. un-dyrne.</p> + +<p>dyrne, adv., <i>in secret, secretly</i>: him ...æfter dēorum men dyrne +langað, <i>longs in secret for the dear man</i>, <a href="#li1880">1880</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldyrstig">dyrstig</a>, adj., <i>bold, daring</i>: þēah þe hē dǣda gehwæs +dyrstig wǣre, <i>although he had been courageous for every deed</i>, +<a href="#li2839">2839</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgedȳgan">dȳgan</a>, ge-<b>dīgan</b>, w. v., <i>to endure, to +overcome</i>, with the acc. of the thing endured: pres. sg. II. gif þū +þæt ellenweorc aldre gedīgest, <i>if thou survivest the heroic work +with thy life</i>, <a href="#li662">662</a>; III. þæt þone hilderǣs hāl gedīgeð, <i>that he +survives the battle in safety</i>, <a href="#li300">300</a>; similarly, inf. unfǣge gedīgan +wēan and wræcsīð, <a href="#li2293">2293</a>; hwæðer sēl mǣge wunde gedȳgan, <i>which of the +two can stand the wounds better</i> (come off with life), <a href="#li2532">2532</a>; ne +meahte unbyrnende dēop gedȳgan, <i>could not endure the deep without +burning</i> (could not hold out in the deep), <a href="#li2550">2550</a>; pret. sg. I. III. +ge-dīgde, <a href="#li578">578</a>, <a href="#li1656">1656</a>, <a href="#li2351">2351</a>, <a href="#li2544">2544</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldȳgol">dȳgol</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gldēogol">dēogol</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldȳre">dȳre</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gldēore">dēore</a>.</p> + +<p><b><a name="glossE">E</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glecg">ecg</a>, st. f., <i>edge of the sword, point</i>: nom. sg. sweordes +ecg, <a href="#li1107">1107</a>; ecg, <a href="#li1525">1525</a>, etc.; acc. sg. wið ord and wið ecge ingang +forstōd, <i>defended the entrance against point and edge</i> (i.e. +against spear and sword), <a href="#li1550">1550</a>; mēces ecge, <a href="#li1813">1813</a>; nom. pl. ecge, +<a href="#li1146">1146</a>.—<i>Sword, battle-axe, any cutting weapon</i>: nom. sg. ne wæs +ecg bona (<i>not the sword killed him</i>), <a href="#li2507">2507</a>; sīo ecg brūn +(Bēowulf's sword Nægling), <a href="#li2578">2578</a>; hyne ecg fornam, <i>the sword +snatched him away</i>, <a href="#li2773">2773</a>, etc.; nom. pl. ecga, <a href="#li2829">2829</a>; dat. pl. æscum +and ecgum, <a href="#li1773">1773</a>; dat. pl. (but denoting only one sword) ēacnum ecgum, +<a href="#li2141">2141</a>; gen. pl. ecga, <a href="#li483">483</a>, <a href="#li806">806</a>, <a href="#li1169">1169</a>;—<i>blade</i>: ecg wæs īren, +<a href="#li1460">1460</a>.—Comp.: brūn-, heard-, stȳl-ecg, adj.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glecgbana">ecg-bana</a>, w. m., <i>murderer by the sword</i>: dat. sg. Cain +wearð tō ecg-banan āngan brēðer, <a href="#li1263">1263</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glecghete">ecg-hete</a>, st. m., <i>sword-hate, enmity which the sword carries +out</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li84">84</a>, <a href="#li1739">1739</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glecgthracu">ecg-þracu</a>, st. f., <i>sword-storm</i> (of violent combat): acc. +atole ecg-þræce, <a href="#li597">597</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gledhwyrft">ed-hwyrft</a>, st. m., <i>return</i> (of a former condition): þā +þǣr sōna wearð edhwyrft eorlum, siððan inne fealh Grendles mōdor (i.e. +after Grendel's mother had penetrated into the hall, the former +perilous condition, of the time of the visits of Grendel, returned to +the men), <a href="#li1282">1282</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gledwendan">ed-wendan</a>, w. v., <i>to turn back, to yield, to leave off</i>: +inf. gyf him edwendan ǣfre scolde bealuwa bisigu, <i>if for him the +affliction of evil should ever cease</i>, <a href="#li280">280</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gledwenden">ed-wenden</a>, st. f., <i>turning, change</i>: nom. sg. edwenden, +<a href="#li1775">1775</a>; ed-wenden torna gehwylces (<i>reparation for former +neglect</i>), <a href="#li2189">2189</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gledwītlīf">edwīt-līf</a>, st. n., <i>life in disgrace</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2892">2892</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glefn">efn</a>, adj., <i>even, like</i>, with preceding on, and with +depend. dat., <i>upon the same level, near</i>: him on efn ligeð +ealdorgewinna, <i>lies near him</i>, <a href="#li2904">2904</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glefnan">efnan</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glæfnan">æfnan</a>) w. v., <i>to carry out, to perform, to +accomplish</i>: pres. subj. eorlscype efne (<i>accomplish knightly +deeds</i>), <a href="#li2536">2536</a>; inf. eorlscipe efnan, <a href="#li2623">2623</a>; sweorda gelāc efnan +(<i>to battle</i>), <a href="#li1042">1042</a>; gerund. tō efnanne, <a href="#li1942">1942</a>; pret. eorlscipe +efnde, <a href="#li2134">2134</a>, <a href="#li3008">3008</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glefne">efne</a>, adv., <i>even, exactly, precisely, just</i>, united with +swā or swylc: efne swā swīðe swā, <i>just so much as</i>, <a href="#li1093">1093</a>; efne +swā sīde swā, <a href="#li1224">1224</a>; wæs se gryre lǣssa efne swā micle swā, <i>by so +much the less as ...</i>, <a href="#li1284">1284</a>; lēoht inne stōd efne swā ... scīneð, +<i>a gleam stood therein</i> (in the sword) <i>just as when ... +shines</i>, <a href="#li1572">1572</a>; efne swā hwylc mægða swā þone magan cende (<i>a +woman who has borne such a son</i>), <a href="#li944">944</a>; efne swā hwylcum manna swā +him gemet þūhte, <i>to just such a man as seemed good to him</i>, +<a href="#li3058">3058</a>; efne swylce mǣla swylce ... þearf gesǣlde, <i>just at the times +at which necessity commanded it</i>, <a href="#li1250">1250</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glefstan">efstan</a>, w. v., <i>to be in haste, to hasten</i>: inf. uton nū +efstan, <i>let us hurry now</i>, <a href="#li3102">3102</a>; pret. efste mid elne, +<i>hastened with heroic strength</i>, <a href="#li1494">1494</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleft">eft</a>, adv.: l) <i>thereupon, afterwards</i>: <a href="#li56">56</a>, <a href="#li1147">1147</a>, <a href="#li2112">2112</a>, +<a href="#li3047">3047</a>, etc.; eft sōna bið, <i>then it happens immediately</i>, <a href="#li1763">1763</a>; +bōt eft cuman, <i>help come again</i>, <a href="#li281">281</a>.—2) <i>again, on the other +side</i>: þæt hine on ylde eft gewunigen wilgesīðas, <i>that in old +age again</i> (also on their side) <i>willing companions should be +attached to him</i>, <a href="#li22">22</a>;—<i>anew, again</i>: <a href="#li135">135</a>, <a href="#li604">604</a>, <a href="#li693">693</a>, <a href="#li1557">1557</a>, +etc.; eft swā ǣr, <i>again as formerly</i>, <a href="#li643">643</a>.—3) retro, rursus, +<i>back</i>: <a href="#li123">123</a>, <a href="#li296">296</a>, <a href="#li854">854</a>, etc.; þæt hig æðelinges eft ne wēndon +(<i>did not believe that he would come back</i>), <a href="#li1597">1597</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleftcyme">eft-cyme</a>, st. m., <i>return</i>: gen. sg. eftcymes, <a href="#li2897">2897</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleftsīth">eft-sīð</a>, st. m., <i>journey back, return</i>: acc. sg. <a href="#li1892">1892</a>; +gen. sg. eft-sīðes georn, <a href="#li2784">2784</a>; acc. pl. eftsīðas tēah, <i>went the +road back</i>, i.e. returned, <a href="#li1333">1333</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glegesa">egesa, egsa</a> (<i>state of terror</i>, active or passive): l) +<i>frightfulness</i>: acc. sg. þurh egsan, <a href="#li276">276</a>; gen. egesan ne gȳmeð, +<i>cares for nothing terrible, is not troubled about future terrors</i>(?), +<a href="#li1758">1758</a>.—2) <i>terror, horror, fear</i>: nom. sg. egesa, <a href="#li785">785</a>; instr. sg. +egesan, <a href="#li1828">1828</a>, <a href="#li2737">2737</a>.—Comp.: glēd-, līg-, wæter-egesa.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glegesfull">eges-full</a>, adj., <i>horrible (full of fear, fearful)</i>, <a href="#li2930">2930</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glegeslīc">eges-līc</a>, adj., <i>terrible, bringing terror</i>: of Grendel's +head, <a href="#li1650">1650</a>; of the beginning of the fight with the drake, <a href="#li2310">2310</a>; of the +drake, <a href="#li2826">2826</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glegle">egle</a>, adj., <i>causing aversion, hideous</i>: nom. pl. neut., +or, more probably, perhaps, adverbial, egle (MS. egl), <a href="#li988">988</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glegsian">egsian</a> (denominative from egesa), w. v., <i>to have terror, +distress</i>: pret. (as pluperf.) egsode eorl(?), <a href="#li6">6</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glehtian">ehtian</a>, w. v., <i>to esteem, to make prominent with praise</i>: +III. pl. pres. þæt þē ... weras ehtigað, <i>that thee men shall +esteem, praise</i>, <a href="#li1223">1223</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glelde">elde</a> (<i>those who generate</i>, cf. O.N. al-a, generare), st. +m. only in the pl., <i>men</i>: dat. pl. eldum, <a href="#li2215">2215</a>; mid eldum, +<i>among men</i>, <a href="#li2612">2612</a>.—See <a class="glentry" href="#glylde">ylde</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleldo">eldo</a>, st. f., <i>age</i>: instr. sg. eldo gebunden, <a href="#li2112">2112</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glelland">el-land</a>, st. n., <i>foreign land, exile</i>: acc. sg. sceall +... elland tredan, (<i>shall be banished</i>), <a href="#li3020">3020</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glellen">ellen</a>, st. n., <i>strength, heroic strength, bravery</i>: nom. +sg. ellen, <a href="#li573">573</a>; eafoð and ellen, <a href="#li903">903</a>; Gēata ... eafoð and ellen, <a href="#li603">603</a>; +acc. sg. eafoð and ellen, <a href="#li2350">2350</a>; ellen cȳðan, <i>show bravery</i>, +<a href="#li2696">2696</a>; ellen fremedon, <i>exercised heroic strength, did heroic +deeds</i>, <a href="#li3">3</a>; similarly, ic gefremman sceal eorlīc ellen, <a href="#li638">638</a>; ferh +ellen wræc, <i>life drove out the strength</i>, i.e. with the +departing life (of the dragon) his strength left him, <a href="#li2707">2707</a>; dat. sg. +on elne, <a href="#li2507">2507</a>, <a href="#li2817">2817</a>; as instr. þā wæs æt þām geongum grim andswaru +ēðbegēte þām þe ǣr his elne forlēas, <i>then it was easy for</i> +(every one of) <i>those who before had lost his hero-courage, to +obtain rough words from the young man</i> (Wīglāf), <a href="#li2862">2862</a>; mid elne, +<a href="#li1494">1494</a>, <a href="#li2536">2536</a>; elne, alone, in adverbial sense, <i>strongly, +zealously</i>, and with the nearly related meaning, <i>hurriedly, +transiently</i>, <a href="#li894">894</a>, <a href="#li1098">1098</a>, <a href="#li1968">1968</a>, <a href="#li2677">2677</a>, <a href="#li2918">2918</a>; gen. sg. elnes læt, +<a href="#li1530">1530</a>; þā him wæs elnes þearf, <a href="#li2877">2877</a>.—Comp. mægen-ellen.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glellendǣd">ellen-dǣd</a>, st. f., <i>heroic deed</i>: dat. pl. -dǣdum, <a href="#li877">877</a>, +<a href="#li901">901</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glellengǣst">ellen-gǣst</a>, st. m., <i>strength-spirit, demon with heroic +strength</i>: nom. sg. of Grendel, <a href="#li86">86</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glellenlīce">ellen-līce</a>, adv., <i>strongly, with heroic strength</i>, <a href="#li2123">2123</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glellenmǣrthu">ellen-mǣrðu</a>, st. f., <i>renown of heroic strength</i>, dat. pl. +-mǣrðum, <a href="#li829">829</a>, <a href="#li1472">1472</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glellenrōf">ellen-rōf</a>, adj., <i>renowned for strength</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li340">340</a>, +<a href="#li358">358</a>, <a href="#li3064">3064</a>; dat. pl. -rōfum, <a href="#li1788">1788</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glellensēoc">ellen-sēoc</a>, adj., <i>infirm in strength</i>: acc. sg. þēoden +ellensīocne (<i>the mortally wounded king, Bēowulf</i>), <a href="#li2788">2788</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glellenweorc">ellen-weorc</a>, st. n., (<i>strength-work</i>), <i>heroic deed, +achievement in battle</i>: acc. sg. <a href="#li662">662</a>, <a href="#li959">959</a>, <a href="#li1465">1465</a>, etc.; gen. pl. +ellen-weorca, <a href="#li2400">2400</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glelles">elles</a>, adv., <i>else, otherwise</i>: a (modal), <i>in another +manner</i>, <a href="#li2521">2521</a>.—b (local), elles hwǣr, <i>somewhere else</i>, <a href="#li138">138</a>; +elles hwergen, <a href="#li2591">2591</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glellor">ellor</a>, adv., <i>to some other place</i>, <a href="#li55">55</a>, <a href="#li2255">2255</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glellorgāst">ellor-gāst, -gǣst</a>, st. m., <i>spirit living elsewhere</i> +(standing outside of the community of mankind): nom. sg. se ellorgāst +(Grendel), <a href="#li808">808</a>; (Grendel's mother), <a href="#li1622">1622</a>; ellorgǣst (Grendel's +mother), <a href="#li1618">1618</a>; acc. pl. ellorgǣstas, <a href="#li1350">1350</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glellorsīth">ellor-sīð</a>, st. m., <i>departure, death</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li2452">2452</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glelra">elra</a>, adj. (comparative of a not existing form, ele, Goth. +aljis, alius), <i>another</i>: dat. sg. on elran men, <a href="#li753">753</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glelthēodig">el-þēodig</a>, adj., <i>of another people: foreign</i>: acc. pl. +el-þēodige men, <a href="#li336">336</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glende">ende</a>, st. m., <i>the extreme</i>: hence, 1) <i>end</i>: nom. +sg. aldres (līfes) ende, <a href="#li823">823</a>, <a href="#li2845">2845</a>; oð þæt ende becwōm (scil. +unrihtes), <a href="#li1255">1255</a>; acc. sg. ende līfgesceafta (līfes, lǣn-daga), <a href="#li3064">3064</a>, +<a href="#li1387">1387</a>, <a href="#li2343">2343</a>; hæfde eorðscrafa ende genyttod, <i>had used the end of the +earth-caves</i> (had made use of the caves for the last time), <a href="#li3047">3047</a>; +dat. sg. ealdres (līfes) æt ende, <a href="#li2791">2791</a>, <a href="#li2824">2824</a>; eoletes æt ende, +<a href="#li224">224</a>.—2) <i>boundary</i>: acc. sg. sīde rīce þæt hē his selfa ne +mæg ... ende geþencean, <i>the wide realm, so that he himself cannot +comprehend its boundaries</i>, <a href="#li1735">1735</a>.—3) <i>summit, head</i>: dat. sg. +eorlum on ende, <i>to the nobles at the end</i> (the highest +courtiers), <a href="#li2022">2022</a>.—Comp. woruld-ende.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glendedæg">ende-dæg</a>, st. m., <i>last day, day of death</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li3036">3036</a>; +acc. sg. <a href="#li638">638</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glendedōgor">ende-dōgor</a>, st. m., <i>last day, day of death</i>: gen. sg. +bēga on wēnum endedōgores and eftcymes lēotes monnes (<i>hesitating +between the belief in the death and in the return of the dear +man</i>), <a href="#li2897">2897</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glendelāf">ende-lāf</a>, st. f., <i>last remnant</i>: nom. sg. þū eart +ende-lāf ūsses cynnes, <i>art the last of our race</i>, <a href="#li2814">2814</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glendelēan">ende-lēan</a>, st. n., <i>final reparation</i>: acc. sg. <a href="#li1693">1693</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glendesǣta">ende-sǣta</a>, w. m., <i>he who sits on the border, +boundary-guard</i>: nom. sg. (here of the strand-watchman), <a href="#li241">241</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glendestæf">ende-stæf</a>, st. m. (elementum finis), <i>end</i>: acc. sg. hit +on endestæf eft gelimpeð, <i>then it draws near to the end</i>, <a href="#li1754">1754</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgeendian">endian</a>, w. v., <i>to end</i>: pret. part. ge-endod, <a href="#li2312">2312</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glenge">enge</a>, adj., <i>narrow</i>: acc. pl. enge ānpaðas, <i>narrow +paths</i>, <a href="#li1411">1411</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glent">ent</a>, st. m., <i>giant</i>: gen. pl. enta ǣr-geweorc (the +sword-hilt out of the dwelling-place of Grendel), <a href="#li1680">1680</a>; enta geweorc +(the dragon's cave), <a href="#li2718">2718</a>; eald-enta ǣr-geweorc (the costly things in +the dragon's cave), <a href="#li2775">2775</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glentisc">entisc</a>, adj., <i>coming from giants</i>: acc. sg. entiscne +helm, <a href="#li2980">2980</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gletan">etan</a>, st. v., <i>to eat, to consume</i>: pres. sg. III. blōdig +wæl ... eteð ān-genga, <i>he that goes alone</i> (Grendel) <i>will +devour the bloody corpse</i>, <a href="#li448">448</a>; inf. Gēatena lēode ... etan, <a href="#li444">444</a>.</p> + +<p>þurh-etan, <i>to eat through</i>: pret. part. pl. nom. swyrd ... +þurhetone, <i>swords eaten through</i> (by rust), <a href="#li3050">3050</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossEl">Ē</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēc">ēc</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glēac">ēac</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēce">ēce</a>, adj., <i>everlasting</i>; nom. ēce drihten (God), <a href="#li108">108</a>; +acc. sg. ēce eorðreced, <i>the everlasting earth-hall</i> (the +dragon's cave), <a href="#li2720">2720</a>; gecēas ēcne rǣd, <i>chose the everlasting +gain</i> (died), <a href="#li1202">1202</a>; dat. sg. ēcean dryhtne, <a href="#li1693">1693</a>, <a href="#li1780">1780</a>, <a href="#li2331">2331</a>; acc. +pl. gecēos ēce rǣdas, <a href="#li1761">1761</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēdre">ēdre</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glǣdre">ǣdre</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēthbegēte">ēð-begēte</a>, adj., <i>easy to obtain, ready</i>: nom. sg. þā wæs +æt þām geongum grim andswaru ēð-begēte, <i>then from the young man</i> +(Wīglāf) <i>it was an easy thing to get a gruff answer</i>, <a href="#li2862">2862</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēthe">ēðe</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glēathe">ēaðe</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēthel">ēðel</a>, st. m., <i>hereditary possessions, hereditary estate</i>: +acc. sg. swǣsne ēðel, <a href="#li520">520</a>; dat. sg. on ēðle, <a href="#li1731">1731</a>.—In royal families +the hereditary possession is the whole realm: hence, acc. sg. ēðel +Scyldinga, <i>of the kingdom of the Scyldings</i>, <a href="#li914">914</a>; (Offa) wīsdōme +hēold ēðel sīnne, <i>ruled with wisdom his inherited kingdom</i>, +<a href="#li1961">1961</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēthelriht">ēðel-riht</a>, st. n., <i>hereditary privileges</i> (rights that +belong to a hereditary estate): nom. sg. eard ēðel-riht, <i>estate and +inherited privileges</i>, <a href="#li2199">2199</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēthelstōl">ēðel-stōl</a>, st. m., <i>hereditary seat, inherited throne</i>: +acc. pl. ēðel-stōlas, <a href="#li2372">2372</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēthelturf">ēðel-turf</a>, st. f., <i>inherited ground, hereditary estate</i>: +dat. sg. on mīnre ēðeltyrf, <a href="#li410">410</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēthelweard">ēðel-weard</a>, st. m., <i>lord of the hereditary estate</i> +(realm): nom. sg. ēðelweard (<i>king</i>), <a href="#li1703">1703</a>, <a href="#li2211">2211</a>; dat. sg. +Ēast-Dena ēðel wearde (King Hrōðgār), <a href="#li617">617</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēthelwyn">ēðel-wyn</a>, st. f., <i>joy in</i>, or <i>enjoyment of, hereditary +possessions</i>: nom. sg. nū sceal ... eall ēðelwyn ēowrum cynne, +lufen ālicgean, <i>now shall your race want all home-joy, and +subsistence</i>(?) (your race shall be banished from its hereditary +abode), <a href="#li2886">2886</a>; acc. sg. hē mē lond forgeaf, eard ēðelwyn, <i>presented +me with land, abode, and the enjoyment of home</i>, <a href="#li2494">2494</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēthgesȳne">ēð-gesȳne, ȳð-gesēne</a>, adj., <i>easy to see, visible to all</i>: +nom. sg. <a href="#li1111">1111</a>, <a href="#li1245">1245</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēgclif">ēg-clif</a>, st. n., <i>sea-cliff</i>: acc. sg. ofer ēg-clif +(ecg-clif, MS.), <a href="#li2894">2894</a>.</p> + +<p>ēg-strēam, st. m., <i>sea-stream, sea-flood</i>: dat. pl. on +ēg-strēamum, <i>in the sea-floods</i>, <a href="#li577">577</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glēagorstrēam">ēagor-strēam</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēhtan">ēhtan</a> (M.H.G. ǣchten; cf. ǣht and ge-æhtla), w. v. w. gen., +<i>to be a pursuer, to pursue</i>: pres. part. ǣglǣca ēhtende wæs +duguðe and geogoðe, <a href="#li159">159</a>; pret. pl. ēhton āglǣcan, <i>they pursued the +bringer of sorrow</i> (Bēowulf)(?), <a href="#li1513">1513</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēst">ēst</a>, st. m. f., <i>favor, grace, kindness</i>: acc. sg. hē him +ēst getēah mēara and māðma (<i>honored him with horses and +jewels</i>), <a href="#li2166">2166</a>; gearwor hæfde āgendes ēst ǣr gescēawod, <i>would +rather have seen the grace of the Lord</i> (of God) <i>sooner</i>, +<a href="#li3076">3076</a>.—dat. pl., adverbial, libenter: him on folce hēold, ēstum mid +āre, <a href="#li2379">2379</a>; ēstum geȳwan (<i>to present</i>), <a href="#li2150">2150</a>; him wæs ... wunden +gold ēstum geēawed (<i>presented</i>), <a href="#li1195">1195</a>; wē þæt ellenweorc ēstum +miclum fremedon, <a href="#li959">959</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēste">ēste</a>, adj., <i>gracious</i>: w. gen. ēste bearn-gebyrdo, +<i>gracious through the birth</i> (of such a son as Bēowulf), <a href="#li946">946</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossEA">EA</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleafoth">eafoð</a>, st. n., <i>power, strength</i>: nom, sg. eafoð and +ellen, <a href="#li603">603</a>, <a href="#li903">903</a>; acc. sg. eafoð and ellen, <a href="#li2350">2350</a>; wē frēcne genēðdon +eafoð uncūðes, <i>we have boldly ventured against the strength of the +enemy</i> (Grendel) <i>have withstood him</i>, <a href="#li961">961</a>; gen. sg. eafoðes +cræftig, <a href="#li1467">1467</a>; þæt þec ādl oððe ecg eafoðes getwǣfed, <i>shall rob of +strength</i>, <a href="#li1764">1764</a>; dat. pl. hine +mihtig god ... eafeðum stēpte, <i>made him great through strength</i>, +<a href="#li1718">1718</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleafor">eafor</a>, st. m., <i>boar</i>; here the image of the boar as +banner: acc. sg. eafor, <a href="#li2153">2153</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleafora">eafora</a> (<i>offspring</i>), w. m.: 1) <i>son</i>: nom. sg. +eafera, <a href="#li12">12</a>, <a href="#li898">898</a>; eafora, <a href="#li375">375</a>; acc. sg. eaferan, <a href="#li1548">1548</a>, <a href="#li1848">1848</a>; gen. sg. +eafera, <a href="#li19">19</a>; nom. pl. eaferan, <a href="#li2476">2476</a>; dat. pl. eaferum, <a href="#li1069">1069</a>, <a href="#li2471">2471</a>; +uncran eaferan, <a href="#li1186">1186</a>.—2) in broader sense, <i>successor</i>: dat. pl. +eaforum, <a href="#li1711">1711</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleahta">eahta</a>, num., <i>eight</i>: acc. pl. eahta mēaras, <a href="#li1036">1036</a>; ēode +eahta sum, <i>went as one of eight, with seven others</i>, <a href="#li3124">3124</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleahtian">eahtian</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to consider; to deliberate</i>: pret. pl. w. +acc. rǣd eahtedon, <i>consulted about help</i>, <a href="#li172">172</a>; pret. sg. (for +the plural) þone sēlestan þāra þe mid Hrōðgāre hām eahtode, <i>the +best one of those who with Hrōðgār deliberated about their home</i> +(ruled), <a href="#li1408">1408</a>.—2) <i>to speak with reflection of</i> (along with the +idea of praise): pret. pl. eahtodan eorlscipe, <i>spoke of his noble +character</i>, <a href="#li3175">3175</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleal">eal, eall</a>, adj., <i>all, whole</i>: nom. sg. werod eall, <a href="#li652">652</a>; +pl. eal bencþelu, <a href="#li486">486</a>; sg. eall ēðelwyn, <a href="#li2886">2886</a>; eal worold, <a href="#li1739">1739</a>, etc.; +þæt hit wearð eal gearo, healærna mǣst, <a href="#li77">77</a>; þæt hit (wīgbil) eal +gemealt, <a href="#li1609">1609</a>. And with a following genitive: þǣr wæs eal geador +Grendles grāpe, <i>there was all together Grendel's hand, the whole +hand of Grendel</i>, <a href="#li836">836</a>; eall ... lissa, <i>all favor</i>, <a href="#li2150">2150</a>; wæs +eall sceacen dōgorgerīmes, <a href="#li2728">2728</a>. With apposition: þūhte him eall tō +rūm, wongas and wīcstede, <a href="#li2462">2462</a>; acc. sg. bēot eal, <a href="#li523">523</a>; similarly, +<a href="#li2018">2018</a>, <a href="#li2081">2081</a>; oncȳððe ealle, <i>all distress</i>, <a href="#li831">831</a>; heals ealne, +<a href="#li2692">2692</a>; hlǣw ... ealne ūtan-weardne, <a href="#li2298">2298</a>; gif hē þæt eal gemon, <a href="#li1186">1186</a>, +<a href="#li2428">2428</a>; þæt eall geondseh, recedes geatwa, <a href="#li3089">3089</a>; ealne wīde-ferhð, +<i>through the whole wide life, through all time</i>, <a href="#li1223">1223</a>; instr. sg. +ealle mægene, <i>with all strength</i>, <a href="#li2668">2668</a>; dat. sg. eallum ... +manna cynne, <a href="#li914">914</a>; gen. sg. ealles moncynnes, <a href="#li1956">1956</a>. Subst. ic þæs +ealles mæg ... gefēan habban, <a href="#li2740">2740</a>; brūc ealles well, <a href="#li2163">2163</a>; frēan +ealles þanc secge, <i>give thanks to the Lord of all</i>, <a href="#li2795">2795</a>; nom. +pl. untȳdras ealle, <a href="#li111">111</a>; scēotend ... ealle, <a href="#li706">706</a>; wē ealle, <a href="#li942">942</a>; acc. +pl. fēond ealle, <a href="#li700">700</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1081">1081</a>, <a href="#li1797">1797</a>, <a href="#li2815">2815</a>; subst. ofer ealle, +<a href="#li650">650</a>; ealle hīe dēað fornam, <a href="#li2237">2237</a>; līg ealle forswealg þāra þe þǣr gūð +fornam, <i>all of those whom the war had snatched away</i>, <a href="#li1123">1123</a>; dat. +pl. eallum ceaster-būendum, <a href="#li768">768</a>; similarly, <a href="#li824">824</a>, <a href="#li907">907</a>, <a href="#li1418">1418</a>; subst. āna +wið eallum, <i>one against all</i>, <a href="#li145">145</a>; with gen. eallum gumena +cynnes, <a href="#li1058">1058</a>; gen. pl. æðelinga bearn ealra twelfa, <i>the kinsmen of +all twelve nobles</i> (twelve nobles hold the highest positions of the +court), <a href="#li3172">3172</a>; subst. hē āh ealra geweald, <i>has power over all</i>, +<a href="#li1728">1728</a>.</p> + +<p>Uninflected: bil eal þurhwōd flǣschoman, <i>the battle-axe cleft the body +through and through</i>, <a href="#li1568">1568</a>; hæfde ... eal gefeormod fēt and folma, +<i>had devoured entirely feet and hands</i>, <a href="#li745">745</a>; sē þe eall geman +gār-cwealm gumena, <i>who remembers thoroughly the death of the men by the +spear</i>, <a href="#li2043">2043</a>, etc.</p> + +<p>Adverbial: þēah ic eal mǣge, <i>although I am entirely able</i>, <a href="#li681">681</a>; +hī on beorg dydon bēg and siglu eall swylce hyrsta, <i>they placed in +the grave-mound rings, and ornaments, all such adornments</i>, +<a href="#li3165">3165</a>.—The gen. sg. ealles, adverbial in the sense of <i>entirely</i>, +<a href="#li1001">1001</a>, <a href="#li1130">1130</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleald">eald</a>, adj., <i>old</i>: a) of the age of living beings: nom. +sg. eald, <a href="#li357">357</a>, <a href="#li1703">1703</a>, <a href="#li2211">2211</a>, etc.; dat. sg. ealdum, <a href="#li2973">2973</a>; gen. sg. +ealdes ūhtflogan (<i>dragon</i>), <a href="#li2761">2761</a>; dat. sg. ealdum, <a href="#li1875">1875</a>; geongum +and ealdum, <a href="#li72">72</a>.—b) of things and of institutions: nom. sg. helm monig +eald and ōmig, <a href="#li2764">2764</a>; acc. sg. ealde lāfe (<i>sword</i>), <a href="#li796">796</a>, <a href="#li1489">1489</a>; +ealde wīsan, <a href="#li1866">1866</a>; eald sweord, <a href="#li1559">1559</a>, <a href="#li1664">1664</a>, etc.; eald gewin, +<i>old</i> (lasting years), <i>distress</i>, <a href="#li1782">1782</a>; eald enta geweorc +(<i>the precious things in the drake's cave</i>), <a href="#li2775">2775</a>; acc. pl. ealde +māðmas, <a href="#li472">472</a>; ofer ealde riht, <i>against the old laws</i> (namely, the +Ten Commandments; Bēowulf believes that God has sent him the drake as +a punishment, because he has unconsciously, at some time, violated one +of the commandments), <a href="#li2331">2331</a>.</p> + +<p>yldra, compar. <i>older</i>: mīn yldra mǣg, <a href="#li468">468</a>; yldra brōðor, <a href="#li1325">1325</a>; +oð þæt hē (Heardrēd) yldra wearð, <a href="#li2379">2379</a>.</p> + +<p>yldesta, superl. <i>oldest</i>, in the usual sense; dat. sg. þām +yldestan, <a href="#li2436">2436</a>; in a moral sense, <i>the most respected</i>: nom. sg. +se yldesta, <a href="#li258">258</a>; acc. sg. þone yldestan, <a href="#li363">363</a>, both times of Bēowulf.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdfæder">eald-fæder</a>, st. m., <i>old-father, grandfather, ancestor</i>: +nom. sg. <a href="#li373">373</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdgesegen">eald-gesegen</a>, st. f., <i>traditions from old times</i>: gen. +pl. eal-fela eald-gesegena, <i>very many of the old traditions</i>, +<a href="#li870">870</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdgesīth">eald-gesīð</a>, st. m., <i>companion ever since old times, courtier +for many years</i>: nom. pl. eald-gesīðas, <a href="#li854">854</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdgestrēon">eald-gestrēon</a>, st. n., <i>treasure out of the old times</i>: +dat. pl. eald-gestrēonum, <a href="#li1382">1382</a>; gen. pl. -gestrēona, <a href="#li1459">1459</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdgewinna">eald-gewinna</a>, w. m., <i>old-enemy, enemy for many years</i>: +nom. sg. of Grendel, <a href="#li1777">1777</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdgewyrht">eald-gewyrht</a>, st. n., <i>merit on account of services rendered +during many years</i>: nom. pl. þæt nǣron eald-gewyrht, þæt hē āna +scyle gnorn þrowian, <i>that has not been his desert ever since long +ago, that he should bear the distress alone</i>, <a href="#li2658">2658</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdhlāford">eald-hlāford</a>, st. m., <i>lord through many years</i>: gen. sg. +bill eald-hlāfordes (of the old Bēowulf(?)), <a href="#li2779">2779</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdmetod">eald-metod</a>, st. m., <i>God ruling ever since ancient times</i>: +nom. sg. <a href="#li946">946</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdor">ealdor, aldor</a>, st. m., <i>lord, chief</i> (king or powerful +noble): nom. sg. ealdor, <a href="#li1645">1645</a>, <a href="#li1849">1849</a>, <a href="#li2921">2921</a>; aldor, <a href="#li56">56</a>, <a href="#li369">369</a>, <a href="#li392">392</a>; acc. +sg. aldor, <a href="#li669">669</a>; dat. sg. ealdre, <a href="#li593">593</a>; aldre, <a href="#li346">346</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdor">ealdor, aldor</a>, st. n., <i>life</i>: acc. sg. aldor, <a href="#li1372">1372</a>; dat. +sg. aldre, <a href="#li1448">1448</a>, <a href="#li1525">1525</a>; ealdre, <a href="#li2600">2600</a>; him on aldre stōd herestrǣl +hearda (in vitalibus), <a href="#li1435">1435</a>; nalles for ealdre mearn, <i>was not +troubled about his life</i>, <a href="#li1443">1443</a>; of ealdre gewāt, <i>went out of +life, died</i>, <a href="#li2625">2625</a>; as instr. aldre, <a href="#li662">662</a>, <a href="#li681">681</a>, etc.; ealdre, <a href="#li1656">1656</a>, +<a href="#li2134">2134</a>, etc.; gen. sg. aldres, <a href="#li823">823</a>; ealdres, <a href="#li2791">2791</a>, <a href="#li2444">2444</a>; aldres orwēna, +<i>despairing of life</i>, <a href="#li1003">1003</a>, <a href="#li1566">1566</a>; ealdres scyldig, <i>having +forfeited life</i>, <a href="#li1339">1339</a>, <a href="#li2062">2062</a>; dat. pl. aldrum nēðdon, <a href="#li510">510</a>, +<a href="#li538">538</a>.—Phrases: on aldre (<i>in life</i>), <i>ever</i>, <a href="#li1780">1780</a>; tō aldre +(<i>for life</i>), <i>always</i>, <a href="#li2006">2006</a>, <a href="#li2499">2499</a>; āwa tō aldre, <i>for +ever and ever</i>, <a href="#li956">956</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdorbealu">ealdor-bealu</a>, st. n., <i>life's evil</i>: acc. sg. þū ... +ondrǣdan ne þearft ... aldorbealu eorlum, <i>thou needest not fear +death for the courtiers</i>, <a href="#li1677">1677</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdorcearu">ealdor-cearu</a>, st. f., <i>trouble that endangers life, great +trouble</i>: dat. sg. hē his lēodum wearð ... tō aldor-ceare, <a href="#li907">907</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdordagas">ealdor-dagas</a>, st. m. pl., <i>days of one's life</i>: dat. pl. +nǣfre on aldor-dagum (<i>never in his life</i>), <a href="#li719">719</a>; on ealder-dagum +ǣr (<i>in former days</i>), <a href="#li758">758</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdorgedāl">ealdor-gedāl</a>, st. n., <i>severing of life, death, end</i>: nom. +sg. aldor-gedāl, <a href="#li806">806</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdorgewinna">ealdor-gewinna</a>, w. m., <i>life-enemy, one who strives to take his +enemy's life</i> (in N.H.G. the contrary conception, Tod-feind): nom. +sg. ealdorgewinna (<i>the dragon</i>), <a href="#li2904">2904</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdorlēas">ealdor-lēas</a>, adj., <i>without a ruler</i>(?): nom. pl. +aldor-lēase, <a href="#li15">15</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdorlēas">ealdor-lēas</a>, adj., <i>lifeless, dead</i>: acc. sg. +aldor-lēasne, <a href="#li1588">1588</a>; ealdor-lēasne, <a href="#li3004">3004</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealdorthegn">ealdor-þegn</a>, st. m., <i>nobleman at the court, distinguished +courtier</i>: acc. sg. aldor-þegn (Hrōðgār's confidential adviser, +Æschere), <a href="#li1309">1309</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealfela">eal-fela</a>, adj., <i>very much</i>: with following gen., eal-fela +eald-gesegena, <i>very many old traditions</i>, <a href="#li870">870</a>; eal-fela eotena +cynnes, <a href="#li884">884</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealgian">ealgian</a>, w. v., <i>to shield, to defend, to protect</i>: inf. +w. acc. feorh ealgian, <a href="#li797">797</a>, <a href="#li2656">2656</a>, <a href="#li2669">2669</a>; pret. siððan hē (Hygelāc) +under segne sinc eal-gode, wælrēaf werede, <i>while under his banner +he protected the treasures, defended the spoil of battle</i> (i.e. +while he was upon the Viking expeditions), <a href="#li1205">1205</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealgylden">eal-gylden</a>, adj., <i>all golden, entirely of gold</i>: nom. sg. +swȳn ealgylden, <a href="#li1112">1112</a>; acc. sg. segn eallgylden, <a href="#li2768">2768</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealīrenne">eal-īrenne</a>, adj., <i>entirely of iron</i>: acc. sg. eall-īrenne +wīgbord, <i>a wholly iron battle-shield</i>, <a href="#li2339">2339</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealu">ealu</a>, st. n., <i>ale, beer</i>: acc. sg. ealo drincende, <a href="#li1946">1946</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealubenc">ealu-benc</a>, st. f., <i>ale-bench, bench for those drinking +ale</i>: dat. sg. in ealo-bence, <a href="#li1030">1030</a>; on ealu-bence, <a href="#li2868">2868</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealuscerwen">ealu-scerwen</a>, st. f., <i>terror</i>, under the figure of a +mishap at an ale-drinking, probably the sudden taking away of the ale: +nom. sg. Denum eallum wearð ... ealuscerwen, <a href="#li770">770</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealuwǣge">ealu-wǣge</a>, st. n., <i>ale-can, portable vessel out of which ale +is poured into the cups</i>: acc. sg. <a href="#li2022">2022</a>; hroden ealowǣge, <a href="#li495">495</a>; dat. +sg. ofer ealowǣge (<i>at the ale-carouse</i>), <a href="#li481">481</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glealwealda">eal-wealda</a>, w. adj., <i>all ruling</i> (God): nom. sg. fæder +alwalda, <a href="#li316">316</a>; alwalda, <a href="#li956">956</a>, <a href="#li1315">1315</a>; dat. sg. al-wealdan, <a href="#li929">929</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleard">eard</a>, st. m., <i>cultivated ground, estate, hereditary +estate</i>; in a broader sense, <i>ground in general, abode, place of +sojourn</i>: nom. sg. him wæs bām ... lond gecynde, eard ēðel-riht, +<i>the land was bequeathed to them both, the land and the privileges +attached to it.</i> <a href="#li2199">2199</a>; acc. sg. fīfel-cynnes eard, <i>the ground of +the giant race, place of sojourn</i>, <a href="#li104">104</a>; similarly, ælwihta eard, +<a href="#li1501">1501</a>; eard gemunde, <i>thought of his native ground, his home</i>, +<a href="#li1130">1130</a>; eard gīt ne const, <i>thou knowest not yet the place of +sojourn.</i> <a href="#li1378">1378</a>; eard and eorlscipe, <i>prǣdium et nobilitatem</i>, +<a href="#li1728">1728</a>; eard ēðelwyn, <i>land and the enjoyment of home</i>, +<a href="#li2494">2494</a>; dat. sg. ellor hwearf of earde, <i>went elsewhere from his place +of abode</i>, i.e. died, <a href="#li56">56</a>; þæt wē rondas beren eft tō earde, <i>that +we go again to our homes</i>, <a href="#li2655">2655</a>; on earde, <a href="#li2737">2737</a>; nom. pl. ēacne +eardas, <i>the broad expanses</i> (in the fen-sea where Grendel's home +was), <a href="#li1622">1622</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleardian">eardian</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to have a dwelling-place, to live; to +rest</i>: pret. pl. dȳre swyrd swā hīe wið eorðan fæðm þǣr eardodon, +<i>costly swords, as they had rested in the earth's bosom</i>, +<a href="#li3051">3051</a>.—2) also transitively, <i>to inhabit</i>: pret. sg. Heorot +eardode, <a href="#li166">166</a>; inf. wīc eardian elles hwergen, <i>inhabit a place +elsewhere</i> (i.e. die), <a href="#li2590">2590</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleardlufa">eard-lufa</a>, w. m., <i>the living upon one's land, home-life</i>: +acc. sg. eard-lufan, <a href="#li693">693</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glearfoth">earfoð</a>, st. n., <i>trouble, difficulty, struggle</i>: acc. pl. earfeðo, <a href="#li534">534</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glearfothlīce">earfoð-līce</a>, adv., <i>with trouble, with difficulty</i>, <a href="#li1637">1637</a>, +<a href="#li1658">1658</a>; <i>with vexation, angrily</i>, <a href="#li86">86</a>; <i>sorrowfully</i>, <a href="#li2823">2823</a>; +<i>with difficulty, scarcely</i>, <a href="#li2304">2304</a>, <a href="#li2935">2935</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glearfothþrag">earfoð-þrāg</a>, st. f., <i>time full of troubles, sorrowful +time</i>: acc. sg. -þrāge, <a href="#li283">283</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glearh">earh</a>, adj., <i>cowardly</i>: gen. sg. ne bið swylc earges sīð +(<i>no coward undertaken that</i>), <a href="#li2542">2542</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glearm">earm</a>, st. m., <i>arm</i>: acc. sg. earm, <a href="#li836">836</a>, <a href="#li973">973</a>; wið earm +gesæt, <i>supported himself with his arm</i>, <a href="#li750">750</a>; dat. pl. earmum, +<a href="#li513">513</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glearm">earm</a>, adj., <i>poor, miserable, unhappy</i>: nom. sg. earm, +<a href="#li2369">2369</a>; earme ides, <i>the unhappy woman</i>, <a href="#li1118">1118</a>; dat. sg. earmre +teohhe, <i>the unhappy band</i>, <a href="#li2939">2939</a>.—Comp. acc. sg. earmran mannan, +<i>a more wretched, more forsaken man</i>, <a href="#li577">577</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glearmbēag">earm-bēag</a>, st. m., <i>arm-ring, bracelet</i>: gen. pl. +earm-bēaga fela searwum gesǣled, <i>many arm-rings interlaced</i>, +<a href="#li2764">2764</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glearmhrēad">earm-hrēad</a>, st. f., <i>arm-ornament</i>. nom. pl. earm-hrēade +twā, <a href="#li1195">1195</a> (Grein's conjecture, MS. earm reade).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glearmlīc">earm-līc</a>, adj., <i>wretched, miserable</i>: nom. sg. sceolde +his ealdor-gedāl earmlīc wurðan, <i>his end should be wretched</i>, +<a href="#li808">808</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glearmsceapen">earm-sceapen</a>, pret. part. as adj. (<i>properly, wretched by the +decree of fate</i>), <i>wretched</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li1352">1352</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glearn">earn</a>, st. m., <i>eagle</i>: dat. sg. earne, <a href="#li3027">3027</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleatol">eatol</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glatol">atol</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleaxl">eaxl</a>, st. f., <i>shoulder</i>: acc. sg. eaxle, <a href="#li836">836</a>, <a href="#li973">973</a>; dat. +sg. on eaxle, <a href="#li817">817</a>, <a href="#li1548">1548</a>; be eaxle, <a href="#li1538">1538</a>; on eaxle ides gnornode, +<i>the woman sobbed on the shoulder</i> (of her son, who has fallen +and is being burnt), <a href="#li1118">1118</a>; dat. pl. sæt frēan eaxlum nēah, <i>sat near +the shoulders of his lord</i> (Bēowulf lies lifeless upon the earth, +and Wīglāf sits by his side, near his shoulder, so as to sprinkle the +face of his dead lord), <a href="#li2854">2854</a>; hē for eaxlum gestōd Deniga frēan, <i>he +stood before the shoulders of the lord of the Danes</i> (i.e. not +directly before him, but somewhat to the side, as etiquette demanded), +<a href="#li358">358</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleaxlgestealla">eaxl-gestealla</a>, w. m., <i>he who has his position at the +shoulder</i> (sc. of his lord), <i>trusty courtier, counsellor of a +prince</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li1327">1327</a>; acc. pl. -gesteallan, <a href="#li1715">1715</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossEAl">ĒA</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēac">ēac</a>, conj., <i>also</i>: <a href="#li97">97</a>, <a href="#li388">388</a>, <a href="#li433">433</a>, etc.; ēc, <a href="#li3132">3132</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēacen">ēacen</a> (pret. part. of a not existing eacan, augere), adj., +<i>wide-spread</i>, <i>large</i>: nom. pl. ēacne eardas, <i>broad +plains</i>, <a href="#li1622">1622</a>.—<i>great, heavy</i>: eald sweord ēacen, <a href="#li1664">1664</a>; dat. +pl. ēacnum ecgum, <a href="#li2141">2141</a>, both times of the great sword in Grendel's +habitation.—<i>great, mighty, powerful</i>: æðele and ēacen, of +Bēowulf, <a href="#li198">198</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēacencræftig">ēacen-cræftig</a>, adj., <i>immense</i> (of riches), <i>enormously +great</i>: acc. sg. hord-ærna sum ēacen-cræftig, <i>that enormous +treasure-house</i>, <a href="#li2281">2281</a>; nom. sg. þæt yrfe ēacen-cræftig, iūmonna +gold, <a href="#li3052">3052</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēadig">ēadig</a>, adj., <i>blessed with possessions, rich, happy by reason +of property</i>: nom. sg. wes, þenden þū lifige, æðeling ēadig, <i>be, +as long as thou livest, a prince blessed with riches</i>, <a href="#li1226">1226</a>; ēadig +mon, <a href="#li2471">2471</a>.—Comp. sige-, sigor-, tīr-ēadig.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēadiglīce">ēadig-līce</a>, adv., <i>in abundance, in joyous plenty</i>: +drēamum lifdon ēadiglīce, <i>lived in rejoicing and plenty</i>, <a href="#li100">100</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēathe">ēaðe, ēðe, ȳðe</a>, adj., <i>easy, pleasant</i>: nom. pl. gode +þancedon þæs þe him ȳð-lāde ēaðe wurdon, <i>thanked God that the +sea-ways</i> (the navigation) <i>had become easy to them</i>, <a href="#li228">228</a>; ne +wæs þæt ēðe sīð, <i>no pleasant way</i>, <a href="#li2587">2587</a>; næs þæt ȳðe cēap, <i>no +easy purchase</i>, <a href="#li2416">2416</a>; nō þæt ȳðe byð tō beflēonne, <i>not easy</i> +(as milder expression for <i>in no way, not at all</i>), <a href="#li1003">1003</a>.</p> + +<p>ēaðe, ȳðe, adv., <i>easily</i>. ēaðe, <a href="#li478">478</a>, <a href="#li2292">2292</a>, <a href="#li2765">2765</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēathfynde">ēað-fynde</a>, adj., <i>easy to find</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li138">138</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēage">ēage</a>, w. n., <i>eye</i>: dat. pl. him of ēagum stōd lēoht +unfǣger, <i>out of his eyes came a terrible gleam</i>, <a href="#li727">727</a>; þæt ic ... +ēagum starige, <i>see with eyes, behold</i>, <a href="#li1782">1782</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1936">1936</a>; +gen. pl. ēagena bearhtm, <a href="#li1767">1767</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēagorstrēam">ēagor-strēam</a>, st. m., <i>sea-stream sea</i>: acc. sg. <a href="#li513">513</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēaland">ēa-land</a>, st. n., <i>land surrounded by water</i> (of the land +of the Gēatas): acc. sg. ēa-lond, <a href="#li2335">2335</a>; <i>island</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēam">ēam</a>, st. m., <i>uncle, mothers brother</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li882">882</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēastan">ēastan</a>, adv., <i>from the east</i>, <a href="#li569">569</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēawan">ēawan</a>, w. v., <i>to disclose, to show, to prove</i>: pres. sg. +III. ēaweð ... uncūðne nīð, <i>shows evil enmity</i>, <a href="#li276">276</a>. See +<a class="glentry" href="#glēowan">ēowan, ȳwan</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-ēawan, <i>to show, to offer</i>: pret. part. him wæs ... wunden +gold ēstum ge-ēawed, <i>was graciously presented</i>, <a href="#li1195">1195</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossEO">EO</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēode">ēode</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgangan">gangan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleodor">eodor</a>, st. m., <i>fence, hedge, railing</i>. Among the old +Germans, an estate was separated by a fence from the property of +others. Inside of this fence the laws of peace and protection held +good, as well as in the house itself. Hence eodor is sometimes used +instead of <i>house</i>: acc. pl. heht eahta mēaras on flet tēon, in +under eoderas, <i>gave orders to lead eight steeds into the hall, into +the house</i>, <a href="#li1038">1038</a>.—2) figuratively, <i>lord, prince</i>, as +protector: nom. sg. eodor, <a href="#li428">428</a>, <a href="#li1045">1045</a>; eodur, <a href="#li664">664</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleofoth">eofoð</a>, st. n., <i>strength</i>: acc. pl. eofoðo, <a href="#li2535">2535</a>. See +<a class="glentry" href="#gleafoth">eafoð</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleofer">eofer</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>boar</i>, here of the metal boar-image +upon the helmet: nom. sg. eofer īrenheard, <a href="#li1113">1113</a>.—2) figuratively, +<i>bold hero, brave fighter</i> (O.N. iöfur): nom. pl. þonne ... +eoferas cnysedan, <i>when the heroes rushed upon each other</i>, <a href="#li1329">1329</a>, +where eoferas and fēðan stand in the same relation to each other as +cnysedan and hniton.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleoforlīc">eofor-līc</a>, st. n. <i>boar-image</i> (on the helmet): nom. pl. +eofor-līc scionon, <a href="#li303">303</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleoforsprēot">eofor-sprēot</a>, st. m., <i>boar-spear</i>: dat. pl. mid +eofer-sprēotum hēoro-hōcyhtum, <i>with hunting-spears which were +provided with sharp hooks</i>, <a href="#li1438">1438</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleoguth">eoguð, ioguð</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgeogoth">geogoð</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleolet">eolet</a>, st. m. n., <i>sea</i>(?): gen. sg. eoletes, <a href="#li224">224</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorclanstān">eorclan-stān</a>, st. m., <i>precious stone</i>: acc. pl. -stānas, +<a href="#li1209">1209</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorthcyning">eorð-cyning</a>, st. m., <i>king of the land</i>: gen. sg. +eorð-cyninges (Finn), <a href="#li1156">1156</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorthdraca">eorð-draca</a>, w. m., <i>earth-drake, dragon that lives in the +earth</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li2713">2713</a>, <a href="#li2826">2826</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorthe">eorðe</a>, w. f.: 1) <i>earth</i> (in contrast with heaven), +<i>world</i>: acc. sg. ælmihtiga eorðan worhte, <a href="#li92">92</a>; wīde geond eorðan, +<i>far over the earth, through the wide world</i>, <a href="#li266">266</a>; dat. sg. ofer +eorðan, <a href="#li248">248</a>, <a href="#li803">803</a>; on eorðan, <a href="#li1823">1823</a>, <a href="#li2856">2856</a>, <a href="#li3139">3139</a>; gen. sg. eorðan, +<a href="#li753">753</a>.—2) <i>earth, ground</i>: acc. sg. hē eorðan gefēoll, <i>fell to +the ground</i>, <a href="#li2835">2835</a>; forlēton eorla gestrēon eorðan healdan, <i>let +the earth hold the nobles' treasure</i>, <a href="#li3168">3168</a>; dat. sg. þæt hit on +eorðan læg, <a href="#li1533">1533</a>; under eorðan, <a href="#li2416">2416</a>; gen. sg. wið eorðan fæðm (<i>in +the bosom of the earth</i>), <a href="#li3050">3050</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorthreced">eorð-reced</a>, st. n., <i>hall in the earth, rock-hall</i>: acc. +sg. <a href="#li2720">2720</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorthscræf">eorð-scræf</a>, st. n., <i>earth-cavern, cave</i>: dat. sg. eorð-[scræfe], +<a href="#li2233">2233</a>; gen. pl. eorð-scræfe, <a href="#li3047">3047</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorthsele">eorð-sele</a>, st. m., <i>hall in the earth, cave</i>: acc. sg. eorð-sele, +<a href="#li2411">2411</a>; dat sg. of eorðsele, <a href="#li2516">2516</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorthweall">eorð-weall</a>, st. m., <i>earth-wall</i>: acc. sg. (Ongenþēow) bēah eft +under eorðweall, <i>fled again under the earth-wall</i> (into his +fortified camp), <a href="#li2958">2958</a>; þā mē wæs ... sīð ālȳfed inn under eorðweall, +<i>then the way in, under the earth-wall was opened to me</i> (into +the dragon's cave), <a href="#li3091">3091</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorthweard">eorð-weard</a>, st. m., <i>land-property, estate</i>: acc. sg. +<a href="#li2335">2335</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorl">eorl</a>, st. m., <i>noble born man, a man of the high +nobility</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li762">762</a>, <a href="#li796">796</a>, <a href="#li1229">1229</a>, etc.; acc. sg. eorl, <a href="#li573">573</a>, <a href="#li628">628</a>, +<a href="#li2696">2696</a>; gen. sg. eorles, <a href="#li690">690</a>, <a href="#li983">983</a>, <a href="#li1758">1758</a>, etc.; acc. pl. eorlas, <a href="#li2817">2817</a>; +dat. pl. eorlum, <a href="#li770">770</a>, <a href="#li1282">1282</a>, <a href="#li1650">1650</a>, etc.; gen. pl. eorla, <a href="#li248">248</a>, <a href="#li357">357</a>, <a href="#li369">369</a>, +etc.—Since the king himself is from the stock of the eorlas, he is +also called eorl, <a href="#li6">6</a>, <a href="#li2952">2952</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorlgestrēon">eorl-gestrēon</a>, st. n., <i>wealth of the nobles</i>: gen. pl. +eorl-gestrēona ... hardfyrdne dǣl, <a href="#li2245">2245</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorlgewǣde">eorl-gewǣde</a>, st. n., <i>knightly dress, armor</i>: dat. pl. +-gewǣdum, <a href="#li1443">1443</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorlīc">eorlīc</a> (i.e. eorl-līc), adj., <i>what it becomes a noble born man to +do, chivalrous</i>: acc. sg. eorlīc ellen, <a href="#li638">638</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorlscipe">eorl-scipe</a>, st. m., <i>condition of being noble born, +chivalrous nature, nobility</i>: acc. sg. eorl-scipe, <a href="#li1728">1728</a>, <a href="#li3175">3175</a>; +eorl-scipe efnan, <i>to do chivalrous deeds</i>, <a href="#li2134">2134</a>, <a href="#li2536">2536</a>, <a href="#li2623">2623</a>, +<a href="#li3008">3008</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorlweorod">eorl-weorod</a>, st. n., <i>followers of nobles</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li2894">2894</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleormencyn">eormen-cyn</a>, st. n., <i>very extensive race, mankind</i>: gen. +sg. eormen-cynnes, <a href="#li1958">1958</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleormengrund">eormen-grund</a>, st. m., <i>immensely wide plains, the whole broad +earth</i>: acc. sg. ofer eormen-grund, <a href="#li860">860</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleormenlāf">eormen-lāf</a>, st. f., <i>enormous legacy</i>: acc. sg. +eormen-lāfe æðelan cynnes (<i>the treasures of the dragon's cave</i>) +<a href="#li2235">2235</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorre">eorre</a>, adj., <i>angry, enraged</i>: gen. sg. eorres, +<a href="#li1448">1448</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleoton">eoton</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>giant</i>: nom. sg. eoten (Grendel), <a href="#li762">762</a>; +dat. sg. uninflected, eoton (Grendel), <a href="#li669">669</a>; nom. pl. eotenas, +<a href="#li112">112</a>.—2) Eotens, subjects of Finn, the N. Frisians: <a href="#li1073">1073</a>, <a href="#li1089">1089</a>, <a href="#li1142">1142</a>; +dat. pl. <a href="#li1146">1146</a>. See List of Names, p. 114.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleotonisc">eotonisc</a>, adj., <i>gigantic, coming from giants</i>: acc. sg. +eald sweord eotenisc (eotonisc), <a href="#li1559">1559</a>, <a href="#li2980">2980</a>, (etonisc, MS.) <a href="#li2617">2617</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossEOl">ĒO</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēoredgeatwe">ēored-geatwe</a>, st. f. pl., <i>warlike adornments</i>: acc. pl., +<a href="#li2867">2867</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēowan">ēowan</a>, w. v., <i>to show, to be seen</i>: pres. sg. III. ne +gesacu ōhwǣr, ecghete ēoweð, <i>nowhere shows itself strife, +sword-hate</i>, <a href="#li1739">1739</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glēawan">ēawan, ȳwan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēower">ēower</a>: 1) gen. pl. pers. pron., vestrum: ēower sum, <i>that one +of you</i> (namely, Bēowulf), <a href="#li248">248</a>; fǣhðe ēower lēode, <i>the enmity of +the people of you</i> (of your people), <a href="#li597">597</a>; nis þæt ēower sīð ... +nefne mīn ānes, <a href="#li2533">2533</a>.—2) poss. pron., <i>your</i>, <a href="#li251">251</a>, <a href="#li257">257</a>, <a href="#li294">294</a>, +etc.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossF">F</a></b></p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgefandian">fandian, -fondian</a>, w. v., <i>to try, to search for, to find +out, to experience</i>: w. gen. pret. part. þæt hæfde gumena sum +goldes gefandod, <i>that a man had discovered the gold</i>, <a href="#li2302">2302</a>; +þonne se ān hafað þurh deāðes nȳd dǣda gefondad, <i>now the one</i> +(Herebeald) <i>has with death's pang experienced the deeds</i> (the +unhappy bow-shot of Hæðcyn), <a href="#li2455">2455</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfara">fara</a>, w. m., <i>farer, traveller</i>: in comp. mere-fara.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfaran">faran</a>, st. v., <i>to move from one place to another, to go, to +wander</i>: inf. tō hām faran, <i>to go home</i>, <a href="#li124">124</a>; lēton on geflīt +faran fealwe mēaras, <i>let the fallow horses go in emulation</i>, +<a href="#li865">865</a>; cwōm faran flotherge on Frēsna land, <i>had come to Friesland +with a fleet</i>, <a href="#li2916">2916</a>; cōm lēoda dugoðe on lāst faran, <i>came to go +upon the track of the heroes of his people</i>, i.e. to follow them, +<a href="#li2946">2946</a>; gerund wǣron æðelingas eft tō lēodum fūse tō farenne, <i>the +nobles were ready to go again to their people</i>, <a href="#li1806">1806</a>; pret. sg. +gegnum fōr [þā] ofer myrcan mōr, <i>there had</i> (Grendel's mother) +<i>gone away over the dark fen</i>, <a href="#li1405">1405</a>; sǣgenga fōr, <i>the +seafarer</i> (the ship) <i>drove along</i>, <a href="#li1909">1909</a>; (wyrm) mid bǣle fōr, +(the dragon) <i>fled away with fire</i>, <a href="#li2309">2309</a>; pret. pl. þæt ... scawan +scīrhame tō scipe fōron, <i>that the visitors in glittering attire +betook themselves to the ship</i>, <a href="#li1896">1896</a>.</p> + +<p>gefaran, <i>to proceed, to act</i>: inf. hū se mānsceaða under +fǣrgripum gefaran wolde, <i>how he would act in his sudden +attacks</i>, <a href="#li739">739</a>.</p> + +<p>ūt faran, <i>to go out</i>: w. acc. lēt of brēostum ... word ūt faran, +<i>let words go out of his breast, uttered words</i>, <a href="#li2552">2552</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfaroth">faroð</a>, st. m., <i>stream, flood of the sea, shore, strand, edge</i>: dat. sg. tō +brimes faroðe, <a href="#li28">28</a>; æfter faroðe, <i>with the stream</i>, <a href="#li580">580</a>; æt +faroðe, <a href="#li1917">1917</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfaru">faru</a>, st. f., <i>way, passage, expedition</i>: in comp. +ād-faru.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfācenstæf">fācen-stæf</a> (elementum nequitiae), st. m., <i>wickedness, +treachery, deceit</i>. acc. pl. fācen-stafas, <a href="#li1019">1019</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfāh">fāh, fāg</a>, adj., <i>many-colored, variegated, of varying color</i> (especially +said of the color of gold, of bronze, and of blood, in which the beams +of light are refracted): nom. sg. fāh (<i>covered with blood</i>), +<a href="#li420">420</a>; blōde fāh, <a href="#li935">935</a>; ātertānum fāh (sc. īren) [This is the MS reading; emmended to ātertēarum in text--KTH], <a href="#li1460">1460</a>; sadol searwum fāh +(<i>saddle artistically ornamented with gold</i>), <a href="#li1039">1039</a>; sweord swāte +fāh, <a href="#li1287">1287</a>; brim blōde fāh, <a href="#li1595">1595</a>; wældrēore fāg, <a href="#li1632">1632</a>; (draca) +fȳrwylmum fāh (<i>because he spewed flame</i>), <a href="#li2672">2672</a>; sweord fāh and +fǣted, <a href="#li2702">2702</a>; blōde fāh, <a href="#li2975">2975</a>; acc. sg. drēore fāhne, <a href="#li447">447</a>; goldsele +fǣttum fāhne, <a href="#li717">717</a>; on fāgne flōr treddode, <i>trod the shining +floor</i> (of Heorot), <a href="#li726">726</a>; hrōf golde fāhne, <i>the roof shining with +gold</i>, <a href="#li928">928</a>; nom. pl. eoforlīc ... fāh and fȳr-beard, <a href="#li305">305</a>; acc. pl. +þā hilt since fāge, <a href="#li1616">1616</a>; dat. pl. fāgum sweordum, <a href="#li586">586</a>.—Comp. bān-, +blōd-, brūn-, drēor-, gold-, gryre-, searo-, sinc-, stān-, swāt-, +wæl-, wyrm-fāh.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfāh">fāh, fāg, fā</a>, adj.: 1) <i>hostile</i>: nom. sg. fāh +fēond-scaða, <a href="#li554">554</a>; hē wæs fāg wið god (Grendel), <a href="#li812">812</a>; acc. sg. fāne +(<i>the dragon</i>), <a href="#li2656">2656</a>; gen. pl. fāra, <a href="#li578">578</a>, <a href="#li1464">1464</a>.—2) <i>liable to +pursuit, without peace, outlawed</i>: nom. sg. fāg, <a href="#li1264">1264</a>; māne fāh, +<i>outlawed through crime</i>, <a href="#li979">979</a>; fyren-dǣdum fāg, <a href="#li1002">1002</a>.—Comp. +nearo-fāh.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfāmigheals">fāmig-heals</a>, adj., <i>with foaming neck</i>: nom. sg. flota +fāmig-heals, <a href="#li218">218</a>; (sǣgenga) fāmig-heals, <a href="#li1910">1910</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfæc">fæc</a>, st. n., <i>period of time</i>: acc. sg. lȳtel fæc, +<i>during a short time</i>, <a href="#li2241">2241</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfæder">fæder</a>, st. m., <i>father</i>: nom. sg. fæder, <a href="#li55">55</a>, <a href="#li262">262</a>, <a href="#li459">459</a>, +<a href="#li2609">2609</a>; of God, <a href="#li1610">1610</a>; fæder alwalda, <a href="#li316">316</a>; acc. sg. fæder, <a href="#li1356">1356</a>; dat. sg. +fæder, <a href="#li2430">2430</a>; gen. sg. fæder, <a href="#li21">21</a>, <a href="#li1480">1480</a>; of God, 188—Comp.: ǣr, +eald-fæder.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfædera">fædera</a>, w. m., <i>father's brother</i> in comp. +suhter-gefæderan.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfæderæthelo">fæder-æðelo</a>, st. n. pl., <i>paternus principatus</i> (?): dat. +pl. fæder-æðelum, <a href="#li912">912</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfæderenmǣg">fæderen-mǣg</a>, st. m., <i>kinsman descended from the same father, +co-descendant</i>: dat. sg. fæderen-mǣge, <a href="#li1264">1264</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfæthm">fæðm</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>the outspread, encircling arms</i>: instr. +pl. fēondes fæð[mum], <a href="#li2129">2129</a>.—2) <i>embrace, encircling</i>: nom. sg. +līges fæðm, <a href="#li782">782</a>; acc. sg. in fȳres fæðm, <a href="#li185">185</a>.—3) <i>bosom, lap</i>: +acc. sg. on foldan fæðm, <a href="#li1394">1394</a>; wið eorðan fæðm, <a href="#li3050">3050</a>; dat. pl. tō +fæder (God's) fæðmum, <a href="#li188">188</a>.—4) <i>power, property</i>: acc. in Francna +fæðm, <a href="#li1211">1211</a>.—Cf. sīd-fæðmed, sīð-fæðme.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfæthmian">fæðmian</a>, w. v., <i>to embrace, to take up into itself</i>: +pres. subj. þæt minne līchaman ... glēd fæðmie, <a href="#li2653">2653</a>; inf. lēton flōd +fæðmian frætwa hyrde, <a href="#li3134">3134</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgefæg">fæg</a>, adj., <i>agreeable, desirable</i> (Old Eng., fawe, +<i>willingly</i>): comp. ge-fægra, <a href="#li916">916</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfægen">fægen</a>, adj., <i>glad, joyous</i>: nom. pl. ferhðum fægne, +<i>the glad at heart</i>, <a href="#li1634">1634</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfæger">fæger, fǣger</a>, adj., <i>beautiful, lovely</i>: nom. sg. fǣger +fold-bold, <a href="#li774">774</a>; fæger foldan bearm, <a href="#li1138">1138</a>; acc. sg. freoðoburh fægere, +<a href="#li522">522</a>; nom. pl. þǣr him fold-wegas fægere þūhton, <a href="#li867">867</a>.—Comp. un-fǣger.</p> + +<p>fægere, fægre, adv., <i>beautifully, well, becomingly, according to +etiquette</i>: fægere geþǣgon medoful manig, <a href="#li1015">1015</a>; þā wæs +flet-sittendum fægere gereorded, <i>becomingly the repast was +served</i>, <a href="#li1789">1789</a>; Higelāc ongan ... fægre fricgean, <a href="#li1986">1986</a>; similarly, +<a href="#li2990">2990</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfær">fær</a>, st. n., <i>craft, ship</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfæst">fæst</a>, adj., <i>bound, fast</i>: nom. sg. bið se slǣp tō fæst, +<a href="#li1743">1743</a>; acc. sg. frēondscipe fæstne, <a href="#li2070">2070</a>; fæste frioðuwǣre, <a href="#li1097">1097</a>.—The +prep. on stands to denote the where or wherein: wæs tō fæst on þām +(sc. on fǣhðe and fyrene), <a href="#li137">137</a>; on ancre fæst, <a href="#li303">303</a>. Or, oftener, the +dative: fēond-grāpum fæst, <i>(held) fast in his antagonist's +clutch</i>, <a href="#li637">637</a>; fȳrbendum fæst, <i>fast in the forged hinges</i>, +<a href="#li723">723</a>; handa fæst, <a href="#li1291">1291</a>, etc.; hygebendum fæst (beorn him langað), +<i>fast (shut) in the bonds of his bosom, the man longs for</i> (i.e. +in secret), <a href="#li1879">1879</a>.—Comp: ār-, blǣd-, gin-, sōð-, tīr-, wīs-fæst.</p> + +<p>fæste, adv., <i>fæst</i> <a href="#li554">554</a>, <a href="#li761">761</a>, <a href="#li774">774</a>, <a href="#li789">789</a>, <a href="#li1296">1296</a>.—Comp. fæstor, <a href="#li143">143</a>.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbefæstan">fæstan</a>, w. v., <i>to give over</i>: inf. hēt Hildeburh hire +selfre sunu sweoloðe befæstan, <i>to give over to the flames her own +son</i>, <a href="#li1116">1116</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfæsten">fæsten</a>, st. n., <i>fortified place, or place difficult of +access</i>: acc. sg. lēoda fæsten, <i>the fastness of the Gēatas</i> +(with ref. to <a href="#li2327">2327</a>, <a href="#li2334">2334</a>; fæsten (Ongenþēow's castle or fort), <a href="#li2951">2951</a>; +fæsten (Grendel's house in the fen-sea), <a href="#li104">104</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfæstrǣd">fæst-rǣd</a>, adj., <i>firmly resolved</i>: acc. sg. fæst-rǣdne +geþōht, <i>firm determination</i>, <a href="#li611">611</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfæt">fæt</a>, st. m., <i>way, journey</i>: in comp. sīð-fæt.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfæt2">fæt</a>, st. n., <i>vessel; vase, cup</i>: acc. pl. fyrn-manna +fatu, <i>the (drinking-) vessels of men of old times</i>, +<a href="#li2762">2762</a>.—Comp.: bān-, drync-, māððum-, sinc-, wundor-fæt.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfǣge">fǣge</a>, adj.: 1) <i>forfeited to death, allotted to death by +fate</i>: nom. sg. fǣge, <a href="#li1756">1756</a>, <a href="#li2142">2142</a>, <a href="#li2976">2976</a>; fǣge and ge-flȳmed, <a href="#li847">847</a>; +fūs and fǣge, <a href="#li1242">1242</a>; acc. sg. fǣgne flǣsc-homan, <a href="#li1569">1569</a>; dat. sg. fǣgum, +<a href="#li2078">2078</a>; gen. sg. fǣges, <a href="#li1528">1528</a>.—2) <i>dead</i>: dat. pl. ofer fǣgum +(<i>over the warriors fallen in the battle</i>), <a href="#li3026">3026</a>.—Comp.: dēað-, +un-fǣge.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfǣhth">fǣhð</a> (<i>state of hostility</i>, see <a class="glentry" href="#glfāh">fāh</a>), st. f., +<i>hostile act, feud, battle</i>: nom. sg. fǣhð, <a href="#li2404">2404</a>, <a href="#li3062">3062</a>; acc. sg. +fǣhðe, <a href="#li153">153</a>, <a href="#li459">459</a>, <a href="#li470">470</a>, <a href="#li596">596</a>, <a href="#li1334">1334</a>, etc.; also of the unhappy bowshot of +the Hrēðling, Hæðcyn, by which he killed his brother, <a href="#li2466">2466</a>; dat. sg. +fore fǣhðe and fyrene, <a href="#li137">137</a>; nalas for fǣhðe mearn (<i>did not recoil +from the combat</i>), <a href="#li1538">1538</a>; gen. sg, ne gefeah hē þǣre fǣhðe, <a href="#li109">109</a>; +gen. pl. fǣhða gemyndig, <a href="#li2690">2690</a>.—Comp. wæl-fǣhð.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfǣhtho">fǣhðo</a>, st. f., same as above: nom. sg. sīo fǣhðo, <a href="#li3000">3000</a>; acc. +fǣhðo, <a href="#li2490">2490</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfǣlsian">fǣlsian</a>, w. v., <i>to bring into a good condition, to +cleanse</i>: inf. þæt ic mōte ... Heorot fǣlsian (from the plague of +Grendel), <a href="#li432">432</a>; pret. Hrōðgāres ... sele fǣlsode, <a href="#li2353">2353</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-fǣlsian, w. v., same as above: pret. part. hæfde gefǣlsod ... sele +Hrōðgāres, <a href="#li826">826</a>; Heorot is gefǣlsod, <a href="#li1177">1177</a>; wǣron ȳð-gebland eal +gefǣlsod, <a href="#li1621">1621</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfǣmne">fǣmne</a>, w. f., <i>virgin, recens nupta</i>: dat. sg. fǣmnan, +<a href="#li2035">2035</a>; gen. sg. fǣmnan, <a href="#li2060">2060</a>, both times of Hrōðgār's daughter +Frēaware.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfǣr">fǣr</a>, st. m., <i>sudden, unexpected attack</i>: nom. sg. (attack +upon Hnæf's band by Finn's), <a href="#li1069">1069</a>, <a href="#li2231">2231</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfǣrgripe">fǣr-gripe</a>, st. m., <i>sudden, treacherous gripe, attack</i>: +nom. sg. fǣr-gripe flōdes, <a href="#li1517">1517</a>; dat. pl. under fǣrgripum, <a href="#li739">739</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfǣrgryre">fǣr-gryre</a>, st. m., <i>fright caused by a sudden attack</i>: +dat. pl. wið fǣr-gryrum (against the inroads of Grendel into Heorot), +<a href="#li174">174</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfǣringa">fǣringa</a>, adv., <i>suddenly, unexpectedly</i>, <a href="#li1415">1415</a>, <a href="#li1989">1989</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfǣrnīth">fǣr-nīð</a>, st. m., <i>hostility with sudden attacks</i>: gen. pl. +hwæt mē Grendel hafað ... fǣrnīða gefremed, <a href="#li476">476</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfǣt">fǣt</a>, st. n. (?), <i>plate, sheet of metal</i>, especially +<i>gold plate</i> (Dietrich Hpt. Ztschr. XI. 420): dat. pl. gold sele +... fǣttum fāhne, <i>shining with gold plates</i> (the walls and the +inner part of the roof were partly covered with gold), <a href="#li717">717</a>; sceal se +hearda helm hyrsted golde fǣtum befeallen (sc. wesan), <i>the gold +ornaments shall fall away from it</i>, <a href="#li2257">2257</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfǣted">fǣted, fǣtt</a>, part., <i>ornamented with gold beaten into +plate-form</i>: gen. sg. fǣttan goldes, <a href="#li1094">1094</a>, <a href="#li2247">2247</a>; instr. sg. fǣttan +golde, <a href="#li2103">2103</a>. Elsewhere, <i>covered, ornamented with gold plate</i>: +nom. sg. sweord ... fǣted, <a href="#li2702">2702</a>; acc. sg. fǣted wǣge, <a href="#li2254">2254</a>, <a href="#li2283">2283</a>; acc. +pl. fǣtte scyldas, <a href="#li333">333</a>; fǣtte bēagas, <a href="#li1751">1751</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfǣtedhlēor">fǣted-hlēor</a>, adj., phaleratus gena (Dietr.): acc. pl. eahta +mēaras fǣted-hlēore (<i>eight horses with bridles covered with plates +of gold</i>), <a href="#li1037">1037</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfǣtgold">fǣt-gold</a>, st. n., <i>gold in sheets</i> or <i>plates</i>: acc. +sg., <a href="#li1922">1922</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfethergearwe">feðer-gearwe</a>, st. f. pl. <i>(feather-equipment), the feathers +of the shaft of the arrow</i>: dat. (instr.) pl. sceft feðer-gearwum +fūs, <a href="#li3120">3120</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfel">fel</a>, st. n., <i>skin, hide</i>: dat. pl. glōf ... gegyrwed +dracan fellum, <i>made of the skins of dragons</i>, <a href="#li2089">2089</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfela">fela</a>, I., adj. indecl., <i>much, many</i>: as subst.: acc. sg. +fela fricgende, <a href="#li2107">2107</a>. With worn placed before: hwæt þū worn fela ... +ymb Brecan sprǣce, <i>how very much you spoke about Breca</i>, +<a href="#li530">530</a>.—With gen. sg.: acc. sg. fela fyrene, <a href="#li810">810</a>; wyrm-cynnes fela, +<a href="#li1426">1426</a>; worna fela sorge, <a href="#li2004">2004</a>; tō fela micles ... Denigea lēode, <i>too +much of the race of the Danes</i>, <a href="#li695">695</a>; uncūðes fela, <a href="#li877">877</a>; fela lāðes, +<a href="#li930">930</a>; fela lēofes and lāðes, <a href="#li1061">1061</a>.—With gen. pl.: nom. sg. fela mādma, +<a href="#li36">36</a>; fela þǣra wera and wīfa, <a href="#li993">993</a>, etc.; acc. sg. fela missēra, <a href="#li153">153</a>; +fela fyrena, <a href="#li164">164</a>; ofer landa fela, <a href="#li311">311</a>; māððum-sigla fela (falo, MS.), +<a href="#li2758">2758</a>; nē mē swōr fela āða on unriht, <i>swore no false oaths</i>, +<a href="#li2739">2739</a>, etc.; worn fela māðma, <a href="#li1784">1784</a>; worna fela gūða, <a href="#li2543">2543</a>.—Comp. +eal-fela.</p> + +<p>II., adverbial, <i>very</i>, <a href="#li1386">1386</a>, <a href="#li2103">2103</a>, <a href="#li2951">2951</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfelahrōr">fela-hrōr</a>, adj., valde agitatus, <i>very active against the +enemy, very warlike</i>, <a href="#li27">27</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfelamōdig">fela-mōdig</a>, adj., <i>very courageous</i>: gen. pl. -mōdigra, +<a href="#li1638">1638</a>, <a href="#li1889">1889</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfelasynnig">fela-synnig</a>, adj., <i>very criminal, very guilty</i>: acc. sg. +fela-sinnigne secg (in MS., on account of the alliteration, changed to +simple sinnigne), <a href="#li1380">1380</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfēolan">fēolan</a>, st. v., <i>to betake one's self into a place, to +conceal one's self</i>: pret. siððan inne fealh Grendles mōdor (in +Heorot), <a href="#li1282">1282</a>; þǣr inne fealh secg syn-bysig (in the dragon's cave), +<a href="#li2227">2227</a>.—<i>to fall into, undergo, endure</i>: searonīðas fealh, <a href="#li1201">1201</a>.</p> + +<p>æt-fēolan, w. dat., insistere, adhǣrere: pret. nō ic him þæs georne +ætfealh <i>(held him not fast enough</i>, <a href="#li969">969</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfen">fen</a>, st. n., <i>fen, moor</i>: acc. sg. fen, <a href="#li104">104</a>; dat. sg. tō fenne, <a href="#li1296">1296</a>; fenne, <a href="#li2010">2010</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfenfreotho">fen-freoðo</a>, st. f., <i>refuge in the fen</i>: dat. sg. in +fen-freoðo, <a href="#li852">852</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeng">feng</a>, st. m., <i>gripe, embrace</i>: nom. sg. fȳres feng, <a href="#li1765">1765</a>; +acc. sg. fāra feng (of the hostile sea-monsters), <a href="#li578">578</a>.—Comp. +inwit-feng.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfengel">fengel</a> (probably <i>he who takes possession</i>, cf. tō fōn, +<a href="#li1756">1756</a>, and fōn tō rīce, <i>to enter upon the government</i>), st. m., +<i>lord, prince, king</i>: nom. sg. wīsa fengel, <a href="#li1401">1401</a>; snottra fengel, +<a href="#li1476">1476</a>, <a href="#li2157">2157</a>; hringa fengel, <a href="#li2346">2346</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfengelād">fen-ge-lād</a>, st. n., <i>fen-paths, fen with paths</i>: acc. pl. +frēcne fengelād (<i>fens difficult of access</i>), <a href="#li1360">1360</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfenhlith">fen-hlið</a>, st. n., <i>marshy precipice</i>: acc. pl. under +fen-hleoðu, <a href="#li821">821</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfenhop">fen-hop</a>, st. n., <i>refuge in the fen</i>: acc. pl. on +fen-hopu, <a href="#li765">765</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glferh">ferh</a>, st. m. n., <i>life</i>; see <a class="glentry" href="#glfeorh">feorh</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glferh">ferh</a>, st. m., <i>hog, boar</i>, here of the boar-image on the +helmet: nom. sg., <a href="#li305">305</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glferhth">ferhð</a>, st. m., <i>heart, soul</i>: dat. sg. on ferhðe, <a href="#li755">755</a>, +<a href="#li949">949</a>, <a href="#li1719">1719</a>; gehwylc hiora his ferhðe trēowde, þæt ..., <i>each of them +trusted to his</i> (Hunferð's) <i>heart, that</i> ..., <a href="#li1167">1167</a>; gen. sg. +ferhðes fore-þanc, <a href="#li1061">1061</a>; dat. pl. (adverbial) ferhðum fægne, <i>happy +at heart</i>, <a href="#li1634">1634</a>; þæt mon ... ferhðum frēoge, <i>that one ... +heartily love</i>, <a href="#li3178">3178</a>.—Comp.: collen-, sarig-, swift-, wide-ferhð.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glferhthfrec">ferhð-frec</a>, adj., <i>having good courage, bold, brave</i>: acc. +sg. ferhð-frecan Fin, <a href="#li1147">1147</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glferhthgenīthla">ferhð-genīðla</a>, w. m., <i>mortal enemy</i>: acc. sg. +ferhð-genīðlan, of the drake, <a href="#li2882">2882</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glferian">ferian</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to bear, to bring, to conduct</i>: +pres. II. pl. hwanon ferigeað fǣtte scyldas, <a href="#li333">333</a>; pret. pl. tō scypum +feredon eal ingesteald eorðcyninges, <a href="#li1155">1155</a>; similarly, feredon, <a href="#li1159">1159</a>, +<a href="#li3114">3114</a>.</p> + +<p>æt-ferian, <i>to carry away, to bear off</i>: pret. ic þæt hilt þanan +fēondum ætferede, <a href="#li1669">1669</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-ferian, <i>bear, to bring, to lead</i>: pres. subj. I. pl. þonne +(wē) geferian frēan ūserne, <a href="#li3108">3108</a>; inf. geferian ... Grendles hēafod, +<a href="#li1639">1639</a>; pret. þæt hī ūt geferedon dȳre māðmas, <a href="#li3131">3131</a>; pret. part. hēr +syndon geferede feorran cumene ... Gēata lēode, <i>men of the Gēatas, +come from afar, have been brought hither</i> (by ship), <a href="#li361">361</a>.</p> + +<p>oð-ferian, <i>to tear away, to take away</i>: pret. sg. I. unsōfte +þonan feorh oð-ferede, <a href="#li2142">2142</a>.</p> + +<p>of-ferian, <i>to carry off, to take away, to tear away</i>: pret. ōðer +swylc ūt offerede, <i>took away another such</i> (sc. fifteen), <a href="#li1584">1584</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfetelhilt">fetel-hilt</a>, st. n., <i>sword-hilt</i>, with the gold chains +fastened to it: acc. (sg. or pl.?), <a href="#li1564">1564</a>. (See "Leitfaden f. nord. +Altertumskunde," pp.<a href="#li45">45</a>, <a href="#li46">46</a>.)</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfetian">fetian</a>, w. v., <i>to bring near, bring</i>: pres. subj. nāh hwā +... fe[tige] fǣted wǣge, <i>bring the gold-chased tankard</i>, <a href="#li2254">2254</a>; +pret. part. hraðe wæs tō būre Bēowulf fetod, <a href="#li1311">1311</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-fetian, <i>to bring</i>: inf. hēt þā eorla hlēo in gefetian Hrēðles +lāfe, <i>caused Hrēðel's sword to be brought</i>, <a href="#li2191">2191</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-<a class="glentry" name="glāfēdan">fēdan</a>, w. v., <i>to nourish, to bring up</i>: pret. part. þǣr +hē āfēded wæs, <a href="#li694">694</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfētha">fēða</a> (O.H.G. fendo), w. m.: 1) <i>foot-soldiers</i>: nom. +pl. fēðan, <a href="#li1328">1328</a>, <a href="#li2545">2545</a>.—2) collective in sing., <i>band of +foot-soldiers, troop of warriors</i>: nom. fēða eal gesæt, <a href="#li1425">1425</a>; dat. +on fēðan, <a href="#li2498">2498</a>, <a href="#li2920">2920</a>.—Comp. gum-fēða.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfēthe">fēðe</a>, st. n., <i>gait, going, pace</i>: dat. sg. wæs tō +foremihtig fēond on fēðe, <i>the enemy was too strong in going</i> +(i.e. could flee too fast), <a href="#li971">971</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfēthecempa">fēðe-cempa</a>, w. m., <i>foot-soldier</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1545">1545</a>, <a href="#li2854">2854</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfēthegæst">fēðe-gæst</a>, st. m., <i>guest coming on foot</i>: dat. pl. +fēðe-gestum, <a href="#li1977">1977</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfēthelāst">fēðe-lāst</a>, st. m., <i>signs of going, footprint</i>: dat. pl. +fērdon forð þonon fēðe-lāstum, <i>went forth from there upon their +trail</i>, i.e. by the same way that they had gone, <a href="#li1633">1633</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfēthewīg">fēðe-wīg</a>, st. m., <i>battle on foot</i>: gen. sg. nealles +Hetware hrēmge þorfton (sc. wesan) fēðe-wīges, <a href="#li2365">2365</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfēl">fēl</a> (= fēol), st. f. <i>file</i>: gen. pl. fēla lāfe, <i>what +the files have left behind</i> (that is, the swords), <a href="#li1033">1033</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfēran">fēran</a>, w. v., iter (A.S. fōr) facere, <i>to come, to go, to +travel</i>: pres. subj. II. pl. ǣr gē ... on land Dena furður fēran, +<i>ere you go farther into the land of the Danes</i>, <a href="#li254">254</a>; inf. fēran +on frēan wǣre (<i>to die</i>), <a href="#li27">27</a>; gewiton him þā fēran (<i>set out +upon their way</i>), <a href="#li301">301</a>; mǣl is mē tō fēran, <a href="#li316">316</a>; fēran ... gang +scēawigan, <i>go, so as to see the footprints</i>, <a href="#li1391">1391</a>; wīde fēran, +<a href="#li2262">2262</a>; pret. fērdon folctogan ... wundor scēawian, <i>the princes came +to see the wonder</i>, <a href="#li840">840</a>; fērdon forð, <a href="#li1633">1633</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-fēran: 1) adire, <i>to arrive at</i>: pres. subj. þonne eorl ende +gefēre līfgesceafta, <i>reach the end of life</i>, <a href="#li3064">3064</a>; pret. part. +hæfde ǣghwæðer ende gefēred lǣnan līfes, <i>frail life's end had both +reached</i>, <a href="#li2845">2845</a>.—2) <i>to reach, to accomplish, to bring about</i>: +pret. hafast þū gefēred þæt ..., <a href="#li1222">1222</a>, <a href="#li1856">1856</a>.—3) <i>to behave one's +self, to conduct one's self</i>: pret. frēcne gefērdon, <i>had shown +themselves daring</i>, <a href="#li1692">1692</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeal">feal</a>, st. m., <i>fall</i>: in comp. wæl-feal.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeallan">feallan</a>, st. v., <i>to fall, to fall headlong</i>: inf. +feallan, <a href="#li1071">1071</a>; pret. sg. þæt hē on hrūsan ne fēol, <i>that it</i> (the +hall) <i>did not fall to the ground</i>, <a href="#li773">773</a>; similarly, fēoll on +foldan, <a href="#li2976">2976</a>; fēoll on fēðan (dat. sg.), <i>fell in the band</i> (of +his warriors), <a href="#li2920">2920</a>; pret. pl. þonne walu fēollon, <a href="#li1043">1043</a>.</p> + +<p>be-feallen, pret. part. w. dat. or instr., <i>deprived of, robbed</i>: +frēondum befeallen, <i>robbed of friends</i>, <a href="#li1127">1127</a>; sceal se hearda +helm ... fǣtum befeallen (sc. wesan), <i>be robbed of its gold +mountings</i> (the gold mounting will fall away from it moldering), +<a href="#li2257">2257</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-feallan, <i>to fall, to sink down</i>: pres. sg. III. þæt se +līc-homa ... fǣge gefealleð, <i>that the body doomed to die sinks +down</i>, <a href="#li1756">1756</a>.—Also, with the acc. of the place whither: pret. +meregrund gefēoll, <a href="#li2101">2101</a>; hē eorðan gefēoll, <a href="#li2835">2835</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfealu">fealu</a>, adj., <i>fallow, dun-colored, tawny</i>: acc. sg. ofer +fealone flōd (<i>over the sea</i>), <a href="#li1951">1951</a>; fealwe strǣte (with +reference to <a href="#li320">320</a>, <a href="#li917">917</a>; acc. pl. lēton on geflīt faran fealwe mēaras, +<a href="#li866">866</a>.—Comp. æppel-fealo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeax">feax</a>, st. n., <i>hair, hair of the head</i>: dat. sg. wæs be +feaxe on flet boren Grendles hēafod, <i>was carried by the hair into +the hall</i>, <a href="#li1648">1648</a>; him ... swāt ... sprong forð under fexe, <i>the +blood sprang out under the hair of his head</i>, <a href="#li2968">2968</a>.—Comp.: +blonden-, gamol-, wunden-feax.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgefēa">fēa</a>, w. m., <i>joy</i>: acc. sg. þǣre fylle gefēan, <i>joy +at the abundant repast</i>, <a href="#li562">562</a>; ic þæs ealles mæg ... gefēan +habban (<i>can rejoice at all this</i>), <a href="#li2741">2741</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfēa">fēa</a>, adj., <i>few</i> dat. pl. nemne fēaum ānum, <i>except some +few</i>, <a href="#li1082">1082</a>; gen. pl. fēara sum, <i>as one of a few, with a few</i>, +<a href="#li1413">1413</a>; fēara sumne, <i>one of a few (some few)</i>, <a href="#li3062">3062</a>. With gen. +following: acc. pl. fēa worda cwæð, <i>spoke few words</i>, <a href="#li2663">2663</a>, +<a href="#li2247">2247</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfēasceaft">fēa-sceaft</a>, adj., <i>miserable, unhappy, helpless</i>: nom. sg. +syððan ǣrest wearð fēasceaft funden, <a href="#li7">7</a>; fēasceaft guma (Grendel), <a href="#li974">974</a>; +dat. sg. fēasceaftum men, <a href="#li2286">2286</a>; Ēadgilse ... fēasceaftum, <a href="#li2394">2394</a>; nom. +pl. fēasceafte (the Gēatas robbed of their king, Hygelāc), <a href="#li2374">2374</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeoh">feoh, fēo</a>, st. n., (<i>properly cattle, herd</i>) here, +<i>possessions, property, treasure</i>: instr. sg. ne wolde ... +feorh-bealo fēo þingian, <i>would not allay life's evil for +treasure</i> (tribute), <a href="#li156">156</a>; similarly, þā fǣhðe fēo þingode, <a href="#li470">470</a>; ic +þē þā fǣhðe fēo lēanige, <a href="#li1381">1381</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgefeohan">feohan</a>, ge-<b>fēon</b>, st. v. w. gen. and instr., <i>to +enjoy one's self, to rejoice at something</i>: a) w. gen.: pret. sg. +ne gefeah hē þǣre fǣhðe, <a href="#li109">109</a>; hilde gefeh, beado-weorces, <a href="#li2299">2299</a>; pl. +fylle gefǣgon, <i>enjoyed themselves at the bounteous repast</i>, +<a href="#li1015">1015</a>; þēodnes gefēgon, <i>rejoiced at</i> (the return of) <i>the +ruler</i>, <a href="#li1628">1628</a>.—b) w. instr.: niht-weorce gefeh, ellen-mǣrðum, <a href="#li828">828</a>; +secg weorce gefeh, <a href="#li1570">1570</a>; sǣlāce gefeah, mægen-byrðenne þāra þe hē him +mid hæfde, <i>rejoiced at the gift of the sea, and at the great burden +of that</i> (Grendel's head and the sword-hilt) <i>which he had with +him</i>, <a href="#li1625">1625</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeohgift">feoh-gift, -gyft</a>, st. f., <i>bestowing of gifts</i> or +<i>treasures</i>: gen. sg. þǣre feoh-gyfte, <a href="#li1026">1026</a>; dat. pl. æt +feohgyftum, <a href="#li1090">1090</a>; fromum feohgiftum, <i>with rich gifts</i>, <a href="#li21">21</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeohlēas">feoh-lēas</a>, adj., <i>that cannot be atoned for through +gifts</i>: nom. sg. þæt wæs feoh-lēas gefeoht, <i>a deed of arms that +cannot be expiated</i> (the killing of his brother by Hæðcyn), <a href="#li2442">2442</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgefeoht">feoht</a>, st. n., <i>combat; warlike deed</i>: nom. sg. (the +killing of his brother by Hæðcyn), <a href="#li2442">2442</a>; dat. sg. mēce þone þīn fader +tō gefeohte bær, <i>the sword which thy father bore to the combat</i>, +<a href="#li2049">2049</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgefeohtan">feohtan</a>, st. v., <i>to fight</i>: inf. w. acc. ne mehte ... +wīg Hengeste wiht gefeohtan (<i>could by no means offer Hengest +battle</i>), <a href="#li1084">1084</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeohte">feohte</a>, w. f., <i>combat</i>: acc. sg. feohtan, <a href="#li576">576</a>, <a href="#li960">960</a>. See +<a class="glentry" href="#glwerefyhte">were-fyhte</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeor">feor</a>, adj., <i>far, remote</i>: nom. sg. nis þæt feor heonon, +<a href="#li1362">1362</a>; næs him feor þanon tō gesēcanne sinces bryttan, <a href="#li1922">1922</a>; acc. sg. +feor eal (<i>all that is far, past</i>), <a href="#li1702">1702</a>.</p> + +<p>feor, adv., <i>far, far away</i>: a) of space, <a href="#li42">42</a>, <a href="#li109">109</a>, <a href="#li809">809</a>, <a href="#li1806">1806</a>, +<a href="#li1917">1917</a>; feor and (oððe) nēah, <i>far and (or) near</i>, <a href="#li1222">1222</a>, <a href="#li2871">2871</a>; +feorr, <a href="#li2267">2267</a>.—b) of time: gē feor hafað fǣhðe gestǣled (<i>has placed +us under her enmity henceforth</i>), <a href="#li1341">1341</a>.</p> + +<p>Comparative, fyr, feorr, and feor: fyr and fæstor, <a href="#li143">143</a>; fyr, <a href="#li252">252</a>; +feorr, <a href="#li1989">1989</a>; feor, <a href="#li542">542</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorbūend">feor-būend</a>, pt., <i>dwelling far away</i>: nom. pl. gē +feor-būend, <a href="#li254">254</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorcȳth">feor-cȳð</a>, st. f., <i>home of those living far away, distant +land</i>: nom, pl. feor-cȳððe bēoð sēlran gesōhte þǣm þe him selfa +dēah, <i>foreign lands are better sought by him who trusts to his own +ability</i>, <a href="#li1839">1839</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorh">feorh, ferh</a> (Goth. fairhvu-s, <i>world</i>), st. m. and n., +<i>life, principle of life, soul</i>: nom. sg. feorh, <a href="#li2124">2124</a>; nō þon +lange wæs feorh æðelinges flǣsce bewunden, <i>not for much longer was +the soul of the prince enveloped in the body</i> (he was near death), +<a href="#li2425">2425</a>; ferh ellen wræc, <i>life expelled the strength</i> (i.e. with +the departing life the strength disappeared also), <a href="#li2707">2707</a>; acc. sg. +feorh ealgian, <a href="#li797">797</a>, <a href="#li2656">2656</a>, <a href="#li2669">2669</a>; feorh gehealdan, <i>preserve his +life</i>, <a href="#li2857">2857</a>; feorh ālegde, <i>gave up his life</i>, <a href="#li852">852</a>; similarly, +ǣr hē feorh seleð, <a href="#li1371">1371</a>; feorh oðferede, <i>tore away her life</i>, +<a href="#li2142">2142</a>; oð þæt hīe forlǣddan tō þām lindplegan swǣse gesīðas ond hyra +sylfra feorh, <i>till in an evil hour they carried into battle their +dear companions and their lives</i> (i.e. led them to their death), +<a href="#li2041">2041</a>; gif þū þīn feorh hafast, <a href="#li1850">1850</a>; ymb feorh sacan (<i>to fight for +life</i>), <a href="#li439">439</a>; wæs in feorh dropen, <i>was wounded into his life</i>, +i.e. mortally, <a href="#li2982">2982</a>; wīdan feorh, as temporal acc., <i>through a wide +life</i>, i.e. always, <a href="#li2015">2015</a>; dat. sg. fēore, <a href="#li1294">1294</a>, <a href="#li1549">1549</a>; tō wīdan +feore, <i>for a wide life</i>, i.e. at all times, <a href="#li934">934</a>; on swā geongum +feore (<i>at a so youthful age</i>), <a href="#li1844">1844</a>; as instr., <a href="#li578">578</a>, <a href="#li3014">3014</a>; gen. +sg. fēores, <a href="#li1434">1434</a>, <a href="#li1943">1943</a>; dat. pl. būton ... feorum gumena, <a href="#li73">73</a>; frēonda +fēorum, <a href="#li1307">1307</a>.—Also, <i>body, corpse</i>: þā wæs heal hroden fēonda +fēorum (<i>the hall was covered with the slain of the enemy</i>), +<a href="#li1153">1153</a>; gehwearf þā in Francna fæðm feorh cyninges, <i>then the body of +the king</i> (Hygelāc) <i>fell into the power of the Franks</i>, <a href="#li1211">1211</a>. +—Comp. geogoð-feorh.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorhbana">feorh-bana</a>, w. m., <i>(life-slayer), man-slayer, murderer</i>: +dat. sg. feorh-bonan, <a href="#li2466">2466</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorhben">feorh-ben</a>, st. f., <i>wound that takes away life, mortal +wound</i>: dat. (instr.) pl. feorh-bennum sēoc, <a href="#li2741">2741</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorhbealu">feorh-bealu</a>, st. n., <i>evil destroying life, violent +death</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2078">2078</a>, <a href="#li2251">2251</a>, <a href="#li2538">2538</a>; acc. sg., <a href="#li156">156</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorhcyn">feorh-cyn</a>, st. n., <i>race of the living, mankind</i>: gen. pl. +fela feorh-cynna, <a href="#li2267">2267</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorhgenīthla">feorh-genīðla</a>, w. m., <i>he who seeks life, life's enemy</i> +(N.H.G. Tod-feind), <i>mortal enemy</i>: acc. sg. -genīðlan, <a href="#li1541">1541</a>; dat. +sg. -genīðlan, <a href="#li970">970</a>; acc. sg. brǣgd feorh-genīðlan, <a href="#li1541">1541</a>; acc. pl. +folgode feorh-genīðlan, (Ongenþēow) <i>pursued his mortal enemies</i>, +<a href="#li2934">2934</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorhlagu">feorh-lagu</a>, st. f., <i>the life allotted to anyone, life +determined by fate</i>: acc. sg. on māðma hord mine (mīnne, MS.) +bebohte frōde feorh-lege, <i>for the treasure-hoard I sold my old +life</i>, <a href="#li2801">2801</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorhlāst">feorh-lāst</a>, st. m., <i>trace of (vanishing) life, sign of death +</i>: acc. pl. feorh-lāstas bær, <a href="#li847">847</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorhsēoc">feorh-sēoc</a>, adj., <i>mortally wounded</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li821">821</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorhsweng">feorh-sweng</a>, st. m., <i>(stroke robbing of life), fatal +blow</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li2490">2490</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorhwund">feorh-wund</a>, st. f., <i>mortal wound, fatal injury</i>: acc. +sg. feorh-wunde hlēat, <a href="#li2386">2386</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorm">feorm</a>, st. f., <i>subsistence, entertainment</i>: acc. sg. nō +þū ymb mīnes ne þearft līces feorme leng sorgian, <i>thou needest no +longer have care for the sustenance of my body</i>, <a href="#li451">451</a>.—2) +<i>banquet</i>: dat. on feorme (or feorme, MS.), <a href="#li2386">2386</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeormendlēas">feormend-lēas</a>, adj., <i>wanting the. cleanser</i>: acc. pl. +geseah ... fyrn-manna fatu feormend-lēase, <a href="#li2762">2762</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeormian">feormian</a>, w. v., <i>to clean, to cleanse, to polish</i>: pres. part. nom pl. +feormiend swefað (feormynd, MS.), <a href="#li2257">2257</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-feormian, w. v., <i>to feast, to eat</i>; pret. part. sōna +hæfde unlyfigendes eal gefeormod fēt and folma, <a href="#li745">745</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorran">feorran</a>, w. v., w. acc., <i>to remove</i>: inf. sibbe ne wolde +wið manna hwone mægenes Deniga feorh-bealo feorran, fēo þingian, +(Grendel) <i>would not from friendship free any one of the men of the +Danes of life's evil, nor allay it for tribute</i>, <a href="#li156">156</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorran">feorran</a>, adv., <i>from afar</i>: a) of space, <a href="#li361">361</a>, <a href="#li430">430</a>, <a href="#li826">826</a>, +<a href="#li1371">1371</a>, <a href="#li1820">1820</a>, etc.; siððan æðelingas feorran gefricgean flēam ēowerne, +<i>when noble men afar learn of your flight</i> (when the news of your +flight reaches distant lands), <a href="#li2890">2890</a>; fērdon folctogan feorran and +nēan, <i>from far and from near</i>, <a href="#li840">840</a>; similarly, nēan and feorran +þū nū [friðu] hafast, <a href="#li1175">1175</a>; wæs þæs wyrmes wīg wīde gesȳne ... nēan +and feorran, <i>visible from afar, far and near</i>, <a href="#li2318">2318</a>.—b) +temporal: sē þe cūðe frumsceaft fīra feorran reccan (<i>since remote +antiquity</i>), <a href="#li91">91</a>; similarly, feorran rehte, <a href="#li2107">2107</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorrancund">feorran-cund</a>, adj., <i>foreign-born</i>: dat. sg. +feorran-cundum, <a href="#li1796">1796</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfeorweg">feor-weg</a>, st. m., <i>far way</i>: dat. pl. mādma fela of +feorwegum, <i>many precious things from distant paths</i> (from +foreign lands), <a href="#li37">37</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgefēon">fēon</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glfeohan">feohan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfēond">fēond</a>, st. m., <i>enemy</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li164">164</a>, <a href="#li726">726</a>, <a href="#li749">749</a>; fēond on +helle (Grendel), <a href="#li101">101</a>; acc. sg., <a href="#li279">279</a>, <a href="#li1865">1865</a>, <a href="#li2707">2707</a>; dat. sg. fēonde, <a href="#li143">143</a>, +<a href="#li439">439</a>; gen. sg. fēondes, <a href="#li985">985</a>, <a href="#li2129">2129</a>, <a href="#li2290">2290</a>; acc, pl. fēond, <a href="#li699">699</a>; dat. pl. +fēondum, <a href="#li420">420</a>, <a href="#li1670">1670</a>; gen. pl. feonda <a href="#li294">294</a>, <a href="#li809">809</a>, <a href="#li904">904</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfēondgrāp">fēond-grāp</a>, st. f., <i>foe's clutch</i>: dat. (instr.) pl. +fēond-grāpum fæst, <a href="#li637">637</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfēondsceatha">fēond-sceaða</a>, w. m., <i>one who is an enemy and a robber</i>: +nom. sg. fāh fēond-scaða (<i>a hostile sea-monster</i>), <a href="#li554">554</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfēondscipe">fēond-scipe</a>, st. m., <i>hostility</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li3000">3000</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfēower">fēower</a>, num., <i>four</i>: nom. fēower bearn, <a href="#li59">59</a>; fēower +mēaras, <a href="#li2164">2164</a>; fēower, as substantive, <a href="#li1638">1638</a>; acc. fēower māðmas, <a href="#li1028">1028</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfēowertyne">fēower-tȳne</a>, num., <i>fourteen</i>: nom. with following gen. +pl. fēowertȳne Gēata, <a href="#li1642">1642</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfindan">findan</a>, st. v., <i>to find, to invent, to attain</i>: a) with +simple object in acc.: inf. þāra þe hē cēnoste findan mihte, <a href="#li207">207</a>; +swylce hīe at Finnes-hām findan meahton sigla searo-gimma, <a href="#li1157">1157</a>; +similarly, <a href="#li2871">2871</a>; mæg þǣr fela frēonda findan, <a href="#li1839">1839</a>; wolde guman +findan, <a href="#li2295">2295</a>; swā hyt weorðlīcost fore-snotre men findan mihton, <i>so +splendidly as only very wise men could devise it</i>, <a href="#li3164">3164</a>; pret. sg. +healþegnas fand, <a href="#li720">720</a>; word ōðer fand, <i>found other words</i>, i.e. +went on to another narrative, <a href="#li871">871</a>; grimne gryrelīcne grund-hyrde +fond, <a href="#li2137">2137</a>; þæt ic gōdne funde bēaga bryttan, <a href="#li1487">1487</a>; pret. part. syððan +ǣrest wearð fēasceaft funden (<i>discovered</i>), <a href="#li7">7</a>.—b) with acc. and +pred. adj.: pret. sg. dryhten sīnne drīorigne fand, <a href="#li2790">2790</a>.—c) with +acc. and inf.: pret. fand þā þǣr inne æðelinga gedriht swefan, <a href="#li118">118</a>; +fand wæccendne wer wīges bīdan, <a href="#li1268">1268</a>; hord-wynne fond opene standan, +<a href="#li2271">2271</a>; oð þæt hē fyrgen-bēamas ... hleonian funde, <a href="#li1416">1416</a>; pret. pl. +fundon þā sāwullēasne hlim-bed healdan, <a href="#li3034">3034</a>.—d) with dependent +clause: inf. nō þȳ ǣr fēasceafte findan meahton æt þām æðelinge þæt hē +Heardrēde hlāford wǣre (<i>could by no means obtain it from the +prince</i>), <a href="#li2374">2374</a>.</p> + +<p>on-findan, <i>to be sensible of, to perceive, to notice</i>: a) w. +acc.: pret. sg. landweard onfand eftsīð eorla, <i>the coast-guard +observed the return of the earls</i>, <a href="#li1892">1892</a>; pret. part. þā hēo +onfunden wæs (<i>was discovered</i>), <a href="#li1294">1294</a>.—b) w. depend, clause: +pret. sg. þā se gist onfand þæt se beado-lēoma bītan nolde, <i>the +stranger</i> (Bēowulf) <i>perceived that the sword would not cut</i>, +<a href="#li1523">1523</a>; sōna þæt onfunde, þæt ..., <i>immediately perceived that</i>..., +<a href="#li751">751</a>; similarly, <a href="#li810">810</a>, <a href="#li1498">1498</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfinger">finger</a>, st. m., <i>finger</i>: nom. pl. fingras, <a href="#li761">761</a>; acc. pl. +fingras, <a href="#li985">985</a>; dat. (instr.) pl. fingrum, <a href="#li1506">1506</a>; gen. pl. fingra, <a href="#li765">765</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfiras">fīras, fȳras</a> (O.H.G. firahī, i.e. <i>the living</i>; cf. +feorh), st. m., only in pl., <i>men</i>: gen. pl. fīra, <a href="#li91">91</a>, <a href="#li2742">2742</a>; +monegum fīra, <a href="#li2002">2002</a>; fȳra gehwylcne lēoda mīnra, <a href="#li2251">2251</a>; fīra +fyrngeweorc, <a href="#li2287">2287</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfiren">firen, fyren</a>, st. f., <i>cunning waylaying, insidious +hostility, malice, outrage</i>: nom. sg. fyren, <a href="#li916">916</a>; acc. sg. fyrene +and fǣhðe, <a href="#li153">153</a>; fǣhðe and fyrene, <a href="#li880">880</a>, <a href="#li2481">2481</a>; firen' ondrysne, <a href="#li1933">1933</a>; +dat. sg. fore fǣhðe and fyrene, <a href="#li137">137</a>; gen. pl. fyrena, <a href="#li164">164</a>, <a href="#li629">629</a>; and +fyrene, <a href="#li812">812</a>; fyrena hyrde (of Grendel), <a href="#li751">751</a>. The dat. pl., fyrenum, is +used adverbially in the sense of <i>maliciously</i>, <a href="#li1745">1745</a>, or +<i>fallaciously</i>, with reference to Hæðcyn's killing Herebeald, +which was done unintentionally, <a href="#li2442">2442</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfirendǣd">firen-dǣd</a>, st. f., <i>wicked deed</i>: acc. pl. fyren-dǣda, +<a href="#li1670">1670</a>; instr. pl. fyren-dǣdum, <a href="#li1002">1002</a>; both times of Grendel and his +mother, with reference to their nocturnal inroads.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfirenthearf">firen-þearf</a>, st. f., <i>misery through the malignity of +enemies</i>: acc. sg. fyren-þearfe, <a href="#li14">14</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfirgenbēam">firgen-bēam</a>, st. m., <i>tree of a mountain-forest</i>: acc. pl. +fyrgen-bēamas, <a href="#li1415">1415</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfirgenholt">firgen-holt</a>, st. m., <i>mountain-wood, mountain-forest</i>: +acc. sg. on fyrgen-holt, <a href="#li1394">1394</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfirgenstrēam">firgen-strēam</a>, st. m., <i>mountain-stream</i>: nom. sg. +fyrgen-strēam, <a href="#li1360">1360</a>; acc. sg. under fyrgen-strēam (marks the place +where the mountain-stream, according to <a href="#li1360">1360</a>, empties into Grendel's +sea), <a href="#li2129">2129</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfisc">fisc</a>, st. m., <i>fish</i>: in comp. hron-, mere-fisc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfīf">fīf</a>, num., <i>five</i>: uninflect. gen. fīf nihta fyrst, <a href="#li545">545</a>; +acc. fīfe (?), <a href="#li420">420</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfīfelcyn">fīfel-cyn</a> (O.N. fīfl, stultus and gigas), st. n., +<i>giant-race</i>: gen. sg. fīfelcynnes eard, <a href="#li104">104</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfīftyne">fīf-tȳne</a>, num., <i>fifteen</i>: acc. fȳftȳne, <a href="#li1583">1583</a>; +gen. fīftȳna sum, <a href="#li207">207</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfīftig">fīf-tig</a>, num., <i>fifty</i>: 1) as substantive with gen. +following; acc. fīftig wintra, <a href="#li2734">2734</a>; gen. sē wæs fīftiges +fōt-gemearces lang, <a href="#li3043">3043</a>.—2) as adjective: acc. fīftig wintru, <a href="#li2210">2210</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflān">flān</a>, st. m., <i>arrow</i>: dat. sg. flāne, <a href="#li3120">3120</a>; as instr., +<a href="#li2439">2439</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflānboga">flān-boga</a>, w. m., <i>bow which shoots the flān, bow</i>: dat. +sg. of flān-bogan, <a href="#li1434">1434</a>, <a href="#li1745">1745</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflǣsc">flǣsc</a>, st. n., <i>flesh, body in contrast with soul</i>: instr. +sg. nō þon lange wæs feorh æðelinges flǣsce bewunden, <i>not much +longer was the son of the prince contained in his body</i>, +<a href="#li2425">2425</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflǣschama">flǣsc-hama</a>, w. m., <i>clothing of flesh</i>, i.e. the body: +acc. sg. flǣsc-homan, <a href="#li1569">1569</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflet">flet</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>ground, floor of a hall</i>: acc. sg. hēo +on flet gebēah, <i>fell to the ground</i>, <a href="#li1541">1541</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1569">1569</a>.—2) +<i>hall, mansion</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li1977">1977</a>; acc. sg. flet, <a href="#li1037">1037</a>, <a href="#li1648">1648</a>, <a href="#li1950">1950</a>, +<a href="#li2018">2018</a>, etc.; flett, <a href="#li2035">2035</a>; þæt hīe him ōðer flet eal gerȳmdon, <i>that +they should give up entirely to them another hall</i>, <a href="#li1087">1087</a>; dat. sg. +on flette, <a href="#li1026">1026</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfletræst">flet-ræst</a>, st. f., <i>resting-place in the hall</i>: acc. sg. +flet-ræste gebēag, <i>reclined upon the couch in the hall</i>, <a href="#li1242">1242</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfletsittend">flet-sittend</a>, pres. part., <i>sitting in the hall</i>: acc. pl +-sittende, <a href="#li2023">2023</a>; dat. pl. -sittendum, <a href="#li1789">1789</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfletwerod">flet-werod</a>, st. n., <i>troop from the hall</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li476">476</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflēam">flēam</a>, st. m., <i>flight</i>: acc. sg. on flēam gewand, <i>had +turned to flight</i>, <a href="#li1002">1002</a>; flēam ēowerne, <a href="#li2890">2890</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflēogan">flēogan</a>, st. v., <i>to fly</i>: prs. sg. III. flēogeð, <a href="#li2274">2274</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflēon">flēon</a>, st. v., <i>to flee</i>: inf. on heolster flēon, <a href="#li756">756</a>; +flēon on fenhopu, <a href="#li765">765</a>; flēon under fen-hleoðu, <a href="#li821">821</a>; pret. +hete-swengeas flēah, <a href="#li2226">2226</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbeflēon">be-flēon</a>, w. acc., <i>to avoid, to escape</i>: gerund nō þæt +ȳðe byð tō beflēonne, <i>that is not easy</i> (i.e. not at all) <i>to +be avoided</i>, <a href="#li1004">1004</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gloferflēon">ofer-flēon</a>, w. acc., <i>to flee from one, to yield</i>: inf. +nelle ic beorges weard oferflēon fōtes trem, <i>will not yield to the +warder of the mountain</i> (the drake) <i>a foot's breadth</i>, <a href="#li2526">2526</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflēotan">flēotan</a>, st. v., <i>to float upon the water, to swim</i>: inf. +nō hē wiht fram mē flōd-ȳðum feor flēotan meahte. hraðor on helme, +<i>no whit, could he swim from me farther on the waves</i> (regarded +as instrumental, so that the waves marked the distance), <i>more +swiftly in the sea</i>, <a href="#li542">542</a>; pret. sǣgenga flēat fāmigheals forð ofer +ȳðe, <i>floated away over the waves</i>, <a href="#li1910">1910</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfliht">fliht</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glflyht">flyht</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflitme">flitme</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glunflitme">un-flitme</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflītan">flītan</a>, st. v., <i>to exert one's self, to strive, to +emulate</i>: pres. part. flītende fealwe strǣte mēarum mǣton (<i>rode +a race</i>), <a href="#li917">917</a>; pret. sg. II. eart þū se Bēowulf, sē þe wið Brecan +... ymb sund flite, <i>art thou the Bēowulf who once contended with +Breca for the prize in swimming?</i> <a href="#li507">507</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gloferflītan">ofer-flītan</a>, <i>to surpass one in a contest, to conquer, to +overcome</i>: pret. w. acc. hē þē æt sunde oferflāt (<i>overcome thee +in a swimming-wager</i>), <a href="#li517">517</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgeflīt">flīt</a>, st. n., <i>emulation</i>: acc. sg. lēton on geflīt +faran fealwe mēaras, <i>let the fallow horses go in emulation</i>, +<a href="#li866">866</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfloga">floga</a>, w. m., <i>flyer</i>; in the compounds: gūð-, lyft-, +ūht-, wid-floga.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflota">flota</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glflēotan">flēotan</a>), w. m., <i>float, ship, boat</i>: +nom. sg., <a href="#li210">210</a>, <a href="#li218">218</a>, <a href="#li301">301</a>; acc. sg. flotan ēowerne, <a href="#li294">294</a>.—Comp. +wǣg-flota.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflothere">flot-here</a>, st. m., <i>fleet</i>: instr. sg. cwōm faran +flotherge on Frēsna land, <a href="#li2916">2916</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflōd">flōd</a>, st. m., <i>flood, stream, sea-current</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li545">545</a>, +<a href="#li580">580</a>, <a href="#li1362">1362</a>, etc.; acc. sg. flōd, <a href="#li3134">3134</a>; ofer fealone flōd, <a href="#li1951">1951</a>; dat. +sg. tō flōde, <a href="#li1889">1889</a>; gen. pl. flōda begong, <i>the region of +floods</i>, i.e. the sea, <a href="#li1498">1498</a>, <a href="#li1827">1827</a>; flōda genipu, <a href="#li2809">2809</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflōdȳth">flōd-ȳð</a>, st. f., <i>flood-wave</i>: instr. pl. flōd-ȳðum, <a href="#li542">542</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflōr">flōr</a>, st. m., <i>floor, stone-floor</i>: acc. sg. on fāgne flōr +(the floor was probably a kind of mosaic, made of colored flags), <a href="#li726">726</a>; +dat. sg. gang þā æfter flōre, <i>along the floor</i> (i.e. along the +hall), <a href="#li1317">1317</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glflyht">flyht, fliht</a>, st. m., <i>flight</i>: nom. sg. gāres fliht, +<i>flight of the spear</i>, <a href="#li1766">1766</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgeflȳman">flȳman</a>, w. v., <i>to put to flight</i>: pret. part. +geflȳmed, <a href="#li847">847</a>, <a href="#li1371">1371</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfolc">folc</a>, st. n., <i>troop, band of warriors; folk</i>, in the +sense of the whole body of the fighting men of a nation: acc. sg. +folc, <a href="#li522">522</a>, <a href="#li694">694</a>, <a href="#li912">912</a>; Sūðdene folc, <a href="#li464">464</a>; folc and rīce, <a href="#li1180">1180</a>; dat. sg. +folce, <a href="#li14">14</a>, <a href="#li2596">2596</a>; folce Deninga, <a href="#li465">465</a>; as instr. folce gestepte ofer sǣ +sīde, <i>went with a band of warriors over the wide sea</i>, <a href="#li2394">2394</a>; +gen. sg. folces, <a href="#li1125">1125</a>; folces Denigea, <a href="#li1583">1583</a>.—The king is called +folces hyrde, <a href="#li611">611</a>, <a href="#li1833">1833</a>, <a href="#li2645">2645</a>, <a href="#li2982">2982</a>; frēawine folces, <a href="#li2358">2358</a>; or folces +weard, <a href="#li2514">2514</a>. The queen, folces cwēn, <a href="#li1933">1933</a>.—The pl., in the sense of +<i>warriors, fighting men</i>: nom. pl. folc, <a href="#li1423">1423</a>, <a href="#li2949">2949</a>; dat. pl. +folcum, <a href="#li55">55</a>, <a href="#li262">262</a>, <a href="#li1856">1856</a>; gen. pl. frēo- (frēa-) wine folca, <i>of the +king</i>, <a href="#li430">430</a>, <a href="#li2430">2430</a>; friðu-sibb folca, <i>of the queen</i>, +<a href="#li2018">2018</a>.—Comp. sige-folc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfolcāgend">folc-āgend</a>, pres. part., <i>leader of a band of warriors</i>: +nom. pl. folc-āgende, <a href="#li3114">3114</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfolcbeorn">folc-beorn</a>, st. m., <i>man of the multitude, a common man</i>: +nom. sg. folc-beorn, <a href="#li2222">2222</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfolccwēn">folc-cwēn</a>, st. f., <i>queen of a warlike host</i>: nom. sg., of +Wealhþēow, <a href="#li642">642</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfolccyning">folc-cyning</a>, st. m., <i>king of a warlike host</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li2734">2734</a>, <a href="#li2874">2874</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfolcrǣd">folc-rǣd</a>, st. m, <i>what best serves a warlike host</i>: acc. +sg., <a href="#li3007">3007</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfolcriht">folc-riht</a>, st. n., <i>the rights of the fighting men of a +nation</i>: gen. pl. him ǣr forgeaf ... folcrihta gehwylc, swā his +fæder āhte, <a href="#li2609">2609</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfolcscearu">folc-scearu</a>, st. f., <i>part of a host of warriors, nation</i>: +dat. sg. folc-scare, <a href="#li73">73</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfolcstede">folc-stede</a>, st. m., <i>position of a band of warriors, place +where a band of warriors is quartered</i>: acc. sg. folcstede, of the +hall, Heorot, <a href="#li76">76</a>; folcstede fāra (<i>the battle-field</i>), <a href="#li1464">1464</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfolctoga">folc-toga</a>, w. m., <i>leader of a body of warriors, duke</i>: +nom. pl., powerful liege-men of Hrōðgār are called folc-togan, <a href="#li840">840</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfoldbold">fold-bold</a>, st. n., <i>earth-house</i> (i.e. a house on earth in +contrast with a dwelling in heaven): nom. sg. fǣger fold-bold, of the +hall, Heorot, <a href="#li774">774</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfoldbūend">fold-būend</a>, pres. part. <i>dweller on earth, man</i>: nom. pl. +fold-būend, <a href="#li2275">2275</a>; fold-būende, <a href="#li1356">1356</a>; dat. pl. fold-būendum, <a href="#li309">309</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfolde">folde</a>, w. f., <i>earth, ground</i>: acc. sg. under foldan, +<a href="#li1362">1362</a>; fēoll on foldan, <a href="#li2976">2976</a>; gen. sg. foldan bearm, <i>the bosom of +the earth</i>, <a href="#li1138">1138</a>; foldan scēatas, <a href="#li96">96</a>; foldan fæðm, <a href="#li1394">1394</a>.—Also, +<i>earth, world</i>: dat. sg. on foldan, <a href="#li1197">1197</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfoldweg">fold-weg</a>, st. m., <i>field-way, road through the country</i>: +acc. sg. fold-weg, <a href="#li1634">1634</a>; acc. pl. fold-wegas, <a href="#li867">867</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfolgian">folgian</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to perform vassal-duty, to serve, to +follow</i>: pret. pl. þēah hīe hira bēaggyfan banan folgedon, +<i>although they followed the murderer of their prince</i>, <a href="#li1103">1103</a>.—2) +<i>to pursue, to follow after</i>: folgode feorh-genīðlan (acc. pl.) +<a href="#li2934">2934</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfolm">folm</a>, st. f, <i>hand</i>: acc. sg. folme, <a href="#li971">971</a>, <a href="#li1304">1304</a>; dat. sg. +mid folme, <a href="#li743">743</a>; acc. pl. fēt and folma, <i>feet and hands</i>, <a href="#li746">746</a>; +dat. pl. tō banan folmum, <a href="#li158">158</a>; folmum (instr.), <a href="#li723">723</a>, <a href="#li993">993</a>.—Comp.: +beado-, gearo-folm.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfor">for</a>, prep. w. dat., instr., and acc.: 1) w. dat. local, +<i>before</i>, ante: þæt hē for eaxlum gestōd Deniga frēan, <a href="#li358">358</a>; for +hlāwe, <a href="#li1121">1121</a>.—b) <i>before</i>, coram, in conspectu: no hē þǣre +feohgyfte for scēotendum scamigan þorfte, <i>had no need to be ashamed +of the gift before the warriors</i>, <a href="#li1027">1027</a>; for þǣm werede, <a href="#li1216">1216</a>; for +eorlum, <a href="#li1650">1650</a>; for duguðe, <i>before the noble band of warriors</i>, +<a href="#li2021">2021</a>.—Causal, a) to denote a subjective motive, <i>on account of, +through, from</i>: for wlenco, <i>from bravery, through warlike +courage</i>, <a href="#li338">338</a>, <a href="#li1207">1207</a>; for wlence, <a href="#li508">508</a>; for his wonhȳdum, <a href="#li434">434</a>; for +onmēdlan, <a href="#li2927">2927</a>, etc.—b) objective, partly denoting a cause, +<i>through, from, by reason of</i>: for metode, <i>for the creator, on +account of the creator</i>, <a href="#li169">169</a>; for þrēanȳdum, <a href="#li833">833</a>; for þrēanēdlan, +<a href="#li2225">2225</a>; for dolgilpe, <i>on account of, in accordance with the promise +of bold deeds</i> (because you claimed bold deeds for yourself), <a href="#li509">509</a>; +him for hrōfsele hrīnan ne mehte fǣr-gripe flōdes, <i>on account of +the roofed hall the malicious grasp of the flood could not reach +him</i>, <a href="#li1516">1516</a>; līg-egesan wæg for horde, <i>on account of</i> (the +robbing of) <i>the treasure</i>, <a href="#li2782">2782</a>; for mundgripe mīnum, <i>on +account of, through the gripe of my hand</i>, <a href="#li966">966</a>; for þæs hildfruman +hondgeweorce, <a href="#li2836">2836</a>; for swenge, <i>through the stroke</i>, <a href="#li2967">2967</a>; ne +meahte ... dēop gedȳgan for dracan lēge, <i>could not hold out in the +deep on account of the heat of the drake</i>, <a href="#li2550">2550</a>. Here may be added +such passages as ic þǣm gōdan sceal for his mōdþræce māðmas bēodan, +<i>will offer him treasures on account of his boldness of character, +for his high courage</i>, <a href="#li385">385</a>; ful-oft for lǣssan lēan teohhode, +<i>gave often reward for what was inferior</i>, <a href="#li952">952</a>; nalles for ealdre +mearn, <i>was not uneasy about his life</i>, <a href="#li1443">1443</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1538">1538</a>. +Also denoting purpose: for ārstafum, <i>to the assistance</i>, <a href="#li382">382</a>, +<a href="#li458">458</a>.—2) w. instr. causal, <i>because of, for</i>: hē hine feor +forwræc for þȳ mane, <a href="#li110">110</a>.—3) w. acc., <i>for, as, instead of</i>: for +sunu frēogan, <i>love as a son</i>, <a href="#li948">948</a>; for sunu habban, <a href="#li1176">1176</a>; nē him +þæs wyrmes wīg for wiht dyde, <i>held the drake's fighting as +nothing</i>, <a href="#li2349">2349</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforan">foran</a>, adv., <i>before, among the first, forward</i>: siððan +... scēawedon fēondes fingras, foran ǣghwylc (<i>each before +himself</i>), <a href="#li985">985</a>; þæt wæs ān foran ealdgestrēona, <i>that was one +among the first of the old treasures</i>, i.e. a splendid old +treasure, <a href="#li1459">1459</a>; þē him foran ongēan linde bǣron, <i>bore their shields +forward against him</i> (went out to fight against him), <a href="#li2365">2365</a>.</p> + +<p>be-foran: 1) adv., local, <i>before</i>: hē ... beforan gengde, +<i>went before</i>, <a href="#li1413">1413</a>; temporal, <i>before, earlier</i>, <a href="#li2498">2498</a>.—2) +prep. w. acc. <i>before</i>, in conspectu: mǣre māððum-sweord manige +gesāwon beforan beorn beran, <a href="#li1025">1025</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glford">ford</a>, st. m., <i>ford, water-way</i>: acc. sg. ymb brontne +ford, <a href="#li568">568</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforth">forð</a>: 1) local, <i>forth, hither, near</i>: forð near ætstōp, +<i>approached nearer</i>, <a href="#li746">746</a>; þā cwōm Wealhþēo forð gān, <a href="#li1163">1163</a>; +similarly, <a href="#li613">613</a>; him seleþegn forð wīsade, <i>led him</i> (Bēowulf) +<i>forth</i> (to the couch that had been prepared for him in Heorot), +<a href="#li1796">1796</a>; þæt him swāt sprong forð under fexe, <i>forth under the hair of +his head</i>, <a href="#li2968">2968</a>. <i>Forward, further</i>: gewītað forð beran wǣpen +and gewǣdu, <a href="#li291">291</a>; hē tō forð gestōp, <a href="#li2290">2290</a>; freoðo-wong þone forð +oferēodon, <a href="#li2960">2960</a>. <i>Away, forth</i>, <a href="#li45">45</a>, <a href="#li904">904</a>; fyrst forð gewāt, <i>the +time</i> (of the way to the ship) <i>was out</i>, i.e. they had +arrived at the ship, <a href="#li210">210</a>; mē ... forð-gewitenum, <i>to me the +departed</i>, <a href="#li1480">1480</a>; fērdon forð, <i>went forth</i> (from Grendel's +sea), <a href="#li1633">1633</a>; þonne hē forð scile, <i>when he must (go) forth</i>, i.e. +die, <a href="#li3178">3178</a>; hine mihtig god ... ofer ealle men forð gefremede, +<i>carried him forth, over all men</i>, <a href="#li1719">1719</a>.—2) temporal, <i>forth, +from now on</i>: heald forð tela nīwe sibbe, <a href="#li949">949</a>; ic sceal forð +sprecan gēn ymbe Grendel, <i>shall from now on speak again of +Grendel</i>, <a href="#li2070">2070</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glfurthum">furðum</a> and <b>furðor</b>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforthgerīmed">forð-gerīmed</a>, pres. part., <i>in unbroken succession</i>, <a href="#li59">59</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforthgesceaft">forð-gesceaft</a>, st. f., <i>that which is determined for farther +on, future destiny</i>: acc. sg. hē þā forð-gesceaft forgyteð and +forgȳmeð, <a href="#li1751">1751</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforthweg">forð-weg</a>, st. m., <i>road that leads away, journey</i>: hē of +ealdre gewāt frōd on forð-weg (<i>upon the way to the next world</i>), +<a href="#li2626">2626</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfore">fore</a>, prep. w. dat., local, <i>before</i>, coram, in conspectu: +hēo fore þǣm werede spræc, <a href="#li1216">1216</a>. Causal, <i>through, for, because +of</i>: nō mearn fore fǣhðe and fyrene, <a href="#li136">136</a>; fore fæder dǣdum, +<i>because of the father's deeds</i>, <a href="#li2060">2060</a>,—Allied to this is the +meaning, <i>about</i>, de, super: þǣr wæs sang and swēg samod ætgædere +fore Healfdenes hildewīsan, <i>song and music about Healfdene's +general</i> (the song of Hnæf), <a href="#li1065">1065</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforemǣre">fore-mǣre</a>, adj., <i>renowned beyond (others)</i>, prǣclarus: +superl. þæt wæs fore-mǣrost foldbūendum receda under roderum, <a href="#li309">309</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforemihtig">fore-mihtig</a>, adj., <i>able beyond (others)</i>, prǣpotens: nom. +sg. wæs tō foremihtig fēond on fēðe, <i>the enemy was too strong in +going</i> (could flee too rapidly), <a href="#li970">970</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforesnotor">fore-snotor</a>, adj., <i>wise beyond (others)</i>, sapientissimus: +nom. pl. foresnotre men, <a href="#li3164">3164</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforethanc">fore-þanc</a>, st. m., <i>forethought, consideration, +deliberation</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1061">1061</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforht">forht</a>, adj., <i>fearful, cowardly</i>: nom. sg. forht, <a href="#li2968">2968</a>; hē +on mōde wearð forht on ferhðe, <a href="#li755">755</a>.—Comp. unforht.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforma">forma</a>, adj., <i>foremost, first</i>: nom. sg. forma sīð (<i>the +first time</i>), <a href="#li717">717</a>, <a href="#li1464">1464</a>, <a href="#li1528">1528</a>, <a href="#li2626">2626</a>; instr. sg. forman sīðe, <a href="#li741">741</a>, +<a href="#li2287">2287</a>; forman dōgore, <a href="#li2574">2574</a>.</p> + +<p>fyrmest, adv. superl., <i>first of all, in the first place</i>: hē +fyrmest læg, <a href="#li2078">2078</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforst">forst</a>, st. m., <i>frost, cold</i>: gen. sg. forstes bend, <a href="#li1610">1610</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfortham">for-þām, for-þan, for-þon</a>, adv. and conj., <i>therefore, on +that account, then</i>: forþām, <a href="#li149">149</a>; forþan, <a href="#li418">418</a>, <a href="#li680">680</a>, <a href="#li1060">1060</a>; forþon +þe, <i>because</i>, <a href="#li503">503</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfōn">fōn</a>, st. v., <i>to catch, to grasp, to take hold, to take</i>: +prs. sg. III. fēhð ōðer tō, <i>another lays hold</i> (takes +possession), <a href="#li1756">1756</a>; inf. ic mid grāpe sceal fōn wið fēonde, <a href="#li439">439</a>; pret. +sg. him tōgēanes fēng, <i>caught at him, grasped at him</i>, <a href="#li1543">1543</a>; w. +dat. hē þām frætwum fēng, <i>received the rich adornments</i> +(Ongenþēow's equipment), <a href="#li2990">2990</a>.</p> + +<p>be-fōn, <i>to surround, to ensnare, to encompass, to embrace</i>: +pret. part. hyne sār hafað ... nearwe befongen balwon bendum, <a href="#li977">977</a>; hēo +æðelinga ānne hæfde fæste befangen (<i>had seized him firmly</i>), +<a href="#li1296">1296</a>; helm ... befongen frēawrāsnum (<i>encircled by an ornament like +a diadem</i>), <a href="#li1452">1452</a>; fenne bifongen, <i>surrounded by the fen</i>, +<a href="#li2010">2010</a>; (draca) fȳre befongen, <i>encircled by fire</i>, <a href="#li2275">2275</a>, <a href="#li2596">2596</a>; +hæfde landwara līge befangen, <i>encompassed by fire</i>, <a href="#li2322">2322</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-fōn, w. acc., <i>to seize, to grasp</i>: pret. hē gefēng slǣpendne +rinc, <a href="#li741">741</a>; gūðrinc gefēng atolan clommum, <a href="#li1502">1502</a>; gefēng þā be eaxle ... +Gūðgēata lēod Grendles mōdor, <a href="#li1538">1538</a>; gefēng þā fetelhilt, <a href="#li1564">1564</a>; hond +rond gefēng, geolwe linde, <a href="#li2610">2610</a>; ic on ofoste gefēng micle mid mundum +mægen-byrðenne, <i>hastily I seized with my hands the enormous +burden</i>, <a href="#li3091">3091</a>.</p> + +<p>on-fōn, w. dat., <i>to receive, to accept, to take</i>: pres. imp. sg. +onfōh þissum fulle, <i>accept this cup</i>, <a href="#li1170">1170</a>; inf. þæt þæt þēodnes +bearn ... scolde fæder-æðelum onfōn, <i>receive the paternal rank</i>, +<a href="#li912">912</a>; pret. sg. hwā þǣm hlæste onfēng, <i>who received the ship's +lading</i>, <a href="#li52">52</a>; hlēor-bolster onfēng eorles andwlitan, <i>the pillow +received the nobleman's face</i>, <a href="#li689">689</a>; similarly, <a href="#li853">853</a>, <a href="#li1495">1495</a>; heal +swēge onfēng, <i>the hall received the loud noise</i>, <a href="#li1215">1215</a>; hē onfēng +hraðe inwit-þancum, <i>he</i> (Bēowulf) <i>at once clutched him</i> +(Grendel) <i>devising malice</i>, <a href="#li749">749</a>.</p> + +<p>þurh-fōn, w. acc., <i>to break through with grasping, to destroy by +grasping</i>: inf. þæt hēo þone fyrd-hom þurh-fōn ne mihte, <a href="#li1505">1505</a>.</p> + +<p>wið-fōn, w. dat., <i>(to grasp at), to seize, to lay hold of</i>: +pret. sg. him fæste wið-fēng, <a href="#li761">761</a>.</p> + +<p>ymbe-fōn, w. acc., <i>to encircle</i>: pret. heals ealne ymbefēng +biteran bānum, <i>encircled his</i> (Bēowulf's) <i>whole neck with +sharp bones</i> (teeth), <a href="#li2692">2692</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfōt">fōt</a>, st. m., <i>foot</i>: gen. sg. fōtes trem (<i>the measure +of a foot, a foot broad</i>), <a href="#li2526">2526</a>; acc. pl. fēt, <a href="#li746">746</a>; dat. pl. æt +fōtum, <i>at the feet</i>, <a href="#li500">500</a>, <a href="#li1167">1167</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfōtgemearc">fōt-gemearc</a>, st. n., <i>measure, determining by feet, number of +feet</i>: gen. sg. sē wæs fīftiges fōtgemearces lang (<i>fifty feet +long</i>), <a href="#li3043">3043</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfōtlāst">fōt-lāst</a>, st. m., <i>foot-print</i>: acc. sg. (draca) onfand +fēondes fōt-lāst, <a href="#li2290">2290</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfracod">fracod</a>, adj., <i>objectionable, useless</i>. nom. sg. næs sēo +ecg fracod hilde-rince, <a href="#li1576">1576</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfram">fram, from</a>, I. prep. w. dat. loc. <i>away from something</i>: +þǣr fram sylle ābēag medubenc monig, <a href="#li776">776</a>, <a href="#li1716">1716</a>; þanon eft gewiton +ealdgesīðas ... fram mere, <a href="#li856">856</a>; cyning-balde men from þǣm holmclife +hafelan bǣron, <a href="#li1636">1636</a>; similarly, <a href="#li541">541</a>, <a href="#li543">543</a>, <a href="#li2367">2367</a>. Standing after the +dat.: hē hine feor forwræc ... mancynne fram, <a href="#li110">110</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1716">1716</a>. +Also, <i>hither from something</i>: þā ic cwōm ... from fēondum, <a href="#li420">420</a>; +ǣghwæðrum wæs ... brōga fram ōðrum, <a href="#li2566">2566</a>.—Causal with verbs of saying +and hearing, <i>of, about, concerning</i>: sægdest from his sīðe, <a href="#li532">532</a>; +nō ic wiht fram þē swylcra searo-nīða secgan hȳrde, <a href="#li581">581</a>; þæt hē fram +Sigemunde secgan hyrde, <a href="#li876">876</a>. II adv., <i>away, thence</i>: nō þȳ ǣr +fram meahte, <a href="#li755">755</a>; <i>forth, out</i>: from ǣrest cwōm oruð āglǣcean ūt +of stāne, <i>the breath of the dragon came forth first from the +rock</i> <a href="#li2557">2557</a>.</p> + +<p>fram, from, adj.: 1) <i>directed forwards, striving forwards</i>; in +comp. sīð-fram.—2) <i>excellent, splendid</i>, of a man with +reference to his warlike qualities: nom. sg. ic eom on mōde from, +<a href="#li2528">2528</a>; nom. pl. frome fyrd-hwate, <a href="#li1642">1642</a>, <a href="#li2477">2477</a>. Of things: instr. pl. +fromum feoh-giftum, <a href="#li21">21</a>.—Comp. un-from; see <a class="glentry" href="#glfreme">freme, forma</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgefrægen">frægen</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glfrignan">frignan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrætwe">frætwe</a>, st. f. pl., <i>ornament, anything costly</i>, +originally <i>carved objects</i> (cf. Dietrich in Hpts. Ztschr. X. 216 +ff.), afterwards of any costly and artistic work: acc. pl. frætwe, +<a href="#li2920">2920</a>; beorhte frætwe, <a href="#li214">214</a>; beorhte frætwa, <a href="#li897">897</a>; frætwe.. +eorclan-stānas, <a href="#li1208">1208</a>; frætwe,... brēost-weorðunge, <a href="#li2504">2504</a>, both times of +Hygelāc's collar; frætwe and fæt-gold, <a href="#li1922">1922</a>; frætwe (Eanmund's sword +and armor), <a href="#li2621">2621</a>; dat. instr. pl. þām frætwum, <a href="#li2164">2164</a>; on frætewum, <a href="#li963">963</a>; +frætwum (Heaðobeard sword) hrēmig, <a href="#li2055">2055</a>; frætwum, of the drake's +treasures, <a href="#li2785">2785</a>; frætwum (Ongenþēow's armor), <a href="#li2990">2990</a>; gen. pl. fela ... +frætwa, <a href="#li37">37</a>; þāra frætwa (drake's treasure), <a href="#li2795">2795</a>; frætwa hyrde +(drake), <a href="#li3134">3134</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrætwan">frætwan</a>, w. v., <i>to supply with ornaments, to adorn</i>: inf. +folc-stede frætwan, <a href="#li76">76</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-frætwian, w. v., <i>to adorn</i>: pret. sg. gefrætwade foldan +scēatas leomum and lēafum, <a href="#li96">96</a>; pret. part. þā wæs hāten Heort +innanweard folmum gefrætwod, <a href="#li993">993</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgefrǣge">frǣge</a>, adj., <i>known by reputation, renowned</i>: nom. sg. +lēod-cyning ... folcum gefrǣge, <a href="#li55">55</a>; swā hyt gefrǣge wæs, <a href="#li2481">2481</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgefrǣge">frǣge</a>, st. n., <i>information through hearsay</i>: instr. +sg. mine gefrǣge (<i>as I learned through the narrative of +others</i>), <a href="#li777">777</a>, <a href="#li838">838</a>, <a href="#li1956">1956</a>, etc.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgefrǣgnian">frǣgnian</a>, w. v., <i>to become known through hearsay</i>: +pret. part. fylle gefrǣgnod (of Grendel's mother, who had become known +through the carrying off of Æschere), 1334?</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfreca">freca</a>, w. m., properly <i>a wolf</i>, as one that breaks in, +robs; here a designation of heroes: nom. sg. freca Scildinga, of +Bēowulf, <a href="#li1564">1564</a>.—Comp.: gūð-, hilde-, scyld-, sweord-, wīg-freca; +ferð-frec (adj.).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfremde">fremde</a>, adj., properly <i>distant, foreign</i>; then +<i>estranged, hostile</i>: nom sg. þæt wæs fremde þēod ēcean dryhtne, +of the giants, <a href="#li1692">1692</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfreme">freme</a>, adj., <i>excellent, splendid</i>: nom. sg. fem. fremu +folces cwēn, of Þrȳðo, 1933(?).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfremman">fremman</a>, w. v., <i>to press forward, to further</i>, hence: 1) +in general, <i>to perform, to accomplish, to do, to make</i>: pres. +subj. without an object, fremme sē þe wille, <i>let him do (it) +whoever will</i>, <a href="#li1004">1004</a>. With acc.: imp. pl. fremmað gē nū lēoda +þearfe, <a href="#li2801">2801</a>; inf. fyrene fremman, <a href="#li101">101</a>; sæcce fremman, <a href="#li2500">2500</a>; fǣhðe ... +mǣrðum fremman, <a href="#li2515">2515</a>, etc.; pret. sg. folcrǣd fremede (<i>did what was +best for his men</i>, i.e. ruled wisely), <a href="#li3007">3007</a>; pl. hū þā æðelingas +ellen fremedon, <a href="#li3">3</a>; feohtan fremedon, <a href="#li960">960</a>; nalles fācenstafas ... +þenden fremedon, <a href="#li1020">1020</a>; pret. subj. þæt ic ... mǣrðo fremede, <a href="#li2135">2135</a>. +—2) <i>to help on, to support</i>: inf. þæt hē mec fremman wile +wordum and worcum (to an expedition), <a href="#li1833">1833</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-fremman, w. acc., <i>to do, to make, to render</i>: inf. gefremman +eorlīc ellen, <a href="#li637">637</a>; helpan gefremman, <i>to give help</i>, <a href="#li2450">2450</a>; æfter +wēaspelle wyrpe gefremman, <i>to work a change after sorrow</i> (to +give joy after sorrow), <a href="#li1316">1316</a>; gerund, tō gefremmanne, <a href="#li174">174</a>, <a href="#li2645">2645</a>; pret. +sg. gefremede, <a href="#li135">135</a>, <a href="#li165">165</a>, <a href="#li551">551</a>, <a href="#li585">585</a>, etc.; þēah þe hine mihtig god ... +ofer ealle men forð gefremede, <i>placed him away, above all men</i>, +i.e. raised him, <a href="#li1719">1719</a>; pret. pl. gefremedon, <a href="#li1188">1188</a>, <a href="#li2479">2479</a>; pret. subj. +gefremede, <a href="#li177">177</a>; pret. part. gefremed, <a href="#li476">476</a>; fem, nū scealc hafað ... +dǣd gefremede, <a href="#li941">941</a>; absolutely, þū þē self hafast dǣdum gefremed, þæt +..., <i>hast brought it about by thy deeds that</i>, <a href="#li955">955</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfretan">fretan</a>, st. v., <i>to devour, to consume</i>: inf. þā (the +precious things) sceal brond fretan, <a href="#li3015">3015</a>; nū sceal glēd fretan wigena +strengel, <a href="#li3115">3115</a>; pret. sg. (Grendel) slǣpende fræt folces Denigea +fȳftȳne men, <a href="#li1582">1582</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrēcne">frēcne</a>, adj., <i>dangerous, bold</i>: nom. sg. frēcne +fȳr-draca, <a href="#li2690">2690</a>; feorh-bealo frēcne, <a href="#li2251">2251</a>, <a href="#li2538">2538</a>; acc. sg. frēcne dǣde, +<a href="#li890">890</a>; frēcne fengelād, <a href="#li1360">1360</a>; frēcne stōwe, <a href="#li1379">1379</a>; instr. sg. frēcnan +sprǣce (<i>through provoking words</i>), <a href="#li1105">1105</a>.</p> + +<p>frēcne, adv., <i>boldly, audaciously</i>, <a href="#li960">960</a>, <a href="#li1033">1033</a>, <a href="#li1692">1692</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrēa">frēa</a>, w. m., <i>ruler, lord</i>, of a temporal ruler: nom. sg. +frēa, <a href="#li2286">2286</a>; acc. sg. frēan, <a href="#li351">351</a>, <a href="#li1320">1320</a>, <a href="#li2538">2538</a>, <a href="#li3003">3003</a>, <a href="#li3108">3108</a>; gen. sg. +frēan, <a href="#li359">359</a>, <a href="#li500">500</a>, <a href="#li1167">1167</a>, <a href="#li1681">1681</a>; dat. sg. frēan, <a href="#li271">271</a>, <a href="#li291">291</a>, <a href="#li2663">2663</a>. Of a +husband: dat. sg. ēode ... tō hire frēan sittan, <a href="#li642">642</a>. Of God: dat. sg. +frēan ealles, <i>the Lord of all</i>, <a href="#li2795">2795</a>; gen. sg. frēan, <a href="#li27">27</a>.— +Comp.: āgend-, līf-, sin-frēa.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrēadryhten">frēa-dryhten</a>, st. m., <i>lord, ruling lord</i>: gen. sg. +frēa-drihtnes, <a href="#li797">797</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrēawine">frēa-wine</a>, st. m., <i>lord and friend, friendly ruler</i>: nom. +sg. frēa-wine folces (folca), <a href="#li2358">2358</a>, <a href="#li2430">2430</a>; acc. sg. his frēa-wine, +<a href="#li2439">2439</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrēawrāsn">frēa-wrāsn</a>, st. f., <i>encircling ornament like a diadem</i>: +instr. pl. helm ... befongen frēawrāsnum, <a href="#li1452">1452</a>; see <a class="glentry" href="#glwrāsn">wrāsn</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfreothu">freoðu, friðu</a>, f., <i>protection, asylum, peace</i>: acc. sg. +wēl bið þǣm þe mōt ... tō fæder fæðmum freoðo wilnian, <i>who may +obtain an asylum in God's arms</i>, <a href="#li188">188</a>; nēan and feorran þū nū +[friðu] hafast, <a href="#li1175">1175</a>.—Comp. fen-freoðo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfreothoburh">freoðo-burh</a>, st. f., <i>castle, city affording protection</i>: +acc. sg. freoðoburh fægere, <a href="#li522">522</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfreothowong">freoðo-wong</a>, st. m., <i>field of peace, field of +protection</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li2960">2960</a>; seems to have been the proper name of +a field.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfreothowǣr">freoðo-wǣr</a>, st. f., <i>peace-alliance, security of peace</i>: +acc. sg. þā hīe getruwedon on twā healfa fæste frioðu-wǣre, <a href="#li1097">1097</a>; gen. +sg. frioðowǣre bæd hlāford sīnne, <i>entreated his lord for the +protection of peace</i> (i.e. full pardon for his delinquency), <a href="#li2283">2283</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfreothowebbe">freoðo-webbe</a>, w. f., <i>peace-weaver</i>, designation of the +royal consort (often one given in marriage as a confirmation of a +peace between two nations): nom. sg., <a href="#li1943">1943</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrēoburh">frēo-burh</a>, st. f., = frēa-burg (?), <i>ruler's castle</i> (?) +(according to Grein, arx ingenua): acc. sg. frēoburh, <a href="#li694">694</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrēod">frēod</a>, st. f., <i>friendship</i>: acc. sg. frēode ne woldon +ofer heafo healdan, <a href="#li2477">2477</a>; gen. sg. næs þǣr māra fyrst frēode tō +friclan, <i>was no longer time to seek for friendship</i>, <a href="#li2557">2557</a>; +—<i>favor, acknowledgement</i>: acc. sg. ic þē sceal mīne gelǣstan +frēode (<i>will show myself grateful</i>, with reference to <a href="#li1381">1381</a> ff.), +<a href="#li1708">1708</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrēodryhten">frēo-dryhten</a> (= frēa-dryhten), st. m., <i>lord, ruler</i>; +according to Grein, dominus ingenuus vel nobilis: nom. sg. as voc. +frēo-drihten min! <a href="#li1170">1170</a>; dat. sg. mid his frēo-dryhtne, <a href="#li2628">2628</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrēogan">frēogan</a>, w. v., <i>to love; to think of lovingly</i>: pres. +subj. þæt mon his wine-dryhten ... ferhðum frēoge, <a href="#li3178">3178</a>; inf. nū ic +þec ... mē for sunu wylle frēogan on ferhðe, <a href="#li949">949</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrēolīc">frēo-līc</a>, adj., <i>free, free-born</i> (here of the lawful wife +in contrast with the bond concubine): nom. sg. frēolīc wīf, <a href="#li616">616</a>; +frēolīcu folc-cwēn, <a href="#li642">642</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrēond">frēond</a>, st. m., <i>friend</i>: acc. sg. frēond, <a href="#li1386">1386</a>, <a href="#li1865">1865</a>; +dat. pl. frēondum, <a href="#li916">916</a>, <a href="#li1019">1019</a>, <a href="#li1127">1127</a>; gen. pl. frēonda, <a href="#li1307">1307</a>, <a href="#li1839">1839</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrēondlathu">frēond-laðu</a>, st. f., <i>friendly invitation</i>: nom. sg. him +wæs ful boren and frēond-laðu (<i>friendly invitation to drink</i>) +wordum bewægned, <a href="#li1193">1193</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrēondlār">frēond-lār</a>, st. f., <i>friendly counsel</i>: dat. (instr.) pl. +frēond-lārum, <a href="#li2378">2378</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrēondlīce">frēond-līce</a>, adv., <i>in a friendly manner, kindly</i>: compar. +frēond-līcor, <a href="#li1028">1028</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrēondscipe">frēond-scipe</a>, st. m., <i>friendship</i>: acc. sg. frēond-scipe +fæstne, <a href="#li2070">2070</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrēowine">frēo-wine</a>, st. m. (see <a class="glentry" href="#glfrēawine">frēawine</a>), <i>lord and friend, +friendly ruler</i>; according to Grein, amicus nobilis, princeps +amicus: nom. sg. as voc. frēo-wine folca! <a href="#li430">430</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfricgean">fricgean</a>, w. v., <i>to ask, to inquire into</i>: inf. ongan +sīnne geseldan fægre fricgean hwylce Sǣ-Gēata sīðas wǣron, <a href="#li1986">1986</a>; pres. +part, gomela Scilding fela fricgende feorran rehte, <i>the old +Scilding, asking many questions</i> (having many things related to +him), <i>told of old times</i> (the conversation was alternate), <a href="#li2107">2107</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-fricgean, <i>to learn, to learn by inquiry</i>: pres. pl. syððan hīe +ge-fricgeað frēan ūserne ealdorlēasne, <i>when they learn that our lord is +dead</i>, <a href="#li3003">3003</a>; pres. subj. gif ic þæt gefricge, þæt..., <a href="#li1827">1827</a>; pl. syððan +æðelingas feorran gefricgean flēam ēowerne, <a href="#li2890">2890</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfriclan">friclan</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glfreca">freca</a>), w. v. w. gen., <i>to seek, to desire, to +strive for</i>: inf. næs þǣr māra fyrst frēode tō friclan, <a href="#li2557">2557</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrithosib">friðo-sib</a>, st. f., <i>kin for the confirming of peace</i>, +designation of the queen (see <a class="glentry" href="#glfreotho—webbe">freoðo—webbe</a>), <i>peace-bringer</i>: +nom. sg. friðu-sibb folca, <a href="#li2018">2018</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrignan">frignan, fringan, frīnan</a>, st. v., <i>to ask, to inquire</i>: imp. ne +frīn þū æfter sǣlum, <i>ask not after the well-being!</i> <a href="#li1323">1323</a>; inf. ic þæs +wine Deniga frīnan wille ... ymb þīnne sīð, <a href="#li351">351</a>; pret. sg. frægn, <a href="#li236">236</a>, <a href="#li332">332</a>; +frægn gif ..., <i>asked whether</i> ..., <a href="#li1320">1320</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-frignan, ge-fringan, ge-frīnan, <i>to find out by inquiry, to learn by +narration.</i> pret. sg. (w. acc.) þæt fram hām gefrægn Higelāces þegn +Grendles dǣda, <a href="#li194">194</a>; nō ic gefrægn heardran feohtan, <a href="#li575">575</a>; (w. acc. and inf.) +þā ic wīde gefrægn weorc gebannan, <a href="#li74">74</a>; similarly, <a href="#li2485">2485</a>, <a href="#li2753">2753</a>, <a href="#li2774">2774</a>; ne +gefrægen ic þā mǣgðe māran weorode ymb hyra sincgyfan sēl gebǣran, <i>I +never heard that any people, richer in warriors, conducted itself better +about its chief</i>, <a href="#li1012">1012</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1028">1028</a>; pret. pl. (w. acc.) wē +þēodcyninga þrym gefrūnon, <a href="#li2">2</a>; (w. acc. and inf.) geongne gūðcyning gōdne +gefrūnon hringas dǣlan, <a href="#li1970">1970</a>; (parenthetical) swā guman gefrungon, <a href="#li667">667</a>, +(after þonne) medo-ærn micel (<i>greater</i>) ... þone yldo bearn ǣfre +gefrūnon, <a href="#li70">70</a>; pret. part. hæfde Higelāces hilde gefrūnen, <a href="#li2953">2953</a>; hæfdon +gefrūnen þæt..., <i>had learned that</i> ..., <a href="#li695">695</a>; hæfde gefrūnen hwanan +sīo fǣhð ārās, <a href="#li2404">2404</a>; healsbēaga mǣst þāra þe ic on foldan gefrægen hæbbe, +<a href="#li1197">1197</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrom">from</a>, See <a class="glentry" href="#glfram">fram</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrōd">frōd</a>, adj.: 1) ǣtate provectus, <i>old, gray</i>: nom. sg. frōd, +<a href="#li2626">2626</a>, <a href="#li2951">2951</a>; frōd cyning, <a href="#li1307">1307</a>, <a href="#li2210">2210</a>; frōd folces weard, <a href="#li2514">2514</a>; wintrum frōd, +<a href="#li1725">1725</a>, <a href="#li2115">2115</a>, <a href="#li2278">2278</a>; se frōda, <a href="#li2929">2929</a>; ac. sg. frōde feorhlege (<i>the laying +down of my old life</i>), <a href="#li2801">2801</a>; dat. sg. frōdan fyrnwitan (may also, from +its meaning, belong under No. 2), <a href="#li2124">2124</a>.—2) mente excellentior, +<i>intelligent, experienced, wise</i>: nom. sg. frōd, <a href="#li1367">1367</a>; frōd and gōd, +<a href="#li279">279</a>; on mōde frōd, <a href="#li1845">1845</a>.—Comp.: in-, un-frōd.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrōfor">frōfor</a>, st. f., <i>consolation, compensation, help</i>: nom. sg. +frōfor, <a href="#li2942">2942</a>; acc. sg. frōfre, <a href="#li7">7</a>, <a href="#li974">974</a>; fyrena frōfre, <a href="#li629">629</a>; frōfre and +fultum, <a href="#li1274">1274</a>; frōfor and fultum, <a href="#li699">699</a>; dat. sg. tō frōfre, <a href="#li14">14</a>, <a href="#li1708">1708</a>; gen. +sg. frōfre, <a href="#li185">185</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfruma">fruma</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glforma">forma</a>), w. m., <i>the foremost</i>, hence: l) +<i>beginning</i>: nom. sg. wæs se fruma egeslīc lēodum on lande, swā +hyt lungre wearð on hyra sincgifan sāre geendod (<i>the beginning of +the dragon-combat was terrible, its end distressing through the death +of Bēowulf</i>), <a href="#li2310">2310</a>.—2) <i>he who stands first, prince</i>; in +comp. dǣd-, hild-, land-, lēod-, ord-, wīg-fruma.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrumcyn">frum-cyn</a>, st. n., (genus primitivum), <i>descent, origin</i>: +acc. sg. nū ic ēower sceal frumcyn witan, <a href="#li252">252</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrumgār">frum-gār</a>, st. m., primipilus, <i>duke, prince</i>: dat. sg. +frumgāre (of Bēowulf), <a href="#li2857">2857</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfrumsceaft">frum-sceaft</a>, st. f., prima creatio, <i>beginning</i>: acc. sg. +sē þe cūðe frumsceaft fīra feorran reccan, <i>who could tell of the +beginning of mankind in old times</i>, <a href="#li91">91</a>; dat. sg. frum-sceafte, +<i>in the beginning</i>, i.e at his birth, <a href="#li45">45</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfugol">fugol</a>, st. m., <i>bird</i>: dat. sg. fugle gelīcost, <a href="#li218">218</a>; dat. +pl. [fuglum] tō gamene, <a href="#li2942">2942</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glful">ful</a>, adj., <i>full, filled</i>: nom. sg. w. gen. pl. sē wæs +innan full wrǣtta and wīra, <a href="#li2413">2413</a>.—Comp.: eges-, sorh-, weorð-ful.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glful">ful</a>, adv., plene, <i>very</i>: ful oft, <a href="#li480">480</a>; ful-oft, <a href="#li952">952</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glful">ful</a>, st. n., <i>cup, beaker</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1193">1193</a>; acc. sg. ful, +<a href="#li616">616</a>, <a href="#li629">629</a>, <a href="#li1026">1026</a>; ofer ȳða ful, <i>over the cup of the waves</i> (the +basin of the sea filled with waves), <a href="#li1209">1209</a>; dat. sg. onfōh þissum +fulle, <a href="#li1170">1170</a>.—Comp.: medo-, sele-full.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfullǣstian">fullǣstian</a>, w. v. w. dat, <i>to give help</i>: pres. sg. ic þē +fullǣstu, <a href="#li2669">2669</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfultum">fultum</a>, st. m., <i>help, support, protection</i>: acc. sg. frōfor +(frōfre) and fultum, <a href="#li699">699</a>, <a href="#li1274">1274</a>; mægenes fultum, <a href="#li1836">1836</a>; on fultum, +<a href="#li2663">2663</a>.—Comp. mægen-fultum.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfundian">fundian</a>, w. v., <i>to strive, to have in view</i>: pres. pl. wē +fundiað Higelāc sēcan, <a href="#li1820">1820</a>; pret. sg. fundode of geardum, <a href="#li1138">1138</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfurthum">furðum</a>, adv., primo, <i>just, exactly; then first</i>: þā ic furðum +wēold folce Deninga, <i>then first governed the people of the Danes</i> +(had just assumed the government), <a href="#li465">465</a>; þā hīe tō sele furðum ... gangan +cwōmon, <a href="#li323">323</a>; ic þǣr furðum cwōm tō þām hringsele, <a href="#li2010">2010</a>;—<i>before, +previously</i>: ic þē sceal mīne gelǣstan frēode, swā wit furðum sprǣcon, +<a href="#li1708">1708</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfurthur">furður</a>, adv., <i>further, forward, more distant</i>, <a href="#li254">254</a>, <a href="#li762">762</a>, <a href="#li3007">3007</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfūs">fūs</a>, adj., <i>inclined to, favorable, ready</i>: nom. sg. nū ic eom +sīðes fūs, <a href="#li1476">1476</a>; lēofra manna fūs, <i>prepared for the dear men</i>, i.e. +expecting them, <a href="#li1917">1917</a>; sigel sūðan fūs, <i>the sun inclined from the +south</i> (midday sun), <a href="#li1967">1967</a>; se wonna hrefn fūs ofer fǣgum, <i>eager over +the slain</i>, <a href="#li3026">3026</a>; sceft ... feðer-gearwum fūs, <a href="#li3120">3120</a>; nom. pl. wǣron ... +eft to lēodum fūse tō farenne, <a href="#li1806">1806</a>.—Sometimes fūs means <i>ready for +death</i>, moribundus: fūs and fǣge, <a href="#li1242">1242</a>.—Comp.: hin-, ūt-fūs.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfūslīc">fūs-līc</a>, adj., <i>prepared, ready</i>: acc. sg. fūs-līc f[yrd]-lēoð, +<a href="#li1425">1425</a>; fyrd-searo fūs-līc, <a href="#li2619">2619</a>; acc. pl. fyrd-searu fūs-līcu, <a href="#li232">232</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyl">fyl</a>, st. m., <i>fall</i>: nom. sg. fyll cyninges, <i>the fall of +the king</i> (in the dragon-fight), <a href="#li2913">2913</a>; dat. sg. þæt hē on fylle +wearð, <i>that he came to a fall, fell</i>, <a href="#li1545">1545</a>.—Comp. hrā-fyl.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfylce">fylce</a> (collective form from <a class="glentry" href="#glfolc">folc</a>), st. n., <i>troop, band +of warriors</i>: in comp. æl-fylce.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgefyllan">fyllan</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glfeal">feal</a>), w. v., <i>to fell, to slay in +battle</i>: inf. fāne gefyllan, <i>to slay the enemy</i>, <a href="#li2656">2656</a>; pret. +pl. fēond gefyldan, <i>they had slain the enemy</i>, <a href="#li2707">2707</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-<a class="glentry" name="glāfyllan">fyllan</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glful">ful</a>), w. v., <i>to fill</i>: pret. part. +Heorot innan wæs frēondum āfylled (<i>was filled with trusted +men</i>), <a href="#li1019">1019</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyllo">fyllo</a>, st. f. (<i>plenty, abundant meal</i>: dat. (instr.) sg. +fylle gefrǣgnod, <a href="#li1334">1334</a>; gen. sg. næs hīe þǣre fylle gefēan hæfdon, <a href="#li562">562</a>; +fylle gefǣgon, <a href="#li1015">1015</a>.—Comp.: wæl-, wist-fyllo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfylwērig">fyl-wērig</a>, adj., <i>weary enough to fall, faint to death</i>, +moribundus: acc. sg. fyl-wērigne, <a href="#li963">963</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyr">fyr</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glfeor">feor</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrian">fyrian</a>, w. v. w. acc. (= <a class="glentry" href="#glferian">ferian</a>) <i>to bear, to bring, +carry</i>: pret. pl. þā þe gif-sceattas Gēata fyredon þyder tō þance, +<a href="#li378">378</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyras">fȳras</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glfiras">fīras</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyren">fyren</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glfiren">firen</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrde">fyrde</a>, adj., <i>movable, that can be moved</i>.—Comp. +hard-fyrde.—Leo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrdgestealla">fyrd-gestealla</a>, w. m., <i>comrade on an expedition, companion in +battle</i>: dat. pl. fyrd-gesteallum, 2874</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrdham">fyrd-ham</a>, st. m., <i>war-dress, coat of mail</i>: acc. sg. þone +fyrd-hom, <a href="#li1505">1505</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrdhrægl">fyrd-hrægl</a>, st. n., <i>coat of mail, war-dress</i>: acc. sg. +fyrd-hrægl, <a href="#li1528">1528</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrdhwæt">fyrd-hwæt</a>, adj., <i>sharp, good in war, warlike</i>: nom. pl. +frome fyrd-hwate, <a href="#li1642">1642</a>, <a href="#li2477">2477</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrdlēoth">fyrd-lēoð</a>, st. n., <i>war-song, warlike music</i>: acc. sg. horn +stundum song fūslīc f[yrd]leoð, <a href="#li1425">1425</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrdsearu">fyrd-searu</a>, st. n., <i>equipment for an expedition</i>: acc. sg. +fyrd-searu fūslīc, <a href="#li2619">2619</a>; acc. pl. fyrd-searu fūslīcu, <a href="#li232">232</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrdwyrthe">fyrd-wyrðe</a>, adj., <i>of worth in war, excellent in battle</i>: +nom. sg. fyrd-wyrðe man (Bēowulf), <a href="#li1317">1317</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgefyrthran">fyrðran</a> (see forð), w. v., <i>to bring forward, to +further</i>: pret. part. ār wæs on ofoste, eftsīðes georn, frætwum +gefyrðred, <i>he was hurried forward by the treasure</i> (i.e. after +he had gathered up the treasure, he hasted to return, so as to be able +to show it to the mortally-wounded Bēowulf), <a href="#li2785">2785</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrmest">fyrmest</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glforma">forma</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrndagas">fyrn-dagas</a>, st. m. pl., <i>by-gone days</i>: dat. pl. fyrndagum +(<i>in old times</i>), <a href="#li1452">1452</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrngeweorc">fyrn-geweorc</a>, st. n., <i>work, something done in old times</i>: +acc. sg. fīra fyrn-geweorc (the drinking-cup mentioned in <a href="#li2283">2283</a>, <a href="#li2287">2287</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrngewin">fyrn-gewin</a>, st. n., <i>combat in ancient times</i>: gen. sg. ōr +fyrn-gewinnes (<i>the origin of the battles of the giants</i>), <a href="#li1690">1690</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrnman">fyrn-man</a>, st. m., <i>man of ancient times</i>: gen. pl. +fyrn-manna fatu, <a href="#li2762">2762</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrnwita">fyrn-wita</a>, w. m., <i>counsellor ever since ancient times, +adviser for many years</i>: dat. sg. frōdan fyrnwitan, of Æschere, +<a href="#li2124">2124</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrst">fyrst</a>, st. m., <i>portion of time, definite time, time</i>: +nom. sg. næs hit lengra fyrst, ac ymb āne niht ..., <a href="#li134">134</a>; fyrst forð +gewāt, <i>the time</i> (of going to the harbor) <i>was past</i>, <a href="#li210">210</a>; +næs þǣr māra fyrst frēode tō friclan, <a href="#li2556">2556</a>; acc. sg. niht-longne +fyrst, <a href="#li528">528</a>; fīf nihta fyrst, <a href="#li545">545</a>; instr. sg. þȳ fyrste, <a href="#li2574">2574</a>; dat. sg. +him on fyrste gelomp ..., <i>within the fixed time</i>, <a href="#li76">76</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfyrwit">fyr-wit, -wet, -wyt</a>, st. n., <i>prying spirit, curiosity</i>: +nom. sg. fyrwyt, <a href="#li232">232</a>; fyrwet, <a href="#li1986">1986</a>, <a href="#li2785">2785</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgefȳsan">fȳsan</a> (<b>fūs</b>), w. v., <i>to make ready, to prepare</i>: +part. winde gefȳsed flota, <i>the ship provided with wind</i> (for the +voyage), <a href="#li217">217</a>; (wyrm) fȳre gefȳsed, <i>provided with fire</i>, <a href="#li2310">2310</a>; þā +wæs hringbogan (of the drake) heorte gefȳsed sæcce tō sēceanne, <a href="#li2562">2562</a>; +with gen., in answer to the question, for what? gūðe gefȳsed, <i>ready +for battle, determined to fight</i>, <a href="#li631">631</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfȳr">fȳr</a>, st. n., <i>fire</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1367">1367</a>, <a href="#li2702">2702</a>, <a href="#li2882">2882</a>; dat. sg. fȳre, <a href="#li2220">2220</a>; +as instr. fȳre, <a href="#li2275">2275</a>, <a href="#li2596">2596</a>; gen. sg. fȳres fæðm, <a href="#li185">185</a>; fȳres feng, <a href="#li1765">1765</a>.— +Comp.: ād-, bǣl-, heaðu-, wæl-fȳr.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfȳrbend">fȳr-bend</a>, st. m., <i>band forged in fire</i>: dat. pl. duru ... +fȳr-bendum fæst, <a href="#li723">723</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfȳrdraca">fȳr-draca</a>, w. m., <i>fire-drake, fire-spewing dragon</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li2690">2690</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfȳrheard">fȳr-heard</a>, adj., <i>hard through fire, hardened in fire</i>: nom. +pl. (eoforlīc) fāh and fȳr-heard, <a href="#li305">305</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfȳrlēoht">fȳr-lēoht</a>, st. n., <i>fire-light</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1517">1517</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfȳrwylm">fȳr-wylm</a>, st. m., <i>wave of fire, flame-wave</i>: dat. pl. wyrm ... +fȳrwylmum fāh, <a href="#li2672">2672</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossG">G</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgalan">galan</a>, st. v., <i>to sing, to sound</i>: pres. sg. sorh-lēoð gæleð, +<a href="#li2461">2461</a>; inf. gryre-lēoð galan, <a href="#li787">787</a>; bearhtm ongeāton, gūðhorn galan, <i>heard +the clang, the battle-trumpet sound</i>, <a href="#li1433">1433</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-galan, <i>to sing, to sound</i>: pret. sg. þæt hire on hafelan hringmǣl +āgōl grǣdig gūðlēoð, <i>that the sword caused a greedy battle-song to sound +upon her head</i>, <a href="#li1522">1522</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgamban">gamban</a>, or, according to Bout., <b>gambe</b>, w. f., <i>tribute, +interest</i>: acc. sg. gomban gyldan, <a href="#li11">11</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgamen">gamen</a>, st. n., <i>social pleasure, rejoicing, joyous doings</i>: +nom. sg. gamen, <a href="#li1161">1161</a>; gomen, <a href="#li2460">2460</a>; gomen glēobēames, <i>the pleasure of the +harp</i>, <a href="#li2264">2264</a>; acc. sg. gamen and glēodrēam, <a href="#li3022">3022</a>; dat. sg. gamene, <a href="#li2942">2942</a>; +gomene, <a href="#li1776">1776</a>.—Comp. heal-gamen.</p> + +<p>gamen-wāð, st. f., <i>way offering social enjoyment, journey in joyous +society</i>: dat. sg. of gomen-wāðe, <a href="#li855">855</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgamenwudu">gamen-wudu</a>, st. m., <i>wood of social enjoyment</i>, i.e. harp: +nom. sg. þǣr wæs ... gomenwudu grēted, <a href="#li1066">1066</a>; acc. sg. gomenwudu grētte, +<a href="#li2109">2109</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgamol">gamol, gomol, gomel</a>, adj., <i>old</i>; of persons, <i>having +lived many years, gray</i>: gamol, <a href="#li58">58</a>, <a href="#li265">265</a>; gomol, <a href="#li3096">3096</a>; gomel, <a href="#li2113">2113</a>, +<a href="#li2794">2794</a>; se gomela, <a href="#li1398">1398</a>; gamela (gomela) Scylding, <a href="#li1793">1793</a>, <a href="#li2106">2106</a>; gomela, +<a href="#li2932">2932</a>; acc. sg. þone gomelan, <a href="#li2422">2422</a>; dat. sg. gamelum rince, <a href="#li1678">1678</a>; +gomelum ceorle, <a href="#li2445">2445</a>; þām gomelan, <a href="#li2818">2818</a>; nom. pl. blondenfeaxe gomele, +<a href="#li1596">1596</a>.—Also, <i>late, belonging to former time</i>: gen. pl. gomelra +lāfe (<i>legacy</i>), <a href="#li2037">2037</a>.—Of things, <i>old, from old times</i>: +nom. sg. sweord ... gomol, <a href="#li2683">2683</a>; acc. sg. gomele lāfe, <a href="#li2564">2564</a>; gomel +swyrd, <a href="#li2611">2611</a>; gamol is a more respectful word than eald.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgamolfeax">gamol-feax</a>, adj., <i>with gray hair</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li609">609</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgang">gang</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>gait, way</i>: dat. sg. on gange, <a href="#li1885">1885</a>; +gen. sg. ic hine ne mihte ... ganges ge-twǣman, <i>could not keep him +from going</i>, <a href="#li969">969</a>.—2) <i>step, foot-step</i>: nom. sg. gang (the +foot-print of the mother of Grendel), <a href="#li1405">1405</a>; acc. sg. uton hraðe fēran +Grendles māgan gang scēawigan, <a href="#li1392">1392</a>.—Comp. in-gang.</p> + +<p>be-gang, bi-gang, st. m., (<i>so far as something goes</i>), <i>extent</i>: +acc. sg. ofer geofenes begang, <i>over the extent of the sea</i>, <a href="#li362">362</a>; ofer +flōda begang, <a href="#li1827">1827</a>; under swegles begong, <a href="#li861">861</a>, <a href="#li1774">1774</a>; flōda begong, <a href="#li1498">1498</a>; +sioleða bigong, <a href="#li2368">2368</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgangan">gangan</a>. See under <a class="glentry" href="#glgān">gān</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glganot">ganot</a>, st. m., <i>diver</i>, fulica marina: gen. sg. ofer ganotes +bæð (i.e. the sea), <a href="#li1862">1862</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgād">gād</a>, st. n., <i>lack</i>: nom. sg. ne bið þē wilna gād (<i>thou +shalt have no lack of desirable</i> [valuable] <i>things</i>), <a href="#li661">661</a>; +similarly, <a href="#li950">950</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgān">gān</a>, <i>expanded</i> = <b>gangan</b>, st. v., <i>to go</i>: pres. +sg. III. gǣð ā Wyrd swā hīo scel, <a href="#li455">455</a>; gǣð eft ... tō medo, <a href="#li605">605</a>; þonne hē ... +on flett gǣð, <a href="#li2035">2035</a>; similarly, <a href="#li2055">2055</a>; pres. subj. III. sg. gā þǣr hē wille, +<i>let him go whither he will</i>, <a href="#li1395">1395</a>; imp. sg. II. gā nū tō setle, <a href="#li1783">1783</a>; +nū þū lungre geong, hord scēawian, under hārne stān, <a href="#li2744">2744</a>; inf. in gān, +<i>to go in</i>, <a href="#li386">386</a>, <a href="#li1645">1645</a> 'forð gān, <i>to go forth, to go thither</i>, +<a href="#li1164">1164</a>; þat hīe him tō mihton gegnum gangan, <i>to go towards, to go to</i>, +<a href="#li314">314</a>; tō sele ... gangan cwōmon, <a href="#li324">324</a>; in a similar construction, gongan, +<a href="#li1643">1643</a>; nū gē mōton gangan ... Hrōðgār gesēon, <a href="#li395">395</a>; þā cōm of mōre ... Grendel +gongan, <i>there came Grendel (going) from the fen</i>, <a href="#li712">712</a>; ongēan gramum +gangan, <i>to go to meet the enemy, to go to the war</i>, <a href="#li1035">1035</a>; cwōm ... tō +hofe gongan, <a href="#li1975">1975</a>; wutun gangan tō, <i>let us go thither</i>, <a href="#li2649">2649</a>.—As +preterite, serve, 1) gēong or gīong: hē tō healle gēong, <a href="#li926">926</a>; similarly, +<a href="#li2019">2019</a>; sē þe on orde gēong, <i>who went at the head, went in front, +</i><a href="#li3126">3126</a>; on innan gīong, <i>went in</i>, <a href="#li2215">2215</a>; hē ... gīong tō þæs þe hē +eorðsele ānne wisse, <i>went thither, where he knew of that earth-hall, +</i><a href="#li2410">2410</a>; þā se æðeling, gīong, þæt hē bī wealle gesæt, <i>then went the +prince</i> (Bēowulf) <i>that he might sit down by the wall</i>, <a href="#li2716">2716</a>.—2) +gang: tō healle gang Healfdenes sunu, <a href="#li1010">1010</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1296">1296</a>; gang þā æfter +flōre, <i>went along the floor, along the hall</i>, <a href="#li1317">1317</a>.—3) gengde (Goth. +gaggida): hē ... beforan gengde ..., wong scēawian, <i>went in front to +inspect the fields</i>, <a href="#li1413">1413</a>; gengde, also of riding, <a href="#li1402">1402</a>.—4) from +another stem, ēode (Goth. iddja): ēode ellenrōf, þæt hē for eaxlum gestōd +Deniga frēan, <a href="#li358">358</a>; similarly, <a href="#li403">403</a>; [wið duru healle Wulfgār ēode], <i>went +towards the door of the hall</i>, <a href="#li390">390</a>; ēode Wealhþēow forð, <i>went +forth</i>, <a href="#li613">613</a>; ēode tō hire frēan sittan, <a href="#li641">641</a>; ēode yrremōd, <i>went with +angry feeling</i>, <a href="#li727">727</a>; ēode ... tō sele, <a href="#li919">919</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1233">1233</a>; ēode ... +þǣr se snottra bād, <a href="#li1313">1313</a>; ēode weorð Denum æðeling tō yppan, <i>the +prince</i> (Bēowulf), <i>honored by the Danes, went to the high seat</i>, +<a href="#li1815">1815</a>; ēode ... under inwit-hrōf, <a href="#li3124">3124</a>; pl. þǣr swīðferhðe sittan ēodon, +<a href="#li493">493</a>; ēodon him þā tōgēanes, <i>went to meet him</i>, <a href="#li1627">1627</a>; ēodon under +Earna næs, <a href="#li3032">3032</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-gangan, <i>to go out, to go forth, to befall</i>: pret. part. swā +bit āgangen wearð eorla manegum (<i>as it befell many a one of the +earls</i>), <a href="#li1235">1235</a>.</p> + +<p>full-gangan, <i>to emulate, to follow after</i>: pret. sg. þonne ... +sceft nytte hēold, feðer-gearwum fūs flāne full-ēode, <i>when the +shaft had employment, furnished with feathers it followed the arrow, +did as the arrow</i>, <a href="#li3120">3120</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-gān, ge-gangan: 1) <i>to go, to approach</i>: inf. (w. acc.) his +mōdor ... gegān wolde sorhfulne sīð, <a href="#li1278">1278</a>; sē þe gryre-sīðas gegān +dorste, <i>who dared to go the ways of terror</i> (to go into the +combat), <a href="#li1463">1463</a>; pret. sg. se maga geonga under his mǣges scyld elne +geēode, <i>went quickly under his kinsman's shield</i>, <a href="#li2677">2677</a>; pl. elne +geēodon tō þæs þe ..., <i>went quickly thither where</i> ..., <a href="#li1968">1968</a>; +pret. part. syððan hīe tō-gædre gegān hæfdon, <i>when they</i> (Wīglāf +and the drake) <i>had come together</i>, <a href="#li2631">2631</a>; þæt his aldres wæs ende +gegongen, <i>that the end of his life had come</i>, <a href="#li823">823</a>; þā wæs +endedæg gōdum gegongen, þæt se gūðcyning ... swealt, <a href="#li3037">3037</a>.—2) <i>to +obtain, to reach</i>: inf. (w. acc.) þonne hē æt gūðe gegān þenceð +longsumne lof, <a href="#li1536">1536</a>; ic mid elne sceall gold gegangan, <a href="#li2537">2537</a>; gerund, +næs þæt ȳðe cēap tō gegangenne gumena ǣnigum, <a href="#li2417">2417</a>; pret. pl. elne +geēodon ... þæt se byrnwīga būgan sceolde, <a href="#li2918">2918</a>; pret. part. hæfde ... +gegongen þæt, <i>had attained it, that</i> ..., <a href="#li894">894</a>; hord ys +gescēawod, grimme gegongen, <a href="#li3086">3086</a>.—3) <i>to occur, to happen</i>: +pres. sg. III. gif þæt gegangeð þæt ..., <i>if that happen, that</i> +..., <a href="#li1847">1847</a>; pret. sg. þæt geīode ufaran dōgrum hilde-hlæmmum, <i>it +happened in later times to the warriors</i> (the Gēatas), <a href="#li2201">2201</a>; pret. +part. þā wæs gegongen guman unfrōdum earfoðlīce þæt, <i>then it had +happened to the young man in sorrowful wise that</i> ..., <a href="#li2822">2822</a>.</p> + +<p>oð-gangan, <i>to-go thither</i>: pret. pl. oð þæt hī oðēodon ... in +Hrefnesholt, <a href="#li2935">2935</a>.</p> + +<p>ofer-gangan, w. acc., <i>to go over</i>: pret. sg. oferēode þā +æðelinga bearn stēap stān-hliðo, <i>went over steep, rocky +precipices</i>, <a href="#li1409">1409</a>; pl. freoðo-wong þone forð oferēodon, <a href="#li2960">2960</a>.</p> + +<p>ymb-gangan, w. acc., <i>to go around</i>: pret. ymb-ēode þā ides +Helminga duguðe and geogoðe dǣl ǣghwylcne, <i>went around in every +part, among the superior and the inferior warriors</i>, <a href="#li621">621</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgār">gār</a>, st. m., <i>spear, javelin, missile</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1847">1847</a>, <a href="#li3022">3022</a>; +instr. sg. gāre, <a href="#li1076">1076</a>; blōdigan gāre, <a href="#li2441">2441</a>; gen. sg. gāres fliht, <a href="#li1766">1766</a>; +nom. pl. gāras, <a href="#li328">328</a>; gen. pl., 161(?).—Comp.: bon-, frum-gār.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgārcēne">gār-cēne</a>, adj., <i>spear-bold</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1959">1959</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgārcwealm">gār-cwealm</a>, st. m., <i>murder, death by the spear</i>: acc. sg. +gār-cwealm gumena, <a href="#li2044">2044</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgārholt">gār-holt</a>, st. n., <i>forest of spears</i>, i.e. crowd of +spears: acc. sg., <a href="#li1835">1835</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgārsecg">gār-secg</a>, st. m. (cf. Grimm, in Haupt l. 578), <i>sea, +ocean</i>: acc. sg. on gār-secg, <a href="#li49">49</a>, <a href="#li537">537</a>; ofer gār-secg, <a href="#li515">515</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgārwiga">gār-wiga</a>, w. m., <i>one who fights with the spear</i>: dat. sg. +geongum gār-wigan, of Wīglāf, <a href="#li2675">2675</a>, <a href="#li2812">2812</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgārwīgend">gār-wīgend</a>, pres. part., <i>fighting with spear, +spear-fighter</i>: acc. pl. gār-wīgend, <a href="#li2642">2642</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgāst">gāst, gǣst</a>, st. m., <i>ghost, demon</i>: acc. sg. helle gāst +(Grendel), <a href="#li1275">1275</a>; gen. sg. wergan gāstes (of Grendel), <a href="#li133">133</a>; (of the +tempter), <a href="#li1748">1748</a>; gen. pl. dyrnra gāsta (Grendel's race), <a href="#li1358">1358</a>; gǣsta gīfrost +(<i>flames consuming corpses</i>), <a href="#li1124">1124</a>.—Comp.: ellor-, geō-sceaft-gāst; +ellen-, wæl-gǣst.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgāstbana">gāst-bana</a>, w. m., <i>slayer of the spirit</i>, i.e. the devil: +nom. sg. gāst-bona, <a href="#li177">177</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgædeling">gædeling</a>, st. m., <i>he who is connected with another, +relation, companion</i>: gen. sg. gædelinges, <a href="#li2618">2618</a>; dat. pl. mid his +gædelingum, <a href="#li2950">2950</a>.</p> + +<p>æt-<a class="glentry" name="glætgædere">gædere</a>, adv., <i>together, united</i>: <a href="#li321">321</a>, <a href="#li1165">1165</a>, <a href="#li1191">1191</a>; samod +ætgædere, <a href="#li329">329</a>, <a href="#li387">387</a>, <a href="#li730">730</a>, <a href="#li1064">1064</a>.</p> + +<p>tō-gadere, adv., <i>together</i>, <a href="#li2631">2631</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgæst">gæst, gist, gyst</a>, st. m., <i>stranger, guest</i>: nom. sg. gæst, +<a href="#li1801">1801</a>; se gæst (the drake), <a href="#li2313">2313</a>; se grimma gæst (Grendel), <a href="#li102">102</a>; gist, <a href="#li1139">1139</a>, +<a href="#li1523">1523</a>; acc. sg. gryre-līcne gist (the nixy slain by Bēowulf), <a href="#li1442">1442</a>; dat. sg. +gyste, <a href="#li2229">2229</a>; nom. pl. gistas, <a href="#li1603">1603</a>; acc. pl. gæs[tas], <a href="#li1894">1894</a>.—Comp.: fēðe-, +gryre-, inwit-, nīð-, sele-gæst (-gyst).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgæstsele">gæst-sele</a>, st. m., <i>hall in which the guests spend their time, +guest-hall</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li995">995</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgē">gē</a>, conj., <i>and</i>, <a href="#li1341">1341</a>; gē ... gē ..., <i>as well ... as +...</i>, <a href="#li1865">1865</a>; gē ... gē ..., gē ..., <a href="#li1249">1249</a>; gē swylce, <i>and +likewise, and moreover</i>, <a href="#li2259">2259</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glge">gē</a>, pron., <i>ye, you</i>, plur. of þū, <a href="#li237">237</a>, <a href="#li245">245</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgegncwide">gegn-cwide</a>, st. m., <i>reply</i>: gen. pl. þīnra gegn-cwida, +<a href="#li367">367</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgegnum">gegnum</a>, adv., <i>thither, towards, away</i>, with the prep, tō, +ofer, giving the direction: þæt hīe him tō mihton gegnum gangan +(<i>that they might go thither</i>), <a href="#li314">314</a>; gegnum fōr [þā] ofer myrcan +mōr, <i>away over the dark moor</i>, <a href="#li1405">1405</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgehthu">gehðu, geohðu</a>, st. f., <i>sorrow, care</i>: instr. sg. giohðo +mǣnde, <a href="#li2268">2268</a>; dat. sg. on gehðo, <a href="#li3096">3096</a>; on giohðe, <a href="#li2794">2794</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgen">gēn</a> (from <b>gegn</b>), adv., <i>yet, again</i>. ne wæs hit lenge þā +gēn, þæt ..., <i>it was not then long before</i> ..., <a href="#li83">83</a>; ic sceal forð +sprecan gēn ymb Grendel, <i>shall from now on speak again of Grendel</i>, +<a href="#li2071">2071</a>; nō þȳ ǣr ūt þā gēn ... gongan wolde (<i>still he would not yet go +out</i>), <a href="#li2082">2082</a>; gēn is eall æt þē lissa gelong (<i>yet all my favor belongs +to thee</i>), <a href="#li2150">2150</a>; þā gēn, <i>then again</i>, <a href="#li2678">2678</a>, <a href="#li2703">2703</a>; swā hē nū gēn +dēð, <i>as he still does</i>, <a href="#li2860">2860</a>; furður gēn, <i>further still, +besides</i>, <a href="#li3007">3007</a>; nū gēn, <i>now again</i>, <a href="#li3169">3169</a>; ne gēn, <i>no more, no +farther</i>: ne wæs þæt wyrd þā gēn, <i>that was no more fate</i> (fate no +longer willed that), <a href="#li735">735</a>.</p> + +<p>gēna, <i>still</i>: cwico wæs þā gēna, <i>was still living</i>, <a href="#li3094">3094</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgenga">genga</a>, w. m., <i>goer</i>; in comp. in-, sǣ-, sceadu-genga.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgengde">gengde</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgān">gān</a>(3).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgenge">genge</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glūthgenge">ūð-genge</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgēnunga">gēnunga</a> (from <b>gegnunga</b>), adv., <i>precisely, +completely</i>, <a href="#li2872">2872</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgerwan">gerwan, gyrwan</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to prepare, to make ready, to put +in condition</i>: pret. pl. gestsele gyredon, <a href="#li995">995</a>.—2) <i>to equip, to +arm for battle</i>: pret. sg. gyrede hine Bēowulf eorl-gewǣdum +(<i>dressed himself in the armor</i>), <a href="#li1442">1442</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-gyrwan: 1) <i>to make, to prepare</i>: pret. pl. him þā gegiredan +Gēata lēode ād ... unwāclīcne, <a href="#li3138">3138</a>; pret. part. glōf ... eall +gegyrwed dēofles cræftum and dracan fellum, <a href="#li2088">2088</a>.—2) <i>to fit out, +to make ready</i>: inf. cēol gegyrwan hilde-wǣpnum and heaðowǣdum, <a href="#li38">38</a>; +hēt him ȳðlidan gōdne gegyrwan, <i>had (his) good ship fitted up for +him</i>, <a href="#li199">199</a>. Also, <i>to provide warlike equipment</i>: pret. part. +syððan hē hine tō gūðe gegyred hæfde, <a href="#li1473">1473</a>.—3) <i>to endow, to +provide, to adorn</i>: pret. part. nom. sg. beado-hrægl ... golde +gegyrwed, <a href="#li553">553</a>; acc. sg. lāfe ... golde gegyrede, <a href="#li2193">2193</a>; acc. pl. mādmas +... golde gegyrede, <a href="#li1029">1029</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgētan">gētan</a>, w. v., <i>to injure, to slay</i>: inf., <a href="#li2941">2941</a>.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbegēte">gēte</a>, adj., <i>attainable</i>; in comp. ēð-begēte.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeador">geador</a>, adv., <i>unitedly, together, jointly</i>, <a href="#li836">836</a>; geador +ætsomne, <a href="#li491">491</a>.</p> + +<p>on-geador, adv., <i>unitedly, together</i>, <a href="#li1596">1596</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgealdor">gealdor</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>sound</i>: acc. sg. bȳman gealdor, +<a href="#li2944">2944</a>.—2) <i>magic song, incantation, spell</i>: instr. sg. þonne wæs +þæt yrfe ... galdre bewunden (<i>placed under a spell</i>), <a href="#li3053">3053</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgealga">gealga</a>, w. m., <i>gallows</i>: dat. sg. þæt his byre rīde giong +on galgan, <a href="#li2447">2447</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgealgmōd">gealg-mōd</a>, adj., <i>gloomy</i>: nom. sg. gīfre and galgmōd, +<a href="#li1278">1278</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgealgtrēow">gealg-trēow</a>, st. n., <i>gallows</i>: dat. pl. on +galg-trēowu[m], <a href="#li2941">2941</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeard">geard</a>, st. m., <i>residence</i>; in Bēowulf corresponding to +the house-complex of a prince's residence, used only in the plur.: +acc. in geardas (<i>in Finn's castle</i>), <a href="#li1135">1135</a>; dat. in geardum, <a href="#li13">13</a>, +<a href="#li2460">2460</a>; of geardum, <a href="#li1139">1139</a>; ǣr hē on weg hwurfe ... of geardum, <i>before +he went away from his dwelling-place</i>, i.e. died, <a href="#li265">265</a>.—Comp. +middan-geard.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgearo">gearo</a>, adj., properly, <i>made, prepared</i>; hence, <i>ready, +finished, equipped</i>: nom. sg. þæt hit wearð eal gearo, heal-ærna mǣst, +<a href="#li77">77</a>; wiht unhǣlo ... gearo sōna wæs, <i>the demon of destruction was quickly +ready, did not delay long</i>, <a href="#li121">121</a>; Here-Scyldinga betst beadorinca wæs on +bǣl gearu, <i>was ready for the funeral-pile</i> (for the solemn burning), +<a href="#li1110">1110</a>; þēod (is) eal gearo, <i>the warriors are altogether ready, always +prepared</i>, <a href="#li1231">1231</a>; hraðe wæs æt holme hȳð-weard gearo (geara, MS.), <a href="#li1915">1915</a>; +gearo gūð-freca, <a href="#li2415">2415</a>; sīe sīo bǣr gearo ǣdre geæfned, <i>let the bier be +made ready at once</i>, <a href="#li3106">3106</a>. With gen.: gearo gyrnwræce, <i>ready for +revenge for harm done</i>, <a href="#li2119">2119</a>, acc. sg. gearwe stōwe, <a href="#li1007">1007</a>; nom. +pl. beornas gearwe, <a href="#li211">211</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1814">1814</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgearwe">gearwe, gearo, geare</a>, adv., <i>completely, entirely</i>: nē gē +... gearwe ne wisson, <i>you do not know at all</i> ..., <a href="#li246">246</a>; +similarly, <a href="#li879">879</a>; hine gearwe geman witena welhwyle (<i>remembers him +very well</i>), <a href="#li265">265</a>; wisse hē gearwe þæt ..., <i>he knew very well +that</i> ..., <a href="#li2340">2340</a>, <a href="#li2726">2726</a>; þæt ic ... gearo scēawige swegle searogimmas +(<i>that I may see the treasures altogether, as many as they are</i>), +<a href="#li2749">2749</a>; ic wāt geare þæt ..., <a href="#li2657">2657</a>.—Comp. gearwor, <i>more readily, +rather</i>, <a href="#li3077">3077</a>.—Superl. gearwost, <a href="#li716">716</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgearofolm">gearo-folm</a>, adj., <i>with ready hand</i>, <a href="#li2086">2086</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgearwe">gearwe</a>, st. f., <i>equipment, dress</i>; in comp. feðer-gearwe.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeat">geat</a>, st. n., <i>opening, door</i>; in comp. ben-, hilde-geat.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeatolīc">geato-līc</a>, adj., <i>well prepared, handsome, splendid</i>: of +sword and armor, <a href="#li215">215</a>, <a href="#li1563">1563</a>, <a href="#li2155">2155</a>; of Heorot, <a href="#li308">308</a>. Adv.: wīsa fengel +geatolīc gengde, <i>passed on in a stately manner</i>, <a href="#li1402">1402</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeatwe">geatwe</a>, st. f. pl., <i>equipment, adornment</i>: acc. recedes +geatwa, <i>the ornaments of the dragon's cave</i> (its treasures), +<a href="#li3089">3089</a>.—Comp.: ēored-, gryre-, gūð-, hilde-, wīg-geatwe.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgēan">gēan</a> (from <b>gegn</b>), adv. in</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glongēan">on-gēan</a>, adv. and prep., <i>against, towards</i>: þæt hē mē +ongēan slēa, <a href="#li682">682</a>; rǣhte ongēan fēond mid folme, <a href="#li748">748</a>; foran ongēan, +<i>forward towards</i>, <a href="#li2365">2365</a>. With dat.: ongēan gramum, <i>against the +enemy</i>, <a href="#li1035">1035</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltōgēanes">tō-gēanes, tō-genes</a>, prep, <i>against, towards</i>: Grendle +tōgēanes, <i>towards Grendel, against Grendel</i>, <a href="#li667">667</a>; grāp þā +tōgēanes, <i>she grasped at</i> (Bēowulf), <a href="#li1502">1502</a>; similarly, him +tōgēanes fēng, <a href="#li1543">1543</a>; ēodon him þā tōgēanes, <i>went towards him</i>, +<a href="#li1627">1627</a>; hēt þā gebēodan ... þæt hīe bǣl-wudu feorran feredon gōdum +tōgēnes, <i>had it ordered that they should bring the wood from far +for the funeral-pyre towards the good man</i> (i.e. to the place where +the dead Bēowulf lay), <a href="#li3115">3115</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgēap">gēap</a>, adj., <i>roomy, extensive, wide</i>: nom. sg. reced ... +gēap, <i>the roomy hall</i>, <a href="#li1801">1801</a>; acc. sg. under gēapne hrōf, +<a href="#li837">837</a>.—Comp.: horn-, sǣ-gēap.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeār">geār</a>, st. n., <i>year</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1135">1135</a>; gen. pl. geāra, in +adverbial sense, olim, <i>in former times</i>, <a href="#li2665">2665</a>. See +<a class="glentry" href="#glungeāra">un-geāra</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeārdagas">geār-dagas</a>, st. m. pl., <i>former days</i>: dat. pl. in (on) +geār-dagum, <a href="#li1">1</a>, <a href="#li1355">1355</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeofe">geofe</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgifu">gifu</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeofon">geofon, gifen, gyfen</a> (see Kuhn Zeitschr. I. 137), st. n., +<i>sea, flood</i>: nom. sg. geofon, <a href="#li515">515</a>; gifen gēotende, <i>the +streaming flood</i>, <a href="#li1691">1691</a>; gen. sg. geofenes begang, <a href="#li362">362</a>; gyfenes, +<a href="#li1395">1395</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeogoth">geogoð</a>, st. f.: 1) <i>youth, time of youth</i>: dat. sg. on +geogoðe, <a href="#li409">409</a>, <a href="#li466">466</a>, <a href="#li2513">2513</a>; on giogoðe, <a href="#li2427">2427</a>; gen. gioguðe, <a href="#li2113">2113</a>.—2) +contrasted with duguð, <i>the younger warriors of lower rank</i> +(about as in the Middle Ages, the squires with the knights): nom. sg. +geogoð, <a href="#li66">66</a>; giogoð, <a href="#li1191">1191</a>; acc. sg. geogoðe, <a href="#li1182">1182</a>; gen. duguðe and +geogoðe, <a href="#li160">160</a>; duguðe and iogoðe (geogoðe), <a href="#li1675">1675</a>, <a href="#li622">622</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeoguthfeorh">geoguð-feorh</a>, st. n., <i>age of youth</i>, i.e. age in which +one still belongs in the ranks of the geogoð: on geogoð- (geoguð-) +fēore, <a href="#li537">537</a>, <a href="#li2665">2665</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeohtho">geohðo</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgehtho">gehðo</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeolo">geolo</a>, adj., <i>yellow</i>: acc. sg. geolwe linde (<i>the +shield of yellow linden bark</i>), <a href="#li2611">2611</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeolorand">geolo-rand</a>, st. m., <i>yellow shield</i> (shield with a +covering of interlaced yellow linden bark): acc. sg., <a href="#li438">438</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeond">geond</a>, prep. w. acc., <i>through, throughout, along, over</i>: +geond þisne middangeard, <i>through the earth, over the earth</i>, <a href="#li75">75</a>; +wide geond eorðan, <a href="#li266">266</a>, <a href="#li3100">3100</a>; fērdon folctogan ... geond wīd-wegas, +<i>went along the ways coming from afar</i>, <a href="#li841">841</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1705">1705</a>; +geond þæt sæld, <i>through the hall, through the extent of the +hall</i>, <a href="#li1281">1281</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1982">1982</a>, <a href="#li2265">2265</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeong">geong</a>, adj., <i>young, youthful</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li13">13</a>, <a href="#li20">20</a>, <a href="#li855">855</a>, +etc.; giong, <a href="#li2447">2447</a>; w. m. se maga geonga, <a href="#li2676">2676</a>; acc. sg. geongne +gūðcyning, <a href="#li1970">1970</a>; dat. sg. geongum, <a href="#li1949">1949</a>, <a href="#li2045">2045</a>, <a href="#li2675">2675</a>, etc.; on swā +geongum feore, <i>at a so youthful age</i>, <a href="#li1844">1844</a>; geongan cempan, +<a href="#li2627">2627</a>; acc. pl. geonge, <a href="#li2019">2019</a>; dat. pl. geongum and ealdum, <a href="#li72">72</a>.—Superl. +gingest, <i>the last</i>: nom. sg. w. f. gingeste word, <a href="#li2818">2818</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeorn">georn</a>, adj., <i>striving, eager</i>, w. gen. of the thing +striven for: eft sīðes georn, <a href="#li2784">2784</a>.—Comp. lof-georn.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeorne">georne</a>, adv., <i>readily, willingly</i>: þæt him wine-māgas +georne hȳrdon, <a href="#li66">66</a>; georne truwode, <a href="#li670">670</a>.—<i>zealously, eagerly</i>: +sōhte georne æfter grunde, <i>eagerly searched over the ground</i>, +<a href="#li2295">2295</a>.—<i>carefully, industriously</i>: nō ic him þæs georne ætfealh +(<i>held him not fast enough</i>), <a href="#li969">969</a>.—<i>completely, exactly</i>: +comp. wiste þē geornor, <a href="#li822">822</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgēo">geō, iū</a>, adv., <i>once, formerly, earlier</i>, <a href="#li1477">1477</a>; giō, <a href="#li2522">2522</a>; +iū, <a href="#li2460">2460</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgēoc">gēoc</a>, st. f., <i>help, support</i>: acc. sg. gēoce gefremman, +<a href="#li2675">2675</a>; þæt him gāst-bona gēoce gefremede wið þēod-þrēaum, <a href="#li177">177</a>; gēoce +gelȳfde, <i>believed in the help</i> (of Bēowulf), <a href="#li609">609</a>; dat. sg. tō +gēoce, <a href="#li1835">1835</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgēocor">gēocor</a>, adj., <i>ill, bad</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li766">766</a>.—See Haupt's +Zeitschrift 8, p. 7.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeoman">geō-man, iū-man</a>, st. m., <i>man of former times</i>: gen. pl. +iū-manna, <a href="#li3053">3053</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgēomeowle">geō-meowle</a>, w. f., (<i>formerly a virgin), wife</i>: acc. sg. +īo-meowlan, <a href="#li2932">2932</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeōmor">geōmor</a>, adj., <i>with depressed feelings, sad, troubled</i>: +nom. sg. him wæs geōmor sefa, <a href="#li49">49</a>, <a href="#li2420">2420</a>, <a href="#li2633">2633</a>, <a href="#li2951">2951</a>; mōdes geōmor, +<a href="#li2101">2101</a>; fem. þæt wæs geōmuru ides, <a href="#li1076">1076</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeōmore">geōmore</a>, adv., <i>sadly</i>, <a href="#li151">151</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeōmorgid">geōmor-gid</a>, st. n., <i>dirge</i>: acc. sg. giōmor-gyd, <a href="#li3151">3151</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeōmorlīc">geōmor-līc</a>, adj., <i>sad, painful</i>: swā bið geōmorlīc +gomelum ceorle tō gebīdanne þæt..., <i>it is painful to an old man to +experience it, that ...</i>, <a href="#li2445">2445</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeōmormōd">geōmor-mōd</a>, adj., <i>sad, sorrowful</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2045">2045</a>, <a href="#li3019">3019</a>; +giōmor-mōd, <a href="#li2268">2268</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeōmrian">geōmrian</a>, w. v., <i>to complain, to lament</i>: pret. sg. +geōmrode giddum, <a href="#li1119">1119</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgēosceaft">geō-sceaft</a>, st. f., (<i>fixed in past times), fate</i>: acc. +sg. geōsceaft grimme, <a href="#li1235">1235</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgēosceaftgāst">geōsceaft-gāst</a>, st. m., <i>demon sent by fate</i>: gen. pl. +fela geōsceaft-gāsta, of Grendel and his race, <a href="#li1267">1267</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgēotan">gēotan</a>, st. v. intrans., <i>to pour, to flow, to stream</i>: +pres. part. gifen gēotende, <a href="#li1691">1691</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgicel">gicel</a>, st. m., <i>icicle</i>: in comp. hilde-gicel.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgid">gid, gyd</a>, st. n., <i>speech, solemn alliterative song</i>: nom. sg. +þǣr wæs ... gid oft wrecen, <a href="#li1066">1066</a>; lēoð wæs āsungen, glēomannes gyd, <i>the +song was sung, the gleeman's lay</i>, <a href="#li1161">1161</a>; þǣr wæs gidd and glēo, <a href="#li2106">2106</a>; +acc. sg. ic þis gid āwræc, <a href="#li1724">1724</a>; gyd āwræc, <a href="#li2109">2109</a>; gyd æfter wræc, <a href="#li2155">2155</a>; +þonne hē gyd wrece, <a href="#li2447">2447</a>; dat. pl. giddum, <a href="#li151">151</a>, <a href="#li1119">1119</a>; gen. pl. gidda +gemyndig, <a href="#li869">869</a>.—Comp.: geōmor-, word-gid.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgiddian">giddian</a>, w. v., <i>to speak, to speak in alliteration</i>: +pret. gyddode, <a href="#li631">631</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgif">gif</a>, conj.: 1) <i>if</i>, w. ind., <a href="#li442">442</a>, <a href="#li447">447</a>, <a href="#li527">527</a>, <a href="#li662">662</a>, etc.; +gyf, <a href="#li945">945</a>, etc. With subj., <a href="#li452">452</a>, <a href="#li594">594</a>, <a href="#li1482">1482</a>, etc.; gyf, <a href="#li280">280</a>, <a href="#li1105">1105</a>, +etc.—2) <i>whether</i>, w. ind., <a href="#li272">272</a>; w. subj., <a href="#li1141">1141</a>, <a href="#li1320">1320</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgifa">gifa, geofa</a>, w. m., <i>giver</i>; in comp. gold-, sinc-, wil-gifa +(-geofa).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgifan">gifan</a>, st. v., <i>to give</i>: inf. giofan, <a href="#li2973">2973</a>; pret. sg. +nallas bēagas geaf Denum, <a href="#li1720">1720</a>; hē mē [māðmas] geaf, <a href="#li2147">2147</a>; and +similarly, <a href="#li2174">2174</a>, <a href="#li2432">2432</a>, <a href="#li2624">2624</a>, etc.; pret. pl. gēafon (hyne) on gārsecg, +<a href="#li49">49</a>; pret. part. þā wæs Hrōðgāre here-spēd gyfen, <a href="#li64">64</a>; þā wæs gylden +hilt gamelum rince ... on hand gyfen, <a href="#li1679">1679</a>; syððan ǣrest wearð gyfen +... geongum cempan (<i>given in marriage</i>), <a href="#li1949">1949</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glāgifan">ā-gifan</a>, <i>to give, to impart</i>: inf. andsware ... āgifan, +<i>to give an answer</i>, <a href="#li355">355</a>; pret. sg. sōna him se frōda fæder +Ōhtheres ... ondslyht āgeaf (<i>gave him a counter-blow</i>), +(<i>hand-blow</i>?), <a href="#li2930">2930</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforgyfan">for-gyfan</a>, <i>to give, to grant</i>: pret. sg. him þæs līf-frēa +... worold-āre forgeaf, <a href="#li17">17</a>; þǣm tō hām forgeaf Hrēðel Gēata āngan +dōhtor (<i>gave in marriage</i>), <a href="#li374">374</a>; similarly, <a href="#li2998">2998</a>; hē mē lond +forgeaf, <i>granted me land</i>, <a href="#li2493">2493</a>; similarly, <a href="#li697">697</a>, <a href="#li1021">1021</a>, <a href="#li2607">2607</a>, +<a href="#li2617">2617</a>; mægen-rǣs forgeaf hilde-bille, <i>he gave with his battle-sword +a mighty blow</i>, i.e. he struck with full force, <a href="#li1520">1520</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glofgifan">of-gifan</a>, (<i>to give up</i>), <i>to leave</i>: inf. þæt se +mǣra maga Ecgþēowes grund-wong þone ofgyfan wolde (<i>was fated to +leave the earth-plain</i>), <a href="#li2589">2589</a>; pret. sg. þās worold ofgeaf +gromheort guma, <a href="#li1682">1682</a>; similarly, gumdrēam ofgeaf, <a href="#li2470">2470</a>; Dena land +ofgeaf, <a href="#li1905">1905</a>; pret. pl. næs ofgēafon hwate Scyldingas, <i>left the +promontory</i>, <a href="#li1601">1601</a>; þæt þā hildlatan holt ofgēfan, <i>that the +cowards left the wood</i> (into which they had fled), <a href="#li2847">2847</a>; sg. pret. +for pl. þāra þe þis [līf] ofgeaf, <a href="#li2252">2252</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgifethe">gifeðe</a>, adj., <i>given, granted</i>: Gūðfremmendra swylcum +gifeðe bið þæt..., <i>to such a warrior is it granted that</i>..., +<a href="#li299">299</a>; similarly, <a href="#li2682">2682</a>; swā mē gifeðe wæs, <a href="#li2492">2492</a>; þǣr mē gifeðe swā ǣnig +yrfeweard æfter wurde, <i>if an heir</i>, (living) <i>after me, had +been given me</i>, <a href="#li2731">2731</a>.—Neut. as subst.: wæs þæt gifeðe tō swīð, þē +þone [þēoden] þyder ontyhte, <i>the fate was too harsh that has drawn +hither the king</i>, <a href="#li3086">3086</a>; gyfeðe, <a href="#li555">555</a>, <a href="#li820">820</a>.—Comp. un-gifeðe.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgifheal">gif-heal</a>, st. f., <i>hall in which fiefs were bestowed, +throne-hall</i>: acc. sg. ymb þā gifhealle, <a href="#li839">839</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgifsceat">gif-sceat</a>, st. m., <i>gift of value</i>: acc. pl. +gif-sceattas, <a href="#li378">378</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgifstōl">gif-stōl</a>, st. m., <i>seat from which fiefs are granted, +throne</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2328">2328</a>; acc. sg., <a href="#li168">168</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgift">gift</a>, st. f., <i>gift, present</i>: in comp. feoh-gift.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgifu">gifu, geofu</a>, st. f., <i>gift, present, grant; fief</i>: nom. +sg. gifu, <a href="#li1885">1885</a> acc. sg. gimfæste gife þē him god sealde, <i>the great +gift that God had granted him</i> (i.e. the enormous strength), <a href="#li1272">1272</a>; +ginfæstan gife þē him god sealde, <a href="#li2183">2183</a>; dat. pl. (as instr.) geofum, +<a href="#li1959">1959</a>; gen. pl. gifa, <a href="#li1931">1931</a>; geofena, <a href="#li1174">1174</a>.—Comp.: māððum-, sinc-gifu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgīgant">gīgant</a>, st. m., <i>giant</i>: nom. pl. gīgantas, <a href="#li113">113</a>; gen. pl. +gīganta, <a href="#li1563">1563</a>, <a href="#li1691">1691</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgild">gild, gyld</a>, st. n., <i>reparation</i>: in comp. wiðer-gyld(?).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgildan">gildan, gyldan</a>, st. v., <i>to do something in return, to repay, +to reward, to pay</i>: inf. gomban gyldan, <i>pay tribute</i>, <a href="#li11">11</a>; hē +mid gōde gyldan wille uncran eaferan, <a href="#li1185">1185</a>; wē him þā gūðgeatwa gyldan +woldon, <a href="#li2637">2637</a>; pret. sg. heaðorǣsas geald mēarum and māðmum, <i>repaid +the battles with horses and treasures</i>, <a href="#li1048">1048</a>; similarly, <a href="#li2492">2492</a>; +geald þone gūðrǣs ... Jofore and Wulfe mid ofermāðmum, <i>repaid Eofor +and Wulf the battle with exceedingly great treasures</i>, <a href="#li2992">2992</a>.</p> + +<p>an-gildan, <i>to pay for</i>: pret. sg. sum sāre angeald ǣfenræste, +<i>one</i> (Æschere) <i>paid for the evening-rest with death's +pain</i>, <a href="#li1252">1252</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-gildan, <i>to offer one's self</i>: pret. sg. þā mē sǣl āgeald, +<i>when the favorable opportunity offered itself</i>, <a href="#li1666">1666</a>; similarly, +þā him rūm āgeald, <a href="#li2691">2691</a>.</p> + +<p>for-gildan, <i>to repay, to do something in return, to reward</i>: +pres. subj. sg. III. alwalda þec gōde forgylde, <i>may the ruler of +all reward thee with good</i>, <a href="#li957">957</a>; inf. þone ǣnne heht golde +forgyldan, <i>he ordered that the one</i> (killed by Grendel) <i>be +paid for</i> (atoned for) <i>with gold</i>, <a href="#li1055">1055</a>; hē ... wolde Grendle +for-gyldan gūðrǣsa fela, <i>wished to pay Grendel for many +attacks</i>, <a href="#li1578">1578</a>; wolde se lāða līge forgyldan drinc-fæt dȳre, <i>the +enemy wished to repay with fire the costly drinking vessel</i> (the +theft of it), <a href="#li2306">2306</a>; pret. sg. hē him þæs lēan forgeald, <i>he gave +them the reward therefore</i>, <a href="#li114">114</a>; similarly, <a href="#li1542">1542</a>, <a href="#li1585">1585</a>, <a href="#li2095">2095</a>; +forgeald hraðe wyrsan wrixle wælhlem þone, <i>repaid the murderous +blow with a worse exchange</i>, <a href="#li2969">2969</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgilp">gilp, gylp</a>, st. m., <i>speech in which one promises great +things for himself in a coming combat, defiant speech, boasting +speech</i>: acc. sg. hæfde ... Gēat-mecga lēod gilp gelǣsted (<i>had +fulfilled what he had claimed for himself before the battle</i>), <a href="#li830">830</a>; +nallas on gylp seleð fǣtte bēagas, <i>gives no chased gold rings for a +boastful speech</i>, <a href="#li1750">1750</a>; þæt ic wið þone gūðflogan gylp ofersitte, +<i>restrain myself from the speech of defiance</i>, <a href="#li2529">2529</a>; dat. sg. +gylpe wiðgrīpan (<i>fulfil my promise of battle</i>), <a href="#li2522">2522</a>.—Comp. +dol-gilp.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgilpan">gilpan, gylpan</a>, st. v. w. gen., acc., and dat., <i>to make a +defiant speech, to boast, to exult insolently</i>: pres. sg. I. nō ic +þæs gilpe (after a break in the text), <a href="#li587">587</a>; sg. III. morðres gylpeð, +<i>boasts of the murder</i>, <a href="#li2056">2056</a>; inf. swā ne gylpan þearf Grendles +maga ǣnig ... ūhthlem þone, <a href="#li2007">2007</a>; nealles folc-cyning fyrdgesteallum +gylpan þorfte, <i>had no need to boast of his fellow-warrior</i>, +<a href="#li2875">2875</a>; pret. sg. hrēðsigora ne gealp goldwine Gēata, <i>did not exult +at the glorious victory</i> (could not gain the victory over the +drake), <a href="#li2584">2584</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgilpcwide">gilp-cwide</a>, st. m., <i>speech in which a man promises much for +himself for a coming combat, speech of defiance</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li641">641</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgilphlæden">gilp-hlæden</a>, pret. part., <i>laden with boasts of defiance</i> +(i.e. he who has made many such boasts, and consequently has been +victorious in many combats), <i>covered with glory</i>: nom. sg. guma +gilp-hlæden, <a href="#li869">869</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgilpsprǣc">gilp-sprǣc</a>, same as <a class="glentry" href="#glgilpcwide">gilp-cwide</a>, <i>speech of defiance, +boastful speech</i>: dat. sg. on gylp-sprǣce, <a href="#li982">982</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgilpword">gilp-word</a>, st. n., <i>defiant word before the coming combat, +vaunting word</i>: gen. pl. gespræc ... gylp-worda sum, <a href="#li676">676</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgim">gim</a>, st. m., <i>gem, precious stone, jewel</i>: nom. sg. +heofones gim, <i>heaven's jewel</i>, i.e. the sun, <a href="#li2073">2073</a>. Comp. +searo-gim.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgimmerīce">gimme-rīce</a>, adj., <i>rich in jewels</i>: acc. sg. gimme-rīce +hord-burh hæleða, <a href="#li466">466</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgin">gin</a> (according to Bout., <b>ginne</b>), adj., properly +<i>gaping</i>, hence, <i>wide, extended</i>: acc. sg. gynne grund +(<i>the bottom of the sea</i>), <a href="#li1552">1552</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glginfæst">gin-fæst</a>, adj., <i>extensive, rich</i>: acc. sg. gim-fæste gife +(gim-, on account of the following <i>f</i>), <a href="#li1272">1272</a>; in weak form, +gin-fæstan gife, <a href="#li2183">2183</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glginnan">ginnan</a>, st. v., original meaning, <i>to be open, ready</i>; in</p> + +<p>on-ginnan, <i>to begin, to undertake</i>: pret. oð þæt ān ongan fyrene +fremman fēond on helle, <a href="#li100">100</a>; secg eft ongan sīð Bēowulfes snyttrum +styrian, <a href="#li872">872</a>; þā þæt sweord ongan ... wanian, <i>the sword began to +diminish</i>, <a href="#li1606">1606</a>; Higelāc ongan sīnne geseldan ... fægre fricgean, +<i>began with propriety to question his companion</i>, <a href="#li1984">1984</a>, etc.; +ongon, <a href="#li2791">2791</a>; pret. pl. nō hēr cūðlīcor cuman ongunnon lindhæbbende, +<i>no shield-bearing men e'er undertook more openly to come +hither</i>, <a href="#li244">244</a>; pret. part. hæbbe ic mǣrða fela ongunnen on geogoðe, +<i>have in my youth undertaken many deeds of renown</i>, <a href="#li409">409</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgist">gist</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgæst">gæst</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgistran">gistran</a>, adv., <i>yesterday</i>: gystran niht, <i>yesterday +night</i>, <a href="#li1335">1335</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgit">git</a>, pron., <i>ye two</i>, dual of <a class="glentry" href="#glthū">þū</a>, <a href="#li508">508</a>, <a href="#li512">512</a>, <a href="#li513">513</a>, +etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgit">gīt, gȳt</a>, adv., <i>yet; then still</i>, <a href="#li536">536</a>, <a href="#li1128">1128</a>, <a href="#li1165">1165</a>, <a href="#li2142">2142</a>; +<i>hitherto</i>, <a href="#li957">957</a>; nǣfre gīt, <i>never yet</i>, <a href="#li583">583</a>; <i>still</i>, +<a href="#li945">945</a>, <a href="#li1059">1059</a>, <a href="#li1135">1135</a>; <i>once more</i>, <a href="#li2513">2513</a>; <i>moreover</i>, <a href="#li47">47</a>, <a href="#li1051">1051</a>, +<a href="#li1867">1867</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgitan">gitan</a> (original meaning, <i>to take hold of, to seize, to +attain</i>), in</p> + +<p>be-gitan, w. acc., <i>to grasp, to seize, to reach</i>: pret. sg. +begeat, <a href="#li1147">1147</a>, <a href="#li2231">2231</a>; þā hine wīg beget, <i>when war seized him, came +upon him</i>, <a href="#li2873">2873</a>; similarly, begeat, <a href="#li1069">1069</a>; pret. pl. hit ǣr on þē +gōde be-geāton, <i>good men received it formerly from thee</i>, <a href="#li2250">2250</a>; +subj. sg. for pl. þæt wæs Hrōðgāre hrēowa tornost þāra þe lēodfruman +lange begeāte, <i>the bitterest of the troubles that for a long time +had befallen the people's chief</i>, <a href="#li2131">2131</a>.</p> + +<p>for-gitan, w. acc., <i>to forget</i>: pres. sg. III. hē þā +forðgesceaft forgyteð and forgȳmeð, <a href="#li1752">1752</a>.</p> + +<p>an-gitan, on-gitan, w. acc.: 1) <i>to take hold of, to grasp</i>: imp. +sg. gumcyste ongit, <i>lay hold of manly virtue, of what becomes the +man</i>, <a href="#li1724">1724</a>; pret. sg. þē hine se brōga angeat, <i>whom terror +seized</i>, <a href="#li1292">1292</a>.—2) <i>to grasp intellectually, to comprehend, to +perceive, to distinguish, to behold</i>: pres. subj. I. þæt ic ǣrwelan +... ongite, <i>that I may behold the ancient wealth</i> (the treasures +of the drake's cave), <a href="#li2749">2749</a>; inf. sæl timbred ... ongytan, <a href="#li308">308</a>, <a href="#li1497">1497</a>; +Gēata clifu ongitan, <a href="#li1912">1912</a>; pret. sg. fyren-þearfe ongeat, <i>had +perceived their distress from hostile snares</i>, <a href="#li14">14</a>; ongeat ... +grund-wyrgenne, <i>beheld the she-wolf of the bottom</i>, <a href="#li1519">1519</a>; pret. +pl. bearhtm ongeāton, gūðhorn galan, <i>perceived the noise</i>, +(heard) <i>the battle-trumpet sound</i>, <a href="#li1432">1432</a>; syððan hīe Hygelāces +horn and bȳman gealdor ongeāton, <a href="#li2945">2945</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgīfre">gīfre</a>, adj., <i>greedy, eager</i>: nom. sg. gīfre and galgmōd, +of Grendel's mother, <a href="#li1278">1278</a>.—Superl.: līg..., gǣsta gīfrost, +<a href="#li1124">1124</a>.—Comp. heoro-gīfre.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgītsian">gītsian</a>, w. v., <i>to be greedy</i>: pres. sg. III. gȳtsað, +<a href="#li1750">1750</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgio">gio-, giō-</a>. see <a class="glentry" href="#glgeo">geo-, geō-</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgladian">gladian</a>, w. v., <i>to gleam, to shimmer</i>: pres. pl. III. on +him gladiað gomelra lāfe, <i>upon him gleams the legacy of the men of +ancient times</i> (armor), <a href="#li2037">2037</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glglæd">glæd</a>, adj., <i>gracious, friendly</i> (as a form of address for +princes): nom. sg. bēo wið Gēatas glæd, <a href="#li1174">1174</a>; acc. sg. glædne Hrōðgār, +<a href="#li864">864</a>; glædne Hrōðulf, <a href="#li1182">1182</a>; dat. sg. gladum suna Frōdan, <a href="#li2026">2026</a>.</p> + +<p>glæde, adv., <i>in a gracious, friendly way</i>, <a href="#li58">58</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glglædnian">glædnian</a>, w. v., <i>to rejoice</i>: inf. w. gen., <a href="#li367">367</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glglædmōd">glæd-mōd</a>, adj., <i>joyous, glad</i>, <a href="#li1786">1786</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glglēd">glēd</a>, st. f., <i>fire, flame</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2653">2653</a>, <a href="#li3115">3115</a>; dat. +(instr.) pl. glēdum, <a href="#li2313">2313</a>, <a href="#li2336">2336</a>, <a href="#li2678">2678</a>, <a href="#li3042">3042</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glglēdegesa">glēd-egesa</a>, w. m., <i>terror on account of fire, +fire-terror</i>: nom. sg. glēd-egesa grim (<i>the fire-spewing of the +drake</i>), <a href="#li2651">2651</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glglēaw">glēaw</a> (Goth, glaggwu-s), adj., <i>considerate, well-bred</i>, +of social conduct; in comp. un-glēaw.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glglēo">glēo</a>, st. n., <i>social entertainment</i>, (especially by +music, play, and jest): nom. sg. þǣr wæs gidd and glēo, <a href="#li2106">2106</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glglēobēam">glēo-bēam</a>, st. m., <i>(tree of social entertainment, of music), +harp.</i> gen. sg. glēo-bēames, <a href="#li2264">2264</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glglēodrēam">glēo-drēam</a>, st. <i>m., joyous carrying-on in social +entertainment, mirth, social gaiety</i>: acc. sg. gamen and +glēo-drēam, <a href="#li3022">3022</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glglēoman">glēo-man</a>, m., <i>(gleeman, who enlivens the social +entertainment, especially with music), harper</i>: gen. sg. glēomannes +gyd, <a href="#li1161">1161</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glglitinian">glitinian</a> (O.H.G. glizinōn), w. v., <i>to gleam, to light, to +glitter</i>: inf. geseah þā ... gold glitinian, <a href="#li2759">2759</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glglīdan">glīdan</a>, st. v., <i>to glide</i>: pret. sg. syððan heofones gim +glād ofer grundas, <i>after heaven's gem had glided over the +fields</i> (after the sun had set), <a href="#li2074">2074</a>; pret. pl. glidon ofer +gārsecg, <i>you glided over the ocean</i> (swimming), <a href="#li515">515</a>.</p> + +<p>tō-glīdan <i>(to glide asunder), to separate, to fall asunder</i>: +pret. gūð-helm tō-glād (Ongenþēow's helmet was split asunder by the +blow of Eofor), <a href="#li2488">2488</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glglōf">glōf</a>, st. f., <i>glove</i>: nom. sg. glōf hangode, (on Grendel) +<i>a glove hung</i>, <a href="#li2086">2086</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgnēath">gnēað</a>, adj., <i>niggardly</i>: nom. sg. f. næs hīo ... tō gnēað +gifa Gēata lēodum, <i>was not too niggardly with gifts to the people +of the Gēatas</i>, <a href="#li1931">1931</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgnorn">gnorn</a>, st. m., <i>sorrow, sadness</i>: acc. sg. gnorn þrowian, +<a href="#li2659">2659</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgnornian">gnornian</a>, w. v., <i>to be sad, to complain</i>: pret. sg. earme +... ides gnornode, <a href="#li1118">1118</a>.</p> + +<p>be-gnornian, w. acc., <i>to bemoan, to mourn for</i>: pret. pl. begnornodon +... hlāfordes [hry]re, <i>bemoaned their lord's fall</i>, <a href="#li3180">3180</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgod">god</a>, st. m., <i>god</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li13">13</a>, <a href="#li72">72</a>, <a href="#li478">478</a>, etc.; hālig +god, <a href="#li381">381</a>, <a href="#li1554">1554</a>; wītig god, <a href="#li686">686</a>; mihtig god, <a href="#li702">702</a>; acc. sg. god, <a href="#li812">812</a>; ne +wiston hīe drihten god, <i>did not know the Lord God</i>, <a href="#li181">181</a>; dat. +sg. gode, <a href="#li113">113</a>, <a href="#li227">227</a>, <a href="#li626">626</a>, etc.; gen. sg. godes, <a href="#li570">570</a>, <a href="#li712">712</a>, <a href="#li787">787</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgold">gold</a>, st. n., <i>gold</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li3013">3013</a>, <a href="#li3053">3053</a>; icge gold, +<a href="#li1108">1108</a>; wunden gold, <i>wound gold, gold in ring-form</i>, <a href="#li1194">1194</a>, <a href="#li3136">3136</a>; +acc. sg. gold, <a href="#li2537">2537</a>, <a href="#li2759">2759</a>, <a href="#li2794">2794</a>, <a href="#li3169">3169</a>; hǣðen gold, <i>heathen gold</i> +(that from the drake's cave), <a href="#li2277">2277</a>; brād gold, <i>massive gold</i>, +<a href="#li3106">3106</a>; dat. instr. sg. golde, <a href="#li1055">1055</a>, <a href="#li2932">2932</a>, <a href="#li3019">3019</a>; fǣttan golde, <i>with +chased gold, with gold in plate-form</i>, <a href="#li2103">2103</a>; gehroden golde, +<i>covered with gold, gilded</i>, <a href="#li304">304</a>; golde gegyrwed (gegyrede), +<i>provided with, ornamented with gold</i>, <a href="#li553">553</a>, <a href="#li1029">1029</a>, <a href="#li2193">2193</a>; golde +geregnad, <i>adorned with gold</i>, <a href="#li778">778</a>; golde fāhne (hrōf), <i>the +roof shining with gold</i>, <a href="#li928">928</a>; bunden golde, <i>bound with gold</i> +(see under <a class="glentry" href="#glbindan">bindan</a>), <a href="#li1901">1901</a>; hyrsted golde (helm), <i>the helmet +ornamented with, mounted with gold</i>, <a href="#li2256">2256</a>; gen. sg. goldes, <a href="#li2302">2302</a>; +fǣttan goldes, <a href="#li1094">1094</a>, <a href="#li2247">2247</a>; scīran goldes, <i>of pure gold</i>, <a href="#li1695">1695</a>. +—Comp. fæt-gold.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgoldǣht">gold-ǣht</a>, st. f., <i>possessions in gold, treasure</i>: acc. +sg., <a href="#li2749">2749</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgoldfāh">gold-fāh</a>, adj., <i>variegated with gold, shining with gold</i>: +nom. sg. reced ... gold-fāh, <a href="#li1801">1801</a>; acc. sg. gold-fāhne helm, <a href="#li2812">2812</a>; +nom. pl. gold-fāg scinon web æfter wāgum, <i>variegated with gold, the +tapestry gleamed along the walls</i>, <a href="#li995">995</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgoldgifa">gold-gifa</a>, w. m., <i>gold-giver</i>, designation of the prince: +acc. sg. mid mīnne goldgyfan, <a href="#li2653">2653</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgoldhroden">gold-hroden</a>, pret. part., <i>(covered with gold), ornamented +with gold</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li615">615</a>, <a href="#li641">641</a>, <a href="#li1949">1949</a>, <a href="#li2026">2026</a>; epithet of women of +princely rank.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgoldhwæt">gold-hwæt</a>, adj., <i>striving after gold, greedy for gold</i>: +næs hē goldhwæt, <i>he</i> (Bēowulf) <i>was not greedy for gold</i> +(he did not fight against the drake for his treasure, cf. <a href="#li3067">3067</a> ff.) +<a href="#li3075">3075</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgoldmāthm">gold-māðm</a>, st. m., <i>jewel of gold</i>: acc. pl. gold-māðmas +(the treasures of the drake's cave), <a href="#li2415">2415</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgoldsele">gold-sele</a>, st. m., <i>gold-hall</i>, i.e. the hall in which the +gold was distributed, ruler's hall: acc. sg., <a href="#li716">716</a>, <a href="#li1254">1254</a>; dat. sg. +gold-sele, <a href="#li1640">1640</a>, <a href="#li2084">2084</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgoldweard">gold-weard</a>, st. m., <i>gold-ward, defender of the gold</i>: +acc. sg. (of the drake), <a href="#li3082">3082</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgoldwine">gold-wine</a>, st. m., <i>friend who distributes gold</i>, i.e. +ruler, prince: nom. sg. (partly as voc.) goldwine gumena, <a href="#li1172">1172</a>, <a href="#li1477">1477</a>, +<a href="#li1603">1603</a>; goldwine Gēata, <a href="#li2420">2420</a>, <a href="#li2585">2585</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgoldwlanc">gold-wlanc</a>, adj., <i>proud of gold</i>: nom. sg. gūðrinc +goldwlanc (Bēowulf rewarded with gold by Hrōðgār on account of his +victory), <a href="#li1882">1882</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgomban">gomban, gomel, gomen</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgamban">gamban, gamal, gamen</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgong">gong, gongan</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgang">gang, gangan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgōd">gōd</a>, adj., <i>good, fit</i>, of persons and things: nom. sg., +<a href="#li11">11</a>, <a href="#li195">195</a>, <a href="#li864">864</a>, <a href="#li2264">2264</a>, <a href="#li2391">2391</a>, etc.; frōd and gōd, <a href="#li279">279</a>; w. dat. cyning +æðelum gōd, <i>the king noble in birth</i>, <a href="#li1871">1871</a>; gumcystum gōd, <a href="#li2544">2544</a>; +w. gen. wes þū ūs lārena gōd, <i>be good to us with teaching</i> (help +us thereto through thy instruction), <a href="#li269">269</a>; in weak form, se gōda, <a href="#li205">205</a>, +<a href="#li355">355</a>, <a href="#li676">676</a>, <a href="#li1191">1191</a>, etc.; acc. sg. gōdne, <a href="#li199">199</a>, <a href="#li347">347</a>, <a href="#li1596">1596</a>, <a href="#li1970">1970</a>, etc.; +gumcystum gōdne, <a href="#li1487">1487</a>; neut. gōd, <a href="#li1563">1563</a>; dat. sg. gōdum, <a href="#li3037">3037</a>, <a href="#li3115">3115</a>; +þǣm gōdan, <a href="#li384">384</a>, <a href="#li2328">2328</a>; nom. pl. gōde, <a href="#li2250">2250</a>; þā gōdan, <a href="#li1164">1164</a>; acc. pl. +gōde, <a href="#li2642">2642</a>; dat. pl. gōdum dǣdum, <a href="#li2179">2179</a>; gen. pl. gōdra gūðrinca, +<a href="#li2649">2649</a>.—Comp. ǣr-gōd.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgōd">gōd</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>good that is done, benefit, gift</i>: instr. +sg. gōde, <a href="#li20">20</a>, <a href="#li957">957</a>, <a href="#li1185">1185</a>; gōde mǣre, <i>renowned on account of her +gifts</i> (Þrȳðo), <a href="#li1953">1953</a>; instr. pl. gōdum, <a href="#li1862">1862</a>.—2) <i>ability</i>, +especially in fight: gen. pl. nāt hē þāra gōda, <a href="#li682">682</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgram">gram</a>, adj., <i>hostile</i>: gen. sg. on grames grāpum, <i>in +the gripe of the enemy</i> (Bēowulf), <a href="#li766">766</a>; nom. pl. þā graman, <a href="#li778">778</a>; +dat. pl. gramum, <a href="#li424">424</a>, <a href="#li1035">1035</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgramheort">gram-heort</a>, adj., <i>of a hostile heart, hostile</i>: nom. sg. +grom-heort guma, <a href="#li1683">1683</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgramhȳdig">gram-hȳdig</a>, adj., <i>with hostile feeling, maliciously +inclined</i>: nom. sg. gromhȳdig, <a href="#li1750">1750</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrāp">grāp</a>, st. f., <i>the hand ready to grasp, hand, claw</i>: dat. +sg. mid grāpe, <a href="#li438">438</a>; on grāpe, <a href="#li555">555</a>; gen. sg. eal ... Grendles grāpe, +<i>all of Grendel's claw, the whole claw</i>, <a href="#li837">837</a>; dat. pl. on grames +grāpum, <a href="#li766">766</a>; (as instr.) grimman grāpum, <i>with grim claws</i>, +<a href="#li1543">1543</a>.—Comp.: fēond-, hilde-grāp.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrāpian">grāpian</a>, w. v., <i>to grasp, to lay hold of, to seize</i>: +pret. sg. þæt hire wið halse heard grāpode, <i>that</i> (the sword) +<i>griped hard at her neck</i>, <a href="#li1567">1567</a>; hē ... grāpode gearofolm, <i>he +took hold with ready hand</i>, <a href="#li2086">2086</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgræsmolde">græs-molde</a>, w. f., <i>grass-plot</i>: acc. sg. græsmoldan træd, +<i>went over the grass-plot</i>, <a href="#li1882">1882</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrǣdig">grǣdig</a>, adj., <i>greedy, hungry, voracious</i>: nom. sg. grim +and grǣdig, <a href="#li121">121</a>, <a href="#li1500">1500</a>; acc. sg. grǣdig gūðlēoð, <a href="#li1523">1523</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrǣg">grǣg</a>, adj., <i>gray</i>: nom. pl. æsc-holt ufan grǣg, <i>the +ashen wood, gray above</i> (the spears with iron points) <a href="#li330">330</a>; acc. pl. +grǣge syrcan, <i>gray</i> (i.e. iron) <i>shirts of mail</i>, <a href="#li334">334</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrǣgmǣl">grǣg-mǣl</a>, adj., <i>having a gray color</i>, here = <i>iron</i>: +nom. sg. sweord Bēowulfes gomol and grǣgmǣl, <a href="#li2683">2683</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrǣpe">grǣpe</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glætgrǣpe">æt-grǣpe</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrētan">grētan</a>, w. v. w. acc.: 1) <i>to greet, to salute</i>: inf. hine +swā gōdne grētan, <a href="#li347">347</a>; Hrōðgār grētan, <a href="#li1647">1647</a>, <a href="#li2011">2011</a>; ēowic grētan hēt +(<i>bade me bring you his last greeting</i>), <a href="#li3096">3096</a>; pret. sg. grētte +Gēata lēod, <a href="#li626">626</a>; grētte þā guma ōðerne, <a href="#li653">653</a>; Hrōðgār grētte, <a href="#li1817">1817</a>.— +2) <i>to come on, to come near, to seek out; to touch; to take hold +of</i>: inf. gifstōl grētan, <i>take possession of the throne, mount +it as ruler</i>, <a href="#li168">168</a>; næs se folccyning ǣnig ... þē mec gūðwinum +grētan dorste (<i>attack with swords</i>), <a href="#li2736">2736</a>; Wyrd ... sē þone +gomelan grētan sceolde, <a href="#li2422">2422</a>; þæt þone sin-scaðan gūðbilla nān grētan +nolde, <i>that no sword would take hold upon the irreconcilable +enemy</i>, <a href="#li804">804</a>; pret. sg. grētte goldhroden guman on healle, <i>the +gold-adorned</i> (queen) <i>greeted the men in the hall</i>, <a href="#li615">615</a>; nō +hē mid hearme ... gæstas grētte, <i>did not approach the strangers +with insults</i>, <a href="#li1894">1894</a>; gomenwudu grētte, <i>touched the wood of joy, +played the harp</i>, <a href="#li2109">2109</a>; pret. subj. II. sg. þæt þū þone wælgǣst +wihte ne grētte, <i>that thou shouldst by no means seek out the +murderous spirit</i> (Grendel), <a href="#li1996">1996</a>; similarly, sg. III. þæt hē ne +grētte goldweard þone, <a href="#li3082">3082</a>; pret. part. þǣr wæs ... gomenwudu grēted, +<a href="#li1066">1066</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-grētan, w. acc.: 1) <i>to greet, to salute, to address</i>: pret. +sg. holdne gegrētte mēaglum wordum, <i>greeted the dear man with +formal words</i>, <a href="#li1981">1981</a>; gegrētte þā gumena gehwylcne ... hindeman +siðe, <i>spoke then the last time to each of the men</i>, <a href="#li2517">2517</a>.—2) +<i>to approach, to come near, to seek out</i>: inf. sceal ... manig +ōðerne gōdum gegrētan ofer ganotes bæð, <i>many a one will seek +another across the sea with gifts</i>, <a href="#li1862">1862</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrēot">grēot</a>, st. m., <i>grit, sand, earth</i>: dat. sg. on grēote, +<a href="#li3169">3169</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrēotan">grēotan</a>, st. v., <i>to weep, to mourn, to lament</i>: pres. sg. +III. sē þe æfter sincgyfan on sefan grēoteð, <i>who laments in his +heart for the treasure-giver</i>, <a href="#li1343">1343</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrim">grim</a>, adj., <i>grim, angry, wild, hostile</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li121">121</a>, +<a href="#li555">555</a>, <a href="#li1500">1500</a>, etc.; weak form, se grimma gæst, <a href="#li102">102</a>; acc. sg. m. grimne, +<a href="#li1149">1149</a>, <a href="#li2137">2137</a>; fem, grimme, <a href="#li1235">1235</a>; gen. sg. grimre gūðe, <a href="#li527">527</a>; instr. pl. +grimman grāpum, <a href="#li1543">1543</a>.—Comp.: beado-, heaðo-, heoro-, searo-grim.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrimme">grimme</a>, adv., <i>grimly, in a hostile manner, bitterly</i>, +<a href="#li3013">3013</a>, <a href="#li3086">3086</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrimlīc">grim-līc</a>, adj., <i>grim, terrible</i>: nom. sg. grimlīc +gry[re-gæst], <a href="#li3042">3042</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrimman">grimman</a>, st. v., (properly <i>to snort</i>), <i>to go forward +hastily, to hasten</i>: pret. pl. grummon, <a href="#li306">306</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrindan">grindan</a>, st. v., <i>to grind</i>, in</p> + +<p>for-grindan, <i>to destroy, to ruin</i>: pret. sg. w. dat. forgrand +gramum, <i>destroyed the enemy, killed them</i> (?), <a href="#li424">424</a>; pret. part. +w. acc. hæfde līgdraca lēoda fæsten ... glēdum forgrunden, <i>had with +flames destroyed the people's feasts</i>, <a href="#li2336">2336</a>; þā his āgen (scyld) +wæs glēdum forgrunden, <i>since his own (shield) had been destroyed by +the fire</i>, <a href="#li2678">2678</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgripe">gripe</a>, st. m., <i>gripe, attack</i>: nom. sg. gripe mēces, +<a href="#li1766">1766</a>; acc. sg. grimne gripe, <a href="#li1149">1149</a>.—Comp.: fǣr-, mund-, nīð-gripe.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrīma">grīma</a>, w. m., <i>mask, visor</i>: in comp. beado-, here-grīma.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrīmhelm">grīm-helm</a>, st. m., <i>mask-helmet, helmet with visor</i>: acc. +pl. grīm-helmas, <a href="#li334">334</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrīpan">grīpan</a>, st. v., <i>to gripe, to seize, to grasp</i>: pret. sg. +grāp þā tōgēanes, <i>then she caught at</i>, <a href="#li1502">1502</a>.</p> + +<p>for-grīpan <i>(to gripe vehemently), to gripe so as to kill, to kill +by the grasp</i>, w. dat.: pret. sg. æt gūðe forgrāp Grendeles mǣgum, +<a href="#li2354">2354</a>. wið-grīpan, w. dat., <i>(to seize at), to maintain, to hold +erect</i>: inf. hū wið þām āglǣcean elles meahte gylpe wið-grīpan, +<i>how else I might maintain my boast of battle against the +monster</i>, <a href="#li2522">2522</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrōwan">grōwan</a>, st. v., <i>to grow, to sprout</i>: pret. sg. him on +ferhðe grēow brēosthord blōdrēow, <a href="#li1719">1719</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrund">grund</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>ground, plain, fields</i> in contrast with +highlands; <i>earth</i> in contrast with heaven: dat. sg. sōhte ... +æfter grunde, <i>sought along the ground</i>, <a href="#li2295">2295</a>; acc. pl. ofer +grundas, <a href="#li1405">1405</a>, <a href="#li2074">2074</a>.—2) <i>bottom, the lowest part</i>: acc. sg. +grund (of the sea of Grendel), <a href="#li1368">1368</a>; on gyfenes grund, <a href="#li1395">1395</a>; under +gynne grund (<i>bottom of the sea</i>) <a href="#li1552">1552</a>; dat. sg. tō grunde (of +the sea), <a href="#li553">553</a>; grunde (of the drake's cave) getenge, <a href="#li2759">2759</a>; so, on +grunde, <a href="#li2766">2766</a>.—Comp.: eormen-, mere-, sǣ-grund.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrundbūend">grund-būend</a>, pres. part., <i>inhabitant of the earth</i>: gen. +pl. grund-būendra, <a href="#li1007">1007</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrundhyrde">grund-hyrde</a>, st. m., <i>warder of the bottom</i> (of the sea): +acc. sg. (of Grendel's mother), <a href="#li2137">2137</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrundsele">grund-sele</a>, st. m., <i>hall at the bottom</i> (of the sea): dat +sg. in þām [grund]sele, <a href="#li2140">2140</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrundwang">grund-wang</a>, st. m., <i>ground surface, lowest surface</i>: acc. +sg. þone grund-wong (<i>bottom of the sea</i>), <a href="#li1497">1497</a>; (bottom of the +drake's cave), <a href="#li2772">2772</a>, <a href="#li2589">2589</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrundwyrgen">grund-wyrgen</a>, st. f., <i>she-wolf of the bottom</i> (of the +sea): acc. sg. grund-wyrgenne (Grendel's mother), <a href="#li1519">1519</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgryn">gryn</a> (cf. Gloss. Aldh. "retinaculum, rete grin," Hpts. Ztschr. +IX. 429), st. n., <i>net, noose, snare</i>: gen. pl. fela ... grynna, +<a href="#li931">931</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgyrn">gyrn</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgryre">gryre</a>, st. m., <i>horror, terror, anything causing terror</i>: +nom. sg., <a href="#li1283">1283</a>; acc. sg. wið Grendles gryre, <a href="#li384">384</a>; hīe Wyrd forswēop on +Grendles gryre, <i>snatched them away into the horror of Grendel, to +the horrible Grendel</i>, <a href="#li478">478</a>; dat. pl. mid gryrum ecga, <a href="#li483">483</a>; gen. pl. +swā fela gryra, <a href="#li592">592</a>.—Comp.: fǣr-, wīg-gryre.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgryrebrōga">gryre-brōga</a>, w. m., <i>terror and horror, amazement</i>: nom. +sg. [gryre-]br[ō]g[a], <a href="#li2229">2229</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgryrefāh">gryre-fāh</a>, adj., <i>gleaming terribly</i>: acc. sg. gryre-fāhne +(<i>the fire-spewing drake</i>, cf. also [draca] fȳrwylmum fāh, <a href="#li2672">2672</a>, +<a href="#li2577">2577</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgryregæst">gryre-gæst</a>, st. m., <i>terror-guest, stranger causing +terror</i>: nom. sg. grimlīc gry[regæst], <a href="#li3042">3042</a>; dat. sg. wið þām +gryregieste (the dragon), <a href="#li2561">2561</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgryregeatwe">gryre-geatwe</a>, st. f. pl., <i>terror-armor, warlike +equipment</i>: dat. pl. in hyra gryre-geatwum, <a href="#li324">324</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgryrelēoth">gryre-lēoð</a>, st. n., <i>terror-song, fearful song</i>: acc. sg. +gehȳrdon gryrelēoð galan godes and-sacan (<i>heard Grendel's cry of +agony</i>), <a href="#li787">787</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgryrelīc">gryre-līc</a>, adj., <i>terrible, horrible</i>: acc. sg. +gryre-līcne, <a href="#li1442">1442</a>, <a href="#li2137">2137</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgryresīth">gryre-sīð</a>, st. m., <i>way of terror, way causing terror</i>, +i.e. warlike expedition: acc. pl. sē þe gryre-sīðas gegān dorste, +<a href="#li1463">1463</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glguma">guma</a>, w. m., <i>man, human being</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li653">653</a>, <a href="#li869">869</a>, etc.; +acc. sg. guman, <a href="#li1844">1844</a>, <a href="#li2295">2295</a>; dat. sg. guman (gumum, MS.), <a href="#li2822">2822</a>; nom pl. +guman, <a href="#li215">215</a>, <a href="#li306">306</a>, <a href="#li667">667</a>, etc.; acc. pl. guman, <a href="#li615">615</a>; dat. pl. gumum, <a href="#li127">127</a>, +<a href="#li321">321</a>; gen. pl. gumena, <a href="#li73">73</a>, <a href="#li328">328</a>, <a href="#li474">474</a>, <a href="#li716">716</a>, etc.—Comp.: driht-, +seld-guma.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgumcyn">gum-cyn</a>, st. n., <i>race of men, people, nation</i>: gen. sg. +wē synt gumcynnes Gēata lēode, <i>people from the nation of the +Gēatas</i>, <a href="#li260">260</a>; dat. pl. æfter gum-cynnum, <i>along the nations, +among the nations</i>, <a href="#li945">945</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgumcyst">gum-cyst</a>, st. f., <i>man's excellence, man's virtue</i>: acc. +sg. (or pl.) gumcyste, <a href="#li1724">1724</a>; dat. pl. as adv., <i>excellently, +preeminently</i>: gumcystum gōdne bēaga bryttan, <a href="#li1487">1487</a>; gumcystum gōd +... hilde-hlemma (Bēowulf), <a href="#li2544">2544</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgumdrēam">gum-drēam</a>, st. m., <i>joyous doings of men</i>: acc. sg. +gum-drēam ofgeaf (died), <a href="#li2470">2470</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgumdryhten">gum-dryhten</a>, st. m., <i>lord of men</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li1643">1643</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgumfētha">gum-fēða</a>, w. m., <i>troop of men going on foot</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li1402">1402</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgumman">gum-man</a>, st. m., <i>man</i>: gen. pl. gum-manna fela, <a href="#li1029">1029</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgumstōl">gum-stōl</a>, st. m., <i>man's seat, κατ' ἐζωχήν, ruler's seat, throne</i>: dat. sg. in gumstōle, <a href="#li1953">1953</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūth">gūð</a>, st. f., <i>combat, battle</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1124">1124</a>, <a href="#li1659">1659</a>, <a href="#li2484">2484</a>, +<a href="#li2537">2537</a>; acc. sg. gūðe, <a href="#li604">604</a>; instr. sg. gūðe, <a href="#li1998">1998</a>; dat. sg. tō (æt) +gūðe, <a href="#li438">438</a>, <a href="#li1473">1473</a>. <a href="#li1536">1536</a>, <a href="#li2354">2354</a>, etc.; gen. sg. gūðe, <a href="#li483">483</a>, <a href="#li527">527</a>, <a href="#li631">631</a>, etc.; +dat. pl. gūðum, <a href="#li1959">1959</a>, <a href="#li2179">2179</a>; gen. pl. gūða, <a href="#li2513">2513</a>, <a href="#li2544">2544</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthbeorn">gūð-beorn</a>, st. m., <i>warrior</i>: gen. pl. gūð-beorna sum +(<i>the strand-guard on the Danish coast</i>), <a href="#li314">314</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthbil">gūð-bil</a>, st. n., <i>battle-bill</i>: nom. sg. gūðbill, <a href="#li2585">2585</a>; +gen. pl. gūð-billa nān, <a href="#li804">804</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthbyrne">gūð-byrne</a>, w. f., <i>battle-corselet</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li321">321</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthcearu">gūð-cearu</a>, st. f., <i>sorrow which the combat brings</i>: dat. +sg. æfter gūð-ceare, <a href="#li1259">1259</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthcræft">gūð-cræft</a>, st. m., <i>warlike strength, power in battle</i>: +nom. sg. Grendles gūð-cræft, <a href="#li127">127</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthcyning">gūð-cyning</a>, st. m., <i>king in battle, king directing a +battle</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li199">199</a>, <a href="#li1970">1970</a>, <a href="#li2336">2336</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthdēath">gūð-dēað</a>, st. m., <i>death in battle</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2250">2250</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthfloga">gūð-floga</a>, w. m., <i>flying warrior</i>: acc. sg. wið þone +gūðflogan (the drake), <a href="#li2529">2529</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthfreca">gūð-freca</a>, w. m., <i>hero in battle, warrior</i> (see freca): +nom. sg. gearo gūð-freca, of the drake, <a href="#li2415">2415</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthfremmend">gūð-fremmend</a>, pres. part., <i>fighting a battle, warrior</i>: +gen. pl. gūð-fremmendra, <a href="#li246">246</a>; gūð- (gōd-, MS.) fremmendra swylcum, +<i>such a warrior</i> (meaning Bēowulf), <a href="#li299">299</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthgewǣde">gūð-gewǣde</a>, st. n., <i>battle-dress, armor</i>: nom. pl. +gūð-gewǣdo, <a href="#li227">227</a>; acc. pl. -gewǣdu, <a href="#li2618">2618</a>, <a href="#li2631">2631</a>(?), <a href="#li2852">2852</a>, <a href="#li2872">2872</a>; gen. pl. +-gewǣda, <a href="#li2624">2624</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthgeweorc">gūð-geweorc</a>, st. n., <i>battle-work warlike deed</i>: gen. pl., +-geweorca, <a href="#li679">679</a>, <a href="#li982">982</a>, <a href="#li1826">1826</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthgeatwe">gūð-geatwe</a>, st. f. pl., <i>equipment for combat</i>: acc. þā +gūð-geatwa (-getawa, MS.), <a href="#li2637">2637</a>; dat. in ēowrum gūð-geatawum, <a href="#li395">395</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthhelm">gūð-helm</a>, st. m., <i>battle-helmet</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2488">2488</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthhorn">gūð-horn</a>, st. n., <i>battle-horn</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1433">1433</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthhrēth">gūð-hrēð</a>, st. f., <i>battle-fame</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li820">820</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthlēoth">gūð-lēoð</a>, st. n., <i>battle-song</i>: acc., sg., <a href="#li1523">1523</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthmōd">gūð-mōd</a>, adj., <i>disposed to battle, having an inclination to +battle</i>. nom. pl. gūð-mōde, <a href="#li306">306</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthrǣs">gūð-rǣs</a>, st. m., <i>storm of battle, attack</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li2992">2992</a>; gen. pl. gūð-rǣsa, <a href="#li1578">1578</a>, <a href="#li2427">2427</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthrēow">gūð-rēow</a>, adj., <i>fierce in battle</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li58">58</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthrinc">gūð-rinc</a>, st. m., <i>man of battle, fighter, warrior</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li839">839</a>, <a href="#li1119">1119</a>, <a href="#li1882">1882</a>; acc. sg., <a href="#li1502">1502</a>; gen. pl. gūð-rinca, <a href="#li2649">2649</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthrōf">gūð-rōf</a>, adj., <i>renowned in battle</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li609">609</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthsceatha">gūð-sceaða</a>, w. m., <i>battle-foe, enemy in combat</i>: nom. +sg., of the drake, <a href="#li2319">2319</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthscearu">gūð-scearu</a>, st. f., <i>decision of the battle</i>: dat. sg. +æfter gūð-sceare, <a href="#li1214">1214</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthsele">gūð-sele</a>, st. m., <i>battle-hall, hall in which a battle takes +place</i>: dat sg. in þǣm gūðsele (in Heorot), <a href="#li443">443</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthsearo">gūð-searo</a>, st. n. pl., <i>battle-equipment, armor</i>; acc., +<a href="#li215">215</a>, <a href="#li328">328</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthsweord">gūð-sweord</a>, st. n., <i>battle-sword</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li2155">2155</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthwērig">gūð-wērig</a>, adj., <i>wearied by battle dead</i>: acc. sg. +gūð-wērigne Grendel, <a href="#li1587">1587</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthwine">gūð-wine</a>, st. m., <i>battle-friend, comrade in battle</i> +designation of the sword: acc. sg., <a href="#li1811">1811</a>; instr. pl. þē mec gūð-winum +grētan dorste, <i>who dared to attack me with his war-friends</i>, +<a href="#li2736">2736</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthwiga">gūð-wiga</a>, w. m., <i>fighter of battles, warrior</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li2112">2112</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgyd">gyd</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgid">gid</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgyfan">gyfan</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgifan">gifan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgyldan">gyldan</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgildan">gildan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgylden">gylden</a>, adj., <i>golden</i>: nom. sg. gylden hilt, <a href="#li1678">1678</a>; acc. +sg. segen gyldenne, <a href="#li47">47</a>, <a href="#li1022">1022</a>; bring gyldenne, <a href="#li2810">2810</a>; dat. sg. under +gyldnum bēage, <a href="#li1164">1164</a>.—Comp. eal-gylden.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgylp">gylp</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgilp">gilp</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgyrdan">gyrdan</a>, w. v., <i>to gird, to lace</i>: pret. part. gyrded +cempa, <i>the (sword-) girt warrior</i>, <a href="#li2079">2079</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgyrn">gyrn</a>, st. n., <i>sorrow, harm</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1776">1776</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgyrnwracu">gyrn-wracu</a>, st. f., <i>revenge for harm</i>: dat. sg. tō +gyrn-wræce, <a href="#li1139">1139</a>; gen. sg. þā wæs eft hraðe gearo gyrn-wræce Grendeles +mōdor, <i>then was Grendel's mother in turn immediately ready for +revenge for the injury</i>, <a href="#li2119">2119</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgyrwan">gyrwan</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgerwan">gerwan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgystran">gystran</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgistran">gistran</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgȳman">gȳman</a>, w. v. w. gen., <i>to take care of, to be careful +about</i>: pres. III. gȳmeð, <a href="#li1758">1758</a>, <a href="#li2452">2452</a>; imp. sg. oferhȳda ne gȳm! +<i>do not study arrogance</i> (despise it), <a href="#li1761">1761</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforgȳman">for-gȳman</a>, w. acc., <i>to neglect, to slight</i>: pres. sg. +III. hē þā forð-gesceaft forgyteð and forgȳmeð, <a href="#li1752">1752</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgȳtsian">gȳtsian</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgītsian">gītsian</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgyt">gȳt</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgit">gīt</a>.</p> + +<p><b><a name="glossH">H</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhabban">habban</a>, w. v., <i>to have</i>: 1) w. acc.: pres. sg. I. þæs ic + wēn hæbbe (<i>as I hope</i>), <a href="#li383">383</a>; þē ic geweald hæbbe, <a href="#li951">951</a>; ic mē on + hafu bord and byrnan, <i>have on me shield and coat of mail</i>, + <a href="#li2525">2525</a>; hafo, <a href="#li3001">3001</a>; sg. II. þū nū [friðu] hafast, <a href="#li1175">1175</a>; pl. I. habbað + wē ... micel ǣrende, <a href="#li270">270</a>; pres. subj. sg. III. þæt hē þrīttiges manna + mægencræft on his mundgripe hæbbe, <a href="#li381">381</a>. Blended with the negative: + pl. III. þæt be Sǣ-Gēatas sēlran næbben tō gecēosenne cyning ǣnigne, + <i>that the Sea-Gēatas will have no better king than you to + choose</i>, <a href="#li1851">1851</a>; imp. hafa nū and geheald hūsa sēlest, <a href="#li659">659</a>; inf. + habban, <a href="#li446">446</a>, <a href="#li462">462</a>, <a href="#li3018">3018</a>; pret. sg. hæfde, <a href="#li79">79</a>, <a href="#li518">518</a>, <a href="#li554">554</a>; pl. hæfdon, + <a href="#li539">539</a>.—2) used as an auxiliary with the pret. part.: pres. sg. I. + hæbbe ic ... ongunnen, <a href="#li408">408</a>; hæbbe ic ... geāhsod, <a href="#li433">433</a>; II. hafast, + <a href="#li954">954</a>, <a href="#li1856">1856</a>; III. hafað, <a href="#li474">474</a>, <a href="#li596">596</a>; pret. sg. hæfde, <a href="#li106">106</a>, <a href="#li220">220</a>, <a href="#li666">666</a>, + <a href="#li2322">2322</a>, <a href="#li2334">2334</a>, <a href="#li2953">2953</a>, etc.; pl. hæfdon, <a href="#li117">117</a>, <a href="#li695">695</a>, <a href="#li884">884</a>, <a href="#li2382">2382</a>, etc. Pret. + part. inflected: nū scealc hafað dǣd gefremede, <a href="#li940">940</a>; hæfde se gōda + ... cempan gecorone, <a href="#li205">205</a>. With the pres. part. are formed the + compounds: bord-, rond-hæbbend.</p> + +<p>for-habban, <i>to hold back, to keep one's self</i>: inf. ne meahte +wǣfre mōd forhabban in hreðre, <i>the expiring life could not hold +itself back in the breast</i>, <a href="#li1152">1152</a>; ne mihte þā for-habban, <i>could +not restrain himself</i>, <a href="#li2610">2610</a>.</p> + +<p>wið-habban, <i>to resist, to offer resistance</i>: pret. þæt se +wīnsele wið-hæfde heaðo-dēorum, <i>that the hall resisted them furious +in fight</i>, <a href="#li773">773</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhafela">hafela, heafola</a>, w. m., <i>head</i>: acc. sg. hafelan, <a href="#li1373">1373</a>, +<a href="#li1422">1422</a>, <a href="#li1615">1615</a>, <a href="#li1636">1636</a>, <a href="#li1781">1781</a>; nā þū mīnne þearft hafalan hȳdan, <a href="#li446">446</a>; þonne +wē on orlege hafelan weredon, <i>protected our heads, defended +ourselves</i>, <a href="#li1328">1328</a>; se hwīta helm hafelan werede, <a href="#li1449">1449</a>; dat. sg. +hafelan, <a href="#li673">673</a>, <a href="#li1522">1522</a>; heafolan, <a href="#li2680">2680</a>; gen. sg. heafolan, <a href="#li2698">2698</a>; nom. pl. +hafelan, <a href="#li1121">1121</a>.—Comp. wīg-heafola.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhafenian">hafenian</a>, w. v., <i>to raise, to uplift</i>: pret. sg. wǣpen +hafenade heard be hiltum, <i>raised the weapon, the strong man, by the +hilt</i>, <a href="#li1574">1574</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhafoc">hafoc</a>, st. m., <i>hawk</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2264">2264</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhaga">haga</a>, w. m., <i>enclosed piece of ground, hedge, +farm-enclosure</i>: dat. sg. tō hagan, <a href="#li2893">2893</a>, <a href="#li2961">2961</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhaga">haga</a>, w. m. See <a class="glentry" href="#glānhaga">ān-haga</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhama">hama, homa</a>, w. m., <i>dress</i>: in the comp. flǣsc-, fyrd-, +līc-hama, scīr-ham (adj.).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhamer">hamer</a>, st. m., <i>hammer</i>: instr. sg. hamere, <a href="#li1286">1286</a>; gen. pl. +homera lāfe (swords), <a href="#li2830">2830</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhand">hand, hond</a>, st. f., <i>hand</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li2138">2138</a>; sīo swīðre ... +hand, <i>the right hand</i>, <a href="#li2100">2100</a>; hond, <a href="#li1521">1521</a>, <a href="#li2489">2489</a>, <a href="#li2510">2510</a>; acc. sg. +hand, <a href="#li558">558</a>, <a href="#li984">984</a>; hond, <a href="#li657">657</a>, <a href="#li687">687</a>, <a href="#li835">835</a>, <a href="#li928">928</a>, etc.; dat. sg. on handa, +<a href="#li495">495</a>, <a href="#li540">540</a>; mid handa, <a href="#li747">747</a>, <a href="#li2721">2721</a>; be honda, <a href="#li815">815</a>; dat. pl. (as instr.) +hondum, <a href="#li1444">1444</a>, <a href="#li2841">2841</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhandbana">hand-bana</a>, w. m., <i>murderer with the hand</i>, or <i>in +hand-to-hand combat</i>: dat. sg. tō hand-bonan (-banan), <a href="#li460">460</a>, <a href="#li1331">1331</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhandgemōt">hand-gemōt</a>, st. n., <i>hand-to-hand conflict, battle</i>: gen. +pl. (ecg) þolode ǣr fela hand-gemōta, <a href="#li1527">1527</a>; nō þæt lǣsest wæs +hond-gemōta, <a href="#li2356">2356</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhandgesella">hand-gesella</a>, w. m., <i>hand-companion, man of the retinue</i>: +dat. pl. hond-gesellum, <a href="#li1482">1482</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhandgestealla">hand-gestealla</a>, w. m., <i>(one whose position is near at hand), +comrade, companion, attendant</i>: dat. sg. hond-gesteallan, <a href="#li2170">2170</a>; +nom. pl. hand-gesteallan, <a href="#li2597">2597</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhandgeweorc">hand-geweorc</a>, st. n., <i>work done with the hands</i>, i.e. +achievement in battle: dat. sg. for þæs hild-fruman hondgeweorce, +<a href="#li2836">2836</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhandgewrithen">hand-gewriðen</a>, pret. part. <i>hand-wreathed, bound with the +hand.</i> acc. pl. wælbende ... hand-gewriðene, <a href="#li1938">1938</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhandlocen">hand-locen</a>, pret. part., <i>joined, united by hand</i>: nom. +sg. (gūð-byrne, līc-syrce) hondlocen (because the shirts of mail +consisted of interlaced rings), <a href="#li322">322</a>, <a href="#li551">551</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhandrǣs">hand-rǣs</a>, st. m., <i>hand-battle</i>, i.e. combat with the +hands: nom. sg. hond-rǣs, <a href="#li2073">2073</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhandscalu">hand-scalu</a>, st. f., <i>hand-attendance, retinue</i>: dat. sg. +mid his hand-scale (hond-scole), <a href="#li1318">1318</a>, <a href="#li1964">1964</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhandsporu">hand-sporu</a>, st. f., <i>finger</i> (on Grendel's hand), under +the figure of a spear: nom. pl. hand-sporu, <a href="#li987">987</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhandwundor">hand-wundor</a>, st. n., <i>wonder done by the hand, wonderful +handwork</i>: gen. pl. hond-wundra mǣst, <a href="#li2769">2769</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhangan">hangan</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhōn">hōn</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhangian">hangian</a>, w. v., <i>to hang</i>: pres. sg. III. þonne his sunu +hangað hrefne to hrōðre, <i>when his son hangs, a joy to the +ravens</i>, <a href="#li2448">2448</a>; pl. III. ofer þǣm (mere) hongiað hrīmge bearwas, +<i>over which frosty forests hang</i>, <a href="#li1364">1364</a>; inf. hangian, <a href="#li1663">1663</a>; pret. +hangode, <i>hung down</i>, <a href="#li2086">2086</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhatian">hatian</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to hate, to be an enemy to, to +hurt</i>: inf. hē þone heaðo-rinc hatian ne meahte lāðum dǣdum +(<i>could not do him any harm</i>), <a href="#li2467">2467</a>; pret. sg. hū se gūð-sceaða +Gēata lēode hatode and hȳnde, <a href="#li2320">2320</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhād">hād</a>, st. m., <i>form, condition, position, manner</i>: acc. sg. +þurh hǣstne hād, <i>in a powerful manner</i>, <a href="#li1336">1336</a>; on gesīðes hād, +<i>in the position of follower, as follower</i>, <a href="#li1298">1298</a>; on sweordes +hād, <i>in the form of a sword</i>, <a href="#li2194">2194</a>. See under <a class="glentry" href="#glon">on</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhādor">hādor</a>, st. m., <i>clearness, brightness</i>: acc. sg. under +heofenes hādor, <a href="#li414">414</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhādor">hādor</a>, adj., <i>clear, fresh, loud</i>: nom. sg. scop hwīlum +sang hādor on Heorote, <a href="#li497">497</a>.</p> + +<p>hādre, adv., <i>clearly, brightly</i>, <a href="#li1572">1572</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhāl">hāl</a>, adj., <i>hale, whole, sound, unhurt</i>: nom. sg. hāl, +<a href="#li300">300</a>. With gen. heaðo-lāces hāl, <i>safe from battle</i>, <a href="#li1975">1975</a>. As form +of salutation, wes ... hāl, <a href="#li407">407</a>; dat. sg. hālan līce, <a href="#li1504">1504</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhālig">hālig</a>, adj., <i>holy</i>: nom. sg. hālig god, <a href="#li381">381</a>, <a href="#li1554">1554</a>; hālig +dryhten, <a href="#li687">687</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhām">hām</a>, st. m., <i>home, residence, estate, land</i>: acc. sg. +hām, <a href="#li1408">1408</a>; Hrōðgāres hām, <a href="#li718">718</a>. Usually in adverbial sense: gewāt him +hām, <i>betook himself home</i>, <a href="#li1602">1602</a>; tō hām, <a href="#li124">124</a>, <a href="#li374">374</a>, <a href="#li2993">2993</a>; fram +hām, <i>at home</i>, <a href="#li194">194</a>; æt hām, <i>at home</i>, <a href="#li1249">1249</a>, <a href="#li1924">1924</a>, <a href="#li1157">1157</a>; +gen. sg. hāmes, <a href="#li2367">2367</a>; acc. pl. hāmas, <a href="#li1128">1128</a>.—Comp. Finnes-hām, <a href="#li1157">1157</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhāmweorthung">hām-weorðung</a>, st. f., <i>honor</i> or <i>ornament of home</i>: +acc. sg. hām-weorðunge (designation of the daughter of Hygelāc, given +in marriage to Eofor), <a href="#li2999">2999</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhār">hār</a>, adj., <i>gray</i>: nom. sg. hār hilde-rinc, <a href="#li1308">1308</a>, <a href="#li3137">3137</a>; +acc. sg. under (ofer) hārne stān, <a href="#li888">888</a>, <a href="#li1416">1416</a>, <a href="#li2554">2554</a>; hāre byrnan (i.e. +iron shirt of mail), <a href="#li2154">2154</a>; dat. sg. hārum hildfruman, <a href="#li1679">1679</a>; f. on +hēare hǣðe (on heaw ... h ... ðe, MS.), <a href="#li2213">2213</a>; gen. sg. hāres, <i>of +the old man</i>, <a href="#li2989">2989</a>.—Comp. un-hār.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhāt">hāt</a>, adj., <i>hot, glowing, flaming</i> nom sg., <a href="#li1617">1617</a>, <a href="#li2297">2297</a>, +<a href="#li2548">2548</a>, <a href="#li2559">2559</a>, etc.; wyrm hāt gemealt, <i>the drake hot</i> (of his own +heat) <i>melted</i>, <a href="#li898">898</a>; acc. sg., 2282(?); inst. sg. hātan heolfre, +<a href="#li850">850</a>, <a href="#li1424">1424</a>; g. sg. heaðu-fȳres hātes, <a href="#li2523">2523</a>; acc. pl. hāte heaðo-wylmas, +<a href="#li2820">2820</a>.—Sup.: hātost heaðo-swāta, <a href="#li1669">1669</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhāt">hāt</a>, st. n., <i>heat, fire</i>: acc. sg. geseah his mondryhten +... hāt þrowian, <i>saw his lord endure the</i> (drake's) <i>heat</i>, +<a href="#li2606">2606</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhata">hata</a>, w. m., <i>persecutor</i>; in comp. dǣd-hata.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhātan">hātan</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to bid, to order, to direct</i>, with acc. +and inf., and acc. of the person: pres. sg. I. ic maguþegnas mīne hāte +... flotan ēowerne ārum healdan, <i>I bid my thanes take good care of +your craft</i>, <a href="#li293">293</a>; imp. sg. II. hāt in gān ... sibbegedriht, <a href="#li386">386</a>; +pl. II. hātað heaðo-mǣre hlǣw gewyrcean, <a href="#li2803">2803</a>; inf. þæt healreced +hātan wolde ... men gewyrcean, <i>that he wished to command men to +build a hall-edifice</i>, <a href="#li68">68</a>. Pret. sg. heht: heht ... eahta mēaras +... on flet tēon, <i>gave command to bring eight horses into the +hall</i>, <a href="#li1036">1036</a>; þonne ǣnne heht golde forgyldan, <i>commanded to make +good that one with gold</i>, <a href="#li1054">1054</a>; heht þā þæt heaðo-weorc tō hagan +bīodan, <i>ordered the combat to be announced at the hedge</i>(?), +<a href="#li2893">2893</a>; swā se snottra heht, <i>as the wise</i> (Hrōðgār) +<i>directed</i>, <a href="#li1787">1787</a>; so, <a href="#li1808">1808</a>, <a href="#li1809">1809</a>. hēt: hēt him ȳðlidan gōdne +gegyrwan, <i>ordered a good vessel to be prepared for him</i>, <a href="#li198">198</a>; +so, hēt, <a href="#li391">391</a>, <a href="#li1115">1115</a>, <a href="#li3111">3111</a>. As the form of a wish: hēt hine wēl brūcan, +<a href="#li1064">1064</a>; so, <a href="#li2813">2813</a>; pret. part. þā wæs hāten hraðe Heort innan-weard +folmum gefrætwod, <i>forthwith was ordered Heorot, adorned by +hand on the inside</i> (i.e. that the edifice should be adorned by +hand on the inside), <a href="#li992">992</a>.—2) <i>to name, to call</i>: pres. subj. +III. pl. þæt hit sǣlīðend ... hātan Bīowulfes biorh, <i>that mariners +may call it Bēowulf's grave-mound</i>, <a href="#li2807">2807</a>; pret. part. wæs se grimma +gæst Grendel hāten, <a href="#li102">102</a>; so, <a href="#li263">263</a>, <a href="#li373">373</a>, <a href="#li2603">2603</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-hātan, <i>to promise, to give one's word, to vow, to threaten</i>: +pres. sg. I. ic hit þē gehāte, <a href="#li1393">1393</a>; so, <a href="#li1672">1672</a>; pret. sg. hē mē mēde +gehēt, <i>promised me reward</i>, <a href="#li2135">2135</a>; him fægre gehēt lēana (gen. +pl.), <i>promised them proper reward</i>, <a href="#li2990">2990</a>; wēan oft gehēt earmre +teohhe, <i>with woe often threatened the unhappy band</i>, <a href="#li2938">2938</a>; pret. +pl. gehēton æt hærgtrafum wīg-weorðunga, <i>vowed offerings at the +shrines of the gods</i>, <a href="#li175">175</a>; þonne wē gehēton ūssum hlāforde þæt ..., +<i>when we promised our lord that</i>..., <a href="#li2635">2635</a>; pret. part. sīo +gehāten [wæs] ... gladum suna Frōdan, <i>betrothed to the glad son of +Froda</i>, <a href="#li2025">2025</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhātor">hātor</a>, st. m. n., <i>heat</i>: in comp. and-hātor.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhæft">hæft</a>, adj., <i>held, bound, fettered</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2409">2409</a>; acc. +sg. helle hæftan, <i>him fettered by hell</i> (Grendel), <a href="#li789">789</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhæftmēce">hæft-mēce</a>, st. m., <i>sword with fetters</i> or <i>chains</i> +(cf. <a class="glentry" href="#glfetelhilt">fetel-hilt</a>): dat. sg. þǣm hæft-mēce, <a href="#li1458">1458</a>. +See <a href="#note1458">Note</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhægsteald">hæg-steald</a>, st. m., <i>man, liegeman, youth</i>: gen. pl. +hæg-stealdra, <a href="#li1890">1890</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhæle">hæle</a>, st. m., <i>man</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1647">1647</a>, <a href="#li1817">1817</a>, <a href="#li3112">3112</a>; acc. sg. +hæle, <a href="#li720">720</a>; dat. pl. hǣlum (hǣnum, MS.), <a href="#li1984">1984</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhæleth">hæleð</a>, st. m., <i>hero, fighter, warrior, man</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li190">190</a>, <a href="#li331">331</a>, <a href="#li1070">1070</a>; nom. pl. hæleð, <a href="#li52">52</a>, <a href="#li2248">2248</a>, <a href="#li2459">2459</a>, <a href="#li3143">3143</a>; dat. pl. hæleðum +<a href="#li1710">1710</a>, <a href="#li1962">1962</a>, etc.; gen. pl. hæleða, <a href="#li467">467</a>, <a href="#li497">497</a>, <a href="#li612">612</a>, <a href="#li663">663</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhærg">hærg</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhearg">hearg</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhǣth">hǣð</a>, st. f., <i>heath</i>: dat. sg. hǣðe, <a href="#li2213">2213</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhǣthen">hǣðen</a>, adj., <i>heathenish</i>; acc. sg. hǣðene sāwle, <a href="#li853">853</a>; +dat. sg. hǣðnum horde, <a href="#li2217">2217</a>; gen. sg. hǣðenes, <i>of the heathen</i> +(Grendel), <a href="#li987">987</a>; gen. pl. hǣðenra, <a href="#li179">179</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhǣthstapa">hǣð-stapa</a>, w. m., <i>that which goes about on the heath</i> +(stag): nom. sg., 1369</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhǣl">hǣl</a>, st. f.: 1) <i>health, welfare, luck</i>: acc. sg. him hǣl +ābēad, <a href="#li654">654</a>; mid hǣle, <a href="#li1218">1218</a>.—2) <i>favorable sign, favorable omen</i>: +hǣl scēawedon, <i>observed favorable signs</i> (for Bēowulf's +undertaking), <a href="#li204">204</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhǣlo">hǣlo</a>, st. f., <i>health, welfare, luck</i>: acc. sg. hǣlo ābēad +heorð-genēatum, <a href="#li2419">2419</a>.—Comp. un-hǣlo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhǣst">hǣst</a> (O.H.G. haisterā hantī, manu violenta; heist, ira; +heistigo, iracunde), adj., <i>violent, vehement</i>: acc. sg. þurh +hǣstne hād, <a href="#li1336">1336</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhē">hē</a>, fem. hēo, neut. hit, pers. pron., <i>he, she, it</i>; in +the oblique cases also reflexive, <i>himself, herself, itself</i>: +acc. sg. hine, hī, hit; dat. sg. him, hire, him; gen. sg. his, hire, +his; plur. acc. nom. hī, hig, hīe; dat. him; gen. hira, heora, hiera, +hiora.—he omitted before the verb, <a href="#li68">68</a>, <a href="#li300">300</a>, <a href="#li2309">2309</a>, <a href="#li2345">2345</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhebban">hebban</a>, st. v., <i>to raise, to lift</i>, w. acc.: inf. siððan +ic hond and rond hebban mihte, <a href="#li657">657</a>; pret. part. hafen, <a href="#li1291">1291</a>; hæfen, +<a href="#li3024">3024</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-hebban, <i>raise, to lift from, to take away</i>: wæs ... icge gold +āhafen of horde, <i>taken up from the hoard</i>, <a href="#li1109">1109</a>; þā wæs ... wōp +up āhafen, <i>a cry of distress raised</i>, 128</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgehegan">hegan</a> [ge-hēgan], w. v., <i>to enclose, to fence</i>: þing +gehegan, <i>to mark off the court, hold court</i>. Here figurative: +inf. sceal ... āna gehegan þing wið þyrse (<i>shall alone decide the +matter with Grendel</i>), <a href="#li425">425</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhel">hel</a>, st. f., <i>hell</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li853">853</a>; acc. sg. helle, <a href="#li179">179</a>; +dat. sg. helle, <a href="#li101">101</a>, <a href="#li589">589</a>; (as instr.), <a href="#li789">789</a>; gen. sg. helle, <a href="#li1275">1275</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhelbend">hel-bend</a>, st. m. f. <i>bond of hell</i>: instr. pl. hell-bendum +fæst, <a href="#li3073">3073</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhelrūna">hel-rūna</a>, w. m., <i>sorcerer</i>: nom. pl. helrūnan, <a href="#li163">163</a>.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbehelan">helan</a>, st. v., <i>to conceal, to hide</i>: pret. part. +be-holen, <a href="#li414">414</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhelm">helm</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>protection in general, defence, covering +that protects</i>: acc. sg. on helm, <a href="#li1393">1393</a>; under helm, <a href="#li1746">1746</a>.—2) +<i>helmet</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1630">1630</a>; acc. sg. helm, <a href="#li673">673</a>, <a href="#li1023">1023</a>, <a href="#li1527">1527</a>, <a href="#li2988">2988</a>; +(helo, MS.), <a href="#li2724">2724</a>; brūn-fāgne, gold-fāhne helm, <a href="#li2616">2616</a>, <a href="#li2812">2812</a>; dat. sg. +under helme, <a href="#li342">342</a>, <a href="#li404">404</a>; gen. sg. helmes, <a href="#li1031">1031</a>; acc. pl. helmas, <a href="#li240">240</a>, +<a href="#li2639">2639</a>.—3) <i>defence, protector</i>, designation of the king: nom. sg. +helm Scyldinga (Hrōðgār), <a href="#li371">371</a>, <a href="#li456">456</a>, <a href="#li1322">1322</a>; acc. sg. heofena helm +<i>(the defender of the heavens</i> = God), <a href="#li182">182</a>; helm Scylfinga, +<a href="#li2382">2382</a>.—Comp.: grīm-, gūð-, heaðo-, niht-helm.</p> + +<p>ofer-<a class="glentry" name="gloferhelmian">helmian</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to cover over, to overhang</i>: +pres. sg. III. ofer-helmað, <a href="#li1365">1365</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhelmberend">helm-berend</a>, pres. part., <i>helm-wearing</i> (warrior): acc. +pl. helmberend, <a href="#li2518">2518</a>, <a href="#li2643">2643</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhelpan">helpan</a>, st. v., <i>to help</i>: inf. þæt him holt-wudu helpan +ne meahte, lind wið līge, <i>that a wooden shield could not help him, +a linden shield against flame</i>, <a href="#li2341">2341</a>; þæt him īrenna ecge mihton +helpan æt hilde, <a href="#li2685">2685</a>; wutun gangan to, helpan hildfruman, <i>let us +go thitherto help the battle-chief</i>, <a href="#li2650">2650</a>; w. gen. ongan ... mǣges +helpan, <i>began to help my kinsman</i>, <a href="#li2880">2880</a>; so, pret. sg. þǣr hē +his mǣges (MS. mægenes) healp, <a href="#li2699">2699</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhelp">help</a>, m. and f., <i>help, support, maintenance</i>: acc. sg. +helpe, <a href="#li551">551</a>, <a href="#li1553">1553</a>; dat. sg. tō helpe, <a href="#li1831">1831</a>; acc. sg. helpe, <a href="#li2449">2449</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhende">hende</a>, <i>-handed</i>: in comp. īdel-hende.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glher">hēr</a>, adv., <i>here</i>, <a href="#li397">397</a>, <a href="#li1062">1062</a>, <a href="#li1229">1229</a>, <a href="#li1655">1655</a>, <a href="#li1821">1821</a>, <a href="#li2054">2054</a>, +<a href="#li2797">2797</a>, etc.; <i>hither</i>, <a href="#li244">244</a>, <a href="#li361">361</a>, <a href="#li376">376</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhere">here</a> (Goth, harji-s), st. m., <i>army, troops</i>: dat. sg. on +herge, <i>in the army, on a warlike expedition, <a href="#li1249">1249</a>; in the army, +among the fighting men</i>, <a href="#li2639">2639</a>; as instr. herge, <a href="#li2348">2348</a>.—Comp.: +flot-, scip-, sin-here.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glherebrōga">here-brōga</a>, w. m., <i>terror of the army, fear of war</i>: dat. +sg. for here-brōgan, <a href="#li462">462</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glherebyrne">here-byrne</a>, w. f., <i>battle-mail, coat of mail</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li1444">1444</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheregrīma">here-grīma</a>, w. m., <i>battle-mask</i>, i.e. helmet (with +visor): dat. sg. -grīman, <a href="#li396">396</a>, <a href="#li2050">2050</a>, <a href="#li2606">2606</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glherenet">here-net</a>, st. n., <i>battle-net</i>, i.e. coat of mail (of +interlaced rings): nom. sg., <a href="#li1554">1554</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glherenīth">here-nīð</a>, st. m., <i>battle-enmity, battle of armies</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li2475">2475</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glherepād">here-pād</a>, st. f., <i>army-dress</i>, i.e. coat of mail, armor: +nom. sg., <a href="#li2259">2259</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhererinc">here-rinc</a>, st. m., <i>army-hero, hero in battle, warrior</i>: +acc. sg. here-rinc (MS. here ric), <a href="#li1177">1177</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheresceaft">here-sceaft</a>, st. m., <i>battle-shaft</i>, i.e. spear: gen. pl. +here-sceafta hēap, <a href="#li335">335</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glherespēd">here-spēd</a>, st. f., <i>(war-speed), luck in war</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li64">64</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glherestrǣl">here-strǣl</a>, st. m., <i>war-arrow, missile</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1436">1436</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheresyrce">here-syrce</a>, w. f., <i>battle-shirt, shirt of mail</i>: acc. sg. +here-syrcan, <a href="#li1512">1512</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glherewǣd">here-wǣd</a>, st. f., <i>army-dress, coat of mail, armor</i>: dat. +pl. (as instr.) here-wǣdum, <a href="#li1898">1898</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glherewǣsma">here-wǣsma</a>, w. m., <i>war-might, fierce strength in battle</i>: +dat. pl. an here-wǣsmum, <a href="#li678">678</a>.—Leo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glherewīsa">here-wīsa</a>, w. m., <i>leader of the army</i>, i.e. ruler, king: +nom. sg., <a href="#li3021">3021</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glherg">herg, hearg</a>, st. m., <i>image of a god, grove where a god was +worshipped</i>, hence to the Christian a wicked place(?): dat. pl. +hergum geheaðerod, <i>confined in wicked places</i> (parallel with +hell-bendum fæst), <a href="#li3073">3073</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glherigean">herigean</a>, w. v. w. dat. of pers., <i>to provide with an army, +to support with an army</i>: pres. sg. I. ic þē wēl herige, +<a href="#li1834">1834</a>.—Leo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhete">hete</a>, st. m., <i>hate, enmity</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li142">142</a>, <a href="#li2555">2555</a>.—Comp.: +ecg-, morðor-, wīg-hete.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhetelīc">hete-līc</a>, adj., <i>hated</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1268">1268</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhetend">hetend, hettend</a>, (pres. part. of hetan, see <a class="glentry" href="#glhatian">hatian</a>), +<i>enemy</i>, hostis: nom. pl. hetende, <a href="#li1829">1829</a>; dat. pl. wið hettendum, +<a href="#li3005">3005</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhetenīth">hete-nīð</a>, st. m., <i>enmity full of hate</i>: acc. pl. +hete-nīðas, <a href="#li152">152</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhetesweng">hete-sweng</a>, st. m., <i>a blow from hate</i>: acc. pl. +hete-swengeas, <a href="#li2226">2226</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhetethanc">hete-þanc</a>, st. m., <i>hate-thought, a hostile design</i>: dat. +pl. mid his hete-þancum, <a href="#li475">475</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhēdan">hēdan, ge-hēdan</a>, w. v. w. gen.: 1) <i>to protect</i>: pret. sg. +ne hēdde hē þæs heafolan, <i>did not protect his head</i>, <a href="#li2698">2698</a>.—2) +<i>to obtain</i>: subj. pret. sg. III. gehēdde, <a href="#li505">505</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glherian">herian</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to praise, to commend</i>: with +reference to God, <i>to adore</i>: inf. heofena helm herian ne cūðon, +<i>could not worship the defence of the heavens</i> (God), <a href="#li182">182</a>; nē +hūru Hildeburh herian þorfte Eotena trēowe, <i>had no need to praise +the fidelity of the Eotens</i>, <a href="#li1072">1072</a>; pres. subj. þæt mon his +wine-dryhten wordum herge, <a href="#li3177">3177</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgeheatherian">heaðerian</a>, w. v., <i>to force, to press in</i>: pret. part. +ge-heaðerod, <a href="#li3073">3073</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathobyrne">heaðo-byrne</a>, w. f., <i>battle-mail, shirt of mail</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li1553">1553</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathodēor">heaðo-dēor</a>, adj., <i>bold in battle, brave</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li689">689</a>; +dat. pl. heaðo-dēorum, <a href="#li773">773</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathofyr">heaðo-fyr</a>, st. n., <i>battle-fire, hostile fire</i>: gen. sg. +heaðu-fȳres, <a href="#li2523">2523</a>; instr. pl. heaðo-fȳrum, <a href="#li2548">2548</a>, of the drake's +fire-spewing.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathogrim">heaðo-grim</a>, adj., <i>grim in battle</i>, <a href="#li548">548</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathohelm">heaðo-helm</a>, st. m., <i>battle-helmet, war-helmet</i>: nom. sg., +3157(?).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheatholāc">heaðo-lāc</a>, st. n., <i>battle-play, battle</i>: dat. sg. æt +heaðo-lāce, <a href="#li584">584</a>; gen. sg. heaðo-lāces hāl, <a href="#li1975">1975</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathomǣre">heaðo-mǣre</a>, adj., <i>renowned in battle</i>: acc. pl. -mǣre, +<a href="#li2803">2803</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathorǣs">heaðo-rǣs</a>, st. m., <i>storm of battle, attack in battle, +entrance by force</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li557">557</a>; acc. pl. -rǣsas, <a href="#li1048">1048</a>; gen. pl. +-rǣsa, <a href="#li526">526</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathorēaf">heaðo-rēaf</a>, st. n., <i>battle-dress, equipment for battle</i>: +acc. sg. heaðo-rēaf hēoldon (<i>kept the equipments</i>), <a href="#li401">401</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathorinc">heaðo-rinc</a>, st. m., <i>battle-hero, warrior</i>: acc. sg. þone +heaðo-rinc (Hrēðel's son, Hæðcyn), <a href="#li2467">2467</a>; dat. pl. þǣm heaðo-rincum, +<a href="#li370">370</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathorōf">heaðo-rōf</a>, adj., <i>renowned in battle</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li381">381</a>; nom. +pl. heaðo-rōfe, <a href="#li865">865</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathoscearp">heaðo-scearp</a>, adj., <i>sharp in battle, bold</i>: n. m. pl. +(-scearde, MS.), <a href="#li2830">2830</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathosēoc">heaðo-sēoc</a>, adj., <i>battle-sick</i>: dat. sg. -sīocum, <a href="#li2755">2755</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathostēap">heaðo-stēap</a>, adj., <i>high in battle, excelling in battle</i>: +nom. sg. in weak form, heaðo-stēapa, <a href="#li1246">1246</a>; acc. sg. heaðo-stēapne, +<a href="#li2154">2154</a>, both times of the helmet.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathoswāt">heaðo-swāt</a>, st. m., <i>blood of battle</i>: dat. sg. +heaðo-swāte, <a href="#li1607">1607</a>; as instr., <a href="#li1461">1461</a>; gen. pl. hātost heaðo-swāta, <a href="#li1669">1669</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathosweng">heaðo-sweng</a>, st. m., <i>battle-stroke</i> (blow of the sword): +dat. sg. æfter heaðu-swenge, <a href="#li2582">2582</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathotorht">heaðo-torht</a>, adj., <i>loud, clear in battle</i>: nom. sg. stefn +... heaðo-torht, <i>the voice clear in battle</i>, <a href="#li2554">2554</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathowǣd">heaðo-wǣd</a>, st. f., <i>battle-dress, coat of mail, armor</i>: +instr. pl. heaðo-wǣdum, <a href="#li39">39</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathoweorc">heaðo-weorc</a>, st. n., <i>battle-work, battle</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li2893">2893</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathowylm">heaðo-wylm</a>, st. m., <i>hostile (flame-) wave</i>: acc. pl. hāte +heaðo-wylmas, <a href="#li2820">2820</a>; gen. pl. heaðo-wylma, <a href="#li82">82</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheaf">heaf</a>, st. n., <i>sea</i>: acc. pl. ofer heafo, <a href="#li2478">2478</a>. See <a href="#note1863">Note</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheafola">heafola</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhafela">hafela</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheal">heal</a>, st. f., <i>hall, main apartment, large building</i> +(consisting of an assembly-hall and a banqueting-hall): nom. sg. heal, +<a href="#li1152">1152</a>, <a href="#li1215">1215</a>; heall, <a href="#li487">487</a>; acc. sg. healle, <a href="#li1088">1088</a>; dat. sg. healle, <a href="#li89">89</a>, +<a href="#li615">615</a>, <a href="#li643">643</a>, <a href="#li664">664</a>, <a href="#li926">926</a>, <a href="#li1010">1010</a>, <a href="#li1927">1927</a>, etc.; gen. sg. [healle], <a href="#li389">389</a>.—Comp.: +gif-, meodo-heal.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhealærn">heal-ærn</a>, st. n., <i>hall-building, hall-house</i>: gen. sg. +heal-ærna, <a href="#li78">78</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhealgamen">heal-gamen</a>, st. n., <i>social enjoyment in the hall, +hall-joy</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1067">1067</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhealreced">heal-reced</a>, st. n., <i>hall-building</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li68">68</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhealsittend">heal-sittend</a>, pres. part., <i>sitting in the hall</i> (at the +banquet): dat. pl. heal-sittendum, <a href="#li2869">2869</a>; gen. pl. heal-sittendra, +<a href="#li2016">2016</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhealthegn">heal-þegn</a>, st. m., <i>hall-thane</i>, i.e. a warrior who holds +the hall: gen. sg. heal-þegnes, of Grendel, <a href="#li142">142</a>; acc. pl. heal-þegnas, +of Bēowulfs band, <a href="#li720">720</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhealwudu">heal-wudu</a>, <i>hall-wood</i>, i.e. hall built of wood: nom. sg., +<a href="#li1318">1318</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhealdan">healdan</a>, st. v. w. acc.: 1) <i>to hold, to hold fast; to +support</i>: pret. pl. hū þā stānbogan ... ēce eorðreced innan hēoldon (MS. +healde), <i>how the arches of rock within held the everlasting +earth-house</i>, <a href="#li2720">2720</a>. Pret. sg., with a person as object: hēold hine to +fæste, <i>held him too fast</i>, <a href="#li789">789</a>; w. the dat. hē him frēondlārum hēold, +<i>supported him with friendly advice</i>, <a href="#li2378">2378</a>.—2) <i>to hold, to watch, +to preserve, to keep</i>; reflexive, <i>to maintain one's self, to keep +one's self</i>: pres. sg. II. eal þū hit geþyldum healdest, mægen mid mōdes +snyttrum, <i>all that preservest thou continuously, strength and wisdom of +mind</i>, <a href="#li1706">1706</a>; III. healdeð hige-mēðum hēafod-wearde, <i>holds for the +dead the head-watch</i>, <a href="#li2910">2910</a>; imp. sg. II. heald forð tela nīwe sibbe, +<i>keep well, from now on, the new relationship</i>, <a href="#li949">949</a>; heald (heold, +MS.) þū nū hrūse ... eorla ǣhte, <i>preserve thou now, Earth, the noble +men's possessions</i>, <a href="#li2248">2248</a>; inf. sē þe holmclifu healdan scolde, <i>watch +the sea-cliffs</i>, <a href="#li230">230</a>; so, <a href="#li705">705</a>; nacan ... ārum healdan, <i>to keep well +your vessel</i>, <a href="#li296">296</a>; wearde healdan, <a href="#li319">319</a>; forlēton eorla gestrēon eorðan +healdan, <a href="#li3168">3168</a>; pres. part. drēam healdende, <i>holding rejoicing</i> (i.e. +thou who art rejoicing), <a href="#li1228">1228</a>; pret. sg. hēold hine syððan fyr and fæstor, +<i>kept himself afterwards afar and more secure</i>, <a href="#li142">142</a>; ǣgwearde hēold, +<i>I have (hitherto) kept watch on the sea</i>, <a href="#li241">241</a>; so, <a href="#li305">305</a>; hīold +hēah-lufan wið hæleða brego, <i>preserved high love</i>, <a href="#li1955">1955</a>; ginfæstan +gife ... hēold, <a href="#li2184">2184</a>; gold-māðmas hēold, <i>took care of the treasures of +gold</i>, <a href="#li2415">2415</a>; hēold mīn tela, <i>protected well mine own</i>, <a href="#li2738">2738</a>; þonne +... sceft ... nytte hēold, <i>had employment, was employed</i>, <a href="#li3119">3119</a>; hēold +mec, <i>protected</i>, i.e. brought me up, <a href="#li2431">2431</a>; pret. pl. heaðo-rēaf +hēoldon, <i>watched over the armor</i>, <a href="#li401">401</a>; sg. for pl. hēafodbeorge ... +walan ūtan hēold, <i>outwards, bosses kept guard over the head</i>, +<a href="#li1032">1032</a>.—Related to the preceding meaning are the two following: 3) <i>to +rule and protect the fatherland</i>: inf. gif þū healdan wylt maga rice, +<a href="#li1853">1853</a>; pret. hēold, <a href="#li57">57</a>, <a href="#li2738">2738</a>.—4) <i>to hold, to have, to possess, to +inhabit</i>: inf. lēt þone brego-stōl Bēowulf healdan, <a href="#li2390">2390</a>; gerund. tō +healdanne hlēoburh wera, <a href="#li1732">1732</a>; pret. sg. hēold, <a href="#li103">103</a>, <a href="#li161">161</a>, <a href="#li466">466</a>, <a href="#li1749">1749</a>, <a href="#li2752">2752</a>; +lyftwynne hēold nihtes hwīlum, <i>at night-time had the enjoyment of the +air</i>, <a href="#li3044">3044</a>; pret. pl. Gēata lēode hreāwic hēoldon, <i>the Gēatas held +the place of corpses</i> (lay dead upon it), <a href="#li1215">1215</a>; pret. sg. þǣr hēo ǣr +mǣste hēold worolde wynne, <i>in which she formerly possessed the highest +earthly joy</i>, <a href="#li1080">1080</a>.—5) <i>to win, to receive</i>: pret. pl. I. heoldon +hēah gesceap, <i>we received a heavy fate, heavy fate befell us</i>, <a href="#li3085">3085</a>.</p> + +<p>be-healdan, w. acc.: 1) <i>to take care of, to attend to</i>: pret. +sg. þegn nytte behēold, <i>a thane discharged the office</i>, <a href="#li494">494</a>; so, +<a href="#li668">668</a>.—2) <i>to hold</i>: pret. sg. sē þe flōda begong ... behēold, +<a href="#li1499">1499</a>.—3) <i>to look at, to behold</i>: þrȳðswȳð behēold mǣg Higelāces +hū ..., <i>great woe saw H.'s kinsman, how ...</i>, <a href="#li737">737</a>.</p> + +<p>for-healdan, w. acc., <i>(to hold badly), to fall away from, to +rebel</i>: pret. part. hæfdon hȳ forhealden helm Scylfinga, <i>had +rebelled against the defender of the Scylfings</i>, <a href="#li2382">2382</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-healdan: 1) <i>to hold, to receive, to hold fast</i>: pres. sg. +III. sē þe waldendes hyldo gehealdeð, <i>who receives the Lord's +grace</i>, <a href="#li2294">2294</a>; pres. subj. fæder alwalda ... ēowic gehealde sīða +gesunde, <i>keep you sound on your journey</i>, <a href="#li317">317</a>; inf. ne meahte +hē ... on þām frum-gāre feorh gehealdan, <i>could not hold back the +life in his lord</i>, <a href="#li2857">2857</a>.—2) <i>to take care, to preserve, to watch +over; to stop</i>: imp. sg. hafa nū and geheald hūsa sēlest, <a href="#li659">659</a>; inf. +gehealdan hēt hilde-geatwe, <a href="#li675">675</a>; pret. sg. hē frætwe gehēold fela +missēra, <a href="#li2621">2621</a>; þone þe ǣr gehēold wið hettendum hord and rīce, <i>him +who before preserved treasure and realm</i>, <a href="#li3004">3004</a>.—3) <i>to rule</i>: +inf. folc gehealdan, <a href="#li912">912</a>; pret. sg. gehēold tela (brāde rīce), <a href="#li2209">2209</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhealf">healf</a>, st. f., <i>half, side, part</i>: acc. sg. on þā healfe, +<i>towards this side</i>, <a href="#li1676">1676</a>; dat. sg. hæleðum be healfe, <i>at the +heroes' side</i>, <a href="#li2263">2263</a>; acc. pl. on twā healfa, <i>upon two sides, +mutually</i>, <a href="#li1096">1096</a>; on bā healfa (healfe), <i>on both sides</i> (to +Grendel and his mother), <a href="#li1306">1306</a>; <i>on two sides, on both sides</i>, +<a href="#li2064">2064</a>; gen. pl. on healfa gehwone, <i>in half, through the middle</i>, +<a href="#li801">801</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhealf">healf</a>, adj., <i>half</i>: gen. sg. healfre, <a href="#li1088">1088</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheals">heals</a>, st. m., <i>neck</i>: acc. sg. heals, <a href="#li2692">2692</a>; dat. sg. wið +halse, <a href="#li1567">1567</a>; be healse, <a href="#li1873">1873</a>.—Comp.: the adjectives fāmig-, +wunden-heals.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhealsbēah">heals-bēah</a>, st. m., <i>neck-ring, collar</i>: acc. sg. þone +heals-bēah, <a href="#li2173">2173</a>; gen. pl. heals-bēaga, <a href="#li1196">1196</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhealsgebedde">heals-gebedde</a>, w. f., <i>beloved bedfellow, wife</i>: nom. sg. +healsgebedde (MS. healsgebedda), <a href="#li63">63</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhealsian">healsian</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to entreat earnestly, to +implore</i>: pret. sg. þā se þēoden mec ... healsode hrēoh-mōd þæt..., +<i>entreated me sorrowful, that</i>..., <a href="#li2133">2133</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheard">heard</a>, adj.: 1) of persons, <i>able, efficient in war, strong, +brave</i>: nom. sg. heard, <a href="#li342">342</a>, <a href="#li376">376</a>, <a href="#li404">404</a>, <a href="#li1575">1575</a>, <a href="#li2540">2540</a>, etc.; in weak +form, se hearda, <a href="#li401">401</a>, <a href="#li1964">1964</a>; se hearda þegn, <a href="#li2978">2978</a>; þes hearda hēap, +<a href="#li432">432</a>; nom. pl. hearde hilde-frecan, <a href="#li2206">2206</a>; gen. pl. heardra, <a href="#li989">989</a>. +Comparative: acc. sg. heardran hæle, <a href="#li720">720</a>. With accompanying gen.: +wīges heard, <i>strong in battle</i>, <a href="#li887">887</a>; dat. sg. nīða heardum, +<a href="#li2171">2171</a>.—2) of the implements of war, <i>good, firm, sharp, hard</i>: +nom. sg. (gūð-byrne, līc-syrce) heard, <a href="#li322">322</a>, <a href="#li551">551</a>. In weak form: masc. +here-strǣl hearda, <a href="#li1436">1436</a>; se hearda helm, <a href="#li2256">2256</a>; neutr. here-net hearde, +<a href="#li1554">1554</a>; acc. sg. (swurd, wǣpen), heard, <a href="#li540">540</a>, <a href="#li2688">2688</a>, <a href="#li2988">2988</a>; nom. pl. hearde +... homera lāfe, <a href="#li2830">2830</a>; heard and hring-mǣl Heaðobeardna gestrēon, +<a href="#li2038">2038</a>; acc. pl. heard sweord, <a href="#li2639">2639</a>. Of other things, <i>hard, rough, +harsh, hard to bear</i>: acc. sg. hreðer-bealo hearde, <a href="#li1344">1344</a>; nom. sg. +wrōht ... heard, <a href="#li2915">2915</a>; here-nīð hearda, <a href="#li2475">2475</a>; acc. sg. heoro-sweng +heardne, <a href="#li1591">1591</a>; instr. sg. heardan cēape, <a href="#li2483">2483</a>; instr. pl. heardan, +heardum clammum, <a href="#li964">964</a>, <a href="#li1336">1336</a>; gen. pl. heardra hȳnða, <a href="#li166">166</a>. Compar.: acc. +sg. heardran feohtan, <a href="#li576">576</a>.—Comp.: fȳr-, īren-, nīð-, regn-, +scūr-heard.</p> + +<p>hearde, adv., <i>hard, very</i>, <a href="#li1439">1439</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheardecg">heard-ecg</a>, adj., <i>sharp-edged, hard, good in battle</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li1289">1289</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheardfyrde">heard-fyrde</a>, adj., <i>hard to take away, heavy</i>: acc. sg. +hard-fyrdne, <a href="#li2246">2246</a>.—Leo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheardhycgend">heard-hycgend</a>, pres. part. <i>of a warlike disposition, +brave</i>: nom. pl. -hicgende, <a href="#li394">394</a>, <a href="#li800">800</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheargtræf">hearg-træf</a>, st. n., <i>tent of the gods, temple</i>: dat. pl. +æt hærg-trafum (MS. hrǣrg trafum), <a href="#li175">175</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhearm">hearm</a>, st. m., <i>harm, injury, insult</i>: dat. sg. mid +hearme, <a href="#li1893">1893</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhearmsceatha">hearm-sceaða</a>, w. m., <i>enemy causing injury</i> or +<i>grief</i>: nom. sg. hearm-scaða, <a href="#li767">767</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhearpe">hearpe</a>, w. f., <i>harp</i>: gen. sg. hearpan swēg, <a href="#li89">89</a>, <a href="#li3024">3024</a>; +hearpan wynne (wyn), <a href="#li2108">2108</a>, <a href="#li2263">2263</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhēathu">hēaðu</a>, st. f., <i>sea, waves</i>: acc. sg. hēaðu, 1863?</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhēathulīthend">hēaðu-līðend</a>, pres. part., <i>sea-farer, sailor</i>: nom. pl. +-līðende, <a href="#li1799">1799</a>; dat. pl. -līðendum (designation of the Gēatas), <a href="#li2956">2956</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhēafod">hēafod</a>, st. n., <i>head</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li48">48</a>, <a href="#li1640">1640</a>; dat. sg. +hēafde, <a href="#li1591">1591</a>, <a href="#li2291">2291</a>, <a href="#li2974">2974</a>; dat. pl. hēafdum, <a href="#li1243">1243</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhēafodbeorh">hēafod-beorh</a>, st. f., <i>head-defence, protection for the +head</i>: acc. sg. hēafod-beorge, <a href="#li1031">1031</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhēafodmǣg">hēafod-mǣg</a>, st. m., <i>head-kinsman, near blood-relative</i>: +dat. pl. hēafod-mǣgum (<i>brothers</i>), <a href="#li589">589</a>; gen. pl. hēafod-māga, +<a href="#li2152">2152</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhēafodsegn">hēafod-segn</a>, st. n., <i>head-sign, banner</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li2153">2153</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhēafodweard">hēafod-weard</a>, st. f., <i>head-watch</i> acc. sg. healdeð ... +hēafod-wearde lēofes and lāðes, <i>for the friend and the foe</i> +(Bēowulf and the drake, who lie dead near each other), <a href="#li2910">2910</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhēah">hēah, hēa</a>, adj., <i>high, noble</i> (in composition, also +primus): nom. sg. hēah Healfdene, <a href="#li57">57</a>; hēa (Higelāc), <a href="#li1927">1927</a>; hēah +(sele), <a href="#li82">82</a>; hēah hlǣw, <a href="#li2806">2806</a>, <a href="#li3159">3159</a>; acc. sg. hēah (segn), <a href="#li48">48</a>, <a href="#li2769">2769</a>; +hēahne (MS. hēanne) hrōf, <a href="#li984">984</a>; dat. sg. in (tō) sele þām hēan, <a href="#li714">714</a>, +<a href="#li920">920</a>; gen. sg. hēan hūses, <a href="#li116">116</a>.—<i>high, heavy</i>: acc. hēah gesceap +(<i>an unusual, heavy fate</i>), <a href="#li3085">3085</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhēaburh">hēa-burh</a>, st. f., <i>high city, first city of a country</i>: +acc. sg., <a href="#li1128">1128</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhēahcyning">hēah-cyning</a>, st. m., <i>high king, mightiest of the kings</i>: +gen. sg. -cyninges (of Hrōðgār), <a href="#li1040">1040</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhēahgestrēon">hēah-gestrēon</a>, st. n., <i>splendid treasure</i>: gen. pl. +-gestrēona, <a href="#li2303">2303</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhēahlufe">hēah-lufe</a>, w. f., <i>high love</i>: acc. sg. hēah-lufan, <a href="#li1955">1955</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhēahsele">hēah-sele</a>, st. m., <i>high hall, first hall in the land, hall +of the ruler</i>: dat. sg. hēah-sele, <a href="#li648">648</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhēahsetl">hēah-setl</a>, st. n., <i>high seat, throne</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1088">1088</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhēahstede">hēah-stede</a>, st. m., <i>high place, ruler's place</i>: dat. sg. +on hēah-stede, <a href="#li285">285</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhēan">hēan</a>, adj., <i>depressed, low, despised, miserable</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li1275">1275</a>, <a href="#li2100">2100</a>, <a href="#li2184">2184</a>, <a href="#li2409">2409</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhēap">hēap</a>, st. m., <i>heap, crowd, troop</i>: nom. sg. þegna hēap, +<a href="#li400">400</a>; þes hearda hēap, <i>this brave band</i>, <a href="#li432">432</a>; acc. sg. +here-sceafta hēap, <i>the crowd of spears</i>, <a href="#li335">335</a>; mago-rinca hēap, +<a href="#li731">731</a>; dat. sg. on hēape, <i>in a compact body</i>, as many as there +were of them, <a href="#li2597">2597</a>.—Comp. wīg-hēap.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhēawan">hēawan</a>, st. v., <i>to hew, to cleave</i>: inf., <a href="#li801">801</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-hēawan, <i>cleave</i>: pres. subj. ge-hēawe, <a href="#li683">683</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheothu">heoðu</a>, st. f., <i>the interior of a building</i>: dat. sg. þæt +hē on heoðe gestōd, <i>in the interior</i> (of the hall, Heorot), <a href="#li404">404</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheofon">heofon</a>, st. m., <i>heaven</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li3157">3157</a>; dat. sg. hefene, +<a href="#li1572">1572</a>; gen. sg. heofenes, <a href="#li414">414</a>, <a href="#li576">576</a>, <a href="#li1802">1802</a>, etc.; gen. pl. heofena, <a href="#li182">182</a>; +dat. pl. under heofenum, <a href="#li52">52</a>, <a href="#li505">505</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheolfor">heolfor</a>, st. n., <i>gore, fresh</i> or <i>crude blood</i>: dat. +instr. sg. hātan heolfre, <a href="#li850">850</a>, <a href="#li1424">1424</a>; heolfre, <a href="#li2139">2139</a>; under heolfre, +<a href="#li1303">1303</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheolster">heolster</a>, st. n., <i>haunt, hiding-place</i>: acc. sg. on +heolster, <a href="#li756">756</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheonan">heonan</a>, adv., <i>hence, from here</i>: heonan, <a href="#li252">252</a>; heonon, +<a href="#li1362">1362</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheor">heor</a>, st. m., <i>door-hinge</i>: nom. pl. heorras, <a href="#li1000">1000</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheorde">heorde</a>, adj. See <a class="glentry" href="#glwundenheorde">wunden-heorde</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheorthgenēat">heorð-genēat</a>, st. m., <i>hearth-companion</i>, i.e. a vassal of +the king, in whose castle he receives his livelihood: nom. pl. +heorð-genēatas, <a href="#li261">261</a>, <a href="#li3181">3181</a>; acc. pl. heorð-genēatas, <a href="#li1581">1581</a>, <a href="#li2181">2181</a>; dat. +pl. heorð-genēatum, <a href="#li2419">2419</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheorot">heorot</a>, st. m., <i>stag</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1370">1370</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheorte">heorte</a>, w. f., <i>heart</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2562">2562</a>; dat. sg. æt +heortan, <a href="#li2271">2271</a>; gen. sg. heortan, <a href="#li2464">2464</a>, <a href="#li2508">2508</a>.—Comp.: the adjectives +blīð-, grom-, rūm-, stearc-heort.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheoru">heoru</a>, st. m., <i>sword</i>: nom. sg. heoru bunden (cf. under +<a class="glentry" href="#glbindan">bīndan</a>), <a href="#li1286">1286</a>. In some of the following compounds heoro- seems +to be confounded with here- (see <a class="glentry" href="#glhere">here</a>).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheoroblāc">heoro-blāc</a>, adj., <i>pale through the sword, fatally +wounded</i>: nom. sg. [heoro-]blāc, <a href="#li2489">2489</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheorudrēor">heoru-drēor</a>, st. m., <i>sword-blood</i>: instr. sg. +heoru-drēore, <a href="#li487">487</a>; heoro-drēore, <a href="#li850">850</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheorodrēorig">heoro-drēorig</a>, adj., <i>bloody through the sword</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li936">936</a>; acc. sg. heoro-drēorigne, <a href="#li1781">1781</a>, <a href="#li2721">2721</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheorodrync">heoro-drync</a>, st. m., <i>sword-drink</i>, i.e. blood shed by the +sword: instr. pl. hioro-dryncum swealt, <i>died through +sword-drink</i>, i.e. struck by the sword, <a href="#li2359">2359</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheorogīfre">heoro-gīfre</a>, adj., <i>eager for hostile inroads</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li1499">1499</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheorogrim">heoro-grim</a>, adj., <i>sword-grim, fierce in battle</i>: nom. sg. +m., <a href="#li1565">1565</a>; fem. -grimme, <a href="#li1848">1848</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheorohōcihte">heoro-hōcihte</a>, adj., <i>provided with barbs, sharp like swords +</i>: instr. pl. mid eofer-sprēotum heoro-hōcyhtum, <a href="#li1439">1439</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheoroserce">heoro-serce</a>, w. f., <i>shirt of mail</i>: acc. sg. +hioro-sercean, <a href="#li2540">2540</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheorosweng">heoro-sweng</a>, st. m., <i>sword-stroke</i>: acc. sg. <a href="#li1591">1591</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheoroweallende">heoro-weallende</a>, pres. part., <i>rolling around fighting</i>, +of the drake, <a href="#li2782">2782</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glweallian">weallian</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheorowearh">heoro-wearh</a>, st. m. <i>he who is sword-cursed, who is destined +to die by the sword</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1268">1268</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhēofan">hēofan</a>, w. v., <i>to lament, to moan</i>: part. nom. pl. +hīofende, <a href="#li3143">3143</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glāhēoran">ā-hēoran</a>, <i>to free</i> (?): w. acc. pret. sg. brȳd āhēorde, +<a href="#li2931">2931</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhēore">hēore</a>, adj., <i>pleasant, not haunted, secure</i>: nom. sg. +fem, nis þæt hēoru stōw, <i>that is no secure place</i>, <a href="#li1373">1373</a>.—Comp. +un-hēore (-hȳre).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhider">hider</a>, adv., <i>hither</i>, <a href="#li240">240</a>, <a href="#li370">370</a>, <a href="#li394">394</a>, <a href="#li3093">3093</a>, etc.</p> + +<p>ofer-<a class="glentry" name="gloferhīgian">hīgian</a>, w. v. (according to the connection, probably), +<i>to exceed</i>, <a href="#li2767">2767</a>. (O.H.G. ubar-hugjan, <i>to be arrogant</i>.)</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhild">hild</a>, st. f., <i>battle, combat</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li452">452</a>, <a href="#li902">902</a>, <a href="#li1482">1482</a>, +<a href="#li2077">2077</a>; hild heoru-grimme, <a href="#li1848">1848</a>; acc. sg. hilde, <a href="#li648">648</a>; instr. sg. hilde, +<i>through combat</i>, <a href="#li2917">2917</a>; dat. sg. æt hilde, <a href="#li1461">1461</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildebil">hilde-bil</a>, st. n., <i>battle-sword</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1667">1667</a>; instr. +dat. sg. hilde-bille, <a href="#li557">557</a>, <a href="#li1521">1521</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildebord">hilde-bord</a>, st. n., <i>battle-shield</i>: acc. pl. hilde-bord, +<a href="#li397">397</a>; instr. pl. -bordum, <a href="#li3140">3140</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildecyst">hilde-cyst</a>, st. f., <i>excellence in battle, bravery in +battle</i>: instr. pl. -cystum, <a href="#li2599">2599</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildedēor">hilde-dēor</a>, adj., <i>bold in battle, brave in battle</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li312">312</a>, <a href="#li835">835</a>, <a href="#li1647">1647</a>, <a href="#li1817">1817</a>; hilde-dīor, <a href="#li3112">3112</a>; nom. pl. hilde-dēore, +<a href="#li3171">3171</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildefreca">hilde-freca</a>, w. m., <i>hero in battle</i>: nom. pl. +hilde-frecan, <a href="#li2206">2206</a>; dat. sg. hild-frecan, <a href="#li2367">2367</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildegeatwe">hilde-geatwe</a>, st. f. pl., <i>equipment for battle, adornment +for combat</i>: acc. hilde-geatwe, <a href="#li675">675</a>; gen. -geatwa, <a href="#li2363">2363</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildegicel">hilde-gicel</a>, st. m., <i>battle-icicle</i>, i.e. the blood which +hangs upon the sword-blades like icicles: instr. pl. hilde-gicelum, +<a href="#li1607">1607</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildegrāp">hilde-grāp</a>, st. f., <i>battle-gripe</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1447">1447</a>, <a href="#li2508">2508</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildehlemma">hilde-hlemma</a>, w. m., <i>one raging in battle, warrior, +fighter</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2352">2352</a>, <a href="#li2545">2545</a>; dat. pl. eft þæt ge-īode ... +hilde-hlæmmum, <i>it happened to the warriors</i> (the Gēatas), <a href="#li2202">2202</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildelēoma">hilde-lēoma</a>, w. m., <i>battle-light, gleam of battle</i>, +hence: 1) the fire-spewing of the drake in the fight: nom. pl. +-lēoman, <a href="#li2584">2584</a>.—2) <i>the gleaming sword</i>: acc. sg. -lēoman, <a href="#li1144">1144</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildemecg">hilde-mecg</a>, st. m., <i>man of battle, warrior</i>: nom. pl. +hilde-mecgas, <a href="#li800">800</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildemēce">hilde-mēce</a>, st. m., <i>battle-sword</i>: nom. pl. -mēceas, +<a href="#li2203">2203</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhilderand">hilde-rand</a>, st. m., <i>battle-shield</i>: acc. pl. -randas, +<a href="#li1243">1243</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhllderǣs">hllde-rǣs</a>, st. m., <i>storm of battle</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li300">300</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhilderinc">hilde-rinc</a>, st. m., <i>man of battle, warrior, hero</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li1308">1308</a>, <a href="#li3125">3125</a>, <a href="#li3137">3137</a>; dat. sg. hilde-rince, <a href="#li1496">1496</a>; gen. sg. +hilde-rinces, <a href="#li987">987</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildesæd">hilde-sæd</a>, adj., <i>satiated with battle, not wishing to fight +any more</i>: acc. sg. hilde-sædne, <a href="#li2724">2724</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildesceorp">hilde-sceorp</a>, st. n., <i>battle-dress, armor, coat of mail</i>: +acc. sg., <a href="#li2156">2156</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildesetl">hilde-setl</a>, st. n., <i>battle-seat</i> (saddle): nom. sg., +<a href="#li1040">1040</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildestrengo">hilde-strengo</a>, st. f., <i>battle-strength, bravery in +battle</i>: acc., <a href="#li2114">2114</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildeswāt">hilde-swāt</a>, st. m., <i>battle-sweat</i>: nom. sg. hāt +hilde-swāt (the hot, damp breath of the drake as he rushes on), <a href="#li2559">2559</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildetūx">hilde-tūx</a>, st. m., <i>battle-tooth</i>: instr. pl. hilde-tūxum, +<a href="#li1512">1512</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildewǣpen">hilde-wǣpen</a>, st. m., <i>battle-weapon</i>: instr. pl. -wǣpnum, +<a href="#li39">39</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildewīsa">hilde-wīsa</a>, w. m., <i>leader in battle, general</i>: dat. sg. +fore Healfdenes hildewīsan, <i>Healfdene's general</i> (Hnæf), <a href="#li1065">1065</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildfreca">hild-freca</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhildefreca">hilde-freca</a></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhildfruma">hild-fruma</a>, st. m., <i>battle-chief</i>: dat. sg. -fruma, <a href="#li1679">1679</a>, +<a href="#li2650">2650</a>; gen. sg. þæs hild-fruman, <a href="#li2836">2836</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlldlata">hlld-lata</a>, w. m., <i>he who is late in battle, coward</i>: nom. +pl. þā hild-latan, <a href="#li2847">2847</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhilt">hilt</a>, st. n., <i>sword-hilt</i>: nom. gylden hilt, <a href="#li1678">1678</a>; acc. +sg. þæt hilt, <a href="#li1669">1669</a>; hylt, <a href="#li1668">1668</a>. Also used in the plural; acc. þā hilt, +<a href="#li1615">1615</a>; dat. pl, be hiltum, <a href="#li1575">1575</a>.—Comp.: fetel-, wreoðen-hilt.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhiltecumbor">hilte-cumbor</a>, st. n., <i>banner with a staff</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li1023">1023</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhilted">hilted</a>, pret. part., <i>provided with a hilt</i> or +<i>handle</i>: acc. sg. heard swyrd hiked, <i>sword with a</i> (rich) +<i>hilt</i>, <a href="#li2988">2988</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhinfūs">hin-fūs</a>, adj., <i>ready to die</i>: nom. sg. hyge wæs him +hinfūs (i.e. he felt that he should not survive), <a href="#li756">756</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhindema">hindema</a>, adj. superl., <i>hindmost, last</i>: instr. sg. +hindeman sīðe, <i>the last time, for the last time</i>, <a href="#li2050">2050</a>, <a href="#li2518">2518</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhirde">hirde, hyrde</a>, st. m., (<i>herd</i>) <i>keeper, guardian, +possessor</i>: nom. sg. folces hyrde, <a href="#li611">611</a>, <a href="#li1833">1833</a>, <a href="#li2982">2982</a>; rīces hyrde, +<a href="#li2028">2028</a>; fyrena hyrde, <i>the guardian of mischief, wicked one</i>, <a href="#li751">751</a>, +<a href="#li2220">2220</a>; wuldres hyrde, <i>the king of glory, God</i>, <a href="#li932">932</a>; hringa hyrde, +<i>the keeper of the rings</i>, <a href="#li2246">2246</a>; cumbles hyrde, <i>the possessor +of the banner, the bearer of the banner</i>, <a href="#li2506">2506</a>; folces hyrde, <a href="#li1850">1850</a>; +frætwa hyrde, <a href="#li3134">3134</a>; rīces hyrde, <a href="#li3081">3081</a>; acc. pl. hūses hyrdas, +<a href="#li1667">1667</a>.—Comp.: grund-hyrde.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhit">hit</a> (O.N. hita), st. f. (?), <i>heat</i>: nom. sg. þenden hyt +sȳ, <a href="#li2650">2650</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhladan">hladan</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to load, to lay</i>: inf. on bǣl hladan +lēofne mannan, <i>lay the dear man on the funeral-pile</i>, <a href="#li2127">2127</a>; him +on bearm hladan bunan and discas, <i>laid cups and plates upon his +bosom, loaded himself with them</i>, <a href="#li2776">2776</a>; pret. part. þǣr wæs wunden +gold on wǣn hladen, <i>laid upon the wain</i>, <a href="#li3135">3135</a>.—2) <i>to load, +to burden</i>: pret. part. þā wæs ... sǣgēap naca hladen herewǣdum, +<i>loaded with armor</i>, <a href="#li1898">1898</a>.—Comp. gilp-hlæden.</p> + +<p>ge-hladan, w. acc., <i>to load, to burden</i>: pret. sg. sǣbāt gehlōd +(MS gehleod), <a href="#li896">896</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlāford">hlāford</a>, st. m., <i>lord, ruler</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2376">2376</a>; acc. sg., +<a href="#li267">267</a>; dat. sg. hlāforde, <a href="#li2635">2635</a>; gen. sg. hlāfordes, <a href="#li3181">3181</a>.—Comp. +eald-hlāford.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlāfordlēas">hlāford-lēas</a>; adj., <i>without a lord</i>: nom. pl. +hlāford-lēase, <a href="#li2936">2936</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlāw">hlāw, hlǣw</a>, st. m., <i>grave-hill</i>: acc. sg. hlǣw, <a href="#li2803">2803</a>, +<a href="#li3159">3159</a>, <a href="#li3171">3171</a>; dat. sg. for hlāwe, <a href="#li1121">1121</a>. Also, <i>grave-chamber</i> (the +interior of the grave-hill), <i>cave</i>: acc. sg. hlāw [under] +hrūsan, <a href="#li2277">2277</a>; hlǣw under hrūsan, <a href="#li2412">2412</a>; dat. sg. on hlǣwe, <a href="#li2774">2774</a>. The +drake dwells in the rocky cavern which the former owner of his +treasure had chosen as his burial-place, <a href="#li2242">2242-2271</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlæst">hlæst</a>, st. n., <i>burden, load</i>: dat. sg. hlæste, <a href="#li52">52</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlem">hlem</a>, st. m., <i>noise, din of battle, noisy attack</i>: in the +compounds, ūht-, wæl-hlem.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlemma">hlemma</a>, w. m., <i>one raging, one who calls</i>; see +<a class="glentry" href="#glhildehlemma">hilde-hlemma</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glāhlehhan">ā-hlehhan</a>, st. v., <i>to laugh aloud, to shout, to exult</i>: +pret. sg. his mōd āhlōg, <i>his mood exulted</i>, <a href="#li731">731</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhleahtor">hleahtor</a>, st. m., <i>laughter</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li612">612</a>; acc. sg., +<a href="#li3021">3021</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlēapan">hlēapan</a>, st. v., <i>to run, to trot, to spring</i>: inf. +hlēapan lēton ... fealwe mēaras, <a href="#li865">865</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glāhleapan">ā-hleapan</a>, <i>to spring up</i>: pret. āhlēop, <a href="#li1398">1398</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhleothu">hleoðu</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhlith">hlið</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhleonian">hleonian</a>, w. v., <i>to incline, to hang over</i>: inf. oð þæt hē ... +fyrgen-bēamas ofer hārne stān hleonian funde, <i>till he found +mountain-trees hanging over the gray rocks</i>, <a href="#li1416">1416</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlēo">hlēo</a>, st. m., <i>shady, protected place; defence, shelter</i>; +figurative designation of the king, or of powerful nobles: wīgendra +hlēo, of Hrōðgār, <a href="#li429">429</a>; of Sigemund, <a href="#li900">900</a>; of Bēowulf, <a href="#li1973">1973</a>, <a href="#li2338">2338</a>; eorla +hlēo, of Hrōðgār, <a href="#li1036">1036</a>, <a href="#li1867">1867</a>; of Bēowulf, <a href="#li792">792</a>; of Hygelāc, <a href="#li2191">2191</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlēoburh">hlēo-burh</a>, st. f., <i>ruler's castle</i> or <i>city</i>: acc. +sg., <a href="#li913">913</a>, <a href="#li1732">1732</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlēothorcwyde">hlēoðor-cwyde</a>, st. m., <i>speech of solemn sound, ceremonious +words</i>, <a href="#li1980">1980</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlēor">hlēor</a>, st. n., <i>cheek, jaw</i>: in comp. fǣted-hlēor (adj.).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlēorbera">hlēor-bera</a>, w. m., <i>cheek-bearer</i>, the part of the helmet +that reaches down over the cheek and protects it: acc. pl. ofer +hlēor-beran (<i>visor</i>?), <a href="#li304">304</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlēorbolster">hlēor-bolster</a>, st. m., <i>cheek-bolster, pillow</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li689">689</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlēotan">hlēotan</a>, st. v. w. acc., <i>to obtain by lot, to attain, to +get</i>: pret. sg. feorh-wunde hlēat, <a href="#li2386">2386</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlifian">hlīfian</a>, w. v., <i>to rise, to be prominent</i>: inf. hlīfian, +<a href="#li2806">2806</a>; pret. hlīfade, <a href="#li81">81</a>, <a href="#li1800">1800</a>, <a href="#li1899">1899</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlith">hlið</a>, st. n., <i>cliff, precipice of a mountain</i>: dat. sg. +on hlīðe, <a href="#li3159">3159</a>; gen. sg. hlīðes, <a href="#li1893">1893</a>; pl. hliðo in composition, +stān-hliðo; hleoðu in the compounds fen-, mist-, næs-, wulf-hleoðu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlinbed">hlin-bed</a> (Frisian hlen-bed, Richthofen 206^<a href="#li28">28</a>, for which +another text has cronk-bed), st. n., κλινίδιον, <i>bed for +reclining, sick-bed</i>: acc. sg. hlim-bed, <a href="#li3035">3035</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltōhlīdan">tō-hlīdan</a>, st. v., <i>to spring apart, to burst</i>: pret. +part. nom. pl. tō-hlidene, <a href="#li1000">1000</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlūd">hlūd</a>, adj., <i>loud</i>: acc. sg. drēam ... hlūdne, <a href="#li89">89</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlyn">hlyn</a>, st. m., <i>din, noise, clatter</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li612">612</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlynnan">hlynnan, hlynian</a>, w. v., <i>to sound, to resound</i>: inf. +hlynnan (of the voice), <a href="#li2554">2554</a>; of fire, <i>to crackle</i>: pret. sg. +hlynode, <a href="#li1121">1121</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlynsian">hlynsian</a>, w. v., <i>to resound, to crash</i>: pret. sg. reced +hlynsode, <a href="#li771">771</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhlytm">hlytm</a>, st. m., <i>lot</i>: dat. sg. næs þā on hlytme, hwā þæt +hord strude, <i>it did not depend upon lot who should plunder the +hoard</i>, i.e. its possession was decided, <a href="#li3127">3127</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhnāh">hnāh</a>, adj.: 1) <i>low, inferior</i>: comp. acc. sg. hnāgran, +<a href="#li678">678</a>; dat. sg. hnāhran rince, <i>an inferior hero, one less brave</i>, +<a href="#li953">953</a>.—2) <i>familiarly intimate</i>: nom. sg. næs hīo hnāh swā þēah, +<i>was nevertheless not familiarly intimate</i> (with the Gēatas, i.e. +preserved her royal dignity towards them), (<i>niggardly</i>?), <a href="#li1930">1930</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhnǣgan">hnǣgan</a>, w. v. w. acc., (for nǣgan), <i>to speak to, to +greet</i>: pret. sg. þæt hē þone wīsan wordum hnǣgde frēan Ingwina, +<a href="#li1319">1319</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgehnǣgan">hnǣgan</a>, w. acc., <i>to bend, to humiliate, to strike down, +to fell</i>: pret. sg. ge-hnǣgde helle gāst, <a href="#li1275">1275</a>; þǣr hyne Hetware +hilde gehnǣgdon, <a href="#li2917">2917</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhnitan">hnitan</a>, st. v., <i>to dash against, to encounter</i>, here of +the collision of hostile bands: pret. pl. þonne hniton (hnitan) fēðan, +<a href="#li1328">1328</a>, <a href="#li2545">2545</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhothma">hoðma</a>, w. m., <i>place of concealment, cave</i>, hence, <i>the +grave</i>: dat. sg. in hoðman, <a href="#li2459">2459</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhof">hof</a>, st. n., <i>enclosed space, court-yard, estate, +manor-house</i>: acc. sg. hof (Hrōðgār's residence), <a href="#li312">312</a>; dat. sg. tō +hofe sīnum (Grendel's home in the sea), <a href="#li1508">1508</a>; tō hofe (Hygelāc's +residence), <a href="#li1975">1975</a>; acc. pl. beorht hofu, <a href="#li2314">2314</a>; dat. pl. tō hofum Gēata, +<a href="#li1837">1837</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhogode">hogode</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhycgan">hycgan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhold">hold</a>, adj., <i>inclined to, attached to, gracious, dear, +true</i>: nom. sg. w. dat. of the person, hold weorod frēan Scyldinga, +<i>a band well disposed to the lord of the Scyldings</i>, <a href="#li290">290</a>; +mandrihtne hold, <a href="#li1230">1230</a>; Hygelāce wæs ... nefa swȳðe hold, <i>to H. was +his nephew</i> (Bēowulf) <i>very much attached</i>, <a href="#li2171">2171</a>; acc. sg. +þurh holdne hige, <i>from a kindly feeling, with honorable mind</i>, +<a href="#li267">267</a>; holdne wine, <a href="#li376">376</a>; holdne, <a href="#li1980">1980</a>; gen. pl. holdra, <a href="#li487">487</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhold">hold</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhealdan">healdan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glholm">holm</a>, st. m., <i>deep sea</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li519">519</a>, <a href="#li1132">1132</a>, <a href="#li2139">2139</a>; acc. +sg., <a href="#li48">48</a>, <a href="#li633">633</a>; dat. sg. holme, <a href="#li543">543</a>, <a href="#li1436">1436</a>, <a href="#li1915">1915</a>; acc. pl. holmas, +<a href="#li240">240</a>.—Comp. wǣg-holm.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glholmclif">holm-clif</a>, st. n., <i>sea-cliff</i>: dat. sg. on þām +holm-clife, <a href="#li1422">1422</a>; from þǣm holmclife, <a href="#li1636">1636</a>; acc. pl. holm-clifu, <a href="#li230">230</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glholmwylm">holm-wylm</a>, st. m., <i>the waves of the sea</i>: dat. sg. +holm-wylme, <a href="#li2412">2412</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glholt">holt</a>, st. n., <i>wood, thicket, forest.</i> acc. sg. on holt, +<a href="#li2599">2599</a>; holt, <a href="#li2847">2847</a>.—Comp.: æsc-, fyrgen-, gār-, Hrefnes-holt.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glholtwudu">holt-wudu</a>, st. m., <i>forest-wood</i>: 1) of the material: nom. +sg., <a href="#li2341">2341</a>.—2) = <i>forest</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1370">1370</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhop">hop</a>, st. n., <i>protected place, place of refuge, place of +concealment</i>, in the compounds fen-, mōr-hop.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhord">hord</a>, st. m. and n., <i>hoard, treasure</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2284">2284</a>, +<a href="#li3085">3085</a>; bēaga hord, <a href="#li2285">2285</a>; māðma hord, <a href="#li3012">3012</a>; acc. sg. hord, <a href="#li913">913</a>, <a href="#li2213">2213</a>, +<a href="#li2320">2320</a>, <a href="#li2510">2510</a>, <a href="#li2745">2745</a>, <a href="#li2774">2774</a>, <a href="#li2956">2956</a>, <a href="#li3057">3057</a>; sāwle hord, <a href="#li2423">2423</a>; þæt hord, <a href="#li3127">3127</a>; +dat. sg. of horde, <a href="#li1109">1109</a>; for horde, <i>on account of</i> (the robbing +of) <i>the hoard</i>, <a href="#li2782">2782</a>; hǣðnum horde, <a href="#li2217">2217</a>; gen. sg. hordes, +<a href="#li888">888</a>.—Comp.: bēah-, brēost-, word-, wyrm-hord.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhordærn">hord-ærn</a>, st. n., <i>place in which a treasure is kept, +treasure-room</i>: dat. hord-ærne, <a href="#li2832">2832</a>; gen. pl. hord-ærna, <a href="#li2280">2280</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhordburh">hord-burh</a>, st. f., <i>city in which is the treasure</i> (of the +king's), <i>ruler's castle</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li467">467</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhordgestrēon">hord-gestrēon</a>, st. n., <i>hoard-treasure, precious +treasure</i>: dat. pl. hord-gestrēonum, <a href="#li1900">1900</a>; gen. pl. mægen-byrðenne +hord-gestrēona, <i>the great burden of rich treasures</i>, <a href="#li3093">3093</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhordmāththum">hord-māððum</a>, st. m., <i>treasure-jewel, precious jewel</i>: +acc. sg. (-madmum, MS.), <a href="#li1199">1199</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhordwela">hord-wela</a>, w. m., <i>treasure-riches, abundance of +treasures</i>: acc. sg. hord-welan, <a href="#li2345">2345</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhordweard">hord-weard</a>, st. m., <i>warder of the treasure, +hoard-warden</i>: 1) of the king: nom. sg., <a href="#li1048">1048</a>; acc. sg., <a href="#li1853">1853</a>.—2) +of the drake: nom. sg., <a href="#li2294">2294</a>, <a href="#li2303">2303</a>, <a href="#li2555">2555</a>, <a href="#li2594">2594</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhordweorthung">hord-weorðung</a>, st. f., <i>ornament out of the treasure, rich +ornament</i>: acc. sg.—weorðunge, <a href="#li953">953</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhordwyn">hord-wyn</a>, st. f., <i>treasure-joy, joy-giving treasure</i>: +acc. sg. hord-wynne, <a href="#li2271">2271</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhorn">horn</a>, st. m., <i>horn</i>: 1) upon an animal: instr. pl. heorot +hornum trum, <a href="#li1370">1370</a>.—2) wind-instrument: nom. sg., <a href="#li1424">1424</a>; acc. sg., +<a href="#li2944">2944</a>.—Comp. gūð-horn.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhornboga">horn-boga</a>, w. m., <i>bow made of horn</i>: dat. sg. of +horn-bogan, <a href="#li2438">2438</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhorngēap">horn-gēap</a>, adj., of great extent between the (stag-)horns +adorning the gables(?): nom. sg. sele ... hēah and horn-gēap, <a href="#li82">82</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhornreced">horn-reced</a>, st. n., building whose two gables are crowned by +the halves of a stag's antler(?): acc. sg., <a href="#li705">705</a>. Cf. Heyne's Treatise +on the Hall, Heorot, p. 44.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhors">hors</a>, st. n., <i>horse</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1400">1400</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhōciht">hōciht</a>, adj., <i>provided with hooks, hooked</i>: in comp. +heoro-hōciht.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbehōfian">hōfian</a>, w. v. w. gen., <i>to need, to want</i>: pres. sg. +III. nū is se dæg cumen þat ūre man-dryhten mægenes behōfað gōdra +gūðrinca, <i>now is the day come when our lord needs the might of +strong warriors</i>, <a href="#li2648">2648</a>.</p> + +<p>on-<a class="glentry" name="glonhōhsnian">hōhsnian</a>, w. v., <i>to hinder</i>: pret. sg. þæt onhōhsnode +Heminges mǣg (on hohsnod, MS.), <a href="#li1945">1945</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhōlinga">hōlinga</a>, adv., <i>in vain, without reason</i>, <a href="#li1077">1077</a>.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbehōn">hōn</a>, st. v., <i>to hang with</i>: pret. part. helmum +behongen, <a href="#li3140">3140</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhōs">hōs</a> (Goth, hansa), st. f., <i>accompanying troop, escort</i>: +instr. sg. mægða hōse, <i>with an accompanying train of +servingwomen</i>, <a href="#li925">925</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhræthe">hræðe</a>, adv., <i>hastily, quickly, immediately</i>, <a href="#li224">224</a>, <a href="#li741">741</a>, +<a href="#li749">749</a>, <a href="#li1391">1391</a>, etc.; hraðe, <a href="#li1438">1438</a>; hreðe, <a href="#li992">992</a>; compar. hraðor, <a href="#li543">543</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhranfix">hran-fix</a>, st. m., <i>whale</i>: acc. pl. hron-fixas, <a href="#li540">540</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhranrād">hran-rād</a>, st. f., <i>whale-road</i>, i.e. sea: dat. sg. ofer +hron-rāde, <a href="#li10">10</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrā">hrā</a>, st. n., <i>corpse</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1589">1589</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrāfyl">hrā-fyl</a>, st. m., <i>fall of corpses, killing, slaughter</i>: +acc. sg., <a href="#li277">277</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrædlīce">hrædlīce</a>, adv., <i>hastily, immediately</i>, <a href="#li356">356</a>, <a href="#li964">964</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhræfn">hræfn, hrefn</a>, st. m., <i>raven</i>: nom. sg. hrefn blaca, +<i>black raven</i>, <a href="#li1802">1802</a>; se wonna hrefn, <i>the dark raven</i>, <a href="#li3025">3025</a>; +dat. sg. hrefne, <a href="#li2449">2449</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrægl">hrægl</a>, st. n., <i>dress, garment, armor</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1196">1196</a>; +gen. sg., hrægles, <a href="#li1218">1218</a>; gen. pl. hrægla, 454—Comp.: beado-, fyrd-, +mere-hrægl.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrethe">hreðe</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhrathe">hraðe</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrether">hreðer</a>, st. m., <i>breast, bosom</i> nom. sg. hreðer inne wēoll +<i>(it surged in his breast</i>), <a href="#li2114">2114</a>; hreðer ǣðme wēoll, <a href="#li2594">2594</a>; dat. sg. +in hreðre, <a href="#li1152">1152</a>; of hreðre, <a href="#li2820">2820</a>.—<i>Breast</i> as the seat of feeling, +<i>heart</i>: dat. sg. þæt wæs ... hreðre hygemēðe, <i>that was depressing to +the heart</i> (of the slayer, Hæðcyn), <a href="#li2443">2443</a>; on hreðre, <a href="#li1879">1879</a>, <a href="#li2329">2329</a>; gen. +pl. þurh hreðra gehygd, <a href="#li2046">2046</a>.—<i>Breast</i> as seat of life: instr. sg. +hreðre, parallel with aldre, <a href="#li1447">1447</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhretherbealo">hreðer-bealo</a>, st. n., <i>evil that takes hold on the heart, +evil severely felt</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1344">1344</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrefn">hrefn</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhræfn">hræfn</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrēth">hrēð</a>, st. f., <i>glory</i>; in composition, gūð-hrēð; +<i>renown, assurance of victory</i>, in sige-hrēð.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrēthe">hrēðe</a>, adj., <i>renowned in battle</i>: nom. sg. hrēð (on +account of the following æt, final <i>e</i> is elided, as wēnic for +wēne ic, <a href="#li442">442</a>; frōfor and fultum for frōfre and fultum, <a href="#li699">699</a>; firen +ondrysne for firene ondr., <a href="#li1933">1933</a>, <a href="#li2576">2576</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrēthsigor">hrēð-sigor</a>, st. m., <i>glorious victory</i>: dat. sg. +hrēð-sigora, <a href="#li2584">2584</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrēmig">hrēmig</a>, adj., <i>boasting, exulting</i>: with instr. and gen. +hūðe hrēmig, <a href="#li124">124</a>; since hrēmig, <a href="#li1883">1883</a>; frætwum hrēmig, <a href="#li2055">2055</a>; nom. pl. +nealles Hetware hrēmge þorfton (sc. wesan) fēðe-wīges, <a href="#li2365">2365</a>.</p> + +<p>on-<a class="glentry" name="glonhrēran">hrēran</a>, w. v., <i>to excite, to stir up</i>: pret. part. +on-hrēred, <a href="#li549">549</a>, <a href="#li2555">2555</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhreāwīc">hreā-wīc</a>, st. n., <i>place of corpses</i>: acc. sg. Gēata lēode +hreā-wīc hēoldon, <i>held the place of corpses</i>, <a href="#li1215">1215</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrēad">hrēad</a>, st. f., <i>ornament</i>(?), in comp. earm-hrēad. See +<a class="glentry" href="#glhrēothan">hrēoðan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrēam">hrēam</a>, st. m., <i>noise, alarm</i>:: nom. sg., <a href="#li1303">1303</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrēotha">hrēoða</a>, w. m., <i>cover</i>, in the compound bord-hrēoða.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrēothan">hrēoðan</a>, ge-<b>hrēoðan</b>, st. v., <i>to cover, to clothe</i>; +only in the pret. part. hroden, gehroden, <i>dressed, adorned</i>: +hroden, <a href="#li495">495</a>, <a href="#li1023">1023</a>; þā wæs heal hroden fēonda fēorum, <i>then was the +hall covered with the corpses of the enemy</i>, <a href="#li1152">1152</a>; ge-hroden golde, +<i>adorned with gold</i>, <a href="#li304">304</a>.—Comp.: bēag-, gold-hroden.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrēoh">hrēoh, hrēow, hrēo</a>, adj., <i>excited, stormy, wild, angry, +raging; sad, troubled</i>: nom. sg. (Bēowulf) hrēoh and heoro-grim, +<a href="#li1565">1565</a>; þæt þām gōdan wæs hrēow on hreðre, (<i>that came with violence +upon him, pained his heart</i>), <a href="#li2329">2329</a>; hrēo wǣron ȳða, <i>the waves +were angry, the sea stormy</i>, <a href="#li548">548</a>; næs him hrēoh sefa, <i>his mind +was not cruel</i>, <a href="#li2181">2181</a>; dat. sg. on hrēon mōde, <i>of sad heart</i>, +<a href="#li1308">1308</a>; on hrēoum mōde, <i>angry at heart</i>, <a href="#li2582">2582</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrēohmōd">hrēoh-mōd</a>, adj., <i>of sad heart</i>, <a href="#li2133">2133</a>; <i>angry at +heart</i>, <a href="#li2297">2297</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrēosan">hrēosan</a>, st. v., <i>to fall, to sink, to rush</i>: pret. hrēas, +<a href="#li2489">2489</a>, <a href="#li2832">2832</a>; pret. pl. hruron, <a href="#li1075">1075</a>; hīe on weg hruron, <i>they rushed +away</i>, <a href="#li1431">1431</a>; hruron him tēaras, <i>tears burst from him</i>, <a href="#li1873">1873</a>.</p> + +<p>be-hrēosan, <i>to fall from, to be divested of</i>: pret. part. acc. +pl. fyrn-manna fatu ... hyrstum behrorene, <i>divested of ornaments</i> +(from which the ornaments had fallen away), <a href="#li2760">2760</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrēow">hrēow</a>, st. f., <i>distress, sorrow</i>: gen. pl. þæt wæs +Hrōðgāre hrēowa tornost, <i>that was to Hrōðgār the bitterest of his +sorrows</i>, <a href="#li2130">2130</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhring">hring</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>ring</i>: acc. sg. þone hring, <a href="#li1203">1203</a>; hring +gyldenne, <a href="#li2810">2810</a>; acc. pl. hringas, <a href="#li1196">1196</a>, <a href="#li1971">1971</a>, <a href="#li3035">3035</a>; gen. pl. hringa, +<a href="#li1508">1508</a>, <a href="#li2246">2246</a>.—2) <i>shirt of mail</i> (of interlaced rings): nom. sg. +hring, <a href="#li1504">1504</a>; byrnan hring, <a href="#li2261">2261</a>.—Comp. bān-hring.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhringan">hringan</a>, w. v., <i>to give forth a sound, to ring, to +rattle</i>: pret. pl. byrnan hringdon, <a href="#li327">327</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhringboga">hring-boga</a>, w. m., <i>one who bends himself into a ring</i>: +gen. sg. hring-bogan (of the drake, bending himself into a circle), +<a href="#li2562">2562</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhringed">hringed</a>, pret. part., <i>made of rings</i>: nom. sg. hringed +byrne, <a href="#li1246">1246</a>; acc. sg. hringde byrnan, <a href="#li2616">2616</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhringedstefna">hringed-stefna</a>, w. m., <i>ship whose stem is provided with iron +rings</i> (cramp-irons), especially of sea-going ships (cf. Frið-þiofs +saga, I: þorsteinn ātti skip þat er Ellidi hēt, ... borðit war spengt +iarni): nom. sg., <a href="#li32">32</a>, <a href="#li1898">1898</a>; acc. sg. hringed-stefnan, <a href="#li1132">1132</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhringīren">hring-īren</a>, st. n., <i>ring-iron, ring-mail</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li322">322</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhringmǣl">hring-mǣl</a>, adj., <i>marked with rings</i>, i.e. ornamented with +rings, or marked with characters of ring-form: nom. acc. sg., of the +sword, <a href="#li1522">1522</a>, <a href="#li1562">1562</a>(?); nom. pl. heard and hring-mǣl Heaðobeardna +gestrēon (<i>rich armor</i>), <a href="#li2038">2038</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhringnaca">hring-naca</a>, w. m., <i>ship with iron rings, sea-going ship</i>: +nom. sg., <a href="#li1863">1863</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhringnet">hring-net</a>, st. n., <i>ring-net</i>, i.e. a shirt of interlaced +rings: acc. sg., <a href="#li2755">2755</a>; acc. pl. hring-net, <a href="#li1890">1890</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhringsele">hring-sele</a>, st. m., <i>ring-hall</i>, i.e. hall in which are +rings, or in which rings are bestowed: acc. sg., <a href="#li2841">2841</a>; dat. sg., <a href="#li2011">2011</a>, +<a href="#li3054">3054</a>.</p> + +<p>hring-weorðung, st. f., <i>ring-ornament</i>: acc. sg. -weorðunge, +<a href="#li3018">3018</a>.</p> + +<p>hrīnan, st. v. w. dat.: 1) <i>to touch, lay hold of</i>: inf. þæt him +heardra nān hrīnan wolde īren ǣrgōd (<i>that no good sword of valiant +men would make an impression on him</i>), <a href="#li989">989</a>; him for hrōf-sele hrīnan +ne mehte fǣrgripe flōdes (<i>the sudden grip of the flood might not +touch him owing to the hall-roof</i>), <a href="#li1516">1516</a>; þæt þām hring-sele hrīnan +ne mōste gumena ǣnig <i>(so that none might touch the ringed-hall), +</i><a href="#li3054">3054</a>; pret. sg. siððan hē hire folmum [hr]ān (<i>as soon as he +touched it with his hands</i>), <a href="#li723">723</a>; oð þæt dēaðes wylm hrān æt +heortan (<i>seized his heart</i>), <a href="#li2271">2271</a>. Pret. subj. þēah þe him wund +hrīne (<i>although he was wounded</i>), <a href="#li2977">2977</a>.—2) (O.N. hrīna, +<i>sonare, clamare), to resound, rustle</i>: pres. part. nom. pl. +hrīnde bearwas (for hrīnende) <a href="#li1364">1364</a>; but see <a href="#note1364">Note</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhroden">hroden</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhrēothan">hrēoðan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhronfix">hron-fix</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhranfix">hran-fix</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrōthor">hrōðor</a>, st. m., <i>joy, beneficium</i>: dat sg. hrefne tō +hrōðre, <a href="#li2449">2449</a>; gen. pl. hrōðra, <a href="#li2172">2172</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrōf">hrōf</a>, st. m., <i>roof, ceiling of a house</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1000">1000</a>; +acc. sg. under Heorotes hrōf, <a href="#li403">403</a>; under gēapne hrōf, <a href="#li838">838</a>; geseah +stēapne hrōf (here <i>inner roof, ceiling</i>), <a href="#li927">927</a>; so, ofer hēahne +hrōf, <a href="#li984">984</a>; ymb þæs helmes hrōf, <a href="#li1031">1031</a>; under beorges hrōf, <a href="#li2756">2756</a>.—Comp. +inwit-hrōf.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrōfsele">hrōf-sele</a>, st. m., <i>covered hall</i>: dat. sg. hrōf-sele, +<a href="#li1516">1516</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrōr">hrōr</a>, adj., <i>stirring, wide-awake, valorous</i>: dat. sg. of +þǣm hrōran, <a href="#li1630">1630</a>.—Comp. fela-hrōr.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhruron">hruron</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhrēosan">hrēosan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrūse">hrūse</a>, w. f., <i>earth, soil</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2248">2248</a>, <a href="#li2559">2559</a>; acc. +sg. on hrūsan, <a href="#li773">773</a>, <a href="#li2832">2832</a>; dat. sg. under hrūsan, <a href="#li2412">2412</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrycg">hrycg</a>, st. m., <i>back</i>: acc. sg. ofer wæteres hrycg +(<i>over the water's back, surface</i>), <a href="#li471">471</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhryre">hryre</a>, st. m., <i>fall, destruction, ruin</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li3181">3181</a>; +dat. sg., <a href="#li1681">1681</a>, <a href="#li3006">3006</a>.—Comp.: lēod-, wīg-hryre.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrysian">hrysian</a>, w. v., <i>to shake, be shaken, clatter</i>: pret. pl. +syrcan hrysedon (<i>corselets rattled</i>, of men in motion), <a href="#li226">226</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhund">hund</a>, st. m., <i>dog</i>: instr. pl. hundum, <a href="#li1369">1369</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhund">hund</a>, num., <i>hundred</i>: þrēo hund, <a href="#li2279">2279</a>; w. gen. pl. hund +missēra, <a href="#li1499">1499</a>; hund þūsenda landes and locenra bēaga, <a href="#li2995">2995</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhū">hū</a>, adv., <i>how, quomodo</i>, <a href="#li3">3</a>, <a href="#li116">116</a>, <a href="#li279">279</a>, <a href="#li738">738</a>, <a href="#li845">845</a>, <a href="#li2319">2319</a>, +<a href="#li2520">2520</a>, <a href="#li2719">2719</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhuth">huð</a>, st. f., <i>booty, plunder</i>: dat. (instr.) sg. hūðe, +<a href="#li124">124</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhūru">hūru</a>, adv., <i>above all, certainly</i>, <a href="#li369">369</a>; <i>indeed, +truly</i>, <a href="#li182">182</a>, <a href="#li670">670</a>, <a href="#li1072">1072</a>, <a href="#li1466">1466</a>, <a href="#li1945">1945</a>, <a href="#li2837">2837</a>; <i>yet, nevertheless</i>, +<a href="#li863">863</a>; <i>now</i>, <a href="#li3121">3121</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhūs">hūs</a>, st. n., <i>house</i>: gen. sg. hūses, <a href="#li116">116</a>; gen. pl. hūsa +sēlest (Heorot), <a href="#li146">146</a>, <a href="#li285">285</a>, <a href="#li659">659</a>, <a href="#li936">936</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwan">hwan</a>, adv., <i>whither</i>: tō hwan syððan wearð hondrǣs hæleða +(<i>what issue the hand-to-hand fight of the heroes had</i>), <a href="#li2072">2072</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwanan">hwanan, hwanon</a>, adv., <i>whence</i>: hwanan, <a href="#li257">257</a>, <a href="#li2404">2404</a>; hwanon, +<a href="#li333">333</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwā">hwā</a>, interrog. and indef. pron., <i>who</i>: nom. sg. m. hwā, +<a href="#li52">52</a>, <a href="#li2253">2253</a>, <a href="#li3127">3127</a>; neut. hwæt, <a href="#li173">173</a>; ānes hwæt (<i>a part only</i>), <a href="#li3011">3011</a>; +hwæt þā men wǣron (<i>who the men were</i>), <a href="#li233">233</a>, etc.; hwæt syndon gē +searo-hæbbendra (<i>what armed men are ye?</i>), <a href="#li237">237</a>; acc. sg. m. wið +manna hwone (<i>from (?) any man</i>), <a href="#li155">155</a>; neut. þurh hwæt, <a href="#li3069">3069</a>; +hwæt wit geō sprǣcon, <a href="#li1477">1477</a>; hwæt ... hȳnðo (gen.), fǣr-nīða (<i>what +shame and sudden woes</i>), <a href="#li474">474</a>; so, hwæt þū worn fela (<i>how very +much thou</i>), <a href="#li530">530</a>; swylces hwæt, <a href="#li881">881</a>; hwæt ... ārna, <a href="#li1187">1187</a>; dat. m. +hwām, <a href="#li1697">1697</a>.—Comp. ǣg-hwā.</p> + +<p>hwæt, interj., <i>what! lo! indeed!</i> <a href="#li1">1</a>, <a href="#li943">943</a>, <a href="#li2249">2249</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-hwā, w. part, gen., <i>each, each one</i>: acc. sg. m. wið fēonda +gehwone, <a href="#li294">294</a>; nīða gehwane, <a href="#li2398">2398</a>; mēca gehwane, <a href="#li2686">2686</a>; gum-cynnes +gehwone, <a href="#li2766">2766</a>; fem, on healfa gehwone, <a href="#li801">801</a>; dat. sg. m. dōgora gehwām, +<a href="#li88">88</a>; æt nīða gehwām, <a href="#li883">883</a>; þegna gehwām, <a href="#li2034">2034</a>; eorla gehwǣm, <a href="#li1421">1421</a>; fem. +in mǣgða ge-hwǣre, <a href="#li25">25</a>; nihta gehwǣm, <a href="#li1366">1366</a>; gen. sing. m. manna gehwæs, +<a href="#li2528">2528</a>; fem. dǣda gehwæs, <a href="#li2839">2839</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwār">hwār</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhwǣr">hwǣr</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwæder">hwæder</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhwider">hwider</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwæther">hwæðer</a>, pron., <i>which of two</i>: nom. sg. hwæðer ... uncer +twēga, <a href="#li2531">2531</a>; swā hwæðer, <i>utercunque</i>: acc. sg. on swā hwæðere +hond swā him gemet þince, <a href="#li687">687</a>.—Comp. ǣg-hwæðer.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgehwæther">hwæðer</a>, <i>each of two, either-other</i>: nom. sg. m. wæs +gehwæðer ōðrum lifigende lāð, <a href="#li815">815</a>; wæs ... gehwæðer ōðrum hrōðra +gemyndig, <a href="#li2172">2172</a>; nē gehwæðer incer (<i>nor either of you two</i>), <a href="#li584">584</a>; +nom. sg. neut. gehwæðer þāra (<i>either of them</i>, i.e. ready for +war or peace), <a href="#li1249">1249</a>; dat. sg. hiora gehwæðrum, <a href="#li2995">2995</a>; gen. sg. bēga +gehwæðres, <a href="#li1044">1044</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwæther">hwæðer, hwæðere, hwæðre</a>, 1) adv., <i>yet, nevertheless</i>: +hwæðre, <a href="#li555">555</a>, <a href="#li891">891</a>, <a href="#li1271">1271</a>, <a href="#li2099">2099</a>, <a href="#li2299">2299</a>, <a href="#li2378">2378</a>, etc.; hwæðre swā þēah, +<i>however, notwithstanding</i>, <a href="#li2443">2443</a>; hwæðere, <a href="#li574">574</a>, <a href="#li578">578</a>, <a href="#li971">971</a>, +<a href="#li1719">1719</a>—2) conj., = <i>utrum, whether</i>: hwæðre, <a href="#li1315">1315</a>; hwæðer, <a href="#li1357">1357</a>, +<a href="#li2786">2786</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwæt">hwæt</a>, adj., <i>sharp, bold, valiant</i>: nom. sg. se secg +hwata, <a href="#li3029">3029</a>; dat. sg. hwatum, <a href="#li2162">2162</a>; nom. pl. hwate, <a href="#li1602">1602</a>, <a href="#li2053">2053</a>; acc. +pl. hwate, <a href="#li2643">2643</a>, <a href="#li3006">3006</a>.—Comp.: fyrd-, gold-hwæt.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwæt">hwæt</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhwā">hwā</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwǣr">hwǣr</a>, adv., <i>where</i>: elles hwǣr, <i>elsewhere</i>, <a href="#li138">138</a>; +hwǣr, <i>somewhere</i>, <a href="#li2030">2030</a>. In elliptical question: wundur hwār +þonne..., <i>is it a wonder when...?</i> <a href="#li3063">3063</a>.—Comp. ō-hwǣr.</p> + +<p>ge-hwǣr, <i>everywhere</i>: þēah þū heaðo-rǣsa gehwǣr dohte +(<i>everywhere good in battle</i>), <a href="#li526">526</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwele">hwele</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhwyle">hwyle</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwergen">hwergen</a>, adv., <i>anywhere</i>: elles hwergen, +<i>elsewhere</i>, <a href="#li2591">2591</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwettan">hwettan</a>, w. v., <i>to encourage, urge</i>: pres. subj. swā þin +sefa hwette (<i>as thy mind urges, as thou likest</i>), <a href="#li490">490</a>; pret. pl. +hwetton higerōfne (<i>they whetted the brave one</i>), <a href="#li204">204</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwēne">hwēne</a>, adv., <i>a little, paululum</i>, <a href="#li2700">2700</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwealf">hwealf</a>, st. f., <i>vault</i>: acc. sg. under heofones hwealf, +<a href="#li576">576</a>, <a href="#li2016">2016</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhweorfan">hweorfan</a>, st. v., <i>to stride deliberately, turn, depart, +move, die</i>: pres. pl. þāra þe cwice hwyrfað, <a href="#li98">98</a>; inf. hwīlum hē on +lufan lǣteð hworfan monnes mōd-geþonc (<i>sometimes on love</i> (?) +<i>possessions</i> (?) <i>permits the thoughts of man to turn</i>), +<a href="#li1729">1729</a>; londrihtes mōt ... monna ǣghwylc īdel hweorfan (<i>of rights of +land each one of men must be deprived</i>), <a href="#li2889">2889</a>; pret. sg. fæder +ellor hwearf ... of earde (<i>died</i>), <a href="#li55">55</a>; hwearf þā hrædlīce þǣr +Hrōðgār sæt, <a href="#li356">356</a>; hwearf þā bī bence (<i>turned then to the +bench</i>), <a href="#li1189">1189</a>; so, hwearf þā be wealle, <a href="#li1574">1574</a>; hwearf geond þæt +reced, <a href="#li1982">1982</a>; hlǣw oft ymbe hwearf (<i>went oft round the cave</i>), +<a href="#li2297">2297</a>; nalles æfter lyfte lācende hwearf (<i>not at all through the air +did he go springing</i>), <a href="#li2833">2833</a>; subj. pret. sg, ǣr hē on weg hwurfe ... +of geardum (<i>died</i>), <a href="#li264">264</a>.</p> + +<p>and-hweorfan, <i>to move against</i>: pret. sg. oð þæt ... norðan wind +heaðo-grim and-hwearf (<i>till the fierce north wind blew in our +faces</i>), <a href="#li548">548</a>.</p> + +<p>æt-hweorfan, <i>to go to</i>: pret. sg. hwīlum hē on beorh æt-hwearf +(<i>at times returned to the mountain</i>), <a href="#li2300">2300</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-hweorfan, <i>to go, come</i>: pret. sg. gehwearf þā in Francna fæðm +feorh cyninges, <a href="#li1211">1211</a>; hit on ǣht gehwearf ... Denigea frēan, <a href="#li1680">1680</a>; so, +<a href="#li1685">1685</a>, <a href="#li2209">2209</a>.</p> + +<p>geond-hweorfan, <i>to go through from end to end</i>: pres. sg. flet +eall geond-hwearf, <a href="#li2018">2018</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwider">hwider</a>, adv., <i>whither</i>: hwyder, <a href="#li163">163</a>; hwæder (hwæðer, +MS.), <a href="#li1332">1332</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwīl">hwīl</a>, st. f., <i>time, space of time</i>: nom. sg. wæs sēo hwīl +micel (<i>it was a long time</i>), <a href="#li146">146</a>; þā wæs hwīl dæges (<i>the +space of a day</i>), <a href="#li1496">1496</a>; acc. sg. hwīle, <i>for a time</i>, <a href="#li2138">2138</a>; +<i>a while</i>, <a href="#li105">105</a>, <a href="#li152">152</a>; lange (longe) hwīle, <i>a long while</i>, +<a href="#li16">16</a>, <a href="#li2781">2781</a>; āne hwīle, <i>a while</i>, <a href="#li1763">1763</a>; lȳtle hwīle, <i>brief +space</i>, <a href="#li2031">2031</a>, <a href="#li2098">2098</a>; ǣnige hwīle, <i>any while</i>, <a href="#li2549">2549</a>; lǣssan +hwīle, <i>a lesser while</i>, <a href="#li2572">2572</a>; dat. sg. ǣr dæges hwīle, <i>before +daybreak</i>, <a href="#li2321">2321</a>; dat. pl. nihtes hwīlum, <i>sometimes at night</i>, +<a href="#li3045">3045</a>. Adv., <i>sometimes, often</i>: hwīlum, <a href="#li175">175</a>, <a href="#li496">496</a>, <a href="#li917">917</a>, <a href="#li1729">1729</a>, +<a href="#li1829">1829</a>, <a href="#li2017">2017</a>, <a href="#li2112">2112</a>, etc.; hwīlum ... hwīlum, <a href="#li2108">2108-9-10</a>.—Comp.: dæg-, +gescæp-, orleg-, sige-hwīl.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwīt">hwīt</a>, adj., <i>brilliant, flashing</i>: nom. sg. se hwīta helm, +<a href="#li1449">1449</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhworfan">hworfan</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhweorfan">hweorfan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwōpan">hwōpan</a>, st. v., <i>to cry, cry out mourn</i>: pret. sg. hwēop, +<a href="#li2269">2269</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwyder">hwyder</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhwider">hwider</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwylc">hwylc</a>, pron., <i>which, what, any</i>: 1) adj.: nom. sg. m. +sceaða ic nāt hwylc, <a href="#li274">274</a>; fem, hwylc orleghwīl, <a href="#li2003">2003</a>; nom. pl. hwylce +Sǣgēata sīðas wǣron, <a href="#li1987">1987</a>.—2) subst., w. gen. pl. nom. m.: Frisna +hwylc, <a href="#li1105">1105</a>; fem, efne swā hwylc mægða swā þone magan cende +(<i>whatever woman brought forth this son</i>), <a href="#li944">944</a>; neut. þonne his +bearna hwylc (<i>than any one of his sons</i>), <a href="#li2434">2434</a>; dat. sg. efne +swā hwylcum manna swā him gemet þūhte, <a href="#li3058">3058</a>.—Comp.: ǣg-, nāt-, +wēl-hwylc.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgehwylc">hwylc, ge-hwilc, ge-hwelc</a>, w. gen. pl., <i>each</i>: nom. +sg. m. gehwylc, <a href="#li986">986</a>, <a href="#li1167">1167</a>, <a href="#li1674">1674</a>; acc. sg. m. gehwylcne, <a href="#li937">937</a>, <a href="#li2251">2251</a>, +<a href="#li2517">2517</a>; gehwelcne, <a href="#li148">148</a>; fem, gehwylce, <a href="#li1706">1706</a>; neut. gehwylc, <a href="#li2609">2609</a>; instr. +sg. dōgra gehwylce, <a href="#li1091">1091</a>; so, <a href="#li2058">2058</a>, <a href="#li2451">2451</a>; dat. sg. m. gehwylcum, <a href="#li412">412</a>, +<a href="#li769">769</a>, <a href="#li785">785</a>, etc.; fem, ecga gehwylcre, <a href="#li806">806</a>; neut. cynna gehwylcum, <a href="#li98">98</a>; +gen. sg. m. and neut. gehwylces, <a href="#li733">733</a>, <a href="#li1397">1397</a>, <a href="#li2095">2095</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhwyrft">hwyrft</a>, st. m., <i>circling movement, turn</i>: dat. pl. adv. +hwyrftum scrīðað (<i>wander to and fro</i>), <a href="#li163">163</a>.—Comp. ed-hwyrft.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhycgan">hycgan</a>, w. v., <i>to think, resolve upon</i>: pret. sg. ic þæt +hogode þæt ... (<i>my intention was that ...</i>), <a href="#li633">633</a>.—Comp. w. +pres. part.: bealo-, heard-, swīð-, þanc-, wīs-hycgend.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glforhycgan">for-hycgan</a>, <i>to despise, scorn, reject with contempt</i>: +pres. sg. I. ic þæt þonne for-hicge þæt ..., <i>reject with scorn the +proposition that ...</i>, <a href="#li435">435</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgehycgan">hycgan</a>, <i>to think, determine upon</i>: pret. sg. þā þū ... +feorr gehogodest sæcce sēcean, <a href="#li1989">1989</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gloferhycgan">ofer-hycgan</a>, <i>to scorn</i>: pret. sg. ofer-hogode þā hringa +fengel þæt hē þone wīdflogan weorode gesōhte (<i>scorned to seek the +wide-flier with a host</i>), <a href="#li2346">2346</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhȳdig">hȳdig</a> (for <b>hygdig</b>), adj., <i>thinking, of a certain +mind</i>: comp. ān-, bealo-, grom-, nīð-, þrīst-hȳdig.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgehygd">hygd</a>, st. n., <i>thought, sentiment</i>: acc. sg. þurh +hreðra gehygd, <a href="#li2046">2046</a>.—Comp.: brēost-, mōd-gehygd, won-hyd.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhyge">hyge, hige</a>, st. m., <i>mind, heart, thought</i>: nom. sg. hyge, +<a href="#li756">756</a>; hige, <a href="#li594">594</a>; acc. sg. þurh holdne hige, <a href="#li267">267</a>; gen. sg. higes, <a href="#li2046">2046</a>; +dat. pl. higum, <a href="#li3149">3149</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhygebend">hyge-bend</a>, st. m. f., <i>mind-fetter, heart-band</i>: instr. +pl. hyge-bendum fæst, <i>fast in his mind's fetters, secretly</i>, +<a href="#li1879">1879</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhygegeōmor">hyge-geōmor</a>, adj., <i>sad in mind</i>: nom. sg. hyge-giōmor, +<a href="#li2409">2409</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhygemēthe">hyge-mēðe</a>, adj.: 1) <i>sorrowful, soul-crushing</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li2443">2443</a>.—2) <i>life-weary, dead</i>: dat. pl. hyge-mēðum (-mǣðum, MS.), +<a href="#li2910">2910</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhygerōf">hyge-rōf</a>, adj., <i>brave, valiant, vigorous-minded</i>: nom. +sg. [hygerōf], <a href="#li403">403</a>; acc. sg. hige-rōfne, <a href="#li204">204</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhygesorh">hyge-sorh</a>, st. f., <i>heart-sorrow</i>: gen. pl. -sorga, <a href="#li2329">2329</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhygethyhtig">hyge-þȳhtig</a>, adj., <i>doughty, courageous</i>: acc. sg. +hige-þihtigne (of Bēowulf), <a href="#li747">747</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glthyhtig">þȳhtig</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhygethrym">hyge-þrym</a>, st. m., <i>animi majestas, high-mindedness</i>: dat. +pl. for hige-þrymmum, <a href="#li339">339</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhyht">hyht</a>, st. m., <i>thought, pleasant thought, hope</i> +(Dietrich): nom. sg., <a href="#li179">179</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgehyld">hyld</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glhealdan">healdan</a>), st. n., <i>support, +protection</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li3057">3057</a>.—Leo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhyldan">hyldan</a>, w. v., <i>to incline one's self, lie down to sleep</i>: +pret. sg. hylde hine, <i>inclined himself, lay down</i>, <a href="#li689">689</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhyldo">hyldo</a>, st. f., <i>inclination, friendliness, grace</i>: acc. +sg. hyldo, <a href="#li2068">2068</a>, <a href="#li2294">2294</a>; gen. sg. hyldo, <a href="#li671">671</a>, <a href="#li2999">2999</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glāhyrdan">ā-hyrdan</a>, w. v., <i>harden</i>: pret. part. ā-hyrded, <a href="#li1461">1461</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhyrde">hyrde</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhirde">hirde</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhyrst">hyrst</a>, st. f., <i>accoutrements, ornament, armor</i>: acc. sg. +hyrste (Ongenþēow's <i>equipments and arms</i>), <a href="#li2989">2989</a>; acc. pl. +hyrsta, <a href="#li3166">3166</a>; instr. pl. hyrstum, <a href="#li2763">2763</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhyrstan">hyrstan</a>, w. v., <i>to deck, adorn</i>: pret. part. hyrsted +sweord, <a href="#li673">673</a>; helm [hyr]sted golde, <a href="#li2256">2256</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhyrtan">hyrtan</a>, w. v., <i>to take heart, be emboldened</i>: pret. sg. +hyrte hyne hord-weard (<i>the drake took heart</i>; see <a href="#li2566">2566</a>, <a href="#li2568">2568</a>, +<a href="#li2570">2570</a>), <a href="#li2594">2594</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhyse">hyse</a>, st. m., <i>youth, young man</i>: nom. sg. as voc., <a href="#li1218">1218</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhyt">hyt</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhit">hit</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhȳdan">hȳdan</a>, w. v., <i>to hide, conceal, protect, preserve</i>: pres. +subj. hȳde [hine, <i>himself</i>] sē þe wylle, <a href="#li2767">2767</a>; inf. w. acc. nō +þū mīnne þearft hafalan hȳdan, <a href="#li446">446</a>; ǣr hē in wille hafelan [hȳdan] +(<i>ere in it he</i> [the stag] <i>will hide his head</i>), <a href="#li1373">1373</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgehȳdan">hȳdan</a>, w. acc., <i>to conceal, preserve</i>: pret. sg. +gehȳdde, <a href="#li2236">2236</a>, <a href="#li3060">3060</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhȳth">hȳð</a>, st. f., <i>haven</i>: dat. sg. æt hȳðe, <a href="#li32">32</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhȳthweard">hȳð-weard</a>, st. m., <i>haven-warden</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1915">1915</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhȳnan">hȳnan</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glhēan">hēan</a>), w. v. w. acc., <i>to crush, afflict, +injure</i>: pret. sg. hȳnde, <a href="#li2320">2320</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhȳnthu">hȳnðu</a>, st. f., <i>oppression, affliction, injury</i>: acc. sg. +hȳnðu, <a href="#li277">277</a>; gen. sg. hwæt ... hȳnðo, <a href="#li475">475</a>; fela ... hȳnðo, <a href="#li594">594</a>; gen. +pl. heardra hȳnða, <a href="#li166">166</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhȳran">hȳran</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to hear, perceive, learn</i>: a) w. inf. or acc. +with inf.: I. pret. sg. hȳrde ic, <a href="#li38">38</a>, <a href="#li582">582</a>, <a href="#li1347">1347</a>, <a href="#li1843">1843</a>, <a href="#li2024">2024</a>; III. sg. þæt +hē fram Sigemunde secgan hȳrde, <a href="#li876">876</a>; I. pl. swā wē sōðlīce secgan hȳrdon, +<a href="#li273">273</a>. b) w. acc.: nǣnigne ic ... sēlran hȳrde hordmāððum (<i>I heard of no +better hoard-jewel</i>), <a href="#li1198">1198</a>. c) w. dependent clause: I. sg. pret. hȳrde +ic þæt ..., <a href="#li62">62</a>, <a href="#li2164">2164</a>, <a href="#li2173">2173</a>.—2) w. dat. of person, <i>to obey</i>: inf. oð +þæt him ǣghwylc þāra ymbsittendra hȳran scolde, <a href="#li10">10</a>; hȳran heaðo-sīocum, +<a href="#li2755">2755</a>; Pret. pl. þæt him winemāgas georne hȳrdon, <a href="#li66">66</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-hȳran, <i>to hear, learn</i>: a) w. acc.: II. pers. sg. pres. mīnne +gehȳrað ānfealdne geþōht, <a href="#li255">255</a>; III. sg. pret. gehȳrde on Bēowulfe fæstrǣdne +geþōht, <a href="#li610">610</a>. b) w. acc. and inf.: III. pl. pret. gehȳrdon, <a href="#li786">786</a>. c) w. +depend. clause: I. pres. sg. ic þæt gehȳre þæt ..., <a href="#li290">290</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossI">I</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glic">ic</a>, pers. pron. <i>I</i>: acc. mec, dat. mē, gen. mīn; dual nom. +wit, acc. uncit, unc, dat. unc, gen. uncer; pl. nom. wē, acc. ūsic, ūs, +dat. ūs, gen. ūser. ic omitted before the verb, <a href="#li470">470</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glicge">icge</a>, <i>gold</i> (perhaps related to Sanskrit īç, = dominare, +imperare, O.H.G. ēht, <i>wealth</i>, opes), <i>treasure?, sword</i> +(edge)?, <a href="#li1108">1108</a>.—Körner.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glides">ides</a>, st. f., <i>woman, lady, queen</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li621">621</a>, <a href="#li1076">1076</a>, +<a href="#li1118">1118</a>, <a href="#li1169">1169</a>; dat. sg. idese, <a href="#li1650">1650</a>, <a href="#li1942">1942</a>. Also of Grendel's mother: nom. +sg., <a href="#li1260">1260</a>; gen. sg. idese, <a href="#li1352">1352</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glin">in</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glinn">inn</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glin">in</a>: I. prep. w. dat. and acc.: 1) w. dat. (local, indicating +rest), <i>in</i>: in geardum, <a href="#li13">13</a>, <a href="#li2460">2460</a>; in þǣm gūðsele, <a href="#li443">443</a>; in +bēorsele, <a href="#li2636">2636</a>; so, <a href="#li89">89</a>, <a href="#li482">482</a>, <a href="#li589">589</a>, <a href="#li696">696</a>, <a href="#li729">729</a>, <a href="#li2140">2140</a>, <a href="#li2233">2233</a>, etc.; in mǣgða +gehwǣre, <a href="#li25">25</a>; in þȳstrum, <a href="#li87">87</a>; in Caines cynne, <a href="#li107">107</a>; in hyra +gryregeatwum (<i>in their accoutrements of terror, war-weeds</i>), +<a href="#li324">324</a>; so, <a href="#li395">395</a>; in campe (<i>in battle</i>), <a href="#li2506">2506</a>; hiora in ānum (<i>in +one of them</i>), <a href="#li2600">2600</a>. Prep. postpositive: Scedelandum in, <a href="#li19">19</a>. Also, +<i>on, upon</i>, like on: in ealo-bence, <a href="#li1030">1030</a>; in gumstōle, <a href="#li1953">1953</a>; in +þām wongstede (<i>on the grassy plain, the battle-field</i>), <a href="#li2787">2787</a>; in +bǣlstede, <a href="#li3098">3098</a>. Temporal: in geār-dagum, <a href="#li1">1</a>.—2) w. acc. (local, +indicating motion), <i>in, into</i>: in woruld, <a href="#li60">60</a>; in fȳres fæðm, +<a href="#li185">185</a>; so, <a href="#li1211">1211</a>; in Hrefnesholt, <a href="#li2936">2936</a>. Temporal, <i>in, at, about, +toward</i>: in þā tīde (in watide, MS.), <a href="#li2228">2228</a>.</p> + +<p>II. adv., <i>in</i> (here or there), <a href="#li386">386</a>, <a href="#li1038">1038</a>, <a href="#li1372">1372</a>, <a href="#li1503">1503</a>, <a href="#li1645">1645</a>, +<a href="#li2153">2153</a>, <a href="#li2191">2191</a>, <a href="#li2228">2228</a>; inn, <a href="#li3091">3091</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glincge">incge</a>, adj. (perhaps related to icge), instr. sg. incge lāfe +(<i>with the costly sword</i> ? or <i>with mighty sword</i>?), +<a href="#li2578">2578</a>.—[<i>Edge</i>: incge lāfe, <i>edge of the sword</i>.—K. +Körner?]</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinfrōd">in-frōd</a>, adj., <i>very aged</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2450">2450</a>; dat. sg. +in-frōdum, <a href="#li1875">1875</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glingang">in-gang</a>, st. m., <i>entrance, access to</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1550">1550</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glingenga">in-genga</a>, w. m., <i>in-goer, visitor</i>: nom. sg., of Grendel, +<a href="#li1777">1777</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glingesteald">in-gesteald</a>, st. m., <i>house-property, possessions in the +house</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1156">1156</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinn">inn</a>, st. n., <i>apartment, house</i>: nom. sg. in, <a href="#li1301">1301</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinnan">innan</a>, adv., <i>within, inside</i>, <a href="#li775">775</a>, <a href="#li1018">1018</a>, <a href="#li2413">2413</a>, <a href="#li2720">2720</a>; on +innan (<i>in the interior</i>), <i>within</i>, <a href="#li1741">1741</a>, <a href="#li2716">2716</a>; þǣr on +innan (<i>in there</i>), <a href="#li71">71</a>; burgum on innan (<i>within his city</i>), +<a href="#li1969">1969</a>. Also, <i>therein</i>: þǣr on innan, <a href="#li2090">2090</a>, <a href="#li2215">2215</a>, <a href="#li2245">2245</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinnanweard">innan-weard</a>, adv., <i>inwards, inside, within</i>, <a href="#li992">992</a>, <a href="#li1977">1977</a>; +inne-weard, <a href="#li999">999</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinne">inne</a>, adv.: 1) <i>inside, within</i>, <a href="#li643">643</a>, <a href="#li1282">1282</a>, <a href="#li1571">1571</a>, <a href="#li2114">2114</a>, +<a href="#li3060">3060</a>; word inne ābēad (<i>called, sent word, in</i>, i.e. standing in +the hall door), <a href="#li390">390</a>; <i>in it</i> (i.e. the battle), <a href="#li1142">1142</a>; þǣr inne +(<i>therein</i>), <a href="#li118">118</a>, <a href="#li1618">1618</a>, <a href="#li2116">2116</a>, <a href="#li2227">2227</a>, <a href="#li3088">3088</a>.—2) = <i>insuper, still +further, besides</i>, <a href="#li1867">1867</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinwit">inwit</a>, st. n., <i>evil, mischief, spite, cunning hostility</i>, +as in</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinwitfeng">inwit-feng</a>, st. m., <i>malicious grasp, grasp of a cunning +foe</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1448">1448</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinwitgæst">inwit-gæst</a>, st. m., <i>evil guest, hostile stranger</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li2671">2671</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinwithrōf">inwit-hrōf</a>, st. m., <i>hostile roof, hiding-place of a cunning +foe</i>: acc. sg. under inwit-hrōf, <a href="#li3124">3124</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinwitnet">inwit-net</a>, st. n., <i>mischief-net, cunning snare</i>: acc. +sg., <a href="#li2168">2168</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinwitnīth">inwit-nīð</a>, st. n., <i>cunning hostility, hostile contest</i>: +nom. pl. inwit-nīðas (<i>hostility through secret attack</i>), <a href="#li1859">1859</a>; +gen. pl. inwit-nīða, <a href="#li1948">1948</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinwitscear">inwit-scear</a>, st. m., <i>massacre through cunning, murderous +attack</i>: acc. sg. eatolne inwit-scear, <a href="#li2479">2479</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinwitsearo">inwit-searo</a>, st. n., <i>cunning, artful intrigue</i>: acc. sg. +þurh inwit-searo, <a href="#li1102">1102</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsearo">searo</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinwitsorh">inwit-sorh</a>, st. f., <i>grief, remorse, mourning springing from +hostile cunning</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1737">1737</a>; acc. sg. inwid-sorge, <a href="#li832">832</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glinwitthanc">inwit-þanc</a>, adj., <i>ill-disposed, malicious</i>: dat. sg. hē +onfēng hraðe inwit-þancum (<i>he quickly grasped the +cunning-in-mind</i> [Grendel]), <a href="#li749">749</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glirnan">irnan</a> (for <b>rinnan</b>), st. v., <i>to run</i>: so be-irnan, +<i>to run up to, occur</i>: pret. sg him on mōd be-arn (<i>came +into his mind</i>), <a href="#li67">67</a>.</p> + +<p>on-irnan, <i>to open</i>: pret. sg. duru sōna onarn, <a href="#li722">722</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glirremōd">irre-mōd</a>, adj. See <a class="glentry" href="#glyrremōd">yrre-mōd</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossIl">Ī</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glīdel">īdel</a>, adj., <i>empty, bare; deprived of</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li145">145</a>, +<a href="#li413">413</a>; w. gen. lond-rihtes þǣre mǣgburge īdel (<i>deprived of his +land-possessions among the people</i> [of the Gēatas]), <a href="#li2889">2889</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glīdelhende">īdel-hende</a>, adj., <i>empty-handed</i>, <a href="#li2082">2082</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glīren">īren</a>, st. n., <i>iron, sword</i>: nom. sg. dryhtlīc īren +(<i>the doughty, lordly sword</i>), <a href="#li893">893</a>; īren ǣr-gōd, <a href="#li990">990</a>; acc. sg. +lēoflīc īren, <a href="#li1810">1810</a>; gen. pl. īrena cyst (<i>choicest of swords</i>), +<a href="#li674">674</a>; īrenna cyst, <a href="#li803">803</a>; īrenna ecge (<i>edges of swords</i>), <a href="#li2684">2684</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glīren">īren</a>, adj., <i>of iron</i>: nom. sg. ecg wæs īren, <a href="#li1460">1460</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glīrenbend">īren-bend</a>, st. f., <i>iron band, bond, rivet</i>: instr. pl. +īren-bendum fæst (bold), <a href="#li775">775</a>, <a href="#li999">999</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glīrenbyrne">īren-byrne</a>, w. f., <i>iron corselet</i>: acc. sg. īren-byrnan, +<a href="#li2987">2987</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glīsernbyrne">īsern-byrne</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glīrenheard">īren-heard</a>, adj., <i>hard as iron</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1113">1113</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glīrenne">īrenne</a>, adj., <i>of iron</i>: in comp. eall-īrenne.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glīrenthrēat">īren-þrēat</a>, st. m., <i>iron troop, armored band</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li330">330</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glīs">īs</a>, st. n., <i>ice</i>: dat. sg. īse, <a href="#li1609">1609</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glīsernbyrne">īsern-byrne</a>, w. f., <i>iron corselet</i>: acc. sg. +īsern-byrnan, <a href="#li672">672</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glīrenbyrne">īren-byrne</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glīsernscūr">īsern-scūr</a>, st. f., <i>iron shower, shower of arrows</i>: gen. +sg. þone þe oft gebād īsern-scūre, <a href="#li3117">3117</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glīsgebind">īs-gebind</a>, st. n., <i>fetters of ice</i>: instr. sg. +īs-gebinde, <a href="#li1134">1134</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glīsig">īsig</a>, adj., <i>shining, brilliant</i> (like brass): nom. sg. +īsig (said of a vessel covered with plates(?) of metal), <a href="#li33">33</a>.—Leo.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossIO">IO IU</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gliū">iū</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgēo">geō</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gliūman">iū-man</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgēoman">geō-man</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glīomēowle">īo-mēowle</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgēomēowle">geō-mēowle</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossL">L</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllathu">laðu</a>, st. f., <i>invitation</i>.—Comp.: frēond-, nēod-laðu.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgelafian">lafian</a>, w. v. w. acc. pers. and instr. of the thing, <i>to +refresh, lave</i>: pret. sg. wine-dryhten his wætere gelafede, <a href="#li2723">2723</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllagu">lagu</a>, st. m., <i>lake, sea</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1631">1631</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllagucræftig">lagu-cræftig</a>, adj., <i>acquainted with the sea</i>: nom. sg. +lagu-cræftig mon (<i>pilot</i>), <a href="#li209">209</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllagustrǣt">lagu-strǣt</a>, st. f., <i>path over the sea</i>: acc. sg. ofer +lagu-strǣte, <a href="#li239">239</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllagustrēam">lagu-strēam</a>, st. m., <i>sea-current, flood</i>: acc. pl. ofer +lagu-strēamas, <a href="#li297">297</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glland">land</a>, st. n., <i>land</i>: nom. sg. lond, <a href="#li2198">2198</a>; acc. sg. land, +<a href="#li221">221</a>, <a href="#li2063">2063</a>; lond, <a href="#li2472">2472</a>, <a href="#li2493">2493</a>; land Dena, <a href="#li242">242</a>, <a href="#li253">253</a>; lond Brondinga, <a href="#li521">521</a>; +Finna land, <a href="#li580">580</a>; dat. sg. on lande (<i>in the land</i>), <a href="#li2311">2311</a>, <a href="#li2837">2837</a>; +<i>at near, land, shore</i>, <a href="#li1914">1914</a>; tō lande (<i>to the land, +ashore</i>), <a href="#li1624">1624</a>; gen. sg. landes, <a href="#li2996">2996</a>; gen. pl. ofer landa fela +(<i>over much country, space; afar</i>), <a href="#li311">311</a>.—Comp.: el-, ēa-land.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllandbūend">land-būend</a>, part, pres., terricola, <i>inhabitant of the +land</i>: nom. pl. lond-būend, <a href="#li1346">1346</a>; dat. pl. land-būendum, <a href="#li95">95</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllandfruma">land-fruma</a>, w. m., <i>ruler, prince of the country</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li31">31</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllandgemyrcu">land-gemyrcu</a>, st. n. pl., <i>frontier, land-mark</i>: acc. pl., +<a href="#li209">209</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllandgeweorc">land-geweorc</a>, st. n., <i>land-work, fortified place</i>: acc. +sg. lēoda land-geweorc, <a href="#li939">939</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glweorc">weorc, geweorc</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllandriht">land-riht</a>, st. n., <i>prerogatives based upon land-possessions, +right to possess land</i>, hence <i>real estate</i> itself: gen. sg. +lond-rihtes īdel, <a href="#li2887">2887</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllandwaru">land-waru</a>, st. f., <i>inhabitants, population</i>: acc. pl. +land-wara, <a href="#li2322">2322</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllandweard">land-weard</a>, st. m., <i>guard, guardian of the frontier</i>: +nom. sg., <a href="#li1891">1891</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllang">lang, long</a>, adj., <i>long</i>: 1) temporal: nom. sg. tō lang, +<a href="#li2094">2094</a>; næs þā long (lang) tō þon (<i>not long after</i>), <a href="#li2592">2592</a>, <a href="#li2846">2846</a>; +acc. sg. lange hwīle (<i>for a long time</i>), <a href="#li16">16</a>, <a href="#li2160">2160</a>, <a href="#li2781">2781</a>; longe +(lange) þrāge, <a href="#li54">54</a>, <a href="#li114">114</a>, <a href="#li1258">1258</a>; lange tīd, <a href="#li1916">1916</a>. Compar. nom. sg. lengra +fyrst, <a href="#li134">134</a>.—2) local, nom. sg. sē wæs fīftiges fōtgemearces lang, +<a href="#li3044">3044</a>.—Comp.: and-, morgen-, niht-, up-lang.</p> + +<p>lange, longe, adv., <i>long</i>: lange, <a href="#li31">31</a>, <a href="#li1995">1995</a>, <a href="#li2131">2131</a>, <a href="#li2345">2345</a>, <a href="#li2424">2424</a>; +longe, <a href="#li1062">1062</a>, <a href="#li2752">2752</a>, <a href="#li3109">3109</a>; tō lange (<i>too long, excessively long</i>), +<a href="#li906">906</a>, <a href="#li1337">1337</a>, <a href="#li1749">1749</a>. Compar. leng, <a href="#li451">451</a>, <a href="#li1855">1855</a>, <a href="#li2802">2802</a>, <a href="#li3065">3065</a>; nō þȳ leng +(<i>none the longer</i>), <a href="#li975">975</a>. Superl. lengest (<i>longest</i>), <a href="#li2009">2009</a>, +<a href="#li2239">2239</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgelang">lang</a>, adj., <i>extending, reaching to something</i> or +<i>somebody</i>, hence <i>ready, prepared</i>: nū is rǣd gelang eft æt +þē ānum (<i>now is help [counsel] at hand in thee alone</i>), <a href="#li1377">1377</a>; +gēn is eall æt þē lissa gelong (<i>all of favor is still on thee +dependent, is thine</i>), <a href="#li2151">2151</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glgelenge">ge-lenge</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllanggestrēon">lang-ge-strēon</a>, st. n., <i>long-lasting treasure</i>: gen. pl. +long-gestrēona, <a href="#li2241">2241</a>.—Leo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllangian">langian</a>, w. v., reflex, w. dat, <i>to long, yearn</i>: pres. +sg. III. him ...æfter dēorum men dyrne langað beorn (<i>the hero +longeth secretly after the dear man</i>), <a href="#li1880">1880</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllangsum">lang-sum</a>, adj., <i>long-lasting, continuing</i>: nom. sg. +longsum, <a href="#li134">134</a>, <a href="#li192">192</a>, <a href="#li1723">1723</a>; acc. sg. long-sumne, <a href="#li1537">1537</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllangtwidig">lang-twidig</a>, adj., <i>long-granted, assured</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li1709">1709</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllata">lata</a>, w. m., <i>a lazy, cowardly one</i>; in comp. hild-lata.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllā">lā</a>, interj., <i>yes! indeed!</i> <a href="#li1701">1701</a>, <a href="#li2865">2865</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllāc">lāc</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>measured movement, play</i>: in comp. +beadu-, heaðo-lāc.—2) <i>gift, offering</i>: acc. pl. lāc, <a href="#li1864">1864</a>; +lāðlīcu lāc (<i>loathly offering, prey</i>), <a href="#li1585">1585</a>; dat. pl. lācum, <a href="#li43">43</a>, +<a href="#li1869">1869</a>.—Comp. sǣ-lāc.</p> + +<p>ge-lāc, st. n., <i>sport, play</i>: acc. pl. sweorda gelāc +(<i>battle</i>), <a href="#li1041">1041</a>; dat. pl. æt ecga gelācum, <a href="#li1169">1169</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllācan">lācan</a>, st. v., <i>to move in measured time, dancing, playing, +fighting, flying</i>, etc.: inf. dareðum lācan (<i>fight</i>), <a href="#li2849">2849</a>; +part. pres. æfter lyfte lācende (<i>flying through the air</i>), <a href="#li2833">2833</a>.</p> + +<p>for-lācan, <i>to deceive, betray</i>: part, pret. hē wearð on fēonda +geweald forð forlācen (<i>deceitfully betrayed into the enemy's +hands</i>), <a href="#li904">904</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllād">lād</a>, st. f., <i>street, way, journey</i>: dat. sg. on lāde, +<a href="#li1988">1988</a>; gen. sg. lāde, <a href="#li569">569</a>.—Comp.: brim-, sǣ-lād.</p> + +<p>ge-lād, st. n., <i>way, path, road</i>: acc. sg. uncūð gelād, <a href="#li1411">1411</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllāth">lāð</a>, adj., <i>loathly, evil, hateful, hostile</i>: nom. sg. +lāð, <a href="#li816">816</a>; lāð lyft-floga, <a href="#li2316">2316</a>; lāð (<i>enemy</i>), <a href="#li440">440</a>; nē lēof nē +lāð, <a href="#li511">511</a>; neut. lāð, <a href="#li134">134</a>, <a href="#li192">192</a>; in weak form, se lāða (of the dragon), +<a href="#li2306">2306</a>; acc. sg. lāðne (wyrm), <a href="#li3041">3041</a>; dat. sg. lāðum, <a href="#li440">440</a>, <a href="#li1258">1258</a>; gen. +sg. lāðes (of the enemy), <a href="#li842">842</a>; fela lāðes (<i>much evil</i>), <a href="#li930">930</a>; so, +<a href="#li1062">1062</a>; lāðan līges, <a href="#li83">83</a>; lāðan cynnes, <a href="#li2009">2009</a>, <a href="#li2355">2355</a>; þæs lāðan (of the +enemy), <a href="#li132">132</a>; acc. pl. neut. lāð gewidru (<i>hateful storms</i>), <a href="#li1376">1376</a>; +dat. instr. pl. wið lāðum, <a href="#li550">550</a>; lāðum scuccum and scinnum, <a href="#li939">939</a>; lāðum +dǣdum (<i>with evil deeds</i>), <a href="#li2468">2468</a>; lāðan fingrum, <a href="#li1506">1506</a>; gen. pl. +lāðra manna, spella, <a href="#li2673">2673</a>, <a href="#li3030">3030</a>; lāðra (<i>the enemy</i>), <a href="#li242">242</a>. +Compar. nom. sg. lāðra ... beorn, <a href="#li2433">2433</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllāthbite">lāð-bite</a>, st. m., <i>hostile bite</i>: dat. sg. lāð-bite līces +(<i>the body's hostile bite</i> = the wound), <a href="#li1123">1123</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllāthgetēona">lāð-getēona</a>, w. m., <i>evil-doer, injurer</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li975">975</a>; +nom. pl. lāð-getēonan, <a href="#li559">559</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllāthlīc">lāð-līc</a>, adj., <i>loathly, hostile</i>: acc. pl. lāð-līcu, +<a href="#li1585">1585</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllāf">lāf</a>, st. f.: 1) <i>what is left, relic; inheritance, heritage, +legacy</i>: nom. sg. Hrēðlan lāf (Bēowulf's corselet), <a href="#li454">454</a>; nom. pl. +fēla lāfe (<i>the leavings of files</i> = swords, Grein), <a href="#li1033">1033</a>; so, +homera lāfe, <a href="#li2830">2830</a>; on him gladiað gomelra lāfe, heard and hringmǣl +Heaðobeardna gestrēon (<i>on him gleams the forefather's bequest, hard +and ring-decked, the Heaðobeardas' treasure</i>, i.e. the equipments +taken from the slain king of the Heaðobeardas), <a href="#li2037">2037</a>; acc. sg. sweorda +lāfe (<i>leavings of the sword</i>, i.e. those spared by the sword), +<a href="#li2937">2937</a>.—2) <i>the sword as a specially precious heir-loom</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li2629">2629</a>; acc. sg. lāfe, <a href="#li796">796</a>, <a href="#li1489">1489</a>, <a href="#li1689">1689</a>, <a href="#li2192">2192</a>, <a href="#li2564">2564</a>; instr. sg. +incge lāfe, <a href="#li2578">2578</a>.—Comp.: ende-, eormen-, wēa-, yrfe-, ȳð-lāf.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllār">lār</a>, st. f., <i>lore, instruction, prescription</i>: dat. sg. +be fæder lāre, <a href="#li1951">1951</a>; gen. pl. lāra, <a href="#li1221">1221</a>; lārena, <a href="#li269">269</a>.—Comp. +frēond-lār.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllāst">lāst</a>, st. m., <i>footstep, track</i>: acc. sg. lāst, <a href="#li132">132</a>, <a href="#li972">972</a>, +<a href="#li2165">2165</a>; on lāst (<i>on the traces of, behind</i>), <a href="#li2946">2946</a>; nom. pl. +lāstas, <a href="#li1403">1403</a>; acc. pl. lāstas, <a href="#li842">842</a>.—Comp.: fēðe-, feorh-, fōt-, +wræc-lāst.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllæger">læger</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glleger">leger</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllāgerbed">lāger-bed</a>, st. n., <i>bed to lie on</i> : instr. sg. +leger-bedde, <a href="#li1008">1008</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllæs">lǣs</a>, adj., <i>less</i>, <a href="#li1947">1947</a>; þȳ lǣs (<i>the less</i>), <a href="#li487">487</a>; +conjunct, <i>that not, lest</i>, <a href="#li1919">1919</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllæssa">lǣssa</a>, adj., <i>less, fewer</i>: nom. sg. lǣssa, <a href="#li1283">1283</a>; acc. sg. +m. lǣssan, <a href="#li43">43</a>; fem, lǣssan hwīle, <a href="#li2572">2572</a>; dat. sg. for lǣssan (<i>for +less, smaller</i>), <a href="#li952">952</a>. Superl. nom. sg. nō þæt lǣsest wæs +hond-gemōt[a], <a href="#li2355">2355</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllæt">læt</a>, adj., <i>negligent, neglectful</i>; w. gen.: nom. sg. +elnes læt, <a href="#li1530">1530</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllǣdan">lǣdan</a>, w. v. w. acc.: <i>to lead, guide, bring</i>: inf. lǣdan, +<a href="#li239">239</a>; pret. pl. lǣddon, <a href="#li1160">1160</a>.</p> + +<p>for-1ǣdan, <i>to mislead</i>: pret. pl. for-lǣddan, <a href="#li2440">2440</a> (?).</p> + +<p>ge-lǣdan, <i>lead, bring</i>: part. pret. ge-lǣded, <a href="#li37">37</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllǣfan">lǣfan</a>, w. v.: 1), <i>to bequeathe, leave</i>: imper. sg. þīnum +magum lǣf folc and rīce, <a href="#li1179">1179</a>; pret. sg. eaferum lǣfde ... lond and +lēodbyrig, <a href="#li2471">2471</a>.—2) <i>spare, leave behind</i>: āht cwices lǣfan +(<i>to spare aught living</i>), <a href="#li2316">2316</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllǣndagas">lǣn-dagas</a>, st. m. pl., <i>loan-days, transitory days</i> (of +earthly existence as contrasted with the heavenly, unending): acc. pl. +lǣn-dagas, <a href="#li2592">2592</a>; gen. pl. lǣn-daga, <a href="#li2342">2342</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllǣne">lǣne</a>, adj., <i>inconstant, perishable, evanescent, given over +to death or destruction</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1755">1755</a>, <a href="#li3179">3179</a>; acc. sg. of +rust-eaten treasures, <a href="#li3130">3130</a>; þās lǣnan gesceaft (<i>this fleeting +life</i>), <a href="#li1623">1623</a>; gen. sg. lǣnan līfes, <a href="#li2846">2846</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllǣran">lǣran</a>, w. v., <i>to teach, instruct</i>: imper. sg. þū þē lǣr +be þon (<i>learn this, take this to heart</i>), <a href="#li1723">1723</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-lǣran, <i>to teach, instruct, give instruction</i>: inf. ic þæs +Hrōðgār mæg ... rǣd gelǣran (<i>I can give H. good advice about +this</i>), <a href="#li278">278</a>; so, <a href="#li3080">3080</a>; pret. pl. þā mē þæt ge-lǣrdon lēode mīne +(<i>gave me the advice</i>), <a href="#li415">415</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllǣstan">lǣstan</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to follow, to sustain, serve</i>: inf. þæt +him se līc-homa lǣstan nolde (<i>that his body would not sustain +him</i>), <a href="#li813">813</a>.—2) <i>perform</i>: imper. lǣst eall tela (<i>do all +well</i>), <a href="#li2664">2664</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-lǣstan: 1) <i>to follow, serve</i>: pret. sg. (sweord) þæt mec ǣr +and oft gelǣste, <a href="#li2501">2501</a>.—2) <i>to fulfil, grant</i>: subj. pres. pl. +þæt ... wilgesīðas, þonne wīg cume, lēode gelǣstan (<i>render war +service</i>), <a href="#li24">24</a>; inf. ic þē sceal mīne gelǣstan frēode (<i>shall +grant thee my friendship, be grateful</i>), <a href="#li1707">1707</a>; pret. sg. bēot +... gelǣste (<i>fulfilled his boast</i>), <a href="#li524">524</a>; gelǣste swā (<i>kept his +word</i>), <a href="#li2991">2991</a>; pres. part. hæfde Ēast-Denum ... gilp gelǣsted (<i>had +fulfilled for the East Danes his boast</i>), <a href="#li830">830</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllǣtan">lǣtan</a>, st. v., <i>to let, allow</i>, w. acc. and inf.: pres. +sg. III. lǣteð, <a href="#li1729">1729</a>; imper. pl. II. lǣtað, <a href="#li397">397</a>; sg. II. lǣt, <a href="#li1489">1489</a>; +pret. sg. lēt, <a href="#li2390">2390</a>, <a href="#li2551">2551</a>, <a href="#li2978">2978</a>, <a href="#li3151">3151</a>(?); pret. pl. lēton, <a href="#li48">48</a>, <a href="#li865">865</a>, +<a href="#li3133">3133</a>; subj. pret. sg. II. lēte, <a href="#li1997">1997</a>; sg. III. lēte, <a href="#li3083">3083</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-lǣtan: 1) <i>to let, allow</i>: subj. pres. sg. II. þæt þū ne +ālǣte ... dōm ge-drēosan, <a href="#li2666">2666</a>.—2) <i>to leave, lay aside</i>: inf. +ālǣtan lǣn-dagas (<i>die</i>) <a href="#li2592">2592</a>; so, ālǣtan līf and lēodscipe, +<a href="#li2751">2751</a>.</p> + +<p>for-lǣtan: 1) <i>to let, permit</i>, w. acc. and inf.: pret. sg. +for-lēt, <a href="#li971">971</a>; pret. pl. for-lēton, <a href="#li3168">3168</a>. Also with inf. omitted: inf. +nolde eorla hlēo ... þone cwealmcuman cwicne (i.e. wesan) forlǣtan +(<i>would not let the murderous spirit go alive</i>), <a href="#li793">793</a>.—2) <i>to +leave behind, leave</i>: pret. sg. in þām wong-stede ... þǣr hē hine ǣr +forlēt (<i>where he had previously left him</i>), <a href="#li2788">2788</a>.</p> + +<p>of-lǣtan, <i>to leave, lay aside</i>: pres. sg. II. gyf þū ǣr þonne hē +worold oflǣtest (<i>leavest the world, diest</i>), <a href="#li1184">1184</a>; so pret. sg. +oflēt līf-dagas and þās lǣnan gesceaft, <a href="#li1623">1623</a>.</p> + +<p>on-lǣtan, <i>to release, liberate</i>: pres. sg. III. þonne forstes +bend fæder on-lǣteð (<i>as soon as the Father looseth the frost's +fetters</i>), <a href="#li1610">1610</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-<a class="glentry" name="glālecgan">lecgan</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to lay, lay down</i>: pret. sg. syððan +hilde-dēor hond ā-legde ... under gēapne hrōf, <a href="#li835">835</a>; þæt hē on Bēowulfes +bearm ā-legde (<i>this</i> [the sword] <i>he laid in B.'s bosom, +presented to him</i>), <a href="#li2195">2195</a>; pret. pl. ā-ledon þā lēofne þēoden ... on +bearm scipes, <a href="#li34">34</a>; ā-legdon þā tō middes mǣrne þēoden <i>(laid the +mighty prince in the midst</i> [of the pyre]), <a href="#li3142">3142</a>.—2) <i>to lay +aside, give up</i>: siððan ... in fen-freoðo feorh ā-legde (<i>laid down +his life, died</i>), <a href="#li852">852</a>; nū se here-wīsa hleahtor ā-legde, gamen and +glēo-drēam <i>(now the war-chief has left laughter</i>, etc.), <a href="#li3021">3021</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleger">leger</a>, st. n., <i>couch, bed, lair</i>: dat. sg. on legere, +<a href="#li3044">3044</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllemian">lemian</a>, w. v., <i>to lame, hinder, oppress</i>: pret. sg. (for +pl.) hine sorh-wylmas lemede tō lange, <a href="#li906">906</a>. MS.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleng">leng</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gllang">lang</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllenge">lenge</a>, adj., <i>extending along</i> or <i>to, near</i> (of +time): nom. sg. neut. ne wæs hit lenge þā gēn (<i>nor was it yet +long</i>), <a href="#li83">83</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-lenge, adj., <i>extending, reaching to, belonging</i>: nom. sg. +yrfe-weard ... līce gelenge (<i>an heir belonging to one's body</i>), <a href="#li2733">2733</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllet">let</a>, st. m., <i>place of rest, sojourn?</i> in comp. eo-let +(<i>voyage?</i>).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllettan">lettan</a>, w. v., <i>to hinder</i>: pret. pl. (acc. pers. and gen. +thing), þæt syððan nā ... brim-līðende lāde ne letton (<i>might no +longer hinder seafarers from journeying</i>), <a href="#li569">569</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-<a class="glentry" name="glālēdon">lēdon</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glālecgan">ā-lecgan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēg">lēg</a>, st. m., <i>flame, fire</i>: nom. sg. wonna lēg (<i>the +lurid flame</i>), <a href="#li3116">3116</a>; swōgende lēg, <a href="#li3146">3146</a>; dat. sg. for dracan lēge, +<a href="#li2550">2550</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gllīg">līg</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēgdraca">lēg-draca</a>, w. m., <i>fire-drake, flaming dragon</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li3041">3041</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleahtre">leahtre</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glorleahtre">or-leahtre</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēaf">lēaf</a>, st. n., <i>leaf, foliage</i>: instr. pl. lēafum, <a href="#li97">97</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēafnesword">lēafnes-word</a>, st. n., <i>permission, leave</i>: acc. pl., <a href="#li245">245</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="#gllēan">lēan</a>, st. v. w. acc. <i>to scold, blame</i>: pres. sg. III. +lyhð, <a href="#li1049">1049</a>; pret. sg. lōg, <a href="#li1812">1812</a>; pret. pl. lōgon, <a href="#li203">203</a>, <a href="#li863">863</a>.</p> + +<p>be-lēan, <i>to dissuade, prevent</i>: inf. nē inc ǣnig mon ... belēan mihte +sorhfullne sīð (<i>no one might dissuade you twain from your difficult +journey</i>), <a href="#li511">511</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēan">lēan</a>, st. n., <i>reward, compensation</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li114">114</a>, <a href="#li952">952</a>, +<a href="#li1221">1221</a>, <a href="#li1585">1585</a>, <a href="#li2392">2392</a>; dat. sg. lēane, <a href="#li1022">1022</a>. Often in the pl.: acc. þā +lēan, <a href="#li2996">2996</a>; dat. þām lēanum, <a href="#li2146">2146</a>; gen. lēana, <a href="#li2991">2991</a>.—Comp.: and-, +ende-lēan.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleān">leān</a> (for lǣn, O.H.G. lēhan), st. n, <i>loan</i>, <a href="#li1810">1810</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēanian">lēanian</a>, w. v., <i>to reward, compensate</i>: pres. sg. I. ic +þē þā fǣhðe fēo lēanige (<i>repay thee for the contest with old-time +treasures</i>), <a href="#li1381">1381</a>; pret. sg. mē þone wæl-rǣs wine Scyldinga fǣttan +golde fela lēanode (<i>the friend of the Scyldings rewarded me richly +for the combat with plated gold</i>), <a href="#li2103">2103</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēas">lēas</a>, adj., <i>false</i>: nom. pl. lēase, <a href="#li253">253</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēas">lēas</a>, adj., <i>deprived of, free from</i>, w. gen.: nom. sg. +drēama lēas, <a href="#li851">851</a>; dat. sg. winigea lēasum, <a href="#li1665">1665</a>.—Comp.: dōm-, drēam-, +ealdor-, feoh-, feormend-, hlāford-, sāwol-, sige-, sorh-, tīr-, +þēoden-, wine-, wyn-lēas.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēasig">lēasig</a>, adj., <i>concealing one's self</i>; in comp. +sin-lēasig(?).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleothocræft">leoðo-cræft</a>, st. m., <i>the art of weaving</i> or <i>working in +meshes, wire</i>, etc.: instr. pl. segn eall-gylden ... gelocen +leoðo-cræftum (<i>a banner all hand-wrought of interlaced gold</i>), +<a href="#li2770">2770</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleothosyrce">leoðo-syrce</a>, w. f., <i>shirt of mail (limb-sark)</i>: acc. sg. +locene leoðo-syrcan (<i>locked linked sark</i>), <a href="#li1506">1506</a>; acc. pl. +locene leoðo-syrcan, <a href="#li1891">1891</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleomum">leomum</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gllim">lim</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glleornian">leornian</a>, w. v., <i>to learn, devise, plan</i>: pret. him þæs +gūð-cyning ... wræce leornode (<i>the war-king planned vengeance +therefor</i>), <a href="#li2337">2337</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēod">lēod</a>, st. m., <i>prince</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li341">341</a>, <a href="#li348">348</a>, <a href="#li670">670</a>, <a href="#li830">830</a>, +<a href="#li1433">1433</a>, <a href="#li1493">1493</a>, <a href="#li1613">1613</a>, <a href="#li1654">1654</a>, etc.; acc. lēod, <a href="#li626">626</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēod">lēod</a>, st. f., <i>people</i>: gen. sg. lēode, <a href="#li597">597</a>, <a href="#li600">600</a>, <a href="#li697">697</a>. In +pl. indicates <i>individuals, people, kinsmen</i>: nom. pl. lēode, +<a href="#li362">362</a>, <a href="#li415">415</a>, <a href="#li1214">1214</a>, <a href="#li2126">2126</a>, etc.; gum-cynnes Gēata lēode (<i>people of the +race of the Gēatas</i>), <a href="#li260">260</a>; acc. pl. lēode, <a href="#li192">192</a>, <a href="#li443">443</a>, <a href="#li1337">1337</a>, <a href="#li1346">1346</a>, +etc.; dat. pl. lēodum, <a href="#li389">389</a>, <a href="#li521">521</a>, <a href="#li619">619</a>, <a href="#li698">698</a>, <a href="#li906">906</a>, <a href="#li1160">1160</a>, etc.; gen. pl. +lēoda, <a href="#li205">205</a>, <a href="#li635">635</a>, <a href="#li794">794</a>, <a href="#li1674">1674</a>, <a href="#li2034">2034</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēodbealo">lēod-bealo</a>, st. n., (<i>mischief, misfortune affecting an +entire people</i>), <i>great, unheard-of calamity</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1723">1723</a>; gen. +pl. lēod-bealewa, <a href="#li1947">1947</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēodburh">lēod-burh</a>, st. f., <i>princely castle, stronghold of a ruler, +chief city</i>: acc. pl. -byrig, <a href="#li2472">2472</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēodcyning">lēod-cyning</a>, st. m., <i>king of the people</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li54">54</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēodfruma">lēod-fruma</a>, w. m., <i>prince of the people, ruler</i>: acc. sg. +lēod-fruman, <a href="#li2131">2131</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēodgebyrgea">lēod-gebyrgea</a>, w. m., <i>protector of the people, prince</i>: +acc. sg. -gebyrgean, <a href="#li269">269</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēodhryre">lēod-hryre</a>, st. m., <i>fall, overthrow, of the prince, +ruler</i>: dat. sg. æfter lēod-hryre (<i>after the fall of the king of +the Heaðobeardas</i>, Frōda, cf. <a href="#li2051">2051</a>, <a href="#li2031">2031</a>; gen. sg. þæs lēod-hryres +(of the fall of Heardred, cf. <a href="#li2389">2389</a>, <a href="#li2392">2392</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēodsceatha">lēod-sceaða</a>, w. m., <i>injurer of the people</i>: dat. sg. þām +lēod-sceaðan, <a href="#li2094">2094</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēodscipe">lēod-scipe</a>, st. m., <i>the whole nation, people</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li2752">2752</a>; dat. sg. on þām lēod-scipe, <a href="#li2198">2198</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēoth">lēoð</a>, st. n., <i>song, lay</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1160">1160</a>.—Comp.: fyrd-, +gryre-, gūð-, sorh-lēoð.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēof">lēof</a>, adj., <i>lief, dear</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li31">31</a>, <a href="#li54">54</a>, <a href="#li203">203</a>, <a href="#li511">511</a>, <a href="#li521">521</a>, +<a href="#li1877">1877</a>, <a href="#li2468">2468</a>; weak form m., lēofa, <a href="#li1217">1217</a>, <a href="#li1484">1484</a>, <a href="#li1855">1855</a>, <a href="#li2664">2664</a>; acc. sg. m. +lēofne, <a href="#li34">34</a>, <a href="#li297">297</a>, <a href="#li619">619</a>, <a href="#li1944">1944</a>, <a href="#li2128">2128</a>, <a href="#li3109">3109</a>, <a href="#li3143">3143</a>; gen. sg. lēofes (m.), +<a href="#li1995">1995</a>, <a href="#li2081">2081</a>, <a href="#li2898">2898</a>; (neut.), <a href="#li1062">1062</a>, <a href="#li2911">2911</a>; dat. pl. lēofum, <a href="#li1074">1074</a>; gen. pl. +lēofra, <a href="#li1916">1916</a>. Compar. nom. sg. neut. lēofre, <a href="#li2652">2652</a>. Superl. nom. sg. m. +lēofost, <a href="#li1297">1297</a>; acc. sg. þone lēofestan, <a href="#li2824">2824</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēoflīc">lēoflīc</a>, <i>dear, precious, valued</i>: nom. sg. m. lēoflīc +lind-wiga, <a href="#li2604">2604</a>; acc. sg. neut. lēoflīc īren, <a href="#li1810">1810</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēogan">lēogan</a>, st. v., <i>to lie, belie, deceive</i>. subj. pres. +næfne him his wlite lēoge (<i>unless his looks belie him</i>), <a href="#li250">250</a>; +pret. sg. hē ne lēag fela wyrda nē worda, <a href="#li3030">3030</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-lēogan, <i>to deceive, leave unfulfilled</i>: pret. sg. hē bēot ne +ā-lēh (<i>he left not his promise unfulfilled</i>), <a href="#li80">80</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-lēogan, <i>to deceive, betray</i>: pret. sg. him sēo wēn gelēah +(<i>hope deceived him</i>), <a href="#li2324">2324</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēoht">lēoht</a>, st. n., <i>light, brilliance</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li569">569</a>, <a href="#li728">728</a>, +<a href="#li1751">1751</a> (?); acc. sg. sunnan lēoht, <a href="#li649">649</a>; godes lēoht gecēas (<i>chose +God's light, died</i>), <a href="#li2470">2470</a>; dat. sg. tō lēohte, <a href="#li95">95</a>.—Comp.: ǣfen-, +fȳr-, morgen-lēoht.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēoht">lēoht</a>, adj., <i>luminous, bright</i>: instr. sg. lēohtan +sweorde, <a href="#li2493">2493</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēoma">lēoma</a>, w. m.: 1) <i>light, splendor</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li311">311</a>, <a href="#li2770">2770</a>; +acc. sg. lēoman, <a href="#li1518">1518</a>; sunnan and mōnan lēoman (<i>light of sun and +moon</i>), <a href="#li95">95</a>.—2) (as beadu- and hilde-lēoma), <i>the glittering +sword</i>: nom. sg. līxte se lēoma (<i>the blade-gleam flashed</i>), +<a href="#li1571">1571</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēosan">lēosan</a>, st. v., = amitti, in</p> + +<p>be-lēosan, <i>to deprive, be deprived of</i>: pres. part. (hēo) wearð +beloren lēofum bearnum and brōðrum (<i>was deprived of her dear +children and brethren</i>), <a href="#li1074">1074</a>.</p> + +<p>for-lēosan, with dat. instr., <i>to lose something</i>: pret. sg. þǣr hē +dōme for-lēas, ellen-mǣrðum (<i>there lost he the glory, the repute, of his +heroic deeds</i>), <a href="#li1471">1471</a>; pret. sg. for pl. þām þe ǣr his elne for-lēas +(<i>to him who, before, had lost his valor</i>), <a href="#li2862">2862</a>; part. pret. nealles +ic þām lēanum for-loren hæfde (<i>not at all had I lost the rewards</i>), +<a href="#li2146">2146</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllibban">libban</a>, w. v., <i>to live, be, exist</i>: pres. sing. III. +lifað, <a href="#li3169">3169</a>; lyfað, <a href="#li945">945</a>; leofað, <a href="#li975">975</a>, <a href="#li1367">1367</a>, <a href="#li2009">2009</a>; subj. pres. sg. II. +lifige, <a href="#li1225">1225</a>; pres. part. lifigende, <a href="#li816">816</a>, <a href="#li1954">1954</a>, <a href="#li1974">1974</a>, <a href="#li2063">2063</a>; dat. sg. +be þē lifigendum (<i>in thy lifetime</i>), <a href="#li2666">2666</a>; pret. sg. lifde, <a href="#li57">57</a>, +<a href="#li1258">1258</a>; lyfde, <a href="#li2145">2145</a>; pret. pl. lifdon, <a href="#li99">99</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glunlifigende">unlifigende</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllicgan">licgan</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to lie, lie down</i> or <i>low</i>: pres. +sg. nū sēo hand ligeð (<i>now the hand lies low</i>), <a href="#li1344">1344</a>; nū se wyrm +ligeð, <a href="#li2746">2746</a>, so <a href="#li2904">2904</a>; inf. licgan, <a href="#li3130">3130</a>; licgean, <a href="#li967">967</a>, <a href="#li3083">3083</a>; pret. sg. +læg, <a href="#li40">40</a>, <a href="#li552">552</a>, <a href="#li2078">2078</a>; syððan Heardrēd læg (<i>after Heardrēd had +fallen</i>), <a href="#li2389">2389</a>; pret. pl. lāgon, <a href="#li3049">3049</a>; lǣgon, <a href="#li566">566</a>.—2) <i>to lie +prostrate, rest, fail</i>: pret. sg. nǣfre on ōre læg wīd-cūðes wīg +(<i>never failed the far-famed one's valor at the front</i>), <a href="#li1042">1042</a>; +syððan wiðer-gyld læg (<i>after vengeance failed</i>, or, <i>when +Withergyld lay dead</i>, if <i>W.</i> is a proper name), <a href="#li2052">2052</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-licgan, <i>to succumb, fail, yield</i>: inf. <a href="#li2887">2887</a>; pret. sg. þæt his +dōm ā-læg (<i>that its power failed it</i>), <a href="#li1529">1529</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-licgan, <i>to rest, lie still</i>: pret. sg. wind-blond gelæg, +<a href="#li3147">3147</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllida">lida</a>, w. m., <i>boat, ship</i> (as in motion); in comp.: sund-, +ȳð-lida.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllidman">lid-man</a>, st. m., <i>seafarer, sailor</i>: gen. pl. lid-manna, +<a href="#li1624">1624</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllim">lim</a>, st. n., <i>limb, branch</i>: instr. pl. leomum, <a href="#li97">97</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllimpan">limpan</a>, st. v., <i>to happen, befall</i> (well or ill); impers. +w. dat. pret. sg. hū lomp ēow on lāde (<i>how went it with you on the +journey?</i>), <a href="#li1988">1988</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-limpan, <i>to come about, offer itself</i>: pret. sg. oð þæt sǣl +ā-lamp (<i>till the opportunity presented itself</i>), <a href="#li623">623</a>; pret. +part, þā him ā-lumpen wæs wistfylle wēn (<i>since a hope of a full +meal had befallen him</i>), <a href="#li734">734</a>.</p> + +<p>be-limpan, <i>to happen to, befall</i>: pret. sg. him sīo sār belamp, +<a href="#li2469">2469</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-limpan, <i>to happen, occur, turn out</i>: pres. sg. III. hit eft +gelimpeð þæt..., <a href="#li1754">1754</a>; subj. pres. þisse ansȳne alwealdan þanc lungre +gelimpe (<i>thanks to the Almighty forthwith for this sight!</i>), +<a href="#li930">930</a>; pret. sg. him on fyrste gelamp þæt..., <a href="#li76">76</a>; swā him ful-oft gelamp +(<i>as often happened to them</i>), <a href="#li1253">1253</a>; þæs þe hire se willa gelamp +þæt ... (<i>because her wish had been fulfilled</i>), <a href="#li627">627</a>; frōfor eft +gelamp sārig-mōdum, <a href="#li2942">2942</a>; subj. pret. gif him þyslīcu þearf gelumpe, +<a href="#li2638">2638</a>; pret. part. Denum eallum wearð ... willa gelumpen, <a href="#li825">825</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllind">lind</a>, st. f. (properly <i>linden</i>; here, a a wooden shield +covered with linden-bark or pith): nom. sg., <a href="#li2342">2342</a>; acc. sg. geolwe +linde, <a href="#li2611">2611</a>; acc. pl. linde, <a href="#li2366">2366</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllindgestealla">lind-gestealla</a>, w. m., <i>shield-comrade, war-comrade</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li1974">1974</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllindhæbbend">lind-hæbbend</a>, pres. part., <i>provided with a shield</i>, i.e. +warrior: nom. pl. -hæbbende, <a href="#li245">245</a>; gen. pl. hæbbendra, <a href="#li1403">1403</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllindplega">lind-plega</a>, w. m., <i>shield-play</i>, i.e. battle: dat. sg. +lind-plegan, <a href="#li1074">1074</a>, <a href="#li2040">2040</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllindwiga">lind-wiga</a>, w. m., <i>shield-fighter, warrior</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li2604">2604</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllinnan">linnan</a>, st. v., <i>to depart, be deprived of</i>: inf. aldre linnan +(<i>depart from life</i>), <a href="#li1479">1479</a>; ealdres linnan, <a href="#li2444">2444</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllis">lis</a>, st. f., <i>favor, affection</i>: gen. pl. eall ... lissa, +<a href="#li2151">2151</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllist">list</a>, st. m., <i>art, skill, cleverness, cunning</i>: dat. pl. +adverbial, listum (<i>cunningly</i>), <a href="#li782">782</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllixan">līxan</a>, w. v., <i>to shine, flash</i>: pret. sg. līxte, <a href="#li311">311</a>, <a href="#li485">485</a>, +<a href="#li1571">1571</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllīc">līc</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>body, corpse</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li967">967</a>; acc. sg. +līc, <a href="#li2081">2081</a>; þæt līc (<i>the body, corpse</i>), <a href="#li2128">2128</a>; dat. sg. līce, +<a href="#li734">734</a>, <a href="#li1504">1504</a>, <a href="#li2424">2424</a>, <a href="#li2572">2572</a>, <a href="#li2733">2733</a>, <a href="#li2744">2744</a>; gen. sg. līces, <a href="#li451">451</a>, <a href="#li1123">1123</a>.— +2) <i>form, figure</i>: in comp. eofor-, swīn-līc.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgelīc">līc</a>, adj., <i>like, similar</i>: nom. pl. m. ge-līce, <a href="#li2165">2165</a>. +Superl. ge-līcost, <a href="#li218">218</a>, <a href="#li728">728</a>, <a href="#li986">986</a>, <a href="#li1609">1609</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllīchama">līc-hama, -homa</a>, w. m. <i>(body-home, garment), body</i>: nom. sg. +līc-homa, <a href="#li813">813</a>, <a href="#li1008">1008</a>, <a href="#li1755">1755</a>; acc. sg. līc-haman, <a href="#li2652">2652</a>; dat. sg. līc-haman, +<a href="#li3179">3179</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllīcian">līcian</a>, w. v., <i>to please, like</i> (impers.): pres. sg. III. +mē þīn mōd-sefa līcað leng swā wēl, <a href="#li1855">1855</a>; pret. pl. þām wīfe þā word +wēl līcodon, <a href="#li640">640</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllīcnes">līcnes</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glonlīcnes">on-līcnes</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllīcsār">līc-sār</a>, st. n., <i>bodily pain</i>: acc. sg. līc-sār, <a href="#li816">816</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllīcsyrce">līc-syrce</a>, w. f., <i>body-sark, shirt of mail covering the +body</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li550">550</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gl1īthan">1īðan</a>, st. v., <i>to move, go</i>: pres. part. nom. pl. þā +līðende (<i>navigantes, sailors</i>), <a href="#li221">221</a>; þā wæs sund liden (<i>the +water was then traversed</i>), <a href="#li223">223</a>.—Comp.: hēaðu-, mere-, wǣg-līðend.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllīthe">līðe</a> (O.H.G. lindi), adj., <i>gentle, mild, friendly</i>: nom. +sg. w. instr. gen. lāra līðe, <a href="#li1221">1221</a>. Superl. nom. sg. līðost, <a href="#li3184">3184</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllithwǣge">lið-wǣge</a>, st. n., <i>can in which līð</i> (a wine-like, foaming +drink) <i>is contained</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1983">1983</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllīf">līf</a>, st. n., <i>life</i>: acc. sg. līf, <a href="#li97">97</a>, <a href="#li734">734</a>, <a href="#li1537">1537</a>, <a href="#li2424">2424</a>, +<a href="#li2744">2744</a>, <a href="#li2752">2752</a>; dat. sg. līfe, <a href="#li2572">2572</a>; tō līfe (<i>in one's life, ever</i>) +<a href="#li2433">2433</a>; gen. sg. līfes, <a href="#li197">197</a>, <a href="#li791">791</a>, <a href="#li807">807</a>, <a href="#li2824">2824</a>, <a href="#li2846">2846</a>; worolde līfes (<i>of +the earthly life</i>), <a href="#li1388">1388</a>, <a href="#li2344">2344</a>.—Comp. edwīt-līf.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllīfbysig">līf-bysig</a>, adj. <i>(striving for life or death), weary of life, +in torment of death</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li967">967</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllīfdagas">līf-dagas</a>, st. m. pl., <i>lifetime</i>: acc.-dagas, <a href="#li794">794</a>, <a href="#li1623">1623</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllīffrēa">līf-frēa</a>, w. m., <i>lord of life, God</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li16">16</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllīfgedāl">līf-gedāl</a>, st. n., <i>separation from life</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li842">842</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllīfgesceaft">līf-gesceaft</a>, st. f., <i>fate, destiny</i>: gen. pl.-gesceafta, +<a href="#li1954">1954</a>, <a href="#li3065">3065</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllīfwrathu">līf-wraðu</a>, st. f., <i>protection for one's life, safety</i>: +acc. sg. līf-wraðe, <a href="#li2878">2878</a>; dat. sg. tō līf-wraðe, <a href="#li972">972</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllīfwyn">līf-wyn</a>, st. f., <i>pleasure, enjoyment, joy</i> (of life): +gen. pl. līf-wynna, <a href="#li2098">2098</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllīg">līg</a>, st. m. n., <i>flame, fire</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1123">1123</a>; dat. instr. +sg. līge, <a href="#li728">728</a>, <a href="#li2306">2306</a>, <a href="#li2322">2322</a>, <a href="#li2342">2342</a>; gen. sg. līges, <a href="#li83">83</a>, <a href="#li782">782</a>. See +<a class="glentry" href="#gllēg">lēg</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllīgdraca">līg-draca</a>, w. m., <i> fire-drake, flaming dragon</i>; nom. +pl., <a href="#li2334">2334</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gllēgdraca">lēg-draca</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllīgegesa">līg-egesa</a>, w. m., <i>horror arising through fire, flaming +terror</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li2781">2781</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllīgetorn">līge-torn</a>, st. m., <i>false, pretended insult</i> or <i>injury, +fierce anger</i>(?): dat. sg. æfter līge-torne (<i>on account of a +pretended insult?</i> or <i>fierce anger?</i> cf. Bugge in Zacher's +Zeits. 4, 208), <a href="#li1944">1944</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllīgȳth">līg-ȳð</a>, st. m., <i>wave of fire</i>: instr. pl. līg-ȳðum, <a href="#li2673">2673</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllēon">lēon</a>, st. v., <i>to lend</i>: pret. sg. þæt him on þearfe lāh +þyle Hrōðgāres (<i>which H.'s spokesman lent him in need</i>), <a href="#li1457">1457</a>.</p> + +<p>on-lēoon, <i>to lend, grant as a loan</i>, with gen. of thing and dat. +pers.: pret. sg. þā hē þæs wǣpnes on-lāh sēlran sweord-frecan, <a href="#li1468">1468</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glloca">loca</a>, w. m., <i>bolt, lock</i>: in comp. bān-, burh-loca.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllocen">locen</a>. See lūcan.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllond">lond, long</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glland">land, lang</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllof">lof</a>, st. m. n., <i>praise, repute</i>: acc. sg. lof, <a href="#li1537">1537</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllofdǣd">lof-dǣd</a>, st. f., <i>deed of praise</i>: instr. pl. lof-dǣdum, +<a href="#li24">24</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllofgeorn">lof-georn</a>, adj., <i>eager for praise, ambitious</i>: superl. +nom. sg. lof-geornost, <a href="#li3184">3184</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glloga">loga</a>, w. m., <i>liar</i>; in comp. trēow-loga.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllosian">losian</a>, w. v., <i>to escape, flee</i>: pres. sg. III. losað, +<a href="#li1393">1393</a>, <a href="#li2063">2063</a>; pret. sg. hē on weg losade (<i>fled away</i>), <a href="#li2097">2097</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllōcian">lōcian</a>, w. v., <i>to see, look at</i>: pres. sg. II. sǣ-lāc ... þē +þū hēr tō lōcast (<i>booty of the sea that thou lookest on</i>), <a href="#li1655">1655</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgelōme">lōme</a>, adv., <i>often, frequently</i>, <a href="#li559">559</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllufe">lufe</a>, w. f., <i>love</i>: in comp. hēah-, mōd-, wīf-lufe.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllufa">lufa</a> (cf. and-leofa, big-leofa, <i>nourishment</i>), w. m., +<i>food, subsistence; property, real estate</i>: acc. sg. on lufan +(<i>on possessions</i>), <a href="#li1729">1729</a>.—Comp. eard-lufa.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllufen">lufen</a>, st. f. (cf. lufa), <i>subsistence, food; real estate, +(enjoyment?)</i>: nom. sg. lufen (parallel with ēðel-wyn), <a href="#li2887">2887</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glluftācen">luf-tācen</a>, st. n., <i>love-token</i>: acc. pl. luf-tācen, <a href="#li1864">1864</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllufian">lufian</a>, w. v., <i>to love, serve affectionately</i>: pret. sg. +III. lufode þā lēode (<i>was on affectionate terms with the +people</i>), <a href="#li1983">1983</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllungre">lungre</a>, adv.: 1) <i>hastily, quickly, forthwith</i>, <a href="#li930">930</a>, <a href="#li1631">1631</a>, +<a href="#li2311">2311</a>, <a href="#li2744">2744</a>.—2) <i>quite, very, fully</i>: fēower mēaras lungre +gelīce (<i>four horses quite alike</i>), <a href="#li2165">2165</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllust">lust</a>, st. m., <i>pleasure, joy</i>: dat. pl. adv. lustum +(<i>joyfully</i>), <a href="#li1654">1654</a>; so, on lust, <a href="#li619">619</a>, cf. <a href="#li600">600</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllūcan">lūcan</a>, st. v., <i>to twist, wind, lock, interweave</i>: pret. +part. acc. sg. and pl. locene leoðo-syrcan (<i>shirt of mail wrought +of meshes or rings interlocked</i>), <a href="#li1506">1506</a>, <a href="#li1891">1891</a>; gen. pl. locenra +bēaga (<i>rings wrought of gold wire</i>), <a href="#li2996">2996</a>.</p> + +<p>be-lūcan: 1) <i>to shut, close in or around</i>: pret. sg. winter ȳðe +be-lēac īs-gebinde (<i>winter locked the waves with icy bond</i>), <a href="#li1133">1133</a>.— +2) <i>to shut in, off, preserve, protect</i>: pret. sg. I. hig wīge belēac +manegum mǣgða (<i>I shut them in, protected them, from war arising from +many a tribe</i>), <a href="#li1771">1771</a>. Cf. mē wīge belūc wrāðum fēondum (<i>protect me +against mine enemies</i>), Ps. 34, 3.</p> + +<p>ge-lūcan, <i>to unite, link together, make</i>: pret. part. gelocen, +<a href="#li2770">2770</a>.</p> + +<p>on-lūcan, <i>to unlock, open</i>: pret. sg. word-hord on-lēac +(<i>opened the word-hoard, treasure of speech</i>), <a href="#li259">259</a>.</p> + +<p>tō-lucan, <i>(to twist, wrench, in two) to destroy</i>: inf., <a href="#li782">782</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllyft">lyft</a>, st. f. (m. n.?), <i>air</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1376">1376</a>; dat. sg. +æfter lyfte (<i>along, through, the air</i>), <a href="#li2833">2833</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllyftfloga">lyft-floga</a>, w. m., <i>air-flier</i>: nom. sg. (of the dragon), +<a href="#li2316">2316</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllyftgeswenced">lyft-geswenced</a>, pret. part., <i>urged, hastened on, by the +wind</i>, <a href="#li1914">1914</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllyftwyn">lyft-wyn</a>, st. f., <i>enjoyment of the air</i>: acc. sg. +lyft-wynne, <a href="#li3044">3044</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllyhth">lyhð</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glleahan">leahan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllystan">lystan</a>, w. v., <i>to lust after, long for</i>: pret. sg. Gēat +ungemetes wēl ... restan lyste(<i>the Gēat</i> [Bēowulf] <i>longed +sorely to rest</i>), <a href="#li1794">1794</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllyt">lȳt</a>, adj. neut. (= parum), <i>little, very little, few</i>: lȳt +eft becwōm ... hāmes nīosan (<i>few escaped homeward</i>), <a href="#li2366">2366</a>; lȳt +ǣnig (<i>none at all</i>), <a href="#li3130">3130</a>; usually with gen.: wintra lȳt, <a href="#li1928">1928</a>; +lȳt ... hēafod-māga, <a href="#li2151">2151</a>; wergendra tō lȳt (<i>too few +defenders</i>), <a href="#li2883">2883</a>; lȳt swīgode nīwra spella (<i>he kept to himself +little, none at all, of the new tidings</i>), <a href="#li2898">2898</a>; dat. sg. lȳt manna +(<i>too few of men</i>), <a href="#li2837">2837</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllȳtel">lȳtel</a>, adj., <i>small, little</i>: nom. sg. neut. tō lȳtel, +<a href="#li1749">1749</a>; acc. sg. f. lȳtle hwīle (<i>a little while</i>), <a href="#li2031">2031</a>, <a href="#li2098">2098</a>; +lif-wraðe lȳtle (<i>little protection for his life</i>), +<a href="#li2878">2878</a>.—Comp. un-lȳtel.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllythwōn">lȳt-hwōn</a>, adv., <i>little = not at all</i>: lȳt-hwōn lōgon, +<a href="#li204">204</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllȳfe">lȳfe</a>, st. n., <i>leave, permission, (life?)</i>: instr. sg. +þīne lȳfe (life, MS.), <a href="#li2132">2132</a>.—Leo. Cf. O.N. leyfi, n., <i>leave, +permission</i>, in Möbius' Glossary, p. 266.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllȳfan">lȳfan</a>, w. v., (fundamental meaning <i>to believe, trust</i>) in</p> + +<p>ā-lȳfan, <i>to allow, grant, entrust</i>: pret. sg. nǣfre ic ǣnegum +men ǣr ālȳfde ... þrȳð-ærn Dena (<i>never before to any man have I +entrusted the palace of the Danes</i>), <a href="#li656">656</a>; pret. part. (þā mē wæs) +sīð ... ālȳfed inn under eorð-weall (<i>the way in under the wall of +earth was allowed me</i>), <a href="#li3090">3090</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgelȳfan">lȳfan</a>, w. v., <i>to believe, trust</i>: 1) w. dat.: inf. þǣr +gelȳfan sceal dryhtnes dōme sē þe hine dēað nimeð (<i>whomever death +carrieth away, shall believe it to be the judgment of God</i>, i.e. in +the contest between Bēowulf and Grendel), <a href="#li440">440</a>.—2) w. acc.: pret. sg. +gēoce gelȳfde brego Beorht-Dena (<i>believed in, expected, help</i>, +etc.), <a href="#li609">609</a>; þæt hēo on ǣnigne eorl gelȳfde fyrena frōfre (<i>that she +at last should expect from any earl comfort, help, out of these +troubles</i>), <a href="#li628">628</a>; sē þe him bealwa tō bōte gelȳfde (<i>who trusted +in him as a help out of evils</i>), <a href="#li910">910</a>; him tō anwaldan āre gelȳfde +(<i>relied for himself on the help of God</i>), <a href="#li1273">1273</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-<a class="glentry" name="glālȳsan">lȳsan</a>, w. v., <i>to loose, liberate</i>: pret. part. þā wæs +of þǣm hrōran helm and byrne lungre ā-lȳsed (<i>helm and corselet were +straightway loosed from him</i>), <a href="#li1631">1631</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossM">M</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmathelian">maðelian</a>, w. v. (sermocinari), <i>to speak, talk</i>: pret. sg. +maðelode, <a href="#li286">286</a>, <a href="#li348">348</a>, <a href="#li360">360</a>, <a href="#li371">371</a>, <a href="#li405">405</a>, <a href="#li456">456</a>, <a href="#li499">499</a>, etc.; maðelade, <a href="#li2426">2426</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmaga">maga</a>, w. m., <i>son, male descendant, young man</i>: nom. sg. +maga Healfdenes (Hrōðgār), <a href="#li189">189</a>, <a href="#li1475">1475</a>, <a href="#li2144">2144</a>; maga Ecgþēowes (Bēowulf), +<a href="#li2588">2588</a>: maga (Grendel), <a href="#li979">979</a>; se maga geonga (Wīglāf), <a href="#li2676">2676</a>; Grendeles +maga (<i>a relative of Grendel</i>), <a href="#li2007">2007</a>; acc. sg. þone magan, <a href="#li944">944</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmagan">magan</a>, v. with pret.-pres. form, <i>to be able</i>: pres. sg. +I. III. mæg, <a href="#li277">277</a>, <a href="#li478">478</a>, <a href="#li931">931</a>, <a href="#li943">943</a>, <a href="#li1485">1485</a>, <a href="#li1734">1734</a>, etc.; II. meaht þū, <a href="#li2048">2048</a>; +subj. pres. mǣge, <a href="#li2531">2531</a>, <a href="#li2750">2750</a>; þēah ic eal mǣge (<i>even though I +could</i>), <a href="#li681">681</a>; subj. pl. wē mǣgen, <a href="#li2655">2655</a>; pret. sg. meahte, <a href="#li542">542</a>, <a href="#li755">755</a>, +<a href="#li1131">1131</a>, <a href="#li1660">1660</a>, <a href="#li2465">2465</a>, etc.; mihte, <a href="#li190">190</a>, <a href="#li207">207</a>, <a href="#li462">462</a>, <a href="#li511">511</a>, <a href="#li571">571</a>, <a href="#li657">657</a>, <a href="#li1509">1509</a>, +<a href="#li2092">2092</a>, <a href="#li2610">2610</a>; mehte, <a href="#li1083">1083</a>, <a href="#li1497">1497</a>, <a href="#li1516">1516</a>, <a href="#li1878">1878</a>; pl. meahton, <a href="#li649">649</a>, <a href="#li942">942</a>, +<a href="#li1455">1455</a>, <a href="#li1912">1912</a>, <a href="#li2374">2374</a>, <a href="#li3080">3080</a>; mihton, <a href="#li308">308</a>, <a href="#li313">313</a>, <a href="#li2684">2684</a>, <a href="#li3164">3164</a>; subj. pret. sg. +meahte, <a href="#li243">243</a>, <a href="#li763">763</a>, <a href="#li2521">2521</a>; pres. sg. mæg, sometimes = licet, <i>may, can, +will</i> (fut.), <a href="#li1366">1366</a>, <a href="#li1701">1701</a>, <a href="#li1838">1838</a>, <a href="#li2865">2865</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmago">mago</a> (Goth. magu-s), st. m., <i>male, son</i>: nom. sg. mago +Ecglāfes (Hunferð), <a href="#li1466">1466</a>; mago Healfdenes (Hrōðgār), <a href="#li1868">1868</a>, <a href="#li2012">2012</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmagodryht">mago-dryht</a>, st. f., <i>troop of young men, band of men</i>: +nom. sg. mago-driht, <a href="#li67">67</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmagorinc">mago-rinc</a>, st. m., <i>hero, man</i> (preeminently): gen. pl. +mago-rinca, hēap, <a href="#li731">731</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmaguthegn">magu-þegn, mago-þegn</a>, st. m., <i>vassal, war-thane</i>: nom. +sg. <a href="#li408">408</a>, <a href="#li2758">2758</a>; dat. sg. magu-þegne, <a href="#li2080">2080</a>; acc. pl. magu-þegnas, <a href="#li293">293</a>; +dat. pl. mago-þegnum, <a href="#li1481">1481</a>; gen. pl. mago-þegna ... þone sēlestan +(<i>the best of vassals</i>), <a href="#li1406">1406</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glman">man, mon</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>man, human being</i>: nom. sg. man, <a href="#li25">25</a>, +<a href="#li503">503</a>, <a href="#li534">534</a>, <a href="#li1049">1049</a>, <a href="#li1354">1354</a>, <a href="#li1399">1399</a>, <a href="#li1535">1535</a>, <a href="#li1877">1877</a>, etc.; mon, <a href="#li209">209</a>, <a href="#li510">510</a>, <a href="#li1561">1561</a>, +<a href="#li1646">1646</a>, <a href="#li2282">2282</a>, etc.; acc. sg. w. mannan, <a href="#li297">297</a>, <a href="#li577">577</a>, <a href="#li1944">1944</a>, <a href="#li2128">2128</a>, <a href="#li2775">2775</a>; +wīd-cūðne man, <a href="#li1490">1490</a>; dat. sg. men, <a href="#li656">656</a>, <a href="#li753">753</a>, <a href="#li1880">1880</a>; menn, <a href="#li2190">2190</a>; gen. +sg. mannes, <a href="#li1195">1195</a> (?), <a href="#li2081">2081</a>, <a href="#li2534">2534</a>, <a href="#li2542">2542</a>; monnes, <a href="#li1730">1730</a>; nom. pl. men, +<a href="#li50">50</a>, <a href="#li162">162</a>, <a href="#li233">233</a>, <a href="#li1635">1635</a>, <a href="#li3167">3167</a>; acc. pl. men, <a href="#li69">69</a>, <a href="#li337">337</a>, <a href="#li1583">1583</a>, <a href="#li1718">1718</a>; dat. pl. +mannum, <a href="#li3183">3183</a>; gen. pl. manna, <a href="#li155">155</a>, <a href="#li201">201</a>, <a href="#li380">380</a>, <a href="#li702">702</a>, <a href="#li713">713</a>, <a href="#li736">736</a>, etc.; +monna, <a href="#li1414">1414</a>, <a href="#li2888">2888</a>.—2) indef. pron. = <i>one, they, people</i> (Germ. +<i>man</i>): man, <a href="#li1173">1173</a>, <a href="#li1176">1176</a>; mon, <a href="#li2356">2356</a>, <a href="#li3177">3177</a>.—Comp.: fyrn-, glēo-, +gum-, iū-, lid-, sǣ-, wǣpned-man.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glman">man</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glmunan">munan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmancyn">man-cyn</a>, st. n., <i>mankind</i>: dat. sg. man-cynne, <a href="#li110">110</a>; gen. +sg. man-cynnes, <a href="#li164">164</a>, <a href="#li2182">2182</a>; mon-cynnes, <a href="#li196">196</a>, <a href="#li1956">1956</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmandrēam">man-drēam</a>, st. m., <i>human joy, mundi voluptas</i>: acc. sg. +man-drēam, <a href="#li1265">1265</a>; dat. pl. mon-drēamum, <a href="#li1716">1716</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmandryhten">man-dryhten</a>, st. m. (<i>lord of men</i>), <i>ruler of the +people, prince, king</i>: nom. sg. man-dryhten, <a href="#li1979">1979</a>, <a href="#li2648">2648</a>; +mon-drihten, <a href="#li436">436</a>; mon-dryhten, <a href="#li2866">2866</a>; acc. sg. mon-dryhten, <a href="#li2605">2605</a>; dat. +sg. man-drihtne, <a href="#li1230">1230</a>; man-dryhtne, <a href="#li1250">1250</a>, <a href="#li2282">2282</a>; gen. sg. man-dryhtnes, +<a href="#li2850">2850</a>; mon-dryhtnes, <a href="#li3150">3150</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgemang">mang</a>, st. m., <i>troop, company</i>: dat. sg. on gemonge +(<i>in the troop</i> [of the fourteen Gēatas that returned from the +sea]), <a href="#li1644">1644</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmanian">manian</a>, w. v., <i>to warn, admonish</i>: pres. sg. III. manað +swā and myndgað ... sārum wordum (<i>so warneth and remindeth he with +bitter words</i>), <a href="#li2058">2058</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmanig">manig, monig</a>, adj., <i>many, many a, much</i>: 1) adjectively: nom. +sg. rinc manig, <a href="#li399">399</a>; geong manig (<i>many a young man</i>), <a href="#li855">855</a>; monig +snellīc sǣ-rinc, <a href="#li690">690</a>; medu-benc monig, <a href="#li777">777</a>; so <a href="#li839">839</a>, <a href="#li909">909</a>, <a href="#li919">919</a>, <a href="#li1511">1511</a>, <a href="#li2763">2763</a>, +<a href="#li3023">3023</a>, etc.; acc. sg. medo-ful manig, <a href="#li1016">1016</a>; dat. sg. m. þegne monegum, <a href="#li1342">1342</a>, +<a href="#li1420">1420</a>; dat. sg. f. manigre mǣgðe, <a href="#li75">75</a>; acc. pl. manige men, <a href="#li337">337</a>; dat. pl. +manegum māðmum, <a href="#li2104">2104</a>; monegum mǣgðum, <a href="#li5">5</a>; gen. pl. manigra mēda, <a href="#li1179">1179</a>.—2) +substantively: nom. sg. manig, <a href="#li1861">1861</a>; monig, <a href="#li858">858</a>; dat. sg. manegum, <a href="#li349">349</a>, +<a href="#li1888">1888</a>; nom. pl. manige, <a href="#li1024">1024</a>; monige, <a href="#li2983">2983</a>; acc. pl. monige, <a href="#li1599">1599</a>; gen. pl. +manigra, <a href="#li2092">2092</a>.—3) with depend. gen. pl.: dat. manegum mǣgða, <a href="#li1772">1772</a>; monegum +fīra, <a href="#li2002">2002</a>; hæleða monegum bold-āgendra, <a href="#li3112">3112</a>; acc. pl. rinca manige, <a href="#li729">729</a>; +(māðm)-ǣhta monige, <a href="#li1614">1614</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmanigoft">manig-oft</a>, adv., <i>very often, frequently</i>, <a href="#li171">171</a> [if manig +and oft are to be connected].</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmanlīce">man-līce</a>, adv., <i>man-like, manly</i>, <a href="#li1047">1047</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmanthwǣre">man-þwǣre</a>, adj., <i>kind, gentle toward men, philanthropic</i>: +nom. sg. superl. mon-þwǣrust, <a href="#li3183">3183</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmā">mā</a>, contracted compar., <i>more</i>: with partitive gen., <a href="#li504">504</a>, +<a href="#li736">736</a>, <a href="#li1056">1056</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmāthum">māðum, māððum</a>, st. m., <i>gift, jewel, object of value</i>: +acc. sg. māððum, <a href="#li169">169</a>, <a href="#li1053">1053</a>, <a href="#li2056">2056</a>, <a href="#li3017">3017</a>; dat. instr. sg. māðme, <a href="#li1529">1529</a>, +<a href="#li1903">1903</a>; nom. pl. māðmas, <a href="#li1861">1861</a>; acc. pl. mādmas, <a href="#li385">385</a>, <a href="#li472">472</a>, <a href="#li1028">1028</a>, <a href="#li1483">1483</a>, +<a href="#li1757">1757</a>, <a href="#li1868">1868</a>, etc.; dat. instr. pl. māðmum, mādmum, <a href="#li1049">1049</a>, <a href="#li1899">1899</a>, <a href="#li2104">2104</a>, +<a href="#li2789">2789</a>; gen. pl. māðma, <a href="#li1785">1785</a>, <a href="#li2144">2144</a>, <a href="#li2167">2167</a>, etc.; mādma, <a href="#li36">36</a>, <a href="#li41">41</a>.—Comp.: +dryht-, gold-, hord-, ofer-, sinc-, wundor-māðum.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmāthmǣht">māðm-ǣht</a>, st. f., <i>treasure in jewels, costly objects</i>: +gen. pl. māðm-ǣhta, <a href="#li1614">1614</a>, <a href="#li2834">2834</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmāththumfæt">māððum-fæt</a>, st. n., <i>treasure-casket</i> or <i>cup, costly +vessel</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2406">2406</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmāthmgestrēon">māðm-gestrēon</a>, st. n., <i>precious jewel</i>: gen. pl. +māðm-gestrēona, <a href="#li1932">1932</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmāthumgifu">māðum-gifu</a>, st. f., <i>gift of valuable objects, largess of +treasure</i>: dat. sg. æfter māððum-gife, <a href="#li1302">1302</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmāthumsigl">māðum-sigl</a>, st. n., <i>costly, sun-shaped ornament, valuable +decoration</i>: gen. pl. māððum-sigla, <a href="#li2758">2758</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmāthumsweord">māðum-sweord</a>, st. n., <i>costly sword</i> (inlaid with gold and +jewels): acc. sg., <a href="#li1024">1024</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmāthumwela">māðum-wela</a>, w. m., <i>wealth of jewels, valuables</i>:: dat. +sg. æfter-māððum-welan (<i>after the sight of the wealth of +jewels</i>), <a href="#li2751">2751</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmāgas">māgas</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glmǣg">mǣg</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmāge">māge</a>, w. f., <i>female relative</i>: gen. sg. Grendles māgan +(<i>mother</i>), <a href="#li1392">1392</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmān">mān</a>, st. n., <i>crime, misdeed</i>: instr. sg. māne, <a href="#li110">110</a>, <a href="#li979">979</a>; +adv., <i>criminally</i>, <a href="#li1056">1056</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmānfordǣdla">mān-for-dǣdla</a>, w. m., <i>evil-doer, criminal</i>: nom. pl. +mān-for-dǣdlan, <a href="#li563">563</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmānscatha">mān-scaða</a>, w. m., <i>mischievous, hurtful foe, hostis +nefastus</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li713">713</a>, <a href="#li738">738</a>, <a href="#li1340">1340</a>; mān-sceaða, <a href="#li2515">2515</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmāra">māra</a> (comp. of micel), adj., <i>greater, stronger, +mightier</i>: nom. sg. m. māra, <a href="#li1354">1354</a>, <a href="#li2556">2556</a>; neut. māre, <a href="#li1561">1561</a>; acc. sg. +m. māran, <a href="#li2017">2017</a>; mund-gripe māran (<i>a mightier hand-grip</i>), <a href="#li754">754</a>; +with following gen. pl. māran ... eorla (<i>a more powerful earl</i>), +<a href="#li247">247</a>; fem. māran, <a href="#li533">533</a>, <a href="#li1012">1012</a>; neut. māre, <a href="#li518">518</a>; with gen. pl. morð-beala +māre <i>(more, greater, deeds of murder</i>), <a href="#li136">136</a>; gen. sg. f. māran, +<a href="#li1824">1824</a>.</p> + +<p>mǣst (superl. of micel, māra), <i>greatest, strongest</i>: nom. sg. +neut. (with partitive gen.), mǣst, <a href="#li78">78</a>, <a href="#li193">193</a>; fem. mǣst, <a href="#li2329">2329</a>; acc. sg. +fem. fǣhðe mǣste, <a href="#li459">459</a>; mǣste ... worolde wynne (<i>the highest earthly +pleasure</i>), <a href="#li1080">1080</a>; neut. n. (with partitive gen.) mǣst mǣrða, <a href="#li2646">2646</a>; +hond-wundra mǣst, <a href="#li2769">2769</a>; bǣl-fȳra mǣst, <a href="#li3144">3144</a>; instr. sg. m. mǣste +cræfte, <a href="#li2182">2182</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmæcg">mæcg</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glmecg">mecg</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmægth">mægð</a>, st. f., <i>wife, maid, woman</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li3017">3017</a>; gen. +pl. mægða hōse (<i>accompanied by her maids of honor</i>), <a href="#li925">925</a>; mægða, +<a href="#li944">944</a>, <a href="#li1284">1284</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmægen">mægen</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>might, bodily strength, heroic power</i>: acc. +sg. mægen, <a href="#li518">518</a>, <a href="#li1707">1707</a>; instr. sg. mægene, 780(?), <a href="#li2668">2668</a>; gen. sg. mægenes, +<a href="#li418">418</a>, <a href="#li1271">1271</a>, <a href="#li1535">1535</a>, <a href="#li1717">1717</a>, etc.; mægnes, <a href="#li671">671</a>, <a href="#li1762">1762</a>; mægenes strang, strengest +(<i>great in strength</i>), <a href="#li1845">1845</a>, <a href="#li196">196</a>; mægenes rōf (id.), <a href="#li2085">2085</a>.—2) +<i>prime, flower</i> (of a nation), <i>forces available in war</i>: acc. +sg. swā hē oft (i.e. etan) dyde mægen Hrēðmanna (<i>the best of the +Hreðmen</i>), <a href="#li445">445</a>; gen. sg. wið manna hwone mægenes Deniga (<i>from(?) any +of the men of the Danes</i>), <a href="#li155">155</a>.—Comp. ofer-mægen.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmægenāgend">mægen-āgend</a>, pres. part., <i>having great strength, valiant</i>: +gen. pl. -āgendra, <a href="#li2838">2838</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmægenbyrthen">mægen-byrðen</a>, st. f., <i>huge burthen</i>: acc. sg. +mægen-byrðenne, <a href="#li3092">3092</a>; dat. (instr.) sg., <a href="#li1626">1626</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmægencræft">mægen-cræft</a>, st. m., <i>great, hero-like, strength</i>: acc. +sg., <a href="#li380">380</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmægenellen">mægen-ellen</a>, st. n. (the same), acc. sg., <a href="#li660">660</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmægenfultum">mægen-fultum</a>, st. m., <i>material aid</i>: gen. pl. næs þæt +þonne mǣtost mægen-fultuma (<i>that was not the least of strong +helps</i>, i.e. the sword Hrunting), <a href="#li1456">1456</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmægenrǣs">mægen-rǣs</a>, st. m., <i>mighty attack, onslaught</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li1520">1520</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmægenstrengo">mægen-strengo</a>, st. f., <i>main strength, heroic power</i>: acc. +sg., <a href="#li2679">2679</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmægenwudu">mægen-wudu</a>, st. m., <i>might-wood</i>, i.e. the spear, lance: +acc. sg., <a href="#li236">236</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmæst">mæst</a>, st. m., <i>mast</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1899">1899</a>; dat. sg. be mæste +(<i>beside the mast</i>), <a href="#li36">36</a>; <i>to the mast</i>, <a href="#li1906">1906</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmǣthum">mǣðum</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glmāthum">māðum, hyge-mǣðum</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmǣg">mǣg</a>, st. m., <i>kinsman by blood</i>: nom. sg. mǣg, <a href="#li408">408</a>, <a href="#li738">738</a>, +<a href="#li759">759</a>, <a href="#li814">814</a>, <a href="#li915">915</a>, <a href="#li1531">1531</a>, <a href="#li1945">1945</a>, etc; (<i>brother</i>), <a href="#li468">468</a>, <a href="#li2605">2605</a>? acc. sg. +mǣg (<i>son</i>), <a href="#li1340">1340</a>; (<i>brother</i>), <a href="#li2440">2440</a>, <a href="#li2485">2485</a>, <a href="#li2983">2983</a>; dat. sg. +mǣge, <a href="#li1979">1979</a>; gen. sg. mǣges, <a href="#li2629">2629</a>, <a href="#li2676">2676</a>, <a href="#li2699">2699</a>, <a href="#li2880">2880</a>; nom. pl. māgas, +<a href="#li1016">1016</a>; acc. pl. māgas, <a href="#li2816">2816</a>; dat. pl. māgum, <a href="#li1179">1179</a>, <a href="#li2615">2615</a>, <a href="#li3066">3066</a>; (<i>to +brothers</i>), <a href="#li1168">1168</a>; mǣgum, <a href="#li2354">2354</a>; gen. pl. māga, <a href="#li247">247</a>, <a href="#li1080">1080</a>, <a href="#li1854">1854</a>, +<a href="#li2007">2007</a>, <a href="#li2743">2743</a>.—Comp.: fæderen-, hēafod-, wine-mǣg.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmǣgburh">mǣg-burh</a>, st. f., <i>borough of blood-kinsmen, entire +population united by ties of blood</i>; (in wider sense) <i>race, +people, nation</i>: gen. sg. lond-rihtes ... þǣre mǣg-burge (<i>of +land possessions among the people</i>, i.e. of the Gēatas), <a href="#li2888">2888</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmǣgth">mǣgð</a>, st. f., <i>race, people</i>: acc. sg. mǣgðe, <a href="#li1012">1012</a>; dat. +sg. mǣgðe, <a href="#li75">75</a>; dat. pl. mǣgðum, <a href="#li5">5</a>; gen. pl. mǣgða, <a href="#li25">25</a>, <a href="#li1772">1772</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmǣgwine">mǣg-wine</a>, st. m., <i>blood kinsman, friend</i>, <a href="#li2480">2480</a> (nom. +pl.).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmǣl">mǣl</a>, st. n.: l) <i>time, point of time</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li316">316</a>; þā +wæs sǣl and mǣl (<i>there was</i> [appropriate] <i>chance and +time</i>), <a href="#li1009">1009</a>; acc. sg. mǣl, <a href="#li2634">2634</a>; instr. pl. ǣrran mǣlum, <a href="#li908">908</a>, +<a href="#li2238">2238</a>, <a href="#li3036">3036</a>; gen. pl. mǣla, <a href="#li1250">1250</a>; sǣla and mǣla, <a href="#li1612">1612</a>; mǣla gehwylce +(<i>each time, without intermission</i>), <a href="#li2058">2058</a>.—2) <i>sword, +weapon</i>: nom. sg. brōden (brogden) mǣl (<i>the drawn sword</i>), +<a href="#li1617">1617</a>, <a href="#li1668">1668</a> (cf. Grimm, Andreas and Elene, p. 156).—3) <i>mole, spot, +mark</i>.—Comp.: grǣg-, hring-, sceaðen-, wunden-mǣl.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmǣlcearu">mǣl-cearu</a>, st. f., <i>long-continued sorrow, grief</i>: acc. +sg. mǣl-ceare, <a href="#li189">189</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmǣlgesceaft">mǣl-gesceaft</a>, st. f., <i>fate, appointed time</i>: acc. pl. ie +on earde bād mǣl-gesceafta (<i>awaited the time allotted for me by +fate</i>), <a href="#li2738">2738</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmǣnan">mǣnan</a>, w. v., with acc. in the sense of (1) <i>to remember, +mention, proclaim</i>: inf. mǣnan, <a href="#li1068">1068</a>; pret. part. þǣr wæs Bēowulfes +mǣrðo mǣned, <a href="#li858">858</a>.—2) <i>to mention sorrowfully, mourn</i>: inf. <a href="#li3173">3173</a>; +pret. sg. giohðo mǣnde (<i>mourned sorrowfully</i>), <a href="#li2268">2268</a>; pret. pl. +mǣndon, <a href="#li1150">1150</a>, <a href="#li3150">3150</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgemǣnan">mǣnan</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glmān">mān</a>), w. v. with acc., <i>to injure +maliciously, break</i>: subj. pret. pl. ge-mǣnden, <a href="#li1102">1102</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgemǣne">mǣne</a>, adj., <i>common, in common</i>: nom. sg. gemǣne, <a href="#li2474">2474</a>; +þǣr unc hwīle wæs hand gemǣne (i.e. in battle), <a href="#li2138">2138</a>; sceal ūrum þæt +sweord and helm bām gemǣne (i.e. wesan), <a href="#li2661">2661</a>; nom. pl. gemǣne, <a href="#li1861">1861</a>; +dat. pl. þæt þām folcum sceal ... sib gemǣnum (attraction for gemǣne, +i.e. wesan), <a href="#li1858">1858</a>; gen. pl. unc sceal (i.e. wesan) fela māðma gemǣnra +(<i>we two shall share many treasures together</i>), <a href="#li1785">1785</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmǣrthu">mǣrðu</a>, st. f.: 1) <i>glory, a heroes fame</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li858">858</a>; +acc. sg. mǣrðo, <a href="#li660">660</a>, <a href="#li688">688</a>; acc. pl. mǣrða, <a href="#li2997">2997</a>; instr. pl. mǣrðum +(<i>gloriously</i>), <a href="#li2515">2515</a>: gen. pl. mǣrða, <a href="#li504">504</a>, <a href="#li1531">1531</a>.—2) <i>deed of +glory, heroism</i>: acc. sg. mǣrðo, <a href="#li2135">2135</a>; gen. pl. mǣrða, <a href="#li408">408</a>, +<a href="#li2646">2646</a>.—Comp. ellen-mǣrðu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmǣre">mǣre</a>, adj., <i>memorable; celebrated, noble; well known, +notorious</i>: nom. sg. m. mǣre, <a href="#li103">103</a>, <a href="#li129">129</a>, <a href="#li1716">1716</a>, <a href="#li1762">1762</a>; se mǣra, <a href="#li763">763</a>, +<a href="#li2012">2012</a>, <a href="#li2588">2588</a>; also as vocative m. se mǣra, <a href="#li1475">1475</a>; nom. fem. mǣru, <a href="#li2017">2017</a>; +mǣre, <a href="#li1953">1953</a>; neut. mǣre, <a href="#li2406">2406</a>; acc. sg. m. mǣrne, <a href="#li36">36</a>, <a href="#li201">201</a>, <a href="#li353">353</a>, <a href="#li1599">1599</a>, +<a href="#li2385">2385</a>, <a href="#li2722">2722</a>, <a href="#li2789">2789</a>, <a href="#li3099">3099</a>; neut. mǣre, <a href="#li1024">1024</a>; dat. sg. mǣrum, <a href="#li345">345</a>, <a href="#li1302">1302</a>, +<a href="#li1993">1993</a>, <a href="#li2080">2080</a>, <a href="#li2573">2573</a>; tō þǣm mǣran, <a href="#li270">270</a>; gen. sg. mǣres, <a href="#li798">798</a>; mǣran, <a href="#li1730">1730</a>; +nom. pl. mǣre, <a href="#li3071">3071</a>; superl. mǣrost, <a href="#li899">899</a>,—Comp.: fore-, heaðo-mǣre.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmǣst">mǣst</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glmāra">māra</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmǣte">mǣte</a>, adj., <i>moderate, small</i>: superl. nom. sg. mǣtost, +<a href="#li1456">1456</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmecg">mecg, mæcg</a>, st. m., <i>son, youth, man</i>. in comp. hilde-, +ōret-mecg, wræc-mæcg.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmedla">medla</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glonmedla">on-medla</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmedu">medu</a>, st. m., <i>mead</i>: acc. sg. medu, <a href="#li2634">2634</a>; dat. sg. tō +medo, <a href="#li605">605</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmedoærn">medo-ærn</a>, st. n., <i>mead-hall</i>: acc. sg. medo-ærn (Heorot), +<a href="#li69">69</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmedubenc">medu-benc</a>, st. f., <i>mead-bench, bench in the mead-hall</i>: +nom. sg. medu-benc, <a href="#li777">777</a>; dat. sg. medu-bence, <a href="#li1053">1053</a>; medo-bence, <a href="#li1068">1068</a>, +<a href="#li2186">2186</a>; meodu-bence, <a href="#li1903">1903</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmedudrēam">medu-drēam</a>, st. m., <i>mead-joy, joyous carousing during +mead-drinking</i>: acc. sg. <a href="#li2017">2017</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmedoful">medo-ful</a>, st. n., <i>mead-cup</i>: acc. sg. <a href="#li625">625</a>, <a href="#li1016">1016</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmedoheal">medo-heal</a>, st. f., <i>mead-hall</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li484">484</a>; dat. sg. +meodu-healle, <a href="#li639">639</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmeduscenc">medu-scenc</a>, st. m., <i>mead-can, vessel</i>: instr. pl. +meodu-scencum, <a href="#li1981">1981</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmeduseld">medu-seld</a>, st. n., <i>mead-seat, mead-house</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li3066">3066</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmedosetl">medo-setl</a>, st. n., <i>mead-seat upon which one sits +mead-drinking</i>: gen. pl. meodo-setla, <a href="#li5">5</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmedostīg">medo-stīg</a>, st. f., <i>mead-road, road to the mead-hall</i>: +acc. sg. medo-stīg, <a href="#li925">925</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmedowang">medo-wang</a>, st. m., <i>mead-field</i> (where the mead-hall +stood): acc. pl. medo-wongas, <a href="#li1644">1644</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmethel">meðel</a>, st. n., <i>assembly, council</i>: dat. sg. on meðle, +<a href="#li1877">1877</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmethelstede">meðel-stede</a>, st. m., (properly <i>place of speech, +judgment-seat</i>), here <i>meeting-place, battle-field</i> (so, also +<a href="#li425">425</a>, the battle is conceived under the figure of a parliament or +convention): dat. sg. on þǣm meðel-stede, <a href="#li1083">1083</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmethelword">meðel-word</a>, st. n., <i>words called forth at a discussion; +address</i>: instr. pl. meðel-wordum, <a href="#li236">236</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmelda">melda</a>, w. m., <i>finder, informer, betrayer</i>: gen. sg. þæs +meldan, <a href="#li2406">2406</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmeltan">meltan</a>, st. v. intrans., <i>to consume by fire, melt or waste +away</i>: inf., <a href="#li3012">3012</a>; pret. sg. mealt, <a href="#li2327">2327</a>; pl. multon, <a href="#li1121">1121</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-meltan, the same: pret. sg. gemealt, <a href="#li898">898</a>, <a href="#li1609">1609</a>, <a href="#li1616">1616</a>; ne gemealt him +se mōd-sefa (<i>his courage did not desert him</i>), <a href="#li2629">2629</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmen">men</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glman">man</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmene">mene</a>, st. m., <i>neck ornament, necklace, collar</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li1200">1200</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmengan">mengan</a>, w. v., <i>to mingle, unite, with</i>, w. acc. of thing: +inf. sē þe mere-grundas mengan scolde, <a href="#li1450">1450</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-mengan, <i>to mix with, commingle</i>: pret. part. <a href="#li849">849</a>, <a href="#li1594">1594</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmenigu">menigu</a>, st. f., <i>multitude, many</i>: nom. and acc. sg. māðma +menigeo (<i>multitude of treasures, presents</i>), <a href="#li2144">2144</a>; so, mænigo, +<a href="#li41">41</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmercels">mercels</a>, st. m., <i>mark, aim</i>: gen. sg. mercelses, <a href="#li2440">2440</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmere">mere</a>, st. m., <i>sea, ocean</i>: nom. sg. se mere, <a href="#li1363">1363</a>; acc. +sg. on mere, <a href="#li1131">1131</a>, <a href="#li1604">1604</a>; on nicera mere, <a href="#li846">846</a>; dat. sg. fram mere, <a href="#li856">856</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmeredēor">mere-dēor</a>, st. n., <i>sea-beast</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li558">558</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmerefara">mere-fara</a>, w. m., <i>seafarer</i>: gen. sg. mere-faran, <a href="#li502">502</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmerefix">mere-fix</a>, st. m., <i>sea-fish</i>: gen. pl. mere-fixa (<i>the +whale</i>, cf. <a href="#li540">540</a>, <a href="#li549">549</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmeregrund">mere-grund</a>, st. m., <i>sea-bottom</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li2101">2101</a>; acc. +pl. mere-grundas, <a href="#li1450">1450</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmerehrægl">mere-hrægl</a>, st. n., <i>-sea-garment</i>, i.e., sail: gen. pl. +mere-hrægla sum, <a href="#li1906">1906</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmerelīthend">mere-līðend</a>, pres. part., <i>moving on the sea, sailor</i>: +nom. pl. mere-līðende, <a href="#li255">255</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmerestrǣt">mere-strǣt</a>, st. f., <i>sea-street, way over the sea</i>: acc. +pl. mere-strǣta <a href="#li514">514</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmerestrengo">mere-strengo</a>, st. f., <i>sea-power, strength in the sea</i>: +acc. sg., <a href="#li533">533</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmerewīf">mere-wīf</a>, st. n., <i>sea-woman, mer-woman</i>: acc. sg. (of +Grendel's mother), <a href="#li1520">1520</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmergen">mergen</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glmorgen">morgen</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmet">met</a>, st. n., <i>thought, intention</i> (cf. metian = meditari): +acc. pl. onsǣl meoto, <a href="#li489">489</a> (meaning doubtful; see Bugge, Journal 8, +292; Dietrich, Haupt's Zeits. 11, 411; Körner, Eng. Stud. 2, 251).</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgemet">met</a>, st. n., <i>an apportioned share; might, power, ability +</i>: nom. sg. nis þæt ... gemet mannes nefne mīn ānes (<i>nobody, +myself excepted, can do that</i>), <a href="#li2534">2534</a>; acc. sg. ofer mīn gemet +(<i>beyond my power</i>), <a href="#li2880">2880</a>; dat. sg. mid gemete, <a href="#li780">780</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgemet">met</a>, adj., <i>well-measured, meet, good</i>: nom. sg. swā +him gemet þince (þūhte), (<i>as seemed meet to him</i>), <a href="#li688">688</a>, <a href="#li3058">3058</a>. +See <a class="glentry" href="#glungemete">un-gemete</a>, adv.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmetan">metan</a>, st. v., <i>to measure, pass over</i> or <i>along</i>: +pret. pl. fealwe strǣte mēarum mǣton (<i>measured the yellow road with +their horses</i>), <a href="#li918">918</a>; so, <a href="#li514">514</a>, <a href="#li1634">1634</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-metan, the same: pret. sg. medu-stīg gemæt.(<i>measured, walked +over, the road to the mead-hall</i>), <a href="#li925">925</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmetod">metod</a>, st. m. (the measuring, arranging) <i>Creator, God</i>: +nom. sg., <a href="#li110">110</a>, <a href="#li707">707</a>, <a href="#li968">968</a>, <a href="#li1058">1058</a>, <a href="#li2528">2528</a>; scīr metod, <a href="#li980">980</a>; sōð metod, <a href="#li1612">1612</a>; +acc. sg. metod, <a href="#li180">180</a>; dat. sg. metode, <a href="#li169">169</a>, <a href="#li1779">1779</a>; gen. sg. metodes, +<a href="#li671">671</a>.—Comp. eald-metod.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmetodsceaft">metod-sceaft</a>, st. f.: 1) <i>the Creator's determination, divine +purpose, fate</i>: acc. sg. -sceaft, <a href="#li1078">1078</a>.—2) <i>the Creators +glory</i>: acc. sg. metod-sceaft sēon (i.e. die), <a href="#li1181">1181</a>; dat. sg. tō +metod-sceafte, <a href="#li2816">2816</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmēce">mēce</a>, st. m., <i>sword</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1939">1939</a>; acc. sg. mēce, +<a href="#li2048">2048</a>; brādne mēce, <a href="#li2979">2979</a>; gen. sg. mēces, <a href="#li1766">1766</a>, <a href="#li1813">1813</a>, <a href="#li2615">2615</a>, <a href="#li2940">2940</a>; dat. +pl. instr. mēcum, <a href="#li565">565</a>; gen. pl. mēca, <a href="#li2686">2686</a>.—Comp.: beado-, hæft-, +hilde-mēce.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmēd">mēd</a>, st. f., <i>meed, reward</i>: acc. sg. mēde, <a href="#li2135">2135</a>; dat. sg. +mēde, <a href="#li2147">2147</a>; gen. pl. mēda, <a href="#li1179">1179</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgemēde">mēde</a>, st. n., <i>approval, permission</i> (Grein): acc. pl. +ge-mēdu, <a href="#li247">247</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmēthe">mēðe</a>, adj., <i>tired, exhausted, dejected</i>: in comp. hyge-, +sǣ-mēðe.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmētan">mētan</a>, w. v., <i>to meet, find, fall in with</i>: with acc., +pret. pl. syððan Æscheres ... hafelan mētton, <a href="#li1422">1422</a>; subj. pret. sg. þæt +hē ne mētte ... on elran man mundgripe māran (<i>that he never met, in +any other man, with a mightier hand-grip</i>), <a href="#li752">752</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgemētan">mētan</a>, with acc., the same: pret. sg. gemētte, <a href="#li758">758</a>, <a href="#li2786">2786</a>; +pl. næs þā long tō þon, þæt þā āglǣcean hȳ eft gemētton (<i>it was not +long after that the warriors again met each other</i>), <a href="#li2593">2593</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgemēting">mēting</a>, st. f., <i>meeting, hostile coming together</i>: +nom. sg., <a href="#li2002">2002</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmēagol">mēagol</a>, adj., <i>mighty, immense; formal, solemn</i>: instr. +pl. mēaglum wordum, <a href="#li1981">1981</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmearc">mearc</a>, st. f., <i>frontier, limit, end</i>: dat. sg. tō mearce +(<i>the end of life</i>), <a href="#li2385">2385</a>.—Comp. Weder-mearc, <a href="#li298">298</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-mearc, st. n., <i>measure, distance</i>: comp. fōt-, mīl-ge-mearc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmearcian">mearcian</a>, w. v., <i>to mark, stain</i>: pres. ind. sg. mearcað +mōrhopu (<i>will stain, mark, the moor with the blood of the +corpse</i>), <a href="#li450">450</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-mearcian, the same: pret. part. (Cain) morðre gemearcod +(<i>murder-marked</i> [cf. 1 Book Mos. IV. 15]), <a href="#li1265">1265</a>; swā wæs on þǣm +scennum ... gemearcod ... hwām þæt sweord geworht wǣre (<i>engraved +for whom the sword had been wrought</i>), <a href="#li1696">1696</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmearcstapa">mearc-stapa</a>, w. m., <i>march-strider, frontier-haunter</i> +(applied to Grendel and his mother): nom. sg., <a href="#li103">103</a>; acc. pl. +mearc-stapan, <a href="#li1349">1349</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmearh">mearh</a>, st. m., <i>horse, steed</i>: nom. pl. mēaras, <a href="#li2164">2164</a>; acc. +pl. mēaras, <a href="#li866">866</a>, <a href="#li1036">1036</a>; dat. pl. inst. mēarum, <a href="#li856">856</a>, <a href="#li918">918</a>; mēarum and +māðmum, <a href="#li1049">1049</a>, <a href="#li1899">1899</a>; gen. pl. mēara and māðma, <a href="#li2167">2167</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmearn">mearn</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glmurnan">murnan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmeodu">meodu</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glmedu">medu</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmeoto">meoto</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glmet">met</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmeotud">meotud</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glmetod">metod</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmeowle">meowle</a>, w. f., <i>maiden</i>: comp. geō-meowle.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmicel">micel</a>, adj., <i>great, huge, long</i> (of time): nom. sg. m., +<a href="#li129">129</a>, <a href="#li502">502</a>; fem., <a href="#li67">67</a>, <a href="#li146">146</a>, <a href="#li170">170</a>; neut., <a href="#li772">772</a>; acc. sg. m. micelne, <a href="#li3099">3099</a>; +fem, micle, <a href="#li1779">1779</a>, <a href="#li3092">3092</a>; neut. micel, <a href="#li270">270</a>, <a href="#li1168">1168</a>. The comp. māre must be +supplied before þone in: medo-ærn micel ... (māre) þone yldo beam ǣfre +ge-frūnon, <a href="#li69">69</a>; instr. sg. ge-trume micle, <a href="#li923">923</a>; micle (<i>by much, +much</i>); micle lēofre (<i>far dearer</i>), <a href="#li2652">2652</a>; efne swā micle +(lǣssa), (<i>[less] even by so much</i>), <a href="#li1284">1284</a>; oftor micle (<i>much +oftener</i>), <a href="#li1580">1580</a>; dat. sg, weak form miclan, <a href="#li2850">2850</a>; gen. sg. miclan, +<a href="#li979">979</a>. The gen. sg. micles is an adv. = <i>much, very</i>: micles wyrðne +gedōn (<i>deem worthy of much</i>, i.e. honor very highly), <a href="#li2186">2186</a>; tō +fela micles (<i>far too much, many</i>), <a href="#li695">695</a>; acc. pl. micle, <a href="#li1349">1349</a>. +Compar., see <a class="glentry" href="#glmāra">māra</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmid">mid</a>, I. prep. w. dat., instr., and acc., signifying +preëminently <i>union, community, with</i>, hence: 1) w. dat.: a) +<i>with, in company, community, with</i>; mid Finne, <a href="#li1129">1129</a>; mid +Hrōðgāre, <a href="#li1593">1593</a>; mid scip-herge, <a href="#li243">243</a>; mid gesīðum (<i>with his +comrades</i>), <a href="#li1314">1314</a>; so, <a href="#li1318">1318</a>, <a href="#li1964">1964</a>, <a href="#li2950">2950</a>, etc.; mid his frēo-drihtne, +<a href="#li2628">2628</a>; mid þǣm lācum (<i>with the gifts</i>), <a href="#li1869">1869</a>; so, <a href="#li2789">2789</a>, <a href="#li125">125</a>; mid +hǣle (<i>with good luck!</i>), <a href="#li1218">1218</a>; mid bǣle fōr (<i>sped off amid +fire</i>), <a href="#li2309">2309</a>. The prep. postponed: him mid (<i>with him, in his +company</i>), <a href="#li41">41</a>; <i>with him</i>, <a href="#li1626">1626</a>; ne wæs him Fitela mid (<i>was +not with him</i>), <a href="#li890">890</a>. b) <i>with, among</i>: mid Gēatum (<i>among +the Gēatas</i>), <a href="#li195">195</a>, <a href="#li2193">2193</a>, <a href="#li2624">2624</a>; mid Scyldingum, <a href="#li274">274</a>; mid Eotenum, +<a href="#li903">903</a>; mid yldum (eldum), <a href="#li77">77</a>, <a href="#li2612">2612</a>; mid him (<i>with, among, one +another</i>), <a href="#li2949">2949</a>. In temporal sense: mid ǣr-dæge (<i>at dawn</i>), +<a href="#li126">126</a>.—2) <i>with, with the help of, through</i>, w. dat.: mid +ār-stafum (<i>through his grace</i>), <a href="#li317">317</a>; so, <a href="#li2379">2379</a>; mid grāpe +(<i>with the fist</i>), <a href="#li438">438</a>; so, <a href="#li1462">1462</a>, <a href="#li2721">2721</a>; mid his hete-þoncum +(<i>through his hatred</i>), <a href="#li475">475</a>; mid sweorde, <a href="#li574">574</a>; so, <a href="#li1660">1660</a>, <a href="#li2877">2877</a>; +mid gemete (<i>through, by, his power</i>), <a href="#li780">780</a>; so, <a href="#li1220">1220</a>, <a href="#li2536">2536</a>, <a href="#li2918">2918</a>; +mid gōde (<i>with benefits</i>), <a href="#li1185">1185</a>; mid hearme (<i>with harm, +insult</i>), <a href="#li1893">1893</a>; mid þǣre sorge (<i>with [through?] this +sorrow</i>), <a href="#li2469">2469</a>; mid rihte (<i>by rights</i>), <a href="#li2057">2057</a>. With instr.: +mid þȳ wīfe (<i>through [marriage with] the woman</i>), <a href="#li2029">2029</a>.—3) w. +acc., <i>with, in community, company, with</i>: mid his eorla gedriht, +<a href="#li357">357</a>; so, <a href="#li634">634</a>, <a href="#li663">663</a>, <a href="#li1673">1673</a>; mid hine, <a href="#li880">880</a>; mid mīnne gold-gyfan, <a href="#li2653">2653</a>.</p> + +<p>II. adv., mid, <i>thereamong, in the company</i>, <a href="#li1643">1643</a>; <i>at the same +time, likewise</i>, <a href="#li1650">1650</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmiddangeard">middan-geard</a>, st. m., <i>globe, earth</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li75">75</a>, <a href="#li1772">1772</a>; +dat. sg. on middan-gearde, <a href="#li2997">2997</a>; gen. sg. middan-geardes, <a href="#li504">504</a>, <a href="#li752">752</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmidde">midde</a>, w. f., <i>middle = medius</i>: dat. sg. on middan +(<i>through the middle, in two</i>), <a href="#li2706">2706</a>; gen. sg. (adv.) tō-middes +(<i>in the midst</i>), <a href="#li3142">3142</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmiddelniht">middel-niht</a>, st. f., <i>midnight</i>: dat. pl. middel-nihtum, +<a href="#li2783">2783</a>, <a href="#li2834">2834</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmiht">miht</a>, st. f., <i>might, power, authority</i>: acc. sg. þurh +drihtnes miht (<i>through the Lord's help, power</i>), <a href="#li941">941</a>; instr. pl. +selfes mihtum, <a href="#li701">701</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmihtig">mihtig</a>, adj.: 1) <i>physically strong, powerful</i>: acc. sg. +mihtig mere-dēor, <a href="#li558">558</a>; mere-wīf mihtig, <a href="#li1520">1520</a>.—2) <i>possessing +authority, mighty</i>: nom. sg. mihtig god, <a href="#li702">702</a>, <a href="#li1717">1717</a>, <a href="#li1726">1726</a>; dat. sg. +mihtigan drihtne, <a href="#li1399">1399</a>.—Comp.: æl-, fore-mihtig.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmilde">milde</a>, adj., <i>kind, gracious, generous</i>: nom. sg. mōdes +milde (<i>kind-hearted</i>), <a href="#li1230">1230</a>; instr. pl. mildum wordum +(<i>graciously</i>), <a href="#li1173">1173</a>. Superl. nom. sg. worold-cyning mannum +mildust (<i>a king most liberal to men</i>), <a href="#li3183">3183</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmilts">milts</a>, st. f., <i>kindness, benevolence</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2922">2922</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmissan">missan</a>, w. v. with gen., <i>to miss, err in</i>: pret. sg. +miste mercelses (<i>missed the mark</i>), <a href="#li2440">2440</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmissere">missēre</a>, st. n., <i>space of a semester, half a year</i>: gen. +pl. hund missēra (<i>fifty winters</i>), <a href="#li2734">2734</a>, <a href="#li2210">2210</a>; generally, <i>a +long period of time, season</i>, <a href="#li1499">1499</a>, <a href="#li1770">1770</a>; fela missēra, <a href="#li153">153</a>, <a href="#li2621">2621</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmisthlith">mist-hlið</a>, st. n., <i>misty cliff, cloud-capped slope</i>: dat. +pl. under mist-hleoðum, <a href="#li711">711</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmistig">mistig</a>, adj., <i>misty</i>: acc. pl. mistige mōras, <a href="#li162">162</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmīlgemearc">mīl-gemearc</a>, st. n., <i>measure by miles</i>: gen. sg. +mīl-gemearces, <a href="#li1363">1363</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmīn">mīn</a>: 1) poss. pron., <i>my, mine</i>, <a href="#li255">255</a>, <a href="#li345">345</a>, etc.; Hygelāc +mīn (<i>my lord</i>, or <i>king, H.</i>), <a href="#li2435">2435</a>.—2) gen. sg. of pers. +pron. ic, <i>of me</i>, <a href="#li2085">2085</a>, <a href="#li2534">2534</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmolde">molde</a>, w. f., <i>dust; earth, field</i>: in comp. græs-molde.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmon">mon</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glman">man</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgemong">mong</a>. See ge-<a class="glentry" href="#glgemang">mang</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmorthbealu">morð-bealu</a>, st. n., <i>murder, deadly hale</i> or <i>deed of +murder</i>: gen. pl. morð-beala, <a href="#li136">136</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmorthor">morðor</a>, st. n., <i>deed of violence, murder</i>: dat. instr. +sg. morðre, <a href="#li893">893</a>, <a href="#li1265">1265</a>, <a href="#li2783">2783</a>; gen. sg. morðres, <a href="#li2056">2056</a>; morðres scyldig +(<i>guilty of murder</i>), <a href="#li1684">1684</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmorthorbed">morðor-bed</a>, st. n., <i>bed of death, murder-bed</i>: acc. sg. +wæs þām yldestan ... morðor-bed strēd (<i>a bed of death was spread +for the eldest</i>, i.e. through murder his death-bed was prepared), +<a href="#li2437">2437</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmorthorbealu">morðor-bealu</a>, st. n., <i>death-bale, destruction by murder</i>: +acc. sg. morðor-bealo, <a href="#li1080">1080</a>, <a href="#li2743">2743</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmorthorhete">morðor-hete</a>, st. m., <i>murderous hate</i>: gen. sg. þæs +morðor-hetes, <a href="#li1106">1106</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmorgen">morgen, morn, mergen</a>, st. m., <i>morning, forenoon</i>; also +<i>morrow</i>: nom. sg. morgen, <a href="#li1785">1785</a>, <a href="#li2125">2125</a>; (<i>morrow</i>), <a href="#li2104">2104</a>; +acc. sg. on morgen (<i>in the morning</i>), <a href="#li838">838</a>; dat. sg. on morgne, +<a href="#li2485">2485</a>; on mergenne, <a href="#li565">565</a>, <a href="#li2940">2940</a>; gen. pl. morna gehwylce (<i>every +morning</i>), <a href="#li2451">2451</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmorgenceald">morgen-ceald</a>, adj., <i>morning-cold, dawn-cold</i>: nom. sg. +gār morgen-ceald (<i>spear chilled by the early air of morn</i>), +<a href="#li3023">3023</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmorgenlang">morgen-lang</a>, adj., <i>lasting through the morning</i>: acc. sg. +morgen-longne dæg (<i>the whole forenoon</i>), <a href="#li2895">2895</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmorgenlēoht">morgen-lēoht</a>, st. n., <i>morning-light</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li605">605</a>, <a href="#li918">918</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmorgenswēg">morgen-swēg</a>, st. m., <i>morning-cry, cry at morn</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li129">129</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmorgentīd">morgen-tīd</a>, st. f., <i>morning-tide</i>: acc. sg. on +morgen-tīde, <a href="#li484">484</a>, <a href="#li818">818</a>(?)</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmorn">morn</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glmorgen">morgen</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmōd">mōd</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>heart, soul, spirit, mood, mind, manner of +thinking</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li50">50</a>, <a href="#li731">731</a>; wǣfre mōd (<i>the flicker ing spirit, +the fading breath</i>), <a href="#li1151">1151</a>; acc. sg. on mōd (<i>into his mind</i>), +<a href="#li67">67</a>; dat. instr. sg. mōde geþungen (<i>of mature, lofty spirit</i>), +<a href="#li625">625</a>; on mōde (<i>in heart, mind</i>), <a href="#li754">754</a>, <a href="#li1845">1845</a>, <a href="#li2282">2282</a>? <a href="#li2528">2528</a>; on hrēoum +mōde (<i>fierce of spirit</i>), <a href="#li2582">2582</a>; gen. sg. modes, <a href="#li171">171</a>, <a href="#li811">811</a>, <a href="#li1707">1707</a>; +modes blīðe (<i>gracious-minded, kindly disposed</i>), <a href="#li436">436</a>; so, mōdes +milde, <a href="#li1230">1230</a>; mōdes sēoce (<i>depressed in mind</i>), <a href="#li1604">1604</a>.—2) +<i>boldness, courage</i>: nom. and acc. sg., <a href="#li1058">1058</a>, <a href="#li1168">1168</a>. 3) +<i>passion, fierceness</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li549">549</a>.—Comp. form adj.: galg-, +geōmor-, glæd-, gūð-, hrēoh-, sārig-, stīð-, swīð-, wērig-, yrre-mōd.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmōdcearu">mōd-cearu</a>, st. f., <i>grief of heart</i>: acc. sg. mōd-ceare, +<a href="#li1993">1993</a>, <a href="#li3150">3150</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmōdgehygd">mōd-gehygd</a>, st. f ., <i>thought of the heart; mind</i>: instr. +pl. mōd-gehygdum, 233</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmōdgethanc">mōd-ge-þanc</a>, st. n., <i>mood-thought, meditation</i>: acc. sg. +mōd-ge-þonc, <a href="#li1730">1730</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmōdgiōmor">mōd-giōmor</a>, adj., <i>grieved at heart, dejected</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2895">2895</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmōdig">mōdig</a>, adj., <i>courageous</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li605">605</a>, <a href="#li1644">1644</a>, <a href="#li1813">1813</a>, +<a href="#li2758">2758</a>; hē þæs (þǣm, MS.) mōdig wæs (<i>had the courage for it</i>), +<a href="#li1509">1509</a>; se mōdega, <a href="#li814">814</a>; dat. sg. mid þām mōdigan, <a href="#li3012">3012</a>; gen. sg. mōdges, +<a href="#li502">502</a>; mōdiges, <a href="#li2699">2699</a>; Gēata lēod georne truwode mōdgan mægnes +(<i>trusted firmly in his bold strength</i>), <a href="#li671">671</a>; nom. pl. mōdge, +<a href="#li856">856</a>; mōdige, <a href="#li1877">1877</a>; gen. pl. mōdigra, <a href="#li312">312</a>, <a href="#li1889">1889</a>.—Comp, fela-mōdig.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmōdiglīc">mōdig-līc</a>, adj., <i>of bold appearance</i>: compar. acc. pl. +mōdiglīcran, <a href="#li337">337</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmōdlufe">mōd-lufe</a>, w. f., <i>hearts affection, love</i>: gen. sg. þīnre +mōd-lufan, <a href="#li1824">1824</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmōdsefa">mōd-sefa</a>, w. m., <i>thought of the heart; brave, bold temper; +courage</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li349">349</a>, <a href="#li1854">1854</a>, <a href="#li2629">2629</a>; acc. sg. mōd-sefan, <a href="#li2013">2013</a>; dat. +sg. mōd-sefan, <a href="#li180">180</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmōdthracu">mōd-þracu</a>, st. f., <i>boldness, courage, strength of mind</i>: +dat. sg. for his mōd-þræce, <a href="#li385">385</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmōdor">mōdor</a>, f., <i>mother</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1259">1259</a>, <a href="#li1277">1277</a>, <a href="#li1283">1283</a>, <a href="#li1684">1684</a>, +<a href="#li2119">2119</a>; acc. sg. mōdor, <a href="#li1539">1539</a>, <a href="#li2140">2140</a>, <a href="#li2933">2933</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmōna">mōna</a>, w. m., <i>moon</i>: gen. sg. mōnan, <a href="#li94">94</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmōr">mōr</a>, st. m., <i>moor, morass, swamp</i>: acc. sg. ofer myrcan +mōr, <a href="#li1406">1406</a>; dat. sg. of mōre, <a href="#li711">711</a>; acc. pl. mōras, <a href="#li103">103</a>, <a href="#li162">162</a>, <a href="#li1349">1349</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmōrhop">mōr-hop</a>, st. n., <i>place of refuge in the moor, hiding-place +in the swamp</i>: acc. pl. mōr-hopu, <a href="#li450">450</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgemōt">mōt</a>, st. n., <i>meeting</i>: in comp. hand-, torn-ge-mōt.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmōtan">mōtan</a>, pret.-pres. v.: 1) <i>power</i> or <i>permission to have +something, to be permitted; may, can</i>: pres. sg. I., III. mōt, <a href="#li186">186</a>, +<a href="#li442">442</a>, <a href="#li604">604</a>; II. mōst, <a href="#li1672">1672</a>; pl. mōton, <a href="#li347">347</a>, <a href="#li365">365</a>, <a href="#li395">395</a>; pres. subj. ic +mōte, <a href="#li431">431</a>; III. sē þe mōte, <a href="#li1388">1388</a>; pret sg. mōste, <a href="#li168">168</a>, <a href="#li707">707</a>, <a href="#li736">736</a>, <a href="#li895">895</a>, +<a href="#li1488">1488</a>, <a href="#li1999">1999</a>, <a href="#li2242">2242</a>, <a href="#li2505">2505</a>, etc.; pl. mōston, <a href="#li1629">1629</a>, <a href="#li1876">1876</a>, <a href="#li2039">2039</a>, <a href="#li2125">2125</a>, +<a href="#li2248">2248</a>; pres. subj. sg. II. þæt þū hine selfne gesēon mōste (<i>mightest +see</i>), <a href="#li962">962</a>.—2) <i>shall, must, be obliged</i>: pres. sg. mōt, +<a href="#li2887">2887</a>; pret. sg. mōste, <a href="#li1940">1940</a>; þǣr hē þȳ fyrste forman dōgore wealdan +mōste, swā him Wyrd ne gescrāf, hrēð æt hilde (<i>if he must for the +first time that day be victorious, as Fate had denied him victory</i>, +cf. <a href="#li2681">2681</a>, <a href="#li2683">2683</a> seqq.), <a href="#li2575">2575</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgemunan">munan</a>, pret.-pres. v., <i>to have in mind, be mindful; remember, +think of</i>, w. acc.: pres. sg. hine gearwe geman witena wēl-hwylc +(<i>each of the knowing ones still remembers him well</i>), <a href="#li265">265</a>; ic þē þæs +lēan geman (<i>I shall not forget thy reward for this</i>), <a href="#li1221">1221</a>; ic þæt +eall gemon (<i>I remember all that</i>), <a href="#li2428">2428</a>; so, <a href="#li1702">1702</a>, <a href="#li2043">2043</a>; gif hē þæt +eall gemon hwæt ... (<i>if he is mindful of all that which</i> ...), <a href="#li1186">1186</a>; +ic þæt mǣl gemon hwǣr... (<i>I remember the time when</i>...), <a href="#li2634">2634</a>; pret. +sg. w. gemunde... ǣfen-sprǣce (<i>recalled his evening speech</i>), <a href="#li759">759</a>; +so, <a href="#li871">871</a>, <a href="#li1130">1130</a>, <a href="#li1260">1260</a>, <a href="#li1271">1271</a>, <a href="#li1291">1291</a>, <a href="#li2115">2115</a>, <a href="#li2432">2432</a>, <a href="#li2607">2607</a>, <a href="#li2679">2679</a>; sē þæs lēod-hryres +lēan ge-munde (<i>was mindful of reward for the fall of the ruler</i>), +<a href="#li2392">2392</a>; þæt hē Eotena bearn inne gemunde (<i>that he in this should remember, +take vengeance on, the children of the Eotens</i>), <a href="#li1142">1142</a>; so, hond gemunde +fǣhðo genōge (<i>his hand remembered strife enough</i>), <a href="#li2490">2490</a>; ne ge-munde +mago Ecglāfes þæt ... (<i>remembered not that which</i> ...), <a href="#li1466">1466</a>; pret. +pl. helle gemundon in mōd-sefan (<i>their thoughts</i> [as heathens] +<i>fixed themselves on, remembered, hell</i>), <a href="#li179">179</a>.</p> + +<p>on-munan, w. acc. pers. and gen. of thing, <i>to admonish, exhort</i>: +pret. sg. onmunde ūsic mǣrða (<i>exhorted us to deeds of glory</i>), +<a href="#li2641">2641</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmund">mund</a>, st. f., <i>hand</i>: instr. pl. mundum, mid mundum, <a href="#li236">236</a>, +<a href="#li514">514</a>, <a href="#li1462">1462</a>, <a href="#li3023">3023</a>, <a href="#li3092">3092</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmundbora">mund-bora</a>, w. m., <i>protector, guardian, preserver</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li1481">1481</a>, <a href="#li2780">2780</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmundgripe">mund-gripe</a>, st. m., <i>hand-grip, seizure</i>: acc. sg. +mund-gripe, <a href="#li754">754</a>; dat. sg. mund-gripe, <a href="#li380">380</a>, <a href="#li1535">1535</a>; æfter mund-gripe +(<i>after having seized the criminal</i>), <a href="#li1939">1939</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmurnan">murnan</a>, st. v., <i>to shrink from, be afraid of, avoid</i>: +pret. sg. nō mearn fore fǣhðe and fyrene, <a href="#li136">136</a>; so, <a href="#li1538">1538</a>; nalles for +ealdre mearn (<i>was not apprehensive for his life</i>), <a href="#li1443">1443</a>.—2) +<i>to mourn, grieve</i>: pres. part. him wæs ... murnende mōd, <a href="#li50">50</a>; +pres. subj., þonne hē fela murne (<i>than that he should mourn +much</i>), <a href="#li1386">1386</a>.</p> + +<p>be-murnan, be-meornan, with acc., <i>to mourn over</i>: pret. +be-mearn, <a href="#li908">908</a>, <a href="#li1078">1078</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmurnlīce">murn-līce</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glunmurnlīce">un-murn-līce</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmūthbana">mūð-bana</a>, w. m., <i>mouth-destroyer</i>: dat. sg. tō mūð-bonan +(of Grendel because he bit his victim to death), <a href="#li2080">2080</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmūtha">mūða</a>, w. m., <i>mouth, entrance</i>: acc. sg. recedes mūðan +(<i>mouth of the house, door</i>), <a href="#li725">725</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgemynd">mynd</a>, st. f., <i>memory, memorial, remembrance</i>: dat. pl. +tō gemyndum, <a href="#li2805">2805</a>, <a href="#li3017">3017</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glweorthmynd">weorð-mynd</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmyhdgian">myhdgian</a>, w. v., <i>to call to mind, remember</i>: pres. sg. +myndgað, <a href="#li2058">2058</a>; pres. part. w. gen. gif þonne Frēsna hwylc ... þæs +morðor-hetes myndgiend wǣre (<i>were to call to mind the bloody +feud</i>), <a href="#li1106">1106</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-myndgian, w. v. w. acc., <i>to remember</i>: bið gemyndgad ... +eaforan ellor-sīð (<i>is reminded of his son's decease</i>), <a href="#li2451">2451</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgemyndig">myndig</a>, adj., <i>mindful</i>: nom. sg. w. gen., <a href="#li614">614</a>, <a href="#li869">869</a>, +<a href="#li1174">1174</a>, <a href="#li1531">1531</a>, <a href="#li2083">2083</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmyne">myne</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>mind, wish</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2573">2573</a>.—2) +<i>love</i>(?): nē his myne wisse (<i>whose</i> [God's] <i>love he +knew not</i>), <a href="#li169">169</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgemynian">mynian</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to be mindful of</i>: imper. sg. +gemyne mǣrðo! <a href="#li660">660</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmyntan">myntan</a>, w. v., <i>to intend, think of, resolve</i>: pret. sg. +mynte ... manna cynnes sumne besyrwan (<i>meant to entrap all</i>(?) +[see <a class="glentry" href="#glsum">sum</a>], <i>some one of (?), the men</i>), <a href="#li713">713</a>; mynte þæt hē +gedǣlde ... (<i>thought to sever</i>), <a href="#li732">732</a>; mynte se mǣra, þǣr hē +meahte swā, wīdre gewindan (<i>intended to flee</i>), <a href="#li763">763</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmyrce">myrce</a>, adj., <i>murky, dark</i>: acc. sg. ofer myrcan mōr, +<a href="#li1406">1406</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glmyrth">myrð</a>, st. f., <i>joy, mirth</i>: dat. (instr.) sg. mōdes myrðe, +8n.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossN">N</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnaca">naca</a>, w. m., <i>vessel, ship</i>: acc. sg. nacan, <a href="#li295">295</a>; gen. sg. +nacan, <a href="#li214">214</a>.—Comp.: hring-, ȳð-naca.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnacod">nacod</a>, adj., <i>naked</i>: nom. and acc. sg. swurd, gūð-bill +nacod, <a href="#li539">539</a>, <a href="#li2586">2586</a>; nacod nīð-draca, <a href="#li2274">2274</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnalas">nalas, nales, nallas</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glnealles">nealles</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnama">nama</a>, w. m., <i>name</i>: nom. sg. Bēowulf is mīn nama, <a href="#li343">343</a>; wæs þǣm +hæft-mēce Hrunting nama, <a href="#li1458">1458</a>; acc. sg. scōp him Heort naman (<i>gave it +the name Hart</i>), <a href="#li78">78</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnā">nā</a> (from ne-ā), strength, negative, <i>never, not all</i>, <a href="#li445">445</a>, +<a href="#li567">567</a>, <a href="#li1537">1537</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnāh">nāh</a>, from ne-āh. See <a class="glentry" href="#glāgan">āgan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnān">nān</a> (from ne-ān), indef. pron., <i>none, no</i>: with gen. pl. +gūð-billa nān, <a href="#li804">804</a>; adjectively, nān ... īren ǣrgōd, <a href="#li990">990</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnāt">nāt</a>, from ne-wāt: <i>I know not=nescio</i>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glwitan">witan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnāthwylc">nāt-hwylc</a> (nescio quis, ne-wāt-hwylc, <i>know not who, which</i>, +etc.), indef. pron., <i>any, a certain one, some or other</i>: 1) w. +partitive gen.: nom. sg. gumena nāt-hwylc, <a href="#li2234">2234</a>;. gen. sg. nāt-hwylces +(þāra banena), <a href="#li2054">2054</a>; niða nāt-hwylces(?), <a href="#li2216">2216</a>; nāt-hwylces hæleða bearna, +<a href="#li2225">2225</a>.—2) adjectively: dat. sg. in nið-sele nāt-hwylcum, <a href="#li1514">1514</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnæbben">næbben</a>, from ne-hæbben (subj. pres.). See <a class="glentry" href="#glhabban">habban</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnæfne">næfne</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glnefne">nefne</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnægel">nægel</a>, st. m., <i>nail</i>: gen. pl. nægla (of the +finger-nails), <a href="#li986">986</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnægled">nægled</a>, part., <i>nailed?, nail-like?, buckled?</i>: acc. sg. +neut. nægled (MS. gled) sinc, <a href="#li2024">2024</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnæs">næs</a>, st. m., <i>naze, rock projecting into the sea, cliff, +promontory</i>: acc. sg. næs, <a href="#li1440">1440</a>, <a href="#li1601">1601</a>, <a href="#li2899">2899</a>; dat. sg. næsse, <a href="#li2244">2244</a>, +<a href="#li2418">2418</a>; acc. pl. windige næssas, <a href="#li1412">1412</a>; gen. pl. næssa, <a href="#li1361">1361</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnæs">næs</a>, from ne-wæs (<i>was not</i>). See <a class="glentry" href="#glwesan">wesan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnæs">næs</a>, neg. adv., <i>not, not at all</i>, <a href="#li562">562</a>, <a href="#li2263">2263</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnæshlith">næs-hlið</a>, st. n., <i>declivity, slope of a promontory that +sinks downward to the sea</i>: dat. pl. on næs-hleoðum, <a href="#li1428">1428</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnǣfre">nǣfre</a>, adv., <i>never</i>, <a href="#li247">247</a>, <a href="#li583">583</a>, <a href="#li592">592</a>, <a href="#li656">656</a>, <a href="#li719">719</a>, <a href="#li1042">1042</a>, <a href="#li1049">1049</a>, +etc.; also strengthened by ne: nǣfre ne, <a href="#li1461">1461</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgenǣgan">nǣgan</a>, w. v. w. acc. pers. and gen. of thing, <i>to attack, +press</i>; pret. pl. nīða genǣgdan nefan Hererīces (<i>in combats +pressed hard upon H.'s nephew</i>), <a href="#li2207">2207</a>; pret. part. wearð ... nīða +genǣged, <a href="#li1440">1440</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnǣnig">nǣnig</a> (from ne-ǣnig), pron., <i>not any, none, no</i>: 1) +substantively w. gen. pl.: nom. sg., <a href="#li157">157</a>, <a href="#li242">242</a>, <a href="#li692">692</a>; dat. sg. nǣnegum, +<a href="#li599">599</a>; gen. pl. nǣnigra, <a href="#li950">950</a>.—2) adjectively: nom. sg. ōðer nǣnig, <a href="#li860">860</a>; +nǣnig wæter, <a href="#li1515">1515</a>; nǣnig ... dēor, <a href="#li1934">1934</a>; acc. sg. nǣnigne ... +hord-māððum, <a href="#li1199">1199</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnǣre">nǣre</a>, from ne-wǣre (<i>were not, would not be</i>). See +<a class="glentry" href="#glwesan">wesan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glne">ne</a>, simple neg., <i>not</i>, <a href="#li38">38</a>, <a href="#li50">50</a>, <a href="#li80">80</a>, <a href="#li83">83</a>, <a href="#li109">109</a>, etc.; before +imper. ne sorga! <a href="#li1385">1385</a>; ne gȳm! <a href="#li1761">1761</a>, etc. Doubled =<i>certainly not, +not even that</i>: nē gē ... gearwe ne wisson (<i>ye certainly have +not known</i>, etc.), <a href="#li245">245</a>; so, <a href="#li863">863</a>; ne ic ... wihte ne wēne (<i>nor do +I at all in the least expect</i>), <a href="#li2923">2923</a>; so, <a href="#li182">182</a>. Strengthened by +other neg.: nōðer ... ne, <a href="#li2125">2125</a>; swā hē ne mihte nō ... (<i>so that he +absolutely could not</i>), <a href="#li1509">1509</a>.</p> + +<p>nē ... nē, <i>not ... and not, nor; neither ... nor</i>, <a href="#li154">154-157</a>, <a href="#li511">511</a>, +<a href="#li1083">1083-1085</a>, etc. Another neg. may supply the place of the first ne: so, +nō ... ne, <a href="#li575">575-577</a>, <a href="#li1026">1026-1028</a>, <a href="#li1393">1393-1395</a>, etc.; nǣfre ... ne, <a href="#li583">583-584</a>; +nalles ... nē, <a href="#li3016">3016-3017</a>. The neg. may be omitted the first time: ǣr +nē siððan (<i>neither before nor after, before nor since</i>), <a href="#li719">719</a>; +sūð nē norð (<i>south nor north</i>), <a href="#li859">859</a>; ādl nē yldo (<i>neither +illness nor old age</i>), <a href="#li1737">1737</a>; wordum nē worcum (<i>neither by word +nor deed</i>), <a href="#li1101">1101</a>; wiston and ne wēndon (<i>knew not and weened +not</i>), <a href="#li1605">1605</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnefa">nefa</a>, w. m., <i>nephew, grandson</i>: nom. sg. nefa +(<i>grandson</i>), <a href="#li1204">1204</a>; so, <a href="#li1963">1963</a>; (<i>nephew</i>), <a href="#li2171">2171</a>; acc. sg. +nefan (<i>nephew</i>), <a href="#li2207">2207</a>; dat. sg. nefan (<i>nephew</i>), <a href="#li882">882</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnefne">nefne, næfne, nemne</a> (orig. from ne-gif-ne): 1) subj.: a) with +depend. clause = <i>unless</i>: nefne him wītig god wyrd forstōde +(<i>if fate, the wise God, had not prevented him</i>), <a href="#li1057">1057</a>; nefne god +sylfa ... sealde (<i>unless God himself</i>, etc.), <a href="#li3055">3055</a>; næfne him his +wlite lēoge (MS. nǣfre) (<i>unless his face belie him</i>), <a href="#li250">250</a>; næfne +hē wæs māra (<i>except that he was huger</i>), <a href="#li1354">1354</a>; nemne him +heaðo-byrne helpe ge-fremede, <a href="#li1553">1553</a>; so, <a href="#li2655">2655</a>.—b) w. follow. +substantive = <i>except, save, only</i>: nefne sin-frēa (<i>except the +husband</i>), <a href="#li1935">1935</a>; ic lȳt hafo hēafod-māga nefne Hygelāc þec (<i>have +no near kin but thee</i>), <a href="#li2152">2152</a>; nis þæt ēower (gen. pl.) sīð ... +nefne mīn ānes, <a href="#li2534">2534</a>.—2) Prep. with dat., <i>except</i>: nemne fēaum +ānum, <a href="#li1082">1082</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgenehost">nehost</a>. See ge-<a class="glentry" href="#glgeneahhe">neahhe</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnelle">nelle</a>, from ne-wille (<i>I will not</i>). See <a class="glentry" href="#glwillan">willan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnemnan">nemnan</a>, w. v. w. acc.: 1) <i>to name, call</i>: pres. pl. þone +yldestan ōret-mecgas Bēowulf nemnað (<i>the warriors call the most +distinguished one Bēowulf</i>), <a href="#li364">364</a>; so inf. nemnan, <a href="#li2024">2024</a>; pret. pl. +nemdon, <a href="#li1355">1355</a>.—2) <i>to address</i>, as in</p> + +<p>be-nemnan, <i>to pronounce solemnly, put under a spell</i>: pret. sg. +Fin Hengeste ... āðum be-nemde þæt (<i>asserted, promised under oath +that</i> ...), <a href="#li1098">1098</a>; pret. pl. swā hit oð dōmes dæg dīope benemdon +þēodnas mǣre (<i>put under a curse</i>), <a href="#li3070">3070</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnemne">nemne</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glnefne">nefne</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnerian">nerian</a>, ge-<b>nerian</b>, w. v., <i>to save, rescue, +liberate</i>: pres. sg. Wyrd oft nereð unfǣgne eorl, <a href="#li573">573</a>; pret. part. +hæfde ... sele Hrōðgāres ge-nered wið nīðe (<i>saved from +hostility</i>), <a href="#li828">828</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgenesan">nesan</a>, st. v.: 1) intrans., <i>to remain over, be +preserved</i>: pret. sg. hrōf āna genæs ealles ansund (<i>the roof +alone was quite sound</i>), <a href="#li1000">1000</a>.—2) w. acc., <i>to endure +successfully, survive, escape from</i>: pret. sg. sē þā sæcce ge-næs, +<a href="#li1978">1978</a>; fela ic ... gūð-rǣsa ge-næs, <a href="#li2427">2427</a>; pret. part. swā hē nīða +gehwane genesen hæfde, <a href="#li2398">2398</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnet">net</a>, st. n., <i>net</i>: in comp. brēost-, here-, hring-, +inwit-, searo-net.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnēdla">nēdla</a>, w. m., <i>dire necessity, distress</i>: in comp. +þrēa-nēdla.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnēthan">nēðan</a> (G. nanþjan), w. v., <i>to venture, undertake boldly</i>: +pres. part. nearo nēðende (<i>encountering peril</i>), <a href="#li2351">2351</a>; pret. pl. +þǣr git ... on dēop water aldrum nēðdon (<i>where ye two risked your +lives in the deep water</i>), <a href="#li510">510</a>; so, <a href="#li538">538</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-nēðan, the same: inf. ne dorste under ȳða gewin aldre ge-nēðan, +<a href="#li1470">1470</a>. With depend. clause: nǣnig þæt dorste genēðan þæt (<i>none durst +undertake to</i> ...), <a href="#li1934">1934</a>; pret. sg. hē under hārne stān āna genēðde +frēcne dǣde (<i>he risked alone the bold deed, venturing under the +grey rock</i>), <a href="#li889">889</a>; (ic) wigge under wætere weorc genēðde earfoð-līce +(<i>I with difficulty stood the work under the water in battle</i>, +i.e. could hardly win the victory), <a href="#li1657">1657</a>; ic genēðde fela gūða +(<i>ventured on, risked, many contests</i>), <a href="#li2512">2512</a>; pres. pl. (of +majesty) wē ... frēcne genēðdon eafoð uncūðes (<i>we have boldly +risked, dared, the monster's power</i>), <a href="#li961">961</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnēh">nēh</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glnēah">nēah</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgeneahhe">neahhe</a>, adv., <i>enough, sufficiently</i>, <a href="#li784">784</a>, <a href="#li3153">3153</a>; +superl. genehost brægd eorl Bēowulfes ealde lāfe (<i>many an earl of +B.'s</i>), <a href="#li795">795</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnealles">nealles</a> (from ne-ealles), adv., <i>omnino non, not at all, by +no means</i>: nealles, <a href="#li2146">2146</a>, <a href="#li2168">2168</a>, <a href="#li2180">2180</a>, <a href="#li2223">2223</a>, <a href="#li2597">2597</a>, etc.; nallas, +<a href="#li1720">1720</a>, <a href="#li1750">1750</a>; nalles, <a href="#li338">338</a>, <a href="#li1019">1019</a>, <a href="#li1077">1077</a>, <a href="#li1443">1443</a>, <a href="#li2504">2504</a>, etc.; nalas, <a href="#li43">43</a>, +<a href="#li1494">1494</a>, <a href="#li1530">1530</a>, <a href="#li1538">1538</a>; nales, <a href="#li1812">1812</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnearo">nearo</a>, st. n., <i>strait, danger, distress</i>: acc. sg. nearo, +<a href="#li2351">2351</a>, <a href="#li2595">2595</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnearo">nearo</a>, adj., <i>narrow</i>: acc. pl. f. nearwe, <a href="#li1410">1410</a>.</p> + +<p>nearwe, adv., <i>narrowly</i>, <a href="#li977">977</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnearocræft">nearo-cræft</a>, st. m., <i>art of rendering difficult of access?, +inaccessibility</i> (see <a href="#li2214">2214</a> seqq.): instr. pl. nearo-cræftum, <a href="#li2244">2244</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnearofāh">nearo-fāh</a>, m., <i>foe that causes distress, war-foe</i>: gen. +sg. nearo-fāges, <a href="#li2318">2318</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnearothearf">nearo-þearf</a>, st. f., <i>dire need, distress</i>: acc. sg. +nearo-þearfe, <a href="#li422">422</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgenearwian">nearwian</a>, w. v., <i>to drive into a corner, press upon</i>: +pret. part. genearwod, <a href="#li1439">1439</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnēah">nēah, nēh</a>: 1) adj., <i>near, nigh</i>: nom. sg. nēah, <a href="#li1744">1744</a>, +<a href="#li2729">2729</a>. In superl. also = <i>last</i>: instr. sg. nȳhstan sīðe (<i>for +the last time</i>), <a href="#li1204">1204</a>; nīehstan sīðe, <a href="#li2512">2512</a>.</p> + +<p>2) adv., <i>near</i>: feor and (oððe) nēah, <a href="#li1222">1222</a>, <a href="#li2871">2871</a>; 3) prep, +sǣ-grunde nēah, <a href="#li564">564</a>; so, <a href="#li1925">1925</a>, <a href="#li2243">2243</a>; holm-wylme nēh, <a href="#li2412">2412</a>. Compar. +nēar, <a href="#li746">746</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnēan">nēan</a>, adv., <i>near by, (from) close at hand</i>, <a href="#li528">528</a>; (neon, +MS.), <a href="#li3105">3105</a>; feorran and nēan, <a href="#li840">840</a>; nēan and feorran, <a href="#li1175">1175</a>, <a href="#li2318">2318</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgenēat">nēat</a>, st. m., <i>comrade, companion</i>: in comp. bēod-, +heorð-genēat.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glniothor">nioðor</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glnither">niðer</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glneowol">neowol</a>, adj., <i>steep, precipitous</i>: acc. pl. neowle, <a href="#li1412">1412</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnēod">nēod</a>, st. f., <i>polite intercourse regulated by etiquette?, +hall-joy?</i>: acc. sg. nīode, <a href="#li2117">2117</a>; inst. (= <i>joy</i>), <a href="#li2216">2216</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnēodlathu">nēod-laðu</a>, st. f., <i>polite invitation; wish</i>: dat. sg. +æfter nēod-laðu (<i>according to his wishes</i>), <a href="#li1321">1321</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnēosan">nēosan, nēosian</a>, w. v. w. gen., <i>to seek out, look for; to +attack</i>: inf. nēosan, <a href="#li125">125</a>, <a href="#li1787">1787</a>, <a href="#li1792">1792</a>, <a href="#li1807">1807</a>, <a href="#li2075">2075</a>; nīosan, <a href="#li2389">2389</a>, +<a href="#li2672">2672</a>; nēosian, <a href="#li115">115</a>, <a href="#li1126">1126</a>; nīosian, <a href="#li3046">3046</a>; pret. sg. nīosade, <a href="#li2487">2487</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnēotan">nēotan</a>, st. v., <i>to take, accept</i>, w. gen.; <i>to use, +enjoy</i>: imper. sg. nēot, <a href="#li1218">1218</a>.</p> + +<p>be-nēotan, w. dat., <i>to rob, deprive of</i>: inf. hine aldre +be-nēotan, <a href="#li681">681</a>; pret. sg. cyning ealdre bi-nēat (<i>deprived the king +of life</i>), <a href="#li2397">2397</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnicor">nicor</a>, st. m., <i>sea-horse, walrus, sea-monster</i> (cf. Bugge +in Zacher's Journal, 4, 197): acc. pl. niceras, <a href="#li422">422</a>, <a href="#li575">575</a>; nicras, +<a href="#li1428">1428</a>; gen. pl. nicera, <a href="#li846">846</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnicorhūs">nicor-hūs</a>, st. n., <i>house</i> or <i>den of sea-monsters</i>: +gen. pl. nicor-hūsa, <a href="#li1412">1412</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnith">nið</a> st. m., <i>man, human being</i>: gen. pl. niðða, <a href="#li1006">1006</a>; +niða? (passage corrupt), <a href="#li2216">2216</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnither">niðer, nyðer, neoðor</a>, adv., <i>down, downward</i>: niðer, <a href="#li1361">1361</a>; +nioðor, <a href="#li2700">2700</a>; nyðer, <a href="#li3045">3045</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnithsele">nið-sele</a>, st. m., <i>hall, room, in the deep</i> (Grein): dat. +sg. [in] nið-sele nāt-hwylcum, <a href="#li1514">1514</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnigen">nigen</a>, num., <i>nine</i>: acc. nigene, <a href="#li575">575</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glniht">niht</a>, st. f. <i>night</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li115">115</a>, <a href="#li547">547</a>. <a href="#li650">650</a>, <a href="#li1321">1321</a>, <a href="#li2117">2117</a>; +acc. sg. niht, <a href="#li135">135</a>, <a href="#li737">737</a>, <a href="#li2939">2939</a>; gystran niht (<i>yester-night</i>), +<a href="#li1335">1335</a>; dat. sg. on niht, <a href="#li575">575</a>, <a href="#li684">684</a>; on wanre niht, <a href="#li703">703</a>; gen. sg. nihtes +hwīlum (<i>sometimes at night, in the hours of the night</i>), <a href="#li3045">3045</a>; +as adv. = <i>of a night, by night</i>, G. nachts, <a href="#li422">422</a>, <a href="#li2274">2274</a>; dæges and +nihtes, <a href="#li2270">2270</a>; acc. pl. seofon niht (<i>se'nnight, seven days</i>, cf. +Tac. Germ, 11), <a href="#li517">517</a>; dat. pl. sweartum nihtum, <a href="#li167">167</a>; deorcum nihtum, +<a href="#li275">275</a>, <a href="#li221">221</a>; gen. pl. nihta, <a href="#li545">545</a>, <a href="#li1366">1366</a>.—Comp.: middel-, sin-niht.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnihtbealu">niht-bealu</a>, st. n., <i>night-bale, destruction by night</i>: +gen. pl. niht-bealwa, <a href="#li193">193</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnihthelm">niht-helm</a>, st. m., <i>veil</i> or <i>canopy of night</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li1790">1790</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnihtlong">niht-long</a>, adj., <i>lasting through the night</i>: acc. sg. m. +niht-longne fyrst (<i>space of a night</i>), <a href="#li528">528</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnihtweorc">niht-weorc</a>, st. n., <i>night-work, deed done at night</i>: +instr. sg. niht-weorce, <a href="#li828">828</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glniman">niman</a>, st. v. w. acc.: 1) <i>to take, hold, seize, +undertake</i>: pret. sg. nam þā mid handa hige-þīhtigne rinc, <a href="#li747">747</a>; +pret. pl. wē . . . nīode nāman, <a href="#li2117">2117</a>.—2) <i>to take, take away, +deprive of</i>: pres. sg. sē þe hine dēað nimeð (<i>he whom death +carrieth off</i>), <a href="#li441">441</a>; so, <a href="#li447">447</a>; nymeð, <a href="#li1847">1847</a>; nymeð nȳd-bāde, <a href="#li599">599</a>; +subj. pres. gif mec hild nime, <a href="#li452">452</a>, <a href="#li1482">1482</a>; pret. sg. ind. nam on +Ongenþīo īren-byrnan, <a href="#li2987">2987</a>; ne nom hē ... māðm-ǣhta mā (<i>he took no +more of the rich treasures</i>), <a href="#li1613">1613</a>; pret. part. þā wæs ... sēo cwēn +numen (<i>the queen carried off</i>), <a href="#li1154">1154</a>.</p> + +<p>be-niman, <i>to deprive of</i>: pret. sg. oð þæt hine yldo benam +mægenes wynnum (<i>till age bereft him of joy in his strength</i>), +<a href="#li1887">1887</a>.</p> + +<p>for-niman, <i>to carry off</i>: pres. sg. þē þā dēað for-nam (<i>whom death +carried off</i>), <a href="#li488">488</a>; so, <a href="#li557">557</a>, <a href="#li696">696</a>, <a href="#li1081">1081</a>, <a href="#li1124">1124</a>, <a href="#li1206">1206</a>, <a href="#li1437">1437</a>, etc. Also, +dat. for acc.: pret. pl. him īrenna ecge fornāmon, <a href="#li2829">2829</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-niman: 1) <i>to take, seize</i>: pret. sg. (hine) be healse ge-nam +(<i>clasped him around the neck, embraced him</i>), <a href="#li1873">1873</a>.—2) <i>to +take, take away</i>: pret. on reste genam þrītig þegna, <a href="#li122">122</a>; hēo under +heolfre genam cūðe folme, <a href="#li1303">1303</a>; segn ēac genom, <a href="#li2777">2777</a>; þā mec sinca +baldor ... æt mīnum fæder genam (<i>took me at my father's hands, +adopted me</i>), <a href="#li2430">2430</a>; pret. part. genumen, <a href="#li3167">3167</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgenip">nip</a>, st. n., <i>darkness, mist, cloud</i>: acc. pl. under +næssa genipu, <a href="#li1361">1361</a>; ofer flōda genipu, <a href="#li2809">2809</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnis">nis</a>, from ne-is (<i>is not</i>): see <a class="glentry" href="#glwesan">wesan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnīwe">nīwe, nīowe</a>, adj., <i>new, novel; unheard-of</i>: nom. sg. swēg +up ā-stāg nīwe geneahhe (<i>a monstrous hubbub arose</i>), <a href="#li784">784</a>; beorh +... nīwe (<i>a newly-raised(?) grave-mound</i>), <a href="#li2244">2244</a>; acc. sg. nīwe +sibbe (<i>the new kinship</i>), <a href="#li950">950</a>; instr. sg. nīwan stefne +(properly, novā voce; here = de novo, iterum, <i>again</i>), <a href="#li2595">2595</a>; +nīowan stefne (<i>again</i>), <a href="#li1790">1790</a>; gen. pl. nīwra spella (<i>new +tidings</i>), <a href="#li2899">2899</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgenīwian">nīwian</a>, w. v., <i>to renew</i>: pret. part. ge-nīwod, <a href="#li1304">1304</a>, +<a href="#li1323">1323</a>; genīwad, <a href="#li2288">2288</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnīwtyrwed">nīw-tyrwed</a>, pret. part., <i>newly-tarred</i>: acc. sg. +nīw-tyrwedne (-tyrwydne, MS.) nacan, <a href="#li295">295</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnīth">nīð</a>, st. m., properly only <i>zeal, endeavor</i>; then +<i>hostile endeavor, hostility, battle, war</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2318">2318</a>; acc. sg. +nīð, <a href="#li184">184</a>, <a href="#li276">276</a>; Wedera nīð (<i>enmity against the W., the sorrows of the +Weders</i>), <a href="#li423">423</a>; dat. sg. wið (æt) nīðe, <a href="#li828">828</a>, <a href="#li2586">2586</a>; instr. nīðe, <a href="#li2681">2681</a>; +gen. pl. nīða, <a href="#li883">883</a>, <a href="#li2351">2351</a>, <a href="#li2398">2398</a>, etc.; also instr. = <i>by, in, battle</i>, +<a href="#li846">846</a>, <a href="#li1440">1440</a>, <a href="#li1963">1963</a>, <a href="#li2171">2171</a>, <a href="#li2207">2207</a>.—Comp.: bealo-, fǣr-, here-, hete-, inwit-, +searo-, wæl-nīð.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnīthdraca">nīð-draca</a>, w. m., <i>battle-dragon</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2274">2274</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnīthgast">nīð-gast</a>, st. m., <i>hostile alien, fell demon</i>: acc. sg. +þone nīð-gæst (<i>the dragon</i>), <a href="#li2700">2700</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnīthgeweorc">nīð-geweorc</a>, st. n., <i>work of enmity, deed of evil</i>: gen. +pl. -geweorca, <a href="#li684">684</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnīthgrim">nīð-grim</a>, adj., <i>furious in battle, savage</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li193">193</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnīthheard">nīð-heard</a>, adj., <i>valiant in war</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2418">2418</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnīthhȳdig">nīð-hȳdig</a>, adj., <i>eager for battle, valorous</i>: nom. pl. +nīð-hȳdige men, <a href="#li3167">3167</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgenīthla">nīðla</a>, w. m., <i>foe, persecutor, waylayer</i>: in comp. +ferhð-, feorh-genīðla.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnīthwundor">nīð-wundor</a>, st. n., <i>hostile wonder, strange marvel of +evil</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1366">1366</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnīpan">nīpan</a>, st. v., <i>to veil, cover over, obscure</i>; pres. part. +nīpende niht, <a href="#li547">547</a>, <a href="#li650">650</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnolde">nolde</a>, from ne-wolde (<i>would not</i>); see <a class="glentry" href="#glwillan">willan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnorth">norð</a>, adv., <i>northward</i>, <a href="#li859">859</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnorthan">norðan</a>, adv., <i>from the north</i>, <a href="#li547">547</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnose">nose</a>, w. f., <i>projection, cliff, cape</i>: dat. sg. of hlīðes +nosan, <a href="#li1893">1893</a>; æt brimes nosan, <a href="#li2804">2804</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnō">nō</a> (strengthened neg.), <i>not, not at all, by no means</i>, +<a href="#li136">136</a>, <a href="#li244">244</a>, <a href="#li587">587</a>, <a href="#li755">755</a>, <a href="#li842">842</a>, <a href="#li969">969</a>, <a href="#li1736">1736</a>, etc.; strengthened by following +ne, 459(?), <a href="#li1509">1509</a>; nō ... nō (<i>neither ... nor</i>), <a href="#li541">541-543</a>; so, +nō ... ne, <a href="#li168">168</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glne">ne</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnōther">nōðer</a> (from nā-hwæðer), neg., <i>and not, nor</i>, <a href="#li2125">2125</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgenōh">nōh</a>, adj., <i>sufficient, enough</i>: acc. sg. fǣhðo genōge, +<a href="#li2490">2490</a>; acc. pl. genōge ... bēagas, <a href="#li3105">3105</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnōn">nōn</a>, st. f., [Eng. <i>noon</i>], <i>ninth hour of the day, three +o'clock in the afternoon of our reckoning</i> (the day was reckoned +from six o'clock in the morning; cf. Bouterwek Scrēadunga, 24 +<i>2</i>: wē hātað ǣnne dæg fram sunnan upgange oð ǣfen): nom. sg. +nōn, <a href="#li1601">1601</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnū">nū</a>, adv.: l) <i>now, at present</i>, <a href="#li251">251</a>, <a href="#li254">254</a>, <a href="#li375">375</a>, <a href="#li395">395</a>, <a href="#li424">424</a>, +<a href="#li426">426</a>, <a href="#li489">489</a>, etc.: nū gȳt (<i>up to now, hitherto</i>), <a href="#li957">957</a>; nū gēn +(<i>now still, yet</i>), <a href="#li2860">2860</a>; (<i>now yet, still</i>), <a href="#li3169">3169</a>.—2) conj., +<i>since, inasmuch as</i>: nū þū lungre geong ... nū se wyrm ligeð +(<i>go now quickly, since the dragon lieth dead</i>), <a href="#li2746">2746</a>; so, <a href="#li2248">2248</a>; +þæt þū mē ne forwyrne ... nū ic þus feorran cōm (<i>that do not thou +refuse me, since I am come so far</i>), <a href="#li430">430</a>; so, <a href="#li1476">1476</a>; nū ic on māðma +hord mīne bebohte frōde feorh-lege, fremmað gē nū (<i>as I now..., so +do ye</i>), <a href="#li2800">2800</a>; so, <a href="#li3021">3021</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnymthe">nymðe</a>, conj. w. subj., <i>if not, unless</i>, <a href="#li782">782</a>; nymðe mec +god scylde (<i>if God had not shielded me</i>), <a href="#li1659">1659</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnyt">nyt</a>, st. f., <i>duty, service, office, employment</i>: acc. sg. +þegn nytte behēold (<i>did his duty</i>), <a href="#li494">494</a>; so, <a href="#li3119">3119</a>.—Comp.: +sund-, sundor-nyt.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnyt">nyt</a>, adj., <i>useful</i>: acc. pl. m. nytte, <a href="#li795">795</a>; comp. un-nyt.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="#glgenyttian">nyttian</a>, w. v., <i>to make use of, enjoy</i>: pret. part. +hæfde eorð-scrafa ende ge-nyttod (<i>had enjoyed, made use of</i>), +<a href="#li3047">3047</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnȳd">nȳd</a>, st. f., <i>force, necessity, need, pain</i>: acc. sg. þurh +dēaðes nȳd, <a href="#li2455">2455</a>; instr. sg. nȳde, <a href="#li1006">1006</a>. In comp. (like nȳd-maga, +consanguineus, in AEthelred's Laws, VI. 12, Schmid, p. 228; nēd-maga, +in Cnut's Laws, I. 7, ibid., p. 258); also, <i>tie of +blood.</i>—Comp. þrēa-nȳd.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgenȳdan">nȳdan</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to force, compel</i>: pret. part. nīðe +ge-nȳded (<i>forced by hostile power</i>), <a href="#li2681">2681</a>.—2) <i>to force +upon</i>: pret. part. acc. sg. f. nȳde genȳdde ... gearwe stōwe +(<i>the inevitable place prepared for each</i>, i.e. the bed of +death), <a href="#li1006">1006</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnȳdbād">nȳd-bād</a>, st. f., <i>forced pledge, pledge demanded by +force</i>: acc. pl. nȳd-bāde, <a href="#li599">599</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnȳdgestealla">nȳd-gestealla</a>, w. m., <i>comrade in need</i> or <i>united by +ties of blood</i>: nom. pl. nȳd-gesteallan, <a href="#li883">883</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnȳdgripe">nȳd-gripe</a>, st. m., <i>compelling grip</i>: dat. sg. in +nȳd-gripe (mid-gripe, MS.), <a href="#li977">977</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnȳdwracu">nȳd-wracu</a>, st. f., <i>distressful persecution, great +distress</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li193">193</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glnȳhst">nȳhst</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glnēah">nēah</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossO">O</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gloththe">oððe</a>, conj.: 1) <i>or; otherwise</i>, <a href="#li283">283</a>, <a href="#li437">437</a>, <a href="#li636">636</a>, <a href="#li638">638</a>, <a href="#li694">694</a>, +<a href="#li1492">1492</a>, <a href="#li1765">1765</a>, etc.—2) <i>and</i>(?), <i>till</i>(?), <a href="#li650">650</a>, <a href="#li2476">2476</a>, <a href="#li3007">3007</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glof">of</a>, prep. w. dat., <i>from, off from</i>: 1) <i>from some point +of view</i>: ge-seah of wealle (<i>from the wall</i>), <a href="#li229">229</a>; so, <a href="#li786">786</a>; +of hefene scīneð (<i>shineth from heaven</i>), <a href="#li1572">1572</a>; of hlīðes nosan +gæstas grētte (<i>from the cliff's projection</i>), <a href="#li1893">1893</a>; of þām lēoma +stōd (<i>from which light streamed</i>), <a href="#li2770">2770</a>; þǣr wæs māðma fela of +feorwegum ... gelǣded (<i>from distant lands</i>), <a href="#li37">37</a>; þā cōm of mōre +(<i>from the moor</i>), <a href="#li711">711</a>, <a href="#li922">922</a>.—2) <i>forth from, out of</i>: +hwearf of earde (<i>wandered from his home, died</i>), <a href="#li56">56</a>; so, <a href="#li265">265</a>, +<a href="#li855">855</a>, <a href="#li2472">2472</a>; þā ic of searwum cōm (<i>when I had escaped from the +persecutions of the foe</i>), <a href="#li419">419</a>; þā him Hrōðgār gewāt ... ūt of +healle (<i>out of the hall</i>), <a href="#li664">664</a>; so, <a href="#li2558">2558</a>, <a href="#li2516">2516</a>; <a href="#li1139">1139</a>, <a href="#li2084">2084</a>, +<a href="#li2744">2744</a>; wudu-rēc ā-stāh sweart of (ofer) swioðole (<i>black wood-reek +ascended from the smoking fire</i>), <a href="#li3145">3145</a>; (icge gold) ā-hæfen of +horde (<i>lifted from the hoard</i>), <a href="#li1109">1109</a>; lēt þā of brēostum ... +word ūt faran (<i>from his breast</i>), <a href="#li2551">2551</a>; dyde ... helm of hafelan +(<i>doffed his helmet</i>), <a href="#li673">673</a>; so, <a href="#li1130">1130</a>; sealdon wīn of wunder-fatum +(<i>presented wine from wondrous vessels</i>), <a href="#li1163">1163</a>; siððan hyne +Hæðcyn of horn-bogan ... flāne geswencte (<i>with an arrow shot from +the horned bow</i>), <a href="#li2438">2438</a>; so, <a href="#li1434">1434</a>. Prep. postponed: þā hē him of +dyde īsern-byrnan (<i>doffed his iron corselet</i>), <a href="#li672">672</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glofer">ofer</a>, prep. w. dat. and acc., <i>over, above</i>: 1) w. dat, +<i>over</i> (rest, locality): Wīglāf siteð ofer Bīowulfe, <a href="#li2908">2908</a>; ofer +æðelinge, <a href="#li1245">1245</a>; ofer eorðan, <a href="#li248">248</a>, <a href="#li803">803</a>, <a href="#li2008">2008</a>; ofer wer-þēode (<i>over +the earth, among mankind</i>), <a href="#li900">900</a>; ofer ȳðum, <a href="#li1908">1908</a>; ofer hron-rāde +(<i>over the sea</i>), <a href="#li10">10</a>; so, <a href="#li304">304</a>, <a href="#li1287">1287</a>, <a href="#li1290">1290</a>, etc.; ofer ealowǣge +(<i>over the beer-cup, drinking</i>), <a href="#li481">481</a>.—2) w. acc. of motion: a) +<i>over</i> (local): ofer ȳðe (<i>over the waves</i>), <a href="#li46">46</a>, <a href="#li1910">1910</a>; ofer +swan-rāde (<i>over the swan-road, the sea</i>), <a href="#li200">200</a>; ofer wǣgholm, +<a href="#li217">217</a>; ofer geofenes be-gang, <a href="#li362">362</a>; so, <a href="#li239">239</a>, <a href="#li240">240</a>, <a href="#li297">297</a>, <a href="#li393">393</a>, <a href="#li464">464</a>, <a href="#li471">471</a>, +etc.; ofer bolcan (<i>over the gangway</i>), <a href="#li231">231</a>; ofer landa fela +(<i>over many lands</i>), <a href="#li311">311</a>; so, <a href="#li1405">1405</a>, <a href="#li1406">1406</a>; ofer hēahne hrōf +(<i>along upon (under?) the high roof</i>), <a href="#li984">984</a>; ofer eormen-grund +(<i>over the whole earth</i>), <a href="#li860">860</a>; ofer ealle (<i>over all, on all +sides</i>), <a href="#li2900">2900</a>, <a href="#li650">650</a>; so, <a href="#li1718">1718</a>;—<a href="#li606">606</a>, <a href="#li900">900</a>, <a href="#li1706">1706</a>; ofer borda gebræc +(<i>over, above, the crashing of shields</i>), <a href="#li2260">2260</a>; ofer bord-(scild) +weall, <a href="#li2981">2981</a>, <a href="#li3119">3119</a>. Temporal: ofer þā niht (<i>through the night, by +night</i>), <a href="#li737">737</a>. b) w. verbs of saying, speaking, <i>about, of, +concerning</i>: hē ofer benne spræc, <a href="#li2725">2725</a>. c) <i>beyond, over</i>: +ofer mīn ge-met (<i>beyond my power</i>), <a href="#li2880">2880</a>;—hence, <i>against, +contrary to</i>: hē ofer willan gīong (<i>went against his will</i>), +<a href="#li2410">2410</a>; ofer ealde riht (<i>against the ancient laws</i>, i.e. the ten +commandments), <a href="#li2331">2331</a>;—also, <i>without</i>: wīg ofer wǣpen (<i>war +sans, dispensing with, weapons</i>), <a href="#li686">686</a>;—temporal = <i>after</i>: +ofer eald-gewin (<i>after long, ancient, suffering</i>), <a href="#li1782">1782</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gloferhygd">ofer-hygd</a>, st. n., <i>arrogance, pride, conceit</i>: gen. pl. +ofer-hygda, <a href="#li1741">1741</a>; ofer-hȳda, <a href="#li1761">1761</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glofermāthum">ofer-māðum</a>, st. m., <i>very rich treasure</i>: dat. pl. +ofer-māðmum, <a href="#li2994">2994</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glofermægen">ofer-mægen</a>, st. n., <i>over-might, superior numbers</i>: dat. +sg. mid ofer-mægene, <a href="#li2918">2918</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gloferthearf">ofer-þearf</a>, st. f., <i>dire distress, need</i>: dat. sg. [for +ofer] þea[rfe], <a href="#li2227">2227</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gloft">oft</a>, adv., <i>often</i>, <a href="#li4">4</a>, <a href="#li165">165</a>, <a href="#li444">444</a>, <a href="#li572">572</a>, <a href="#li858">858</a>, <a href="#li908">908</a>, <a href="#li1066">1066</a>, +<a href="#li1239">1239</a>, etc.; oft [nō] seldan, <a href="#li2030">2030</a>; oft nalles ǣne, <a href="#li3020">3020</a>; so, <a href="#li1248">1248</a>, +<a href="#li1888">1888</a>. Compar. oftor, <a href="#li1580">1580</a>. Superl. oftost, <a href="#li1664">1664</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glom">om-, on-</a>. see <a class="glentry" href="#glam">am-, an-</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glombiht">ombiht</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glambiht">ambiht</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gloncer">oncer</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glancer">ancer</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glond">ond</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gland">and</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glonsȳn">onsȳn</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glansȳn">ansȳn</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glon">on</a>, prep. w. dat. and acc., signifying primarily <i>touching on, +contact with</i>: I. local, w. dat.: a) <i>on, upon, in at</i> (of exterior +surface): on hēah-stede (<i>in the high place</i>), <a href="#li285">285</a>; on mīnre ēðel-tyrf +(<i>in my native place</i>), <a href="#li410">410</a>; on þǣm meðel-stede, <a href="#li1083">1083</a>; so, <a href="#li2004">2004</a>; on +þām holmclife, <a href="#li1422">1422</a>; so, <a href="#li1428">1428</a>; on foldan (<i>on earth</i>), <a href="#li1197">1197</a>; so, <a href="#li1533">1533</a>, +<a href="#li2997">2997</a>; on þǣre medu-bence (<i>on the mead-bench</i>), <a href="#li1053">1053</a>; beornas on +blancum (<i>the heroes on the dapple-greys</i>), <a href="#li857">857</a>, etc.; on ræste (<i>in +bed</i>), <a href="#li1299">1299</a>; on stapole (<i>at, near, the pillar</i>), <a href="#li927">927</a>; on wealle, +<a href="#li892">892</a>; on wāge (<i>on the wall</i>), <a href="#li1663">1663</a>; on þǣm wæl-stenge (<i>on the +battle-lance</i>), <a href="#li1639">1639</a>; on eaxle (<i>on his shoulder</i>), <a href="#li817">817</a>, <a href="#li1548">1548</a>; on +bearme, <a href="#li40">40</a>; on brēostum, <a href="#li552">552</a>; on hafelan, <a href="#li1522">1522</a>; on handa (<i>in his +hand</i>), <a href="#li495">495</a>, <a href="#li540">540</a>; so, <a href="#li555">555</a>, <a href="#li766">766</a>; on him byrne scān (<i>on him shone the +corselet</i>), <a href="#li405">405</a>; on ōre (<i>at the front</i>), <a href="#li1042">1042</a>; on corðre (<i>at +the head of, among, his troop</i>), <a href="#li1154">1154</a>; scip on ancre (<i>the ship at +anchor</i>), <a href="#li303">303</a>; þæt hē on heoðe ge-stōd (<i>until he stood in the +hall</i>), <a href="#li404">404</a>; on fæder stǣle (<i>in a father's place</i>), <a href="#li1480">1480</a>; on ȳðum +(<i>on the waves, in the water</i>), <a href="#li210">210</a>, <a href="#li421">421</a>, <a href="#li534">534</a>, <a href="#li1438">1438</a>; on holme, <a href="#li543">543</a>; on +ēg-strēamum, <a href="#li577">577</a>; on segl-rāde, <a href="#li1438">1438</a>, etc.; on flōde, <a href="#li1367">1367</a>. The prep. +postponed: Frēslondum on, <a href="#li2358">2358</a>.—b) <i>in, inside of</i> (of inside +surface): secg on searwum (<i>a champion in armor</i>), <a href="#li249">249</a>; so, <a href="#li963">963</a>; on +wīg-geatwum, <a href="#li368">368</a>; (reced) on þǣm se rīca bād (<i>in which the mighty one +abode</i>), <a href="#li310">310</a>; on Heorote (<i>in Heorot</i>), <a href="#li475">475</a>, <a href="#li497">497</a>, <a href="#li594">594</a>, <a href="#li1303">1303</a>; on +bēor-sele, <a href="#li492">492</a>, <a href="#li1095">1095</a>; on healle, <a href="#li615">615</a>, <a href="#li643">643</a>; so, <a href="#li639">639</a>, <a href="#li1017">1017</a>, <a href="#li1026">1026</a>, etc.; on +burgum (<i>in the cities, boroughs</i>), <a href="#li53">53</a>; on helle, <a href="#li101">101</a>; on sefan mīnum +(<i>in my mind</i>), <a href="#li473">473</a>; on mōde, <a href="#li754">754</a>; so, <a href="#li755">755</a>, <a href="#li949">949</a>, <a href="#li1343">1343</a>, <a href="#li1719">1719</a>, etc.; on +aldre (<i>in his vitals</i>), <a href="#li1435">1435</a>; on middan (in medio), <a href="#li2706">2706</a>.—c) +<i>among, amid</i>: on searwum (<i>among the arms</i>), <a href="#li1558">1558</a>; on gemonge +(<i>among the troop</i>), <a href="#li1644">1644</a>; on þām lēod-scipe (<i>among the +people</i>), <a href="#li2198">2198</a>; nymðe līges fæðm swulge on swaðule (<i>unless the +embracing flame should swallow it in smoke</i>), <a href="#li783">783</a>;—<i>in, with, touched +by, possessing something</i>: þā wæs on sālum sinces brytta (<i>then was +the dispenser of treasure in joy</i>), <a href="#li608">608</a>; so, <a href="#li644">644</a>, <a href="#li2015">2015</a>; wæs on hrēon +mōde, <a href="#li1308">1308</a>; on sweofote (<i>in sleep</i>), <a href="#li1582">1582</a>, <a href="#li2296">2296</a>; hēo wæs on ofste +(<i>she was in haste</i>), <a href="#li1293">1293</a>; so, <a href="#li1736">1736</a>, <a href="#li1870">1870</a>; þā wæs on blōde brim +weallende (<i>there was the flood billowing in, with, blood</i>), <a href="#li848">848</a>; (hē) +wæs on sunde (<i>was a-swimming</i>), <a href="#li1619">1619</a>; wæs tō fore-mihtig fēond on +fēðe (<i>too powerful in speed</i>), <a href="#li971">971</a>; þǣr wæs swīgra secg ... on +gylpsprǣce (<i>there was the champion more silent in his boasting +speech</i>), <a href="#li982">982</a>;—<i>in; full of, representing, something</i>: on weres +wæstmum (<i>in man's form</i>), <a href="#li1353">1353</a>.—d) <i>attaching to</i>, hence +<i>proceeding from; from something</i>: ge-hȳrde on Bēowulfe fæst-rǣdne +ge-þōht (<i>heard in, from, B. the fixed resolve</i>), <a href="#li610">610</a>; þæt hē ne mētte +... on elran men mund-gripe māran, <a href="#li753">753</a>;—hence, with verbs of taking: on +ræste genam (<i>took from his bed</i>), <a href="#li122">122</a>; so, <a href="#li748">748</a>, <a href="#li2987">2987</a>; hit ǣr on þē +gōde be-geāton (<i>took it before from thee</i>), <a href="#li2249">2249</a>.—e) <i>with</i>: +swā hit lungre wearð on hyra sinc-gifan sāre ge-endod (<i>as it, too, soon +painfully came to an end with the dispenser of treasure</i>), <a href="#li2312">2312</a>.—f) +<i>by</i>: mæg þonne on þǣm golde ongitan Gēata dryhten (<i>the lord of the +Geatas may perceive by the gold</i>), <a href="#li1485">1485</a>.—g) +<i>to</i>, after weorðan: þæt hē on fylle wearð (<i>that he came to a +fall</i>), <a href="#li1545">1545</a>.</p> + +<p>With acc.: a) w. verbs of moving, doing, giving, seeing, etc., <i>up to, +on, upon, in</i>: ā-lēdon þā lēofne þēoden ... on bearm scipes, <a href="#li35">35</a>; on +stefn (on wang) stigon, <a href="#li212">212</a>, <a href="#li225">225</a>; þā him mid scoldon on flōdes ǣht feor +ge-wītan, <a href="#li42">42</a>; sē þe wið Brecan wunne on sīdne sǣ (<i>who strovest in a +swimming-match with B. on the broad sea</i>), <a href="#li507">507</a>, cf. <a href="#li516">516</a>; þæt ic on holma +ge-þring eorlscipe efnde (<i>that I should venture on the sea to do valiant +deeds</i>), <a href="#li2133">2133</a>; on fēonda geweald sīðian, <a href="#li809">809</a>; þāra þe on swylc starað, +<a href="#li997">997</a>; so, <a href="#li1781">1781</a>; on lufan lǣteð hworfan (<i>lets him turn his thoughts to +love?, to possessions?</i>), <a href="#li1729">1729</a>; him on mōd bearn (<i>came into his mind, +occurred to him</i>), <a href="#li67">67</a>; rǣsde on þone rōfan (<i>rushed on the powerful +one</i>), <a href="#li2691">2691</a>; (cwōm) on worðig (<i>came into the palace</i>), <a href="#li1973">1973</a>; so, +<a href="#li27">27</a>, <a href="#li242">242</a>, <a href="#li253">253</a>, <a href="#li512">512</a>, <a href="#li539">539</a>, <a href="#li580">580</a>, <a href="#li677">677</a>, <a href="#li726">726</a>, etc.; on weg (<i>away</i>), <a href="#li764">764</a>, +<a href="#li845">845</a>, <a href="#li1383">1383</a>, <a href="#li1431">1431</a>, <a href="#li2097">2097</a>.—b) <i>towards, on</i>: gōde gewyrcean ... on fæder +wine (pl.), <a href="#li21">21</a>.—c) aim or object, <i>to, for the object, for, as, in, +on</i>: on þearfe (<i>in his need, in his strait</i>), <a href="#li1457">1457</a>; so, on hyra +man-dryhtnes miclan þearfe, <a href="#li2850">2850</a>; wrāðum on andan (<i>as a terror to the +foe</i>), <a href="#li709">709</a>; Hrōðgār maðelode him on andsware (<i>said to him in +reply</i>), <a href="#li1841">1841</a>; betst beado-rinca wæs on bǣl gearu (<i>on the pyre +ready</i>), <a href="#li1110">1110</a>; wīg-heafolan bær frēan on fultum (<i>for help</i>), <a href="#li2663">2663</a>; +wearð on bīd wrecen (<i>forced to wait</i>), <a href="#li2963">2963</a>.—d) ground, reason, +<i>according to, in conformity with</i>: rodera rǣdend hit on ryht gescēd +(<i>decided it in accordance with right</i>), <a href="#li1556">1556</a>; nē mē swōr fela āða on +unriht (<i>swore no oaths unjustly, falsely</i>), <a href="#li2740">2740</a>; on spēd +(<i>skilfully</i>), <a href="#li874">874</a>; nallas on gylp seleð fǣtte bēagas (<i>giveth no +gold-wrought rings as he promised</i>), <a href="#li1750">1750</a>; on sīnne selfes dōm +(<i>boastingly, at his own will</i>), <a href="#li2148">2148</a>; him eal worold wendeð on willan +(<i>according to his will</i>), <a href="#li1740">1740</a>.—e) w. verbs of buying, <i>for, in +exchange for</i>: mē ic on māðma hord mīne be-bohte frōde feorh-lege +(<i>for the hoard of jewels</i>), <a href="#li2800">2800</a>.—f) <i>of, as to</i>: ic on +Higelāce wāt, Gēata dryhten (<i>I know with respect to, as to, of, H.</i>), +<a href="#li1831">1831</a>; so, <a href="#li2651">2651</a>; þæt hēo on ǣnigne eorl ge-lȳfde fyrena frōfre (<i>that she +should rely on any earl for help out of trouble</i>), <a href="#li628">628</a>; þā hīe +ge-truwedon on twā healfa (<i>on both sides, mutually</i>), <a href="#li1096">1096</a>; so, <a href="#li2064">2064</a>; +þæt þū him ondrǣdan ne þearft ... on þā healfe (<i>from, on this side</i>), +<a href="#li1676">1676</a>.—g) after superlatives or virtual superlatives = +<i>among</i>: næs ... sinc-māððum sēlra (= þæt wæs sinc-māðma sēlest) +on sweordes hād (<i>there was no better jewel in sword's shape</i>, +i.e. among all swords there was none better), <a href="#li2194">2194</a>; sē wæs Hrōðgāre +hæleða lēofost on ge-sīðes hād (<i>dearest of men as, in the character +of, follower</i>, etc.), <a href="#li1298">1298</a>.</p> + +<p>II. Of time: a) w. dat., <i>in, inside of, during, at</i>: on fyrste +(<i>in time, within the time appointed</i>), <a href="#li76">76</a>; on ūhtan (<i>at +dawn</i>), <a href="#li126">126</a>; on mergenne (<i>at morn, on the morrow</i>), <a href="#li565">565</a>, +<a href="#li2940">2940</a>; on niht, <a href="#li575">575</a>; on wanre niht, <a href="#li703">703</a>; on tȳn dagum, <a href="#li3161">3161</a>; so, <a href="#li197">197</a>, +<a href="#li719">719</a>, <a href="#li791">791</a>, <a href="#li1063">1063</a>, etc.; on geogoðe (<i>in youth</i>), <a href="#li409">409</a>, <a href="#li466">466</a>; on +geogoð-fēore, <a href="#li537">537</a>; so, <a href="#li1844">1844</a>; on orlege (<i>in, during, battle</i>), +<a href="#li1327">1327</a>; hū lomp ēow on lāde (<i>on the way</i>), <a href="#li1988">1988</a>; on gange (<i>in +going, en route</i>), <a href="#li1885">1885</a>; on sweofote (<i>in sleep</i>), <a href="#li1582">1582</a>.—b) +w. acc., <i>towards, about</i>: on undern-mǣl (<i>in the morning, +about midday</i>), <a href="#li1429">1429</a>; on morgen-tīd, <a href="#li484">484</a>, <a href="#li518">518</a>; on morgen, <a href="#li838">838</a>; on +ende-stæf (<i>toward the end, at last</i>), <a href="#li1754">1754</a>; oftor micle þonne on +ǣnne sīð (<i>far oftener than once</i>), <a href="#li1580">1580</a>.</p> + +<p>III. With particles: him on efn (<i>beside, alongside of, him</i>), +<a href="#li2904">2904</a>; on innan (<i>inside, within</i>), <a href="#li71">71</a>, <a href="#li1741">1741</a>, <a href="#li1969">1969</a>, <a href="#li2453">2453</a>, <a href="#li2716">2716</a>; +þǣr on innan (<i>in there</i>), <a href="#li2090">2090</a>, <a href="#li2215">2215</a>, <a href="#li2245">2245</a>. With the relative þē +often separated from its case: þē ic hēr on starie (<i>that I here +look on, at</i>), <a href="#li2797">2797</a>; þē gē þǣr on standað (<i>that ye there stand +in</i>), <a href="#li2867">2867</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gloncȳth">on-cȳð</a> (cf. Dietrich in Haupt's Zeits. XI., 412), st. f., +<i>pain, suffering</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1421">1421</a>; acc. sg. or pl. on-cȳððe, <a href="#li831">831</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glondrysne">on-drysne</a>, adj., <i>frightful, terrible</i>: acc. sg. firen +on-drysne, <a href="#li1933">1933</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glōnettan">ōnettan</a> (for <b>anettan</b>, from root an-, Goth. inf. anan, +<i>to breathe, pant</i>), w. v., <i>to hasten</i>: pret. pl. ōnetton, +<a href="#li306">306</a>, <a href="#li1804">1804</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glonlīcnes">on-līcnes</a>, st. f., <i>likeness, form, figure</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li1352">1352</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glonmēdla">on-mēdla</a>, w. m., <i>pride, arrogance</i>: dat. sg. for +on-mēdlan, <a href="#li2927">2927</a>. Cf. Bugge in Zacher's Zeits. 4, 218 seqq.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glonsǣge">on-sǣge</a>, adj., <i>tending to fall, fatal</i>: nom. sg. þā wæs +Hondscīo (dat.) hild on-sǣge, <a href="#li2077">2077</a>; Hæðcynne wearð ... gūð on-sǣge, +<a href="#li2484">2484</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glonweald">on-weald</a>, st. m., <i>power, authority</i>: acc. sg. (him) bēga +ge-hwæðres ... onweald ge-tēah (<i>gave him power over, possession of, +both</i>), <a href="#li1044">1044</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glopen">open</a>, adj., <i>open</i>: acc. sg. hord-wynne fond ... opene +standan, <a href="#li2272">2272</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glopenian">openian</a>, w. v., <i>to open</i>, w. acc.: inf. openian, <a href="#li3057">3057</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glorc">orc</a> (O.S. orc, Goth. aúrkei-s), st. m., <i>crock, vessel, can +</i>: nom. pl. orcas, <a href="#li3048">3048</a>; acc. pl. orcas, <a href="#li2761">2761</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glorcnē">orcnē</a>, st. m., <i>sea-monster</i>: nom. pl. orcnēas, <a href="#li112">112</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glord">ord</a>, st. n. <i>point</i>: nom. sg. oð þæt wordes ord +brēost-hord þurh-bræc (<i>till the word-point broke through his +breast-hoard, came to utterance</i>), <a href="#li2792">2792</a>; acc. sg. ord +(<i>sword-point</i>), <a href="#li1550">1550</a>; dat. instr. orde (id.), <a href="#li556">556</a>; on orde +(<i>at the head of, in front</i> [of a troop]), <a href="#li2499">2499</a>, <a href="#li3126">3126</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glordfruma">ord-fruma</a>, w. m., <i>head lord, high prince</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li263">263</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gloretmecg">ōret-mecg</a>, st. m., <i>champion, warrior, military retainer</i>: +nom. pl. ōret-mecgas, <a href="#li363">363</a>, <a href="#li481">481</a>; acc. pl. ōret-mecgas, <a href="#li332">332</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gloretta">ōretta</a>, w. m., <i>champion, fighter, hero</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1533">1533</a>, +<a href="#li2539">2539</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glorleg">or-leg</a>, st. n., <i>war, battle</i>: dat. sg. on orlege, <a href="#li1327">1327</a>; +gen. sg. or-leges, <a href="#li2408">2408</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glorleghwīl">or-leg-hwīl</a>, st. f., <i>time of battle, war-time</i>: nom. sg. +[or-leg]-hwīl, <a href="#li2003">2003</a>; gen. sg. orleg-hwīle, <a href="#li2912">2912</a>; gen. pl orleg-hwīla, +<a href="#li2428">2428</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glorleahtre">or-leahtre</a>, adj., <i>blameless</i>: nom. sg <a href="#li1887">1887</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glorthanc">or-þanc</a> (cf. Gloss. Aldhelm. mid or-þance = argumento in Haupt +XI., 436; orþancum = machinamentis, <i>ibid.</i> <a href="#li477">477</a>; or-þanc-scipe = +mechanica, <a href="#li479">479</a>, st. m., <i>mechanical art, skill</i>: instr. pl. +or-þoncum, <a href="#li2088">2088</a>; smiðes or-þancum, <a href="#li406">406</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glorwēna">or-wēna</a>, adj. (weak form), <i>hopeless, despairing</i>, w. +gen.: aldres or-wēna (<i>hopeless of life</i>), <a href="#li1003">1003</a>, <a href="#li1566">1566</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glorwearde">or-wearde</a>, adj., <i>unguarded, without watch</i> or +<i>guard</i>: adv., <a href="#li3128">3128</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gloruth">oruð</a>, st. n., <i>breath, snorting</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2558">2558</a>; dat. +oreðe, <a href="#li2840">2840</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossOl">Ō</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gloth">oð</a> (Goth. und, O.H.G. unt, unz): 1) prep. w. acc., <i>to, till, +up to</i>, only temporal: oð þone ānne dæg, <a href="#li2400">2400</a>; oð dōmes dæg, <a href="#li3070">3070</a>; +ō woruld-ende, <a href="#li3084">3084</a>.—2) oð þæt, conj. w. depend, indicative clause, +<i>till, until</i>, <a href="#li9">9</a>, <a href="#li56">56</a>, <a href="#li66">66</a>, <a href="#li100">100</a>, <a href="#li145">145</a>. <a href="#li219">219</a>, <a href="#li296">296</a>, <a href="#li307">307</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glōther">ōðer</a> (Goth. anþar), num.: 1) <i>one or other of two, a +second</i>, = alter: nom. sg. subs.: se ōðer, <a href="#li2062">2062</a>; ōðer(<i>one</i> +i.e. of my blood-relations, Hæðcyn and Hygelāc), <a href="#li2482">2482</a>; ōðer ... ōðer +(<i>the one ... the other</i>), <a href="#li1350">1350-1352</a>. Adj.: ōðer ... mihtig +mān-sceaða (<i>the second mighty, fell foe</i>, referring to <a href="#li1350">1350</a>, +<a href="#li1339">1339</a>; se ōðer ... hæle, <a href="#li1816">1816</a>; fem. niht ōðer, <a href="#li2118">2118</a>; neut. ōðer geār +(<i>the next, second, year</i>), <a href="#li1134">1134</a>; acc. sg. m. ōðerne, <a href="#li653">653</a>, <a href="#li1861">1861</a>, +<a href="#li2441">2441</a>, <a href="#li2485">2485</a>; þenden rēafode rinc ōðerne(<i>whilst one warrior robbed +the other</i>, i.e. Eofor robbed Ongenþēow), <a href="#li2986">2986</a>; neut. ōðer +swylc(<i>another such, an equal number</i>), <a href="#li1584">1584</a>; instr. sg. +ōðre sīðe (<i>for the second time, again</i>), <a href="#li2671">2671</a>, <a href="#li3102">3102</a>; dat. sg. +ōðrum, <a href="#li815">815</a>, <a href="#li1030">1030</a>, <a href="#li1166">1166</a>, <a href="#li1229">1229</a>, <a href="#li1472">1472</a>, <a href="#li2168">2168</a>, <a href="#li2172">2172</a>, etc.; gen. sg. m. +ōðres dōgores, <a href="#li219">219</a>, <a href="#li606">606</a>; neut. ōðres, <a href="#li1875">1875</a>.—2) <i>another, a +different one</i>, = alius: nom. sg., subs. ōðer, <a href="#li1756">1756</a>; ōðer nǣnig +(<i>no other</i>), <a href="#li860">860</a>. Adj.: ǣnig ōðer man, <a href="#li503">503</a>, <a href="#li534">534</a>; so, <a href="#li1561">1561</a>; ōðer +in (<i>a different house</i> or <i>room</i>), <a href="#li1301">1301</a>; acc. sg. ōðer +flet, <a href="#li1087">1087</a>; gen. sg. ōðres ... yrfe-weardes, <a href="#li2452">2452</a>; acc. pl. ealo +drincende ōðer sǣdan (<i>ale drinkers said other things</i>), <a href="#li1946">1946</a>; +acc. pl. neut. word ōðer, <a href="#li871">871</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glōfer">ōfer</a>, st. m., <i>shore</i>: dat. sg. on ōfre, <a href="#li1372">1372</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glofost">ofost</a>, st. f., <i>haste</i>: nom. sg. ofost is sēlest tō +gecȳðanne (<i>haste is best to make known, best to say at once</i>), +<a href="#li256">256</a>; so, <a href="#li3008">3008</a>; dat. sg. bēo þū on ofeste (ofoste) (<i>be in haste, +hasten</i>), <a href="#li386">386</a>, <a href="#li2748">2748</a>; on ofste, <a href="#li1293">1293</a>; on ofoste, <a href="#li2784">2784</a>, <a href="#li3091">3091</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glofostlīce">ofost-līce</a>, adv., <i>in haste, speedily</i>, <a href="#li3131">3131</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glōhwǣr">ō-hwǣr</a>, adv., <i>anywhere</i>, <a href="#li1738">1738</a>, <a href="#li2871">2871</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glōmig">ōmig</a>, adj., <i>rusty</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2764">2764</a>; nom. pl. ōmige, <a href="#li3050">3050</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glōr">ōr</a>, st. n., <i>beginning, origin; front</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1689">1689</a>; +acc. sg., <a href="#li2408">2408</a>; dat. sg. on ōre, <a href="#li1042">1042</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glōwiht">ō-wiht</a>, <i>anything, aught</i>: instr. sg. ō-wihte (<i>in any +way</i>), <a href="#li1823">1823</a>, <a href="#li2433">2433</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossP">P</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glpād">pād</a>, st. f., <i>dress</i>; in comp. here-pād.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glpæth">pæð</a>, st. m., <i>path, road, way</i>; in comp. ān-pæð.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glplega">plega</a>, w. m., <i>play, emulous contest</i>; lind-plega, <a href="#li1074">1074</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossR">R</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrathe">raðe</a>, adv., <i>quickly, immediately</i>, <a href="#li725">725</a>, Cf. <a class="glentry" href="#glhrāthe">hrāðe</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrand">rand, rond</a>, st. m., <i>shield</i>: acc. sg, rand, <a href="#li683">683</a>; rond, +<a href="#li657">657</a>, <a href="#li2567">2567</a>, <a href="#li2610">2610</a>; dat. ronde (rond, MS.), <a href="#li2674">2674</a>; under rande, <a href="#li1210">1210</a>; bī +ronde, <a href="#li2539">2539</a>; acc. pl. randas, <a href="#li231">231</a>; rondas, <a href="#li326">326</a>, <a href="#li2654">2654</a>.—Comp.: bord-, +hilde-, sīd-rand.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrandhæbbend">rand-hæbbend</a>, pres. part., <i>shield-bearer</i>, i.e. <i>man at +arms, warrior</i>: gen. pl. rond-hæbbendra, <a href="#li862">862</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrandwiga">rand-wiga</a>, w. m., <i>shield-warrior, shield-bearing +warrior</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1299">1299</a>; acc. sg. rand-wigan, <a href="#li1794">1794</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrād">rād</a>, st. f., <i>road, street</i>; in comp. hran-, segl-, +swan-rād.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgerād">rād</a>, adj., <i>clever, skilful, ready</i>: acc. pl. neut. +ge-rāde, <a href="#li874">874</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrāp">rāp</a>, st. m., <i>rope, bond, fetter</i>: in comp. wæl-rāp.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrāsian">rāsian</a>, w. v., <i>to find, discover</i>: pret. part. þā wæs +hord rāsod, <a href="#li2284">2284</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glræst">ræst</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glrest">rest</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrǣcan">rǣcan</a>, w. v., <i>to reach, reach after</i>: pret. sg. rǣhte +ongēan fēond mid folme (<i>reached out his hand toward the foe</i>), +<a href="#li748">748</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-rǣcan, <i>to attain, strike, attack</i>: pret. sg. hyne ... wǣpne +ge-rǣhte (<i>struck him with his sword</i>), <a href="#li2966">2966</a>; so, <a href="#li556">556</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrǣd">rǣd</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>advice, counsel, resolution; good counsel, +help</i>: nom. sg. nū is rǣd gelong eft æt þē ānum (<i>now is help to +be found with thee alone</i>), <a href="#li1377">1377</a>; acc. sg. rǣd, <a href="#li172">172</a>, <a href="#li278">278</a>, <a href="#li3081">3081</a>.—2) +<i>advantage, gain, use</i>: acc. sg. þæt rǣd talað (<i>counts that a +gain</i>), <a href="#li2028">2028</a>; ēcne rǣd (<i>the eternal gain, everlasting life</i>), +<a href="#li1202">1202</a>; acc. pl. ēce rǣdas, <a href="#li1761">1761</a>.—Comp.: folc-rǣd, and adj., ān-, +fæst-rǣd.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrǣdan">rǣdan</a>, st. v., <i>to rule; reign; to possess</i>: pres. part. +rodera rǣdend (<i>the ruler of the heavens</i>), <a href="#li1556">1556</a>; inf. þone þe þū +mid rihte rǣdan sceoldest (<i>that thou shouldst possess by +rights</i>), <a href="#li2057">2057</a>; wolde dōm godes dǣdum rǣdan gumena gehwylcum +(<i>God's doom would rule over, dispose of, every man in deeds</i>), +<a href="#li2859">2859</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glselerǣdend">sele-rǣdend</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrǣdbora">rǣd-bora</a>, w. m. <i>counsellor, adviser</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1326">1326</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrǣden">rǣden</a>, st. f., <i>order, arrangement, law</i>: see +<a href="#note1143">Note on 1143</a>; comp. worold-rǣden(?).</p> + +<p>ā-<a class="glentry" name="glārǣran">rǣran</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to raise, lift up</i>: pret. pl. þā wǣron +monige þē his mǣg ... ricone ā-rǣrdon (<i>there were many that lifted +up his brother quickly</i>), <a href="#li2984">2984</a>.—2) figuratively, <i>to spread, +disseminate</i>: pret. part. blǣd is ā-rǣred (<i>thy renown is +far-spread</i>), <a href="#li1704">1704</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrǣs">rǣs</a>, st. m., <i>on-rush, attack, storm</i>: acc. sg. gūðe rǣs +(<i>the storm of battle, attack</i>), <a href="#li2627">2627</a>; instr. pl. gūðe rǣsum, +<a href="#li2357">2357</a>.—Comp.: gūð-, hand-, heaðo-, mægen-, wæl-rǣs.</p> + +<p>(ge-)<a class="glentry" name="#glrǣsan">rǣsan</a>, w. v., <i>to rush (upon)</i>: pret. sg. rǣsde on +þone rōfan, <a href="#li2691">2691</a>, <a href="#li2840">2840</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrǣswa">rǣswa</a>, w. m., <i>prince, ruler</i>: dat. sg. weoroda rǣswan, +<a href="#li60">60</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glreccan">reccan</a>, w. v., <i>to explicate, recount, narrate</i>: inf. +frum-sceaft fīra feorran reccan (<i>recount the origin of man from +ancient times</i>), <a href="#li91">91</a>; gerund, tō lang is tō reccenne, hū ic ... +(<i>too long to tell how I</i>...), <a href="#li2094">2094</a>; pret. sg. syllīc spell rehte +(<i>told a wondrous tale</i>), <a href="#li2111">2111</a>; so intrans. feorran rehte +(<i>told of olden times</i>), <a href="#li2107">2107</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glreced">reced</a>, st. n., <i>building, house; hall</i> (complete in +itself): nom. sg., <a href="#li412">412</a>, <a href="#li771">771</a>, <a href="#li1800">1800</a>; acc. sg., <a href="#li1238">1238</a>; dat. sg. recede, +<a href="#li721">721</a>, <a href="#li729">729</a>, <a href="#li1573">1573</a>; gen. sg. recedes, <a href="#li326">326</a>, <a href="#li725">725</a>, <a href="#li3089">3089</a>; gen. pl. receda, +<a href="#li310">310</a>.—Comp.: eorð-, heal-, horn-, win-reced.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glregnheard">regn-heard</a>, adj., <i>immensely strong, firm</i>: acc. pl. +rondas regn-hearde, <a href="#li326">326</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glregnian">regnian, rēnian</a>, w. v., <i>to prepare, bring on</i> or +<i>about</i>: inf. dēað rēn[ian] hond-gesteallan (<i>prepare death for +his comrade</i>), <a href="#li2169">2169</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-regnian, <i>to prepare, deck out, adorn</i>: pret. part. medu-benc +monig ... golde ge-regnad, <a href="#li778">778</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glregn">regn-, rēn-weard</a>, st. m., <i>mighty guardian</i>: nom. pl. +rēn-weardas (of Bēowulf and Grendel contending for the possession of +the hall), <a href="#li771">771</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrest">rest, ræst</a>, st. f.: 1) <i>bed, resting-place</i>: acc. sg. +ræste, <a href="#li139">139</a>; dat. sg. on ræste (genam) (<i>from his resting-place</i>), +<a href="#li1299">1299</a>, <a href="#li1586">1586</a>; tō ræste (<i>to bed</i>), <a href="#li1238">1238</a>. Comp.: flet-ræst, +sele-rest, wæl-rest.—2) <i>repose, rest</i>; in comp. ǣfen-ræst.</p> + +<p>ge-reste (M.H.G. reste), f., <i>resting-place</i>: in comp. +wind-gereste.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrestan">restan</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to rest</i>: inf. restan, <a href="#li1794">1794</a>; pret. sg. +reflex. reste hine þā rūm-heort, <a href="#li1800">1800</a>.—2) <i>to rest, cease</i>: +inf., <a href="#li1858">1858</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrēc">rēc</a> (O.H.G. rouh), st. m., <i>reek, smoke</i>: instr. sg. rēce, +<a href="#li3157">3157</a>.—Comp.: wæl-, wudu-rēc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrēcan">rēcan</a> (O.H.G. ruohjan), w. v. w. gen., <i>to reck, care about +something, be anxious</i>: pres. sg. III. wǣpna ne rēceð (<i>recketh +not for weapons, weapons cannot hurt him</i>), <a href="#li434">434</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrēthe">rēðe</a>, adj., <i>wroth, furious</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li122">122</a>, <a href="#li1586">1586</a>; nom. +pl. rēðe, <a href="#li771">771</a>. Also, of things, <i>wild, rough, fierce</i>: gen. sg. +rēðes and-hāttres (<i>fierce, penetrating heat</i>), <a href="#li2524">2524</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrēaf">rēaf</a>, st. n., <i>booty, plunder in war; clothing, garments</i> +(as taken by the victor from the vanquished): in comp. heaðo-, +wæl-rēaf.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrēafian">rēafian</a>, w. v., <i>to plunder, rob</i>, w. acc.: inf. hord +rēafian, <a href="#li2774">2774</a>; pret. sg. þenden rēafode rinc ōðerne, <a href="#li2986">2986</a>; wæl +rēafode, <a href="#li3028">3028</a>; pret. pl. wæl rēafedon, <a href="#li1213">1213</a>.</p> + +<p>be-rēafian, w. instr., <i>to bereave, rob of</i>: pret. part. since +be-rēafod, <a href="#li2747">2747</a>; golde be-rēafod, <a href="#li3019">3019</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glreord">reord</a>, st. f., <i>speech, language; tone of voice</i>: acc. sg. +on-cnīow mannes reorde (<i>knew, heard, a human voice</i>), <a href="#li2556">2556</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glreordian">reordian</a>, w. v., <i>to speak, talk</i>: inf. fela reordian +<i>(speak much</i>), <a href="#li3026">3026</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-reordian, <i>to entertain, to prepare for</i>: pret. part. þā wæs +eft swā ǣr ... flet-sittendum fægere ge-reorded (<i>again, as before, +the guests were hospitably entertained</i>), 1789</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrēot">rēot</a>, st. m.?, f.?, <i>noise, tumult</i>? (<i>grave</i>?): instr. sg. +rēote, <a href="#li2458">2458</a>. Bugge, in Zachers Zeits. <a href="#li4">4</a>, <a href="#li215">215</a>, takes rēote as dat. from +rēot (<i>rest, repose</i>).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrēoc">rēoc</a>, adj., <i>savage, furious</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li122">122</a>.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glberēofan">rēofan</a>, st. v., <i>to rob of, bereave</i>: pret. part. w. +instr. acc. sg. fem. golde berofene, <a href="#li2932">2932</a>; instr. sg. rēote berofene, +<a href="#li2458">2458</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrēon">rēon</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glrōwan">rōwan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrēotan">rēotan</a>, st. v., <i>to weep</i>: pres. pl. oð þæt ... roderas +rēotað, <a href="#li1377">1377</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrēow">rēow</a>, adj., <i>excited, fierce, wild</i>: in comp. blōd-, gūð-, +wæl-rēow. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhrēow">hrēow</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glricone">ricone</a>, <i>hastily, quickly, immediately</i>, <a href="#li2984">2984</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glriht">riht</a>, st. n., <i>right</i> or <i>privilege; the</i> (abstract) +<i>right</i>: acc. sg. on ryht (<i>according to right</i>), <a href="#li1556">1556</a>; sōð +and riht (<i>truth and right</i>), <a href="#li1701">1701</a>; dat. sg. wið rihte, <a href="#li144">144</a>; +æfter rihte (<i>in accordance with right</i>), <a href="#li1050">1050</a>; syllīc spell +rehte æfter rihte <i>(told a wondrous tale truthfully</i>), <a href="#li2111">2111</a>; mid +rihte, <a href="#li2057">2057</a>; acc. pl. ealde riht (<i>the ten commandments</i>), <a href="#li2331">2331</a>; +—Comp. in ēðel-, folc-, land-, un-, word-riht.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glriht">riht</a>, adj., <i>straight, right</i>: in comp. up-riht.</p> + +<p>rihte, adv., <i>rightly, correctly</i>, <a href="#li1696">1696</a>. See æt-<a class="glentry" href="#glætrihte">rihte</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrinc">rinc</a>, st. m., <i>man, warrior, hero</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li399">399</a>, <a href="#li2986">2986</a>; +also of Grendel, <a href="#li721">721</a>; acc. sg. rinc, <a href="#li742">742</a>, <a href="#li748">748</a>; dat. sg. rince, <a href="#li953">953</a>; of +Hrōðgār, <a href="#li1678">1678</a>; gen. pl. rinca, <a href="#li412">412</a>, <a href="#li729">729</a>.—Comp. in beado-, gūð-, here-, +heaðo-, hilde-, mago-, sǣ-rinc.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgerisne">risne</a>, ge-<b>rysne</b>, adj., <i>appropriate, proper</i>: +nom. sg. n. ge-rysne, <a href="#li2654">2654</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrīce">rīce</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>realm, land ruled over</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2200">2200</a>, +<a href="#li2208">2208</a>; acc. sg. rīce, <a href="#li913">913</a>, <a href="#li1734">1734</a>, <a href="#li1854">1854</a>, <a href="#li3005">3005</a>; gen. sg. rīces, <a href="#li862">862</a>, <a href="#li1391">1391</a>, +<a href="#li1860">1860</a>, <a href="#li2028">2028</a>, <a href="#li3081">3081</a>. Comp. Swīo-rīce.—2) <i>council of chiefs, the king +with his chosen advisers</i>(?): nom. sg. oft gesæt rīce tō rūne, <a href="#li172">172</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrīce">rīce</a>, adj., <i>mighty, powerful</i>: nom. sg. (of Hrōðgār), +<a href="#li1238">1238</a>; (of Hygelāc), <a href="#li1210">1210</a>; (of Æsc-here), <a href="#li1299">1299</a>; weak form, se rīca +(Hrōðgār), <a href="#li310">310</a>; (Bēowulf), <a href="#li399">399</a>; (Hygelāc), <a href="#li1976">1976</a>.—Comp. gimme-rīce.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrīcsian">rīcsian</a>, <b>rīxian</b>, w. v. intrans., <i>to rule, reign</i>: +inf. rīcsian, <a href="#li2212">2212</a>; pret. sg. rīxode, <a href="#li144">144</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrīdan">rīdan</a>, st. v., <i>to ride</i>: subj. pres. þæt his byre rīde giong +on galgan, <a href="#li2446">2446</a>; pres. part. nom. pl. rīdend, <a href="#li2458">2458</a>; inf. wicge rīdan, <a href="#li234">234</a>; +mēarum rīdan, <a href="#li856">856</a>; pret. sg. sǣ-genga ... sē þe on ancre rād, <a href="#li1884">1884</a>; him +tō-gēanes rād (<i>rode to meet them</i>), <a href="#li1894">1894</a>; pret. pl. ymbe hlǣw riodan +(<i>rode round the grave-mound</i>), <a href="#li3171">3171</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-rīdan, w. acc., <i>to ride over</i>: pret. sg. sē þe næs ge-rād +(<i>who rode over the promontory</i>), <a href="#li2899">2899</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrīm">rīm</a>, st. n., <i>series, number</i>: in comp. dæg-, un-rīm.</p> + +<p>ge-rīm, st. n., <i>series, number</i>: in comp. dōgor-ge-rim.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgerīman">rīman</a>, w. v., <i>to count together, enumerate in all</i>: +pret. part. in comp. forð-gerīmed.</p> + +<p>ā-rīsan, st. v., <i>to arise, rise</i>: imper. sg. ā-rīs, <a href="#li1391">1391</a>; pret. +sg. ā-rās þā se rīca, <a href="#li399">399</a>; so, <a href="#li652">652</a>, <a href="#li1791">1791</a>, <a href="#li3031">3031</a>; ā-rās þā bī ronde +(<i>arose by his shield</i>), <a href="#li2539">2539</a>; hwanan sīo fǣhð ā-rās (<i>whence +the feud arose</i>), <a href="#li2404">2404</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrodor">rodor</a>, st. m., <i>ether, firmament, sky</i> (from +<i>radius</i>?, Bugge): gen. sg. rodores candel, <a href="#li1573">1573</a>; nom. pl. +roderas, <a href="#li1377">1377</a>; dat. pl. under roderum, <a href="#li310">310</a>; gen. pl. rodera, <a href="#li1556">1556</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrōf">rōf</a>, adj., <i>fierce, of fierce, heroic, strength, strong</i>: +nom. sg., <a href="#li2539">2539</a>; also with gen. mægenes rōf (<i>strong in might</i>), +<a href="#li2085">2085</a>; so, þēah þe hē rōf sīe nīð-geweorca, <a href="#li683">683</a>; acc. sg. rōfne, <a href="#li1794">1794</a>; +on þone rōfan, <a href="#li2691">2691</a>.—Comp.: beadu-, brego-, ellen-, heaðo-, hyge-, +sige-rōf.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrōt">rōt</a>, adj., <i>glad, joyous</i>: in comp. un-rōt.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrōwan">rōwan</a>, st. v., <i>to row</i> (with the arms), <i>swim</i>: +pret. pl. rēon (for rēowon), <a href="#li512">512</a>, <a href="#li539">539</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrūm">rūm</a>, st. m., <i>space, room</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2691">2691</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrūm">rūm</a>, adj.: 1) <i>roomy, spacious</i>: nom. sg. þūhte him eall tō +rūm, wongas and wīc-stede (<i>fields and dwelling seemed to him all +too broad</i>, i.e. could not hide his shame at the unavenged death of +his murdered son), <a href="#li2462">2462</a>.—2) in moral sense, <i>great, magnanimous, +noble-hearted</i>: acc. sg. þurh rūmne sefan, <a href="#li278">278</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrūmheort">rūm-heort</a>, adj., <i>big-hearted, noble-spirited</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li1800">1800</a>, <a href="#li2111">2111</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgerūmlīc">rūm-līc</a>, adj., <i>commodious, comfortable</i>: compar. +ge-rūm-līcor, <a href="#li139">139</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrūn">rūn</a>, st. f., <i>secrecy, secret discussion, deliberation</i> or +<i>council</i>: dat. sg. ge-sæt rīce tō rūne, <a href="#li172">172</a>.—Comp. beado-rūn.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrūnstæf">rūn-stæf</a>, st. m., <i>rune-stave, runic letter</i>: acc. pl. +þurh rūn-stafas, <a href="#li1696">1696</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glrūnwita">rūn-wita</a>, w. m., <i>rune-wit, privy councillor, trusted +adviser</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1326">1326</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgerysne">rysne</a>. See ge-<a class="glentry" href="#glgerisne">risne</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgerȳman">rȳman</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to make room for, prepare, provide +room</i>: pret. pl. þæt hīe him ōðer flet eal ge-rȳmdon, <a href="#li1087">1087</a>; pret. +part. þā wæs Gēat-mæcgum ... benc gerȳmed, <a href="#li492">492</a>; so, <a href="#li1976">1976</a>.—2) <i>to +allow, grant, admit</i>: pret. part. þā mē ge-rȳmed wæs (sīð) (<i>as +access was permitted me</i>), <a href="#li3089">3089</a>; þā him gerȳmed wearð, þæt hīe +wæl-stōwe wealdan mōston, <a href="#li2984">2984</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossS">S</a></b></p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesaca">saca</a>, w. m., <i>opponent, antagonist, foe</i>: acc. sg. +ge-sacan, <a href="#li1774">1774</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsacan">sacan</a>, st. v., <i>to strive, contend</i>: inf. ymb feorh sacan, +<a href="#li439">439</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-sacan, <i>to attain, gain by contending</i> (Grein): inf. gesacan +sceal sāwl-berendra ... gearwe stōwe <i>(gain the place prepared</i>, +i.e. the death-bed), <a href="#li1005">1005</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glonsacan">on-sacan</a>: 1) (originally in a lawsuit), <i>to withdraw, take +away, deprive of</i>: pres. subj. þætte freoðuwebbe fēores +on-sæce ... lēofne mannan, <a href="#li1943">1943</a>.—2) <i>to contest, dispute, +withstand</i>: inf. þæt hē sǣmannum on-sacan mihte (i.e. hord, bearn, +and brȳde), <a href="#li2955">2955</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsacu">sacu</a>, st. f., <i>strife, hostility, feud</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1858">1858</a>, +<a href="#li2473">2473</a>; acc. sg. sæce, <a href="#li154">154</a>; sæcce, <a href="#li1978">1978</a>, <a href="#li1990">1990</a>, <a href="#li2348">2348</a>, <a href="#li2500">2500</a>, <a href="#li2563">2563</a>; dat. +sg. æt (tō) sæcce, <a href="#li954">954</a>, <a href="#li1619">1619</a>, <a href="#li1666">1666</a>, <a href="#li2613">2613</a>, <a href="#li2660">2660</a>, <a href="#li2682">2682</a>, <a href="#li2687">2687</a>; gen. sg. +secce, <a href="#li601">601</a>; gen. pl. sæcca, <a href="#li2030">2030</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-sacu, st. f., <i>strife, enmity</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1738">1738</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsadol">sadol</a>, st. m., <i>saddle</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1039">1039</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsadolbeorht">sadol-beorht</a>, adj., <i>with bright saddles</i> (?): acc. pl. +sadol-beorht, <a href="#li2176">2176</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesaga">saga</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsecgan">secgan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsamne">samne, somne</a>, adv., <i>together, united</i>; in æt-somne, +<i>together, united</i>, <a href="#li307">307</a>, <a href="#li402">402</a>, <a href="#li491">491</a>, <a href="#li544">544</a>, <a href="#li2848">2848</a>.</p> + +<p>tō-somne (<i>together</i>), <a href="#li3123">3123</a>; þā se wyrm ge-bēah snūde tō-somne +(<i>when the dragon quickly coiled together</i>), <a href="#li2569">2569</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsamod">samod, somod</a>: I. adv., <i>simultaneously, at the same time</i>: +somod, <a href="#li1212">1212</a>, <a href="#li1615">1615</a>, <a href="#li2175">2175</a>, <a href="#li2988">2988</a>; samod, <a href="#li2197">2197</a>; samod æt-gædere, <a href="#li387">387</a>, <a href="#li730">730</a>, +<a href="#li1064">1064</a>.—II. prep. w. dat., <i>with, at the same time with</i>: samod +ǣr-dæge (<i>with the break of day</i>), <a href="#li1312">1312</a>; somod ǣr-dæge, <a href="#li2943">2943</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsand">sand</a>, st. n., <i>sand, sandy shore</i>: dat. sg. on sande, <a href="#li295">295</a>, +<a href="#li1897">1897</a>, <a href="#li3043">3043</a>(?); æfter sande (<i>along the shore</i>), <a href="#li1965">1965</a>; wið sande, +<a href="#li213">213</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsang">sang</a>, st. m., <i>song, cry, noise</i>: nom. sg. sang, <a href="#li1064">1064</a>; +swutol sang scopes, <a href="#li90">90</a>; acc. sg. sige-lēasne sang (Grendel's cry of +woe), <a href="#li788">788</a>; sārigne sang (Hrēðel's dirge for Herebeald), <a href="#li2448">2448</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsāl">sāl</a>, st. m., <i>rope</i>: dat. sg. sāle, <a href="#li1907">1907</a>; on sāle (sole, +MS.), <a href="#li302">302</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsāl">sāl</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsǣl">sǣl</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsār">sār</a>, st. n., <i>wound, pain</i> (physical or spiritual): nom. +sg. sār, <a href="#li976">976</a>; sīo sār, <a href="#li2469">2469</a>; acc. sg. sār, <a href="#li788">788</a>; sāre, <a href="#li2296">2296</a>; dat. +(instr.) sg. sāre, <a href="#li1252">1252</a>, <a href="#li2312">2312</a>, <a href="#li2747">2747</a>.—Comp. līc-sār.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsār">sār</a>, adj., <i>sore, painful</i>: instr. pl. sārum wordum, <a href="#li2059">2059</a>.</p> + +<p>sāre, adv., <i>sorely, heavily, ill</i>, graviter: sē þe him [sā]re +gesceōd (<i>who injured him sorely</i>), <a href="#li2224">2224</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsārig">sārig</a>, adj., <i>painful, woeful</i>: acc. sg. sārigne sang, +<a href="#li2448">2448</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsārigferth">sārig-ferð</a>, adj., <i>sore-hearted, grieved</i>: nom. sg. +sārig-ferð (Wīglāf), <a href="#li2864">2864</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsārigmōd">sārig-mōd</a>, adj., <i>sorrowful-minded, saddened</i>: dat. pl. +sārig-mōdum, <a href="#li2943">2943</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsārlīc">sār-līc</a>, adj., <i>painful</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li843">843</a>; acc. sg. neut., +<a href="#li2110">2110</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsāwol">sāwol, sāwl</a>, st. f., <i>soul</i> (the immortal principle as +contrasted with līf, the physical life): nom. sg. sāwol, <a href="#li2821">2821</a>; acc. +sg. sāwle, <a href="#li184">184</a>, <a href="#li802">802</a>; hǣðene sāwle, <a href="#li853">853</a>; gen. sg. sāwele, <a href="#li1743">1743</a>; sāwle, +<a href="#li2423">2423</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsāwlberend">sāwl-berend</a>, pres. part., <i>endowed with a soul, human +being</i>: gen. pl. sāwl-berendra, <a href="#li1005">1005</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsāwuldrēor">sāwul-drēor</a>, st. n., (blood gushing from the seat of the soul), +<i>soul-gore, heart's blood, life's blood</i>: instr. sg. +sāwul-drīore, <a href="#li2694">2694</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsāwullēas">sāwul-lēas</a>, adj., <i>soulless, lifeless</i>: acc. sg. +sāwol-lēasne, <a href="#li1407">1407</a>; sāwul-lēasne, <a href="#li3034">3034</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsæce">sæce, sæcce</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsacu">sacu</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsæd">sæd</a>, adj., <i>satiated, wearied</i>: in comp. hilde-sæd.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsæl">sæl</a>, st. n., <i>habitable space, house</i>, <i>hall</i>: dat. +sg. sel, <a href="#li167">167</a>; sæl, <a href="#li307">307</a>, <a href="#li2076">2076</a>, <a href="#li2265">2265</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsæld">sæld</a>, st. n., <i>hall, king's hall</i> or <i>palace</i>: acc. +sg. geond þæt sæld (Heorot), <a href="#li1281">1281</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣ">sǣ</a>, st. m. and f., <i>sea, ocean</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li579">579</a>, <a href="#li1224">1224</a>; acc. +sg. on sīdne sǣ, <a href="#li507">507</a>; ofer sǣ, <a href="#li2381">2381</a>; ofer sǣ sīde, <a href="#li2395">2395</a>; dat. sg. tō +sǣ, <a href="#li318">318</a>; on sǣ, <a href="#li544">544</a>; dat. pl. be sǣm tweonum, <a href="#li859">859</a>, <a href="#li1298">1298</a>, <a href="#li1686">1686</a>, <a href="#li1957">1957</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣbāt">sǣ-bāt</a>, st. m., <i>sea-boat</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li634">634</a>, <a href="#li896">896</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣcyning">sǣ-cyning</a>, st. m., <i>sea-king, king ruling the sea</i>: gen. +pl. sǣ-cyninga, <a href="#li2383">2383</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣdēor">sǣ-dēor</a>, st. n., <i>sea-beast, sea-monster</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1511">1511</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣdraca">sǣ-draca</a>, w. m., <i>sea-dragon</i>: acc. pl. sǣ-dracan, <a href="#li1427">1427</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesǣgan">sǣgan</a>, w. v., <i>to fell, slay</i>: pret. part. hæfdon +eal-fela eotena cynnes sweordum ge-sǣged (<i>felled with the +sword</i>), <a href="#li885">885</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣge">sǣge</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glonsǣge">on-sǣge</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣgenga">sǣ-genga</a>, w. m., <i>sea-goer</i>, i.e. sea-going ship: nom. +sg., <a href="#li1883">1883</a>, <a href="#li1909">1909</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣgēap">sǣ-gēap</a>, adj., <i>spacious</i> (broad enough for the sea): nom. +sg. sǣ-gēap naca, <a href="#li1897">1897</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣgrund">sǣ-grund</a>, st. m., <i>sea-bottom, ocean-bottom</i>: dat. sg. +sǣ-grunde, <a href="#li564">564</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣl">sǣl, sāl, sēl</a>, st. f.: 1) <i>favorable opportunity, good</i> or +<i>fit time</i>: nom. sg. sǣl, <a href="#li623">623</a>, <a href="#li1666">1666</a>, <a href="#li2059">2059</a>; sǣl and mǣl, <a href="#li1009">1009</a>; +acc. sg. sēle, <a href="#li1136">1136</a>; gen. pl. sǣla and mǣla, <a href="#li1612">1612</a>.—2) <i>Fate</i>(?): +see <a href="#note51">Note on l. 51</a>.—3) <i>happiness, joy</i>: dat. pl. on sālum, <a href="#li608">608</a>; +sǣlum, <a href="#li644">644</a>, <a href="#li1171">1171</a>, <a href="#li1323">1323</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsēl">sēl</a>, adj.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesǣlan">sǣlan</a>, w. v., <i>to turn out favorably, succeed</i>: pret. +sg. him ge-sǣlde þæt ...(<i>he was fortunate enough to</i>, etc.), <a href="#li891">891</a>; +so, <a href="#li574">574</a>; efne swylce mǣla, swylce hira man-dryhtne þearf ge-sǣlde +(<i>at such times as need disposed it for their lord</i>), <a href="#li1251">1251</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣlan">sǣlan</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glsāl">sāl</a>), w. v., <i>to tie, bind</i>: pret. sg. +sǣlde ... sīð-fæðme scip, <a href="#li1918">1918</a>; pl. sǣ-wudu sǣldon, <a href="#li226">226</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-sǣlan, <i>to bind together, weave, interweave</i>: pret. part. +earm-bēaga fela searwum ge-sǣled (<i>many curiously interwoven +armlets</i>, i.e. made of metal wire: see Guide to Scandinavian +Antiquities, p. 48), <a href="#li2765">2765</a>.</p> + +<p>on-sǣlan, with acc., <i>to unbind, unloose, open</i>: on-sǣl meoto, +sige-hrēð secgum (<i>disclose thy views to the men, thy victor's +courage</i>; or, <i>thy presage of victory</i>?), <a href="#li489">489</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣlāc">sǣ-lāc</a>, st. n., <i>sea-gift, sea-booty</i>: instr. sg. sǣ-lāce, +<a href="#li1625">1625</a>; acc. pl. þās sǣ-lāc, <a href="#li1653">1653</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣlād">sǣ-lād</a>, st. f., <i>sea-way, sea-journey</i>: dat. sg. sǣ-lāde, +<a href="#li1140">1140</a>, <a href="#li1158">1158</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣlīthend">sǣ-līðend</a>, pres. part., <i>seafarer</i>: nom. pl. sǣ-līðend, +<a href="#li411">411</a>, <a href="#li1819">1819</a>, <a href="#li2807">2807</a>; sǣ-līðende, <a href="#li377">377</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣman">sǣ-man</a>, m., <i>sea-man, sea-warrior</i>: dat. pl. sǣ-mannum, +<a href="#li2955">2955</a>; gen. pl. sǣ-manna, <a href="#li329">329</a> (both times said of the Gēatas).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣmra">sǣmra</a>, weak adj. compar., <i>the worse, the weaker</i>: nom. +sg. sǣmra, <a href="#li2881">2881</a>; dat. sg. sǣmran, <a href="#li954">954</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣmēthe">sǣ-mēðe</a>, adj., <i>sea-weary, exhausted by sea-travel</i>: nom. +pl. sǣ-mēðe, <a href="#li325">325</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣnæs">sǣ-næs</a>, st. m., <i>sea-promontory, cape, naze</i>: acc. pl. +sǣ-næssas, <a href="#li223">223</a>, <a href="#li571">571</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣne">sǣne</a>, adj., <i>careless, slow</i>: compar. sg. nom. hē on holme +wæs sundes þē sǣnra, þē hyne swylt fornam (<i>was the slower in +swimming in the sea, whom death took away</i>), <a href="#li1437">1437</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣrinc">sǣ-rinc</a>, st. m., <i>sea-warrior</i> or <i>hero</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li691">691</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣsīth">sǣ-sīð</a>, st. m., <i>sea-way, path, journey</i>: dat. sg. æfter +sǣ-sīðe, <a href="#li1150">1150</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣwang">sǣ-wang</a>, st. m., <i>sea-shore</i> or <i>beach</i>: acc. sg. +sǣ-wong, <a href="#li1965">1965</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣweal">sǣ-weal</a>, st. m., <i>(sea-wall), seashore</i>: dat. sg. +sǣ-wealle, <a href="#li1925">1925</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣwudu">sǣ-wudu</a>, st. m., <i>(sea-wood), vessel, ship</i>: acc. sg. +sǣ-wudu, <a href="#li226">226</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsǣwylm">sǣ-wylm</a>, st. m., <i>sea-surf, billow</i>: acc. pl. ofer +sǣ-wylmas, <a href="#li393">393</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscacan">scacan, sceacan</a>, st. v., properly, <i>to shake one's self</i>; +hence, <i>to go, glide, pass along</i> or <i>away</i>: pres. sg. þonne +mīn sceaceð līf of līce, <a href="#li2743">2743</a>; inf. þā cōm beorht [sunne] scacan [ofer +grundas], (<i>the bright sun came gliding over the fields</i>), <a href="#li1804">1804</a>; +pret. sg. duguð ellor scōc <i>(the chiefs are gone elsewhither</i>, +i.e. have died), <a href="#li2255">2255</a>; þonne strǣla storm ... scōc ofer scild-weall +(<i>when the storm of arrows leapt over the wall of shields</i>), +<a href="#li3119">3119</a>; pret. part. wæs hira blǣd scacen (<i>their bravest men had +passed away</i>), <a href="#li1125">1125</a>; þā wæs winter scacen (<i>the winter was +past</i>), <a href="#li1137">1137</a>; so, sceacen, <a href="#li2307">2307</a>, <a href="#li2728">2728</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscadu">scadu, sceadu</a>, st. f., <i>shadow, concealing veil of night</i>: +acc. sg. under sceadu bregdan (i.e. kill), <a href="#li708">708</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscadugenga">scadu-genga</a>, w. m., <i>shadow-goer, twilight-stalker</i> (of +Grendel): nom. sg. sceadu-genga, <a href="#li704">704</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscaduhelm">scadu-helm</a>, st. m., <i>shadow-helm, veil of darkness</i>: gen. +pl. scadu-helma ge-sceapu (<i>shapes of the shadow, evil spirits +wandering by night</i>), <a href="#li651">651</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscalu">scalu</a>, st. f., <i>retinue, band</i> (part of an armed force); +in comp. hand-scalu: mid his hand-scale (hond-scole), <a href="#li1318">1318</a>, <a href="#li1964">1964</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscamian">scamian</a>, w. v., <i>to be ashamed</i>: pres. part. nom. pl. +scamiende, <a href="#li2851">2851</a>; nō hē þǣre feoh-gyfte ... scamigan þorfte (<i>needed +not be ashamed of his treasure-giving</i>), <a href="#li1027">1027</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscawa">scawa</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glscēawlan">scēawlan</a>), w. m., <i>observer, visitor</i>: +nom. pl. scawan, <a href="#li1896">1896</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgescād">scād</a>, st. n., <i>difference, distinction</i>: acc. sg. +ǣg-hwæðres gescād, worda and worca (<i>difference between, of, both +words and deeds</i>), <a href="#li288">288</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgescādan">scādan</a>, st. v., <i>to decide, adjudge</i>: pret. sg. rodera +rǣdend hit on ryht gescēd (<i>decided it in accordance with +right</i>), <a href="#li1556">1556</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscānan">scānan</a>? See <a class="glentry" href="#glscīnan">scīnan</a>, pret. pl. scionon, <a href="#li303">303</a>; the +imaginary scānan having been abandoned.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgescæphwīle">scæp-hwīle</a>, st. f., <i>fated hour, hour of death (appointed +rest?)</i>: dat. sg. tō gescæp-hwīle (<i>at the fated hour</i>), <a href="#li26">26</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsceththan">sceððan</a>, w. v., <i>to scathe, injure</i>: inf. w. dat. pers., <a href="#li1034">1034</a>; +aldre sceððan (<i>hurt her life</i>), <a href="#li1525">1525</a>; þæt on land Dena lāðra +nǣnig mid scipherge sceððan ne meahte (<i>injure through robber +incursions</i>), <a href="#li243">243</a>; pret. sg. þǣr him nǣnig wæter wihte ne sceðede, +<a href="#li1515">1515</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesceththan">sceððan</a>, the same: inf. þæt him ... ne mihte eorres +inwit-feng aldre gesceððan, <a href="#li1448">1448</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscenc">scenc</a>, st. m., <i>vessel, can</i>: in comp. medu-scenc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscencan">scencan</a>, w. v., <i>to hand drink, pour out</i>: pret. sg. +scencte scīr wered, <a href="#li496">496</a> (cf. skinker = cup-bearer).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscenne">scenne</a>, w. f.?, <i>sword-guard?</i>: dat. pl. on þǣm scennum +scīran goldes, <a href="#li1695">1695</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsceran">sceran</a>, st. v., <i>to shear off, cleave, hew to pieces</i>: pres. +sg. þonne heoru bunden ... swīn ofer helme andweard scireð (<i>hews off the +boar-head on the helm</i>), <a href="#li1288">1288</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-sceran, <i>to divide, hew in two</i>: pret. sg. helm oft ge-scær +(<i>often clove the helm in two</i>), <a href="#li1527">1527</a>; so, gescer, <a href="#li2974">2974</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscerwen">scerwen</a>, st. f.?, in comp. ealu-scerwen (<i>ale-scare</i> or +<i>panic</i>?), <a href="#li770">770</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscēt">scēt</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glscēotan">scēotan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsceadu">sceadu</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glscadu">scadu</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsceatha">sceaða</a>, w. m.: 1) <i>scather, foe</i>: gen. pl. sceaðena, <a href="#li4">4</a>.—2) +<i>fighter, warrior</i>: nom. pl. scaðan, <a href="#li1804">1804</a>.—Comp.: attor-, dol-, +fēond-, gūð-, hearm-, lēod-, mān-, sin-, þēod-, ūht-sceaða.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsceathan">sceaðan</a>, st. v. w. dat., <i>to scathe, injure, crush</i>: pret. +sg. sē þe oft manegum scōd (<i>which has oft oppressed many</i>), +<a href="#li1888">1888</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-sceaðan, w. dat., the same: pret. sg. swā him ǣr gescōd hild æt +Heorote, <a href="#li1588">1588</a>; sē þe him sāre ge-sceōd (<i>who injured him +sorely</i>), <a href="#li2224">2224</a>; nō þȳ ǣr in gescōd hālan līce, <a href="#li1503">1503</a>; bill ǣr gescōd +eald-hlāfordes þām þāra māðma mund-bora wæs (<i>the weapon of the +ancient chieftain had before laid low the dragon, the guardian of the +treasure</i>), <a href="#li2778">2778</a> (or, <i>sheathed in brass</i>?, if ǣr and gescōd +form compound).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsceathenmǣl">sceaðen-mǣl</a>, st. n., <i>deadly weapon, hostile sword</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li1940">1940</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsceaft">sceaft</a>, st. m., <i>shaft, spear, missile</i>: nom. sg. sceft, +<a href="#li3119">3119</a>.—Comp.: here-, wæl-sceaft.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesceaft">sceaft</a>, st. f.: 1) <i>creation, earth, earthly +existence</i>: acc. sg. þās lǣnan ge-sceaft, <a href="#li1623">1623</a>.—2) <i>fate, +destiny</i>: in comp. forð-, līf-, mǣl-gesceaft.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscealc">scealc</a>, st. m., <i>servant, military retainer</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li919">919</a>; (of Bēowulf), <a href="#li940">940</a>.—Comp bēor-scealc.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesceap">sceap</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>shape, creature</i>: nom. pl. +scadu-helma ge-sceapu, <a href="#li651">651</a>.—2) <i>fate, providence</i>: acc. sg. hēah +ge-sceap (<i>heavy fate</i>), <a href="#li3085">3085</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsceapan">sceapan, sceppan, scyppan</a>, st. v., <i>to shape, create, order, +arrange, establish</i>: pres. part. scyppend (<i>the Creator</i>), +<a href="#li106">106</a>; pret. sg. scōp him Heort naman (<i>shaped, gave, it the name +Heorot</i>), <a href="#li78">78</a>; pres. part. wæs sīo wrōht scepen heard wið Hūgas, +syððan Hygelāc cwōm (<i>the contest with the Hūgas became sharp after +H. had come</i>), <a href="#li2915">2915</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-sceapan, <i>to shape, create</i>: pret. sg. līf ge-sceōp cynna +gehwylcum, <a href="#li97">97</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscear">scear</a>, st. m., <i>massacre</i>: in comp. gūð-, inwit-scear, +<a href="#li2429">2429</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscearp">scearp</a>, adj., <i>sharp, able, brave</i>: nom. sg. scearp +scyld-wiga, <a href="#li288">288</a>.—Comp.: beadu-, heaðo-scearp.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscearu">scearu</a>, st. f., <i>division, body, troop</i>: in comp. +folc-scearu; <i>that is decided</i> or <i>determined</i>, in +gūð-scearu (<i>overthrow</i>?), <a href="#li1214">1214</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsceat">sceat</a>, st. m., <i>money</i>; also <i>unit of value in +appraising</i> (cf. Rieger in Zacher's Zeits. 3, 415): acc. pl. +sceattas, <a href="#li1687">1687</a>. When numbers are given, sceat appears to be left out, +cf. <a href="#li2196">2196</a>, <a href="#li2995">2995</a> (see þūsend).—Comp. gif-sceat.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscēat">scēat</a>, st. m., <i>region, field</i>: acc. pl. gefrætwade foldan +scēatas leomum and lēafum, <a href="#li96">96</a>;—<i>top, surface, part</i>: gen. pl. +eorðan scēata, <a href="#li753">753</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscēawere">scēawere</a>, st. m., <i>observer, spy</i>: nom. pl. scēaweras, +<a href="#li253">253</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscēawian">scēawian</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to see, look at, observe</i>: inf. +scēawian, <a href="#li841">841</a>, <a href="#li1414">1414</a>, <a href="#li2403">2403</a>, <a href="#li2745">2745</a>, <a href="#li3009">3009</a>, <a href="#li3033">3033</a>; scēawigan, <a href="#li1392">1392</a>; pres. +sg. II. þæt gē genōge nēan scēawiað bēagas and brād gold, <a href="#li3105">3105</a>; subj. +pres. þæt ic ... scēawige swegle searo-gimmas, <a href="#li2749">2749</a>; pret. sg. +scēawode, <a href="#li1688">1688</a>, <a href="#li2286">2286</a>, <a href="#li2794">2794</a>; sg. for pl., <a href="#li844">844</a>; pret. pl. scēawedon, +<a href="#li132">132</a>, <a href="#li204">204</a>, <a href="#li984">984</a>, <a href="#li1441">1441</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-scēawian, <i>to see, behold, observe</i>: pret. part. ge-scēawod, +<a href="#li3076">3076</a>, <a href="#li3085">3085</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsceorp">sceorp</a>, st. n., <i>garment</i>: in comp. hilde-sceorp.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscēotan">scēotan</a>, st. v., <i>to shoot, hurl missiles</i>: pres. sg. sē +þe of flān-bogan fyrenum scēoteð, <a href="#li1745">1745</a>; pres. part. nom. pl. scēotend +(<i>the warriors, bowmen</i>), <a href="#li704">704</a>, <a href="#li1155">1155</a>; dat. pl. for scēotendum (MS. +scotenum), <a href="#li1027">1027</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-scēotan, w. acc., <i>to shoot off, hurry</i>: pret. sg. hord eft +gescēat (<i>the dragon darted again back to the treasure</i>), <a href="#li2320">2320</a>.</p> + +<p>of-scēotan, <i>to kill by shooting</i>: pret. sg. his mǣg of-scēt ... +blōdigan gāre <i>(killed his brother with bloody dart</i>), <a href="#li2440">2440</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscild">scild, scyld</a>, st. m., <i>shield</i>: nom. sg. scyld, <a href="#li2571">2571</a>; acc. +sg. scyld, <a href="#li437">437</a>, <a href="#li2076">2076</a>; acc. pl. scyldas, <a href="#li325">325</a>, <a href="#li333">333</a>, <a href="#li2851">2851</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscildan">scildan, scyldan</a>, w. v., <i>to shield, protect</i>: pret. subj. +nymðe mec god scylde (<i>if God had not shielded me</i>), <a href="#li1659">1659</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscildfreca">scild-freca</a>, w. m., <i>shield-warrior</i> (warrior armed with +a shield): nom. sg. scyld-freca, <a href="#li1034">1034</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscildweall">scild-weall</a>, st. m., <i>wall of shields</i>: acc. sg. +scild-weall, <a href="#li3119">3119</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscildwiga">scild-wiga</a>, w. m., <i>shield-warrior</i>: nom. sg. scyld-wiga, +<a href="#li288">288</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscinna">scinna</a>, w. m., <i>apparition, evil spirit</i>: dat. pl. +scynnum, <a href="#li940">940</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscip">scip</a>, st. n., <i>vessel, ship</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li302">302</a>; acc. sg., +<a href="#li1918">1918</a>; dat. sg. tō scipe, <a href="#li1896">1896</a>; gen. sg. scipes, <a href="#li35">35</a>, <a href="#li897">897</a>; dat pl. tō +scypum (scypon, MS.), <a href="#li1155">1155</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsciphere">scip-here</a>, st. m., (exercitus navalis) <i>armada, fleet</i>: +dat. sg. mid scip-herge, <a href="#li243">243</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgescīfe">scīfe</a> (for ge-<b>scȳfe</b>), adj., <i>advancing</i> (of the +dragon's movement), <a href="#li2571">2571</a>; = G. <i>schief</i>?</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscīnan">scīnan</a>, st. v., <i>to shine, flash</i>: pres. sg. sunne ... +sūðan scīneð, <a href="#li607">607</a>; so, <a href="#li1572">1572</a>; inf. geseah blācne lēoman beorhte scīnan, +<a href="#li1518">1518</a>; pret. sg. (gūð-byrne, woruld—candel) scān, <a href="#li321">321</a>, <a href="#li1966">1966</a>; on him +byrne scān, <a href="#li405">405</a>; pret. pl. gold-fāg scinon web æfter wāgum, <a href="#li995">995</a>; +scionon, <a href="#li303">303</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscīr">scīr</a>, adj., <i>sheer, pure, shining</i>: nom. sg. hring-īren +scīr, <a href="#li322">322</a>; scīr metod, <a href="#li980">980</a>; acc. sg. n. scīr wered, <a href="#li496">496</a>; gen. sg. +scīran goldes, <a href="#li1695">1695</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscīrham">scīr-ham</a>, adj., <i>bright-armored, clad in bright mail</i>: +nom. pl. scīr-hame, <a href="#li1896">1896</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscoten">scoten</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glscēoten">scēoten</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgescōd">scōd</a>, pret. part., <i>shod</i> (calceatus), <i>covered</i>: +in comp. ǣr-ge-scōd(?). See ge-<a class="glentry" href="#glgesceathan">sceaðan</a>, and Note.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscop">scop</a>, st. m., <i>singer, shaper, poet</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li496">496</a>, <a href="#li1067">1067</a>; +gen. sg. scopes, <a href="#li90">90</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscræf">scræf</a>, st. n., <i>hole in the earth, cavern</i>: in comp. +eorð-scræf.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscrīthan">scrīðan</a>, st. v., <i>to stride, go</i>: pres. pl. scrīðað, <a href="#li163">163</a>; +inf. scrīðan, <a href="#li651">651</a>, <a href="#li704">704</a>; scrīðan tō, <a href="#li2570">2570</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscrīfan">scrīfan</a>, st. v., <i>to prescribe, impose</i> (punishment): inf. +hū him (Grendel) scīr metod scrīfan wille, <a href="#li980">980</a>.</p> + +<p>for-scrīfan, w. dat. pers., <i>to proscribe, condemn</i>: pret. part. +siððan him scyppend for-scrifen hæfde, <a href="#li106">106</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-scrīfan, <i>to permit, prescribe</i>: pret. sg. swā him Wyrd ne +ge-scrāf (<i>as Weird did not permit him</i>), <a href="#li2575">2575</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscrūd">scrūd</a>, st. m., <i>clothing, covering; ornament</i>: in comp. +beadu-, byrdu-scrūd.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscucca">scucca</a>, w. m., <i>shadowy sprite, demon</i>: dat. pl. scuccum, +<a href="#li940">940</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsculan">sculan</a>, aux. v. w. inf.: 1) <i>shall, must</i> (obligation): +pres. sg. I., III. sceal, <a href="#li20">20</a>, <a href="#li24">24</a>, <a href="#li183">183</a>, <a href="#li251">251</a>, <a href="#li271">271</a>, <a href="#li287">287</a>, <a href="#li440">440</a>, <a href="#li978">978</a>, <a href="#li1005">1005</a>, +<a href="#li1173">1173</a>, <a href="#li1387">1387</a>, <a href="#li1535">1535</a>, etc.; scel, <a href="#li455">455</a>, <a href="#li2805">2805</a>, <a href="#li3011">3011</a>; II. scealt, <a href="#li589">589</a>, <a href="#li2667">2667</a>; +subj. pres. scyle, <a href="#li2658">2658</a>; scile, <a href="#li3178">3178</a>; pret. ind. sg. I., III. scolde, +<a href="#li10">10</a>, <a href="#li806">806</a>, <a href="#li820">820</a>, <a href="#li966">966</a>, <a href="#li1071">1071</a>, <a href="#li1444">1444</a>, <a href="#li1450">1450</a>, etc.; sceolde, <a href="#li2342">2342</a>, <a href="#li2409">2409</a>, <a href="#li2443">2443</a>, +<a href="#li2590">2590</a>, <a href="#li2964">2964</a>; II. sceoldest, <a href="#li2057">2057</a>; pl. scoldon, <a href="#li41">41</a>, <a href="#li833">833</a>, <a href="#li1306">1306</a>, <a href="#li1638">1638</a>; +subj. pret. scolde, <a href="#li1329">1329</a>, <a href="#li1478">1478</a>; sceolde, <a href="#li2709">2709</a>.—2) w. inf. following +it expresses futurity, = <i>shall, will</i>: pres. sg. I., III. sceal +bēodan (<i>shall offer</i>), <a href="#li384">384</a>; so, <a href="#li424">424</a>, <a href="#li438">438</a>, <a href="#li602">602</a>, <a href="#li637">637</a>, <a href="#li1061">1061</a>, <a href="#li1707">1707</a>, +<a href="#li1856">1856</a>, <a href="#li1863">1863</a>, <a href="#li2070">2070</a>; sceall, <a href="#li2499">2499</a>, <a href="#li2509">2509</a>, etc.; II. scealt, <a href="#li1708">1708</a>; pl. wit +sculon, <a href="#li684">684</a>; subj. pret. scolde, <a href="#li280">280</a>, <a href="#li692">692</a>, <a href="#li911">911</a>; sceolde, <a href="#li3069">3069</a>.—3) +sculan sometimes forms a periphrastic phrase or circumlocution for a +simple tense, usually with a slight feeling of obligation or +necessity: pres. sg. hē ge-wunian sceall (<i>he inhabits; is said to +inhabit?</i>), <a href="#li2276">2276</a>; pret. sg. sē þe wæter-egesan wunian scolde, <a href="#li1261">1261</a>; +wæcnan scolde (<i>was to awake</i>), <a href="#li85">85</a>; sē þone gomelan grētan +sceolde (<i>was to, should, approach</i>), <a href="#li2422">2422</a>; þæt se byrn-wiga +būgan sceolde (<i>the corseleted warrior had to bow, fell</i>), <a href="#li2919">2919</a>; +pl. þā þe beado-grīman bȳwan sceoldon (<i>they that had to polish or +deck the battle-masks</i>), <a href="#li2258">2258</a>; so, <a href="#li230">230</a>, <a href="#li705">705</a>, <a href="#li1068">1068</a>.—4) w. omitted +inf., such as wesan, gangan: unc sceal worn fela māðma ge-mǣnra (i.e. +wesan). <a href="#li1784">1784</a>; so, <a href="#li2660">2660</a>; sceal se hearda helm ... fǣtum befeallen (i.e. +wesan), <a href="#li2256">2256</a>; ic him æfter sceal (i.e. gangan), <a href="#li2817">2817</a>; subj. þonne þū +forð scyle (i.e. gangan), <a href="#li1180">1180</a>. A verb or inf. expressed in an +antecedent clause is not again expressed with a subsequent sceal: gǣð +ā Wyrd swā hīo scel (<i>Weird goeth ever as it shall</i> [go]), <a href="#li455">455</a>; +gūð-bill ge-swāc swā hit nō sceolde (i.e. ge-swīcan), <a href="#li2586">2586</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscūa">scūa</a>, w. m., <i>shadowy demon</i>: in comp. dēað-scūa.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscūfan">scūfan</a>, st. v.: 1) intrans., <i>to move forward, hasten</i>: +pret. part. þā wæs morgen-lēoht scofen and scynded, <a href="#li919">919</a>.—2) w. acc., +<i>to shove, push</i>: pret. pl. guman ūt scufon ... wudu bundenne +(<i>pushed the vessel from the land</i>), <a href="#li215">215</a>; dracan scufun ... ofer +weall-clif (<i>pushed the dragon over the wall-like cliff</i>), <a href="#li3132">3132</a>. +See <a class="glentry" href="#glwīdscofen">wīd-scofen</a>(?)</p> + +<p>be-scūfan, w. acc., <i>to push, thrust down, in</i>: inf. wā bið þǣm +þe sceal ... sāwle be-scūfan in fȳres fæðm (<i>woe to him that shall +thrust his soul into fire's embrace</i>), <a href="#li184">184</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscūr">scūr</a>, st. m., <i>shower, battle-shower</i>: in comp. +īsern-scūr.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscūrheard">scūr-heard</a>, adj., <i>fight-hardened? (file-hardened?</i>): nom. +pl. scūr-heard, <a href="#li1034">1034</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscyld">scyld, scyldan</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glscild">scild, scildan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscyldig">scyldig</a>, adj., <i>under obligations</i> or <i>bound for; guilty +of</i>, w. gen. and instr.: ealdres (morðres) scyldig, <a href="#li1339">1339</a>, <a href="#li1684">1684</a>, +<a href="#li2062">2062</a>; synnum scyldig (<i>guilty of evil deeds</i>), <a href="#li3072">3072</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscyndan">scyndan</a>, w. v., <i>to hasten</i>: inf. scyndan, <a href="#li2571">2571</a>; pret. +part, scynded, 919</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscynna">scynna</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glscinna">scinna</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscyppend">scyppend</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsceapan">sceapan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscȳran">scȳran</a>, w. v., <i>to arrange, decide</i>: inf. þæt hit +sceaðen-mǣl scȳran mōste (<i>that the sword must decide it</i>), <a href="#li1940">1940</a>. +O.N. skora, <i>to score, decide</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glscȳne">scȳne</a>, adj., <i>sheen, well-formed, beautiful</i>: nom. sg. +mægð scȳne, <a href="#li3017">3017</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glse">sē, se</a>, pron. dem. and article, <i>the</i>: m. nom., <a href="#li79">79</a>, <a href="#li84">84</a>, <a href="#li86">86</a>, <a href="#li87">87</a>, <a href="#li90">90</a>, +<a href="#li92">92</a>, <a href="#li102">102</a>, etc.; fem, sēo, <a href="#li66">66</a>, <a href="#li146">146</a>, etc.; neut. þæt;—relative: sē +(<i>who</i>), <a href="#li1611">1611</a>, <a href="#li2866">2866</a>; sē þe (<i>he who</i>), <a href="#li2293">2293</a>; sēo þe (<i>she +who</i>), <a href="#li1446">1446</a>; sē þe (for sēo þe), <a href="#li1345">1345</a>, <a href="#li1888">1888</a>, <a href="#li2686">2686</a>; cf. <a href="#li1261">1261</a>, <a href="#li1498">1498</a>; +(Grendel's mother, as a wild, demonic creature, is conceived now as +man, now as woman: woman, as having borne a son; man, as the +incarnation of savage cunning and power); se for sēo, <a href="#li2422">2422</a>; dat. sg. +þām (for þām þe), <a href="#li2780">2780</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsecce">secce</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsacu">sacu</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsecg">secg</a>, st. m., <i>man, warrior, hero, spokesman</i> (secgan?): +nom. sg., <a href="#li208">208</a>, <a href="#li872">872</a>, <a href="#li2228">2228</a>, <a href="#li2407">2407</a>, etc.; (Bēowulf), <a href="#li249">249</a>, <a href="#li948">948</a>, <a href="#li1312">1312</a>, <a href="#li1570">1570</a>, +<a href="#li1760">1760</a>, etc.; (Wulfgār), <a href="#li402">402</a>; (Hunferð), <a href="#li981">981</a>; (Wīglāf), <a href="#li2864">2864</a>; acc. sg. +sinnigne secg (Grendel's mother, cf. <a class="glentry" href="#glse">se</a>), <a href="#li1380">1380</a>; dat. sg. secge, <a href="#li2020">2020</a>; +nom. pl. secgas, <a href="#li213">213</a>, <a href="#li2531">2531</a>, <a href="#li3129">3129</a>; dat. pl. secgum, <a href="#li490">490</a>; gen. pl. +secga, <a href="#li634">634</a>, <a href="#li843">843</a>, <a href="#li997">997</a>, <a href="#li1673">1673</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsecg">secg</a>, st. f., <i>sword</i> (sedge?): acc. sg. secge, <a href="#li685">685</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsecgan">secgan</a>, w. v., <i>to say, speak</i>: 1) w. acc.: pres. sg. gode +ic þanc secge, <a href="#li1998">1998</a>; so, <a href="#li2796">2796</a>; pres. part. swā se secg hwata secgende +wæs lāðra spella (partitive gen.), <a href="#li3029">3029</a>; inf. secgan, <a href="#li582">582</a>, <a href="#li876">876</a>, <a href="#li881">881</a>, +<a href="#li1050">1050</a>; pret. sg. sægde him þæs lēanes þanc, <a href="#li1810">1810</a>; pret. sg. II. hwæt þū +worn fela ... sægdest from his sīðe, <a href="#li532">532</a>.—2) without acc inf. swā wē +sōðlīce secgan hȳrdon, <a href="#li273">273</a>; pret. sg. sægde, <a href="#li2633">2633</a>, <a href="#li2900">2900</a>—3) w. depend. +clause: pres. sg. ic secge, <a href="#li591">591</a>; pl. III. secgað, <a href="#li411">411</a>; inf. secgan, +<a href="#li51">51</a>, <a href="#li391">391</a>, <a href="#li943">943</a>, <a href="#li1347">1347</a>, <a href="#li1701">1701</a>, <a href="#li1819">1819</a>, <a href="#li2865">2865</a>, <a href="#li3027">3027</a>; gerund. tō secganne, <a href="#li473">473</a>, +<a href="#li1725">1725</a>; pret. sg. sægde, <a href="#li90">90</a>, <a href="#li1176">1176</a>; pl. sægdon, <a href="#li377">377</a>, <a href="#li2188">2188</a>; sǣdan, <a href="#li1946">1946</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-secgan (edicere), <i>to say out, deliver</i>: inf. wille ic ā-secgan +suna Healfdenes ... mīn ǣrende, <a href="#li344">344</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-secgan, <i>to say, relate</i>: imper. sg. II. ge-saga, <a href="#li388">388</a>; þæt ic +his ǣrest þē eft ge-sægde (<i>that I should, after, tell thee its +origin</i>), <a href="#li2158">2158</a>; pret. part. gesægd, <a href="#li141">141</a>; gesǣd, <a href="#li1697">1697</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsefa">sefa</a>, w. m., <i>heart, mind, soul, spirit</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li49">49</a>, +<a href="#li490">490</a>, <a href="#li595">595</a>, <a href="#li2044">2044</a>, <a href="#li2181">2181</a>, <a href="#li2420">2420</a>, <a href="#li2601">2601</a>, <a href="#li2633">2633</a>; acc. sg. sefan, <a href="#li278">278</a>, <a href="#li1727">1727</a>, +<a href="#li1843">1843</a>; dat. sg. sefan, <a href="#li473">473</a>, <a href="#li1343">1343</a>, <a href="#li1738">1738</a>.—Comp. mōd-sefa.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesegen">segen</a>, st. f., <i>legend, tale</i>: in comp. eald-ge-segen.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsegl">segl</a>, st. n., <i>sail</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1907">1907</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glseglrād">segl-rād</a>, st. f., <i>sail-road</i>, i.e. sea: dat. sg. on +segl-rāde, <a href="#li1430">1430</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsegn">segn</a>, st. n., <i>banner</i>, vexillum: nom. sg., <a href="#li2768">2768</a>, <a href="#li2959">2959</a>; +acc. sg. segen, <a href="#li47">47</a>, <a href="#li1022">1022</a>; segn, <a href="#li2777">2777</a>; dat. sg. under segne, +<a href="#li1205">1205</a>.—Comp. hēafod-segn.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsel">sel</a>, st. n., <i>hall, palace</i>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsæl">sæl</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glseld">seld</a>, st. n., <i>dwelling, house</i>: in comp. medu-seld.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgeselda">selda</a>, w. m., contubernalis, <i>companion</i>: acc. sg. +geseldan, <a href="#li1985">1985</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glseldan">seldan</a>, adv., <i>seldom</i>: oft [nō] seldan, <a href="#li2030">2030</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glseldguma">seld-guma</a>, w. m., <i>house-man, home-stayer(?); common man?, +house-carl?</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li249">249</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsele">sele</a>, st. m. and n., <i>building consisting of one apartment; +apartment, room</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li81">81</a>, <a href="#li411">411</a>; acc. sg. sele, <a href="#li827">827</a>, <a href="#li2353">2353</a>; dat. sg. +tō sele, <a href="#li323">323</a>, <a href="#li1641">1641</a>; in (on, tō) sele þām hēan, <a href="#li714">714</a>, <a href="#li920">920</a>, <a href="#li1017">1017</a>, <a href="#li1985">1985</a>; on +sele (<i>in the den of the dragon</i>), <a href="#li3129">3129</a>.—Comp.: bēah-, bēor-, dryht-, +eorð-, gest-, gold-, grund-, gūð-, hēah-, hring-, hrōf-, nið-, win-sele.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glseledrēam">sele-drēam</a>, st. m., <i>hall-glee, joy in the hall</i>: acc. sg. +þāra þe þis līf ofgeaf, gesāwon sele-drēam (referring to the joy of +heaven?), <a href="#li2253">2253</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glseleful">sele-ful</a>, st. n., <i>hall-goblet</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li620">620</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glselegyst">sele-gyst</a>, st. m., <i>hall-guest, stranger in hall</i> or +<i>house</i>: acc. sg. þone sele-gyst, <a href="#li1546">1546</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glselerǣdend">sele-rǣdend</a>, pres. part., <i>hall-ruler, possessor of the +hall</i>: nom. pl., <a href="#li51">51</a>; acc. lēode mīne sele-rǣdende, <a href="#li1347">1347</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glselerest">sele-rest</a>, st. f., <i>bed in the hall</i>: acc. sg. sele-reste, +<a href="#li691">691</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glselethegn">sele-þegn</a>, st. m., <i>retainer, hall-thane, chamberlain</i>: +nom. sg., <a href="#li1795">1795</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glseleweard">sele-weard</a>, st. m., <i>hall-ward, guardian of the hall</i>: +acc. sg., <a href="#li668">668</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glself">self, sylf</a>, pron., <i>self</i>: nom. sg. strong form, self, +<a href="#li1314">1314</a>, <a href="#li1925">1925</a> (? selfa); þū self, <a href="#li595">595</a>; þū þē self, <a href="#li954">954</a>; self cyning +(<i>the king himself, the king too</i>), <a href="#li921">921</a>, <a href="#li1011">1011</a>; sylf, <a href="#li1965">1965</a>; in +weak form, selfa, <a href="#li1469">1469</a>; hē selfa, <a href="#li29">29</a>, <a href="#li1734">1734</a>; þǣm þe him selfa dēah +(<i>that can rely upon, trust to, himself</i>), <a href="#li1840">1840</a>; seolfa, <a href="#li3068">3068</a>; hē +sylfa, <a href="#li505">505</a>; god sylfa, <a href="#li3055">3055</a>; acc. sg. m. selfne, <a href="#li1606">1606</a>; hine selfne +(<i>himself</i>), <a href="#li962">962</a>; hyne selfne (<i>himself</i>, reflex.), <a href="#li2876">2876</a>; +wið sylfne (<i>beside</i>), <a href="#li1978">1978</a>; gen. sg. m. selfes, <a href="#li701">701</a>, <a href="#li896">896</a>; his +selfes, <a href="#li1148">1148</a>; on sīnne sylfes dōm (<i>at his own will</i>), <a href="#li2148">2148</a>; +sylfes, <a href="#li2224">2224</a>, <a href="#li2361">2361</a>, <a href="#li2640">2640</a>, <a href="#li2711">2711</a>, <a href="#li2777">2777</a>, <a href="#li3014">3014</a>; his sylfes, <a href="#li2014">2014</a>, <a href="#li2326">2326</a>; +fem. hire selfre, <a href="#li1116">1116</a>; nom. pl. selfe, <a href="#li419">419</a>; Sūð-Dene sylfe, <a href="#li1997">1997</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesella">sella</a>, w. m., <i>house-companion, comrade</i>: in comp. +hand-gesella.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsellan">sellan, syllan</a>, w. v.: 1) w. acc. of thing, dat. of pers., +<i>to give, deliver; permit, grant, present</i>: pres. sg. III. seleð +him on ēðle eorðan wynne, <a href="#li1731">1731</a>; inf. syllan, <a href="#li2161">2161</a>, <a href="#li2730">2730</a>; pret. sg. +sealde, <a href="#li72">72</a>, <a href="#li673">673</a>, <a href="#li1272">1272</a>, <a href="#li1694">1694</a>, <a href="#li1752">1752</a>, <a href="#li2025">2025</a>, <a href="#li2156">2156</a>, <a href="#li2183">2183</a>, <a href="#li2491">2491</a>, <a href="#li2995">2995</a>; nefne +god sylfa sealde þām þe hē wolde hord openian (<i>unless God himself +gave to whom he would to open the hoard</i>), <a href="#li3056">3056</a>; pret. sg. II. +sealdest, <a href="#li1483">1483</a>.—2) <i>to give, give up</i> (only w. acc. of thing): +ǣr hē feorh seleð (<i>he prefers to give up his life</i>), <a href="#li1371">1371</a>; +nallas on gylp seleð fǣtte bēagas (<i>giveth out gold-wrought +rings</i>, etc.), <a href="#li1750">1750</a>; pret. sg. sinc-fato sealde, <a href="#li623">623</a>; pl. byrelas +sealdon wīn of wunder-fatum, <a href="#li1162">1162</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-sellan, w. acc. and dat. of pers., <i>to give, deliver; grant, +present</i>: inf. ge-sellan, <a href="#li1030">1030</a>; pret. sg. ge-sealde, <a href="#li616">616</a>, <a href="#li1053">1053</a>, +<a href="#li1867">1867</a>, <a href="#li1902">1902</a>, <a href="#li2143">2143</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsellīc">sel-līc, syl-līc</a> (from seld-līc), adj., <i>strange, +wondrous</i>: nom. sg. glōf ... syllīc, <a href="#li2087">2087</a>; acc. sg. n. syllīc +spell, <a href="#li2110">2110</a>; acc. pl. sellīce sǣ-dracan, <a href="#li1427">1427</a>. Compar. acc. sg. +syllīcran wiht (the dragon), <a href="#li3039">3039</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsemninga">semninga</a>, adv., <i>straightway, at once</i> <a href="#li645">645</a>, <a href="#li1641">1641</a>, <a href="#li1768">1768</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsendan">sendan</a>, w. v. w. acc. of thing and dat. of pers., <i>to +send</i>: pret. sg. þone god sende folce tō frōfre (<i>whom God sent +as a comfort to the people</i>), <a href="#li13">13</a>; so, <a href="#li471">471</a>, <a href="#li1843">1843</a>.</p> + +<p>for-sendan, <i>to send away, drive off</i> pret. part. hē wearð on +fēonda geweald ... snūde for-sended, <a href="#li905">905</a>.</p> + +<p>on-sendan, <i>to send forth, away</i>, w. acc. of thing and dat. of +pers.: imper. sg. on-send, <a href="#li452">452</a>, <a href="#li1484">1484</a>; pret. sg. on-sende, <a href="#li382">382</a>; pl. þē hine +... forð on-sendon ǣnne ofer ȳðe (<i>who sent him forth alone over the +sea</i>), <a href="#li45">45</a>; pret. part. bealo-cwealm hafað fela feorh-cynna feorr +on-sended, <a href="#li2267">2267</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsendan">sendan</a> (cf. Gl. Aldhelm, sanda = ferculorum, epularum, in Haupt +IX. 444), w. v., <i>to feast, banquet</i>: pres. sg. III. sendeð, +<a href="#li601">601</a>.—Leo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glserce">serce, syrce</a>, w. f., <i>sark, shirt of mail</i>: nom. sg. +syrce, <a href="#li1112">1112</a>; nom. pl. syrcan, <a href="#li226">226</a>; acc. pl. grǣge syrcan, <a href="#li334">334</a>.—Comp.: +beadu-, heoro-serce; here-, leoðo-, līc-syrce.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsess">sess</a>, st. m., <i>seat, place for sitting</i>: dat. sg. sesse, +<a href="#li2718">2718</a>; þā hē bī sesse gēong (<i>by the seat</i>, i.e. before the +dragon's lair), <a href="#li2757">2757</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsetl">setl</a>, st. n., <i>seat, settle</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li2014">2014</a>; dat. sg. +setle, <a href="#li1233">1233</a>, <a href="#li1783">1783</a>, <a href="#li2020">2020</a>; gen. sg. setles, <a href="#li1787">1787</a>; dat. pl. setlum, +<a href="#li1290">1290</a>.—Comp.: hēah-, hilde-, meodu-setl.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsettan">settan</a>, w. v., <i>to set</i>: pret. sg. setton sǣ-mēðe sīde +scyldas ... wið þæs recedes weall (<i>the sea-wearied ones set their +broad shields against the wall of the hall</i>), <a href="#li325">325</a>; so, <a href="#li1243">1243</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-settan, <i>to set, place, appoint</i>: pret. pl. hīe him ā-setton +segen [gyl]-denne hēah ofer hēafod, <a href="#li47">47</a>; pret. part. hæfde kyninga +wuldor Grendle tō-gēanes ... sele-weard ā-seted, <a href="#li668">668</a>.</p> + +<p>be-settan, <i>to set with, surround</i>: pret. sg. (helm) besette +swīn-līcum (<i>set the helm with swine-bodies</i>), <a href="#li1454">1454</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-settan: 1) <i>to set, set down</i>: pret. part. swā wæs ...þurh +rūn-stafas rihte ge-mearcod, ge-seted and ge-sǣd (<i>thus was ... in +rune-staves rightly marked, set down and said</i>), <a href="#li1697">1697</a>.—2) <i>to +set, ordain, create</i>: pret. sg. ge-sette ... sunnan and mōnan lēoman +tō lēohte land-būendum, <a href="#li94">94</a>.—3) = componere, <i>to lay aside, smooth +over, appease</i>: pret. sg. þæt hē mid þȳ wīfe +wæl-fǣhða ... dǣl ... ge-sette, <a href="#li2030">2030</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsēcan">sēcan</a>, w. v., <i>to follow after</i>, hence: 1) <i>to seek, +strive for</i>, w. acc.: pret. sg. sinc-fæt sōhte <i>(sought the +costly cup</i>), <a href="#li2301">2301</a>; ne sōhte searo-nīðas, <a href="#li2739">2739</a>; so, <a href="#li3068">3068</a>. Without +acc.: þonne his myne sōhte (<i>than his wish demanded</i>), <a href="#li2573">2573</a>; +hord-weard sōhte georne æfter grunde (<i>the hoard-warden sought +eagerly along the ground</i>), <a href="#li2294">2294</a>.—2) <i>to look for, come</i> or +<i>go some whither, attain something</i>, w. acc.: pres. sg. III. sē +þe ... biorgas sēceð, <a href="#li2273">2273</a>; subj. þēah þe hǣð-stapa holt-wudu sēce, +<a href="#li1370">1370</a>; imper. sēc gif þū dyrre (<i>look for her</i>, i.e. Grendel's +mother, <i>if thou dare</i>), <a href="#li1380">1380</a>; inf. sēcean, <a href="#li200">200</a>, <a href="#li268">268</a>, <a href="#li646">646</a>, <a href="#li1598">1598</a>, +<a href="#li1870">1870</a>, <a href="#li1990">1990</a>, <a href="#li2514">2514</a>(?), <a href="#li3103">3103</a>, etc.; sēcan, <a href="#li665">665</a>, <a href="#li1451">1451</a>; drihten sēcean +(<i>seek, go to, the Lord</i>), <a href="#li187">187</a>; sēcean wyn-lēas wīc (<i>Grendel +was to seek a joyless place</i>, i.e. Hell), <a href="#li822">822</a>; so, sēcan dēofla +gedræg, <a href="#li757">757</a>; sāwle sēcan (<i>seek the life, kill</i>), <a href="#li802">802</a>; so, sēcean +sāwle hord, <a href="#li2423">2423</a>; gerund. sæcce tō sēceanne, <a href="#li2563">2563</a>; pret. sg. I., III. +sōhte, <a href="#li139">139</a>, <a href="#li208">208</a>, <a href="#li376">376</a>, <a href="#li417">417</a>, <a href="#li2224">2224</a>; II. sōhtest, <a href="#li458">458</a>; pl. sōhton, +<a href="#li339">339</a>.—3) <i>to seek, attack</i>: þē ūs sēceað tō Swēona lēode, <a href="#li3002">3002</a>; +pret. pl. hine wræc-mæcgas ofer sǣ sōhtan, <a href="#li2381">2381</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-sēcan: 1) <i>to seek</i>, w. acc.: inf. gif hē gesēcean dear wīg +ofer wǣpen, <a href="#li685">685</a>.—2) <i>to look for, come</i> or <i>go to +attain</i>, w. acc.: inf. ge-sēcean, <a href="#li693">693</a>; gerund, tō ge-sēcanne, <a href="#li1923">1923</a>; +pret. sg. ge-sōhte, <a href="#li463">463</a>, <a href="#li520">520</a>, <a href="#li718">718</a>, <a href="#li1952">1952</a>; pret. part. nom. pl. +feor-cȳððe bēoð sēlran ge-sōhte þām þe hine selfa dēah, <a href="#li1840">1840</a>.—3) +<i>to seek with hostile intent, to attack</i>: pres. sg. ge-sēceð +<a href="#li2516">2516</a>; pret. sg. ge-sōhte, <a href="#li2347">2347</a>; pl. ge-sōhton, <a href="#li2927">2927</a>; ge-sōhtan, <a href="#li2205">2205</a>.</p> + +<p>ofer-sēcan, w. acc., <i>to surpass, outdo</i> (in an attack): pres. +sg. wæs sīo hond tō strong, sē þe mēca gehwane ... swenge ofer-sōhte, +þonne hē tō sæcce bær wǣpen wundrum heard (<i>too strong was the hand, +that surpassed every sword in stroke, when he</i> [Bēowulf] <i>bore +the wondrous weapon to battle</i>, i.e. the hand was too strong for +any sword; its strength made it useless in battle), <a href="#li2687">2687</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsēl">sēl</a>, st. f. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsǣl">sǣl</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsēl">sēl, sǣl</a>, adj., <i>good, excellent, fit</i>, only in compar.: +nom. sg. m. sēlra, <a href="#li861">861</a>, <a href="#li2194">2194</a>; þǣm þǣr sēlra wæs (<i>to the one that +was the better</i>, i.e. Hygelāc), <a href="#li2200">2200</a>; dēað bið sēlla þonne +edwīt-līf, <a href="#li2891">2891</a>; neut. sēlre, <a href="#li1385">1385</a>; acc. sg. m. sēlran þē (<i>a better +than thee</i>), <a href="#li1851">1851</a>; sēlran, <a href="#li1198">1198</a>; neut. þæt sēlre, <a href="#li1760">1760</a>; dat. sg. m. +sēlran sweord-frecan, <a href="#li1469">1469</a>; nom. pl. fem. sēlran, <a href="#li1840">1840</a>. Superl., +strong form: nom. sg. neut. sēlest, <a href="#li173">173</a>, <a href="#li1060">1060</a>; hūsa sēlest, <a href="#li146">146</a>, <a href="#li285">285</a>, +<a href="#li936">936</a>; ofost is sēlest, <a href="#li256">256</a>; bolda sēlest, <a href="#li2327">2327</a>; acc. sg. neut. hrægla +sēlest, <a href="#li454">454</a>; hūsa sēlest, <a href="#li659">659</a>; billa sēlest, <a href="#li1145">1145</a>;—weak form: nom. +sg. m. reced sēlesta, <a href="#li412">412</a>; acc. sg. m. þone sēlestan, <a href="#li1407">1407</a>, <a href="#li2383">2383</a>; +(þæs, MS.), <a href="#li1957">1957</a>; dat. sg. m. þǣm sēlestan, <a href="#li1686">1686</a>; nom. pl. sēlestan, +<a href="#li416">416</a>; acc. pl. þā sēlestan, <a href="#li3123">3123</a>.</p> + +<p>sēl, compar. adv., <i>better, fitter, more excellent</i>, <a href="#li1013">1013</a>, <a href="#li2531">2531</a>; +ne byð him wihte þē sēl (<i>he shall be nought the better for it</i>), +<a href="#li2278">2278</a>; so, <a href="#li2688">2688</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsealma">sealma</a> (Frisian selma, in bed-selma), w. m., <i>bed-chamber, +sleeping-place</i>: acc. sg. on sealman, <a href="#li2461">2461</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsealt">sealt</a>, adj., <i>salty</i>: acc. sg. neut. ofer sealt wæter +(<i>the sea</i>), <a href="#li1990">1990</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsearo">searo</a> (G. sarwa, pl.), st. n.: 1) <i>armor, accoutrements, +war-gear</i>: nom. pl. sǣ-manna searo, <a href="#li329">329</a>; dat. pl. secg on searwum +(<i>a man, warrior, in panoply</i>), <a href="#li249">249</a>, <a href="#li2701">2701</a>; in (on) searwum, <a href="#li323">323</a>, +<a href="#li1558">1558</a>; <a href="#li2531">2531</a>, <a href="#li2569">2569</a>; instr. pl. searwum, <a href="#li1814">1814</a>.—2) <i>insidiae, +ambuscade, waylaying, deception, battle</i>: þā ic of searwum cwōm, +fāh from fēondum, <a href="#li419">419</a>.—3) <i>cunning, art, skill</i>: instr. pl. +sadol searwum fāh (<i>saddle cunningly ornamented</i>), <a href="#li1039">1039</a>; +earmbēaga fela, searwum ge-sǣled (<i>many cunningly-linked +armlets</i>), <a href="#li2765">2765</a>.—Comp. fyrd-, gūð-, inwit-searo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsearobend">searo-bend</a>, st. f., <i>band, bond, of curious workmanship</i>: +instr. pl. searo-bendum fæst, <a href="#li2087">2087</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsearofāh">searo-fāh</a>, adj., <i>cunningly inlaid, ornamented, with +gold</i>: nom. sg. here-byrne hondum ge-brōden, sīd and searo-fāh, +<a href="#li1445">1445</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsearogethræc">searo-ge-þræc</a>, st. n., <i>heap of treasure-objects</i>: acc. +sg., <a href="#li3103">3103</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsearogim">searo-gim</a>, st. m., <i>cunningly set gem, rich jewel</i>: acc. +pl. searo-gimmas, <a href="#li2750">2750</a>; gen. pl. searo-gimma, <a href="#li1158">1158</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsearogrim">searo-grim</a>, adj., <i>cunning and fierce</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li595">595</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsearohæbbend">searo-hæbbend</a>, pres. part. as subst., <i>arms-bearing, warrior +with his trappings</i>: gen. pl. searo-hæbbendra, <a href="#li237">237</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsearonet">searo-net</a>, st. n., <i>armor-net, shirt of mail, corselet</i>: +nom. sg., <a href="#li406">406</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsearonīth">searo-nīð</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>cunning hostility, plot, wiles</i>: +acc. pl. searo-nīðas, <a href="#li1201">1201</a>, <a href="#li2739">2739</a>.—2) also, only <i>hostility, feud, +contest</i>: acc. pl. searo-nīðas, <a href="#li3068">3068</a>; gen. pl. searo-nīða, <a href="#li582">582</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsearothanc">searo-þanc</a>, st. m., <i>ingenuity</i>: instr. pl. searo-þoncum, +<a href="#li776">776</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsearowundor">searo-wundor</a>, st. n., <i>rare wonder</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li921">921</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glseax">seax</a>, st. n., <i>shortsword, hip-knife; dagger</i>: instr. sg. +seaxe, <a href="#li1546">1546</a>.—Comp. wæl-seax.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glseaxben">seax-ben</a>, st. f., <i>dagger-wound</i>: instr. pl. siex-bennum, +<a href="#li2905">2905</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glseofon">seofon</a>, num., <i>seven</i>, <a href="#li517">517</a>; seofan, <a href="#li2196">2196</a>; decl. acc. +syfone, <a href="#li3123">3123</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glseomian">seomian</a>, w. v.: 1) intrans., <i>to be tied; lie at rest</i>: +inf. siomian, <a href="#li2768">2768</a>; pret. sg. seomode, <a href="#li302">302</a>.—2) w. acc., <i>to put in +bonds, entrap, catch</i>: pret. sg. duguðe and geogoðe seomade (cf. +2086-<a href="#li2092">2092</a>, <a href="#li161">161</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glseonu">seonu</a>, st. f., <i>sinew</i>: nom. pl. seonowe, <a href="#li818">818</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsēoc">sēoc</a>, adj., <i>feeble, weak; fatally ill</i>: nom. sg. +feorh-bennum sēoc (of Bēowulf, <i>sick unto death</i>), <a href="#li2741">2741</a>; +siex-bennum sēoc (of the dead dragon), <a href="#li2905">2905</a>; nom. pl. mōdes sēoce +(<i>sick of soul</i>), <a href="#li1604">1604</a>.—Comp.: ellen-, feorh-, heaðo-sēoc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsēothan">sēoðan</a>, st. v. w. acc., <i>to seethe, boil</i>; figuratively, <i>be +excited over, brood</i>: pret. sg. ic þæs mōd-ceare sorh-wylmum sēað (<i>I +pined in heart-grief for that</i>), <a href="#li1994">1994</a>; so, <a href="#li190">190</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glseoloth">seoloð</a>, st. m.?, <i>bight, bay</i> (cf. Dietrich in Haupt XI. +416): gen. pl. sioleða bi-gong (<i>the realm of bights</i> = the +[surface of the] sea?), <a href="#li2368">2368</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsēon">sēon, sȳn</a>, st. f., <i>aspect, sight</i>: in comp. wlite-, +wundor-sēon, an-sȳn.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsēon">sēon</a>, st. v., <i>to see</i>: a) w. acc.: inf. searo-wunder +sēon, <a href="#li921">921</a>; so, <a href="#li387">387</a>, <a href="#li1181">1181</a>, <a href="#li1276">1276</a>, <a href="#li3103">3103</a>; þǣr mæg nihta ge-hwǣm nīð-wundor +sēon (<i>there may every night be seen a repulsive marvel</i>), <a href="#li1366">1366</a>; +pret. sg. ne seah ic ... heal-sittendra medudrēam māran, <a href="#li2015">2015</a>.—b) w. +acc. and predicate adj.: ne seah ic elþēodige þus manige men +mōdiglīcran, <a href="#li336">336</a>.—c) w. prep. or adv.: pret. sg. seah on enta +ge-weorc, <a href="#li2718">2718</a>; seah on un-lēofe, <a href="#li2864">2864</a>; pl. folc tō sǣgon (<i>looked +on</i>), <a href="#li1423">1423</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-sēon, <i>to see, behold</i>: a) w. acc.: pres. sg. III. sē þe bēah +ge-syhð, <a href="#li2042">2042</a>; inf. ge-sēon, <a href="#li396">396</a>, <a href="#li571">571</a>, <a href="#li649">649</a>, <a href="#li962">962</a>, <a href="#li1079">1079</a>, etc.; pret. sg. +geseah, <a href="#li247">247</a>, <a href="#li927">927</a>, <a href="#li1558">1558</a>, <a href="#li1614">1614</a>; pl. ge-sāwon, <a href="#li1606">1606</a>, <a href="#li2253">2253</a>.—b) w. acc. +and predicate adj., pres. sg. III. ge-syhð ... on his suna būre win-sele +wēstne (<i>sees in his son's house the wine-hall empty</i>; or, +<i>hall of friends</i>?), <a href="#li2456">2456</a>.—c) w. inf.: pret. sg. ge-seah ... beran +ofer bolcan beorhte randas (<i>saw shining shields borne over the +gang-plank</i>), <a href="#li229">229</a>; pret. pl. mǣre māððum-sweord monige ge-sāwon +beforan beorn beran, <a href="#li1024">1024</a>.—d) w. acc. and inf.: pret. sg. ge-seah, +<a href="#li729">729</a>, <a href="#li1517">1517</a>, <a href="#li1586">1586</a>, <a href="#li1663">1663</a>, <a href="#li2543">2543</a>, <a href="#li2605">2605</a>, etc.; pl. ge-sāwon, <a href="#li221">221</a>, <a href="#li1348">1348</a>, +<a href="#li1426">1426</a>; ge-sēgan, <a href="#li3039">3039</a>; ge-sēgon, <a href="#li3129">3129</a>.—e) w. depend, clause: inf. mæg +þonne ... gesēon sunu Hrēðles, þæt ic (<i>may the son of H. see that +I...</i>), <a href="#li1486">1486</a>; pret. pl. ge-sāwon, <a href="#li1592">1592</a>.</p> + +<p>geond-sēon, <i>to see, look through, over</i>, w. acc.: pret. sg. (ic) +þæt eall geond-seh, <a href="#li3088">3088</a>.</p> + +<p>ofer-sēon, <i>to see clearly, plainly</i>: pret. pl. ofer-sāwon, <a href="#li419">419</a>.</p> + +<p>on-sēon, <i>to look on, at</i>, w. acc.: pret. pl. on-sāwon, <a href="#li1651">1651</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsēowian">sēowian</a>, w. v., <i>to sew, put together, link</i>: pret. part. +searo-net sēowed smiðes or-þancum (<i>the corselet woven by the +smith's craft</i>), <a href="#li406">406</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsib">sib</a>, st. f., <i>peace, friendship, relationship</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li1165">1165</a>, <a href="#li1858">1858</a>; sibb, <a href="#li2601">2601</a>; acc. sibbe, <a href="#li950">950</a>, <a href="#li2432">2432</a>, <a href="#li2923">2923</a>; instr. sg. sibbe +(<i>in peace</i>?), <a href="#li154">154</a>.—Comp.: dryht-, friðo-sib.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsibætheling">sib-æðeling</a>, st. m., <i>nobilis consanguineus, kindred +prince</i> or <i>nobleman</i>: nom. pl. -æðelingas, <a href="#li2709">2709</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsibbegedryht">sibbe-gedryht</a>, st. f., <i>body of allied</i> or <i>related +warriors</i>: acc. sg. sibbe-gedriht (the Danes), <a href="#li387">387</a>; (the Gēatas), +<a href="#li730">730</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsiththan">siððan, syððan</a>: 1) adv.: a) <i>since, after, from now on, +further</i>, <a href="#li142">142</a>, <a href="#li149">149</a>, <a href="#li283">283</a>, <a href="#li567">567</a>, <a href="#li1903">1903</a>, <a href="#li2052">2052</a>, <a href="#li2065">2065</a>, <a href="#li2176">2176</a>, <a href="#li2703">2703</a>, <a href="#li2807">2807</a>, +<a href="#li2921">2921</a>; seoððan, <a href="#li1876">1876</a>.—b) <i>then, thereupon, after</i>, <a href="#li470">470</a>, <a href="#li686">686</a>, +<a href="#li1454">1454</a>, <a href="#li1557">1557</a>, <a href="#li1690">1690</a>, <a href="#li2208">2208</a>; seoððan, <a href="#li1938">1938</a>; ǣr nē siððan (<i>neither before +nor after</i>), <a href="#li719">719</a>.</p> + +<p>2) Conj.: a) w. ind. pres., <i>as soon as, when</i>, <a href="#li413">413</a>, <a href="#li605">605</a>, <a href="#li1785">1785</a>, +<a href="#li2889">2889</a>, <a href="#li2912">2912</a>.—b) w. ind. pret., <i>when, whilst</i>, <a href="#li835">835</a>, <a href="#li851">851</a>, <a href="#li1205">1205</a>, +<a href="#li1207">1207</a>, <a href="#li1421">1421</a>, <a href="#li1590">1590</a>, <a href="#li2357">2357</a>, <a href="#li2961">2961</a>, <a href="#li2971">2971</a>, <a href="#li3128">3128</a>; seoððan, +<a href="#li1776">1776</a>;—<i>since</i>, <a href="#li649">649</a>, <a href="#li657">657</a>, <a href="#li983">983</a>, <a href="#li1199">1199</a>, <a href="#li1254">1254</a>, <a href="#li1309">1309</a>, +<a href="#li2202">2202</a>;—<i>after</i>, either with pluperf.: siððan him scyppend +forscrifen hæfde (<i>after the Creator had proscribed him</i>), <a href="#li106">106</a>; +so, <a href="#li1473">1473</a>; or with pret. = pluperf.: syððan niht becōm (<i>after night +had come on</i>), <a href="#li115">115</a>; so, <a href="#li6">6</a>, <a href="#li132">132</a>, <a href="#li723">723</a>, <a href="#li887">887</a>, <a href="#li902">902</a>, <a href="#li1078">1078</a>, <a href="#li1149">1149</a>, <a href="#li1236">1236</a>, +<a href="#li1262">1262</a>, <a href="#li1282">1282</a>, <a href="#li1979">1979</a>, <a href="#li2013">2013</a>, <a href="#li2125">2125</a>; or pret. and pluperf. together, +<a href="#li2104">2104-2105</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsiex">siex</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glseax">seax</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsigedryhten">sige-dryhten</a>, st. m., <i>lord of victory, victorious lord</i>: +nom. sg. sige-drihten, <a href="#li391">391</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsigeēadig">sige-ēadig</a>, adj., <i>blest with victory, victorious</i>: acc. +sg. neut. sige-ēadig bil, <a href="#li1558">1558</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsigefolc">sige-folc</a>, st. n., <i>victorious people, troop</i>: gen. pl. +sige-folca, <a href="#li645">645</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsigehrēth">sige-hrēð</a>, st. f., <i>confidence of victory</i>(?): acc. sg., +<a href="#li490">490</a>. See <a href="#note489">Note</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsigehrēthig">sige-hrēðig</a>, adj., <i>victorious</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li94">94</a>, <a href="#li1598">1598</a>, <a href="#li2757">2757</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsigehwīl">sige-hwīl</a>, st. f., <i>hour</i> or <i>day of victory</i>: gen. +sg. sige-hwīle, <a href="#li2711">2711</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsigelēas">sige-lēas</a>, adj., <i>devoid of victory, defeated</i>: acc. sg. +sige-lēasne sang, <a href="#li788">788</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsigerōf">sige-rōf</a>, adj., <i>victorious</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li620">620</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsigethēod">sige-þēod</a>, st. f., <i>victorious warrior troop</i>: dat. sg. on +sige-þēode, <a href="#li2205">2205</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsigewǣpen">sige-wǣpen</a>, st. n., <i>victor-weapon, sword</i>: dat. pl. +sige-wǣpnum, <a href="#li805">805</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsigl">sigl</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>sun</i>: nom. sg. sigel, <a href="#li1967">1967</a>.—2) +<i>sun-shaped ornament</i>: acc. pl. siglu, <a href="#li3165">3165</a>; sigle (bracteates of +a necklace), <a href="#li1201">1201</a>; gen. pl. sigla, <a href="#li1158">1158</a>.—Comp. māððum-sigl.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsigor">sigor</a>, st. m., <i>victory</i>: gen. sg. sigores, <a href="#li1022">1022</a>; gen. pl. +sigora, <a href="#li2876">2876</a>, <a href="#li3056">3056</a>.—Comp.: hrēð-, wīg-sigor.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsigorēadig">sigor-ēadig</a>, adj., <i>victorious</i>: nom. sg. sigor-ēadig secg +(of Bēowulf), <a href="#li1312">1312</a>, <a href="#li2353">2353</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsin">sin</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsyn">syn</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsinc">sinc</a>, st. n., <i>treasure, jewel, property</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2765">2765</a>; +acc. sg. sinc, <a href="#li81">81</a>, <a href="#li1205">1205</a>, <a href="#li1486">1486</a>, <a href="#li2384">2384</a>, <a href="#li2432">2432</a>; instr. sg. since, <a href="#li1039">1039</a>, +<a href="#li1451">1451</a>, <a href="#li1616">1616</a>, <a href="#li1883">1883</a>, <a href="#li2218">2218</a>, <a href="#li2747">2747</a>; gen. sg. sinces, <a href="#li608">608</a>, <a href="#li1171">1171</a>, <a href="#li1923">1923</a>, <a href="#li2072">2072</a>; +gen. pl. sinca, <a href="#li2429">2429</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsincfāh">sinc-fāh</a>, adj., <i>treasure-decked</i>: acc. sg. neut. weak +form, sinc-fāge sel, <a href="#li167">167</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsincfæt">sinc-fæt</a>, st. n., <i>costly vessel</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li2232">2232</a>, +<a href="#li2301">2301</a>;—<i>a costly object</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1201">1201</a> (i.e. mene); acc. pl. +sinc-fato, <a href="#li623">623</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsincgestrēon">sinc-ge-strēon</a>, st. n., <i>precious treasure, jewel of value +</i>: instr. pl. -gestrēonum, <a href="#li1093">1093</a>; gen. pl. -gestrēona, <a href="#li1227">1227</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsincgifa">sinc-gifa</a>, w. m., <i>jewel-giver, treasure-giver = prince, +ruler</i>: acc. sg. sinc-gyfan, <a href="#li1013">1013</a>; dat. sg. sinc-gifan (of +Bēowulf), <a href="#li2312">2312</a>; (of Æschere), <a href="#li1343">1343</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsincmāththum">sinc-māððum</a>, st. m., <i>treasure</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2194">2194</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsincthego">sinc-þego</a>, f., <i>acceptance, taking, of jewels</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li2885">2885</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsindolh">sin-dolh</a>, st. n., <i>perpetual</i>, i.e. incurable, +<i>wound</i>: nom. sg. syn-dolh, <a href="#li818">818</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsinfrēa">sin-frēa</a>, w. m., <i>wedded lord, husband</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1935">1935</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsingal">sin-gāl</a>, adj., <i>continual, lasting</i>: acc. sg. fem, +sin-gāle sæce, <a href="#li154">154</a>.</p> + +<p>sin-gāles, adv. gen. sg., <i>continually, ever</i>, <a href="#li1778">1778</a>; syngales, +<a href="#li1136">1136</a>.</p> + +<p>singāla, adv. gen. pl., the same, <a href="#li190">190</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsingan">singan</a>, st. v., <i>to sound, ring, sing</i>: pret. sg. +hring-īren scīr song in searwum (<i>the ringed iron rang in the +armor</i>), <a href="#li323">323</a>; horn stundum song fūs-līc f[yrd]-lēoð (<i>at times +the horn rang forth a ready battle-song</i>), <a href="#li1424">1424</a>; scop hwīlum sang +(<i>the singer sang at whiles</i>), <a href="#li496">496</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-singan, <i>to sing out, sing to an end</i>: pret. part. lēoð wæs +ā-sungen, <a href="#li1160">1160</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsinhere">sin-here</a>, st. m., (<i>army without end</i>?), <i>strong army, +host</i>: instr. sg. sin-herge, <a href="#li2937">2937</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsinniht">sin-niht</a>, st. f., <i>perpetual night, night after night</i>: +acc. pl. sin-nihte (<i>night after night</i>), <a href="#li161">161</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsinsceatha">sin-sceaða</a>, w. m., <i>irreconcilable foe</i>: nom. sg. +syn-scaða, <a href="#li708">708</a>; acc. sg. syn-scaðan, <a href="#li802">802</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsinsnǣd">sin-snǣd</a>, st. f., (<i>continuous biting</i>) <i>bite after +bite</i>: dat. pl. syn-snǣdum swealh (<i>swallowed bite after bite, in +great bites</i>), <a href="#li744">744</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsittan">sittan</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to sit</i>: pres. sg. Wīglāf siteð ofer +Bīowulfe, <a href="#li2907">2907</a>; imper. sg. site nū tō symle, <a href="#li489">489</a>; inf. þǣr swið-ferhðe +sittan ēodon (<i>whither the strong-minded went and sat</i>), <a href="#li493">493</a>; +ēode ... tō hire frēan sittan (<i>went to sit by her lord</i>), <a href="#li642">642</a>; +pret. sg. on wicge sæt (<i>sat on the horse</i>), <a href="#li286">286</a>; æt fōtum sæt +(<i>sat at the feet</i>), <a href="#li500">500</a>, <a href="#li1167">1167</a>; þǣr Hrōðgār sæt (<i>where H. +sat</i>), <a href="#li356">356</a>; so, <a href="#li1191">1191</a>, <a href="#li2895">2895</a>; hē gewērgad sæt ... frēan eaxlum nēah, +<a href="#li2854">2854</a>; pret. pl. sǣton, <a href="#li1165">1165</a>; gistas sētan (MS. sēcan) ... and on mere +staredon (<i>the strangers sat and stared on the sea</i>), <a href="#li1603">1603</a>.—2) +<i>to be in a certain state</i> or <i>condition</i> (<i>quasi</i> +copula): pret. sg. mǣre þēoden ... unblīðe sæt, <a href="#li130">130</a>.—Comp.: flet-, +heal-sittend.</p> + +<p>be-sittan, obsidere, <i>to surround, besiege</i>, w. acc.: besæt þā +sin-herge sweorda lāfe wundum wērge (<i>then besieged he with a host +the leavings of the sword, wound-weary</i>), <a href="#li2937">2937</a>.</p> + +<p>for-sittan, obstrui, <i>to pass away, fail</i>: pres. sg. ēagena +bearhtm for-siteð (<i>the light of the eyes passeth away</i>), <a href="#li1768">1768</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-sittan: 1) <i>to sit, sit together</i>: pret. sg. monig-oft ge-sæt +rīce to rūne (<i>very often sat the king deliberating with his +council</i> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glrīce">rīce</a>), <a href="#li171">171</a>; wið earm ge-sæt (<i>supported +himself upon his arm, sat on his arm</i>?), <a href="#li750">750</a>; fēða eal ge-sæt +(<i>the whole troop sat down</i>), <a href="#li1425">1425</a>; ge-sæt þā wið sylfne (<i>sat +there beside, near to, him</i>, i.e. Hygelāc), <a href="#li1978">1978</a>;</p> + +<p>ge-sæt þā on næsse, <a href="#li2418">2418</a>; so, <a href="#li2718">2718</a>; pret. part. (syððan) ... wē tō +symble ge-seten hæfdon, <a href="#li2105">2105</a>.—2) w. acc., <i>to seat one's self +upon</i> or <i>in something, to board</i>: pret. sg. þā ic ... sǣ-bāt +ge-sæt, <a href="#li634">634</a>.</p> + +<p>of-sittan, w. acc., <i>to sit over</i> or <i>upon</i>: pret. sg. +of-sæt þā þone sele-gyst, <a href="#li1546">1546</a>.</p> + +<p>ofer-sittan, w. acc., <i>to dispense with, refrain from</i> (cf. +<a class="glentry" href="#glofer">ofer</a>, 2 [c]): pres. sg. I. þæt ic wið þone gūð-flogan gylp +ofer-sitte, <a href="#li2529">2529</a>; inf. secge ofer-sittan, <a href="#li685">685</a>.</p> + +<p>on-sittan (O.H.G. int-sizzan, <i>to start from one's seat, to be +startled</i>), w. acc., <i>to fear</i>: inf. þā fǣhðe, atole ecg-þræce +ēower lēode sīwðe onsittan <i>to dread the hostility, the fierce +contest, of your people</i>, <a href="#li598">598</a>.</p> + +<p>ymb-sittan, <i>to sit around</i>, w. acc.: pret. pl. (þæt hīe) ... +symbel ymb-sǣton (<i>sat round the feast</i>), <a href="#li564">564</a>. See +<a class="glentry" href="#glymbsittend">ymb-sittend</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsīd">sīd</a>, adj.: 1) <i>wide, broad, spacious, large</i>: nom. sg. +(here-byrne, glōf) sīd, <a href="#li1445">1445</a>, <a href="#li2087">2087</a>; acc. sg. m. sīdne scyld, <a href="#li437">437</a>; on +sīdne sǣ, <a href="#li507">507</a>; fem. byrnan sīde (of a corselet extending over the +legs), <a href="#li1292">1292</a>; ofer sǣ sīde, <a href="#li2395">2395</a>; neut. sīde rīce, <a href="#li1734">1734</a>, <a href="#li2200">2200</a>; instr. +sg. sīdan herge, <a href="#li2348">2348</a>; acc. pl. sīde sǣ-næssas, <a href="#li223">223</a>; sīde scyldas, +<a href="#li325">325</a>; gen. pl. sīdra sorga (<i>of great sorrows</i>), <a href="#li149">149</a>.—2) in +moral sense, <i>great, noble</i>: acc. sg. þurh sīdne sefan, <a href="#li1727">1727</a>.</p> + +<p>side, adv., <i>far and wide, afar</i>, <a href="#li1224">1224</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsīdfæthme">sīd-fæðme</a>, adj., <i>broad-bosomed</i>: acc. sg. sīd-fæðme scip, +<a href="#li1918">1918</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsīdfæthmed">sīd-fæðmed</a>, <i>quasi</i> pret. part., the same: nom. sg. +sīd-fæðmed scip, <a href="#li302">302</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsīdrand">sīd-rand</a>, st. m., <i>broad shield</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1290">1290</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsīth">sīð</a> (G. seþu-s), adj., <i>late</i>: superl. nom. sg. sīðast +sige-hwīle (<i>the last hour, day, of victory</i>), <a href="#li2711">2711</a>; dat. sg. æt +sīðestan (<i>in the end, at last</i>), <a href="#li3014">3014</a>.</p> + +<p>sīð, adv. compar., <i>later</i>: ǣr and sīð (<i>sooner and later, +early and late</i>), <a href="#li2501">2501</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsīth">sīð</a> (G. sinþ-s), st. m.: l) <i>road, way, journey, +expedition</i>; esp., <i>road to battle</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li501">501</a>, <a href="#li3059">3059</a>, +<a href="#li3090">3090</a>; næs þæt ēðe sīð (<i>that was no easy road, task</i>), <a href="#li2587">2587</a>; so, +þæt wæs gēocor sīð, <a href="#li766">766</a>; acc. sg. sīð, <a href="#li353">353</a>, <a href="#li512">512</a>, <a href="#li909">909</a>, <a href="#li1279">1279</a>, <a href="#li1430">1430</a>, +<a href="#li1967">1967</a>; instr. dat. sīðe, <a href="#li532">532</a>, <a href="#li1952">1952</a>, <a href="#li1994">1994</a>; gen. sg. sīðes, <a href="#li579">579</a>, <a href="#li1476">1476</a>, +<a href="#li1795">1795</a>, <a href="#li1909">1909</a>. Also, <i>return</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1972">1972</a>.—2) <i>undertaking, +enterprise</i>; esp., <i>battle-work</i>: nom. sg. nis þæt ēower sīð, +<a href="#li2533">2533</a>; ne bið swylc earges sīð (<i>such is no coward's enterprise</i>), +<a href="#li2542">2542</a>; acc. sg. sīð, <a href="#li873">873</a>. In pl.= <i>adventures</i>: nom. sīðas, <a href="#li1987">1987</a>; +acc. sīðas, <a href="#li878">878</a>; gen. sīða, <a href="#li318">318</a>.—3) time (as iterative): nom. sg. +næs þæt forma sīð (<i>that was not the first time</i>), <a href="#li717">717</a>, <a href="#li1464">1464</a>; so, +<a href="#li1528">1528</a>, <a href="#li2626">2626</a>; acc. sg. oftor micle þonne on ǣnne sīð, <a href="#li1580">1580</a>; instr. sg. +(forman, ōðre, þriddan) sīðe, <a href="#li741">741</a>, <a href="#li1204">1204</a>, <a href="#li2050">2050</a>, <a href="#li2287">2287</a>, <a href="#li2512">2512</a>, <a href="#li2518">2518</a>, <a href="#li2671">2671</a>, +<a href="#li2689">2689</a>, <a href="#li3102">3102</a>.—Comp.: cear-, eft-, ellor-, gryre-, sǣ-, wil-, wrǣc-sīð.</p> + +<p>ge-sīð, st. m., <i>comrade, follower</i>: gen. sg. ge-sīðes, <a href="#li1298">1298</a>; +nom. pl. ge-sīðas, <a href="#li29">29</a>; acc. pl. ge-sīðas, <a href="#li2041">2041</a>, <a href="#li2519">2519</a>; dat. pl. +ge-sīðum, <a href="#li1314">1314</a>, <a href="#li1925">1925</a>, <a href="#li2633">2633</a>; gen. pl. ge-sīða, <a href="#li1935">1935</a>.—Comp.: eald-, +wil-gesīð.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsīthfæt">sīð-fæt</a>, st. m., <i>way, journey</i>: acc. sg. þone sīð-fæt, +<a href="#li202">202</a>; dat. sg. sīð-fate, <a href="#li2640">2640</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsīthfram">sīð-fram, -from</a>, adj., <i>ready for the journey</i>: nom. pl. +sīð-frome, <a href="#li1814">1814</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsīthian">sīðian</a>, w. v., <i>to journey, march</i>: inf., <a href="#li721">721</a>, <a href="#li809">809</a>; pret. +sg. sīðode, <a href="#li2120">2120</a>.</p> + +<p>for-sīðian, <i>iter fatale inire</i> (Grein): pret. sg. hæfde þā +for-sīðod sunu Ecg-þēowes under gynne grund <i>(would have found his +death</i>, etc.), <a href="#li1551">1551</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsīe">sīe, sȳ</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glwesan">wesan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsīgan">sīgan</a>, st. v., <i>to descend, sink, incline</i>: pret. pl. +sigon æt-somne (<i>descended together</i>), <a href="#li307">307</a>; sigon þā tō slǣpe +<i>(they sank to sleep</i>), <a href="#li1252">1252</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-sīgan, <i>to sink, fall</i>: inf. ge-sīgan æt sæcce (<i>fall in +battle</i>), <a href="#li2660">2660</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsīn">sīn</a>, poss. pron., <i>his</i>: acc. sg. m. sīnne, <a href="#li1961">1961</a>, <a href="#li1985">1985</a>, +<a href="#li2284">2284</a>, <a href="#li2790">2790</a>; dat. sg. sīnum, <a href="#li1508">1508</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glslǣp">slǣp</a>, st. m., <i>sleep</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1743">1743</a>; dat. sg. tō slǣpe, +<a href="#li1252">1252</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glslǣpan">slǣpan</a>, st. v., <i>to sleep</i>: pres. part. nom. sg. +slǣpende, <a href="#li2220">2220</a>; acc. sg. hē gefēng ... slǣpendne rinc (<i>seized a +sleeping warrior]</i>, <a href="#li742">742</a>; acc. pl. slǣpende fræt folces Denigea +fīftȳne men <i>(devoured, sleeping, fifteen of the people of the +Danes</i>), <a href="#li1582">1582</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glslēac">slēac</a>, adj., <i>slack, lazy</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2188">2188</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsleahan">sleahan, slēan</a>: 1) <i>to strike, strike at</i>: a) intrans.: +pres. subj. sg. þæt hē mē ongēan slēa (<i>that he should strike at +me</i>), <a href="#li682">682</a>; pret. sg. yrringa slōh (<i>struck angrily</i>), <a href="#li1566">1566</a>; +so, slōh hilde-bille, <a href="#li2680">2680</a>. b) trans.: pret. sg. þæt hē þone nīð-gæst +nioðor hwēne slōh <i>(that he struck the dragon somewhat lower</i>, +etc.), <a href="#li2700">2700</a>.—2) w. acc.: <i>to slay, kill</i>: pret. sg. þæs þe hē +Ābel slōg (<i>because he slew A.</i>), <a href="#li108">108</a>; so, slōg, <a href="#li421">421</a>, <a href="#li2180">2180</a>; slōh, +<a href="#li1582">1582</a>, <a href="#li2356">2356</a>; pl. slōgon, <a href="#li2051">2051</a>; pret. part. þā wæs Fin slægen, <a href="#li1153">1153</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-slēan, w. acc.: 1) <i>to fight a battle</i>: pret. sg. ge-slōh þīn +fæder fǣhðe mǣste, <a href="#li459">459</a>.—2) <i>to gain by fighting</i>: syððan hīe þā +mǣrða ge-slōgon, <a href="#li2997">2997</a>.</p> + +<p>of-slēan, <i>to ofslay, kill</i>, w. acc.: pret. sg. of-slōh, <a href="#li574">574</a>, +<a href="#li1666">1666</a>, <a href="#li3061">3061</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glslīthe">slīðe</a> (G. sleiþ-s), adj., <i>savage, fierce, dangerous</i>: acc. +sg. þurh slīðne nīð, <a href="#li184">184</a>; gen. pl. slīðra ge-slyhta, <a href="#li2399">2399</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glslīthen">slīðen</a>, adj., <i>furious, savage, deadly</i> nom. sg. +sweord-bealo slīðen, <a href="#li1148">1148</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glslītan">slītan</a>, st. v., <i>to slit, tear to pieces</i>, w. acc.: pret. +sg. slāt (slǣpendne rinc), <a href="#li742">742</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glslyht">slyht</a>, st. m., <i>blow</i>: in comp. and-slyht.</p> + +<p>ge-slyht, st. n. (collective), <i>battle, conflict</i>: gen. pl. +slīðra ge-slyhta, <a href="#li2399">2399</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsmith">smið</a>, st. m., <i>smith, armorer</i>: nom. sg. wǣpna smið, <a href="#li1453">1453</a>; +gen. sg. smiðes, <a href="#li406">406</a>.—Comp. wundor-smið.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbesmithian">smiðian</a>, w. v., <i>to surround with iron-work, bands</i>, +etc.: pret. part. hē (the hall Heorot) þæs fæste wæs innan and ūtan +īren-bendum searo-þoncum besmiðod (i.e. the beams out of which the +hall was built were held together skilfully, within and without, by +iron clamps), <a href="#li776">776</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsnell">snell</a>, adj., <i>fresh, vigorous, lively; of martial temper</i>: +nom. sg. se snella, <a href="#li2972">2972</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsnellīc">snellīc</a>, adj., the same: nom. sg., <a href="#li691">691</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsnotor">snotor, snottor</a>, adj., <i>clever, wise, intelligent</i>: nom. +sg. snotor, <a href="#li190">190</a>, <a href="#li827">827</a>, <a href="#li909">909</a>, <a href="#li1385">1385</a>; in weak form, (se) snottra, <a href="#li1314">1314</a>, +<a href="#li1476">1476</a>, <a href="#li1787">1787</a>; snotra, <a href="#li2157">2157</a>, <a href="#li3121">3121</a>; nom. pl. snotere, <a href="#li202">202</a>, <a href="#li416">416</a>; snottre, +<a href="#li1592">1592</a>.—Comp. fore-snotor.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsnotorlīce">snotor-līce</a>, adv., <i>intelligently, wisely</i>: compar. +snotor-līcor, <a href="#li1483">1483</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsnūde">snūde</a>, adv., <i>hastily, quickly, soon</i>, <a href="#li905">905</a>, <a href="#li1870">1870</a>, <a href="#li1972">1972</a>, +<a href="#li2326">2326</a>, <a href="#li2569">2569</a>, <a href="#li2753">2753</a>.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbesnythian">snyðian</a>, w. v., <i>to rob, deprive of</i>: pret. sg. þætte +Ongenþīo ealdre be-snyðede Hæðcyn, <a href="#li2925">2925</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsnyrian">snyrian</a>, w. v., <i>to hasten, hurry</i>: pret. pl. snyredon +æt-somne (<i>hurried forward together</i>), <a href="#li402">402</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsnyttru">snyttru</a>, f., <i>intelligence, wisdom</i>: acc. sg. snyttru, +<a href="#li1727">1727</a>; dat. pl. mid mōdes snyttrum, <a href="#li1707">1707</a>; þē wē ealle ǣr ne meahton +snyttrum be-syrwan (<i>a deed which all of us together could not +accomplish before with all our wisdom</i>), <a href="#li943">943</a>. Adv., <i>wisely</i>, +<a href="#li873">873</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsomne">somne</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsamne">samne</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsorgian">sorgian</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to be grieved, sorrow</i>: imper. sg. II. +ne sorga! <a href="#li1385">1385</a>.—2) <i>to care for, trouble one's self about</i>: inf. +nō þū ymb mīnes ne þearft līces feorme leng sorgian (<i>thou needst +not care longer about my life's [body's] sustenance</i>), <a href="#li451">451</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsorh">sorh</a>, st. f., <i>grief, pain, sorrow</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1323">1323</a>; sorh +is mē tō secganne (<i>pains me to say</i>), <a href="#li473">473</a>; acc. sg. sorge, <a href="#li119">119</a>, +<a href="#li2464">2464</a>; dat. instr. sg. mid þǣre sorge, <a href="#li2469">2469</a>; sorge (<i>in sorrow, +grieved</i>), <a href="#li1150">1150</a>; gen. sg. worna fela ... sorge, <a href="#li2005">2005</a>; dat. pl. +sorgum, <a href="#li2601">2601</a>; gen. pl. sorga, <a href="#li149">149</a>.—Comp.: hyge-, inwit-, þegn-sorh.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsorhcearig">sorh-cearig</a>, adj., <i>curis sollicitus, heart-broken</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li2456">2456</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsorhful">sorh-ful</a>, adj., <i>sorrowful, troublesome, difficult</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li2120">2120</a>; acc. sg. sorh-fullne (sorh-fulne) sīð, <a href="#li512">512</a>, <a href="#li1279">1279</a>, <a href="#li1430">1430</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsorhlēas">sorh-lēas</a>, adj., <i>free from sorrow</i> or <i>grief</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li1673">1673</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsorhleoth">sorh-leoð</a>, st. n., <i>dirge, song of sorrow</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li2461">2461</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsorhwylm">sorh-wylm</a>, st. m., <i>wave of sorrow</i> nom. pl. sorh-wylmas, +<a href="#li905">905</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsōcn">sōcn</a>, st. f., <i>persecution, hostile pursuit</i> or +<i>attack</i> (see sēcan): dat, (instr.) þǣre sōcne (by reason of +Grendel's persecution), <a href="#li1778">1778</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsōth">sōð</a>, st. n., <i>sooth, truth</i>:: acc. sg. sōð, <a href="#li532">532</a>, <a href="#li701">701</a>, +<a href="#li1050">1050</a>, <a href="#li1701">1701</a>, <a href="#li2865">2865</a>; dat. sg. tō sōðe (<i>in truth</i>), <a href="#li51">51</a>, <a href="#li591">591</a>, <a href="#li2326">2326</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsōth">sōð</a>, adj., <i>true, genuine</i>: nom. sg, þæt is sōð metod, +<a href="#li1612">1612</a>; acc. sg. n. gyd āwræc sōð and sār-līc, <a href="#li2110">2110</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsōthe">sōðe</a>, adv., <i>truly, correctly, accurately</i>, <a href="#li524">524</a>; sōðe +gebunden (of alliterative verse: <i>accurately put together</i>), <a href="#li872">872</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsōthcyning">sōð-cyning</a>, st. m., <i>true king</i>: nom. sg. sigora +sōð-cyning (<i>God</i>), <a href="#li3056">3056</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsōthfæst">sōð-fæst</a>, adj., <i>soothfast, established in truth, +orthodox</i> (here used of the Christian martyrs): gen. pl. sōð-fæstra +dōm (<i>glory, realm, of the saints</i>), <a href="#li2821">2821</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsōthlīce">sōð-līce</a>, adv., <i>in truth, truly, truthfully</i>, <a href="#li141">141</a>, <a href="#li273">273</a>, +<a href="#li2900">2900</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsōfte">sōfte</a>, adv., <i>gently, softly</i>: compar. þȳ sēft (<i>the +more easily</i>), <a href="#li2750">2750</a>.—Comp. un-sōfte.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsōna">sōna</a>, adv., <i>soon, immediately</i>, <a href="#li121">121</a>, <a href="#li722">722</a>, <a href="#li744">744</a>, <a href="#li751">751</a>, <a href="#li1281">1281</a>, +<a href="#li1498">1498</a>, <a href="#li1592">1592</a>, <a href="#li1619">1619</a>, <a href="#li1763">1763</a>, etc.</p> + +<p>on-<a class="glentry" name="glonspannan">spannan</a>, st. v., <i>to un-span, unloose</i>: pret. sg. his helm +on-spēon (<i>loosed his helm</i>), <a href="#li2724">2724</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glspel">spel</a>, st. n., <i>narrative, speech</i>: acc. sg. spell, <a href="#li2110">2110</a>; +acc. pl. spel, <a href="#li874">874</a>; gen. pl. spella, <a href="#li2899">2899</a>, <a href="#li3030">3030</a>.—Comp. wēa-spel.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glspēd">spēd</a>, st. f.: 1) <i>luck, success</i>: in comp. here-, +wīg-spēd.—2) <i>skill, facility</i>: acc. sg. on spēd +(<i>skilfully</i>), <a href="#li874">874</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glspīwan">spīwan</a>, st. v., <i>to spit, spew</i>, w. instr.: inf. glēdum +spīwan (<i>spit fire</i>), 2313</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glspor">spor</a>, st. n., <i>spur</i>: in comp. hand-spor.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glspōwan">spōwan</a>, st. v., <i>to speed well, help, avail</i>: pret. sg. +him wiht ne spēow (<i>availed him naught</i>), <a href="#li2855">2855</a>; hū him æt ǣte +spēow (<i>how he sped in the eating</i>), <a href="#li3027">3027</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsprǣc">sprǣc</a>, st. f., <i>speech, language</i>: instr. sg. frēcnan +sprǣce (<i>through bold, challenging, discourse</i>), <a href="#li1105">1105</a>.—Comp.: +ǣfen-, gylp-sprǣc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsprecan">sprecan</a>, st. v., <i>to speak</i>: inf. ic sceal forð sprecan +gēn ymbe Grendel <i>(I shall go on speaking about G.</i>), <a href="#li2070">2070</a>; w. +acc. sē þe wyle sōð sprecan (<i>he who will speak the truth</i>), +<a href="#li2865">2865</a>; imper. tō Gēatum sprec (sprǣc, MS.), <a href="#li1172">1172</a>; pret. sg. III. spræc, +<a href="#li1169">1169</a>, <a href="#li1699">1699</a>, <a href="#li2511">2511</a>, <a href="#li2725">2725</a>; word æfter spræc, <a href="#li341">341</a>; nō ymbe þā fǣhðe spræc, +<a href="#li2619">2619</a>; II. hwæt þū worn fela ... ymb Brecan sprǣce (<i>how much thou +hast spoken of Breca!</i>), <a href="#li531">531</a>; pl. hwæt wit geō sprǣcon (<i>what we +two spoke of before</i>), <a href="#li1477">1477</a>; gomele ymb gōdne on-geador sprǣcon, +þæt big ... <i>(the graybeards spoke together about the valiant one, +that they ...</i>), <a href="#li1596">1596</a>; swā wit furðum sprǣcon (<i>as we two spoke, +engaged, before</i>), <a href="#li1708">1708</a>; pret. part. þā wæs ... þrȳð-word sprecen, +<a href="#li644">644</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-sprecan, w. acc., <i>to speak</i>: pret. sg. ge-spræc, <a href="#li676">676</a>, <a href="#li1399">1399</a>, +<a href="#li1467">1467</a>, <a href="#li3095">3095</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsprēot">sprēot</a>, st. m., <i>pole; spear, pike</i>: in comp. +eofor-sprēot.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glspringan">springan</a>, st. v., <i>to jump, leap; flash</i>: pret. sg. hrā +wīde sprong <i>(the body bounded far</i>), <a href="#li1589">1589</a>; swāt ǣdrum sprong +forð under fexe (<i>the blood burst out in streams from under his +hair</i>), <a href="#li2967">2967</a>; pl. wīde sprungon hilde-lēoman (<i>flashed afar</i>), +<a href="#li2583">2583</a>. Also figuratively: blǣd wīde sprang (<i>his repute spread +afar</i>), <a href="#li18">18</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-springan, <i>to spring forth</i>: pret. sg. swā þæt blōd ge-sprang +(<i>as the blood burst forth</i>), <a href="#li1668">1668</a>. Figuratively, <i>to arise, +originate</i>: pret. sg. Sigemunde gesprong æfter dēað-dæge dōm +un-lȳtel, <a href="#li885">885</a>.</p> + +<p>on-springan, <i>to burst in two, spring asunder</i>: pret. pl. seonowe +onsprungon, burston bānlocan <a href="#li818">818</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstandan">standan</a>, st. v.: 1) absolutely or with prep., <i>to stand</i>: +pres. III. pl. ēored-geatwe þē gē þǣr on standað (<i>the warlike +accoutrements wherein ye there stand</i>), <a href="#li2867">2867</a>; inf. ge-seah ... +orcas stondan (<i>saw vessels standing</i>), <a href="#li2761">2761</a>; pret. sg. æt hȳðe +stōd hringed-stefna (<i>in the harbor stood the curved-prowed?, +metal-covered?, ship</i>), <a href="#li32">32</a>; stōd on stapole (<i>stood near the +[middle] column</i>), <a href="#li927">927</a>; so, <a href="#li1914">1914</a>, <a href="#li2546">2546</a>; þæt him on aldre stōd +here-strǣl hearda (<i>that the sharp war-arrow stood in his +vitals</i>), <a href="#li1435">1435</a>; so, <a href="#li2680">2680</a>; pl. gāras stōdon ... samod æt-gædere +(<i>the spears stood together</i>), <a href="#li328">328</a>; him big stōdan bunan and +orcas (<i>by him stood cans and pots</i>), <a href="#li3048">3048</a>. Also of still water: +pres. sg. III. nis þæt feor heonon ... þæt se mere standeð, <a href="#li1363">1363</a>.—2) +with predicate adj., <i>to stand, continue in a certain state</i>: +subj. pres. þæt þes sele stande ... rinca ge-hwylcum īdel and unnyt +(<i>that this hall stands empty and useless for every warrior</i>), +<a href="#li411">411</a>; inf. hord-wynne fand eald ūht-sceaða opene standan, <a href="#li2272">2272</a>; pret. +sg. oð þæt īdel stōd hūsa sēlest, <a href="#li145">145</a>; so, <a href="#li936">936</a>; wæter under stōd +drēorig and ge-drēfed, 1418—3) <i>to belong</i> or <i>attach to; +issue</i>: pret. sg. Norð-Denum stōd atelīc egesa (<i>great terror +clung to, overcame, the North Danes</i>), <a href="#li784">784</a>; þāra ānum stōd sadol +searwum fāh (<i>on one of the steeds lay an ingeniously-inlaid +saddle</i>), <a href="#li1038">1038</a>; byrne-lēoma eldum on andan (<i>burning light stood +forth, a horror to men</i>), <a href="#li2314">2314</a>; lēoht inne stōd (<i>a light stood +in it</i>, i.e. the sword), <a href="#li1571">1571</a>; him of ēagum stōd ... lēoht unfǣger +(<i>an uncanny light issued from his eyes</i>), <a href="#li727">727</a>; so, þæt [fram] +þām gyste [gryre-] brōga stōd, <a href="#li2229">2229</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-standan, <i>to stand up, arise</i>: pret. sg. ā-stōd, <a href="#li760">760</a>, <a href="#li1557">1557</a>, +<a href="#li2093">2093</a>.</p> + +<p>æt-standan, <i>to stand at, near</i>, or <i>in</i>: pret. sg. þæt hit +(i.e. þæt swurd) on wealle æt-stōd, <a href="#li892">892</a>.</p> + +<p>for-standan, <i>to stand against</i> or <i>before</i>, hence: 1) <i>to +hinder, prevent</i>: pret. sg. (brēost-net) wið ord and wið ecge in-gang +for-stōd (<i>the shirt of mail prevented point or edge from entering</i>), +<a href="#li1550">1550</a>; subj. nefne him wītig god wyrd for-stōde (<i>if the wise God had not +warded off such a fate from them</i>, i.e. the men threatened by Grendel), +<a href="#li1057">1057</a>.—2) <i>defend</i>, w. dat. of person against whom: inf. þæt hē ... +mihte hēaðo-līðendum hord for-standan, bearn and brȳde (<i>that he might +protect his treasure, his children, and his spouse from the +sea-farers</i>), <a href="#li2956">2956</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-standan, intrans., <i>to stand</i>: pret. sg. ge-stōd, <a href="#li358">358</a>, <a href="#li404">404</a>, +<a href="#li2567">2567</a>; pl. nealles him on hēape hand-gesteallan ... ymbe gestōdon +(<i>not at all did his boon-companions stand serried around him</i>), +<a href="#li2597">2597</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstapa">stapa</a>, w. m., <i>stepper, strider</i>: in comp. hǣð-, +mearc-stapa.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstapan">stapan</a>, st. v., <i>to step, stride, go forward</i>: pret. sg. +eorl furður stōp, <a href="#li762">762</a>; gum-fēða stop lind-hæbbendra (<i>the troop of +shield-warriors strode on</i>), <a href="#li1402">1402</a>.</p> + +<p>æt-stapan, <i>to stride up</i> or <i>to</i>: pret. sg. forð nēar +æt-stōp (<i>strode up nearer</i>), <a href="#li746">746</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-stapan, <i>to walk, stride</i>: pret. sg. hē to forð gestōp dyrnan +cræfte, dracan hēafde nēah (<i>he</i>, i.e. the man that robbed the +dragon of the vessel, <i>had through hidden craft come too near the +dragon's head</i>), <a href="#li2290">2290</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstapol">stapol</a>, st. m., (= βάσις), <i>trunk of a tree</i>; +hence, <i>support, pillar, column</i>: dat. sg. stōd on stapole +(<i>stood by</i> or <i>near the wooden middle column of Heorot</i>), +<a href="#li927">927</a>; instr. pl. þā stān-bogan stapulum fæste (<i>the arches of stone +upheld by pillars</i>), <a href="#li2719">2719</a>. See <a href="#note927">Note</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstarian">starian</a>, w. v., <i>to stare, look intently at</i>: pres. sg. I. +þæt ic on þone hafelan ... ēagum starige (<i>that I see the head with +my eyes</i>), <a href="#li1782">1782</a>; þāra frætwa ... þē ic hēr on starie (<i>for the +treasures ... that I here look upon</i>), <a href="#li2797">2797</a>; III. þonne hē on þæt +sine starað, <a href="#li1486">1486</a>; sg. for pl. þāra þe on swylc starað, <a href="#li997">997</a>; pret. sg. +þæt (sin-frēa) hire an dæges ēagum starede, <a href="#li1936">1936</a>; pl. on mere +staredon, <a href="#li1604">1604</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstān">stān</a>, st. m., 1) <i>stone</i>: in comp. eorclan-stān.—2) +<i>rock</i>: acc. sg. under (ofer) hārne stān, <a href="#li888">888</a>, <a href="#li1416">1416</a>, <a href="#li2554">2554</a>, <a href="#li2745">2745</a>; +dat. sg. stāne, <a href="#li2289">2289</a>, <a href="#li2558">2558</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstānbeorh">stān-beorh</a>, st. m., <i>rocky elevation, stony mountain</i>: +acc. sg. stān-beorh stēapne, <a href="#li2214">2214</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstānboga">stān-boga</a>, w. m., <i>stone arch, arch hewn out of the rock</i>: dat. +sg. stān-bogan, <a href="#li2546">2546</a>; nom. pl. stān-bogan, <a href="#li2719">2719</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstānclif">stān-clif</a>, st. n., <i>rocky cliff</i>: acc. pl. stān-cleofu, <a href="#li2541">2541</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstānfāh">stān-fāh</a>, adj., <i>stone-laid, paved with stones of different +colors</i>: nom. sg. strǣt wæs stān-fāh (<i>the street was of different +colored stones</i>), <a href="#li320">320</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstānhlith">stān-hlið</a>, st. n., <i>rocky slope</i>: acc. pl. stān-hliðo, <a href="#li1410">1410</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstæf">stæf</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>staff</i>: in comp. rūn-staf.—2) +<i>elementum</i>: in comp. ār-, ende-, fācen-stæf.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstæl">stǣl</a>, st. m., <i>place, stead</i>: dat. sg. þæt þū mē ā wǣre +forð-gewitenum on fæder stǣle (<i>that thou, if I died, wouldst +represent a father's place to me</i>), <a href="#li1480">1480</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstælan">stǣlan</a>, w. v., <i>to place; allure</i> or <i>instigate</i>: +inf. þā ic on morgne ge-frægn mǣg ōðerne billes ecgum on bonan stǣlan +<i>(then I learned that on the morrow one brother instigated the other +to murder with the sword's edge</i>; or, <i>one avenged the other on +the murderer</i>?, cf. <a href="#li2962">2962</a> seqq.), <a href="#li2486">2486</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-stǣlan, <i>to place, impose, institute</i>: pret. part. gē feor +hafað fǣhðe ge-stǣled (<i>Grendel's mother has further begun +hostilities against us</i>), <a href="#li1341">1341</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstede">stede</a>, st. m., <i>place, -stead</i>: in comp. bǣl-, burh-, +folc-, hēah-, meðel-, wang-, wīc-stede.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstefn">stefn</a>, st. f., <i>voice</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2553">2553</a>; instr. sg. nīwan +(nīowan) stefne (properly novā voce) = denuo, <i>anew, again</i>, +<a href="#li2595">2595</a>, <a href="#li1790">1790</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstefn">stefn</a>, st. m., <i>prow of a ship</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li213">213</a>; see +bunden-, hringed-, wunden-stefna.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glonstellan">on-stellan</a>, w. v., <i>constituere, to cause, bring about</i>: +pret. sg. sē þæs or-leges ōr on-stealde, <a href="#li2408">2408</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsteng">steng</a>, st. m., <i>pole, pike</i>: in comp wæl-steng.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesteppan">steppan</a>, w. v., <i>to stride, go</i>: pret. sg. folce +ge-stepte ofer sǣ sīde sunu Ōhtheres (<i>O.'s son</i>, i.e. Ēadgils, +<i>went with warriors over the broad sea</i>), <a href="#li2394">2394</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstede">stede</a> (O.H.G. stāti, M.H.G. stǣte), adj., <i>firm, steady</i>: +nom. sg. wæs stēde nægla ge-hwylc stȳle ge-līcost (<i>each nail-place +was firm as steel</i>), <a href="#li986">986</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstēpan">stēpan</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to exalt, honor</i>: pret. sg. þēah +þe hine mihtig god ... eafeðum stēpte, <a href="#li1718">1718</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesteald">steald</a>, st. n., <i>possessions, property</i>: in comp. +in-gesteald, <a href="#li1156">1156</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgestealla">stealla</a>, w. m., (contubernalis), <i>companion, comrade</i>: +in comp. eaxl-, fyrd-, hand-, lind-, nȳd-ge-stealla.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstearcheort">stearc-heort</a>, adj., (fortis animo), <i>stout-hearted, +courageous</i>: nom. sg. (of the dragon), <a href="#li2289">2289</a>; (of Bēowulf), <a href="#li2553">2553</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstēap">stēap</a>, adj., <i>steep, projecting, towering</i>: acc. sg. +stēapne hrōf, <a href="#li927">927</a>; stān-beorh stēapne, <a href="#li2214">2214</a>; wið stēapne rond, <a href="#li2567">2567</a>; +acc. pl. m. beorgas stēape, <a href="#li222">222</a>; neut. stēap stān-hliðo, <a href="#li1410">1410</a>.—Comp. +heaðo-stēap.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstille">stille</a>, adj., <i>still, quiet</i>: nom. sg. wīd-floga wundum +stille, <a href="#li2831">2831</a>.</p> + +<p>stille, adv., <i>quietly</i>, <a href="#li301">301</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstincan">stincan</a>, st. v., <i>to smell; snuff</i>: pret. sg. stonc þā +æfter stāne (<i>snuffed along the stone</i>), <a href="#li2289">2289</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstīth">stīð</a>, adj., <i>hard, stiff</i>: nom. sg. wunden-mǣl (swurd) ... +stīð and stȳlecg, <a href="#li1534">1534</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstīthmōd">stīð-mōd</a>, adj., <i>stout-hearted, unflinching</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li2567">2567</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstīg">stīg</a>, st. m., <i>way, path</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li320">320</a>, <a href="#li2214">2214</a>; acc. pl. +stīge nearwe, 1410—Comp. medu-stīg.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstīgan">stīgan</a>, st. v., <i>to go, ascend</i>: pret. sg. þā hē tō holme +[st]āg (<i>when he plunged forward into the sea</i>), <a href="#li2363">2363</a>; pl. +beornas ... on stefn stigon, <a href="#li212">212</a>; Wedera lēode on wang stigon, <a href="#li225">225</a>; +subj. pret. ǣr hē on bed stige, <a href="#li677">677</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-stīgan, <i>to ascend</i>: pres. sg. þonon ȳð-geblond up ā-stīgeð won +tō wolcnum, <a href="#li1374">1374</a>; gūð-rinc ā-stāh (<i>the fierce hero ascended</i>, +i.e. was laid on the pyre? or, <i>the fierce smoke</i> [rēc] +<i>ascended?</i>), <a href="#li1119">1119</a>; gamen eft ā-stāh (<i>joy again went up, +resounded</i>), <a href="#li1161">1161</a>; wudu-rēc ā-stāh sweart of swioðole, <a href="#li3145">3145</a>; swēg +up ā-stāg, <a href="#li783">783</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-stīgan, <i>to ascend, go up</i>: pret. sg. þā ic on holm ge-stāh, +<a href="#li633">633</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstorm">storm</a>, st. m., <i>storm</i>: nom. sg. strǣla storm (<i>storm of +missiles</i>), <a href="#li3118">3118</a>; instr. sg. holm storme wēol (<i>the sea billowed +stormily</i>), <a href="#li1132">1132</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstōl">stōl</a>, st. m., <i>chair, throne, seat</i>: in comp. brego-, +ēðel-, gif-, gum-stōl.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstōw">stōw</a>, st. f., <i>place, -stow</i>: nom. sg. nis þæt hēoru stōw +(<i>a haunted spot</i>), <a href="#li1373">1373</a>; acc. sg. frēcne stōwe, <a href="#li1379">1379</a>; +grund-būendra gearwe stōwe <i>(the place prepared for men</i>, i.e. +death-bed; see <a class="glentry" href="#glgesacan">gesacan</a> and <a class="glentry" href="#glgenȳdan">ge-nȳdan</a>), <a href="#li1007">1007</a>: comp. +wæl-stow.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstrang">strang, strong</a>, adj., <i>strong; valiant; mighty</i>: nom. sg. +wæs þæt ge-win tō strang (<i>that sorrow was too great</i>), <a href="#li133">133</a>; þū +eart mægenes strang (<i>strong of body</i>), <a href="#li1845">1845</a>; wæs sīo hond tō +strong (<i>the hand was too powerful</i>), <a href="#li2685">2685</a>; superl. wigena +strengest (<i>strongest of warriors</i>), <a href="#li1544">1544</a>; mægenes strengest +(<i>strongest in might</i>), <a href="#li196">196</a>; mægene strengest, <a href="#li790">790</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstrādan">strādan</a>? (cf. <a class="glentry" href="#glstrǣde">strǣde</a> = passus, gressus), <i>to +tread</i>, (be)-<i>stride, stride over</i> (Grein): subj. pres. sē +þone wong strāde, <a href="#li3074">3074</a>. See <a href="#note3074">Note</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstrǣl">strǣl</a>, st. m., <i>arrow, missile</i>: instr. sg. biteran +strǣle, <a href="#li1747">1747</a>; gen. pl. strǣla storm, <a href="#li3118">3118</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstrǣt">strǣt</a>, st. f., <i>street, highway</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li320">320</a>; acc. sg. +strǣte, <a href="#li1635">1635</a>; fealwe strǣte, <a href="#li917">917</a>.—Comp.: lagu-, mere-strǣt.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstrengel">strengel</a>, st. m., (<i>endowed with strength</i>), <i>ruler, +chief</i>: acc. sg. wigena strengel, <a href="#li3116">3116</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstrengo">strengo</a>, st. f., <i>strength, power, violence</i>: acc. sg. +mægenes strenge, <a href="#li1271">1271</a>; dat. sg. strenge, <a href="#li1534">1534</a>; strengo, <a href="#li2541">2541</a>;—dat. +pl. strengum = <i>violently, powerfully</i> [<i>loosed from the +strings</i>?], <a href="#li3118">3118</a>: in comp. hilde-, mægen-, mere-strengo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstrēgan">strēgan</a> (O.S. strōwian), w. v., <i>to strew, spread</i>: pret. +part, wæs þǣm yldestan ... morðorbed strēd (<i>the death-bed was +spread for the eldest one</i>), <a href="#li2437">2437</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstrēam">strēam</a>, st. m., <i>stream, flood, sea</i>: acc. sg. strēam, +<a href="#li2546">2546</a>; nom. pl. strēamas, <a href="#li212">212</a>; acc. pl. strēamas, <a href="#li1262">1262</a>: comp. brim-, +ēagor-, firgen-, lagu-strēam.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgestrēon">strēon</a> (cf. <a class="glentry" href="#glstrēon">strēon</a> = robur, vis), st. n., +<i>property, possessions</i>; hence, <i>valuables, treasure, +jewels</i>: nom. pl. Heaðo-beardna ge-strēon (<i>the costly treasure +of the Heathobeardas</i>, i.e. the accoutrements belonging to the +slain H.), <a href="#li2038">2038</a>; acc. pl. æðelinga, eorla ge-strēon, <a href="#li1921">1921</a>, +<a href="#li3168">3168</a>.—Comp.: ǣr-, eald-, eorl-, hēah-, hord-, long-, māðm-, sinc-, +þēod-ge-strēon.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstrūdan">strūdan</a>, st. v., <i>to plunder, carry off</i>: subj. pres. næs +þā on hlytme hwā þæt hord strude, <a href="#li3127">3127</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgestrȳnan">strȳnan</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to acquire, gain</i>: inf. þæs þe +(<i>because</i>) ic mōste mīnum lēodum ... swylc ge-strȳnan, <a href="#li2799">2799</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstund">stund</a>, st. f., <i>time, space of time, while</i>: adv. dat. pl. +stundum (<i>at times</i>), <a href="#li1424">1424</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstyrian">styrian</a>, w. v. w. acc.: 1) <i>to arrange, put in order, +tell</i>: inf. secg eft on-gan sīð Bēowulfes snyttrum styrian (<i>the +poet then began to tell B.'s feat skilfully</i>, i.e. put in poetic +form), <a href="#li873">873</a>.—2) <i>to rouse, stir up</i>: pres. sg. III. þonne wind +styreð lāð ge-widru (<i>when the wind stirreth up the loathly +weather</i>), <a href="#li1375">1375</a>.—3) <i>to move against, attack, disturb</i>: subj. +pres. þæt hē ... hring-sele hondum styrede (<i>that he should attack the +ring-hall with his hands</i>), <a href="#li2841">2841</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstyrman">styrman</a>, w. v., <i>to rage, cry out</i>: pret. sg. styrmde, +<a href="#li2553">2553</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstȳle">stȳle</a>, st. n., <i>steel</i>: dat. sg. stȳle, <a href="#li986">986</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glstȳlecg">stȳl-ecg</a>, adj., <i>steel-edged</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1534">1534</a>.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbestȳman">stȳman</a>, w. v., <i>to inundate, wet, flood</i>: pret. part. +(wǣron) eal benc-þelu blōde be-stȳmed, <a href="#li486">486</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsuhtorgefæderan">suhtor-ge-fæderan</a> (collective), w. m. pl., <i>uncle and nephew, +father's brother and brother's son</i>: nom. pl., <a href="#li1165">1165</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsum">sum</a>, pron.: 1) indef., <i>one, a, any, a certain</i>; neut. +<i>something</i>: a) without part. gen.: nom. sg. sum, <a href="#li1252">1252</a>; +hilde-rinc sum, <a href="#li3125">3125</a>; neut. ne sceal þǣr dyrne sum wesan (<i>naught +there shall be hidden</i>), <a href="#li271">271</a>; acc. sg. m. sumne, <a href="#li1433">1433</a>; instr. sg. +sume worde (<i>by a word, expressly</i>), <a href="#li2157">2157</a>; nom. pl. sume, <a href="#li400">400</a>, +<a href="#li1114">1114</a>; acc. pl. sume, <a href="#li2941">2941</a>. b) with part. gen.: nom. sg. gumena sum +(<i>one of men, a man</i>), <a href="#li1500">1500</a>, <a href="#li2302">2302</a>; mere-hrægla sum, <a href="#li1906">1906</a>; þæt wæs +wundra sum, <a href="#li1608">1608</a>; acc. sg. gylp-worda sum, <a href="#li676">676</a>. c) with gen. of +cardinals or notions of multitude: nom. sg. fīftȳna sum (<i>one of +fifteen, with fourteen companions</i>), <a href="#li207">207</a>; so, eahta sum, <a href="#li3124">3124</a>; +fēara sum (<i>one of few, with a few</i>), <a href="#li1413">1413</a>; acc. sg. manigra +sumne (<i>one of many, with many</i>), <a href="#li2092">2092</a>; manna cynnes sumne +(<i>one of the men</i>), i.e. one of the watchmen in Heorot), <a href="#li714">714</a>; +fēara sumne (<i>some few, one of few</i>; or, <i>one of the +foes</i>?), <a href="#li3062">3062</a>.—2) with part. gen. sum sometimes = <i>this, that, +the afore-mentioned</i>: nom. sg. ēower sum (<i>a certain one, that +one, of you</i>, i.e. Bēowulf), <a href="#li248">248</a>; gūð-beorna sum (<i>the +afore-mentioned warrior</i>, i.e. who had shown the way to Hrōðgār's +palace), <a href="#li314">314</a>; eorla sum (<i>the said knight</i>, i.e. Bēowulf), <a href="#li1313">1313</a>; +acc. sg. hord-ærna sum (<i>a certain hoard-hall</i>), <a href="#li2280">2280</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsund">sund</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>swimming</i>: acc. sg. ymb sund, <a href="#li507">507</a>; dat. +sg. æt sunde (<i>in swimming</i>), <a href="#li517">517</a>; on sunde (<i>a-swimming</i>), +<a href="#li1619">1619</a>; gen. sg. sundes, <a href="#li1437">1437</a>.—2) <i>sea, ocean, sound</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li223">223</a>; acc. sg. sund, <a href="#li213">213</a>, <a href="#li512">512</a>, <a href="#li539">539</a>, <a href="#li1427">1427</a>, <a href="#li1445">1445</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesund">sund</a>, adj., <i>sound, healthy, unimpaired</i>: acc. sg. m. +ge-sundne, <a href="#li1629">1629</a>, <a href="#li1999">1999</a>; nom. pl. ge-sunde, <a href="#li2076">2076</a>; acc. pl. w. gen. fæder +alwalda ... ēowic ge-healde sīða ge-sunde (<i>the almighty Father keep +you safe and sound on your journey!</i>), <a href="#li318">318</a>.—Comp. an-sund.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsundgebland">sund-ge-bland</a>, st. n., (<i>the commingled sea</i>), +<i>sea-surge, sea-wave</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1451">1451</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsundnyt">sund-nyt</a>, st. f., <i>swimming-power</i> or <i>employment, +swimming</i>: acc. sg. sund-nytte drēah (<i>swam through the sea</i>), +<a href="#li2361">2361</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsundur">sundur, sundor</a>, adv., <i>asunder, in twain</i>: sundur gedǣlan +(<i>to separate, sunder</i>), <a href="#li2423">2423</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsundornyt">sundor-nyt</a>, st. f., <i>special service</i> (service in a +special case): acc. sg. sundor-nytte, <a href="#li668">668</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsundwudu">sund-wudu</a>, st. m., (<i>sea-wood</i>), <i>ship</i>: nom. acc. +sg. sund-wudu, <a href="#li208">208</a>, <a href="#li1907">1907</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsunne">sunne</a>, w. f., <i>sun</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li607">607</a>; gen. sg. sunnan, <a href="#li94">94</a>, +<a href="#li649">649</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsunu">sunu</a>, st. m., <i>son</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li524">524</a>, <a href="#li591">591</a>, <a href="#li646">646</a>, <a href="#li981">981</a>, <a href="#li1090">1090</a>, +<a href="#li1486">1486</a>, etc.; acc. sg. sunu, <a href="#li268">268</a>, <a href="#li948">948</a>, <a href="#li1116">1116</a>, <a href="#li1176">1176</a>, <a href="#li1809">1809</a>, <a href="#li2014">2014</a>, <a href="#li2120">2120</a>; +dat. sg. suna, <a href="#li344">344</a>, <a href="#li1227">1227</a>, <a href="#li2026">2026</a>, <a href="#li2161">2161</a>, <a href="#li2730">2730</a>; gen. sg. suna, <a href="#li2456">2456</a>, <a href="#li2613">2613</a>, +(<a href="#li1279">1279</a>); nom. pl. suna, <a href="#li2381">2381</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsūth">sūð</a>, adv., <i>south, southward</i>, <a href="#li859">859</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsūthan">sūðan</a>, adv., <i>from the south</i>, <a href="#li607">607</a>; sigel sūðan fūs +(<i>the sun inclined from the south</i>), <a href="#li1967">1967</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswathrian">swaðrian</a>, w. v., <i>to sink to rest, grow calm</i>: brimu +swaðredon (<i>the waves became calm</i>), <a href="#li570">570</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glswethrian">sweðrian</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswathu">swaðu</a>, st. f., <i>trace, track, pathway</i>: acc. sg. swaðe, +<a href="#li2099">2099</a>.—Comp.: swāt-, wald-swaðu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswathul">swaðul</a>, st. m.? n.?, <i>smoke, mist</i> (Dietrich in Haupt V. +215): dat. sg. on swaðule, <a href="#li783">783</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsweothol">sweoðol</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswancor">swancor</a>, adj., <i>slender, trim</i>: acc. pl. þrīo wicg +swancor, <a href="#li2176">2176</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswanrād">swan-rād</a>, st. f., <i>swan-road, sea</i>: acc. sg. ofer +swan-rāde, <a href="#li200">200</a>.</p> + +<p>and-<a class="glentry" name="glandswarian">swarian</a>, w. v., <i>to answer</i>: pret. sg. him se yldesta +and-swarode, <a href="#li258">258</a>; so, <a href="#li340">340</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswā">swā</a>: 1) demons, adv., <i>so, in such a manner, thus</i>: swā sceal +man dōn, <a href="#li1173">1173</a>, <a href="#li1535">1535</a>; swā þā driht-guman drēamum lifdon, <a href="#li99">99</a>; þæt ge-æfndon +swā (<i>that we thus accomplished</i>), <a href="#li538">538</a>; þǣr hīe meahton (i.e. feorh +ealgian), <a href="#li798">798</a>; so, <a href="#li20">20</a>, <a href="#li144">144</a>, <a href="#li189">189</a>, <a href="#li559">559</a>, <a href="#li763">763</a>, <a href="#li1104">1104</a>, <a href="#li1472">1472</a>, <a href="#li1770">1770</a>, <a href="#li2058">2058</a>, <a href="#li2145">2145</a>, +<a href="#li2178">2178</a>, <a href="#li2991">2991</a>; swā manlīce <i>(so like a man</i>), <a href="#li1047">1047</a>; swā fela (<i>so +many</i>), <a href="#li164">164</a>, <a href="#li592">592</a>; swā dēorlīce dǣd (<i>so valiant a deed</i>), <a href="#li585">585</a>; hine +swā gōdne (<i>him so good</i>), <a href="#li347">347</a>; on swā geongum feore (<i>in so +youthful age</i>), <a href="#li1844">1844</a>; ge-dēð him swā ge-wealdene worolde dǣlas þæt ... +(<i>makes parts of the world so subject to him that</i>...), <a href="#li1733">1733</a>. In +comparisons = <i>ever, the</i> (adv.): mē þīn mōd-sefa līcað leng swā wēl +(<i>thy mind pleases me ever so well, the longer the better</i>), <a href="#li1855">1855</a>. As +an asseverative = <i>so</i>: swā mē Higelāc sīe ... mōdes blīðe (<i>so be +Higelac gracious-minded to me!</i>), <a href="#li435">435</a>; swā þēah (<i>nevertheless, +however</i>), <a href="#li973">973</a>, <a href="#li1930">1930</a>, <a href="#li2879">2879</a>; swā þēh, <a href="#li2968">2968</a>; hwæðre swā þēah (<i>yet +however</i>), <a href="#li2443">2443</a>.—2): a) conj., <i>as, so as</i>: oð þæt his byre mihte +eorlscipe efnan swā his ǣrfæder (<i>until his son might do noble deeds, as +his old father did</i>), <a href="#li2623">2623</a>; eft swā ǣr (<i>again as before</i>), +<a href="#li643">643</a>;—with indic.: swā hē selfa bæd (<i>as he himself requested</i>), <a href="#li29">29</a>; +swā hē oft dyde (<i>as he often did</i>), <a href="#li444">444</a>; gǣð ā Wyrd swā hīo sceal, +<a href="#li455">455</a>; swā guman gefrungon, <a href="#li667">667</a>; so, <a href="#li273">273</a>, <a href="#li352">352</a>, <a href="#li401">401</a>, <a href="#li561">561</a>, <a href="#li1049">1049</a>, <a href="#li1056">1056</a>, <a href="#li1059">1059</a>, +<a href="#li1135">1135</a>, <a href="#li1232">1232</a>, <a href="#li1235">1235</a>, <a href="#li1239">1239</a>, <a href="#li1253">1253</a>, <a href="#li1382">1382</a>, etc.;—with subj.: swā þīn sefa hwette +<i>(as pleases thy mind</i>, i.e. any way thou pleasest), <a href="#li490">490</a>. b) <i>as, as +then, how</i>, <a href="#li1143">1143</a>; swā hīe ā wǣron ... nȳd-gesteallan (<i>as they were ever +comrades in need</i>), <a href="#li882">882</a>; swā hit dīope ... be-nemdon þēodnas mǣre (<i>as, +[how?] the mighty princes had deeply cursed it</i>), <a href="#li3070">3070</a>; swā hē manna wæs +wīgend weorðfullost (<i>as he of men the worthiest warrior was</i>), <a href="#li3099">3099</a>. +c) <i>just as, the moment when</i>: swā þæt blōd gesprang, <a href="#li1668">1668</a>. d) <i>so +that</i>: swā hē ne mihte nō (<i>so that he might not...</i>), <a href="#li1509">1509</a>; so, +<a href="#li2185">2185</a>, <a href="#li2007">2007</a>.—3) = qui, quae, quod, German so: worhte wlite-beorhtne wang +swā wæter bebūgeð (<i>wrought the beauteous plain which</i> (acc.) <i>water +surrounds</i>), <a href="#li93">93</a>.—4) swā ... swā = <i>so ... as</i>, <a href="#li595">595</a>, <a href="#li687">687-8</a>, <a href="#li3170">3170</a>; efne +swā ... swā (<i>even so ... as</i>), <a href="#li1093">1093-4</a>, <a href="#li1224">1224</a>, <a href="#li1284">1284</a>; efne swā hwylc mægða +swā (<i>such a woman as, whatsoever woman</i>), <a href="#li944">944</a>; efne swā hwylcum manna +swā (<i>even so to each man as</i>), <a href="#li3058">3058</a>.</p> + +<p>for-<a class="glentry" name="glforswāfan">swāfan</a>, st. v., <i>to carry away, sweep off</i>: pret. sg. +ealle Wyrd for-swēof mīne māgas tō metod-sceafte, <a href="#li2815">2815</a>.</p> + +<p>for-<a class="glentry" name="glforswāpan">swāpan</a>, st. v., <i>to sweep off, force</i>: pret. sg. hīe +Wyrd forswēop on Grendles gryre, <a href="#li477">477</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswāt">swāt</a>, st. m., (<i>sweat</i>), <i>wound-blood</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li2694">2694</a>, <a href="#li2967">2967</a>; instr. sg. swāte, <a href="#li1287">1287</a>.—Comp. heaðo-, hilde-swāt.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswātfāh">swāt-fāh</a>, adj., <i>blood-stained</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1112">1112</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswātig">swātig</a>, adj., <i>gory</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1570">1570</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswātswathu">swāt-swaðu</a>, st. f., <i>blood-trace</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2947">2947</a>.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbeswǣlan">swǣlan</a>, w. v., <i>to scorch</i>: pret. part. wæs se +lēg-draca ... glēdum beswǣled, <a href="#li3042">3042</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswǣs">swǣs</a>, adj., <i>intimate, special, dear</i>: acc. sg. swǣsne +ēðel, <a href="#li520">520</a>; nom. pl. swǣse ge-sīðas, <a href="#li29">29</a>; acc. pl. lēode swǣse, <a href="#li1869">1869</a>; +swǣse ge-sīðas, <a href="#li2041">2041</a>; gen. pl. swǣsra ge-sīða, <a href="#li1935">1935</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswǣslīce">swǣs-līce</a>, adv., <i>pleasantly, in a friendly manner</i>, <a href="#li3090">3090</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswebban">swebban</a>, w. v., (<i>to put to sleep</i>), <i>to kill</i>: inf. +ic hine sweorde swebban nelle, <a href="#li680">680</a>; pres. sg. III. (absolutely) +swefeð, <a href="#li601">601</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-swebban, <i>to kill, slay</i>: pret. part. nom. pl. sweordum +ā-swefede, <a href="#li567">567</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswethrian">sweðrian</a>, w. v., <i>to lessen, diminish</i>: inf. þæt þæt fyr +ongan sweðrian, <a href="#li2703">2703</a>; pret. siððan Heremōdes hild sweðrode, <a href="#li902">902</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswefan">swefan</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to sleep</i>: pres. sg. III. swefeð, +<a href="#li1742">1742</a>; inf. swefan, <a href="#li119">119</a>, <a href="#li730">730</a>, <a href="#li1673">1673</a>; pret. sg. swæf, <a href="#li1801">1801</a>; pl. swǣfon, +<a href="#li704">704</a>; swǣfun, <a href="#li1281">1281</a>.—2) <i>to sleep the death-sleep, die</i>: pres. sg. +III. swefeð, <a href="#li1009">1009</a>, <a href="#li2061">2061</a>, <a href="#li2747">2747</a>; pl. swefað, <a href="#li2257">2257</a>, <a href="#li2458">2458</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswegel">swegel</a>, st. n., <i>ether, clear sky</i>: dat. sg. under swegle, +<a href="#li1079">1079</a>, <a href="#li1198">1198</a>; gen. sg. under swegles begong, <a href="#li861">861</a>, <a href="#li1774">1774</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswegle">swegle</a>, adj., <i>bright, etherlike, clear</i>: acc. pl. swegle +searo-gimmas, <a href="#li2750">2750</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswegelwered">swegel-wered</a>, <i>quasi</i> pret. part., <i>ether-clad</i>: nom. +sg. sunne swegl-wered, <a href="#li607">607</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswelgan">swelgan</a>, st. v., <i>to swallow</i>: pret. sg. w. instr. +syn-snǣdum swealh (<i>swallowed in great bites</i>), <a href="#li744">744</a>; object +omitted, subj. pres. nymðe līges fæðm swulge on swaðule, <a href="#li783">783</a>.</p> + +<p>for-swelgan, w. acc., <i>to swallow, consume</i>: pret. sg. +for-swealg, <a href="#li1123">1123</a>, <a href="#li2081">2081</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswellan">swellan</a>, st. v., <i>to swell</i>: inf. þā sīo wund +on-gan ... swelan and swellan, <a href="#li2714">2714</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsweltan">sweltan</a>, st. v., <i>to die, perish</i>: pret. sg. swealt, <a href="#li1618">1618</a>, +<a href="#li2475">2475</a>; draca morðre swealt (<i>died a violent death</i>), <a href="#li893">893</a>, <a href="#li2783">2783</a>; +wundor-dēaðe swealt, <a href="#li3038">3038</a>; hioro-dryncum swealt, <a href="#li2359">2359</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswencan">swencan</a>, w. v., <i>to swink, oppress, strike</i>: pret. sg. +hine wundra þæs fela swencte (MS. swecte) on sunde, <a href="#li1511">1511</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-swencan, <i>to oppress, strike, injure</i>: pret. sg. syððan hine +Hæðcyn ... flāne geswencte, <a href="#li2439">2439</a>; pret. part. synnum ge-swenced, <a href="#li976">976</a>; +hǣðstapa hundum ge-swenced, <a href="#li1369">1369</a>.—Comp. lyft-ge-swenced.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsweng">sweng</a>, st. m., <i>blow, stroke</i>: dat. sg. swenge, <a href="#li1521">1521</a>, +<a href="#li2967">2967</a>; swenge <i>(with its stroke</i>), <a href="#li2687">2687</a>; instr. pl. sweordes +swengum, <a href="#li2387">2387</a>.—Comp.: feorh-, hete-, heaðo-, heoro-sweng.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswerian">swerian</a>, st. v., <i>to swear</i>: pret. w. acc. I. nē mē swōr +fela āða on unriht (<i>swore no false oaths</i>), <a href="#li2739">2739</a>; hē mē āðas +swōr, <a href="#li472">472</a>.</p> + +<p>for-swerian, w. instr., <i>to forswear, renounce (protect with magic +formulǣ?)</i>: pret. part. hē sige-wǣpnum for-sworen hæfde, <a href="#li805">805</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswēg">swēg</a>, st. m., <i>sound, noise, uproar</i>: nom. sg. swēg, <a href="#li783">783</a>; +hearpan swēg, <a href="#li89">89</a>, <a href="#li2459">2459</a>, <a href="#li3024">3024</a>; sige-folca swēg, <a href="#li645">645</a>; sang and swēg, +<a href="#li1064">1064</a>; dat. sg. swēge, <a href="#li1215">1215</a>.—Comp.: benc-, morgen-swēg.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswelan">swelan</a>, w. v., <i>to burn</i> (here of wounds): inf. swelan, +<a href="#li2714">2714</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glswǣlan">swǣlan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsweart">sweart</a>, adj., <i>swart, black, dark</i>: nom. sg. wudu-rēc +sweart, <a href="#li3146">3146</a>; dat. pl. sweartum nihtum, <a href="#li167">167</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsweothol">sweoðol</a> (cf. O.H.G. suedan, suethan = cremare; M.H.G. swadem = +vapor; and Dietrich in Haupt V., 215), st. m.? n.?, <i>vapor, smoke, +smoking flame</i>: dat. sg. ofer swioðole (MS. swic ðole), <a href="#li3146">3146</a>. See +<a class="glentry" href="#glswathul">swaðul</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsweofot">sweofot</a>, st. m., <i>sleep</i>: dat. sg. on sweofote, <a href="#li1582">1582</a>, +<a href="#li2296">2296</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsweoloth">sweoloð</a>, st. m., <i>heat, fire, flame</i>: dat. sg. sweoloðe, +<a href="#li1116">1116</a>. Cf. O.H.G. suilizo, suilizunga = ardor, cauma.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsweorcan">sweorcan</a>, st. v., <i>to trouble, darken</i>. pres. sg. III. nē +him inwit-sorh on sefan sweorceð (<i>darkens his soul</i>), <a href="#li1738">1738</a>.</p> + +<p>for-sweorcan, <i>to grow dark</i> or <i>dim</i>: pres. sg. III. +ēagena bearhtm for-siteð and for-sworceð, <a href="#li1768">1768</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-sweorcan (intrans.), <i>to darken</i>: pret. sg. niht-helm +ge-swearc, <a href="#li1790">1790</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsweord">sweord, swurd, swyrd</a>, st. n., <i>sword</i>: nom. sg. sweord, +<a href="#li1287">1287</a>, <a href="#li1290">1290</a>, <a href="#li1570">1570</a>, <a href="#li1606">1606</a>, <a href="#li1616">1616</a>, <a href="#li1697">1697</a>; swurd, <a href="#li891">891</a>; acc. sg. sweord, <a href="#li437">437</a>, +<a href="#li673">673</a>, <a href="#li1559">1559</a>, <a href="#li1664">1664</a>, <a href="#li1809">1809</a>, <a href="#li2253">2253</a>, <a href="#li2500">2500</a>, etc.; swurd, <a href="#li539">539</a>, <a href="#li1902">1902</a>; swyrd, <a href="#li2611">2611</a>, +<a href="#li2988">2988</a>; instr. sg. sweorde, <a href="#li561">561</a>, <a href="#li574">574</a>, <a href="#li680">680</a>, <a href="#li2493">2493</a>, <a href="#li2881">2881</a>; gen. sg. +sweordes, <a href="#li1107">1107</a>, <a href="#li2194">2194</a>, <a href="#li2387">2387</a>; acc. pl. sweord, <a href="#li2639">2639</a>; nom. pl., <a href="#li3049">3049</a>; +instr. pl. sweordum, <a href="#li567">567</a>, <a href="#li586">586</a>, <a href="#li885">885</a>; gen. pl. sweorda, <a href="#li1041">1041</a>, <a href="#li2937">2937</a>, +<a href="#li2962">2962</a>.—Comp.: gūð-, māððum-, wǣg-sweord.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsweord">sweord</a>, st. f., <i>oath</i>: in comp. āð-sweord +<i>(sword-oath</i>?), <a href="#li2065">2065</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsweordbealo">sweord-bealo</a>, st. n., <i>sword-bale, death by the sword</i>: +nom. sg., <a href="#li1148">1148</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsweordfreca">sweord-freca</a>, w. m., <i>sword-warrior</i>: dat. sg. +sweord-frecan, <a href="#li1469">1469</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsweordgifu">sweord-gifu</a>, st. f., <i>sword-gift, giving of swords</i>: nom. +sg. swyrd-gifu, <a href="#li2885">2885</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsweotol">sweotol, swutol</a>, adj.: 1) <i>clear, bright</i>: nom. sg. swutol +sang scopes, <a href="#li90">90</a>.—2) <i>plain, manifest</i>: nom. sg. syndolh +sweotol, <a href="#li818">818</a>; tācen sweotol, <a href="#li834">834</a>; instr. sg. sweotolan tācne, <a href="#li141">141</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswēof">swēof, swēop</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glswāfan">swāfan, swāpan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswith">swið</a>, st. n.? (O.N. swiði), <i>burning pain</i>: in comp. +þrȳð-swið(?).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswift">swift</a>, adj., <i>swift</i>: nom. sg. se swifta mearh, <a href="#li2265">2265</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswimman">swimman, swymman</a>, st. v., <i>to swim</i>: inf. swymman, <a href="#li1625">1625</a>.</p> + +<p>ofer-swimman, w. acc., <i>to swim over</i> or <i>through</i>: pret. +sg. ofer-swam sioleða bigong (<i>swam over the sea</i>), <a href="#li2368">2368</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswincan">swincan</a>, st. v., <i>to struggle, labor, contend</i>: pret. pl. +git on wæteres ǣht seofon niht swuncon, <a href="#li517">517</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgeswing">swing</a>, st. n., <i>surge, eddy</i>: nom. sg. atol ȳða +geswing, <a href="#li849">849</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswingan">swingan</a>, st. v., <i>to swing one's self, fly</i>: pres. sg. +III. nē gōd hafoc geond sæl swingeð, <a href="#li2265">2265</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswīcan">swīcan</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to deceive, leave in the lurch, +abandon</i>: pret. sg. nǣfre hit (<i>the sword</i>) æt hilde ne swāc +manna ǣngum, <a href="#li1461">1461</a>.—2) <i>to escape</i>: subj. pret. būtan his līc +swice, <a href="#li967">967</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgeswīcan">swīcan</a>, <i>to deceive, leave in the lurch</i>: pret. sg. +gūð-bill ge-swāc nacod æt nīðe, <a href="#li2585">2585</a>, <a href="#li2682">2682</a>; w. dat. sēo ecg ge-swāc +þēodne æt þearfe (<i>the sword failed the prince in need</i>), <a href="#li1525">1525</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswīth">swīð, swȳð</a> (Goth, swinþ-s), adj., <i>strong, mighty</i>: nom. +sg. wæs þæt ge-win tō swȳð, <a href="#li191">191</a>.—Comp. nom. sg. sīo swīðre hand +(<i>the right hand</i>), <a href="#li2099">2099</a>; <i>harsh</i>, <a href="#li3086">3086</a>.</p> + +<p>swīðe, adv., <i>strongly, very, much</i>, <a href="#li598">598</a>, <a href="#li998">998</a>, <a href="#li1093">1093</a>, <a href="#li1744">1744</a>, <a href="#li1927">1927</a>; +swȳðe, <a href="#li2171">2171</a>, <a href="#li2188">2188</a>. Compar. swīðor, <i>more, rather, more strongly</i>, +<a href="#li961">961</a>, <a href="#li1140">1140</a>, <a href="#li1875">1875</a>, <a href="#li2199">2199</a>—Comp. un-swīðe.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gloferswīthian">ofer-swīðian</a>, w. v., <i>to overcome, vanquish</i>, w. acc. of +person: pres. sg. III. oferswȳðeð, <a href="#li279">279</a>, <a href="#li1769">1769</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswīthferhth">swīð-ferhð</a>, adj., (<i>fortis animo</i>), <i>strong-minded, +bold, brave</i>: nom. sg. swȳð-ferhð, <a href="#li827">827</a>; gen. sg. swīð-ferhðes, <a href="#li909">909</a>; +nom. pl. swīð-ferhðe, <a href="#li493">493</a>; dat. pl. swīð-ferhðum, <a href="#li173">173</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswīthhycgend">swīð-hycgend</a>, pres. part. (<i>strenue cogitans</i>), +<i>bold-minded, brave in spirit</i>: nom. sg. swīð-hycgende, <a href="#li920">920</a>; nom. +pl. swīð-hycgende, <a href="#li1017">1017</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswithmōd">swið-mōd</a>, adj., <i>strong-minded</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1625">1625</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glonswīfan">on-swīfan</a>, st. v. w. acc., <i>to swing, turn, at</i> or +<i>against, elevate</i>: pret. sg. biorn (Bēowulf) bord-rand on-swāf +wið þām gryre-gieste, <a href="#li2560">2560</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswīgian">swīgian</a>, w. v., <i>to be silent, keep silent</i>: pret. sg. lȳt +swīgode nīwra spella (<i>kept little of the new tidings silent</i>), +<a href="#li2898">2898</a>; pl. swīgedon ealle, <a href="#li1700">1700</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswīgor">swīgor</a>, adj., <i>silent, taciturn</i>: nom, sg. weak, þā wæs +swīgra secg ... on gylp-sprǣce gūð-ge-weorca, <a href="#li981">981</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswīn">swīn, swȳn</a>, st. n., <i>swine, boar</i> (image on the helm): +nom. sg. swȳn, <a href="#li1112">1112</a>; acc. sg. swīn, <a href="#li1287">1287</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswīnlīc">swīn-līc</a>, st. n., <i>swine-image</i> or <i>body</i>: instr. pl. +swīn-līcum, <a href="#li1454">1454</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswōgan">swōgan</a>, st. v., <i>to whistle, roar</i>: pres. part. swōgende +lēg, <a href="#li3146">3146</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswutol">swutol</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsweotol">sweotol</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswylc">swylc, swilc</a> (Goth, swa-leik-s), demons, adj. = <i>talis, such, such +a</i>; relative = <i>qualis, as, which</i>: nom. sg. swylc, <a href="#li178">178</a>, <a href="#li1941">1941</a>, +<a href="#li2542">2542</a>, <a href="#li2709">2709</a>; swylc ... swylc=talis ... qualis, <a href="#li1329">1329</a>; acc. sg. swylc, <a href="#li2799">2799</a>; +eall ... swylc (<i>all ... which, as</i>), <a href="#li72">72</a>; ōðer swylc (<i>such +another</i>, i.e. hand), <a href="#li1584">1584</a>; on swylc (<i>on such things</i>), <a href="#li997">997</a>; dat. +sg. gūð-fremmendra swylcum (<i>to such a battle-worker</i>, i.e. Bēowulf), +<a href="#li299">299</a>; gen. sg. swylces hwæt (<i>some such</i>), <a href="#li881">881</a>; acc. pl. swylce, <a href="#li2870">2870</a>; +call swylce ... swylce, <a href="#li3166">3166</a>; swylce twēgen (<i>two such</i>), <a href="#li1348">1348</a>; ealle +þearfe swylce (<i>all needs that</i>), <a href="#li1798">1798</a>; swylce hīe ... findan meahton +sigla searo-gimma (<i>such as they might find of jewels and cunning +gems</i>), <a href="#li1157">1157</a>; efne swylce mǣla swylce (<i>at just such times as</i>), +<a href="#li1250">1250</a>; gen. pl. swylcra searo-nīða, <a href="#li582">582</a>; swylcra fela ... ǣr-gestrēona, +<a href="#li2232">2232</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswylce">swylce</a>, adv., <i>as, as also, likewise, similarly</i>, <a href="#li113">113</a>, +<a href="#li293">293</a>, <a href="#li758">758</a>, <a href="#li831">831</a>, <a href="#li855">855</a>, <a href="#li908">908</a>, <a href="#li921">921</a>, <a href="#li1147">1147</a>, <a href="#li1166">1166</a>, <a href="#li1428">1428</a>, <a href="#li1483">1483</a>, <a href="#li2460">2460</a>, <a href="#li2825">2825</a>; gē +swylce (<i>and likewise</i>), <a href="#li2259">2259</a>; swilce, <a href="#li1153">1153</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswylt">swylt</a>, st. m., <i>death</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1256">1256</a>, <a href="#li1437">1437</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswyltdæg">swylt-dæg</a>, st. m., <i>death-day</i>: dat. sg. ǣr swylt-dæge, +<a href="#li2799">2799</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswynsian">swynsian</a>, w. v., <i>to sound</i>: pret. sg. hlyn swynsode, <a href="#li612">612</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswyrd">swyrd</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsweord">sweord</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswȳthl">swȳðl</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glswīth">swīð</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswȳn">swȳn</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glswīn">swīn</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsyththan">syððan</a> (seðian, Gen. 1525), w. v., <i>to punish, avenge</i>, w. +acc.: inf. þonne hit sweordes ecg syððan scolde (<i>then the edge of +the sword should avenge it</i>), <a href="#li1107">1107</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsyththan">syððan</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsiththan">siððan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsyfanwintre">syfan-wintre</a>, adj., <i>seven-winters-old</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2429">2429</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsyhth">syhð</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsēon">sēon</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsyl">syl</a> (O.H.G. swella), st. f., <i>sill, bench-support</i>: dat. +sg. fram sylle, <a href="#li776">776</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsylfa">sylfa</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glselfa">selfa</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsyllan">syllan</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsellan">sellan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsyllīc">syllīc</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsellīc">sellīc</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsymbol">symbol, syml</a>, st. n., <i>banquet, entertainment</i>: acc. sg. +symbel, <a href="#li620">620</a>, <a href="#li1011">1011</a>; geaf mē sinc and symbel (<i>gave me treasure and +feasting</i>, i.e. made me his friend and table-companion), <a href="#li2432">2432</a>; þæt +hīe ... symbel ymbsǣton (<i>that they might sit round their +banquet</i>), <a href="#li564">564</a>; dat. sg. symle, <a href="#li81">81</a>, <a href="#li489">489</a>, <a href="#li1009">1009</a>; symble, <a href="#li119">119</a>, <a href="#li2105">2105</a>; +gen. pl. symbla, <a href="#li1233">1233</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsymble">symble, symle</a>, adv., <i>continually, ever</i>: symble, <a href="#li2451">2451</a>; +symle, <a href="#li2498">2498</a>; symle wæs þȳ sǣmra (<i>he was ever the worse, the +weaker</i>, i.e. the dragon), <a href="#li2881">2881</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsymbelwyn">symbel-wyn</a>, st. f., <i>banqueting-pleasure, joy at +feasting</i>: acc. sg. symbel-wynne drēoh, <a href="#li1783">1783</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsyn">syn</a>, st. f., <i>sin, crime</i>: nom. synn and sacu, <a href="#li2473">2473</a>; dat. +instr. pl. synnum, <a href="#li976">976</a>, <a href="#li1256">1256</a>, <a href="#li3072">3072</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsyn">syn</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glsin">sin</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsynbysig">syn-bysig</a>, adj., (culpa laborans), <i>persecuted on account of +guilt?</i> (Rieger), <i>guilt-haunted?</i>: nom. sg. secg syn-[by]sig, +<a href="#li2228">2228</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesyngian">syngian</a>, w. v., <i>to sin, commit a crime</i>: pret. part. +þæt wæs feohlēas ge-feoht, fyrenum ge-syngad, <a href="#li2442">2442</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsynnig">synnig</a>, adj., <i>sin-laden, sinful</i>: acc. sg. m. sinnigne +secg, <a href="#li1380">1380</a>.—Comp.: fela-, un-synnig.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesynto">synto</a>, f., <i>health</i>: dat. pl. on gesyntum, <a href="#li1870">1870</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsyrce">syrce</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glserce">serce</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsyrwan">syrwan</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to entrap, catch unawares</i>: pret. +sg. duguðe and geogoðe seomade and syrede, <a href="#li161">161</a>.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbesyrwan">syrwan</a>: 1) <i>to compass</i> or <i>accomplish by finesse; +effect</i>: inf. dǣd þē wē ealle ǣr ne meahton snyttrum be-syrwan +(<i>a deed that all of us could not accomplish before with all our +wisdom</i>), <a href="#li943">943</a>.—2) <i>to entrap by guile and destroy</i>: inf. +mynte se mānscaða manna cynnes sumne be-syrwan (<i>the fell foe +thought to entrap some one (all?</i>, see <a class="glentry" href="#glsum">sum</a>) <i>of the +men</i>), <a href="#li714">714</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsȳn">sȳn</a>, f., <i>seeing, sight, scene</i>: comp, an-sȳn.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgesȳne">sȳne</a>, adj., <i>visible, to be seen</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li1256">1256</a>, <a href="#li1404">1404</a>, +<a href="#li2948">2948</a>, <a href="#li3059">3059</a>, <a href="#li3160">3160</a>.—Comp.: ēð-ge-sȳne, ȳð-ge-sēne.</p> + +<p><b><a name="glossT">T</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltaligean">taligean</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to count, reckon, number; esteem, +think</i>: pres. sg. I. nō ic mē ... hnāgran gūð-geweorca þonne Grendel +hine (<i>count myself no worse than G. in battle-works</i>), <a href="#li678">678</a>; wēn +ic talige ...þæt (<i>I count on the hope ... that</i>), <a href="#li1846">1846</a>; telge, +<a href="#li2068">2068</a>; sg. III. þæt rǣd talað þæt (<i>counts it gain that</i>), +<a href="#li2028">2028</a>.—2) <i>to tell, relate</i>: sōð ic talige (<i>I tell facts</i>), +<a href="#li532">532</a>; swā þū self talast (<i>as thou thyself sayst</i>), <a href="#li595">595</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltācen">tācen</a>, st. n., <i>token, sign, evidence</i>: nom. sg. tācen +sweotol, <a href="#li834">834</a>; dat. instr. sg. sweotolan tācne, <a href="#li141">141</a>; tīres tō tācne, +<a href="#li1655">1655</a>.—Comp. luf-tācen.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltān">tān</a>, st. m., <i>twig</i>: in comp. āter-tān. [emended to +āter-tēarum in text--KTH]</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgetǣcan">tǣcan</a>, w. v., <i>to show, point out</i>: pret. sg. him þā +hilde-dēor hof mōdigra torht ge-tǣhte (<i>the warrior pointed out to +them the bright dwelling of the bold ones</i>, i.e. Danes), <a href="#li313">313</a>. +Hence, <i>to indicate, assign</i>: pret. sōna mē se mǣra mago +Healfdenes ... wið his sylfes sunu setl getǣhte (<i>assigned me a seat +by his own son</i>), <a href="#li2014">2014</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltǣle">tǣle</a>, adj., <i>blameworthy</i>: in comp. un-tǣle.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgetǣse">tǣse</a>, adj., <i>quiet, still</i>: nom. sg. gif him +wǣre ... niht ge-tǣse (<i>whether he had a pleasant, quiet, night</i>), +<a href="#li1321">1321</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltela">tela</a>, adv., <i>fittingly, well</i>, <a href="#li949">949</a>, <a href="#li1219">1219</a>, <a href="#li1226">1226</a>, <a href="#li1821">1821</a>, +<a href="#li2209">2209</a>, <a href="#li2738">2738</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltelge">telge</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gltalian">talian</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltellan">tellan</a>, w. v., <i>to tell, consider, deem</i>: pret. sg. nē his +līf-dagas lēoda ǣnigum nytte tealde (<i>nor did he count his life useful to +any man</i>), <a href="#li795">795</a>; þæt ic mē ǣnigne under swegles begong ge-sacan ne tealde +(<i>I believed not that I had any foe under heaven</i>), <a href="#li1774">1774</a>; cwæð hē þone +gūð-wine gōdne tealde (<i>said he counted the war-friend good</i>), <a href="#li1811">1811</a>; +hē ūsic gār-wīgend gōde tealde (<i>deemed us good spear-warriors</i>), +<a href="#li2642">2642</a>; pl. swā (<i>so that</i>) hine Gēata beam gōdne ne tealdon, <a href="#li2185">2185</a>.—2) +<i>to ascribe, count against, impose</i>: pret. sg. (Þrȳðo) him wælbende +weotode tealde hand-gewriðene, <a href="#li1937">1937</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgetenge">tenge</a>, adj., <i>attached to, lying on</i>: w. dat. gold ... grunde +ge-tenge, <a href="#li2759">2759</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltēar">tēar</a>, st. m., <i>tear</i>: nom. pl. tēaras, <a href="#li1873">1873</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glteoh">teoh</a>, st. f., <i>troop, band</i>: dat. sg. earmre teohhe, <a href="#li2939">2939</a>.</p> + +<p>(ge?)-<a class="glentry" name="gl(ge?)teohhian">teohhian</a>, w. v., <i>to fix, determine, assign</i>: pret. +sg. ic for lǣssan lēan teohhode ... hnāhran rince, <a href="#li952">952</a>; pres. part. wæs +ōðer in ǣr geteohhod (<i>assigned</i>)... mǣrum Gēate, <a href="#li1301">1301</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltēon">tēon</a>, st. v., <i>to draw, lead</i>: inf. heht ... eahta +mēaras ... on flet tēon (<i>bade eight horses be led into the hall</i>), +<a href="#li1037">1037</a>; pret. sg. mē tō grunde tēah fāh fēond-sceaða (<i>the many-hued +fiend-foe drew me to the bottom</i>), <a href="#li553">553</a>; eft-sīðas tēah +(<i>withdrew, returned</i>), <a href="#li1333">1333</a>; sg. for pl. ǣg-hwylcum ...þāra þe +mid Bēowulfe brim-lāde tēah (<i>to each of those that crossed the sea +with B.</i>) <a href="#li1052">1052</a>; pret. part. þā wæs ... heard ecg togen (<i>then was +the hard edge drawn</i>), <a href="#li1289">1289</a>; wearð ... on næs togen (<i>was drawn to +the promontory</i>), <a href="#li1440">1440</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-tēon, <i>to wander, go</i>, intrans.: pret. sg. tō Heorute ā-tēah +(<i>drew to Heorot</i>), <a href="#li767">767</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgetēon">tēon</a>: 1) <i>to draw</i>: pret. sg. gomel swyrd ge-tēah, +<a href="#li2611">2611</a>; w. instr. and acc. hyre seaxe ge-tēah, brad brūn-ecg, <a href="#li1546">1546</a>.—2) +<i>to grant, give, lend</i>: imp. nō þū him wearne getēoh þīnra +gegn-cwida glædnian (<i>refuse not to gladden them with thy +answer</i>), <a href="#li366">366</a>; pret. sg. and þā Bēowulfe bēga gehwæðres eodor +Ingwina onweald ge-tēah (<i>and the prince of the Ingwins gave B. +power over both</i>), <a href="#li1045">1045</a>; so, hē him ēst getēah (<i>gave possession +of</i>), <a href="#li2166">2166</a>.</p> + +<p>of-tēon, <i>to deprive, withdraw</i>, w. gen. of thing and dat. pers.: +pret. sg. Scyld Scēfing ... monegum mǣgðum meodo-setla of-tēah, <a href="#li5">5</a>; w. +acc. of thing, hond ... feorh-sweng ne of-tēah, <a href="#li2490">2490</a>; w. dat. hond +(hord, MS.) swenge ne of-tēah, <a href="#li1521">1521</a>.</p> + +<p>þurh-tēon, <i>to effect</i>: inf. gif hē torn-gemōt þurh-tēon mihte, +<a href="#li1141">1141</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltēon">tēon</a> (cf. tēoh, <i>materia</i>, O.H.G. ziuc), w. v. w. acc., +<i>to make, work</i>: pret. sg. tēode, <a href="#li1453">1453</a>;—<i>to furnish out, +deck</i>: pret. pl. nalas hī hine lǣssan lācum tēodan (<i>provided him +with no less gifts</i>), <a href="#li43">43</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-tēon, <i>to provide, do, bring on</i>: pres. sg. unc sceal weorðan +... swā unc Wyrd ge-tēoð, <a href="#li2527">2527</a>; pret. sg. þē him ... sāre ge-tēode +(<i>who had done him this harm</i>), <a href="#li2296">2296</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgetēona">tēona</a>, w. m., <i>injurer, harmer</i>: in comp. +lāð-ge-tēona.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltil">til</a>, adj., <i>good, apt, fit</i>: nom. sg. m. Hālga til, <a href="#li61">61</a>; +þegn ungemete till (of Wīglāf), <a href="#li2722">2722</a>; fem. wæs sēo þēod tilu, <a href="#li1251">1251</a>; +neut. ne wæs þæt ge-wrixle til, <a href="#li1305">1305</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltilian">tilian</a>, w. v. w. gen., <i>to gain, win</i>: inf. gif ic ... +ōwihte mæg þīnre mōd-lufan māran tilian (<i>if I ... gain</i>), <a href="#li1824">1824</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltimbrian">timbrian</a>, w. v., <i>to build</i>: pret. part. acc. sg. sæl +timbred (<i>the well-built hall</i>), <a href="#li307">307</a>.</p> + +<p>be-timbrian, (construere), <i>to finish building, complete</i>: pret. +pl. betimbredon on tȳn dagum beadu-rōfes bēcn, <a href="#li3161">3161</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltīd">tīd</a>, st. f., <i>-tide, time</i>: acc. sg. twelf wintra tīd, +<a href="#li147">147</a>; lange tīd, <a href="#li1916">1916</a>; in þā tīde, <a href="#li2228">2228</a>.—Comp.: ān-, morgen-tīd.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgetīthian">tīðian</a> (from tigðian), w. v., <i>to grant</i>: pret. part. +impers. wæs ... bēne (gen.) ge-tīðad fēasceaftum men, <a href="#li2285">2285</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltīr">tīr</a>, st. m., <i>glory, repute in war</i>. gen. sg. tīres, <a href="#li1655">1655</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltīrēadig">tīr-ēadig</a>, adj., <i>glorious, famous</i>: dat. sg. tīr-ēadigum +menn (of Bēowulf), <a href="#li2190">2190</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltīrfæst">tīr-fæst</a>, adj., <i>famous, rich in glory</i>. nom. sg. (of +Hrōðgār), <a href="#li923">923</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltīrlēas">tīr-lēas</a>, adj., <i>without glory, infamous</i>: gen. sg. (of +Grendel), <a href="#li844">844</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltoga">toga</a>, w. m., <i>leader</i>: in comp. folc-toga.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltorht">torht</a>, adj., <i>bright, brilliant</i>: acc. sg. neut. hof ... +torht, <a href="#li313">313</a>.—Comp.: wuldor-torht, heaðo-torht (<i>loud in battle</i>).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltorn">torn</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>wrath, insult, distress</i>: acc. sg. torn, +<a href="#li147">147</a>, <a href="#li834">834</a>; gen. pl. torna, <a href="#li2190">2190</a>.—2) <i>anger</i>: instr. sg. torne +ge-bolgen, <a href="#li2402">2402</a>.—Comp. līge-torn.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltorn">torn</a>, adj., <i>bitter, cruel</i>: nom. sg, hrēowa tornost, +<a href="#li2130">2130</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltorngemōt">torn-ge-mōt</a>, st. n., (<i>wrathful meeting</i>), <i>angry +engagement, battle</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1141">1141</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltō">tō</a>, I. prep. w. dat. indicating direction or tending to, hence: 1) +local = whither after verbs of motion, <i>to, up to, at</i>: cōm tō recede +(<i>to the hall</i>), <a href="#li721">721</a>; ēode tō sele, <a href="#li920">920</a>; ēode tō hire frēan sittan, +<a href="#li642">642</a>; gǣð eft ... tō medo (<i>goeth again to mead</i>), <a href="#li605">605</a>; wand tō wolcnum +(<i>wound to the welkin</i>), <a href="#li1120">1120</a>; sigon tō slǣpe (<i>sank to sleep</i>), +<a href="#li1252">1252</a>; <a href="#li28">28</a>, <a href="#li158">158</a>, <a href="#li234">234</a>, <a href="#li438">438</a>, <a href="#li553">553</a>, <a href="#li926">926</a>, <a href="#li1010">1010</a>, <a href="#li1014">1014</a>, <a href="#li1155">1155</a>, <a href="#li1159">1159</a>, <a href="#li1233">1233</a>, etc.; +līð-wǣge bær hǣlum tō handa (<i>bore the ale-cup to the hands of the men? +at hand?</i>), <a href="#li1984">1984</a>; oð þæt niht becōm ōðer tō yldum, <a href="#li2118">2118</a>; him tō bearme +cwōm māððum-fæt mǣre (<i>came to his hands, into his possession</i>), <a href="#li2405">2405</a>; +sǣlde tō sande sīd-fæðme scip (<i>fastened the broad-bosomed ship to the +shore</i>), <a href="#li1918">1918</a>; þat se harm-scaða tō Heorute ā-tēah (<i>went forth to +Heorot</i>), <a href="#li767">767</a>. After verb sittan: site nū tō symble (<i>sit now to the +meal</i>), <a href="#li489">489</a>; siððan ... wē tō symble geseten hæfdon, <a href="#li2105">2105</a>; tō ham +(<i>home, at home</i>), <a href="#li124">124</a>, <a href="#li374">374</a>, <a href="#li2993">2993</a>. With verbs of speaking: maðelode tō +his wine-drihtne (<i>spake to his friendly lord</i>), <a href="#li360">360</a>; tō Gēatum sprec, +<a href="#li1172">1172</a>; so, heht þæt heaðo-weorc tō hagan bīodan (<i>bade the battle-work be +told at the hedge</i>), <a href="#li2893">2893</a>.—2) with verbs of bringing and taking (cf. +under <a class="glentry" href="#glon">on</a>, I., d): hraðe wæs tō būre Bēowulf fetod (<i>B. was hastily +brought from a room</i>), <a href="#li1311">1311</a>; siððan Hāma æt-wæg tō þǣre byrhtan byrig +Brōsinga mene (<i>since H. carried the Brōsing-necklace off from the bright +city</i>), <a href="#li1200">1200</a>; wēan āhsode. fǣhðo to Frȳsum (<i>suffered woe, feud as to, +from, the Frisians</i>), <a href="#li1208">1208</a>.—3) =end of motion, hence: a) <i>to, for, +as, in</i>: þone god sende folce tō frōfre (<i>for, as, a help to the +folk</i>), <a href="#li14">14</a>; gesette ... sunnan and mōnan lēoman to lēohte (<i>as a +light</i>), <a href="#li95">95</a>; ge-sæt ... tō rune (<i>sat in counsel</i>), <a href="#li172">172</a>; wearð hē +Heaðo-lāfe tō hand-bonan, <a href="#li460">460</a>; bringe ... tō helpe (<i>bring to, for, +help</i>), <a href="#li1831">1831</a>; Jofore forgeaf āngan dōhtor ... hyldo tō wedde (<i>as a +pledge of his favor</i>), <a href="#li2999">2999</a>; so, 508(?), <a href="#li666">666</a>, <a href="#li907">907</a>, <a href="#li972">972</a>, <a href="#li1022">1022</a>, <a href="#li1187">1187</a>, +<a href="#li1263">1263</a>, <a href="#li1331">1331</a>, <a href="#li1708">1708</a>, <a href="#li1712">1712</a>, <a href="#li2080">2080</a>, etc.; secgan tō sōðe (<i>to say in +sooth</i>), <a href="#li51">51</a>; so, <a href="#li591">591</a>, <a href="#li2326">2326</a>. b) with verbs of thinking, hoping, etc., +<i>on, for, at, against</i>: hē tō gyrn-wræce swīðor þōhte þonne tō sǣ-lāde +(<i>thought more on vengeance than on the sea-voyage</i>), <a href="#li1139">1139</a>; sæcce ne +wēneð tō Gār-Denum (<i>nor weeneth of conflict with the Spear-Danes</i>), +<a href="#li602">602</a>; þonne wēne ic tō þē wyrsan geþinges (<i>then I expect for thee a worse +result</i>), <a href="#li525">525</a>; nē ic to Swēoþēode sibbe oððe trēowe wihte ne wēne +(<i>nor expect at all of, from, the Swedes</i> ...), <a href="#li2923">2923</a>; wiste þǣm +āhlǣcan tō þǣm hēah-sele hilde ge-þinged (<i>battle prepared for the +monster in the high hall</i>), <a href="#li648">648</a>; wēl bið þǣm þe mot tō fæder fæðmum +freoðo wilnian (<i>well for him that can find peace in the Father's +arms</i>), <a href="#li188">188</a>; þāra þe hē ge-worhte tō West-Denum (<i>of those that he +wrought against the West-Danes</i>), <a href="#li1579">1579</a>.—4) with the gerund, inf.: tō +gefremmanne (<i>to do</i>), <a href="#li174">174</a>; tō ge-cȳðanne (<i>to make known</i>), <a href="#li257">257</a>; +tō secganne (<i>to say</i>), <a href="#li473">473</a>; to beflēonne (<i>to avoid, escape</i>), +<a href="#li1004">1004</a>; so, <a href="#li1420">1420</a>, <a href="#li1725">1725</a>, <a href="#li1732">1732</a>, <a href="#li1806">1806</a>, <a href="#li1852">1852</a>, <a href="#li1923">1923</a>, <a href="#li1942">1942</a>, etc. With inf.: tō +fēran, <a href="#li316">316</a>; tō friclan, <a href="#li2557">2557</a>.—5) temporal: gewāt him tō gescæp-hwīle +(<i>went at(?) the hour of fate</i>; or, <i>to his fated rest?</i>), <a href="#li26">26</a>; tō +wīdan feore (<i>ever, in their lives</i>), <a href="#li934">934</a>; āwa tō aldre (<i>for life, +forever</i>), <a href="#li956">956</a>; so, tō aldre, <a href="#li2006">2006</a>, <a href="#li2499">2499</a>; tō life (<i>during life, +ever</i>), <a href="#li2433">2433</a>.—6) with particles: wōd under wolcnum tō þæs þe ... +(<i>went under the welkin to the point where</i> ...), <a href="#li715">715</a>; so, elne +ge-ēodon tō þæs þe, <a href="#li1968">1968</a>; so, <a href="#li2411">2411</a>; hē him þæs lēan for-geald ... tō þæs þe +hē on reste geseah Grendel licgan (<i>he paid him for that to the point +that he saw G. lying dead</i>), <a href="#li1586">1586</a>; wæs þæt blōd tō þæs hāt (<i>the blood +was hot to that degree</i>), <a href="#li1617">1617</a>; næs þā long tō þon þæt (<i>'twas not long +till</i>), <a href="#li2592">2592</a>, <a href="#li2846">2846</a>; wæs him se man tō þon lēof þæt (<i>the man was dear +to him to that degree</i>), <a href="#li1877">1877</a>; tō hwan siððan wearð hond-rǣs hæleða +(<i>up to what point, how, the hand-contest turned out</i>), <a href="#li2072">2072</a>; tō +middes (<i>in the midst</i>), <a href="#li3142">3142</a>.</p> + +<p>II. Adverbial modifier, <i>quasi</i> preposition [better explained in many +cases as prep. postponed]: l) <i>to, towards, up to, at</i>: gēong sōna tō, +<a href="#li1786">1786</a>; so, <a href="#li2649">2649</a>; fēhð ōðer tō, <a href="#li1756">1756</a>; sǣ-lāc ... þē þū hēr tō lōcast (<i>upon +which thou here lookest</i>), <a href="#li1655">1655</a>; folc tō sǣgon (<i>the folk looked +on</i>), <a href="#li1423">1423</a>; þæt hī him tō mihton gegnum gangan (<i>might proceed +thereto</i>), <a href="#li313">313</a>; sē þe him bealwa tō bōte gelȳfde (<i>who believed in +help out of evils from him</i>, i.e. Bēowulf), <a href="#li910">910</a>; him tō anwaldan āre +ge-lyfde (<i>trusted for himself to the Almighty's help</i>), <a href="#li1273">1273</a>; þē ūs +sēceað tō Swēona lēode (<i>that the Swedes will come against us</i>), +<a href="#li3002">3002</a>.—2) before adj. and adv., <i>too</i>: tō strang (<i>too mighty</i>), +<a href="#li133">133</a>; tō fæst, <a href="#li137">137</a>; tō swȳð, <a href="#li191">191</a>; so, <a href="#li789">789</a>, <a href="#li970">970</a>, <a href="#li1337">1337</a>, <a href="#li1743">1743</a>, <a href="#li1749">1749</a>, etc.; tō +fela micles (<i>far too much</i>), <a href="#li695">695</a>; hē tō forð ge-stōp (<i>he had gone +too far</i>), <a href="#li2290">2290</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltōth">tōð</a> (G. tunþu-s), st. m., <i>tooth</i>: in comp. blōdig-tōð (adj.).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltredan">tredan</a>, st. v. w. acc., <i>to tread</i>: inf. sǣ-wong tredan, <a href="#li1965">1965</a>; +el-land tredan, <a href="#li3020">3020</a>; pret. sg. wræc-lāstas træd, <a href="#li1353">1353</a>; medo-wongas træd, +<a href="#li1644">1644</a>; græs-moldan træd, <a href="#li1882">1882</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltreddian">treddian, tryddian</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#gltrod">trod</a>), w. v., <i>to stride, +tread, go</i>: pret. sg. treddode, <a href="#li726">726</a>; tryddode getrume micle +(<i>strode about with a strong troop</i>), <a href="#li923">923</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltrem">trem</a>, st. n., <i>piece, part</i>: acc. sg. nē ... fōtes trem +(<i>not a foot's breadth</i>), <a href="#li2526">2526</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltrēow">trēow</a>, st. f., <i>fidelity, good faith</i>: acc. sg. trēowe, +<a href="#li1073">1073</a>; sibbe oððe trēowe, <a href="#li2923">2923</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltrēow">trēow</a>, st. n., <i>tree</i>: in comp. galg-trēow.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltrēowian">trēowian</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gltruwian">truwian</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltrēowloga">trēow-loga</a>, w. m., <i>troth-breaker, pledge-breaker</i>: nom. +pl. trēow-logan, <a href="#li2848">2848</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltrodu">trodu</a>, st. f., <i>track, step</i>: acc. sg. or pl. trode, <a href="#li844">844</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgetrum">trum</a>, st. n., <i>troop, band</i>: instr. sg. ge-trume micle, +<a href="#li923">923</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltrum">trum</a>, adj., <i>strong, endowed with</i>: nom. sg. heorot hornum +trum, <a href="#li1370">1370</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgetruwan">truwan</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to confirm, pledge solemnly</i>: +pret. sg. þā hīe getruwedon on twā healfe fæste frioðu-wǣre, <a href="#li1096">1096</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltruwian">truwian, trēowan</a>, w. v., <i>to trust in, rely on, believe in</i>: 1) +w. dat.: pret. sg. sīðe ne truwode lēofes mannes (<i>I trusted not in the +dear man's enterprise</i>), <a href="#li1994">1994</a>; bearne ne truwode þæt hē ... (<i>she +trusted not the child that</i> ...), <a href="#li2371">2371</a>; gehwylc hiora his ferhðe trēowde +þæt hē ... (<i>each trusted his heart that</i> ...), <a href="#li1167">1167</a>.—2) w. gen.: pret. +sg. Gēata lēod georne truwode mōdgan mægnes, <a href="#li670">670</a>; wiðres ne truwode, <a href="#li2954">2954</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-truwian, <i>to rely on, trust in</i>, w. dat.: pret. sg. strenge +ge-truwode, mund-gripe mægenes, <a href="#li1534">1534</a>;—w. gen. pret. sg. beorges +ge-truwode, wīges and wealles, <a href="#li2323">2323</a>; strenge ge-truwode ānes mannes, <a href="#li2541">2541</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltryddian">tryddian</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gltreddian">treddian</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltrȳwe">trȳwe</a>, adj., <i>true, faithful</i>: nom. sg. þā gȳt wæs ... +ǣghwylc ōðrum trȳwe, <a href="#li1166">1166</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-trȳwe, adj., <i>faithful</i>: nom. sg. hēr is ǣghwylc eorl ōðrum +ge-trȳwe, <a href="#li1229">1229</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glturf">turf</a>, st. f., <i>sod, soil, seat</i>: in comp. ēðel-turf.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltūx">tūx</a>, st. m., <i>tooth, tusk</i>: in comp. hilde-tūx.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgetwǣfan">twǣfan</a>, w. v. w. acc. of person and gen. thing, <i>to +separate, divide, deprive of, hinder</i>: pres. sg. III. þæt þec ādl +oððe ecg eafoðes ge-twǣfeð (<i>robs of strength</i>), <a href="#li1764">1764</a>; inf. god +ēaðe mæg þone dol-scaðan dǣda ge-twǣfan (<i>God may easily restrain +the fierce foe from his deeds</i>), <a href="#li479">479</a>; pret. sg. sumne Gēata lēod +... fēores getwǣfde (<i>cut him off from life</i>), <a href="#li1434">1434</a>; nō þǣr +wǣg-flotan wind ofer ȳðum sīðes ge-twǣfde (<i>the wind hindered not +the wave-floater in her course over the water</i>), <a href="#li1909">1909</a>; pret. part. +æt rihte wæs gūð ge-twǣfed (<i>almost had the struggle been +ended</i>), <a href="#li1659">1659</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgetwǣman">twǣman</a>, w. v. acc. pers. and gen. thing, <i>to hinder, +render incapable of, restrain</i>: inf. ic hine ne mihte ... ganges +getwǣman, <a href="#li969">969</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltwēgen">twēgen</a>, m. f. n. twā, num., <i>twain, two</i>: nom. m. twēgen, +<a href="#li1164">1164</a>; acc. m. twēgen, <a href="#li1348">1348</a>; dat. twǣm, <a href="#li1192">1192</a> gen. twēga, <a href="#li2533">2533</a>; acc. f. +twā, <a href="#li1096">1096</a>, <a href="#li1195">1195</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltwelf">twelf</a>, num., <i>twelve</i>, gen. twelfa, <a href="#li3172">3172</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltweone">tweone</a> (Frisian twine), num. = <i>bini, two</i>: dat. pl. be +sǣm tweonum, <a href="#li859">859</a>, <a href="#li1298">1298</a>; <a href="#li1686">1686</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltwidig">twidig</a>, adj., in comp. lang-twidig (<i>long-assured</i>), <a href="#li1709">1709</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltyder">tȳder</a>, st. m., <i>race, descendant</i>: in comp. un-tȳder, <a href="#li111">111</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltydre">tȳdre</a> (Frisian teddre), adj., <i>weak, unwarlike, cowardly</i>: +nom. pl. tȳdre, <a href="#li2848">2848</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltyn">tȳn</a>, num., <i>ten</i>: uninflect. dat. on tȳn dagum, <a href="#li3161">3161</a>; +inflect. nom. tȳne, <a href="#li2848">2848</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltyrwian">tyrwian</a>, w. v., <i>to tar</i>: pret. part. tyrwed in comp.: +nīw-tyrwed.</p> + +<p>on-<a class="glentry" name="glontyhtan">tyhtan</a>, w. v., <i>to urge on, incite, entice</i>: pret. sg. +on-tyhte, <a href="#li3087">3087</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossTH">Þ</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthafian">þafian</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to submit to, endure</i>: inf. þæt se +þēod-cyning þafian sceolde Eofores ānne dōm, <a href="#li2964">2964</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthanc">þanc</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>thought</i>: in comp. fore-, hete-, or-, +searo-þanc; inwit-þanc (adj.).—2) <i>thanks</i> (w. gen. of thing): +nom. sg., <a href="#li929">929</a>, <a href="#li1779">1779</a>; acc. sg. þanc, <a href="#li1998">1998</a>, <a href="#li2795">2795</a>.—3) <i>content, favor, +pleasure</i>: dat. sg. þā þe gif-sceattas Gēata fyredon þyder tō þance +(<i>those that tribute for the Geātas carried thither for favor</i>). +<a href="#li379">379</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-þanc, st. m., <i>thought</i>: instr. pl. þēostrum ge-þoncum, +<a href="#li2333">2333</a>.—Comp. mōd-ge-þanc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthanchycgende">þanc-hycgende</a>, pres. part., <i>thoughtful</i>, <a href="#li2236">2236</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthancian">þancian</a>, w. v., <i>to thank</i>: pret. sg. gode þancode ... þæs +þe hire se willa ge-lamp (<i>thanked God that her wish was +granted</i>), <a href="#li626">626</a>; so, <a href="#li1398">1398</a>; pl. þancedon, 627(?).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthanon">þanon, þonon, þonan</a>, adv., <i>thence</i>: 1) local: þanon eft +gewāt (<i>he went thence back</i>), <a href="#li123">123</a>; þanon up ... stigon (<i>went +up thence</i>), <a href="#li224">224</a>; so, þanon, <a href="#li463">463</a>, <a href="#li692">692</a>, <a href="#li764">764</a>, <a href="#li845">845</a>, <a href="#li854">854</a>, <a href="#li1293">1293</a>; þanan, +<a href="#li1881">1881</a>; þonon, <a href="#li520">520</a>, <a href="#li1374">1374</a>, <a href="#li2409">2409</a>; þonan, <a href="#li820">820</a>, <a href="#li2360">2360</a>, <a href="#li2957">2957</a>.—2) personal: +þanon untȳdras ealle on-wōcon (<i>from him</i>, i.e. Cain, etc.), <a href="#li111">111</a>; +so, þanan, <a href="#li1266">1266</a>; þonon, <a href="#li1961">1961</a>; unsōfte þonon feorh oð-ferede (i.e. from +Grendel's mother), <a href="#li2141">2141</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthā">þā</a>, adv.: l) <i>there, then</i>, <a href="#li3">3</a>, <a href="#li26">26</a>, <a href="#li28">28</a>, <a href="#li34">34</a>, <a href="#li47">47</a>, <a href="#li53">53</a>, etc. +With þǣr: þā þǣr, <a href="#li331">331</a>. With nū: nū þā (<i>now then</i>), <a href="#li658">658</a>.—2) +conjunction, <i>when, as, since</i>, w. indic., <a href="#li461">461</a>, <a href="#li539">539</a>, <a href="#li633">633</a>, +etc.;—<i>because, whilst, during, since</i>, <a href="#li402">402</a>, <a href="#li465">465</a>, <a href="#li724">724</a>, <a href="#li2551">2551</a>, +etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthæt">þæt</a>, I. demons, pron. acc. neut. of se: demons, nom. þæt +(<i>that</i>), <a href="#li735">735</a>, <a href="#li766">766</a>, etc.; instr. sg. <b>þȳ</b>, <a href="#li1798">1798</a>, <a href="#li2029">2029</a>; þæt ic þȳ +wǣpne ge-bræd (<i>that I brandished as(?) a weapon; that I brandished the +weapon?</i>), <a href="#li1665">1665</a>; þȳ weorðra (<i>the more honored</i>), <a href="#li1903">1903</a>; þȳ sēft +(<i>the more easily</i>), <a href="#li2750">2750</a>; þȳ lǣs hym ȳðe þrym wudu wynsuman +for-wrecan meahte (<i>lest the force of the waves the winsome boat might +carry away</i>), <a href="#li1919">1919</a>; nō þȳ ǣr (<i>not sooner</i>), <a href="#li755">755</a>, <a href="#li1503">1503</a>, <a href="#li2082">2082</a>, <a href="#li2374">2374</a>, +<a href="#li2467">2467</a>; nō þȳ leng (<i>no longer, none the longer</i>), <a href="#li975">975</a>. <b>þȳ</b> =adv., +<i>therefore, hence</i>, <a href="#li1274">1274</a>, <a href="#li2068">2068</a>; <b>þē ... þē</b> = <i>on this account; +for this reason ... that, because</i>, <a href="#li2639">2639-2642</a>; wiste þē geornor (<i>knew +but too well</i>), <a href="#li822">822</a>; hē ... wæs sundes þē sǣnra þē hine swylt fornam +(<i>he was the slower in swimming as [whom?] death carried him off</i>), +<a href="#li1437">1437</a>; næs him wihte þē sēl (<i>it was none the better for him</i>), <a href="#li2688">2688</a>; +so, <a href="#li2278">2278</a>. Gen. sg. <b>þæs</b> = adv., <i>for this reason, therefore</i>, <a href="#li7">7</a>, +<a href="#li16">16</a>, <a href="#li114">114</a>, <a href="#li350">350</a>, <a href="#li589">589</a>, <a href="#li901">901</a>, <a href="#li1993">1993</a>, <a href="#li2027">2027</a>, <a href="#li2033">2033</a>, etc. <b>þæs þe</b>, especially +after verbs of thanking, = <i>because</i>, <a href="#li108">108</a>, <a href="#li228">228</a>, <a href="#li627">627</a>, <a href="#li1780">1780</a>, <a href="#li2798">2798</a>;—also += secundum quod: þæs þe hīe gewislīcost ge-witan meahton, +<a href="#li1351">1351</a>;—<i>therefore, accordingly</i>, <a href="#li1342">1342</a>, <a href="#li3001">3001</a>; tō þæs (<i>to that point; +to that degree</i>), <a href="#li715">715</a>, <a href="#li1586">1586</a>, <a href="#li1617">1617</a>, <a href="#li1968">1968</a>, <a href="#li2411">2411</a>; þæs georne (<i>so +firmly</i>), <a href="#li969">969</a>; ac hē þæs fæste wæs ... besmiðod (<i>it was too firmly +set</i>), <a href="#li774">774</a>; nō þæs frōd leofað gumena bearna þæt þone grund wite +(<i>none liveth among men so wise that he should know its bottom</i>), +<a href="#li1368">1368</a>; hē þæs (þǣm, MS.) mōdig wæs (<i>had the courage for it</i>), <a href="#li1509">1509</a>.</p> + +<p>II. conj. (relative), <i>that, so that</i>, <a href="#li15">15</a>, <a href="#li62">62</a>, <a href="#li84">84</a>, <a href="#li221">221</a>, <a href="#li347">347</a>, <a href="#li358">358</a>, <a href="#li392">392</a>, +<a href="#li571">571</a>, etc.; oð þæt (<i>up to that, until</i>); see <a class="glentry" href="#gloth">oð</a>.</p> + +<p>þætte (from þæt þe, see <a class="glentry" href="#glthe">þē</a>), <i>that</i>, <a href="#li151">151</a>, <a href="#li859">859</a>, <a href="#li1257">1257</a>, <a href="#li2925">2925</a>, +etc.; þæt þe (<i>that</i>), <a href="#li1847">1847</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthǣr">þǣr</a>: 1) demons. adv., <i>there (where)</i>, <a href="#li32">32</a>, <a href="#li36">36</a>, <a href="#li89">89</a>, <a href="#li400">400</a>, <a href="#li757">757</a>, +etc.; morðor-bealo māga, þǣr hēo ǣr mǣste hēold worolde wynne (<i>the +death-bale of kinsmen where before she had most worldly joy</i>), <a href="#li1080">1080</a>. +With þā: þā þǣr, <a href="#li331">331</a>; þǣr on innan (<i>therein</i>), <a href="#li71">71</a>. Almost like Eng. +expletive <i>there</i>, <a href="#li271">271</a>, <a href="#li550">550</a>, <a href="#li978">978</a>, etc.;—<i>then, at that time</i>, +<a href="#li440">440</a>;—<i>thither</i>: þǣr swīð-ferhðe sittan ēodon (<i>thither went the +bold ones to sit</i>, i.e. to the bench), <a href="#li493">493</a>, etc.—2) relative, +<i>where</i>, <a href="#li356">356</a>, <a href="#li420">420</a>, <a href="#li508">508</a>, <a href="#li513">513</a>, <a href="#li522">522</a>, <a href="#li694">694</a>, <a href="#li867">867</a>, etc.; ēode ... þǣr se +snottra bād (<i>went where the wise one tarried</i>), <a href="#li1314">1314</a>; so, +<a href="#li1816">1816</a>;—<i>if</i>, <a href="#li763">763</a>, <a href="#li798">798</a>, <a href="#li1836">1836</a>, <a href="#li2731">2731</a>, etc.;—<i>whither</i>: gā þǣr hē +wille, <a href="#li1395">1395</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthe">þē, þe</a>, I. relative particle, indecl., partly standing alone, +partly associated with se, sēo, þæt: Hunferð maðelode, þē æt fōtum +sæt (<i>H., who sat at his feet, spake</i>), <a href="#li500">500</a>; so, <a href="#li138">138</a>, etc.; wæs +þæt gewin tō swȳð þē on þā lēode be-cōm (<i>the misery that had come +on the people was too great</i>), <a href="#li192">192</a>, etc.; ic wille ... þē þā +and-sware ǣdre ge-cȳðan þē mē se gōda ā-gifan þenceð (<i>I will +straightway tell thee the answer that the good one shall give</i>), +<a href="#li355">355</a>; oð þone ānne dæg þē hē ... (<i>till that very day that +he</i> ...), <a href="#li2401">2401</a>; hēo þā fǣhðe wræc þē þū ... Grendel cwealdest +(<i>the fight in which thou slewest G.</i>), <a href="#li1335">1335</a>; mid þǣre sorge þē +him sīo sār belamp (<i>with the sorrow wherewith the pain had visited +him</i>), <a href="#li2469">2469</a>; pl. þonne þā dydon þē ... (<i>than they did that</i> +...), <a href="#li45">45</a>; so, <a href="#li378">378</a>, <a href="#li1136">1136</a>; þā māðmas þē hē mē sealde (<i>the treasures +that he gave me</i>), <a href="#li2491">2491</a>; so, ginfæstan gife þē him god sealde +(<i>the great gifts that God had given him</i>), <a href="#li2183">2183</a>. After þāra þe +(<i>of those that</i>), the depend. verb often takes sg. instead of +pl. (Dietrich, Haupt XI., 444 seqq.): wundor-sīona fela secga +ge-hwylcum þāra þe on swylc starað (<i>to each of those that look on +such</i>), <a href="#li997">997</a>; so, <a href="#li844">844</a>, <a href="#li1462">1462</a>, <a href="#li2384">2384</a>, <a href="#li2736">2736</a>. Strengthened by se, sēo, +þæt: sægde sē þe cūðe (<i>said he that knew</i>), <a href="#li90">90</a>; wæs se grimma +gæst Grendel hāten, sē þe mōras hēold (<i>the grim stranger hight +Grendel, he that held the moors</i>), <a href="#li103">103</a>; here-byrne ... sēo þe +bān-cofan beorgan cūðe (<i>the corselet that could protect the +body</i>), <a href="#li1446">1446</a>, etc.; þǣr ge-lȳfan sceal dryhtnes dōme sē þe hine +dēað nimeð (<i>he shall believe in God's judgment whom death carrieth +off</i>), <a href="#li441">441</a>; so, <a href="#li1437">1437</a>, <a href="#li1292">1292</a> (cf. Heliand I., 1308).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthæs the">þæs þe</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glthæt">þæt</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthēah the">þēah þe</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glthēah">þēah</a>.</p> + +<p>for <b>þām þe</b>. See for-<a class="glentry" href="#glfortham">þām</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthȳ">þȳ, þē</a>, <i>the, by that</i>, instr. of se: āhte ic holdra þȳ lǣs ... +þē dēað for-nam (<i>I had the less friends whom death snatched away</i>), +<a href="#li488">488</a>; so, <a href="#li1437">1437</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltheccan">þeccan</a>, w. v., <i>to cover</i> (thatch), <i>cover over</i>: +inf. þā sceal brond fretan, ǣled þeccean (<i>fire shall eat, flame +shall cover, the treasures</i>), <a href="#li3016">3016</a>; pret. pl. þǣr git ēagor-strēam +earmum þehton (<i>in swimming</i>), <a href="#li513">513</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthegn">þegn</a>, st. m., <i>thane, liegeman, king's higher vassal; +knight</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li235">235</a>, <a href="#li494">494</a>, <a href="#li868">868</a>, <a href="#li2060">2060</a>, <a href="#li2710">2710</a>; (Bēowulf), <a href="#li194">194</a>; +(Wīglāf), <a href="#li2722">2722</a>; acc. sg. þegen (Bēowulf, MS. þegn), <a href="#li1872">1872</a>; dat. sg. +þegne, <a href="#li1342">1342</a>, <a href="#li1420">1420</a>; (Hengest), <a href="#li1086">1086</a>; (Wīglāf), <a href="#li2811">2811</a>; gen. sg. þegnes, +<a href="#li1798">1798</a>; nom. pl. þegnas, <a href="#li1231">1231</a>; acc. pl. þegnas, <a href="#li1082">1082</a>, <a href="#li3122">3122</a>; dat. pl. +þegnum, <a href="#li2870">2870</a>; gen. pl. þegna, <a href="#li123">123</a>, <a href="#li400">400</a>, <a href="#li1628">1628</a>, <a href="#li1674">1674</a>, <a href="#li1830">1830</a>, <a href="#li2034">2034</a>, +etc.—Comp.: ambiht-, ealdor-, heal-, magu-, sele-þegn.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthegnian">þegnian, þēnian</a>, w. v., <i>to serve, do liege service</i>: +pret. sg. ic him þēnode dēoran sweorde (<i>I served them with my good +sword</i>, i.e. slew them with it), <a href="#li560">560</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthegnsorh">þegn-sorh</a>, st. f., <i>thane-sorrow, grief for a liegeman</i>: +acc. sg. þegn-sorge, <a href="#li131">131</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthegu">þegu</a>, st. f., <i>taking</i>: in comp.: bēah-, bēor-, sinc-þegu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthel">þel</a>, st. n., <i>deal-board, board for benches</i>: in comp. +benc-þel, <a href="#li486">486</a>, <a href="#li1240">1240</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthencan">þencan</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to think</i>: absolutely: pres. sg. III. +sē þe wēl þenceð, <a href="#li289">289</a>; so, <a href="#li2602">2602</a>. With depend. clause: pres. sg. nǣnig +heora þōhte þæt hē ... (<i>none of them thought that he</i>), <a href="#li692">692</a>.—2) +w. inf., <i>to intend</i>: pres. sg. III. þā and-sware ... þē mē se +gōda ā-gifan þenceð (<i>the answer that the good one intendeth to give +me</i>), <a href="#li355">355</a>; (blōdig wæl) byrgean þenceð, <a href="#li448">448</a>; þonne hē ... gegān +þenceð longsumne lof (<i>if he will win eternal fame</i>), <a href="#li1536">1536</a>; pret. +sg. nē þæt āglǣca yldan þōhte (<i>the monster did not mean to delay +that</i>), <a href="#li740">740</a>; pret. pl. wit unc wið hronfixas werian þōhton, <a href="#li541">541</a>; +(hine) on healfa ge-hwone hēawan þōhton, <a href="#li801">801</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-þencan, <i>to intend, think out</i>: pret. sg. (hē) þis ellen-weorc +āna ā-þōhte tō ge-fremmanne, <a href="#li2644">2644</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-þencan, w. acc.: 1) <i>to think of</i>: þæt hē his selfa ne mæg ... +ende ge-þencean (<i>so that he himself may not think of, know, its +limit</i>), <a href="#li1735">1735</a>.—2) <i>to be mindful</i>: imper. sg. ge-þenc nū ... +hwæt wit geō sprǣcon, <a href="#li1475">1475</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthenden">þenden</a>: 1) adv., <i>at this time, then, whilst</i>: nalles +fācen-stafas Þēod-Scyldingas þenden fremedon (<i>not at all at this +time had the Scyldings done foul deeds</i>), <a href="#li1020">1020</a> (referring to <a href="#li1165">1165</a>; +cf. Wīdsīð, 45 seqq.); þenden rēafode rinc ōðerne (<i>whilst one +warrior robbed another</i>, i.e. Eofor robbed Ongenþēow), <a href="#li2986">2986</a>.—2) +conj., <i>so long as, whilst</i>, <a href="#li30">30</a>, <a href="#li57">57</a>, <a href="#li284">284</a>, <a href="#li1860">1860</a>, <a href="#li2039">2039</a>, <a href="#li2500">2500</a>, +<a href="#li3028">3028</a>;—<i>whilst</i>, <a href="#li2419">2419</a>. With subj., <i>whilst, as long as</i>: +þenden þū mōte, <a href="#li1178">1178</a>; þenden þū lifige, <a href="#li1255">1255</a>; þenden hyt sȳ (<i>whilst +the heat lasts</i>), <a href="#li2650">2650</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthengel">þengel</a>, st. m., <i>prince, lord, ruler</i>: acc. sg. hringa +þengel (Bēowulf), <a href="#li1508">1508</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthes">þes</a> (m.), <b>þēos</b> (f.), <b>þis</b> (n.), demons. pron., +<i>this</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li411">411</a>, <a href="#li432">432</a>, <a href="#li1703">1703</a>; f., <a href="#li484">484</a>; nom. acc. neut., <a href="#li2156">2156</a>, +<a href="#li2252">2252</a>, <a href="#li2644">2644</a>; þȳs, <a href="#li1396">1396</a>; acc. sg. m. þisne, <a href="#li75">75</a>; f. þās, <a href="#li1682">1682</a>; dat. sg. +neut. þissum, <a href="#li1170">1170</a>; þyssum, <a href="#li2640">2640</a>; f. þisse, <a href="#li639">639</a>; gen. m. þisses, <a href="#li1217">1217</a>; +f. þisse, <a href="#li929">929</a>; neut. þysses, <a href="#li791">791</a>, <a href="#li807">807</a>; nom. pl. and acc. þās, <a href="#li1623">1623</a>, +<a href="#li1653">1653</a>, <a href="#li2636">2636</a>, <a href="#li2641">2641</a>; dat. þyssum, <a href="#li1063">1063</a>, <a href="#li1220">1220</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthē">þē</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glthæt">þæt</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthēh">þēh</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glthēah">þēah</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthearf">þearf</a>, st. f., <i>need</i>: nom. sg. þearf, <a href="#li1251">1251</a>, <a href="#li2494">2494</a>, <a href="#li2638">2638</a>; +þā him wæs manna þearf (<i>as he was in need of men</i>), <a href="#li201">201</a>; acc. +sg. þearfe, <a href="#li1457">1457</a>, <a href="#li2580">2580</a>, <a href="#li2850">2850</a>; fremmað gē nū lēoda þearfe (<i>do ye +now what is needful for the folk</i>), <a href="#li2802">2802</a>; dat. sg. æt þearfe, <a href="#li1478">1478</a>, +<a href="#li1526">1526</a>, <a href="#li2695">2695</a>, <a href="#li2710">2710</a>; acc. pl. se for andrysnum ealle beweotede þegnes +þearfe (<i>who would supply in courtesy all the thane's needs</i>), +<a href="#li1798">1798</a> (cf. sele-þegn, <a href="#li1795">1795</a>.—Comp.: firen-, nearo-, ofer-þearf.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthearf">þearf</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glthurfan">þurfan</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgethearfian">þearfian</a>, w. v., = <i>necessitatem imponere</i>: pret. part. +þā him swā ge-þearfod wæs (<i>since so they found it necessary</i>), +<a href="#li1104">1104</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthearle">þearle</a>, adv., <i>very, exceedingly</i>, <a href="#li560">560</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthēah">þēah, þēh</a>, conj., <i>though, even though</i> or <i>if</i>: 1) +with subj. þēah, <a href="#li203">203</a>, <a href="#li526">526</a>, <a href="#li588">588</a>, <a href="#li590">590</a>, <a href="#li1168">1168</a>, <a href="#li1661">1661</a>, <a href="#li2032">2032</a>, <a href="#li2162">2162</a>. +Strengthened by þe: þēah þe, <a href="#li683">683</a>, <a href="#li1369">1369</a>, <a href="#li1832">1832</a>, <a href="#li1928">1928</a>, <a href="#li1942">1942</a>, <a href="#li2345">2345</a>, <a href="#li2620">2620</a>; +þēah ... eal (<i>although</i>), <a href="#li681">681</a>.—2) with indic.: þēah, <a href="#li1103">1103</a>; þēh, +<a href="#li1614">1614</a>.—3) doubtful: þēah hē ūðe wēl, <a href="#li2856">2856</a>; swā þēah +(<i>nevertheless</i>), <a href="#li2879">2879</a>; nō ... swā þēah (<i>not then +however</i>), <a href="#li973">973</a>; næs þē forht swā þēh (<i>he was not, though, +afraid</i>), <a href="#li2968">2968</a>; hwæðre swā þēah (<i>yet however</i>), <a href="#li2443">2443</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthēaw">þēaw</a>, st. m., <i>custom, usage</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li178">178</a>, <a href="#li1247">1247</a>; acc. +sg. þēaw, <a href="#li359">359</a>; instr. pl. þēawum (<i>in accordance with custom</i>), +<a href="#li2145">2145</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltheód">þeód</a>, st. f.: 1) <i>war-troop, retainers</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li644">644</a>, +<a href="#li1231">1231</a>, <a href="#li1251">1251</a>.—2) <i>nation, folk</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1692">1692</a>; gen. pl. þēoda, +<a href="#li1706">1706</a>.—Comp.: sige-, wer-þēod.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthēodcyning">þēod-cyning</a>, st. m., (=folc-cyning), <i>warrior-king, king of +the people</i>: nom. sg. (Hrōðgār), <a href="#li2145">2145</a>; (Ongenþēow), <a href="#li2964">2964</a>, <a href="#li2971">2971</a>; +þīod-cyning (Bēowulf), <a href="#li2580">2580</a>; acc. sg. þēod-cyning (Bēowulf), <a href="#li3009">3009</a>; +gen. sg. þēod-cyninges (Bēowulf), <a href="#li2695">2695</a>; gen. pl. þēod-cyninga, <a href="#li2">2</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthēoden">þēoden</a>, st. m., <i>lord of a troop, war-chief, king; ruler</i>: +nom. sg., <a href="#li129">129</a>, <a href="#li365">365</a>, <a href="#li417">417</a>, <a href="#li1047">1047</a>, <a href="#li1210">1210</a>, <a href="#li1676">1676</a>, etc.; þīoden, <a href="#li2337">2337</a>, <a href="#li2811">2811</a>; +acc. sg. þēoden, <a href="#li34">34</a>, <a href="#li201">201</a>, <a href="#li353">353</a>, <a href="#li1599">1599</a>, <a href="#li2385">2385</a>, <a href="#li2722">2722</a>, <a href="#li2884">2884</a>, <a href="#li3080">3080</a>; þīoden, +<a href="#li2789">2789</a>; dat. sg. þēodne, <a href="#li345">345</a>, <a href="#li1526">1526</a>, <a href="#li1993">1993</a>, <a href="#li2573">2573</a>, <a href="#li2710">2710</a>, etc.; þēoden, +<a href="#li2033">2033</a>; gen. sg. þēodnes <a href="#li798">798</a>, <a href="#li911">911</a>, <a href="#li1086">1086</a>, <a href="#li1628">1628</a>, <a href="#li1838">1838</a>, <a href="#li2175">2175</a>; þīodnes, +<a href="#li2657">2657</a>; nom. pl. þēodnas, <a href="#li3071">3071</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthēodenlēas">þēoden-lēas</a>, adj., <i>without chief</i> or <i>king</i>: nom. +pl. þēoden-lēase, <a href="#li1104">1104</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthēodgestrēon">þēod-gestrēon</a>, st. n., <i>people's-jewel, precious +treasure</i>: instr. pl. þēod-ge-strēonum, <a href="#li44">44</a>; gen. pl. +þēod-ge-strēona, <a href="#li1219">1219</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthēodig">þēodig</a>, adj., <i>appertaining to a</i> þēod: in comp. +el-þēodig.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthēodscatha">þēod-scaða</a>, w. m., <i>foe of the people, general foe</i>: nom. +sg. þēod-sceaða (<i>the dragon</i>), <a href="#li2279">2279</a>, <a href="#li2689">2689</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthēodthrēa">þēod-þrēa</a>, st. f. m., <i>popular misery, general distress</i>: +dat. pl. wið þēod-þrēaum, <a href="#li178">178</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthēof">þēof</a>, st. m., <i>thief</i>: gen. sg. þēofes cræfte, <a href="#li2221">2221</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthēon">þēon</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to grow, ripen, thrive</i>: pret. sg. +weorðmyndum þāh (<i>grew in glory</i>), <a href="#li8">8</a>.—2) <i>to thrive in, +succeed</i>: pret. sg. hūru þæt on lande lȳt manna þāh (<i>that throve +to few</i>), <a href="#li2837">2837</a>. See <a href="#note901">Note, l. 901</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-þēon, <i>to grow, thrive; increase in power and influence</i>: +imper. ge-þēoh tela, <a href="#li1219">1219</a>; inf. lof-dǣdum sceal ... man geþēon, <a href="#li25">25</a>; +þæt þæt þēodnes bearn ge-þēon scolde, <a href="#li911">911</a>.</p> + +<p>on-þēon? <i>to begin, undertake</i>, w. gen.: pret. hē þæs ǣr onþāh, +<a href="#li901">901</a>. [In MS. Emended in text.--KTH] See <a href="#note901">Note l. 901</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthēon2">þēon</a> (for <b>þēowan</b>), w. v., <i>to oppress, restrain</i>: +inf. næs se folc-cyning ymb-sittendra ǣnig þāra þe mec ... dorste +egesan þēon (<i>that durst oppress me with terror</i>), <a href="#li2737">2737</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthēostor">þēostor</a>, adj., <i>dark, gloomy</i>: instr. pl. þēostrum +ge-þoncum, <a href="#li2333">2333</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthēow">þēow</a>, st. m., <i>slave, serf</i> <a href="#li2225">2225</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthicgan">þicgan</a>, st. v. w. acc., <i>to seize, attain, eat, +appropriate</i>: inf. þæt hē (Grendel) mā mōste manna cynnes þicgean +ofer þā niht, <a href="#li737">737</a>; symbel þicgan (<i>take the meal, enjoy the +feast</i>), <a href="#li1011">1011</a>; pret. pl. þæt hīe mē þēgon, <a href="#li563">563</a>; þǣr wē medu þēgun, +<a href="#li2634">2634</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-þicgan, w. acc., <i>to grasp, take</i>: pret. sg. (symbel and sele-ful, +ful) ge-þeah, <a href="#li619">619</a>, <a href="#li629">629</a>; Bēowulf ge-þah ful on flette, <a href="#li1025">1025</a>; pret. pl. +(medo-ful manig) ge-þǣgon, <a href="#li1015">1015</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthider">þider, þyder</a>, adv., <i>thither</i>: þyder, <a href="#li3087">3087</a>, <a href="#li379">379</a>, <a href="#li2971">2971</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthihtig">þīhtig, þȳhtig</a>, adj., <i>doughty, vigorous, firm</i>: acc. sg. +neut. sweord ... ecgum þȳhtig, <a href="#li1559">1559</a>.—Comp. hyge-þīhtig.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthincan">þincan</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glthyncan">þyncan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthing">þing</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>thing</i>: gen. pl. ǣnige þinga (<i>ullo +modo</i>), <a href="#li792">792</a>, <a href="#li2375">2375</a>, <a href="#li2906">2906</a>.—2) <i>affair, contest, controversy</i>: +nom. sg. mē wearð Grendles þing ... undyrne cūð (<i>Grendel's doings +became known to me</i>), <a href="#li409">409</a>.—3) <i>judgment, issue, judicial +assembly</i>(?): acc. sg. sceal ... āna gehegan þing wið þyrse +(<i>shall bring the matter alone to an issue against the giant</i>: +see <a class="glentry" href="#glhegan">hegan</a>), <a href="#li426">426</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-þing, st. n.: 1) <i>terms, covenant</i>: acc. pl. ge-þingo, +<a href="#li1086">1086</a>.—2) <i>fate, providence, issue</i>: gen. sg. ge-þinges, <a href="#li398">398</a>, +<a href="#li710">710</a>; (ge-þingea, MS.), <a href="#li525">525</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgethingan">þingan</a>, st. v., <i>to grow, mature, thrive</i> (Dietrich, +Haupt IX., 430): pret. part. cwēn mōde ge-þungen (<i>mature-minded, +high-spirited, queen</i>), <a href="#li625">625</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glwelthungen">wēl-þungen</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="#glgethingan2">þingan</a> (see ge-<a class="glentry" href="#glgething">þing</a>), w. v.: 1) <i>to conclude a +treaty</i>: w. refl. dat, <i>enter into a treaty</i>: pres. sg. III. +gif him þonne Hrēðrīc tō hofum Gēata ge-þingeð <i>(if H. enters into a +treaty</i> (seeks aid at?) <i>with the court of the Gēatas</i>, +referring to the old German custom of princes entering the service or +suite of a foreign king), <a href="#li1838">1838</a>. Leo.—2) <i>to prepare, appoint</i>: +pret. part. wiste [æt] þǣm āhlǣcan ... hilde ge-þinged, <a href="#li648">648</a>; hraðe wæs +... mēce ge-þinged, <a href="#li1939">1939</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthingian">þingian</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to speak in an assembly, make an +address</i>: inf. ne hȳrde ic snotor-līcor on swā geongum feore guman +þingian (<i>I never heard a man so young speak so wisely</i>), +<a href="#li1844">1844</a>.—2) <i>to compound, settle, lay aside</i>: inf. ne wolde +feorh-bealo ... fēo þingian (<i>would not compound the life-bale for +money</i>), <a href="#li156">156</a>; so, pret. sg. þā fǣhðe fēo þingode, <a href="#li470">470</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthīhan">þīhan</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glthēon">þēon</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthin">þin</a>, possess, pron., <i>thy, thine</i>, <a href="#li267">267</a>, <a href="#li346">346</a>, <a href="#li353">353</a>, <a href="#li367">367</a>, +<a href="#li459">459</a>, etc.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgethōht">þōht</a>, st. m., <i>thought, plan</i>: acc. sg. ān-fealdne +ge-þōht, <a href="#li256">256</a>; fæst-rǣdne ge-þōht, <a href="#li611">611</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gltholian">þolian</a>, w. v. w. acc.: 1) <i>to endure, bear</i>: inf. +(inwid-sorge) þolian, <a href="#li833">833</a>; pres. sg. III. þrēa-nȳd þolað, <a href="#li284">284</a>; pret. +sg. þolode þrȳðswȳð, <a href="#li131">131</a>.—2) <i>to hold out, stand, survive</i>: +pres. sg. (intrans.) þenden þis sweord þolað (<i>as long as this sword +holds out</i>), <a href="#li2500">2500</a>; pret. sg. (sēo ecg) þolode ǣr fela hand-gemōta, +<a href="#li1526">1526</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-þolian: 1) <i>to suffer, bear, endure</i>: gerund. tō +ge-þolianne, <a href="#li1420">1420</a>; pret. sg. earfoð-lice þrāge ge-þolode..., þæt hē +... drēam gehȳrde (<i>bore ill that he heard the sound of joy</i>), +<a href="#li87">87</a>; torn ge-þolode (<i>bore the misery</i>), <a href="#li147">147</a>.—2) <i>to have +patience, wait</i>: inf. þǣr hē longe sceal on þæs waldendes wǣre +ge-þolian, <a href="#li3110">3110</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthon">þon</a> (Goth, þan) = <i>tum, then, now</i>, <a href="#li504">504</a>; æfter þon +(<i>after that</i>), <a href="#li725">725</a>; ǣr þon dæg cwōme (<i>ere day came</i>), <a href="#li732">732</a>; +nō þon lange (<i>it was not long till then</i>), <a href="#li2424">2424</a>; næs þā long tō +þon (<i>it was not long till then</i>), <a href="#li2592">2592</a>, <a href="#li2846">2846</a>; wæs him se man tō +þon lēof þæt ... <i>(the man was to that degree dear to him that +...</i>), <a href="#li1877">1877</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthonne:">þonne:</a> 1) adv., <i>there, then, now</i>, <a href="#li377">377</a>, <a href="#li435">435</a>, <a href="#li525">525</a>, <a href="#li1105">1105</a>, +<a href="#li1456">1456</a>, <a href="#li1485">1485</a>, <a href="#li1672">1672</a>, <a href="#li1823">1823</a>, <a href="#li3052">3052</a>, <a href="#li3098">3098</a>(?).—2) conj., <i>if, when, +while</i>: a) w. indic., <a href="#li573">573</a>, <a href="#li881">881</a>, <a href="#li935">935</a>, <a href="#li1034">1034</a>, <a href="#li1041">1041</a>, <a href="#li1043">1043</a>, <a href="#li1144">1144</a>, <a href="#li1286">1286</a>, +<a href="#li1327">1327</a>, <a href="#li1328">1328</a>, <a href="#li1375">1375</a>, etc.; þæt ic gum-cystum gōdne funde bēaga bryttan, +brēac þonne mōste (<i>that I found a good ring-giver and enjoyed him +whilst I could</i>), <a href="#li1488">1488</a>. b) w. subj., <a href="#li23">23</a>, <a href="#li1180">1180</a>, <a href="#li3065">3065</a>; þonne ...þonne +(<i>then ... when</i>), <a href="#li484">484-85</a>, <a href="#li2447">2447-48</a>; gif þonne ...þonne (<i>if +then ... then</i>), <a href="#li1105">1105-1107</a>. c) <i>than</i> after comparatives, <a href="#li44">44</a>, +<a href="#li248">248</a>, <a href="#li469">469</a>, <a href="#li505">505</a>, <a href="#li534">534</a>, <a href="#li679">679</a>, <a href="#li1140">1140</a>, <a href="#li1183">1183</a>, etc.; a comparative must be +supplied, l. <a href="#li70">70</a>, before þone: þæt hē ... hātan wolde medo-ærn micel men +ge-wyrcean þone yldo bearn ǣfre ge-frūnon (<i>a great mead-house</i> +(greater) <i>than men had ever known</i>).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthracu">þracu</a>, st. f., <i>strength, boldness</i>: in comp. mōd-þracu; = +impetus in ecg-þracu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthrag">þrāg</a>, st. f., <i>period of time, time</i>: nom. sg. þā hine sīo +þrāg be-cwōm (<i>when the</i> [battle]-<i>hour befell him</i>), <a href="#li2884">2884</a>; +acc. sg. þrāge (<i>for a time</i>), <a href="#li87">87</a>; longe (lange) þrāge, <a href="#li54">54</a>, +<a href="#li114">114</a>.—Comp. earfoð-þrāg.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgethræc">þræc</a>, st. n., <i>multitude, crowd</i>: in comp. +searo-ge-þræc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthrecwudu">þrec-wudu</a>, st. m., (<i>might-wood</i>), <i>spear</i> (cf. +mægen-wudu): acc. sg., <a href="#li1247">1247</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthrēa">þrēa</a>, st. m. f., <i>misery, distress</i>: in comp. þēod-þrēa, +þrēa-nēdla, -nȳd.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthrēanēdla">þrēa-nēdla</a>, w. m., <i>crushing distress, misery</i>: dat. sg. +for þrēa-nēdlan, <a href="#li2225">2225</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthreanȳd">þrea-nȳd</a>, st. f., <i>oppression, distress</i>: acc. sg. +þrēa-nȳd, <a href="#li284">284</a>; dat. pl. þrēa-nȳdum, <a href="#li833">833</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthrēat">þrēat</a>, st. m., <i>troop, band</i>: dat. sg. on þām þrēate, +<a href="#li2407">2407</a>; dat. pl. sceaðena þrēatum, <a href="#li4">4</a>.—Comp. īren-þrēat.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthrēatian">þrēatian</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to press, oppress</i>: pret. pl. +mec ...þrēatedon, <a href="#li560">560</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthreotteotha">þreot-teoða</a>, num. adj. w. m., <i>thirteenth</i>: nom. sg. +þreot-teoða secg, <a href="#li2407">2407</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthrēo">þrēo</a>, num. (neut.), <i>three</i>: acc. þrīo wicg, <a href="#li2175">2175</a>; þrēo +hund wintra, <a href="#li2279">2279</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthridda">þridda</a>, num. adj. w. m., <i>third</i>: instr. þriddan sīðe, +<a href="#li2689">2689</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgethring">þring</a>, st. n., <i>eddy, whirlpool, crush</i>: acc. on holma +ge-þring, <a href="#li2133">2133</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthringan">þringan</a>, st. v., <i>to press</i>: pret. sg. wergendra tō lȳt +þrong ymbe þēoden (<i>too few defenders pressed round the prince</i>), +<a href="#li2884">2884</a>; pret. pl. syððan Hrēðlingas tō hagan þrungon (<i>after the +Hrethlingas had pressed into the hedge</i>), <a href="#li2961">2961</a>.</p> + +<p>for-þringan, <i>to press out; rescue, protect</i>: inf. þæt hē ne +mehte ...þā wēa-lāfe wīge for-þringan þēodnes þegne (<i>that he could +not rescue the wretched remnant from the king's thane by war</i>), +<a href="#li1085">1085</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-þringan, <i>to press</i>: pret. sg. cēol up geþrang (<i>the ship +shot up</i>), i.e. on the shore in landing), <a href="#li1913">1913</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthritig">þrītig</a>, num., <i>thirty</i> (neut. subst.): acc. sg. w. +partitive gen.: þrītig þegna, <a href="#li123">123</a>; gen. þrīttiges (XXXtiges MS.) +manna, <a href="#li379">379</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthrīsthȳdig">þrīst-hȳdig</a>, adj., <i>bold-minded, valorous</i>: nom. sg. +þīoden þrīst-hȳdig (Bēowulf), <a href="#li2811">2811</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthrowian">þrowian</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to suffer, endure</i>: inf. (hāt, +gnorn) þrowian, <a href="#li2606">2606</a>, <a href="#li2659">2659</a>; pret. sg. þrowade, <a href="#li1590">1590</a>, <a href="#li1722">1722</a>; þrowode, +<a href="#li2595">2595</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthryth">þrȳð</a>, st. f., <i>abundance, multitude</i>, <i>excellence, +power</i>: instr. pl. þrȳðum (<i>excellently, extremely; excellent in +strength?</i>), <a href="#li494">494</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthrythærn">þrȳð-ærn</a>, st. n., <i>excellent house, royal hall</i>: acc. sg. +(of Heorot), <a href="#li658">658</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthrythlīc">þrȳðlīc</a>, adj., <i>excellent, chosen</i>: nom. sg. þrȳð-līc +þegna hēap, <a href="#li400">400</a>, <a href="#li1628">1628</a>; superl. acc. pl. þrȳð-līcost, <a href="#li2870">2870</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthrȳthswȳth">þrȳð-swȳð</a>, st. n.?, <i>great pain</i> (?): acc., <a href="#li131">131</a>, <a href="#li737">737</a> [? +adj., <i>very powerful, exceeding strong</i>].</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthrythword">þrȳð-word</a>, st. n., <i>bold speech, choice discourse</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li644">644</a>. (Great store was set by good table-talk: cf. Lachmann's +Nibelunge, 1612; Rīgsmāl, 29, 7, in Möbius, p. 79b, 22.)</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthrym">þrym</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>power, might, force</i>: nom. sg. ȳða þrym, +<a href="#li1919">1919</a>; instr. pl. = adv. þrymmum (<i>powerfully</i>), <a href="#li235">235</a>.—2) +<i>glory, renown</i>: acc. sg. þrym, <a href="#li2">2</a>.—Comp. hyge-þrym.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthrymlīc">þrym-līc</a>, adj., <i>powerful, mighty</i>: nom. sg. þrec-wudu +þrym-līc (<i>the mighty spear</i>), <a href="#li1247">1247</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthū">þū</a>, pron., <i>thou</i>, <a href="#li366">366</a>, <a href="#li407">407</a>, <a href="#li445">445</a>, etc.; acc. sg. þec +(poetic), <a href="#li948">948</a>, <a href="#li2152">2152</a>, etc.; þē, <a href="#li417">417</a>, <a href="#li426">426</a>, <a href="#li517">517</a>, etc.; after compar. +sēlran þē (<i>a better one than thee</i>), <a href="#li1851">1851</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glge">gē</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthunca">þunca</a>, w. m. See æf-<a class="glentry" href="#glæfthunca">þunca</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgethungen">þungen</a>. See ge-<a class="glentry" href="#glgethingan">þingan</a>, st. v.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthurfan">þurfan</a>, pret.-pres. v., <i>to need</i>: pres. sg. II. nō þū ne +þearft ... sorgian (<i>needest not care</i>), <a href="#li450">450</a>; so, <a href="#li445">445</a>, <a href="#li1675">1675</a>; III. +ne þearf ... onsittan (<i>need not fear</i>), <a href="#li596">596</a>; so, <a href="#li2007">2007</a>, <a href="#li2742">2742</a>; pres. +subj. þæt hē ... sēcean þurfe, <a href="#li2496">2496</a>; pret. sg. þorfte, <a href="#li157">157</a>, <a href="#li1027">1027</a>, <a href="#li1072">1072</a>, +<a href="#li2875">2875</a>, <a href="#li2996">2996</a>; pl. nealles Hetware hrēmge þorfton (i.e. wesan) fēðe-wīges +(<i>needed not boast of their foot-fight</i>), <a href="#li2365">2365</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgethuren">þuren</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glthweran">þweran</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthurh">þurh</a>, prep. w. acc. signifying motion through, hence: I. local, +<i>through, throughout</i>: wōd þā þurh þone wæl-rēc (<i>went then +through the battle-reek</i>), <a href="#li2662">2662</a>.—II. causal: l) <i>on account of, +for the sake of, owing to</i>: þurh slīðne nīð (<i>through fierce +hostility, heathenism</i>), <a href="#li184">184</a>; þurh holdne hige (<i>from +friendliness</i>), <a href="#li267">267</a>; so, þurh rūmne sefan, <a href="#li278">278</a>; þurh sīdne sefan, +<a href="#li1727">1727</a>; ēoweð þurh egsan uncūðne nīð (<i>shows unheard-of hostility by +the terror he causes</i>), <a href="#li276">276</a>; so, <a href="#li1102">1102</a>, <a href="#li1336">1336</a>, <a href="#li2046">2046</a>. 2) <i>by means +of, through</i>: heaðo-rǣs for-nam mihtig mere-dēor þurh mīne hand, +<a href="#li558">558</a>; þurh ānes cræft, <a href="#li700">700</a>; so, <a href="#li941">941</a>, <a href="#li1694">1694</a>, <a href="#li1696">1696</a>, <a href="#li1980">1980</a>, <a href="#li2406">2406</a>, <a href="#li3069">3069</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthus">þus</a>, adv., <i>so, thus</i>, <a href="#li238">238</a>, <a href="#li337">337</a>, <a href="#li430">430</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthunian">þunian</a>, w. v., <i>to din, sound forth</i>: pret. sg. sund-wudu +þunede, <a href="#li1907">1907</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthūsend">þūsend</a>, num., <i>thousand</i>: 1) fem. acc. ic þē þūsenda þegna +bringe tō helpe, <a href="#li1830">1830</a>.—2) neut. with measure of value (sceat) +omitted: acc. seofan þūsendo, <a href="#li2196">2196</a>; gen. hund-þūsenda landes and +locenra bēaga (100,000 <i>sceattas' worth of land and rings</i>), +<a href="#li2995">2995</a>.—3) uninflected: acc. þūsend wintra, <a href="#li3051">3051</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthwǣre">þwǣre</a>, adj., <i>affable, mild</i>: in comp. man-þwǣre.</p> + +<p>ge-þwǣre, adj., <i>gentle, mild</i>: nom. pl. ge-þwǣre, <a href="#li1231">1231</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgethweran">þweran</a>, st. v., <i>to forge, strike</i>: pret. part. +heoru ... hamere ge-þuren (for ge-þworen) (<i>hammer-forged sword</i>), +<a href="#li1286">1286</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthyhtig">þȳhtig</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glthihtig">þīhtig</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgethyld">þyld</a> (see <a class="glentry" href="#gltholian">þolian</a>), st. f.: 1) <i>patience, +endurance</i>: acc. sg. ge-þyld, <a href="#li1396">1396</a>.—2) <i>steadfastness</i>: +instr. pl. = adv.: ge-þyldum (<i>steadfastly, patiently</i>), <a href="#li1706">1706</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthyle">þyle</a>, st. m., <i>spokesman, leader of the conversation at +court</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1166">1166</a>, <a href="#li1457">1457</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthyncan">þyncan, þincean</a>, w. v. w. dat. of pers., <i>to seem, +appear</i>: pres. sg. III. þinceð him tō lȳtel (<i>it seems to him too +little</i>), <a href="#li1749">1749</a>; ne þynceð mē gerysne, þæt wē <i>(it seemeth to me +not fit that we</i> ...), <a href="#li2654">2654</a>; pres. pl. hȳ ... wyrðe þinceað eorla +ge-æhtlan (<i>they seem worthy contenders with</i> (?) <i>earls</i>; +or, <i>worthy warriors</i>), <a href="#li368">368</a>; pres. subj. swā him ge-met þince, +<a href="#li688">688</a>; inf. þincean, <a href="#li1342">1342</a>; pret. sg. þūhte, <a href="#li2462">2462</a>, <a href="#li3058">3058</a>; nō his līf-gedāl +sār-līc þūhte secga ǣnigum (<i>his death seemed painful to none of +men</i>), <a href="#li843">843</a>; pret. pl. þǣr him fold-wegas fægere þūhton, <a href="#li867">867</a>.</p> + +<p>of-þincan, <i>to displease, offend</i>: inf. mæg þæs þonne of-þyncan +þēoden (dat.) Heaðo-beardna and þegna gehwām þāra lēoda, <a href="#li2033">2033</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthyrs">þyrs</a>, st. m., <i>giant</i>: dat. sg. wið þyrse (Grendel), <a href="#li426">426</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthyslīc">þys-līc</a>, adj., <i>such, of such a nature</i>: nom. sg. fem. +þys-līcu þearf, <a href="#li2638">2638</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthȳ">þȳ</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glthæt">þæt</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthȳwan">þȳwan</a> (M.H.G. diuhen, O.H.G. duhan), w. v., <i>to crush, +oppress</i>: inf. gif þec ymb-sittend egesan þȳwað (<i>if thy +neighbors oppress thee with dread</i>), <a href="#li1828">1828</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthȳstru">þȳstru</a>, st. f., <i>darkness</i>: dat. pl. in þȳstrum, <a href="#li87">87</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgethȳwe">þȳwe</a>, adj., <i>customary, usual</i>: nom. sg. swā him +ge-þȳwe ne wæs (<i>as was not his custom</i>), <a href="#li2333">2333</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossU">U</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glufan">ufan</a>, <i>adv., from above</i>, <a href="#li1501">1501</a>; <i>above</i>, <a href="#li330">330</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glufera">ufera</a> (prop. <i>higher</i>), adj., <i>later</i>: dat. pl. +ufaran dōgrum, <a href="#li2201">2201</a>, <a href="#li2393">2393</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glufor">ufor</a>, adv., <i>higher</i>, <a href="#li2952">2952</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glumbor">umbor</a>, st. n., <i>child, infant</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li46">46</a>; dat. sg., +<a href="#li1188">1188</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunblīthe">un-blīðe</a>, adv.(?), <i>unblithely, sorrowfully</i>, <a href="#li130">130</a>, <a href="#li2269">2269</a>; +(adj., nom. pl.?), <a href="#li3032">3032</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunbyrnende">un-byrnende</a>, pres. part., <i>unburning, without burning</i>, +<a href="#li2549">2549</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunc">unc</a>, dat. and acc. of the dual wit, <i>us two, to us two</i>, +<a href="#li1784">1784</a>, <a href="#li2138">2138</a>, <a href="#li2527">2527</a>; gen. hwæðer ... uncer twēga (<i>which of us two</i>), +<a href="#li2533">2533</a>; uncer Grendles (<i>of us two, G. and me</i>), <a href="#li2003">2003</a>.</p> + +<p>uncer, poss. pron., <i>of us two</i>: nom. sg. [uncer], 2002(?); dat. +pl. uncran eaferan, <a href="#li1186">1186</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gluncūth">un-cūð</a>, adj.: 1) <i>unknown</i>: nom. sg. stīg ... eldum uncūð, +<a href="#li2215">2215</a>; acc. sg. neut. uncūð ge-lād (<i>unknown ways</i>), <a href="#li1411">1411</a>.—2) +<i>unheard-of, barbarous, evil</i>: acc. sg. un-cūðne nīð, <a href="#li276">276</a>; gen. +sg. un-cūðes (<i>of the foe</i>, Grendel), <a href="#li961">961</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunder">under</a>, I. prep. w. dat. and acc.: 1) w. dat., answering +question where? = <i>under</i> (of rest), contrasted with <i>over</i>: +bāt (wæs) under beorge, <a href="#li211">211</a>; þā cwōm Wealhþēo forð gān under gyldnum +bēage (<i>W. walked forth under a golden circlet</i>, i.e. decked +with), <a href="#li1164">1164</a>; siððan hē under segne sine ealgode (<i>under his +banner</i>), <a href="#li1205">1205</a>; hē under rande ge-cranc (<i>sank under his +shield</i>), <a href="#li1210">1210</a>; under wolcnum, <a href="#li8">8</a>, <a href="#li1632">1632</a>; under heofenum, <a href="#li52">52</a>, <a href="#li505">505</a>; +under roderum, <a href="#li310">310</a>; under helme, <a href="#li342">342</a>, <a href="#li404">404</a>; under here-grīman, <a href="#li396">396</a>, +<a href="#li2050">2050</a>, <a href="#li2606">2606</a>; so, <a href="#li711">711</a>, <a href="#li1198">1198</a>, <a href="#li1303">1303</a>, <a href="#li1929">1929</a>, <a href="#li2204">2204</a>, <a href="#li2416">2416</a>, <a href="#li3061">3061</a>, <a href="#li3104">3104</a>.—2) w. +acc.: a) answering question whither? = <i>under</i> (of motion): þā +secg wīsode under Heorotes hrōf, <a href="#li403">403</a>; siððan ǣfen-lēoht under heofenes +hādor be-holen weorðeð, <a href="#li414">414</a>; under sceadu bregdan, <a href="#li708">708</a>; flēon under +fen-hleoðu, <a href="#li821">821</a>; hond ālegde ... under gēapne hrōf, <a href="#li837">837</a>; tēon in under +eoderas, <a href="#li1038">1038</a>; so, <a href="#li1361">1361</a>, <a href="#li1746">1746</a>, <a href="#li2129">2129</a>, <a href="#li2541">2541</a>, <a href="#li2554">2554</a>, <a href="#li2676">2676</a>, <a href="#li2745">2745</a>; so, hæfde +þā for-sīðod sunu Ecg-þēowes under gynne grund, <a href="#li1552">1552</a> (for-sīðian +requires acc.). b) after verbs of venturing and fighting, with acc. of +object had in view: hē under hārne stān ...āna ge-nēðde frēcne dǣde, +<a href="#li888">888</a>; ne dorste under ȳða ge-win aldre ge-nēðan, <a href="#li1470">1470</a>. c) indicating +extent, with acc. after expressions of limit, etc.: under swegles +begong (<i>as far as the sky extends</i>), <a href="#li861">861</a>, <a href="#li1774">1774</a>; under heofenes +hwealf (<i>as far as heaven's vault reaches</i>), <a href="#li2016">2016</a>.</p> + +<p>II. Adv., <i>beneath, below</i>: stīg under læg (<i>a path lay +beneath</i>, i.e. the rock), <a href="#li2214">2214</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glundernmǣl">undern-mǣl</a>, st. n., <i>midday</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1429">1429</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glundyrne">un-dyrne, un-derne</a>, adj., <i>without concealment, plain, +clear</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li127">127</a>, <a href="#li2001">2001</a>; un-derne, <a href="#li2912">2912</a>.</p> + +<p>un-dyrne, adv., <i>plainly, evidently</i>; un-dyrne cūð, <a href="#li150">150</a>, <a href="#li410">410</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunfæger">un-fǣger</a>, adj., <i>unlovely, hideous</i>: nom. sg. lēoht +un-fǣger, <a href="#li728">728</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunfǣcne">un-fǣcne</a>, adj., <i>without malice, sincere</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2069">2069</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunfǣge">un-fǣge</a>, adj., <i>not death-doomed</i> or "<i>fey</i>": nom. +sg., <a href="#li2292">2292</a>; acc. sg. un-fǣgne eorl, <a href="#li573">573</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunflitme">un-flitme</a>, adv., <i>solemnly, incontestably</i>: Finn Hengeste +elne unflitme āðum benemde (<i>F. swore solemnly to H. with oaths</i>) +[if an adj., elne un-f. = <i>unconquerable in valor</i>], <a href="#li1098">1098</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunforht">un-forht</a>, adj., <i>fearless, bold</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li287">287</a>; acc. pl. +unforhte (adv.?), <a href="#li444">444</a>. See <a href="#note444">Note</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunfrom">un-from</a>, adj., <i>unfit, unwarlike</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2189">2189</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunfrōd">un-frōd</a>, adj., <i>not aged, young</i>: dat sg. guman un-frōdum, +<a href="#li2822">2822</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glungedēfelīce">un-gedēfelīce</a>, adv., <i>unjustly, contrary to right and +custom</i>, <a href="#li2436">2436</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glungemete">un-gemete</a>, adv., <i>immeasurably, exceedingly</i>, <a href="#li2421">2421</a>, <a href="#li2722">2722</a>, +<a href="#li2729">2729</a>.</p> + +<p>un-gemetes, adv. gen. sg., the same, <a href="#li1793">1793</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glungeāra">un-geāra</a>, adv., (<i>not old</i>), <i>recently, lately</i>, <a href="#li933">933</a>; +<i>soon</i>, <a href="#li603">603</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glungifethe">un-gifeðe</a>, adj., <i>not to be granted; refused</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li2922">2922</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunglēaw">un-glēaw</a>, adj., <i>regardless, reckless</i>: acc. sg. +sweord ... ecgum unglēaw (of a sharp-edged sword), <a href="#li2565">2565</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunhār">un-hār</a>, adj., <i>very gray</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li357">357</a>; (<i>bald</i>?).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunhǣlo">un-hǣlo</a>, st. f., <i>mischief, destruction</i>: gen. sg. wiht +un-hǣlo (<i>the demon of destruction</i>, Grendel), <a href="#li120">120</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunhēore">un-hēore, un-hȳre</a>, adj., <i>monstrous, horrible</i>: nom. sg. +m., weard un-hīore (the dragon), <a href="#li2414">2414</a>; neut. wīf un-hȳre (Grendel's +mother), <a href="#li2121">2121</a>; nom. pl. neut. hand-sporu ... unhēoru (of Grendel's +claws), <a href="#li988">988</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunhlytme">un-hlytme, un-hlitme</a>, adv. (cf. A.S. hlytm = <i>lot</i>; O.N. +hluti = <i>part division</i>), <i>undivided, unseparated</i>, +<i>united</i>, <a href="#li1130">1130</a> [unless = un-flitme, 1098]. See <a href="#note1130">Note</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunlēof">un-lēof</a>, adj., <i>hated</i>: acc. pl. seah on un-lēofe, <a href="#li2864">2864</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunlifigende">un-lifigende</a>, pres. part., <i>unliving, lifeless</i>: nom. sg. +un-lifigende, <a href="#li468">468</a>; acc. sg. un-lyfigendne, <a href="#li1309">1309</a>; dat. sg. +un-lifgendum, <a href="#li1390">1390</a>; gen. sg. un-lyfigendes, <a href="#li745">745</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunlȳtel">un-lȳtel</a>, adj., <i>not little, very large</i>: nom. sg. duguð +un-lȳtel (<i>a great band of warriors</i>? or <i>great joy</i>?), <a href="#li498">498</a>; +dōm un-lȳtel (<i>no little glory</i>), <a href="#li886">886</a>; acc. sg. torn un-lȳtel +(<i>very great shame, misery</i>), <a href="#li834">834</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunmurnlīce">un-murnlīce</a>, adv., <i>unpityingly, without sorrowing</i>, <a href="#li449">449</a>, +<a href="#li1757">1757</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunnan">unnan</a>, pret.-pres. v., <i>to grant, give; wish, will</i>: +pret.-pres. sg. I. ic þē an tela sinc-gestrēona, <a href="#li1226">1226</a>; weak pret. sg. +I. ūðe ic swīðor þæt þū hine selfne ge-sēon mōste, <a href="#li961">961</a>; III. hē ne ūðe +þæt ...(<i>he granted not that ...</i>), <a href="#li503">503</a>; him god ūðe þæt ... hē hyne +sylfne ge-wræc (<i>God granted to him that he avenged himself</i>), +<a href="#li2875">2875</a>; þēah hē ūðe wēl (<i>though he well would</i>), <a href="#li2856">2856</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-unnan, <i>to grant, permit</i>: inf. gif hē ūs ge-unnan wile þæt wē +hine ... grētan mōton, <a href="#li346">346</a>; mē ge-ūðe ylda waldend, þæt ic ... ge-seah +hangian (<i>the Ruler of men permitted me to see hanging ...</i>), +<a href="#li1662">1662</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunnyt">un-nyt</a>, adj., <i>useless</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li413">413</a>, <a href="#li3170">3170</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunriht">un-riht</a>, st. n., <i>unright, injustice, wrong</i>: acc. sg. +unriht, <a href="#li1255">1255</a>, <a href="#li2740">2740</a>; instr. sg. un-rihte (<i>unjustly, wrongly</i>), +<a href="#li3060">3060</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunrīm">un-rīm</a>, st. n., <i>immense number</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1239">1239</a>, <a href="#li3136">3136</a>; +acc. sg., <a href="#li2625">2625</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunrīme">un-rīme</a>, adj., <i>countless, measureless</i>: nom. sg. gold +un-rīme, <a href="#li3013">3013</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunrōt">un-rōt</a>, adj., <i>sorrowing</i>: nom. pl. un-rōte, <a href="#li3149">3149</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunsnyttru">un-snyttru</a>, st. f., <i>lack of wisdom</i>: dat. pl. for his +un-snyttrum (<i>for his unwisdom</i>), <a href="#li1735">1735</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunsofte">un-softe</a>, adv., <i>unsoftly, with violence</i> +(<i>hardly</i>?), <a href="#li2141">2141</a>; <i>scarcely</i>, <a href="#li1656">1656</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunswȳthe">un-swȳðe</a>, adv., <i>not strongly</i> or <i>powerfully</i>: +compar. (ecg) bāt unswīðor þonne his þīod-cyning þearfe hæfde (<i>the +sword bit less sharply than the prince of the people needed</i>), +<a href="#li2579">2579</a>; fȳr unswīðor wēoll, <a href="#li2882">2882</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunsynnig">un-synnig</a>, adj., <i>guiltless, sinless</i>: acc. sg. +un-synnigne, <a href="#li2090">2090</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunsynnum">un-synnum</a>, adv. instr. pl., <i>guiltlessly</i>, <a href="#li1073">1073</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gluntǣle">un-tǣle</a>, adj., <i>blameless</i>: acc. pl. un-tǣle, <a href="#li1866">1866</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gluntyder">un-tȳder</a>, st. m., <i>evil race, monster</i>: nom. pl. +un-tȳdras, <a href="#li111">111</a>. [Cf. Ger. un-mensch.]</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunwāclīc">un-wāclīc</a>, adj., <i>that cannot be shaken; firm, strong</i>: +acc. sg. ād ... un-wāclīcne, <a href="#li3139">3139</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunwearnum">un-wearnum</a>, adv. instr. pl., <i>unawares, suddenly</i>; +(<i>unresistingly</i>?), <a href="#li742">742</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glunwrecen">un-wrecen</a>, pret. part., <i>unavenged</i>, <a href="#li2444">2444</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glup">up</a>, adv., <i>up, upward</i>, <a href="#li224">224</a>, <a href="#li519">519</a>, <a href="#li1374">1374</a>, <a href="#li1620">1620</a>, <a href="#li1913">1913</a>, <a href="#li1921">1921</a>, +<a href="#li2894">2894</a>; (of the voice), þā wæs ... wōp up āhafen, <a href="#li128">128</a>; so, <a href="#li783">783</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gluplang">up-lang</a>, adj., <i>upright, erect</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li760">760</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gluppe">uppe</a> (adj., ūfe, ūffe), adv., <i>above</i>, <a href="#li566">566</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glupriht">up-riht</a>, adj., <i>upright, erect</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2093">2093</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gluton">uton</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glwuton">wuton</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossUl">Ū</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glūthgenge">ūð-genge</a>, adj., <i>transitory, evanescent, ready to depart</i>, +(<i>fled</i>?): þǣr wæs Æsc-here ... feorh ūð-genge, <a href="#li2124">2124</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glūhte">ūhte</a>, w. f., <i>twilight</i> or <i>dawn</i>: dat. or acc. on +ūhtan, <a href="#li126">126</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glūhtfloga">ūht-floga</a>, w. m., <i>twilight-flier, dawn-flier</i> (epithet of +the dragon): gen. sg. ūht-flogan, <a href="#li2761">2761</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glūhthlem">ūht-hlem</a>, st. m., <i>twilight-cry, dawn-cry</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li2008">2008</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glūhtsceatha">ūht-sceaða</a>, w. m., <i>twilight-</i> or <i>dawn-foe</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li2272">2272</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glūs">ūs</a>, pers. pron. dat. and acc. of <b>wē</b> (see <a class="glentry" href="#glwe">wē</a>), +<i>us, to us</i>, <a href="#li1822">1822</a>, <a href="#li2636">2636</a>, <a href="#li2643">2643</a>, <a href="#li2921">2921</a>, <a href="#li3002">3002</a>, <a href="#li3079">3079</a>; acc. (poetic), ūsic, +<a href="#li2639">2639</a>, <a href="#li2641">2641</a>, <a href="#li2642">2642</a>;—gen. ūre: ūre ǣg-hwylc (<i>each of us</i>), <a href="#li1387">1387</a>; +ūser, <a href="#li2075">2075</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glūser">ūser</a>, possess, pron.: nom. sg. ūre man-drihten, <a href="#li2648">2648</a>; dat. sg. +ūssum hlāforde, <a href="#li2635">2635</a>; gen. sg. neut. ūsses cynnes, <a href="#li2814">2814</a>; dat. pl. ūrum +... bām (<i>to us both, two</i>) (for unc bām), <a href="#li2660">2660</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glūt">ūt</a>, adv., <i>out</i>, <a href="#li215">215</a>, <a href="#li537">537</a>, <a href="#li664">664</a>, <a href="#li1293">1293</a>, <a href="#li1584">1584</a>, <a href="#li2082">2082</a>, <a href="#li2558">2558</a>, +<a href="#li3131">3131</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glūtan">ūtan</a>, adv., <i>from without, without</i>, <a href="#li775">775</a>, <a href="#li1032">1032</a>, <a href="#li1504">1504</a>, +<a href="#li2335">2335</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glūtfūs">ūt-fūs</a>, adj., <i>ready to go</i>: nom. sg. hringed-stefna īsig +and ūt-fūs, <a href="#li33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glūtweard">ūt-weard</a>, adj., <i>outward, outside, free</i>: nom. sg. eoten +(Grendel) wæs ūt-weard, <a href="#li762">762</a>.</p> + +<p>ūtan-weard, adj., <i>without, outward, from without</i>: acc. sg. hlǣw +... ealne ūtan-weardne, <a href="#li2298">2298</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossW">W</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwacian">wacian</a>, w. v., <i>to watch</i>: imper. sg. waca wið wrāðum! <a href="#li661">661</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwadan">wadan</a>, st. v., (cf. wade, waddle) <i>to traverse; stride, +go</i>: pret. sg. wōd þurh þone wæl-rēc, <a href="#li2662">2662</a>; wōd under wolcnum +(<i>stalked beneath the clouds</i>), <a href="#li715">715</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-wadan, <i>to attain by moving, come to, reach</i>: pret. part. oð +þæt ... wunden-stefna ge-waden hæfde, þæt þā līðende land ge-sāwon +(<i>till the ship had gone so far that the sailors saw land</i>), <a href="#li220">220</a>.</p> + +<p>on-wadan, w. acc., <i>to invade, befall</i>: pret. sg. hine fyren +on-wōd(?), <a href="#li916">916</a>.</p> + +<p>þurh-wadan, <i>to penetrate, pierce</i>: pret. sg. þæt swurd þurh-wōd +wrǣt-līcne wyrm, <a href="#li891">891</a>; so, <a href="#li1568">1568</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwag">wāg</a>, st. m., <i>wall</i>: dat. sg. on wāge, <a href="#li1663">1663</a>; dat. pl. +æfter wāgum (<i>along the walls</i>), <a href="#li996">996</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwala">wala</a>, w. m., <i>boss</i>: nom. pl. walan, <a href="#li1032">1032</a> (cf. Bouterwek +in Haupt XI., 85 seqq.).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwalda">walda</a>, w. m., <i>wielder, ruler</i>: in comp. an-, eal-walda.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwaldswathu">wald-swaðu</a>, st. f., <i>forest-path</i>: dat. pl. æfter +wald-swaðum (<i>along the wood-paths</i>), <a href="#li1404">1404</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwam">wam, wom</a>, st. m., <i>spot, blot, sin</i>: acc. sg. him +be-beorgan ne con wom (<i>cannot protect himself from evil</i> or +<i>from the evil strange orders</i>, etc.; wom = wogum? = +<i>crooked</i>?), <a href="#li1748">1748</a>; instr. pl. wommum, <a href="#li3074">3074</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwan">wan, won</a>, adj., <i>wan, lurid, dark</i>: nom. sg, ȳð-geblond ... +won (<i>the dark waves</i>), <a href="#li1375">1375</a>; se wonna hrefn (<i>the black +raven</i>), <a href="#li3025">3025</a>; wonna lēg (<i>lurid flame</i>), <a href="#li3116">3116</a>; dat. sg. f. on +wanre niht, <a href="#li703">703</a>; nom. pl. neut. scadu-helma ge-sceapu ... wan, <a href="#li652">652</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwang">wang</a>, st. m., <i>mead, field; place</i>: acc. sg. wang, <a href="#li93">93</a>, +<a href="#li225">225</a>; wong, <a href="#li1414">1414</a>, <a href="#li2410">2410</a>, <a href="#li3074">3074</a>; dat. sg. wange, <a href="#li2004">2004</a>; wonge, <a href="#li2243">2243</a>, <a href="#li3040">3040</a>; +acc. pl. wongas, <a href="#li2463">2463</a>.—Comp.: freoðo-, grund-, medo-, sǣ-wang.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwangstede">wang-stede</a>, st. m., (locus campestris), <i>spot, place</i>: +dat. sg. wong-stede, <a href="#li2787">2787</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwanhȳd">wan-hȳd</a> (for hygd), st. f., <i>heedlessness, recklessness</i>: +dat. pl. for his won-hȳdum, <a href="#li434">434</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwanian">wanian</a>, w. v.: 1) intrans., <i>to decrease, wane</i>: inf. þā +þæt sweord ongan ... wanian, <a href="#li1608">1608</a>.—2) w. acc., <i>to cause to +wane</i> or <i>lessen</i>: pret. sg. hē tō lange lēode mīne wanode, +<a href="#li1338">1338</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-wanian, <i>to decrease, diminish</i>: pret. part. is mīn flet-werod +... ge-wanod, <a href="#li477">477</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwansǣlig">wan-sǣlig</a>, adj., <i>unhappy, wretched</i>: nom. sg. won-sǣlig +wer (Grendel), <a href="#li105">105</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwansceaft">wan-sceaft</a>, st. f., <i>misery, want</i>: acc. sg. won-sceaft, +<a href="#li120">120</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwarian">warian</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to occupy, guard, possess</i>: pres. +sg. III. þǣr hē hǣðen gold warað (<i>where he guards heathen +gold</i>), <a href="#li2278">2278</a>; pl. III. hīe (Grendel and his mother) dȳgel land +warigeað, <a href="#li1359">1359</a>; pret. sg. (Grendel) goldsele warode, <a href="#li1254">1254</a>; (Cain) +wēsten warode, <a href="#li1266">1266</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwaroth">waroð</a>, st. m., <i>shore</i>: dat. sg. tō waroðe, <a href="#li234">234</a>; acc. pl. +wide waroðas, <a href="#li1966">1966</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwaru">waru</a>, st. f., <i>inhabitants</i>, (collective) +<i>population</i>: in comp. land-waru.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwā">wā</a>, interj., <i>woe!</i> wā bið þǣm þe... (<i>woe to him that...</i>), <a href="#li183">183</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwāthu">wāðu</a>, st. f., <i>way, journey</i>: in comp. gamen-wāðu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwānian">wānian</a>, w. v., <i>to weep, whine, howl</i>, w. acc.: inf. +gehȳrdon ... sār wānigean helle hæftan (<i>they heard the +hell-fastened one lamenting his pain</i>), <a href="#li788">788</a>; pret. sg. [wānode], +3152(?).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwāt">wāt</a>. See witan.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwæcean">wæcean</a>, w. v., <i>to watch</i>: pret. part wæccende, <a href="#li709">709</a>, <a href="#li2842">2842</a>; +acc. sg. m. wæccendne wer, <a href="#li1269">1269</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glwacian">wacian</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwæcnan">wæcnan</a>, w. v., <i>to be awake, come forth</i>: inf., <a href="#li85">85</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="#glwæcnan2">wæcnan</a>, st. v., <i>to awake, arise, originate</i>: pret. sg. þanon +(from Cain) wōc fela geō-sceaft-gāsta, <a href="#li1266">1266</a>; so, <a href="#li1961">1961</a>; pl. þām fēower bearn +... in worold wōcun, <a href="#li60">60</a>.</p> + +<p>on-wæcnan: 1) <i>to awake</i> (intrans.): pret. sg. þā se wyrm on-wōc +(<i>when the drake awoke</i>), <a href="#li2288">2288</a>.—2) <i>to be born</i>: pret. sg. him +on-wōc hēah Healfdene, <a href="#li56">56</a>; pl. on-wōcon, <a href="#li111">111</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwæd">wæd</a>, st. n., (the moving) <i>sea, ocean</i>: nom. wado +weallende, <a href="#li546">546</a>; wadu weallendu, <a href="#li581">581</a>; gen. pl. wada <a href="#li508">508</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwæfre">wǣfre</a>, adj., <i>wavering</i> (like flame), <i>ghostlike, +without distinct bodily form</i>: nom. sg. wæl-gǣst wǣfre (of +Grendel's mother), <a href="#li1332">1332</a>;—<i>flickering, expiring</i>: nom. sg. wǣfre +mōd, <a href="#li1151">1151</a>; him wæs geōmor sefa, wǣfre and wæl-fūs, <a href="#li2421">2421</a>.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbewægnan">wægnan</a>, w. v., <i>to offer</i>: pret part, him wæs ... +frēond-laðu wordum be-wægned, <a href="#li1194">1194</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwæl">wæl</a>, st. n., <i>battle, slaughter, the slain in battle</i>: +acc. sg. wæl, <a href="#li1213">1213</a>, <a href="#li3028">3028</a>, blōdig wæl, <a href="#li448">448</a>; oððe on wæl crunge (<i>or +in battle, among the slain, fall</i>), <a href="#li636">636</a>; dat. sg. sume on wæle +crungon (<i>some fell in the slaughter</i>), <a href="#li1114">1114</a>; dat. sg. in Fr...es +wæle (proper name in MS. destroyed), <a href="#li1071">1071</a>; nom. pl. walu, <a href="#li1043">1043</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwælbed">wæl-bed</a>, st. n., <i>slaughter-bed, deathbed</i>: dat. sg. on +wæl-bedde, <a href="#li965">965</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwælbend">wæl-bend</a>, st. f., <i>death-bond</i>: acc. sg. or pl. wæl-bende ... +hand-gewriðene, <a href="#li1937">1937</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwælblēat">wæl-blēat</a>, adj., <i>deadly, mortal, cruel</i>: acc. sg. wunde +wæl-blēate, <a href="#li2726">2726</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwældēath">wæl-dēað</a>, st. m., <i>death in battle</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li696">696</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwældrēor">wæl-drēor</a>, st. m., <i>battle-gore</i>: instr. sg. wæl-drēore, +<a href="#li1632">1632</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwælfāh">wæl-fāh</a>, adj., <i>slaughter-stained, blood-stained</i>: acc. +sg. wæl-fāgne winter, <a href="#li1129">1129</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwælfæhth">wæl-fæhð</a>, st. f., <i>deadly feud</i>: gen. pl. wæl-fǣhða, <a href="#li2029">2029</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwælfeall">wæl-feall</a>, st. m., <i>(fall of the slain), death, +destruction</i>: dat. sg. tō wæl-fealle, <a href="#li1712">1712</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwælfūs">wæl-fūs</a>, adj., <i>ready for death, foreboding death</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li2421">2421</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwælfyllo">wæl-fyllo</a>, st. f., <i>fill of slaughter</i>: dat. sg. mid þǣre +wæl-fulle (i.e. the thirty men nightly slaughtered at Heorot by +Grendel), <a href="#li125">125</a>; wæl-fylla? <a href="#li3155">3155</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwælfȳr">wæl-fȳr</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>deadly fire</i>: instr. sg. wæl-fȳre (of +the fire-spewing dragon), <a href="#li2583">2583</a>.—2) <i>corpse-consuming fire, funeral +pyre</i>: gen. pl. wæl-fȳra mǣst, <a href="#li1120">1120</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwælgǣst">wæl-gǣst</a>, st. m., <i>deadly sprite</i> (of Grendel and his +mother): nom. sg. wæl-gǣst, <a href="#li1332">1332</a>; acc. sg. þone wæl-gǣst, <a href="#li1996">1996</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwælhlem">wæl-hlem</a>, st. m., <i>death-stroke</i>: acc. sg. wæl-hlem þone, +<a href="#li1996">1996</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwælm">wælm</a>, st. m., <i>flood, whelming water</i>: nom. sg. þǣre +burnan wælm, <a href="#li2547">2547</a>; gen. sg. þæs wælmes (<i>of the surf</i>), +<a href="#li2136">2136</a>.—Comp. cear-wælm.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwælnīth">wæl-nīð</a>, st. m., <i>deadly hostility</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li3001">3001</a>; dat. +sg. æfter wæl-nīðe, <a href="#li85">85</a>; nom. pl. wæl-nīðas, <a href="#li2066">2066</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwælrāp">wæl-rāp</a>, st. m., <i>flood-fetter, i.e. ice</i>: acc. pl. +wæl-rāpas, <a href="#li1611">1611</a>; (cf. wæll, wel, wyll = <i>well, flood</i>: leax sceal +on wæle mid scēote scrīðan, Gnom. Cott. 39).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwælrǣs">wæl-rǣs</a>, st. m., <i>deadly onslaught</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2948">2948</a>; dat. +sg. wæl-rǣse, <a href="#li825">825</a>, <a href="#li2532">2532</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwælrest">wæl-rest</a>, st. f., <i>death-bed</i>, acc. sg. wæl-reste, <a href="#li2903">2903</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwælrēc">wæl-rēc</a>, st. m., <i>deadly reek</i> or <i>smoke</i>: acc. sg. +wōd þā þurh þone wæl-rēc, <a href="#li2662">2662</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwælrēaf">wæl-rēaf</a>, st, n., <i>booty of the slain, battle-plunder</i>: +acc. sg., <a href="#li1206">1206</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwælrēow">wæl-rēow</a>, adj., <i>bold in battle</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li630">630</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwælsceaft">wæl-sceaft</a>, st. m., <i>deadly shaft, spear</i>: acc. pl. +wæl-sceaftas, <a href="#li398">398</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwælseax">wæl-seax</a>, st. n., <i>deadly knife, war-knife</i>: instr. sg. +wæll-seaxe, <a href="#li2704">2704</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwælstenge">wæl-stenge</a>, st. m., <i>battle-spear</i>: dat. sg. on þām +wæl-stenge, <a href="#li1639">1639</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwælstōw">wæl-stōw</a>, st. f., <i>battle-field</i>: dat. sg. wæl-stōwe, +<a href="#li2052">2052</a>, <a href="#li2985">2985</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwæstm">wæstm</a>, st. m., <i>growth, form, figure</i>: dat. sg. on weres +wæstmum (<i>in man's form</i>), <a href="#li1353">1353</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwæter">wæter</a>, st. n., <i>water</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li93">93</a>, <a href="#li1417">1417</a>, <a href="#li1515">1515</a>, <a href="#li1632">1632</a>; +acc. sg. wæter, <a href="#li1365">1365</a>, <a href="#li1620">1620</a>; dēop wæter (<i>the deep</i>), <a href="#li509">509</a>, <a href="#li1905">1905</a>; +ofer wīd wæter (<i>over the high sea]</i>, <a href="#li2474">2474</a>; dat. sg. æfter wætere +<i>(along the Grendel-sea</i>), <a href="#li1426">1426</a>; under wætere (<i>at the bottom +of the sea</i>), <a href="#li1657">1657</a>; instr. wætere, <a href="#li2723">2723</a>; wætre, <a href="#li2855">2855</a>; gen. sg. ofer +wæteres hrycg (<i>over the surface of the sea</i>), <a href="#li471">471</a>; on wæteres +ǣht, <a href="#li516">516</a>; þurh wæteres wylm (<i>through the sea-wave</i>), <a href="#li1694">1694</a>; gen. += instr. wæteres weorpan (<i>to sprinkle with water</i>), <a href="#li2792">2792</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwæteregesa">wæter-egesa</a>, st. m., <i>water-terror</i>, i.e. <i>the fearful +sea</i>: acc. sg., 1261</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwæterȳth">wæter-ȳð</a>, st. f., <i>water-wave, billow</i>: dat. pl. +wæter-ȳðum, <a href="#li2243">2243</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwǣd">wǣd</a>, st. f., <i>(weeds), garment</i>: in comp. here-, +hilde-wǣd.</p> + +<p>ge-wǣde, st. n., <i>clothing</i>, especially <i>battle-equipments</i>: +acc. pl. gewǣdu, <a href="#li292">292</a>.—Comp. eorl-gewǣde.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwǣg">wǣg</a>, st. m., <i>wave</i>: acc. sg. wǣg, <a href="#li3133">3133</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwǣgbora">wǣg-bora</a>, w. m., <i>wave-bearer, swimmer</i> (bearing or +propelling the waves before him): nom. sg. wundorlīc wǣg-bora (of a +sea-monster), <a href="#li1441">1441</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwǣgflota">wǣg-flota</a>, w. m., <i>sea-sailer, ship</i>: acc. sg. wēg-flotan, +<a href="#li1908">1908</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwǣgholm">wǣg-holm</a>, st. m., <i>the wave-filled sea</i>: acc. sg. ofer +wǣg-holm, <a href="#li217">217</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwǣge">wǣge</a>, st. n., <i>cup, can</i>: acc. sg. fǣted wǣge, <a href="#li2254">2254</a>, +<a href="#li2283">2283</a>.—Comp.: ealo-, līð-wǣge.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwǣglīthend">wǣg-līðend</a>, pres. part., <i>sea-farer</i>: dat. pl. +wǣg-līðendum (et līðendum, MS.), <a href="#li3160">3160</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwǣgsweord">wǣg-sweord</a>, st. n., <i>heavy sword</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1490">1490</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwǣn">wǣn</a>, st. m., <i>wain, wagon</i>: acc. sg. on wǣn, <a href="#li3135">3135</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwǣpen">wǣpen</a>, st. n., <i>weapon; sword</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1661">1661</a>; acc. sg. +wǣpen, <a href="#li686">686</a>, <a href="#li1574">1574</a>, <a href="#li2520">2520</a>, <a href="#li2688">2688</a>; instr. wǣpne, <a href="#li1665">1665</a>, <a href="#li2966">2966</a>; gen. wǣpnes, +<a href="#li1468">1468</a>; acc. pl. wǣpen, <a href="#li292">292</a>; dat. pl. wǣpnum, <a href="#li250">250</a>, <a href="#li331">331</a>, <a href="#li2039">2039</a>, <a href="#li2396">2396</a>. +—Comp.: hilde-, sige-wǣpen.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwǣpnedman">wǣpned-man</a>, st. m., <i>warrior, man</i>: dat. sg. wǣpned-men, +<a href="#li1285">1285</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwǣr">wǣr</a>, st. f., <i>covenant, treaty</i>: acc. sg. wǣre, +<a href="#li1101">1101</a>;—<i>protection, care</i>: dat. sg. on frēan (on þæs waldendes) +wǣre (<i>into God's protection</i>), <a href="#li27">27</a>, <a href="#li3110">3110</a>.—Comp.: frioðo-wǣr.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwǣsma">wǣsma</a>, w. m., <i>fierce strength, war-strength</i>: in comp. +here-wǣsma, <a href="#li678">678</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwē">wē</a>, pers. pron., <i>we</i>, <a href="#li942">942</a>, <a href="#li959">959</a>, <a href="#li1327">1327</a>, <a href="#li1653">1653</a>, <a href="#li1819">1819</a>, <a href="#li1820">1820</a>, +etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweb">web</a>, st. n., <i>woven work, tapestry</i>:, nom. pl. web, <a href="#li996">996</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwebbe">webbe</a>, w. f., <i>webster, female weaver</i>: in comp. +freoðu-webbe.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweccan">weccan, weccean</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to wake, rouse; recall</i>: +inf. wīg-bealu weccan (<i>to stir up strife</i>), <a href="#li2047">2047</a>; nalles hearpan +swēg (sceal) wīgend weccean (<i>the sound of the harp shall not wake +up the warriors</i>), <a href="#li3025">3025</a>; ongunnon þā ... bǣl-fȳra mǣst wīgend +weccan (<i>the warriors then began to start the mightiest of funeral +pyres</i>), <a href="#li3145">3145</a>; pret. sg. wehte hine wætre (<i>roused him with +water</i>, i.e. Wīglāf recalled Bēowulf to consciousness), <a href="#li2855">2855</a>.</p> + +<p>tō-weccan, <i>to stir up, rouse</i>: pret, pl. hū þā folc mid him +(<i>with one another</i>), fǣhðe tō-wehton, <a href="#li2949">2949</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwed">wed</a>, st. n., (cf. wed-ding), <i>pledge</i>: dat. sg. hyldo tō +wedde (<i>as a pledge of his favor</i>), <a href="#li2999">2999</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweder">weder</a>, st. n., <i>weather</i>: acc. pl. wuldor-torhtan weder, +<a href="#li1137">1137</a>; gen. pl. wedera cealdost, <a href="#li546">546</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgewef">wef</a>, st. n., <i>woof, weaving</i>: acc. pl. wīg-spēda +ge-wiofu (<i>the woof of war-speed</i>: the battle-woof woven for weal +or woe by the Walkyries; cf. Njals-saga, 158), <a href="#li698">698</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweg">weg</a>, st. m., <i>way</i>: acc. sg. on weg (<i>away, off</i>), +<a href="#li264">264</a>, <a href="#li764">764</a>, <a href="#li845">845</a>, <a href="#li1431">1431</a>, <a href="#li2097">2097</a>; gyf þū on weg cymest (<i>if thou comest off +safe</i>, i.e. from the battle with Grendel's mother), <a href="#li1383">1383</a>.—Comp.: +feor-, fold-, forð-, wīd-weg.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwegan">wegan</a>, st. v. w. acc., <i>to bear, wear, bring, possess</i>: +subj. pres. nāh hwā sweord wege (<i>I have none that may bear the +sword</i>), <a href="#li2253">2253</a>; inf. nalles (sceal) eorl wegan māððum tō ge-myndum +(<i>no earl shall wear a memorial jewel</i>), <a href="#li3016">3016</a>; pret. ind. hē þā +frætwe wæg ... ofer ȳða ful (<i>bore the jewels over the goblet of the +waves</i>), <a href="#li1208">1208</a>; wæl-seaxe ... þæt hē on byrnan wæg, <a href="#li2705">2705</a>; heortan +sorge wæg (<i>bore heart's sorrow</i>); so, <a href="#li152">152</a>, <a href="#li1778">1778</a>, <a href="#li1932">1932</a>, <a href="#li2781">2781</a>.</p> + +<p>æt-wegan = <i>auferre, to carry off</i>: syððan Hāma æt-wæg tō þǣre +byrhtan byrig Brōsinga mene (<i>since H. bore from the bright city the +Brōsing-collar</i>), <a href="#li1199">1199</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgewegan">wegan</a> (O.N. wega), <i>to fight</i>: inf. þē hē wið þām wyrme +ge-wegan sceolde, <a href="#li2401">2401</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwel">wēl, well</a>, adv.: 1) <i>well</i>: wēl bið þǣm þe ... (<i>well for him +that ...!</i>), <a href="#li186">186</a>; sē þe wēl þenceð (<i>he that well thinketh, +judgeth</i>), <a href="#li289">289</a>; so, <a href="#li640">640</a>, <a href="#li1046">1046</a>, <a href="#li1822">1822</a>, <a href="#li1834">1834</a>, <a href="#li1952">1952</a>, <a href="#li2602">2602</a>; well, <a href="#li2163">2163</a>, +<a href="#li2813">2813</a>.—2) <i>very, very much</i>: Gēat ungemetes wēl ... restan lyste +(<i>the Geat longed sorely to rest</i>), <a href="#li1793">1793</a>.—3) <i>indeed, to be +sure</i>, <a href="#li2571">2571</a>, <a href="#li2856">2856</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwela">wela</a>, w. m., <i>wealth, goods, possessions</i>: in comp. ǣr-, +burg-, hord-, māððum-wela.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwelhwylc">wēl-hwylc</a>, indef. pron., = quivis, <i>any you please, any</i> +(each, all): gen. pl. wēl-hwylcra wilna, <a href="#li1345">1345</a>; w. partitive gen.: nom. +sg. witena wēl-hwylc, <a href="#li266">266</a>;—substantively: acc. neut. wēl-hwylc, <a href="#li875">875</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwelig">welig</a>, adj., <i>wealthy, rich</i>: acc. sg. wīc-stede weligne +Wǣgmundinga, <a href="#li2608">2608</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwelthungen">wēl-þungen</a>, pres. part., <i>well-thriven</i> (in mind), +<i>mature, high-minded</i>: nom. sg. Hygd (wæs) swīðe geong, wīs, +wēl-þungen, <a href="#li1928">1928</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwenian">wenian</a>, w. v., <i>to accustom, attract, honor</i>: subj. pret. +þæt ... Folcwaldan sunu ... Hengestes hēap hringum wenede (<i>sh. +honor</i>), <a href="#li1092">1092</a>.</p> + +<p>be-(bi-)wenian, <i>entertain, care for, attend</i>: pret. sg. mæg þæs +þonne of-þyncan þēoden Heaðo-beardna ... þonne hē mid fǣmnan on flet +gǣð, dryht-bearn Dena duguða bi-wenede (<i>may well displease the +prince of the H.... when he with the woman goes into the hall, that a +noble scion of the Danes should entertain, bear wine to, the +knights</i>, cf. <a href="#li494">494</a> seqq.; or, <i>a noble scion of the Danes should +attend on her?</i>), <a href="#li2036">2036</a>; pret. part. nom. pl. wǣron hēr tela willum +be-wenede, <a href="#li1822">1822</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwendan">wendan</a>, w. v., <i>to turn</i>: pres. sg. III. him eal worold +wendeð on willan (<i>all the world turns at his will</i>), <a href="#li1740">1740</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-wendan, w. acc.: l) <i>to turn, turn round</i>: pret. sg. wicg +gewende (<i>turned his horse</i>), <a href="#li315">315</a>.—2) <i>to turn</i> (intrans.), +<i>change</i>: inf. wā bið þǣm þe sceal ... frōfre ne wēnan, wihte +ge-wendan (<i>woe to him that shall have no hope, shall not change at +all</i>), <a href="#li186">186</a>.</p> + +<p>on-wendan, <i>to avert, set aside</i>: 1) w. acc.: inf. ne mihte +snotor hæleð wēan on-wendan, <a href="#li191">191</a>.—2) intrans.: sibb ǣfre ne mæg wiht +on-wendan þām þe wēl þenceð (<i>in, to, him that is well thinking +friendship can not be set aside</i>), <a href="#li2602">2602</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwer">wer</a>, st. m., <i>man, hero</i>: nom. sg. (Grendel), <a href="#li105">105</a>; acc. +sg. wer (Bēowulf), <a href="#li1269">1269</a>, <a href="#li3174">3174</a>; gen. sg. on weres wæstmum (<i>in man's +form</i>), <a href="#li1353">1353</a>; nom. pl. weras, <a href="#li216">216</a>, <a href="#li1223">1223</a>, <a href="#li1234">1234</a>, <a href="#li1441">1441</a>, <a href="#li1651">1651</a>; dat. pl. +werum, <a href="#li1257">1257</a>; gen. pl. wera, <a href="#li120">120</a>, <a href="#li994">994</a>, <a href="#li1732">1732</a>, <a href="#li3001">3001</a>; (MS. weora), <a href="#li2948">2948</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwered">wered</a>, st. n., (as adj. = <i>sweet</i>), <i>a sort of beer</i> +(probably without hops or such ingredients): acc. sg. scīr wered, <a href="#li496">496</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwerefeohte">were-feohte</a>, f., <i>defensive fight, fight in self-defence</i>: +dat. pl. for were-fyhtum (fere fyhtum, MS.), <a href="#li457">457</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwerhtho">werhðo</a>, st. f., <i>curse, outlawry, condemnation</i>: acc. sg. +þū in helle scealt werhðo drēogan, <a href="#li590">590</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwerian">werian</a>, <i>to defend, protect</i>: w. vb., pres. sg. III. +beaduscrūda ... þæt mīne brēost wereð, <a href="#li453">453</a>; inf. wit unc wið hron-fixas +werian þōhton, <a href="#li541">541</a>; pres. part. w. gen. pl. wergendra tō lȳt (<i>too +few defenders</i>), <a href="#li2883">2883</a>; pret. ind. wæl-rēaf werede (<i>guarded the +battle-spoil</i>), <a href="#li1206">1206</a>; se hwīta helm hafelan werede (<i>the shining +helm protected his head</i>), <a href="#li1449">1449</a>; pl. hafelan weredon, <a href="#li1328">1328</a>; pret. +part. nom. pl. gē ... byrnum werede (<i>ye</i> ... +<i>corselet-clad</i>), <a href="#li238">238</a>, <a href="#li2530">2530</a>.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbewerian">werian</a>, <i>to protect, defend</i>: pret. pl. þæt hīe ... +lēoda land-geweorc lāðum be-weredon scuccum and scinnum (<i>that they +the people's land-work from foes, from monsters and demons, might +defend</i>), 939</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwerig">werig</a>, adj., <i>accursed, outlawed</i>: gen. sg. wergan gāstes +(Grendel), <a href="#li133">133</a>; (of the devil), <a href="#li1748">1748</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwerod">werod, weorod</a>, st. n., <i>band of men, warrior-troop</i>: nom. +sg. werod, <a href="#li652">652</a>; weorod, <a href="#li290">290</a>, <a href="#li2015">2015</a>, <a href="#li3031">3031</a>; acc. sg. werod, <a href="#li319">319</a>; dat. +instr. sg. weorode, <a href="#li1012">1012</a>, <a href="#li2347">2347</a>; werede, <a href="#li1216">1216</a>; gen. sg. werodes, <a href="#li259">259</a>; +gen. pl. wereda, <a href="#li2187">2187</a>; weoroda, <a href="#li60">60</a>.—Comp.: eorl-, flet-werod.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwerthēod">wer-þēod</a>, st. f., <i>people, humanity</i>: dat. sg. ofer +wer-þēode, <a href="#li900">900</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwesan">wesan</a>, v., <i>to be</i>: pres. sg. I. ic eom, <a href="#li335">335</a>, <a href="#li407">407</a>; II. þū +eart, <a href="#li352">352</a>, <a href="#li506">506</a>; III. is, <a href="#li256">256</a>, <a href="#li272">272</a>, <a href="#li316">316</a>, <a href="#li343">343</a>, <a href="#li375">375</a>, <a href="#li473">473</a>, etc.; nū is +þīnes mægenes blǣd āne hwīle (<i>the prime [fame?] of thy powers +lasteth now for a while</i>), <a href="#li1762">1762</a>; ys, <a href="#li2911">2911</a>, <a href="#li3000">3000</a>, <a href="#li3085">3085</a>; pl. I. wē +synt, <a href="#li260">260</a>, <a href="#li342">342</a>; II. syndon, <a href="#li237">237</a>, <a href="#li393">393</a>; III. syndon, <a href="#li257">257</a>, <a href="#li361">361</a>, <a href="#li1231">1231</a>; +synt, <a href="#li364">364</a>; sint, <a href="#li388">388</a>; subj. pres. sīe, <a href="#li435">435</a>, <a href="#li683">683</a>, etc.; sȳ, <a href="#li1832">1832</a>, etc.; +sig, <a href="#li1779">1779</a>, etc.; imper. sg. II. wes, <a href="#li269">269</a> (cf. wassail, wes hǣl), <a href="#li407">407</a>, +<a href="#li1171">1171</a>, <a href="#li1220">1220</a>, <a href="#li1225">1225</a>, etc.; inf. wesan, <a href="#li272">272</a>, <a href="#li1329">1329</a>, <a href="#li1860">1860</a>, <a href="#li2709">2709</a>, etc. The +inf. wesan must sometimes be supplied: nealles Hetware hrēmge þorfton +(i.e. wesan) fēðe-wīges, <a href="#li2364">2364</a>; so, <a href="#li2498">2498</a>, <a href="#li2660">2660</a>, <a href="#li618">618</a>, <a href="#li1858">1858</a>; pres. part. +wesende, <a href="#li46">46</a>; dat. sg. wesendum, <a href="#li1188">1188</a>; pret. sg. I., III. wæs, <a href="#li11">11</a>, <a href="#li12">12</a>, +<a href="#li18">18</a>, <a href="#li36">36</a>, <a href="#li49">49</a>, <a href="#li53">53</a>, etc.; wæs on sunde (<i>was a-swimming</i>), <a href="#li1619">1619</a>; so, +<a href="#li848">848</a>, <a href="#li850">850</a>(?), <a href="#li970">970</a>, <a href="#li981">981</a>, <a href="#li1293">1293</a>; progressive, wæs secgende (for sǣde), +<a href="#li3029">3029</a>; II. wǣre, <a href="#li1479">1479</a>, etc.; pl. wǣron, <a href="#li233">233</a>, <a href="#li536">536</a>, <a href="#li544">544</a>, etc.; wǣran (w. +reflex, him), <a href="#li2476">2476</a>; pret. subj. wǣre, <a href="#li173">173</a>, <a href="#li203">203</a>, <a href="#li594">594</a>, <a href="#li946">946</a>, etc.; +progressive, myndgiend wǣre (for myndgie), <a href="#li1106">1106</a>.—Contracted neg. +forms: , nis = ne + is, <a href="#li249">249</a>, <a href="#li1373">1373</a>, etc.; næs = ne + wæs, <a href="#li134">134</a>, <a href="#li1300">1300</a>, +<a href="#li1922">1922</a>, <a href="#li2193">2193</a>, etc. (cf. uncontracted: ne wæs, <a href="#li890">890</a>, <a href="#li1472">1472</a>); nǣron = ne + +wǣron, <a href="#li2658">2658</a>; nǣre = ne + wǣre, <a href="#li861">861</a>, <a href="#li1168">1168</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glcnihtwesende">cniht-wesende</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwēg">wēg</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glwǣg">wǣg</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwēn">wēn</a>, st. f., <i>expectation, hope</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li735">735</a>, <a href="#li1874">1874</a>, +<a href="#li2324">2324</a>; nū is lēodum wēn orleg-hwīle (gen.) (<i>now the people have +weening of a time of strife</i>), <a href="#li2911">2911</a>; acc. sg. þæs ic wēn hæbbe +(<i>as I hope, expect</i>), <a href="#li383">383</a>; so, þæs þe ic [wēn] hafo, <a href="#li3001">3001</a>; wēn +ic talige, <a href="#li1846">1846</a>; dat. pl. bēga on wēnum <i>(in expectation of +both</i>, i.e. the death and the return of Bēowulf), <a href="#li2896">2896</a>. See +<a class="glentry" href="#glorwēna">or-wēna</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwēnan">wēnan</a>, w. v., <i>to ween, expect, hope</i>: 1) absolutely; +pres. sg. I. þæs ic wēne (<i>as I hope</i>), <a href="#li272">272</a>; swā ic þē wēne tō +<i>(as I hope thou wilt</i>: Bēowulf hopes Hrōðgār will now suffer no +more pain), <a href="#li1397">1397</a>.—2) w. gen. or acc. pres. sg. I. þonne wēne ic tō +þē wyrsan ge-þinges, <a href="#li525">525</a>; ic þǣr heaðu-fȳres hātes wēne, <a href="#li2523">2523</a>; III. +secce ne wēneð to Gār Denum (<i>weeneth not of contest with the +Gar-Danes</i>), <a href="#li601">601</a>; inf. (beorhtre bōte) wēnan (<i>to expect, count +on, a brilliant</i> [? <i>a lighter penalty</i>] <i>atonement</i>), <a href="#li157">157</a>; +pret. pl. þæs ne wēndon ǣr witan Scyldinga þæt ... <i>the wise men of +the Scyldings weened not of this before, that</i>...), <a href="#li779">779</a>; þæt hig +þæs æðelinges eft ne wēndon þæt hē ... sēcean cōme <i>(that they looked +not for the atheling again that he</i> ... <i>would come to +seek</i> ...), <a href="#li1598">1598</a>.—3) w. acc. inf.: pret. sg. wēnde, <a href="#li934">934</a>.—4) w. +depend, clause: pres. sg. I. wēne ic þæt..., <a href="#li1185">1185</a>; wēn' ic þæt..., +<a href="#li338">338</a>, <a href="#li442">442</a>; pret. sg. wēnde, <a href="#li2330">2330</a>; pl. wēndon, <a href="#li938">938</a>, <a href="#li1605">1605</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwēpan">wēpan</a>, st. v., <i>to weep</i>: pret. sg. [wēop], <a href="#li3152">3152</a> (?).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwerig">werig</a>, adj., <i>weary, exhausted</i>, w. gen.: nom. sg. siðes +wērig (<i>weary from the journey, way-weary</i>), <a href="#li579">579</a>; dat. sg. siðes +wērgum, <a href="#li1795">1795</a>;—w. instr.: acc. pl. wundum wērge <i>(wound-weary</i>), +<a href="#li2938">2938</a>.—Comp.: dēað-, fyl-, gūð-wērig.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgewerigean">werigean</a>, w. v., <i>to weary, exhaust</i>: pret. part. +ge-wērgad, <a href="#li2853">2853</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwērigmōd">wērig-mōd</a>, adj., <i>weary-minded (animo defessus)</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li845">845</a>, <a href="#li1544">1544</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwēste">wēste</a>, adj., <i>waste, uninhabited</i>: acc. sg. win-sele +wēstne, <a href="#li2457">2457</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwēsten">wēsten</a>, st. n., <i>waste, wilderness</i>: acc. sg. wēsten, +<a href="#li1266">1266</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwēsten">wēsten</a>, st. f., <i>waste, wilderness</i>: dat. sg. on þǣre +wēstenne, <a href="#li2299">2299</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweal">weal</a>, st. m.: 1 <i>wall, rampart</i>: dat. instr. sg. wealle, +<a href="#li786">786</a>, <a href="#li892">892</a>, <a href="#li3163">3163</a>; gen. sg. wealles, <a href="#li2308">2308</a>.—2) <i>elevated +sea-shore</i>: dat. sg. of wealle, <a href="#li229">229</a>; acc. pl. windige weallas, <a href="#li572">572</a>, +<a href="#li1225">1225</a>.—3) <i>wall of a building</i>: acc, sg. wið þæs recedes weal, +<a href="#li326">326</a>; dat. sg. be wealle, <a href="#li1574">1574</a>; hence, the inner and outer rock-walls +of the dragon's lair (cf. Heyne's essay: Halle Heorot, p. 59): dat. +sg., <a href="#li2308">2308</a>, <a href="#li2527">2527</a>, <a href="#li2717">2717</a>, <a href="#li2760">2760</a>, <a href="#li3061">3061</a>, <a href="#li3104">3104</a>; gen. sg. wealles, +<a href="#li2324">2324</a>.—Comp.: bord-, eorð-, sǣ-, scyld-weal.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgewealc">wealc</a>, st. n., <i>rolling</i>: acc. sg. ofer ȳða ge-wealc, +<a href="#li464">464</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgeweald">weald</a>, st. n., <i>power, might</i>: acc. sg. on fēonda +ge-weald <i>(into the power of his foes</i>), <a href="#li809">809</a>, <a href="#li904">904</a>; so, <a href="#li1685">1685</a>; +geweald āgan, hæbban, ā-bēodan (w. gen. of object = <i>to present) = +to have power over</i>, <a href="#li79">79</a>, <a href="#li655">655</a>, <a href="#li765">765</a>, <a href="#li951">951</a>, <a href="#li1088">1088</a>, <a href="#li1611">1611</a>, <a href="#li1728">1728</a>. See +on-<a class="glentry" href="#glonweald">weald</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwealdan">wealdan</a>, st. v., <i>to wield, govern, rule over, prevail</i>: +1) absolutely or with depend, clause: inf. gif hē wealdan mōt (<i>if +he may prevail</i>), <a href="#li442">442</a>; þǣr hē ... wealdan mōste swā him Wyrd ne +ge-scrāf (<i>if [where?] he was to prevail, as Weird had not destined +for him</i>), <a href="#li2575">2575</a>; pres. part. waldend (<i>God</i>), <a href="#li1694">1694</a>; dat. +wealdende, <a href="#li2330">2330</a>; gen. waldendes, <a href="#li2293">2293</a>, <a href="#li2858">2858</a>, <a href="#li3110">3110</a>.—2) with instr. or +dat.: inf. þām wǣpnum wealdan (<i>to wield, prevail with, the +weapons</i>), <a href="#li2039">2039</a>; Gēatum wealdan (<i>to rule the Gēatas</i>), <a href="#li2391">2391</a>; +þēah-hordum wealdan (<i>to rule over, control, the treasure of +rings</i>), <a href="#li2828">2828</a>; wæl-stōwe wealdan (<i>to hold the field of +battle</i>), <a href="#li2985">2985</a>; pret. sg. wēold, <a href="#li465">465</a>, <a href="#li1058">1058</a>, <a href="#li2380">2380</a>, <a href="#li2596">2596</a>; þenden +wordum wēold wine Scyldinga (<i>while the friend of the S. ruled the +G.</i>), <a href="#li30">30</a>; pl. wēoldon, <a href="#li2052">2052</a>.—3) with gen.: pres. sg. I. þenden ic +wealde wīdan rīces, <a href="#li1860">1860</a>; pres. part. wuldres wealdend(waldend), <a href="#li17">17</a>, +<a href="#li183">183</a>, <a href="#li1753">1753</a>; weard, <a href="#li2514">2514</a>; the <i>'dragon</i> is called ylda waldend, +<a href="#li1662">1662</a>; waldend fīra, <a href="#li2742">2742</a>; sigora waldend, <a href="#li2876">2876</a> (designations of God); +pret. sg. wēold, <a href="#li703">703</a>, <a href="#li1771">1771</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-wealdan, <i>to wield, have power over, arrange</i>: 1) w. acc.: +pret. sg. hālig god ge-wēold wīg-sigor, <a href="#li1555">1555</a>.—2) w. dat.: pret. +cyning ge-wēold his ge-witte (<i>the king possessed his senses</i>), +<a href="#li2704">2704</a>.—3) w. gen.: inf. hē ne mihte nō ... wǣpna ge-wealdan, <a href="#li1510">1510</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-wealden, pret. part., <i>subject, subjected</i>: acc. pl. gedēð him +swā gewealdene worolde dǣlas, <a href="#li1733">1733</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweallan">weallan</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to toss, be agitated</i> (of the sea): +pres. part. nom. pl. wadu weallende (weallendu), <a href="#li546">546</a>, <a href="#li581">581</a>; nom. sg. +brim weallende, <a href="#li848">848</a>; pret. ind. wēol, <a href="#li515">515</a>, <a href="#li850">850</a>, <a href="#li1132">1132</a>; wēoll, <a href="#li2139">2139</a>.—2) +figuratively (of emotions), <i>to be agitated</i>: pres. pl. III. +syððan Ingelde weallað wæl-nīðas (<i>deadly hate thus agitates +Ingeld</i>), <a href="#li2066">2066</a>; pres. part. weallende, <a href="#li2465">2465</a>; pret. sg. hreðer inne +wēoll (<i>his heart was moved within him</i>), <a href="#li2114">2114</a>; hreðer ǣðme wēoll +(<i>his breast</i> [the dragon's] <i>swelled from breathing, +snorting</i>), <a href="#li2594">2594</a>; brēost innan wēoll þēostrum ge-þoncum, <a href="#li2332">2332</a>; so, +wēoll, <a href="#li2600">2600</a>, <a href="#li2715">2715</a>, <a href="#li2883">2883</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweallclif">weall-clif</a>, st. n., <i>sea-cliff</i>: acc. sg. ofer weall-clif, +<a href="#li3133">3133</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweallian">weallian</a>, w. v., <i>to wander, rove about</i>: pres. part. in +comp. heoro-weallende, <a href="#li2782">2782</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweard">weard</a>, st. m., <i>warden, guardian; owner</i>: nom. sg. weard +Scyldinga (<i>the Scyldings' warden of the march</i>), <a href="#li229">229</a>; weard, +<a href="#li286">286</a>, <a href="#li2240">2240</a>; se weard, sāwele hyrde, <a href="#li1742">1742</a>; the <i>king</i> is called +bēah-horda weard, <a href="#li922">922</a>; rīces weard, <a href="#li1391">1391</a>; folces weard, <a href="#li2514">2514</a>; the +<i>dragon</i> is called weard, <a href="#li3061">3061</a>; weard un-hīore, <a href="#li2414">2414</a>; beorges +weard, <a href="#li2581">2581</a>; acc. sg, weard, <a href="#li669">669</a>; (dragon), <a href="#li2842">2842</a>; beorges weard +(dragon), <a href="#li2525">2525</a>, <a href="#li3067">3067</a>.—Comp.: bāt-, ēðel-, gold-, hēafod-, hord-, +hȳð-, land-, rēn-, sele-, yrfe-weard.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweard">weard</a>, st. m., <i>possession</i> (Dietrich in Haupt XI., 415): +in comp. eorð-weard, <a href="#li2335">2335</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweard">weard</a>, st. f., <i>watch, ward</i>: acc. sg. wearde healdan, +<a href="#li319">319</a>; wearde hēold, <a href="#li305">305</a>.—Comp. ǣg-weard.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweard">weard</a>, adj., <i>-ward</i>: in comp. and-, innan-, ūt-weard, +<a href="#li1288">1288</a>, etc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweardian">weardian</a>, w. v. w. acc.: 1) <i>to watch, guard, keep</i>: inf. +hē his folme forlēt tō līf-wraðe, lāst weardian (<i>Grendel left his +hand behind as a life-saver, to guard his track</i> [Kemble]), <a href="#li972">972</a>; +pret. sg. him sīo swīðre swaðe weardade hand on Hiorte (<i>his right +hand kept guard for him in H.</i>, i.e. showed that he had been +there), <a href="#li2099">2099</a>; sg. for pl. hȳrde ic þæt þām frætwum fēower mēaras +lungre gelīce last weardode (<i>I heard that four horses, quite alike, +followed in the traces of the armor</i>), <a href="#li2165">2165</a>.—2) <i>to +hold, possess, inhabit</i>: pret. sg. fīfel-cynnes eard ... weardode +(<i>dwelt in the abode of the sea-fiends</i>), <a href="#li105">105</a>; reced weardode +un-rīm eorla (<i>an immense number of earls held the hall</i>), <a href="#li1238">1238</a>; +pl. þǣr wē gesunde sæl weardodon, <a href="#li2076">2076</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwearh">wearh</a>, st. m., <i>the accursed one; wolf</i>: in comp. +heoro-wearg, <a href="#li1268">1268</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwearn">wearn</a>, st. f.: 1) <i>resistance, refusal</i>, <a href="#li366">366</a>.—2) +<i>warning?, resistance?</i> See <a class="glentry" href="#glunwearnum">un-wearnum</a>, <a href="#li742">742</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweaxan">weaxan</a>, st. v., <i>to wax, grow</i>: pres. sg. III. oð þæt him on +innan ofer-hygda dǣl weaxeð (<i>till within him pride waxeth</i>), <a href="#li1742">1742</a>; +inf. weaxan, <a href="#li3116">3116</a>; pret. sg. wēox, <a href="#li8">8</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-weaxan, <i>to grow up</i>: pret. sg. oft þæt sēo geogoð ge-wēox, +<a href="#li66">66</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-weaxan to, <i>to grow to</i> or <i>for something</i>: pret. sg. ne +ge-wēox hē him to willan (<i>grew not for their benefit</i>), <a href="#li1712">1712</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwēa">wēa</a>, w. m., <i>woe, evil, misfortune</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li937">937</a>; acc. +sg. wean, <a href="#li191">191</a>, <a href="#li423">423</a>, <a href="#li1207">1207</a>, <a href="#li1992">1992</a>, <a href="#li2293">2293</a>, <a href="#li2938">2938</a>; gen. pl. wēana, <a href="#li148">148</a>, <a href="#li934">934</a>, +<a href="#li1151">1151</a>, <a href="#li1397">1397</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwēalāf">wēa-lāf</a>, st. f., <i>wretched remnant</i>: acc. pl. þā wēa-lāfe +(<i>the wretched remnant</i>, i.e. Finn's almost annihilated band), +<a href="#li1085">1085</a>, <a href="#li1099">1099</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwēaspel">wēa-spel</a>, st. n., <i>woe-spell, evil tidings</i>: dat. sg. +wēa-spelle, <a href="#li1316">1316</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgeweoldum">weoldum</a>. See ge-<a class="glentry" href="#glgewild">wild</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweorc">weorc</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>work, labor, deed</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li74">74</a>; +(<i>war-deed</i>), <a href="#li1657">1657</a>; instr. sg. weorce, <a href="#li1570">1570</a>; dat. pl. weorcum, +<a href="#li2097">2097</a>; wordum ne (and) worcum, <a href="#li1101">1101</a>, <a href="#li1834">1834</a>; gen. pl. worda and worca, +<a href="#li289">289</a>.—2) <i>work, trouble, suffering</i>: acc. sg. þæs gewinnes weorc +(<i>misery on account of this strife</i>), <a href="#li1722">1722</a>; dat. pl. adv. weorcum +(<i>with labor</i>), <a href="#li1639">1639</a>.—Comp.: bǣdo-, ellen-, heaðo-, niht-weorc.</p> + +<p>ge-weorc, st. n.: 1) <i>work, deed, labor</i>: nom. acc. sg., <a href="#li455">455</a>, +<a href="#li1563">1563</a>, <a href="#li1682">1682</a>, <a href="#li2718">2718</a>, <a href="#li2775">2775</a>; gen. sg. ge-weorces, <a href="#li2712">2712</a>. Comp.: ǣr-, fyrn-, +gūð-, hond-, nīð-ge-weorc.—2) <i>fortification, rampart</i>: in comp. +land-geweorc, <a href="#li939">939</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweorce">weorce</a>, adj., <i>painful, bitter</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1419">1419</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweorth">weorð</a>, st. n., <i>precious object, valuable</i>: dat. sg. +weorðe, <a href="#li2497">2497</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweorth">weorð</a>, adj., <i>dear, precious</i>: nom. sg. weorð Denum +æðeling (<i>the atheling dear to the Danes</i>, Bēowulf), <a href="#li1815">1815</a>; +compar. nom. sg. þæt hē syððan wæs ... māðme þȳ weorðra (<i>more +honored from the jewel</i>), <a href="#li1903">1903</a>; cf. <a class="glentry" href="#glwyrthe">wyrðe</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweorthan">weorðan</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to become</i>: pres. sg. III. beholen +weorðeð (<i>is concealed</i>), <a href="#li414">414</a>; underne weorðeð (<i>becomes +known</i>), <a href="#li2914">2914</a>; so, pl. III. weorðað, <a href="#li2067">2067</a>; wurðað, <a href="#li282">282</a>; inf. +weorðan, <a href="#li3179">3179</a>; wurðan, <a href="#li808">808</a>; pret. sg. I., III. wearð, <a href="#li6">6</a>, <a href="#li77">77</a>, <a href="#li149">149</a>, <a href="#li409">409</a>, +<a href="#li555">555</a>, <a href="#li754">754</a>, <a href="#li768">768</a>, <a href="#li819">819</a>, <a href="#li824">824</a>, etc.; pl. wurdon, <a href="#li228">228</a>; subj. pret. wurde, +<a href="#li2732">2732</a>.—2) inf. to frōfre weorðan (<i>to become a help</i>), <a href="#li1708">1708</a>; +pret. sg. wearð hē Heaðolāfe tō hand-bonan, <a href="#li460">460</a>; so, wearð, <a href="#li906">906</a>, <a href="#li1262">1262</a>; +ne wearð Heremōd swā (i.e. to frōfre) eaforum Ecgwelan, <a href="#li1710">1710</a>; pl. +wurdon, <a href="#li2204">2204</a>; subj. pret. sg. II. wurde, <a href="#li588">588</a>.—3) pret. sg. þæt hē on +fylle wearð (<i>that he came to a fall</i>), <a href="#li1545">1545</a>.—4) <i>to happen, +befall</i>: inf. unc sceal weorðan ... swā unc Wyrd ge-tēoð (<i>it +shall befall us two as Fate decrees</i>), <a href="#li2527">2527</a>; þurh hwæt his worulde +gedāl weorðan sceolde, <a href="#li3069">3069</a>; pret. sg. þā þǣr sōna wearð ed-hwyrft +eorlum (<i>there was soon a renewal to the earls</i>, i.e. of the +former perils), <a href="#li1281">1281</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-weorðan: 1) <i>to become</i>: pret. sg. ge-wearð, <a href="#li3062">3062</a>; pret. part. +cearu wæs genīwod ge-worden (<i>care was renewed</i>), <a href="#li1305">1305</a>; swā us +ge-worden is, <a href="#li3079">3079</a>.—2) <i>to finish; complete?</i>: inf. þæt þū ... +lēte Sūð-Dene sylfe ge-weorðan gūðe wið Grendel (<i>that thou wouldst +let the S. D. put an end to their war with Grendel</i>), <a href="#li1997">1997</a>.—3) +impersonally with acc., <i>to agree, decide</i>: pret. sg. þā þæs +monige ge-wearð þæt ... (<i>since many agreed that</i> ...), <a href="#li1599">1599</a>; +pret. part. hafað þæs ge-worden wine Scyldinga, rīces hyrde, and þæt +rǣd talað þæt hē ... (<i>therefore hath it so appeared(?) advisable to +the friend of the S., the guardian of the realm, and he counts it a +gain that</i> ...), <a href="#li2027">2027</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweorthful">weorð-ful</a>, adj., <i>glorious, full of worth</i>: nom. sg. +weorð-fullost, <a href="#li3100">3100</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweorthian">weorðian</a>, w. v., <i>to honor, adorn</i>: pret. sg. þǣr ic ... +þīne lēode weorðode weorcum (<i>there honored I thy people by my +deeds</i>), <a href="#li2097">2097</a>; subj. pret. (þæt hē) æt feoh-gyftum ... Dene +weorðode (<i>that he would honor the Danes at, by, +treasure-giving</i>), <a href="#li1091">1091</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-weorðian, ge-wurðian, <i>to deck, ornament</i>: pret. part. hire +syððan wæs æfter bēah-þege brēost ge-weorðod, <a href="#li2177">2177</a>; wǣpnum ge-weorðad, +<a href="#li250">250</a>; since ge-weorðad, <a href="#li1451">1451</a>; so, ge-wurðad, <a href="#li331">331</a>, <a href="#li1039">1039</a>, <a href="#li1646">1646</a>; wide +ge-weorðad (<i>known, honored, afar</i>), <a href="#li1960">1960</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweorthlīce">weorð-līce</a>, adv., <i>worthily, nobly</i>: superl. weorð-līcost, +<a href="#li3163">3163</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweorthmynd">weorð-mynd</a>, st. f. n., <i>dignity, honor, glory</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li65">65</a>; acc. sg. geseah þā eald sweord ..., wigena weorðmynd (<i>saw an +ancient sword there, the glory of warriors</i>), <a href="#li1560">1560</a>; dat. instr. pl. +weorð-myndum, <a href="#li8">8</a>; tō worð-myndum, <a href="#li1187">1187</a>; gen. pl. weorð-mynda dǣl, <a href="#li1753">1753</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweorthung">weorðung</a>, st. f., <i>ornament</i>: in comp. brēost-, +hām-, heorft-, hring-, wīg-weorðung.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweorod">weorod</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glwerod">werod</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweorpan">weorpan</a>, st. v.: 1) <i>to throw, cast away</i>, w. acc.: pret. +sg. wearp þā wunden-mǣl wrǣttum gebunden yrre ōretta, þæt hit on +eorðan læg (<i>the wrathful warrior threw the ornamented sword, that +it lay on the earth</i>), <a href="#li1532">1532</a>.—2) <i>to throw around</i> or +<i>about</i>, w. instr.: pret. sg. beorges weard . .. wearp wæl-fȳre +(<i>threw death-fire around</i>), <a href="#li2583">2583</a>.—3) <i>to throw upon</i>: inf. +hē hine eft ongan wæteres (instr. gen.) weorpan (<i>began to cast +water upon him again</i>), <a href="#li2792">2792</a>.</p> + +<p>for-weorpan, w. acc., <i>to cast away, squander</i>: subj. pret. þæt +hē gēnunga gūð-gewǣdu wrāðe for-wurpe (<i>that he squandered uselessly +the battle-weeds</i>, i.e. gave them to the unworthy), <a href="#li2873">2873</a>.</p> + +<p>ofer-weorpan, <i>to stumble</i>: pret. sg. ofer-wearp þā ... wigena +strengest, <a href="#li1544">1544</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweotian">weotian</a>, w. v., <i>to provide with, adjust</i>(?): pret. part. +acc. pl. wæl-bende weotode, <a href="#li1937">1937</a>.</p> + +<p>be-weotian, be-witian, w. v. w. acc., <i>to regard, observe, care +for</i>: pres. pl. III. be-witiað, <a href="#li1136">1136</a>; pret. sg. þegn ... sē þe ... +ealle be-weotede þegnes þearfe (<i>who would attend to all the needs +of a thane</i>), <a href="#li1797">1797</a>; draca sē þe ... hord be-weotode (<i>the drake +that guarded a treasure</i>), <a href="#li2213">2213</a>;—<i>to carry out, undertake</i>: +pres. pl. III. þā ... oft be-witigað sorh-fulne sīð on segl-rāde, <a href="#li1429">1429</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwicg">wicg</a>, st. n., <i>steed, riding-horse</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1401">1401</a>; acc. +sg. wicg, <a href="#li315">315</a>; dat. instr. sg. wicge, <a href="#li234">234</a>; on wicge, <a href="#li286">286</a>; acc. pl. +wicg, <a href="#li2175">2175</a>; gen. pl. wicga, <a href="#li1046">1046</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgewidor">widor</a>, st. n., <i>storm, tempest</i>: acc. pl. lāð ge-widru +(<i>loathly weather</i>), <a href="#li1376">1376</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwith">wið</a> prep. w. dat. and acc., with fundamental meanings of division +and opposition: 1) w. dat., <i>against, with</i> (in hostile sense), +<i>from</i>: þā wið gode wunnon, <a href="#li113">113</a>; āna (wan) wið eallum, <a href="#li145">145</a>; ymb feorh +sacan, lāð wið lāðum, <a href="#li440">440</a>; so, <a href="#li426">426</a>, <a href="#li439">439</a>, <a href="#li550">550</a>, <a href="#li2372">2372</a>, <a href="#li2521">2521</a>, <a href="#li2522">2522</a>, <a href="#li2561">2561</a>, <a href="#li2840">2840</a>, +<a href="#li3005">3005</a>; þæt him holt-wudu ... helpan ne meahte, lind wið līge, <a href="#li2342">2342</a>; +hwæt ... sēlest wǣre wið fǣr-gryrum tō ge-fremmanne, <a href="#li174">174</a>; þæt him gāst-bona +gēoce gefremede wið þēod-þrēaum, <a href="#li178">178</a>; wið rihte wan (<i>strove against +right</i>), <a href="#li144">144</a>; hæfde ... sele Hrōðgāres ge-nered wið nīðe (<i>had saved +H.'s hall from strife</i>), <a href="#li828">828</a>; (him dyrne langað ...) beorn wið blōde +(<i>the hero longeth secretly contrary to his blood</i>, i.e. H. feels a +secret longing for the non-related Bēowulf), <a href="#li1881">1881</a>; sundur ge-dǣlan līf wið +līce (<i>to sunder soul from body</i>), <a href="#li2424">2424</a>; strēamas wundon sund wið +sande (<i>the currents rolled the sea against the sand</i>), <a href="#li213">213</a>; līg-ȳðum +forborn bord wið ronde (rond, MS.) (<i>with waves of flame burnt the shield +against, as far as, the rim</i>), <a href="#li2674">2674</a>; holm storme wēol, won wið winde +(<i>the sea surged, wrestled with the wind</i>), <a href="#li1133">1133</a>; so, hiora in ānum +wēoll sefa wið sorgum (<i>in one of them surged the soul with sorrow</i> +[<i>against</i>?, Heyne]), <a href="#li2601">2601</a>; þæt hire wið healse heard grāpode (<i>that +the sharp sword bit against her neck</i>), <a href="#li1567">1567</a>.—2) w. acc.: a) +<i>against, towards</i>: wan wið Hrōðgār (<i>fought against H.</i>), <a href="#li152">152</a>; +wið fēonda gehwone, <a href="#li294">294</a>; wið wrāð werod, <a href="#li319">319</a>; so, <a href="#li540">540</a>, <a href="#li1998">1998</a>, <a href="#li2535">2535</a>; hine +hālig god ūs on-sende wið Grendles gryre, <a href="#li384">384</a>; þæt ic wið þone gūð-flogan +gylp ofer-sitte (<i>that I refrain from boastful speech against the +battle-flier</i>), <a href="#li2529">2529</a>; ne wolde wið manna ge-hwone ... feorh-bealo feorran +(<i>would not cease his life-plotting against any of the men</i>; or, +<i>withdraw life-bale from</i>, etc.? or, <i>peace would not have with any +man..., mortal bale withdraw</i>?, Kemble), <a href="#li155">155</a>; ic þā lēode wāt gē wið +fēond gē wið frēond fæste geworhte (<i>towards foe and friend</i>), <a href="#li1865">1865</a>; +hēold hēah-lufan wið hæleða brego (<i>cherished high love towards the +prince of heroes</i>), <a href="#li1955">1955</a>; wið ord and wið ecge ingang forstōd +(<i>prevented entrance to spear-point and sword-edge</i>), <a href="#li1550">1550</a>. b) +<i>against, on, upon, in</i>: setton sīde scyldas ... wið þæs recedes weal +(<i>against the wall of the hall</i>), <a href="#li326">326</a>; wið eorðan fæðm (eardodon) +(<i>in the bosom of the earth</i>), <a href="#li3050">3050</a>; wið earm ge-sæt (<i>sat on, +against, his arm</i>), <a href="#li750">750</a>; so, stīð-mōd ge-stōd wið stēapne rond, <a href="#li2567">2567</a>; +[wið duru healle ēode] (<i>went to the door of the hall</i>), <a href="#li389">389</a>; wið +Hrefna-wudu (<i>over against, near, H.</i>), <a href="#li2926">2926</a>; wið his sylfes sunu setl +ge-tǣhte (<i>showed me to a seat with, near, beside, his own son</i>), +<a href="#li2014">2014</a>. c) <i>towards, with</i> (of contracting parties): þæt hīe healfre +ge-weald wið Eotena bearn āgan mōston (<i>that they power over half the +hall with the Eotens' sons were to possess</i>), <a href="#li1089">1089</a>; þenden hē wið wulf +wæl rēafode (<i>whilst with the wolf he was robbing the slain</i>), +<a href="#li3028">3028</a>.—3) Alternately with dat. and acc., <i>against</i>: nū wið Grendel +sceal, wið þām āglǣcan, āna gehegan þing wið þyrse, <a href="#li424">424-426</a>;—<i>with, +beside</i>: ge-sæt þā wið sylfne..., mǣg wið mǣge, <a href="#li1978">1978-79</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwithergyld">wiðer-gyld</a>, st. n., <i>compensation</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2052">2052</a>, +[proper name?].</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwitherræhtes">wiðer-ræhtes</a>, adv., <i>opposite, in front of</i>, <a href="#li3040">3040</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwithre">wiðre</a>, st. n., <i>resistance</i>: gen. sg. wiðres ne truwode, +<a href="#li2954">2954</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwiht">wiht</a>, st. f.: 1) <i>wight, creature, demon</i>: nom. sg. wiht +unhǣlo (<i>the demon of destruction</i>, Grendel), <a href="#li120">120</a>; acc. sg. +syllīcran wiht (the dragon), <a href="#li3039">3039</a>.—2) <i>thing, something, aught</i>: +nom. sg. w. negative, nē hine wiht dweleð (<i>nor does aught check +him</i>), <a href="#li1736">1736</a>; him wiht ne spēow (<i>it helped him naught</i>), <a href="#li2855">2855</a>; +acc. sg. nē him þæs wyrmes wīg for wiht dyde (<i>nor did he count the +worm's warring for aught</i>), <a href="#li2349">2349</a>; ne meahte ic ... wiht gewyrcan +<i>(I could not do aught</i> ...), <a href="#li1661">1661</a>;—w. partitive gen.: nō ... wiht +swylcra searo-niða, <a href="#li581">581</a>;—the acc. sg. = adv. like Germ. <i>nicht</i>: +nē hīe hūru wine-drihten wiht ne lōgon (<i>did not blame their +friendly lord aught</i>), <a href="#li863">863</a>; so, ne wiht = <i>naught, in no +wise</i>, <a href="#li1084">1084</a>, <a href="#li2602">2602</a>, <a href="#li2858">2858</a>; nō wiht, <a href="#li541">541</a>; instr. sg. wihte (<i>in +aught, in any way</i>), <a href="#li1992">1992</a>; ne ... wihte (<i>by no means</i>), <a href="#li186">186</a>, +<a href="#li2278">2278</a>, <a href="#li2688">2688</a>; wihte ne, <a href="#li1515">1515</a>, <a href="#li1996">1996</a>, <a href="#li2465">2465</a>, <a href="#li2924">2924</a>.—Comp.: ā-wiht (āht = +<i>aught</i>), æl-wiht, ō-wiht.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwilcuma">wil-cuma</a>, w. m., <i>one welcome</i> (qui gratus advenit): nom. +pl. wil-cuman Denigea lēodum (<i>welcome to the people of the +Danes</i>), <a href="#li388">388</a>; so, him (the lord of the Danes) wil-cuman, <a href="#li394">394</a>; +wil-cuman Wedera lēodum (<i>welcome to the Gēatas</i>), <a href="#li1895">1895</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgewild">wild</a>, st. f., <i>free-will</i>? dat. pl. nealles mid +ge-weoldum (<i>sponte, voluntarily</i>, Bugge), <a href="#li2223">2223</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwildēor">wil-dēor</a> (for wild-dēor), st. n., <i>wild beast</i>: acc. pl. +wil-dēor, <a href="#li1431">1431</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwilgesīth">wil-gesīð</a>, st. m., <i>chosen</i> or <i>willing companion</i>: +nom. pl. -ge-sīðas, <a href="#li23">23</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwilgeofa">wil-geofa</a>, w. m., <i>ready giver</i> (= voti largitor: princely +designation), <i>joy-giver</i>?: nom. sg. wil-geofa Wedra lēoda, <a href="#li2901">2901</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwilla">willa</a>, w. m.: 1) <i>will, wish, desire, sake</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li627">627</a>, +<a href="#li825">825</a>; acc. sg. willan, <a href="#li636">636</a>, <a href="#li1740">1740</a>, <a href="#li2308">2308</a>, <a href="#li2410">2410</a>; instr. sg. ānes willan +(<i>for the sake of one</i>), <a href="#li3078">3078</a>; so, <a href="#li2590">2590</a>; dat. sg. tō willan, +<a href="#li1187">1187</a>, <a href="#li1712">1712</a>; instr. pl. willum (<i>according to wish</i>), <a href="#li1822">1822</a>; sylfes +willum, <a href="#li2224">2224</a>, <a href="#li2640">2640</a>; gen. pl. wilna, <a href="#li1345">1345</a>.—2) <i>desirable thing, +valuable</i>: gen. pl. wilna, <a href="#li661">661</a>, <a href="#li951">951</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwillan">willan</a>, aux. v., <i>will</i>: in pres. also <i>shall</i> (when +the future action is depend. on one's free will): pres. sg. I. wille +ic ā-secgan (<i>I will set forth, tell out</i>), <a href="#li344">344</a>; so, <a href="#li351">351</a>, <a href="#li427">427</a>; ic +tō sǣ wille (<i>I will to sea</i>), <a href="#li318">318</a>; wylle, <a href="#li948">948</a>, <a href="#li2149">2149</a>, <a href="#li2513">2513</a>; sg. +II. þū wylt, <a href="#li1853">1853</a>; sg. III. hē wile, <a href="#li346">346</a>, <a href="#li446">446</a>, <a href="#li1050">1050</a>, <a href="#li1182">1182</a>, <a href="#li1833">1833</a>; wyle, +<a href="#li2865">2865</a>; wille, <a href="#li442">442</a>, <a href="#li1004">1004</a>, <a href="#li1185">1185</a>, <a href="#li1395">1395</a>; ǣr hē in wille (<i>ere he will +in</i>, i.e. go or flee into the fearful sea), <a href="#li1372">1372</a>; wylle, <a href="#li2767">2767</a>; pl. +I. wē ... wyllað, <a href="#li1819">1819</a>; pret. sg. I., III. wolde, <a href="#li68">68</a>, <a href="#li154">154</a>, <a href="#li200">200</a>, <a href="#li646">646</a>, +<a href="#li665">665</a>, <a href="#li739">739</a>, <a href="#li756">756</a>, <a href="#li797">797</a>, <a href="#li881">881</a>, etc.; nō ic fram him wolde (i.e. flēotan), +<a href="#li543">543</a>; so, swā hē hira mā wolde (i.e. ā-cwellan), <a href="#li1056">1056</a>; pret. pl. +woldon, <a href="#li482">482</a>, <a href="#li2637">2637</a>, <a href="#li3173">3173</a>; subj. pret., <a href="#li2730">2730</a>.—Forms contracted w. +negative: pres. sg. I. nelle (= ne + wille, <i>I will not</i>, nolo), +<a href="#li680">680</a>, <a href="#li2525">2525</a>(?); pret. sg. III. nolde (= ne + wolde), <a href="#li792">792</a>, <a href="#li804">804</a>, <a href="#li813">813</a>, <a href="#li1524">1524</a>; +w. omitted inf. þā metod nolde, <a href="#li707">707</a>, <a href="#li968">968</a>; pret. subj. nolde, <a href="#li2519">2519</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwilnian">wilnian</a>, w. v., <i>to long for, beseech</i>: inf. wēl bið þǣm +þe mōt ... tō fæder fæðmum freoðo wilnian (<i>well for him that may +beseech protection in the Father's arms</i>), <a href="#li188">188</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwilsīth">wil-sīð</a>, st. m., <i>chosen journey</i>: acc. sg. wil-sīð, <a href="#li216">216</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgewin">win</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>strife, struggle, enmity, conflict</i>: +acc. sg., <a href="#li878">878</a>; þā hīe ge-win drugon (<i>endured strife</i>), <a href="#li799">799</a>; +under ȳða ge-win (<i>under the tumult of the waves</i>), <a href="#li1470">1470</a>; gen. +sg. þæs ge-winnes weorc (<i>misery for this strife</i>), <a href="#li1722">1722</a>.—2) +<i>suffering, oppression</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li133">133</a>, <a href="#li191">191</a>; acc. sg. eald +ge-win, <a href="#li1782">1782</a>.—Comp.: fyrn-, ȳð-ge-win.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīnærn">wīn-ærn</a>, st. n., <i>hall of hospitality, hall, wine-hall</i>: +gen. sg. wīn-ærnes, <a href="#li655">655</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwind">wind</a>, st. m., <i>wind, storm</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li547">547</a>, <a href="#li1375">1375</a>, <a href="#li1908">1908</a>; +dat. instr. sg. winde, <a href="#li217">217</a>; wið winde, <a href="#li1133">1133</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwindan">windan</a>, st. v.: 1) intrans., <i>to wind, whirl</i>: pret. sg. +wand tō wolcnum wæl-fȳra mǣst, <a href="#li1120">1120</a>.—2) w. acc., <i>to twist, wind, +curl</i>: pret. pl. strēamas wundon sund wið sande, <a href="#li212">212</a>; pret. part. +wunden gold (<i>twisted, spirally-twined, gold</i>), <a href="#li1194">1194</a>, <a href="#li3135">3135</a>; +instr. pl. wundnum (wundum, MS.) golde, <a href="#li1383">1383</a>.</p> + +<p>æt-windan, <i>to wrest one's self from, escape</i>: pret. sg. sē þǣm +fēonde æt-wand, <a href="#li143">143</a>.</p> + +<p>be-windan, <i>to wind with</i> or <i>round, clasp, surround, +envelop</i> (involvere): pret. sg. þē hit (the sword) mundum be-wand, +<a href="#li1462">1462</a>; pret. part. wīrum be-wunden (<i>wound with wires</i>) <a href="#li1032">1032</a>; +feorh ... flǣsce be-wunden (<i>flesh-enclosed</i>), <a href="#li2425">2425</a>; gār ... mundum +be-wunden (<i>a spear grasped with the hands</i>), <a href="#li3023">3023</a>; iū-manna gold +galdre be-wunden (<i>spell-encircled gold</i>), <a href="#li3053">3053</a>; (āstāh ...) lēg +wōpe be-wunden (<i>uprose the flame mingled with a lament</i>), <a href="#li3147">3147</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-windan, <i>to writhe, get loose, escape</i>: inf. wīdre ge-windan +(<i>to flee further</i>), <a href="#li764">764</a>; pret. sg. on flēam ge-wand, <a href="#li1002">1002</a>.</p> + +<p>on-windan, <i>to unwind, loosen</i>: pres. sg. (þonne fæder) on-windeð +wæl-rāpas, <a href="#li1611">1611</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwindæg">win-dæg</a>, st. m., <i>day of struggle</i> or <i>suffering</i>: +dat. pl. on þyssum win-dagum (<i>in these days of sorrow</i>, i.e. of +earthly existence), <a href="#li1063">1063</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwindbland (blond)">wind-bland (blond)</a>, st. n., <i>wind-roar</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li3147">3147</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwindgereste">wind-gereste</a>, f., <i>resting-place of the winds</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li2457">2457</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwindig">windig</a>, adj., <i>windy</i>: acc. pl. windige (weallas, næssas), +<a href="#li572">572</a>, <a href="#li1359">1359</a>; windige weallas (wind geard weallas, MS.), <a href="#li1225">1225</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwine">wine</a>, st. m., <i>friend, protector</i>, especially the <i>beloved +ruler</i>: nom. sg. wine Scyldinga, lēof land-fruma (Scyld), <a href="#li30">30</a>; wine +Scyldinga (Hrōðgār), <a href="#li148">148</a>, <a href="#li1184">1184</a>. As vocative: mīn wine, <a href="#li2048">2048</a>; wine mīn, +Bēowulf (Hunferð), <a href="#li457">457</a>, <a href="#li530">530</a>, <a href="#li1705">1705</a>; acc. sg. holdne wine (Hrōðgār), <a href="#li376">376</a>; +wine Deniga, Scyldinga, <a href="#li350">350</a>, <a href="#li2027">2027</a>; dat. sg. wine Scyldinga, <a href="#li170">170</a>; gen. sg. +wines (Bēowulf), <a href="#li3097">3097</a>; acc. pl. wine, <a href="#li21">21</a>; dat. pl. Denum eallum, winum +Scyldinga, <a href="#li1419">1419</a>; gen. pl. winigea lēasum, <a href="#li1665">1665</a>; winia bealdor, +<a href="#li2568">2568</a>.—Comp.: frēa-, frēo-, gold-, gūð-, mǣg-wine.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwinedryhten">wine-dryhten</a>, st. m., (dominus amicus), <i>friendly lord, lord and +friend</i>: acc. sg. wine-drihten, <a href="#li863">863</a>, <a href="#li1605">1605</a>; wine-dryhten, <a href="#li2723">2723</a>, <a href="#li3177">3177</a>; +dat. sg. wine-drihtne, <a href="#li360">360</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwinegeōmor">wine-geōmor</a>, adj., <i>friend-mourning</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2240">2240</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwinelēas">wine-lēas</a>, adj., <i>friendless</i>: dat. sg. wine-lēasum, <a href="#li2614">2614</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwinemǣg">wine-mǣg</a>, st. m., <i>dear kinsman</i>: nom. pl. wine-māgas, <a href="#li65">65</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgewinna">winna</a>, w. m., <i>striver, struggler, foe</i>: comp. eald-, +ealdor-gewinna.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwinnan">winnan</a>, st. v., <i>to struggle, fight</i>: pret. sg. III. wan +āna wið eallum, <a href="#li144">144</a>; Grendel wan ... wið Hrōðgār, <a href="#li151">151</a>; holm ... won wið +winde (<i>the sea fought with the wind</i>: cf. wan wind endi water, +Heliand, 2244), <a href="#li1133">1133</a>; II. eart þū se Bēowulf, sē þe wið Brecan wunne, +<a href="#li506">506</a>; pl. wið gode wunnon, <a href="#li113">113</a>; þǣr þā graman wunnon (<i>where the foes +fought</i>), <a href="#li778">778</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīnreced">wīn-reced</a>, st. n., <i>wine-hall, guest-hall, house for +entertaining guests</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li715">715</a>, <a href="#li994">994</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīnsele">wīn-sele</a>, st. m., the same, <i>wine-hall</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li772">772</a>; +dat. sg. wīn-sele, <a href="#li696">696</a> (cf. Heliand Glossary, 369 [364]).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwinter">winter</a>, st. m. n.: 1) <i>winter</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1133">1133</a>, <a href="#li1137">1137</a>; acc. +sg. winter, <a href="#li1129">1129</a>; gen. sg. wintres, <a href="#li516">516</a>.—2) <i>year</i> (counted by +winters): acc. pl. fīftig wintru (neut.), <a href="#li2210">2210</a>; instr. pl. wintrum, +<a href="#li1725">1725</a>, <a href="#li2115">2115</a>, <a href="#li2278">2278</a>; gen. pl. wintra, <a href="#li147">147</a>, <a href="#li264">264</a>, <a href="#li1928">1928</a>, <a href="#li2279">2279</a>, <a href="#li2734">2734</a>, <a href="#li3051">3051</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwintre">wintre</a>, adj., <i>so many winters</i> (old): in comp. +syfan-wintre.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgewislīce">wislīce</a>, adv., <i>certainly, undoubtedly</i>: superl. +gewislīcost, <a href="#li1351">1351</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwist">wist</a>, st. f., fundamental meaning = <i>existentia</i>, hence: +1) <i>good condition, happiness, abundance</i>: dat. sg. wunað hē on +wiste, <a href="#li1736">1736</a>.—2) <i>food, subsistence, booty</i>: dat. sg. þā wæs +æfter wiste wōp up ā-hafen (<i>a cry was then uplifted after the +meal</i>, i.e. Grendel's meal of thirty men), <a href="#li128">128</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwistfyllo">wist-fyllo</a>, st. f., <i>fulness</i> or <i>fill of food, rich +meal</i>: gen. sg. wist-fylle, <a href="#li735">735</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwit">wit</a>, st. n., (wit), <i>understanding</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li590">590</a>.—Comp.: fyr-, in-wit.</p> + +<p>ge-wit, st. n.: 1) <i>consciousness</i>. dat. sg. ge-wēold his +ge-witte, <a href="#li2704">2704</a>.—2) <i>heart, breast</i>: dat. sg. fȳr unswīðor wēoll +(<i>the fire surged less strongly from the dragon's breast</i>), <a href="#li2883">2883</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwit">wit</a>, pers. pron. dual of wē, <i>we two</i>, <a href="#li535">535</a>, <a href="#li537">537</a>, <a href="#li539">539</a>, <a href="#li540">540</a>, +<a href="#li544">544</a>, <a href="#li1187">1187</a>, etc. See <a class="glentry" href="#glunc">unc, uncer</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwita">wita, weota</a>, w. m., <i>counsellor, royal adviser</i>; pl., +<i>the king's council of nobles</i>: nom. pl. witan, <a href="#li779">779</a>: gen. pl. +witena, <a href="#li157">157</a>, <a href="#li266">266</a>, <a href="#li937">937</a> weotena, <a href="#li1099">1099</a>.—Comp.: fyrn-, rūn-wita.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwitan">witan</a>, pret.-pres. v., <i>to wot, know</i>. 1) w. depend, +clause: pres. sg. I., III. wāt, <a href="#li1332">1332</a>, <a href="#li2657">2657</a>; ic on Higelāce wāt þæt +hē ... (<i>I know as to H., that he</i> ...), <a href="#li1831">1831</a>; so, god wāt on mec +þæt ...(<i>God knows of me, that</i> ...), <a href="#li2651">2651</a>; sg. II. þū wāst, <a href="#li272">272</a>; +weak pret. sg. I., III. wiste, <a href="#li822">822</a>; wisse, <a href="#li2340">2340</a>, <a href="#li2726">2726</a>; pl. wiston, +<a href="#li799">799</a>, <a href="#li1605">1605</a>; subj. pres. I. gif ic wiste, <a href="#li2520">2520</a>.—2) w. acc. and inf.: +pres. sg. I. ic wāt, <a href="#li1864">1864</a>.—3) w. object, predicative part, or adj.: +pret. sg. III. tō þæs hē win-reced ... gearwost wisse, fǣttum fāhne, +<a href="#li716">716</a>; so, <a href="#li1310">1310</a>; wiste þǣm āhlǣcan hilde ge-binged, <a href="#li647">647</a>.—4) w. acc., +<i>to know</i>: inf. witan, <a href="#li252">252</a>, <a href="#li288">288</a>; pret. sg. wisse, <a href="#li169">169</a>; wiste his +fingra ge-weald on grames grāpum, <a href="#li765">765</a>; pl. II. wisson, <a href="#li246">246</a>; wiston, +<a href="#li181">181</a>.</p> + +<p>nāt = ne + wāt, <i>I know not</i>: 1) elliptically with hwylc, +indef. pronoun = <i>some or other</i>: sceaða ic nāt hwylc.—2) w. +gen. and depend. clause: nāt hē þāra gōda, þæt hē mē on-gēan slēa, +<a href="#li682">682</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-witan, <i>to know, perceive</i>: inf. þæs þe hīe gewis-līcost +ge-witan meahton, <a href="#li1351">1351</a>.</p> + +<p>be-<a class="glentry" name="glbewitian">witian</a>. See be-<a class="glentry" href="#glbeweotian">weotian</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwītig">wītig</a>, adj., <i>wise, sagacious</i>: nom. sg. wītig god, <a href="#li686">686</a>, +<a href="#li1057">1057</a>; wītig drihten (God), <a href="#li1555">1555</a>; wittig drihten, <a href="#li1842">1842</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-wittig, adj., <i>conscious</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li3095">3095</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgewītnian">wītnian</a>, w. v., <i>to chastise, punish</i>: wommum gewītnad +(<i>punished with plagues</i>), <a href="#li3074">3074</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīc">wīc</a>, st. n., <i>dwelling, house</i>: acc. sg. wīc, <a href="#li822">822</a>, +<a href="#li2590">2590</a>;—often in pl. because houses of nobles were complex: dat. wīcum, +<a href="#li1305">1305</a>, <a href="#li1613">1613</a>, <a href="#li3084">3084</a>; gen. wīca, <a href="#li125">125</a>, <a href="#li1126">1126</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgewīcan">wīcan</a>, st. v., <i>to soften, give way, yield</i> (here +chiefly of swords): pret. sg. ge-wāc, <a href="#li2578">2578</a>, <a href="#li2630">2630</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīcstede">wīc-stede</a>, st. m., <i>dwelling-place</i>: nom. sg. <a href="#li2463">2463</a>; acc. +sg. wīc-stede, <a href="#li2608">2608</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīd">wīd</a>, adj., <i>wide, extended</i>: 1) space: acc. sg. neut. ofer +wīd wæter, <a href="#li2474">2474</a>; gen. sg. wīdan rīces, <a href="#li1860">1860</a>; acc. pl. wīde sīðas, +waroðas, <a href="#li878">878</a>, <a href="#li1966">1966</a>.—2) temporal: acc. sg. wīdan feorh (acc. of time), +<a href="#li2015">2015</a>; dat. sg. tō wīdan feore, <a href="#li934">934</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīde">wīde</a>, adv., <i>widely, afar</i>, <a href="#li18">18</a>, <a href="#li74">74</a>, <a href="#li79">79</a>, <a href="#li266">266</a>, <a href="#li1404">1404</a>, <a href="#li1589">1589</a>, +<a href="#li1960">1960</a>, etc.; wīde cūð (<i>widely, universally, known</i>), <a href="#li2136">2136</a>, <a href="#li2924">2924</a>; +so, underne wīde, <a href="#li2914">2914</a>; wīde geond eorðan (<i>over the whole earth, +widely</i>), <a href="#li3100">3100</a>;—modifier of superl.: wreccena wīde mǣrost (<i>the +most famous of wanderers, exiles</i>), <a href="#li899">899</a>.—Compar. wīdre, <a href="#li764">764</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīdcūth">wīd-cūð</a>, adj., <i>widely known, very celebrated</i>: nom. sg. +neut., <a href="#li1257">1257</a>; acc. sg. m. wīd-cūðne man (Bēowulf), <a href="#li1490">1490</a>; wīd-cūðne +wēan, <a href="#li1992">1992</a>; wīd-cūðes (Hrōðgār), <a href="#li1043">1043</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīdeferhth">wīde-ferhð</a>, st. m. n., (<i>long life</i>), <i>great length of +time</i>: acc. sg. as acc. of time: wīde-ferhð (<i>down to distant +times, always</i>), <a href="#li703">703</a>, <a href="#li938">938</a>; ealne wīde-ferhð, <a href="#li1223">1223</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīdfloga">wīd-floga</a>, w. m., <i>wide-flier</i> (of the dragon): nom. sg., +<a href="#li2831">2831</a>; acc. sg. wīd-flogan, <a href="#li2347">2347</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīdscofen">wīd-scofen</a>, pret. part., <i>wide-spread</i>? <i>causing fear +far and wide</i>? <a href="#li937">937</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīdweg">wīd-weg</a>, st. m., <i>wide way, long journey</i>: acc. pl. +wīd-wegas, <a href="#li841">841</a>, <a href="#li1705">1705</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīf">wīf</a>, st. n., <i>woman, lady, wife</i>: nom. sg. frēo-līc wīf +(Queen Wealhþēow), <a href="#li616">616</a>; wīf un-hȳre (Grendel's mother), <a href="#li2121">2121</a>; acc. sg. +drihtlīce wīf (Finn's wife), <a href="#li1159">1159</a>; instr. sg. mid þȳ wīfe (Hrōðgār's +daughter, Frēawaru), <a href="#li2029">2029</a>; dat. sg. þām wīfe (Wealhþēow), <a href="#li640">640</a>; gen. +sg. wīfes (as opposed to <i>man</i>), <a href="#li1285">1285</a>; gen. pl. wera and wīfa, +<a href="#li994">994</a>.—Comp.: āglǣc-, mere-wīf.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīflufe">wīf-lufe</a>, w. f., <i>wife-love, love for a wife, woman's +love</i>: nom. pl. wīf-lufan, <a href="#li2066">2066</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīg">wīg</a>, st. m.: 1) <i>war, battle</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li23">23</a>, <a href="#li1081">1081</a>, <a href="#li2317">2317</a>, +<a href="#li2873">2873</a>; acc. sg., <a href="#li686">686</a>, <a href="#li1084">1084</a>, <a href="#li1248">1248</a>; dat. sg. wīge, wigge, <a href="#li1338">1338</a>, <a href="#li2630">2630</a>, <a href="#li1657">1657</a>, <a href="#li1771">1771</a>; as instr., +<a href="#li1085">1085</a>; ; gen. sg. wīges, <a href="#li65">65</a>, <a href="#li887">887</a>, <a href="#li1269">1269</a>.—2) +<i>valor, warlike prowess</i>: nom. sg. wæs his mōd-sefa manegum +ge-cȳðed, wīg and wīsdōm, <a href="#li350">350</a>; wīg, <a href="#li1043">1043</a>; wīg ... eafoð and ellen, +<a href="#li2349">2349</a>; gen. sg. wīges, <a href="#li2324">2324</a>.—Comp. fēðe-wīg.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwiga">wiga</a>, w. m., <i>warrior, fighter</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li630">630</a>; dat. pl. +wigum, <a href="#li2396">2396</a>; gen. pl. wigena, <a href="#li1544">1544</a>, <a href="#li1560">1560</a>, <a href="#li3116">3116</a>.—Comp.: æsc-, byrn-, +gār-, gūð-, lind-, rand-, scyld-wiga.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīgan">wīgan</a>, st. v., <i>to fight</i>: pres. sg. III. wīgeð, <a href="#li600">600</a>; +inf., <a href="#li2510">2510</a>.</p> + +<p>wīgend, pres. part., <i>fighter, warrior</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li3100">3100</a>; nom. pl. +wīgend, <a href="#li1126">1126</a>, <a href="#li1815">1815</a>, <a href="#li3145">3145</a>; acc. pl. wīgend, <a href="#li3025">3025</a>; gen. pl. wīgendra, +<a href="#li429">429</a>, <a href="#li900">900</a>, <a href="#li1973">1973</a>, <a href="#li2338">2338</a>.—Comp. gārwīgend.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīgbealu">wīg-bealu</a>, st. n., <i>war-bale, evil contest</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li2047">2047</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīgbil">wīg-bil</a>, st. n., <i>war-bill, battle-sword</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1608">1608</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīgbord">wīg-bord</a>, st. n., <i>war-board</i> or <i>shield</i>: acc. sg., +<a href="#li2340">2340</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīgcræft">wīg-cræft</a>, st. m., <i>war-power</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li2954">2954</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīgcræftig">wīg-cræftig</a>, adj., <i>vigorous in fight, strong in war</i>: +acc. sg. wīg-cræftigne (of the sword Hrunting), <a href="#li1812">1812</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīgfreca">wīg-freca</a>, w. m., <i>war-wolf, war-hero</i>: acc. sg. +wīg-frecan, <a href="#li2497">2497</a>; nom. pl. wīg-frecan, <a href="#li1213">1213</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīgfruma">wīg-fruma</a>, w. m., <i>war-chief</i> or <i>king</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li665">665</a>; acc. sg. wīg-fruman, <a href="#li2262">2262</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīggeatwe">wīg-geatwe</a>, st. f. pl., <i>war-ornaments, war-gear</i>: dat. +pl. on wīg-geatwum (-getawum, MS.), <a href="#li368">368</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīggeweorthad">wīg-ge-weorðad</a>, pret. part., <i>war-honored, distinguished in +war</i>, 1784? See <a href="#note1784">Note</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīggryre">wīg-gryre</a>, st. m., <i>war-horror</i> or <i>terror</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li1285">1285</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīghete">wīg-hete</a>, st. m., <i>war-hate, hostility</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2121">2121</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīgheafola">wīg-heafola</a>, w. m., <i>war head-piece, helmet</i>: acc. sg. +wīg-heafolan, <a href="#li2662">2662</a>.—Leo.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīghēap">wīg-hēap</a>, st. m., <i>war-band</i>: nom sg., <a href="#li447">447</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīghryre">wīg-hryre</a>, st. m., <i>war-ruin, slaughter, carnage</i>: acc. +sg., <a href="#li1620">1620</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīgsigor">wīg-sigor</a>, st. m., <i>war-victory</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1555">1555</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīgsped">wīg-sped</a>, st. f.?, <i>war-speed, success in war</i>: gen. pl. +wīg-spēda, <a href="#li698">698</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwigweorthung">wīg-weorðung</a>, st. f., <i>idol-worship, idolatry, sacrifice to +idols</i>: acc. pl. -weorðunga, <a href="#li176">176</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīn">wīn</a>, st. n., <i>wine</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1163">1163</a>, <a href="#li1234">1234</a>; instr. wīne, +<a href="#li1468">1468</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīr">wīr</a>, st. n., <i>wire, spiral ornament of wire</i>: instr. pl. +wīrum, <a href="#li1032">1032</a>; gen. pl. wīra, <a href="#li2414">2414</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīs">wīs</a>, adj., <i>wise, experienced, discreet</i>: nom. sg. m. wīs +(<i>in his mind, conscious</i>), <a href="#li3095">3095</a>; f. wīs, <a href="#li1928">1928</a>; in w. form, se +wīsa, <a href="#li1401">1401</a>, <a href="#li1699">1699</a>, <a href="#li2330">2330</a>; acc. sg. þone wīsan, <a href="#li1319">1319</a>; gen. pl. wīsra, +<a href="#li1414">1414</a>; w. gen. nom. sg. wīs wordcwida (<i>wise of speech</i>), <a href="#li1846">1846</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīsa">wīsa</a>, w. m., <i>guide, leader</i>: nom. sg. werodes wīsa, +<a href="#li259">259</a>.—Comp.: brim-, here-, hilde-wīsa.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīscte">wīscte</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glwȳscan">wȳscan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīsdōm">wīs-dōm</a>, st. m., <i>wisdom, experience</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li350">350</a>; +instr. sg. wīs-dōme, <a href="#li1960">1960</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīse">wīse</a>, w. f., <i>fashion, wise, custom</i>: acc. sg. (instr.) +ealde wīsan (<i>after ancient custom</i>), <a href="#li1866">1866</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīsfæst">wīs-fæst</a>, adj., <i>wise, sagacious</i> (sapientiā firmus): nom. +sg. f., <a href="#li627">627</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīshycgende">wīs-hycgende</a>, pres. part. <i>wise-thinking, wise</i>, <a href="#li2717">2717</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwīsian">wīsian</a>, w. v., <i>to guide</i> or <i>lead to, direct, point +out</i>: 1) w. acc.: inf. hēan wong wīsian, <a href="#li2410">2410</a>; pret. sg. secg +wīsade land-gemyrcu, <a href="#li208">208</a>.—2) w. dat.: pres. sg. I. ic ēow wīsige +(<i>I shall guide you</i>), <a href="#li292">292</a>, <a href="#li3104">3104</a>; pret. sg. sē þǣm heaðo-rincum +hider wīsade, <a href="#li370">370</a>; sōna him sele-þegn ... forð wīsade <i>(the +hall-thane led him thither forthwith</i>, i.e. to his couch), <a href="#li1796">1796</a>; +stīg wīsode gumum æt-gædere, <a href="#li320">320</a>; so, <a href="#li1664">1664</a>.—3) w. prep.?: pret. sg. +þā secg wīsode under Heorotes hrōf (<i>when the warrior showed them +the way under Heorot's roof</i>, [but under H.'s hrōf depends rather +on snyredon ætsomne]), <a href="#li402">402</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwītan">wītan</a>, st. v., properly <i>to look at; to look at with censure, +to blame, reproach, accuse</i>, w. dat. of pers. and acc. of thing: +inf. for-þām mē wītan ne þearf waldend fīra morðor-bealo māga, <a href="#li2742">2742</a>.</p> + +<p>æt-wītan, <i>to blame, censure</i> (cf. 'twit), w. acc. of thing: +pret. pl. æt-witon wēana dǣl, <a href="#li1151">1151</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-wītan, properly <i>spectare aliquo; to go</i> (most general verb of +motion): 1) with inf. after verbs of motion: pret. sg. þanon eft +ge-wāt ... tō hām faran, <a href="#li123">123</a>; so, <a href="#li2570">2570</a>; pl. þanon eft gewiton ... +mēarum rīdan, <a href="#li854">854</a>. Sometimes with reflex, dat.: pres. sg. him þā Scyld +ge-wāt ... fēran on frēan wǣre, <a href="#li26">26</a>; gewāt him ... rīdan, <a href="#li234">234</a>; so, +<a href="#li1964">1964</a>; pl. ge-witon, <a href="#li301">301</a>.—2) associated with general infinitives of +motion and aim: imper. pl. ge-wītað forð beran wǣpen and gewǣdu, <a href="#li291">291</a>; +pret. sg. ge-wāt þā nēosian hēan hūses, <a href="#li115">115</a>; hē þā fāg ge-wāt ... +man-drēam flēon, <a href="#li1264">1264</a>; nyðer eft gewāt dennes nīosian, <a href="#li3045">3045</a>; so, <a href="#li1275">1275</a>, +<a href="#li2402">2402</a>, <a href="#li2820">2820</a>. So, with reflex, dat.: him eft gewāt ... hāmes nīosan, +<a href="#li2388">2388</a>; so, <a href="#li2950">2950</a>; pl. ge-witon, <a href="#li1126">1126</a>.—3) without inf. and with prep, or +adv.: pres. sg. III. þǣr firgen-strēam under næssa genipu niðer +ge-wīteð, <a href="#li1361">1361</a>; ge-wīteð on sealman, <a href="#li2461">2461</a>; inf. on flōdes ǣht feor +ge-wītan, <a href="#li42">42</a>; pret. sg. ge-wāt, <a href="#li217">217</a>; him ge-wāt, <a href="#li1237">1237</a>, <a href="#li1904">1904</a>; of līfe, +ealdre ge-wāt (<i>died</i>), <a href="#li2472">2472</a>, <a href="#li2625">2625</a>; fyrst forð ge-wāt (<i>time +went on</i>), <a href="#li210">210</a>; him ge-wāt ūt of healle, <a href="#li663">663</a>; ge-wāt him hām, <a href="#li1602">1602</a>; +pret. part. dat. sg. mē forð-ge-witenum (<i>me defuncto, I dead</i>), +<a href="#li1480">1480</a>.</p> + +<p>oð-wītan, <i>to blame, censure, reproach</i>: inf. ne þorfte him þā +lēan oð-wītan mon on middan-gearde, <a href="#li2997">2997</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlanc">wlanc, wlonc</a>, adj., <i>proud, exulting</i>: nom. sg. wlanc, +<a href="#li341">341</a>; w. instr. ǣse wlanc (<i>proud of, exulting in, her prey, +meal</i>), <a href="#li1333">1333</a>; wlonc, <a href="#li331">331</a>; w. gen. māðm-ǣhta wlonc (<i>proud of the +treasures</i>), <a href="#li2834">2834</a>; gen. sg. wlonces, <a href="#li2954">2954</a>.—Comp. gold-wlanc.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlātian">wlātian</a>, w. v., <i>to look</i> or <i>gaze out, forth</i>: pret. +sg. sē þe ǣr ... feor wlātode, <a href="#li1917">1917</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlenco">wlenco</a>, st. f., <i>pride, heroism</i>: dat. sg. wlenco, <a href="#li338">338</a>, +<a href="#li1207">1207</a>; wlence, <a href="#li508">508</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlite">wlite</a>, st. m. <i>form, noble form, look, beauty</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li250">250</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlitebeorht">wlite-beorht</a>, adj., <i>beauteous, brilliant in aspect</i>: acc. +sg. wlite-beorhtne wang, <a href="#li93">93</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlitesēon">wlite-sēon</a>, st. n. f., <i>sight, spectacle</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li1651">1651</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlitig">wlitig</a>, adj., <i>beautiful, glorious, fair in form</i>: acc. +sg. wlitig (sweord), <a href="#li1663">1663</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwlītan">wlītan</a>, st. v., <i>to see, look, gaze</i>: pret. sg. hē æfter +recede wlāt (<i>looked along the hall</i>), <a href="#li1573">1573</a>; pret. pl. on holm +wliton (<i>looked on the sea</i>), <a href="#li1593">1593</a>; wlitan on Wīglāf, <a href="#li2853">2853</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgeondwlītan">geond-wlītan</a>, w. acc., <i>to examine, look through, scan</i>: +inf. wrǣte giond-wlītan, <a href="#li2772">2772</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwōhbogen">wōh-bogen</a>, pret. part., (<i>bent crooked), crooked, +twisted</i>: nom. sg. wyrm wōh-bogen, <a href="#li2828">2828</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwolcen">wolcen</a>, st. n. m., <i>cloud</i> (cf. welkin): dat. pl. under +wolcnum (<i>under the clouds, on earth</i>), <a href="#li8">8</a>, <a href="#li652">652</a>, <a href="#li715">715</a>, <a href="#li1771">1771</a>; tō +wolcnum, <a href="#li1120">1120</a>, <a href="#li1375">1375</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwollentēar">wollen-tēar</a>, adj., <i>tear-flowing, with flowing tears</i>: +nom. pl. wollen-tēare, <a href="#li3033">3033</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwom">wom</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glwam">wam</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwon">won</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glwan">wan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glworc">worc</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glweorc">weorc</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glword">word</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>word, speech</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2818">2818</a>; acc. sg. +þæt word, <a href="#li655">655</a>, <a href="#li2047">2047</a>; word, <a href="#li315">315</a>, <a href="#li341">341</a>, <a href="#li390">390</a>, <a href="#li871">871</a>, <a href="#li2552">2552</a>; instr. sg. worde, +<a href="#li2157">2157</a>; gen. sg. wordes, <a href="#li2792">2792</a>; nom. pl. þā word, <a href="#li640">640</a>; word, <a href="#li613">613</a>; acc. +pl. word (of an alliterative song), <a href="#li871">871</a>; instr. pl, wordum, <a href="#li176">176</a>, <a href="#li366">366</a>, +<a href="#li627">627</a>, <a href="#li875">875</a>, <a href="#li1101">1101</a>, <a href="#li1173">1173</a>, <a href="#li1194">1194</a>, <a href="#li1319">1319</a>, <a href="#li1812">1812</a>, etc.; ge-saga him wordum +(<i>tell them in words, expressly</i>), <a href="#li388">388</a>. The instr. wordum +accompanies biddan, þancian, be-wægnan, secgan, hērgan, to emphasize +the verb, <a href="#li176">176</a>, <a href="#li627">627</a>, <a href="#li1194">1194</a>, <a href="#li2796">2796</a>, <a href="#li3177">3177</a>; gen. pl. worda, <a href="#li289">289</a>, <a href="#li398">398</a>, <a href="#li2247">2247</a>, +<a href="#li2263">2263</a>(?), <a href="#li3031">3031</a>.—2) <i>command, order</i>: gen. sg. his wordes geweald +habban (<i>to rule, reign</i>), <a href="#li79">79</a>; so, instr. pl. wordum wēold, +<a href="#li30">30</a>.—Comp.: bēot-, gylp-, meðel-, þrȳð-word.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwordcwide">word-cwide</a>, st. m., (<i>word-utterance</i>), <i>speech</i>: +acc. pl. word-cwydas, <a href="#li1842">1842</a>; dat. pl. word-cwydum, <a href="#li2754">2754</a>; gen. pl. +word-cwida, <a href="#li1846">1846</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwordgid">word-gid</a>, st. m, <i>speech, saying</i>: acc. sg. word-gyd, +<a href="#li3174">3174</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwordhord">word-hord</a>, st. n., <i>word-hoard, treasury of speech, +mouth</i>: acc. sg. word-hord on-lēac (<i>unlocked his word-hoard</i>, +opened his mouth, spoke), <a href="#li259">259</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwordriht">word-riht</a>, st. n., <i>right speech, suitable word</i>: gen. pl. +Wīglāf maðelode word-rihta fela, <a href="#li2632">2632</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glworthmynd">worð-mynd</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glweorthmynd">weorð-mynd</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glworthig">worðig</a> (for <b>weorðig</b>), st. m., <i>palace, estate, +court</i>: acc. sg. on worðig (<i>into the palace</i>), <a href="#li1973">1973</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glworn">worn</a>, st. n., <i>multitude, number</i>: acc. sg. worn eall +(<i>very many</i>), <a href="#li3095">3095</a>; wintra worn (<i>many years</i>), <a href="#li264">264</a>; þonne +hē wintrum frōd worn ge-munde (<i>when he old in years thought of +their number</i>), <a href="#li2115">2115</a>. Used with fela to strengthen the meaning: +nom. acc. sg. worn fela, <a href="#li1784">1784</a>; hwæt þū worn fela ... sprǣce (<i>how +very much thou hast spoken!</i>), <a href="#li530">530</a>; so, eal-fela eald-gesegena +worn, <a href="#li871">871</a>; gen. pl. worna fela, <a href="#li2004">2004</a>, <a href="#li2543">2543</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glworuld">woruld, worold</a>, st. f., <i>humanity, world, earth</i>: nom. sg. +eal worold, <a href="#li1739">1739</a>; acc. sg. in worold (wacan) (<i>to be born, come into +the world</i>), <a href="#li60">60</a>; worold oflǣtan, of-gifan (<i>die</i>), <a href="#li1184">1184</a>, <a href="#li1682">1682</a>; +gen. sg. worolde, <a href="#li951">951</a>, <a href="#li1081">1081</a>, <a href="#li1388">1388</a>, <a href="#li1733">1733</a>; worulde, <a href="#li2344">2344</a>; his worulde +ge-dāl (<i>his separation from the world, death</i>), <a href="#li3069">3069</a>; worolde +brūcan (<i>to enjoy life, live</i>), <a href="#li1063">1063</a>; worlde, <a href="#li2712">2712</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glworoldār">worold-ār</a>, st. f., <i>worldly honor</i> or <i>dignity</i>: acc. +sg. worold-āre, <a href="#li17">17</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glworuldcandel">woruld-candel</a>, st. f., <i>world-candle, sun</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li1966">1966</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glworoldcyning">worold-cyning</a>, st. m., <i>world king, mighty king</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li3182">3182</a>; gen. pl. worold-cyninga, <a href="#li1685">1685</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glworuldende">woruld-ende</a>, st. m., <i>world's end</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li3084">3084</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glworoldrǣden">worold-rǣden</a>, st. f., <i>usual course, fate of the world, +customary fate</i>: dat. sg. worold-rǣdenne, 1143?</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwōp">wōp</a>, st. m., (<i>whoop</i>), <i>cry of grief, lament</i>: nom. +sg., <a href="#li128">128</a>; acc. sg. wōp, <a href="#li786">786</a>; instr. sg. wōpe, <a href="#li3147">3147</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwracu">wracu</a>, st. f., <i>persecution, vengeance, revenge</i>: nom. sg. +wracu (MS, uncertain), <a href="#li2614">2614</a>; acc. sg. wræce, <a href="#li2337">2337</a>.—Comp.: gyrn-, +nȳd-wracu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrathu">wraðu</a>, st. f., <i>protection, safety</i>: in comp. līf-wraðu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrāth">wrāð</a>, adj., <i>wroth, furious, hostile</i>: acc. sg. neut. +wrāð, <a href="#li319">319</a>; dat. sg. wrāðum, <a href="#li661">661</a>, <a href="#li709">709</a>; gen. pl. wrāðra, <a href="#li1620">1620</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrāthe">wrāðe</a>, adv., <i>contemptibly, disgracefully</i>, <a href="#li2873">2873</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrāthlīce">wrāð-līce</a>, adv., <i>wrathfully, hostilely</i> (in battle), +<a href="#li3063">3063</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrāsn">wrāsn</a>, st. f., <i>circlet of gold for the head, diadem, +crown</i>: in comp. frēa-wrāsn.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwræclāst">wræc-lāst</a>, st. m., <i>exile-step, exile, banishment</i>: acc. +sg. wræc-lāstas træd (<i>trod exile-steps, wandered in exile</i>), +<a href="#li1353">1353</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwræcmæcg">wræc-mæcg</a>, st. m., <i>exile, outcast</i>: nom. pl. wræc-mæcgas, +<a href="#li2380">2380</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwræcsīth">wræc-sīð</a>, st. m., <i>exile-journey, banishment, exile, +persecution</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li2293">2293</a>; dat. sg. -sīðum, <a href="#li338">338</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwræt">wrǣt</a>, st. f., <i>ornament, jewel</i>: acc. pl. wrǣte (wrǣce, +MS.), <a href="#li2772">2772</a>, <a href="#li3061">3061</a>; instr. pl. wrǣttum, <a href="#li1532">1532</a>; gen. pl. wrǣtta, <a href="#li2414">2414</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrætlīc">wrǣt-līc</a>, adj.: 1) <i>artistic, ornamental; valuable</i>: acc. +sg. wrǣt-līcne wundur-māððum, <a href="#li2174">2174</a>; wrǣt-līc wǣg-sweord, <a href="#li1490">1490</a>; +wīg-bord wrǣt-līc, <a href="#li2340">2340</a>.—2) <i>wondrous, strange</i>: acc. sg. +wrǣt-līcne wyrm [from its rings or spots?], <a href="#li892">892</a>; wlite-sēon wrǣt-līc, +<a href="#li1651">1651</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrǣc">wrǣc</a>, st. f., <i>persecution</i>; hence, <i>wretchedness, +misery</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li170">170</a>; acc. sg. wrǣc, <a href="#li3079">3079</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrecan">wrecan</a>, st. v. w. acc.: 1) <i>to press, force</i>: pret. part. +þǣr wæs Ongenþēo ... on bīd wrecen, <a href="#li2963">2963</a>.—2) <i>to drive out, +expel</i>: pret. sg. ferh ellen wræc, <a href="#li2707">2707</a>.—3) <i>to wreak</i> or +<i>utter</i>: gid, spel wrecan (<i>to utter words or songs</i>); subj. +pres. sg. III. hē gyd wrece, <a href="#li2447">2447</a>; inf. wrecan spel ge-rāde, <a href="#li874">874</a>; +word-gyd wrecan, <a href="#li3174">3174</a>; pret. sg. gyd æfter wræc, <a href="#li2155">2155</a>; pres. part. þǣr +wæs ... gid wrecen, <a href="#li1066">1066</a>.—4) <i>to avenge, punish</i>: subj. pres. +þæt hē his frēond wrece, <a href="#li1386">1386</a>; inf. wolde hire mǣg wrecan, <a href="#li1340">1340</a>; so, +<a href="#li1279">1279</a>, <a href="#li1547">1547</a>; pres. part. wrecend (<i>an avenger</i>), <a href="#li1257">1257</a>; pret. sg. +wræc Wedera nīð, <a href="#li423">423</a>; so, <a href="#li1334">1334</a>, <a href="#li1670">1670</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-wrecan, <i>to tell, recount</i>: pret. sg. ic þis gid be þē ā-wræc +(<i>I have told this tale for thee</i>), <a href="#li1725">1725</a>; so, <a href="#li2109">2109</a>.</p> + +<p>for-wrecan, w. acc., <i>to drive away, expel; carry away</i>: inf. þȳ +lǣs him ȳða þrym wudu wyn-suman for-wrecan meahte (<i>lest the force +of the waves might carry away the winsome ship</i>), <a href="#li1920">1920</a>; pret. sg. +hē hine feor for-wræc ... man-cynne fram, <a href="#li109">109</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-wrecan, w. acc., <i>to avenge, wreak vengeance upon, punish</i>: +pret. sg. ge-wræc, <a href="#li107">107</a>, <a href="#li2006">2006</a>; hē ge-wræc (i.e. hit, <i>this</i>) +cealdum cear-sīðum, <a href="#li2396">2396</a>; hē hine sylfne ge-wræc (<i>avenged +himself</i>), <a href="#li2876">2876</a>; pl. ge-wrǣcan, <a href="#li2480">2480</a>; pret. part. ge-wrecen, <a href="#li3063">3063</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrecca">wrecca</a>, w. m., (<i>wretch</i>), <i>exile, adventurer, wandering +soldier, hero</i>: nom. sg. wrecca (Hengest), <a href="#li1138">1138</a>; gen. pl. wreccena +wīde mǣrost (Sigemund), <a href="#li899">899</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwreothenhilt">wreoðen-hilt</a>, adj., <i>wreathen-hilted, with twisted hilt</i>: +nom. sg., <a href="#li1699">1699</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwridian">wridian</a>, w. v., <i>to flourish, spring up</i>: pret. sg. III. +wridað, <a href="#li1742">1742</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwritha">wriða</a>, w. m., <i>band</i>: in comp. bēag-wriða +(<i>bracelet</i>), <a href="#li2019">2019</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrixl">wrixl</a>, st. n., <i>exchange, change</i>: instr. sg. wyrsan wrixle +(<i>in a worse way, with a worse exchange</i>), <a href="#li2970">2970</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-wrixle, st. n., <i>exchange, arrangement, bargain</i>: nom. sg. ne +wæs þæt ge-wrixle til (<i>it was not a good arrangement, trade</i>), +<a href="#li1305">1305</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrixlan">wrixlan</a>, w. v., <i>to exchange</i>: inf. wordum wrixlan (<i>to +exchange words, converse</i>), <a href="#li366">366</a>; <a href="#li875">875</a> (<i>tell</i>).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrīthan">wrīðan</a>, st. v. w. acc.: 1) <i>to bind, fasten, wreathe +together</i>: inf. ic hine (him, MS.) ... on wæl-bedde wrīðan þōhte, +<a href="#li965">965</a>.—2) <i>to bind up</i> (a wounded person, a wound): pret. pl. þā +wǣron monige þē his mǣg wriðon, <a href="#li2983">2983</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glhandgewrithen">hand-gewriðen</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrītan">wrītan</a>, st. v., <i>to incise, engrave</i>: pret. part. on þǣm +(hilte) wæs ōr writen fyrn-gewinnes (<i>on which was engraved the +origin of an ancient struggle</i>), <a href="#li1689">1689</a>.</p> + +<p>for-wrītan, <i>to cut to pieces</i> or <i>in two</i>: pret. sg. +for-wrāt Wedra helm wyrm on middan, <a href="#li2706">2706</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwrōht">wrōht</a>, st. m. f., <i>blame, accusation, crime</i>; here +<i>strife, contest, hostility</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2288">2288</a>, <a href="#li2474">2474</a>, <a href="#li2914">2914</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwudu">wudu</a>, st. m., <i>wood</i>: 1) <i>material, timber</i>: nom. pl. +wudu, <a href="#li1365">1365</a>; hence, <i>the wooden spear</i>: acc. pl. wudu, <a href="#li398">398</a>.—2) +<i>forest, wood</i>: acc. sg. wudu, <a href="#li1417">1417</a>.—3) <i>wooden ship</i>: nom. +sg. <a href="#li298">298</a>; acc. sg. wudu, <a href="#li216">216</a>, <a href="#li1920">1920</a>.—Comp.: bǣl-, bord-, gamen-, heal-, +holt-, mægen-, sǣ-, sund-, þrec-wudu.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwudurēc">wudu-rēc</a>, st. m., <i>wood-reek</i> or <i>smoke</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li3145">3145</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwuldor">wuldor</a>, st. n., <i>glory</i>: nom. sg. kyninga wuldor +(<i>God</i>), <a href="#li666">666</a>; gen. sg. wuldres wealdend, <a href="#li17">17</a>, <a href="#li183">183</a>, <a href="#li1753">1753</a>; wuldres +hyrde, <a href="#li932">932</a>, (designations of God).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwuldorcyning">wuldor-cyning</a>, st. m., <i>king of glory, God</i>. dat. sg. +wuldur-cyninge, 2796</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwuldortorht">wuldor-torht</a>, adj., <i>glory-bright, brilliant, clear</i>: acc. +pl. wuldor-torhtan weder, <a href="#li1137">1137</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwulf">wulf</a>, st. m., <i>wolf</i>: acc. sg., <a href="#li3028">3028</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwulfhlith">wulf-hlið</a>, st. n., <i>wolf-slope, wolf's retreat, slope +whereunder wolves house</i>: acc. pl. wulf-hleoðu, <a href="#li1359">1359</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwund">wund</a>, st. f., <i>wound</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2712">2712</a>, <a href="#li2977">2977</a>; acc. sg. +wunde, <a href="#li2532">2532</a>, <a href="#li2907">2907</a>; acc. sg. wunde, <a href="#li2726">2726</a>; instr. pl. wundum, <a href="#li1114">1114</a>, +<a href="#li2831">2831</a>, <a href="#li2938">2938</a>.—Comp. feorh-wund.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwund">wund</a>, adj., <i>wounded, sore</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2747">2747</a>; dat. sg. +wundum, <a href="#li2754">2754</a>; nom. pl. wunde, <a href="#li565">565</a>, <a href="#li1076">1076</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwundenfeax">wunden-feax</a>, adj., <i>curly-haired</i> (of a horse's mane): +nom. sg., <a href="#li1401">1401</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwundenheals">wunden-heals</a>, adj., <i>with twisted</i> or <i>curved neck</i> +or <i>prow</i>: nom. sg. wudu wunden-hals (<i>the ship</i>), <a href="#li298">298</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwundenheorde">wunden-heorde</a>?, <i>curly-haired</i>?: nom. sg. f., <a href="#li3153">3153</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwundenmǣl">wunden-mǣl</a>, adj., <i>damascened, etched, with wavy +ornaments</i>(?): nom. sg. neut., <a href="#li1532">1532</a> (of a sword).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwundenstefna">wunden-stefna</a>, w. m. <i>curved prow, ship</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li220">220</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwundor">wundor</a>, st. n.: 1) <i>wonder, wonderwork</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li772">772</a>, +<a href="#li1725">1725</a>; wundur, <a href="#li3063">3063</a>; acc. sg. wundor, <a href="#li841">841</a>; wunder, <a href="#li932">932</a>; wundur, <a href="#li2760">2760</a>, +<a href="#li3033">3033</a>, <a href="#li3104">3104</a>; dat. sg. wundre, <a href="#li932">932</a>; instr. pl. wundrum +(<i>wondrously</i>), <a href="#li1453">1453</a>, <a href="#li2688">2688</a>; gen. pl. wundra, <a href="#li1608">1608</a>.—2) +<i>portent, monster</i>: gen. pl. wundra, <a href="#li1510">1510</a>.—Comp.: hand-, nīð-, +searo-wundor.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwundorbebod">wundor-bebod</a>, st. n., <i>wondrous command, strange order</i>: +instr. pl. -bebodum, <a href="#li1748">1748</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwundordēath">wundor-dēað</a>, st. m., <i>wonder-death, strange death</i>: instr. +sg. wundor dēaðe, <a href="#li3038">3038</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwundorfæt">wundor-fæt</a>, st. n., <i>wonder-vat, strange vessel</i>: dat. pl. of +wundor-fatum (<i>from wondrous vessels</i>), <a href="#li1163">1163</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwundorlīc">wundor-līc</a>, adj., <i>wonder like, remarkable</i>: nom. sg., +<a href="#li1441">1441</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwundormāththum">wundor-māððum</a>, st. m., <i>wonder-jewel, wonderful treasure</i>: +acc. sg., <a href="#li2174">2174</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwundorsmith">wundor-smið</a>, st. m., <i>wonder-smith, skilled smith, worker of +marvellous things</i>: gen. pl. wundor-smiða geweorc (the ancient +giant's sword), <a href="#li1682">1682</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwundorsēon">wundor-sēon</a>, st. f., <i>wondrous sight</i>: gen. pl. +wunder-sīona, <a href="#li996">996</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwunian">wunian</a>, w. v.: 1) <i>to stand, exist, remain</i>: pres. sg. +III. þenden þǣr wunað on hēah-stede hūsa sēlest (<i>as long as the +best of houses stands there on the high place</i>), <a href="#li284">284</a>; wunað hē on +wiste (<i>lives in plenty</i>), <a href="#li1736">1736</a>; inf. on sele wunian (<i>to +remain in the hall</i>), <a href="#li3129">3129</a>; pret. sg. wunode mid Finne (<i>remained +with F.</i>), <a href="#li1129">1129</a>.—2) w. acc. or dat., <i>to dwell in, to inhabit, +to possess</i>: pres. sg. III. wunað wæl-reste (<i>holds his +death-bed</i>), <a href="#li2903">2903</a>; inf. wæter-egesan wunian scolde..., strēamas, +<a href="#li1261">1261</a>; wīcum wunian, <a href="#li3084">3084</a>; w. prep.: pres. sg. Higelāc þǣr æt hām +wunað, <a href="#li1924">1924</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-wunian, w. acc.: 1) <i>to inhabit</i>: inf. ge-[wunian], <a href="#li2276">2276</a>.—2) +<i>to remain with, stand by</i>: subj. pres. þæt hine on ylde eft +ge-wunigen wil-ge-sīðas, <a href="#li22">22</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwurthan">wurðan</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glweorthan">weorðan</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwuton">wuton</a>, v. from wītan, used as interj., <i>let us go! up!</i> w. +inf.: wutun gangan tō (<i>let us go to him!</i>), <a href="#li2649">2649</a>; uton hraðe +fēran! <a href="#li1391">1391</a>; uton nū efstan, <a href="#li3102">3102</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwylf">wylf</a>, st. f., <i>she-wolf</i>: in comp. brim-wylf.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwylm">wylm</a>, st. m., <i>surge, surf, billow</i>: num. sg. flōdes wylm, +<a href="#li1765">1765</a>; dat. wintres wylme (<i>with winter's flood</i>), <a href="#li516">516</a>; acc. sg. +þurh wæteres wylm, <a href="#li1694">1694</a>; acc. pl. heortan wylmas, <a href="#li2508">2508</a>.—Comp.: +brēost-, brim-, byrne-, cear-, fȳr-, heaðo-, holm-, sǣ-, sorh-wylm. +See <a class="glentry" href="#glwælm">wælm</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwyn">wyn</a>, st. f., <i>pleasantness, pleasure, joy, enjoyment</i>: +acc. sg. mǣste ... worolde wynne (<i>the highest earthly joy</i>), +<a href="#li1081">1081</a>; eorðan wynne (<i>earth-joy, the delightful earth</i>), <a href="#li1731">1731</a>; +heofenes wynne (<i>heaven's joy</i>, the rising sun), <a href="#li1802">1802</a>; hearpan +wynne (<i>harp-joy, the pleasant harp</i>), <a href="#li2108">2108</a>; þæt hē ... ge-drogen +hæfde eorðan wynne (<i>that he had had his earthly joy</i>), <a href="#li2728">2728</a>; +dat. sg. weorod wæs on wynne, <a href="#li2015">2015</a>; instr. pl. mægenes wynnum (<i>in +joy of strength</i>), <a href="#li1717">1717</a>; so, <a href="#li1888">1888</a>.—Comp.: ēðel-, hord-, līf-, +lyft-, symbel-wyn.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwynlēas">wyn-lēas</a>, adj., <i>joyless</i>: acc. sg. wyn-lēasne wudu, <a href="#li1417">1417</a>; +wyn-lēas wīc, <a href="#li822">822</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwynsum">wyn-sum</a>, adj., <i>winsome, pleasant</i>: acc. sg. wudu +wyn-suman (<i>the ship</i>), <a href="#li1920">1920</a>; nom. pl. word wǣron wyn-sume, <a href="#li613">613</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwyrcan">wyrcan</a>, v. irreg.: 1) <i>to do, effect</i>, w. acc.: inf. +(wundor) wyrcan, <a href="#li931">931</a>.—2) <i>to make, create</i>, w. acc.: pret. sg. +þæt se æl-mihtiga eorðan worh[te], <a href="#li92">92</a>; swā hine <i>(the helmet</i>) +worhte wǣpna smið, <a href="#li1453">1453</a>.—3) <i>to gain, win, acquire</i>, w. gen.: +subj. pres. wyrce, sē þe mōte, dōmes ǣr dēaðe, <a href="#li1388">1388</a>.</p> + +<p>be-wyrcan, <i>to gird, surround</i>: pret. pl. bronda betost wealle +be-worhton, <a href="#li3163">3163</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-wyrcan: 1) intrans., <i>to act, behave</i>: inf. swā sceal geong +guma gōde gewyrcean ... on fæder wine þæt ... (<i>a young man shall so +act with benefits towards his father's friends that</i> ...), <a href="#li20">20</a>.—2) +w. acc., <i>to do, make, effect, perform</i>: inf. ne meahte ic æt +hilde mid Hruntinge wiht ge-wyrcan, <a href="#li1661">1661</a>; sweorde ne meahte on þām +āglǣcan ... wunde ge-wyrcean, <a href="#li2907">2907</a>; pret. sg. ge-worhte, <a href="#li636">636</a>, <a href="#li1579">1579</a>, +<a href="#li2713">2713</a>; pret. part. acc. ic þā lēode wāt ... fæste ge-worhte. <a href="#li1865">1865</a>.—3) +<i>to make, construct</i>: inf. (medo-ærn) ge-wyrcean, <a href="#li69">69</a>; (wīg-bord) +ge-wyrcean, <a href="#li2338">2338</a>; (hlǣw) ge-wyrcean, <a href="#li2803">2803</a>; pret. pl. II. ge-worhton, +<a href="#li3097">3097</a>; III. ge-worhton, <a href="#li3158">3158</a>; pret. part. ge-worht, <a href="#li1697">1697</a>.—4) <i>to +win, acquire</i>: pres. sg. ic mē mid Hruntinge dōm ge-wyrce, <a href="#li1492">1492</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glWyrd">Wyrd</a>, st. f., <i>Weird</i> (one of the Norns, guide of human +destiny; mostly weakened down = <i>fate, providence</i>): nom. sg., +<a href="#li455">455</a>, <a href="#li477">477</a>, <a href="#li572">572</a>, <a href="#li735">735</a>, <a href="#li1206">1206</a>, <a href="#li2421">2421</a>, <a href="#li2527">2527</a>, <a href="#li2575">2575</a>, <a href="#li2815">2815</a>; acc. sg. wyrd, <a href="#li1057">1057</a>, +<a href="#li1234">1234</a>; gen. pl. wyrda, <a href="#li3031">3031</a>. (Cf. Weird Sisters of Macbeth.)</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwyrdan">wyrdan</a>, w. v., <i>to ruin, kill, destroy</i>: pret. sg. hē tō +lange lēode mine wanode and wyrde, <a href="#li1338">1338</a>.</p> + +<p>ā-wyrdan, w. v., <i>to destroy, kill</i>: pret. part.: æðeling monig +wundum ā-wyrded, <a href="#li1114">1114</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwyrthe">wyrðe</a>, adj., <i>noble; worthy, honored, valued</i>: acc. sg. m. +wyrðne (ge-dōn) (<i>to esteem worthy</i>), <a href="#li2186">2186</a>; nom. pl. wyrðe, <a href="#li368">368</a>; +compar. nom. sg. rīces wyrðra (<i>worthier of rule</i>), <a href="#li862">862</a>.—Comp. +fyrd-wyrðe. See <a class="glentry" href="#glweorth">weorð</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwyrgen">wyrgen</a>, st, f., <i>throttler</i> [cf. sphinx], <i>she-wolf</i>; +in comp. grund-wyrgen.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgewyrht">wyrht</a>, st. n., <i>work; desert</i>; in comp. eald-gewyrht, +<a href="#li2658">2658</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwyrm">wyrm</a>, st. m., <i>worm, dragon, drake</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li898">898</a>, <a href="#li2288">2288</a>, +<a href="#li2344">2344</a>, <a href="#li2568">2568</a>, <a href="#li2630">2630</a>, <a href="#li2670">2670</a>, <a href="#li2746">2746</a>, <a href="#li2828">2828</a>; acc. sg. wyrm, <a href="#li887">887</a>, <a href="#li892">892</a>, <a href="#li2706">2706</a>, +<a href="#li3040">3040</a>, <a href="#li3133">3133</a>; dat. sg. wyrme, <a href="#li2308">2308</a>, <a href="#li2520">2520</a>; gen. wyrmes, <a href="#li2317">2317</a>, <a href="#li2349">2349</a>, <a href="#li2760">2760</a>, +<a href="#li2772">2772</a>, <a href="#li2903">2903</a>; acc. pl. wyrmas, <a href="#li1431">1431</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwyrmcyn">wyrm-cyn</a>, st. m., <i>worm-kin, race of reptiles, dragons</i>: +gen. sg. wyrm-cynnes fela, <a href="#li1426">1426</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwyrmfāh">wyrm-fāh</a>, adj., <i>dragon-ornamented, snake-adorned</i> +(ornamented with figures of dragons, snakes, etc.: cf. Dietrich in +Germania X., 278): nom. sg. sweord ... wreoðen-hilt and wyrm-fāh, +<a href="#li1699">1699</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwyrmhord">wyrm-hord</a>, st. n., <i>dragon-hoard</i>: gen. pl. wyrm-horda, +<a href="#li2223">2223</a>.</p> + +<p>for-<a class="glentry" name="glforwyrnan">wyrnan</a>, w. v., <i>to refuse, reject</i>: subj. pres. II. +þæt þū mē nō for-wyrne, þæt... (<i>that thou refuse me not +that</i>...), <a href="#li429">429</a>; pret. sg. hē ne for-wyrnde worold-rǣdenne, <a href="#li1143">1143</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-<a class="glentry" name="glgewyrpan">wyrpan</a>, w. v. reflex., <i>to refresh one's self, +recover</i>: pret. sg. hē hyne ge-wyrpte, <a href="#li2977">2977</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwyrpe">wyrpe</a>, st. m., <i>change</i>: acc. sg. æfter wēa-spelle wyrpe +ge-fremman (<i>after the woe-spell to bring about a change of +things</i>), <a href="#li1316">1316</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwyrsa">wyrsa</a>, compar. adj., <i>worse</i>: acc. sg. neut. þæt wyrse, +<a href="#li1740">1740</a>; instr. sg. wyrsan wrixle, <a href="#li2970">2970</a>; gen. sg. wyrsan geþinges, <a href="#li525">525</a>; +nom. acc. pl. wyrsan wīg-frecan, <a href="#li1213">1213</a>, <a href="#li2497">2497</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwyrt">wyrt</a>, st. f., [<i>-wort</i>], <i>root</i>: instr. pl. wudu +wyrtum fæst, <a href="#li1365">1365</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwȳscan">wȳscan</a>, w. v., <i>to wish, desire</i>: pret. sg. wīscte (rihde, +MS.) þæs yldan (<i>wished to delay that</i> or <i>for this reason</i>, +<a href="#li2440">2440</a>, <a href="#li1605">1605</a>(?). See <a href="#note1605">Note</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossY">Y</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glyfel">yfel</a>, st n., <i>evil</i>: gen. pl. yfla, <a href="#li2095">2095</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glyldan">yldan</a>, w. v., <i>to delay, put off</i>: inf. nē þæt se āglǣca +yldan þōhte, <a href="#li740">740</a>; weard wine-geōmor wīscte þæs yldan, þæt hē lȳtel fæc +long-gestrēona brūcan mōste, <a href="#li2240">2240</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glylde">ylde</a>, st. m. pl., <i>men</i>: dat. pl. yldum, <a href="#li77">77</a>, <a href="#li706">706</a>, <a href="#li2118">2118</a>; +gen. pl. ylda, <a href="#li150">150</a>, <a href="#li606">606</a>, <a href="#li1662">1662</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glelde">elde</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glyldest">yldest</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gleald">eald</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glyldo">yldo</a>, st. f., <i>age (senectus), old age</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li1737">1737</a>, +<a href="#li1887">1887</a>; atol yldo, <a href="#li1767">1767</a>; dat. sg. on ylde, <a href="#li22">22</a>.—2) <i>age (ǣtas), time, +era</i>: gen. sg. yldo bearn, <a href="#li70">70</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gleldo">eldo</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glyldra">yldra</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gleald">eald</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glylf">ylf</a>, st. f., <i>elf (incubus, alp</i>): nom. pl. ylfe, <a href="#li112">112</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glymb">ymb</a>, prep. w. acc.: 1) local, <i>around, about, at, upon</i>: +ymb hine (<i>around, with, him</i>), <a href="#li399">399</a>. With prep, postponed: hine +ymb, <a href="#li690">690</a>; ymb brontne ford (<i>around the seas, on the high sea</i>), +<a href="#li568">568</a>; ymb þā gif-healle (<i>around the gift-hall, throne-hall</i>), +<a href="#li839">839</a>; ymb þæs helmes hrōf (<i>around the helm's roof, crown</i>), +<a href="#li1031">1031</a>.—2) temporal, <i>about, after</i>: ymb ān-tīd ōðres dōgores +(<i>about the same time the next day</i>), <a href="#li219">219</a>; ymb āne niht (<i>after +a night</i>), <a href="#li135">135</a>.—3) causal, <i>about, on account of, for, owing +to</i>: (frīnan) ymb þīnne sīð (<i>on account of, concerning?, thy +journey</i>), <a href="#li353">353</a>; hwæt þū ... ymb Brecan sprǣce (<i>hast spoken about +B.</i>), <a href="#li531">531</a>; so, <a href="#li1596">1596</a>, <a href="#li3174">3174</a>; nā ymb his līf cearað (<i>careth not for +his life</i>), <a href="#li1537">1537</a>; so, <a href="#li450">450</a>; ymb feorh sacan, <a href="#li439">439</a>; sundor-nytte +behēold ymb aldor Dena, <a href="#li669">669</a>; ymb sund (<i>about the swimming, the +prize for swimming</i>), <a href="#li507">507</a>.</p> + +<p>ymbe, I. prep. w. acc. = ymb: 1) local, <a href="#li2884">2884</a>, <a href="#li3171">3171</a>; hlǣw oft ymbe +hwearf (prep, postponed), <a href="#li2297">2297</a>. 2) causal, <a href="#li2071">2071</a>, <a href="#li2619">2619</a>.—II. adv., +<i>around</i>: him ... ymbe, <a href="#li2598">2598</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glymbsittend">ymb-sittend</a>, pres. part., <i>neighbor</i> gen. pl. +ymb-sittendra, <a href="#li9">9</a>.</p> + +<p>ymbe-sittend, the same: nom. pl. ymbe-sittend, <a href="#li1828">1828</a>; gen. pl. +ymbe-sittendra, <a href="#li2735">2735</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glyppe">yppe</a>, w. f., <i>high seat, dais, throne</i>: dat. sg. ēode ... +tō yppan, <a href="#li1816">1816</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glyrfe">yrfe</a>, st. n., <i>bequest, legacy</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li3052">3052</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glyrfelāf">yrfe-lāf</a>, st. f., <i>sword left as a bequest</i>: acc. sg. +yrfe-lāfe, <a href="#li1054">1054</a>; instr. sg. yrfe-lāfe, <a href="#li1904">1904</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glyrfeweard">yrfe-weard</a>, st. m., <i>heir, son</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li2732">2732</a>; gen. sg. +yrfe-weardes, <a href="#li2454">2454</a>. (-as, MS.)</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glyrmtho">yrmðo</a>, st. f., <i>misery, shame, wretchedness</i>: acc. sg. +yrmðe, <a href="#li1260">1260</a>, <a href="#li2006">2006</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glyrre">yrre</a>, st. n., <i>anger, ire, excitement</i>: acc. sg. godes +yrre, <a href="#li712">712</a>; dat. sg, on yrre, <a href="#li2093">2093</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glyrre">yrre</a>, adj., <i>angry, irate, furious</i>: nom. sg. yrre ōretta +(Bēowulf), <a href="#li1533">1533</a>; þegn yrre (the same), <a href="#li1576">1576</a>; gæst yrre (Grendel), +<a href="#li2074">2074</a>; nom. pl. yrre, <a href="#li770">770</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#gleorre">eorre</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glyrringa">yrringa</a>, adv., <i>angrily, fiercely</i>, <a href="#li1566">1566</a>, <a href="#li2965">2965</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glyrremōd">yrre-mōd</a>, adj., <i>wrathful-minded, wild</i>: nom. sg., <a href="#li727">727</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glys">ys</a>, <i>he is</i>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glwesan">wesan</a>.</p> + + +<p><b><a name="glossYl">Ȳ</a></b></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glȳth">ȳð</a> (O.H.G. unda), st. f., <i>wave; sea</i>: nom. pl. ȳða, <a href="#li548">548</a>; acc. +pl. ȳðe, <a href="#li46">46</a>, <a href="#li1133">1133</a>, <a href="#li1910">1910</a>; dat. pl. ȳðum, <a href="#li210">210</a>, <a href="#li421">421</a>, <a href="#li534">534</a>, <a href="#li1438">1438</a>, <a href="#li1908">1908</a>; ȳðum +weallan (<i>to surge with waves</i>), <a href="#li515">515</a>, <a href="#li2694">2694</a>; gen. pl. ȳða, <a href="#li464">464</a>, <a href="#li849">849</a>, +<a href="#li1209">1209</a>, <a href="#li1470">1470</a>, <a href="#li1919">1919</a>.—Comp: flōd-, līg-, wæter-ȳð.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glȳthan">ȳðan</a>, w. v., <i>to ravage, devastate, destroy</i>: pret. sg. +ȳðde eotena cyn, <a href="#li421">421</a> (cf. īðende = <i>depopulating</i>, Bosworth, from +AElfric's Glossary; pret. ȳðde, Wanderer, 85).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glȳthe">ȳðe</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glēathe">ēaðe</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glȳthelīce">ȳðe-līce</a>, adv., <i>easily</i>: ȳðe-līce hē eft ā-stōd (<i>he +easily arose afterwards</i>), <a href="#li1557">1557</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glȳthgebland">ȳð-gebland</a>, st. n., <i>mingling</i> or <i>surging waters, +water-tumult</i>: nom. sg. -geblond, <a href="#li1374">1374</a>, <a href="#li1594">1594</a>; nom. pl. -gebland, +<a href="#li1621">1621</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glȳthgewin">ȳð-gewin</a>, st. n., <i>strife with the sea, wave-struggle, +rushing of water</i>: dat. sg. ȳð-gewinne, <a href="#li2413">2413</a>; gen. sg. -gewinnes, +<a href="#li1435">1435</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glȳthlād">ȳð-lād</a>, st. f., <i>water-journey, sea-voyage</i>: nom. pl. +ȳð-lāde, <a href="#li228">228</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glȳthlāf">ȳð-lāf</a>, st. f., <i>water-leaving, what is left by the water +(undarum reliquiae), shore</i>: dat. sg. be ȳð-lāfe, <a href="#li566">566</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glȳthlida">ȳð-lida</a>, w. m., <i>wave-traverser, ship</i>: acc. sg. ȳð-lidan, +<a href="#li198">198</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glȳthnaca">ȳð-naca</a>, w. m., <i>sea-boat</i>: acc. sg. [ȳð-]nacan, <a href="#li1904">1904</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glȳthgesēne">ȳð-gesēne</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glēthgesȳne">ēð-gesȳne</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glȳwan">ȳwan</a>, w. v. w. acc., <i>to show</i>: pret. sg. an-sȳn ȳwde +(<i>showed itself, appeared</i>), <a href="#li2835">2835</a>. See <a class="glentry" href="#glēawan">ēawan, ēowan</a>.</p> + +<p>ge-ȳwan, w. acc. of thing, dat. of pers., <i>to lay before, offer</i>: +inf., <a href="#li2150">2150</a>.</p> + +<h3><a name="glossFin"></a>GLOSSARY TO FINNSBURH.</h3> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glābrecan">ābrecan</a>, st. v., <i>to shatter</i>: part. his byrne ābrocen +wǣre (<i>his byrnie was shattered</i>).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glānyman">ānyman</a>, st. v., <i>to take, take away</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glbānhelm">bān-helm</a>, st. m., <i>bone-helmet; skull</i>, [<i>shield</i>, +Bosw.].</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glburuhthelu">buruh-þelu</a>, st. f., <i>castle-floor</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glcēlod">cēlod</a>, part, (adj.?), <i>keeled</i>, i.e. boat-shaped or +hollow.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldagian">dagian</a>, w. v., <i>to dawn</i>: nē þis nē dagiað ēastan +(<i>this is not dawning from the east</i>).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldēormōd">dēor-mōd</a>, adj., <i>brave in mood</i>: dēor-mōd hæleð.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gldrihtgesīth">driht-gesīð</a>, st m., <i>companion, associate</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glēastan">ēastan</a>, adv., <i>from the east</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gleorthbūend">eorð-būend</a>, st. m., <i>earth-dweller, man</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfēr">fēr</a>, st. m. <i>fear, terror</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glfȳren">fȳren</a>, adj., <i>flaming, afire</i>: nom. f. swylce eal +Finns-buruh fȳrenu wǣre (<i>as if all Finnsburh were afire</i>).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgehlyn">gehlyn</a>, st. n., <i>noise, tumult</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgellan">gellan</a>, st. v., <i>to sing</i> (i.e. ring or resound): pres. +sg. gylleð grǣg-hama (<i>the gray garment</i> [byrnie] <i>rings</i>); +(<i>the gray wolf yelleth</i>?).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgenesan">genesan</a>, st. v., <i>to survive, recover from</i>: pret. pl. þā +wīgend hyra wunda genǣson (<i>the warriors were recovering from their +wounds</i>).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgoldhladen">gold-hladen</a>, adj., <i>laden with gold</i> (wearing heavy gold +ornaments).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgrǣghama">grǣg-hama</a>, w. m., <i>gray garment, mail-coat</i>; +(<i>wolf</i>?—Brooke).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glgūthwudu">gūð-wudu</a>, st. m., <i>war-wood, spear</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhægsteald">hæg-steald</a>, st. m., <i>one who lives in his lord's house, a +house-carl.</i></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheathogeong">heaðo-geong</a>, adj., <i>young in war.</i></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glheresceorp">here-sceorp</a>, st. n., <i>war-dress, coat of mail</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhleothrian">hleoðrian</a>, w. v., <i>to speak, exclaim</i>: pret. sg. hleoðrode +... cyning (<i>the prince exclaimed</i>).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrǣw">hrǣw</a>, st. n., <i>corpse</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glhrōr">hrōr</a>, adj., <i>strong</i>: here-sceorpum hrōr (<i>strong</i> +[though it was] <i>as armor</i>, Bosw.).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gllac">lac</a> (<b>lað</b>?)? for <b>flacor</b>, <i>fluttering?</i></p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="gloncwethan">oncweðan</a>, st. v., <i>to answer</i>: pres. sg. scyld scefte +oncwyð (<i>the shield answers the spear</i>).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glonwacnian">onwacnian</a>, w. v., <i>to awake, arouse one's self</i>: imper. +pl. onwacnigeað ..., wīgend mine (<i>awake, my warriors!</i>).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsceft">sceft</a> (sceaft), st. m., <i>spear, shaft</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsealobrūn">sealo-brūn</a>, adj., <i>dusky-brown</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsigebeorn">sige-beorn</a>, st. m., <i>victorious hero, valiant warrior</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswæther">swæðer</a> (swā hwæðer), pron., <i>which of two, which</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswān">swān</a>, st. m., <i>swain, youth; warrior</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glsweart">sweart</a>, adj., <i>swart, black</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswēt">swēt</a>, adj., <i>sweet</i>: acc. m. swētne medo ... forgyldan +(<i>requite the sweet mead</i>, i.e. repay, by prowess in battle, the +bounty of their chief).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glswurdlēoma">swurd-lēoma</a>, w. m., <i>sword-flame, flashing of swords</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glthyrl">þyrl</a>, adj., <i>pierced, cloven</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glundearninga">undearninga</a>, adv., <i>without concealment, openly</i>.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwandrian">wandrian</a>, w. v., <i>to fly about, hover</i>: pret. sg. hræfn +wandrode (<i>the raven hovered</i>).</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwathol">waðol</a>, st. m., <i>the full moon</i> [Grein]; [adj., +<i>wandering</i>, Bosw.].</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwælsliht">wæl-sliht</a> (<b>-sleaht</b>), st. m., <i>combat, deadly +struggle</i>: gen. pl. wæl-slihta gehlyn (<i>the din of combats</i>)</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glweādǣd">weā-dǣd</a>, st. f., <i>deed of woe</i>: nom. pl. ārisað weā-dǣda.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwitian">witian</a> (<b>weotian</b>), w. v., <i>to appoint, determine</i>: +part. þē is ... witod.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwurthlīce">wurðlīce</a> (<b>weorðlīce</b>), adv., <i>worthily, gallantly</i>: +compar. wurð-līcor.</p> + +<p><a class="glentry" name="glwæg">wæg, weg</a>, st. m., <i>way</i>.</p> + +<h3><a name="corr"></a>CORRECTIONS MADE TO THE SOURCE TEXT:</h3> + +<p>ARGUMENT, recals = recalls +ll. 131, 737 þryð-swyð = þrȳð-sw̄ð +l. 256 ōfest = ōfost +l. 303 scīonon = scionon +l. 706 buton = būton +l. 1115 āt = æt +l. 1133 wīð = wið +ll. 1304, 1560, 1616 missing caesuras supplied +l. 1436 here-stræl = here-strǣl +l. 1642 feōwer- = fēower +l. 1747 stræle = strǣle +l. 1828 þywað = þȳwað +l. 1926 betlic = betlīc +l. 2224 gescēod = gesceōd +ll. 2288, 3036 wās = wæs +l. 2453 to = tō +l. 2503 Huga = Hūga (marked long, correctly, in the list of names, but not elsewhere) +l. 2586 niðe = nīðe +l. 2587 sið = sīð +l. 2684 irenna = īrenna +l. 2915 Hugas = Hūgas +l. 2956 hēaðo-liðendum = heaðo-līðendum +l. 3000 Þāt = Þæt; feōnd- = fēond- +l. 3056 sóð = sōð +l. 3137 Hrōnes = Hrones +list of names, under: + Dene, Scedenīgge = Scedenigge + Ēadgils, Ohthere = Ōhthere + Frēawaru, Freawaru = Frēawaru + Hrōðgār, Hrōð-gāre = Hrōðgāre + Hygelac, Hǣreð = Hæreð +notes, for +l. 31, of l. 31 = of l. 30 +l. 1441, wōð- = wǣg- +l. 1916, leōfra = lēofra +glossary, under: + æðele, Beowulf's = Bēowulf's + ān, gehwilces = gehwylces + ǣg-hwā, ǣgh-wæs = ǣghwæs + æt-beran, beadolāce = beadulāce + beadu-lāc, beado- = beadu- (twice) + bēag, beages = bēages + beorh, hēaford- = hēafod + bēodan, leodum = lēodum + bēon, cwēnlic = cwēnlīc + biddan, bliðne = blīðne + bitter, stræle = strǣle + ge-bīdan, therefor = therefore + on-bīdan, earfōðlīce = earfoðlīce + brecan, lētdse = lēt se + burne, of of = of + būtan, swīce = swice + cempa, Huga = Hūga + ge-cēosan, usic = ūsic + on-cirran, wealdendas = wealdendes + corðer, þæ = þā + cūð, wīð- = wīd- + cunnan, þēawe = þēaw + dōgor, gehwam = gehwām + dōn, ymbsittend = ymbesittend; hettend = hetend; þywað = þȳwað + drīfan, feoran = feorran + dryhten, frēah- = frēa- + dryht-scipe, drihtscipe = drihtscype + ge-dȳgan, wræcsið = wræcsīð + eal, oncyððe = oncȳððe + ealdor, herestræl = herestrǣl + ēacen-cræftig, iūmanna = iūmonna + eofor-sprēot, hocyhtum = hōcyhtum + eorlīc, eorlic [ellen] = eorlīc + fāh, wāldrēore = wældrēore + fela, maððum- = māððum- + oð-ferian, panon = þonan + fēran, wære = wǣre + fēond, feonda = fēonda + flēon, fenhōpu = fenhopu + floga, wīð- = wīd- + folc-toga, Hrōðgar = Hrōðgār + for, wonhydum = wonhȳdum; handgeweorc = hondgeweorc + fōt-gemearc, long = lang + ge-frignan, þeodcyninga = þēodcyninga + ge-fyrðran, fratwum = frætwum + ge-fȳsan, to sēcanne = tō sēceanne + gān, swa = swā; [or] giong = gīong; flore = flōre; sīttan = sittan + ge-gan, Wīglaf = Wīglāf + gār-wiga, Wīglaf = Wīglāf + gæst, fēde- = fēðe- + gegn-cwide, þinra = þīnra + ge-gyrwan, yðlidan = ȳðlidan + gēoc, gást = gāst + geōmore-līc, [bið] geōmorlic = geōmorlīc + for-gildan, therefor = therefore + gold-wlanc, guðrinc = gūðrinc + grētan, walgǣst = wælgǣst + grim, searo-grimm = searo-grim + habban, gecorene = gecorone + wið-habban, winsele = wīnsele + hatan, sǣliðend = sǣlīðend + hatian, guð-sceaða = gūð-sceaða + hār, heāre = hēare + here-strǣl, -stræl = strǣl + heard, -stræl = -strǣl; regen- = regn- + heorte, starc- = stearc + heoro-drēor, heoro-dreore (citation) = heoro-drēore + hlið, hliðu = hliðo (twice) + hōp, hōp = hop (twice) + hreow, þāt = þæt + hrōf, gesēah = geseah + hwīl, seo = sēo + hȳran, ǣghwilc = ǣghwylc + inne, abēad = ābēad + īren, drihtlīc = dryhtlīc + lāð, gewiðru = gewidru; scynnum = scinnum + be-lēan, beleān = belēan + mētan, Aescheres = Æscheres + mearcian, mōrhōpu = mōrhopu + ge-mearian, hwam = hwām + morðor-bed, stred = strēd + mōd, stið- = stīð + nǣnig, horð-māðum = hord-māððum + on, hēaðe = heoðe; willen = willan + rǣd, fǣst- = fæst + reccan, hu = hū + rīdan, gealgan = galgan + sang, -leasne = lēasne + sceapan, Hugas = Hūgas (twice) + scānan, scīonon = scionon + scīnan, scīnon = scinon + secg, synnigne = sinnigne + ge-sēcan, -cyððe = cȳððe + ge-sīgan, ætsæcce = æt sæcce + ge-slēan, ge-slōgan = ge-slōgon + standan, stræl = strǣl + stapan, furðor = furður + ge-steppan, Ohtheres = Ōhteres + stincan, þæ = þā + styrian, ge-wiðru = ge-widru + sweord, maððum- = māððum + ge-swīcan, þeodne = þēodne + tēon (w. v.), nalæs = nalas; teodan = tēodan + tō, hælum = hǣlum; sitte = site; Eofore = Jofore + ge-trūwan, -wære = wǣre + ge-twǣfan, ōððe = oððe + þǣr, snotera = snottra + þē, gimfæstan = ginfæstan + of-þincan, gehwam = gehwām + ge-þolian, þāt = þæt + þū, sǣlran = selran + þūsend, sēofon = seofan + un-hēore, -speru = -sporu + ūs, ǣg-hwilc = ǣg-hwylc + wacan, wōcon = wōcun + werian, beaduscrūd = beaduscrūda + be-werian, scynnum = scinnum + wēn, orlēg = orleg; ōr-wena = or-wēna + weorðian, leōde = lēode + willa, wyllum = willum + wilnian, fæðer = fæder + nāt, hwilc = hwylc (twice) + ge-wītan, wære = wǣre</p> + +<p>Changes to Vowel Quantities in the Revised Edition: (<i>Revisions +that were mentioned in the source text have been siltently +incorporated and aren't listed here. Unless otherwise noted, changes +are to all related forms of the word.</i>) + + Abel = Ābel + aglǣc (æglǣc) = āglǣc (ǣglǣc) + āttor = attor + āwā = āwa + begen = bēgen + gebræd = gebrǣd + breme = brēme + Brosinga = Brōsinga + cōfa = cofa + cymlīcor = cȳlīcor + drusian = drūsian + ēfstan = efstan + eode (-iode) [pret. of gān] = ēode (-īode) [and in compounds] + fæger = fǣ [in cpd. un- and l. 774 only] + fīftena = fīftȳna + feor(-e/-es/-um) = fēor- [except ll. 73, 934, 1844] + forþam = forþām + Fresan/Frysan = Frēsan/Frȳsan + frinan (gefrunon) = frīnan (gefrūnon) + (of)geāfon = (of)gēafon + gen = gēn + genunga = gēnunga + gēo/gīo = geō/gio [and in compounts] + gigant = gīgant + Hǣðcyn = Hæðcyn + hēht = heht + her = hēr + ofer-higian = ofer-hīgian + hliðe/hliðes = hlīðe/hlīðes [dat. and gen. of hlið] + hlifian = hlīfian + Hreosna- = Hrēosna + (H)ūnferð = (H)unferð + hydig = hȳdig + hyda = hȳda + læs = lǣs + lixan = līxan + lyt(el) = lȳt(el) [and in compounds] + Merewioingas = Merewīoingas + meagol = mēagol + mearh [oblique cases], mear- = mēar- + missere = missēre + ne = nē [as conjunct/disjunct] + niwe = nīwe + geniwian = genīwian + niw-tyrwed = nīw-tyrwed + ōfost = ofost + onettan = ōnettan + oret/oretta = ōret/ōretta + ōð = oð [and as verbal prefix] + scōp = scop [n. only] + scyran = scȳran + se = sē [as substantive and relative] + singal = singāl + sīoloð (sēoloð) = sioloð + sleac = slēac + stæl = stǣl + swēlan = swelan + Sweon = Swēon + (ge)trūwan = (ge)truwan + tux = tūx + twegen = twēgen + tydre = tȳdre + (un)tyder = (un)tȳder + tyn = tȳn + þrag = þrā + þritig = þrītig + þryð = þrȳð + þihtig/þyhtig = þīhtig/þȳhtig + wag = wāg + wæfre = wǣfre + wel = wēl [and in compounds] + weōx = wēox + wīga = wiga + Wihstān (Weohstān) = Wīhstān (Wēohstān) + witig = wītig + ge-witnian = ge-wītnian + wræt = wrǣt + uhte = ūhte [and in compounds] +</p> +</div> +</div> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Beowulf +by James A. Harrison and Robert Sharp, eds. + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BEOWULF *** + +This file should be named 8bwlf10h.htm or 8bwlf10h.zip +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks get a new NUMBER, 8bwlf11h.htm +VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, 8bwlf10ah.htm + +Produced by Karl Hagen and PG Distributed Proofreaders + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we usually do not +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + +We are now trying to release all our eBooks one year in advance +of the official release dates, leaving time for better editing. +Please be encouraged to tell us about any error or corrections, +even years after the official publication date. + +Please note neither this listing nor its contents are final til +midnight of the last day of the month of any such announcement. +The official release date of all Project Gutenberg eBooks is at +Midnight, Central Time, of the last day of the stated month. A +preliminary version may often be posted for suggestion, comment +and editing by those who wish to do so. + +Most people start at our Web sites at: +http://gutenberg.net or +http://promo.net/pg + +These Web sites include award-winning information about Project +Gutenberg, including how to donate, how to help produce our new +eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter (free!). + + +Those of you who want to download any eBook before announcement +can get to them as follows, and just download by date. This is +also a good way to get them instantly upon announcement, as the +indexes our cataloguers produce obviously take a while after an +announcement goes out in the Project Gutenberg Newsletter. + +http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/etext03 or +ftp://ftp.ibiblio.org/pub/docs/books/gutenberg/etext03 + +Or /etext02, 01, 00, 99, 98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90 + +Just search by the first five letters of the filename you want, +as it appears in our Newsletters. + + +Information about Project Gutenberg (one page) + +We produce about two million dollars for each hour we work. The +time it takes us, a rather conservative estimate, is fifty hours +to get any eBook selected, entered, proofread, edited, copyright +searched and analyzed, the copyright letters written, etc. Our +projected audience is one hundred million readers. If the value +per text is nominally estimated at one dollar then we produce $2 +million dollars per hour in 2002 as we release over 100 new text +files per month: 1240 more eBooks in 2001 for a total of 4000+ +We are already on our way to trying for 2000 more eBooks in 2002 +If they reach just 1-2% of the world's population then the total +will reach over half a trillion eBooks given away by year's end. + +The Goal of Project Gutenberg is to Give Away 1 Trillion eBooks! +This is ten thousand titles each to one hundred million readers, +which is only about 4% of the present number of computer users. + +Here is the briefest record of our progress (* means estimated): + +eBooks Year Month + + 1 1971 July + 10 1991 January + 100 1994 January + 1000 1997 August + 1500 1998 October + 2000 1999 December + 2500 2000 December + 3000 2001 November + 4000 2001 October/November + 6000 2002 December* + 9000 2003 November* +10000 2004 January* + + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation has been created +to secure a future for Project Gutenberg into the next millennium. + +We need your donations more than ever! + +As of February, 2002, contributions are being solicited from people +and organizations in: Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Connecticut, +Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, +Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, +Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New +Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, +Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South +Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West +Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. + +We have filed in all 50 states now, but these are the only ones +that have responded. + +As the requirements for other states are met, additions to this list +will be made and fund raising will begin in the additional states. +Please feel free to ask to check the status of your state. + +In answer to various questions we have received on this: + +We are constantly working on finishing the paperwork to legally +request donations in all 50 states. If your state is not listed and +you would like to know if we have added it since the list you have, +just ask. + +While we cannot solicit donations from people in states where we are +not yet registered, we know of no prohibition against accepting +donations from donors in these states who approach us with an offer to +donate. + +International donations are accepted, but we don't know ANYTHING about +how to make them tax-deductible, or even if they CAN be made +deductible, and don't have the staff to handle it even if there are +ways. + +Donations by check or money order may be sent to: + +Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +PMB 113 +1739 University Ave. +Oxford, MS 38655-4109 + +Contact us if you want to arrange for a wire transfer or payment +method other than by check or money order. + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation has been approved by +the US Internal Revenue Service as a 501(c)(3) organization with EIN +[Employee Identification Number] 64-622154. Donations are +tax-deductible to the maximum extent permitted by law. As fund-raising +requirements for other states are met, additions to this list will be +made and fund-raising will begin in the additional states. + +We need your donations more than ever! + +You can get up to date donation information online at: + +http://www.gutenberg.net/donation.html + + +*** + +If you can't reach Project Gutenberg, +you can always email directly to: + +Michael S. Hart hart@pobox.com + +Prof. Hart will answer or forward your message. + +We would prefer to send you information by email. + + +**The Legal Small Print** + + +(Three Pages) + +***START**THE SMALL PRINT!**FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN EBOOKS**START*** +Why is this "Small Print!" statement here? You know: lawyers. +They tell us you might sue us if there is something wrong with +your copy of this eBook, even if you got it for free from +someone other than us, and even if what's wrong is not our +fault. So, among other things, this "Small Print!" statement +disclaims most of our liability to you. It also tells you how +you may distribute copies of this eBook if you want to. + +*BEFORE!* YOU USE OR READ THIS EBOOK +By using or reading any part of this PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm +eBook, you indicate that you understand, agree to and accept +this "Small Print!" statement. If you do not, you can receive +a refund of the money (if any) you paid for this eBook by +sending a request within 30 days of receiving it to the person +you got it from. If you received this eBook on a physical +medium (such as a disk), you must return it with your request. + +ABOUT PROJECT GUTENBERG-TM EBOOKS +This PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm eBook, like most PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm eBooks, +is a "public domain" work distributed by Professor Michael S. Hart +through the Project Gutenberg Association (the "Project"). +Among other things, this means that no one owns a United States copyright +on or for this work, so the Project (and you!) can copy and +distribute it in the United States without permission and +without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth +below, apply if you wish to copy and distribute this eBook +under the "PROJECT GUTENBERG" trademark. + +Please do not use the "PROJECT GUTENBERG" trademark to market +any commercial products without permission. + +To create these eBooks, the Project expends considerable +efforts to identify, transcribe and proofread public domain +works. Despite these efforts, the Project's eBooks and any +medium they may be on may contain "Defects". Among other +things, Defects may take the form of incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other +intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged +disk or other eBook medium, a computer virus, or computer +codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. + +LIMITED WARRANTY; DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES +But for the "Right of Replacement or Refund" described below, +[1] Michael Hart and the Foundation (and any other party you may +receive this eBook from as a PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm eBook) disclaims +all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including +legal fees, and [2] YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE OR +UNDER STRICT LIABILITY, OR FOR BREACH OF WARRANTY OR CONTRACT, +INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE +OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES, EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE +POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. + +If you discover a Defect in this eBook within 90 days of +receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) +you paid for it by sending an explanatory note within that +time to the person you received it from. If you received it +on a physical medium, you must return it with your note, and +such person may choose to alternatively give you a replacement +copy. If you received it electronically, such person may +choose to alternatively give you a second opportunity to +receive it electronically. + +THIS EBOOK IS OTHERWISE PROVIDED TO YOU "AS-IS". NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, ARE MADE TO YOU AS +TO THE EBOOK OR ANY MEDIUM IT MAY BE ON, INCLUDING BUT NOT +LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A +PARTICULAR PURPOSE. + +Some states do not allow disclaimers of implied warranties or +the exclusion or limitation of consequential damages, so the +above disclaimers and exclusions may not apply to you, and you +may have other legal rights. + +INDEMNITY +You will indemnify and hold Michael Hart, the Foundation, +and its trustees and agents, and any volunteers associated +with the production and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm +texts harmless, from all liability, cost and expense, including +legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the +following that you do or cause: [1] distribution of this eBook, +[2] alteration, modification, or addition to the eBook, +or [3] any Defect. + +DISTRIBUTION UNDER "PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm" +You may distribute copies of this eBook electronically, or by +disk, book or any other medium if you either delete this +"Small Print!" and all other references to Project Gutenberg, +or: + +[1] Only give exact copies of it. Among other things, this + requires that you do not remove, alter or modify the + eBook or this "small print!" statement. You may however, + if you wish, distribute this eBook in machine readable + binary, compressed, mark-up, or proprietary form, + including any form resulting from conversion by word + processing or hypertext software, but only so long as + *EITHER*: + + [*] The eBook, when displayed, is clearly readable, and + does *not* contain characters other than those + intended by the author of the work, although tilde + (~), asterisk (*) and underline (_) characters may + be used to convey punctuation intended by the + author, and additional characters may be used to + indicate hypertext links; OR + + [*] The eBook may be readily converted by the reader at + no expense into plain ASCII, EBCDIC or equivalent + form by the program that displays the eBook (as is + the case, for instance, with most word processors); + OR + + [*] You provide, or agree to also provide on request at + no additional cost, fee or expense, a copy of the + eBook in its original plain ASCII form (or in EBCDIC + or other equivalent proprietary form). + +[2] Honor the eBook refund and replacement provisions of this + "Small Print!" statement. + +[3] Pay a trademark license fee to the Foundation of 20% of the + gross profits you derive calculated using the method you + already use to calculate your applicable taxes. If you + don't derive profits, no royalty is due. Royalties are + payable to "Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation" + the 60 days following each date you prepare (or were + legally required to prepare) your annual (or equivalent + periodic) tax return. Please contact us beforehand to + let us know your plans and to work out the details. + +WHAT IF YOU *WANT* TO SEND MONEY EVEN IF YOU DON'T HAVE TO? +Project Gutenberg is dedicated to increasing the number of +public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed +in machine readable form. + +The Project gratefully accepts contributions of money, time, +public domain materials, or royalty free copyright licenses. +Money should be paid to the: +"Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +If you are interested in contributing scanning equipment or +software or other items, please contact Michael Hart at: +hart@pobox.com + +[Portions of this eBook's header and trailer may be reprinted only +when distributed free of all fees. Copyright (C) 2001, 2002 by +Michael S. Hart. Project Gutenberg is a TradeMark and may not be +used in any sales of Project Gutenberg eBooks or other materials be +they hardware or software or any other related product without +express permission.] + +*END THE SMALL PRINT! FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN EBOOKS*Ver.02/11/02*END* + + + +</pre> + +</body> +</html> |