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diff --git a/old/esptr10.txt b/old/esptr10.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..83a3557 --- /dev/null +++ b/old/esptr10.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8844 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Esperanto Teacher, by Helen Fryer + +Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the +copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing +this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook. + +This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project +Gutenberg file. Please do not remove it. Do not change or edit the +header without written permission. + +Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the +eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is +important information about your specific rights and restrictions in +how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** + + +Title: The Esperanto Teacher + A Simple Course for Non-Grammarians + +Author: Helen Fryer + +Release Date: May, 2005 [EBook #8177] +[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] +[This file was first posted on June 26, 2003] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ESPERANTO TEACHER *** + + + + +Produced by David Starner, Tiffany Vergon, William Patterson +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team + + + + + + + THE + ESPERANTO TEACHER, + + + A SIMPLE COURSE FOR + NON-GRAMMARIANS. + + + BY + HELEN FRYER. + + + TENTH EDITION. + (B.E.A. PUBLICATIONS FUND--No. 3). + + + All profits from the sale of this book are devoted to the + propaganda of Esperanto. + + + + LONDON: + BRITISH ESPERANTO ASSOCIATION (Incorporated), + 17, Hart Street, W.C.I. + + + * * * * * + + + PRESENTATION. + +Perhaps to no one is Esperanto of more service than to the +non-grammarian. It gives him for a minimum expenditure of time and money +a valuable insight into the principles of grammar and the meaning of +words, while enabling him, after only a few months of study, to get into +communication with his fellow men in all parts of the world. + +To place these advantages within easy reach of all is the aim of this +little book. Written by an experienced teacher, revised by Mr. E. A. +Millidge, and based on the exercises of Dr. Zamenhof himself, it merits +the fullest confidence of the student, and may be heartily commended to +all into whose hands it may come. + + W. W. PADFIELD. + + + PREFACE. + +This little book has been prepared in the hope of helping those who, +having forgotten the lessons in grammar which they received at school, +find some difficulty in learning Esperanto from the existing textbooks. +It is hoped it will be found useful not only for solitary students, but +also for class work. + +The exercises are taken chiefly from the "Ekzercaro" of Dr. Zamenhof. +The compiler also acknowledges her indebtedness especially to the +"Standard Course of Esperanto," by Mr. G. W. Bullen, and to the +"Esperanto Grammar and Commentary," by Major-General Geo. Cox, and while +accepting the whole responsibility for all inaccuracies and crudenesses, +she desires to thank all who have helped in the preparation, and +foremost among them Mr. W. W. Padfield, of Ipswich, for advice and +encouragement throughout the work, and to Mr. E. A. Millidge, for his +unfailing kindness and invaluable counsel and help in its preparation +and revision. + + + MANNER OF USING THE BOOK. + +The student is strongly advised to cultivate the habit of thinking in +Esperanto from the very beginning of the study. To do this he should +try to realise the idea mentally without putting it into English words, +e.g., when learning the word "rozo" or "kolombo," let him bring the +object itself before his mind's eye, instead of repeating "'rozo', +rose; 'kolombo', pigeon"; or with the sentence "'la suno brilas', the +sun shines," let him picture the sun shining. Having studied the lesson +and learned the vocabulary, he should read the exercise, repeating each +sentence aloud until he has become familiar with it and can pronounce +it freely. Then turning to the English translation at the end of the +book, he should write the exercise into Esperanto, compare it with +the original, and re-learn and re-write if necessary. Although this +method may require a little more time and trouble at first, the greater +facility gained in speaking the language will well repay the outlay. + +After mastering this book the student should take some reader, such +as "Unua Legolibro," by Dr. Kabe, and then proceed to the "Fundamenta +Krestomatio," the standard work on Esperanto, by Dr. Zamenhof. + +A very good Esperanto-English vocabulary is to be found in the +"Esperanto Key," 1/2d., or in "The Whole of Esperanto for a Penny." + + + THE ORIGIN AND AIM OF ESPERANTO. + +A few words as to the origin of Esperanto will perhaps not be out +of place here. The author of the language, Dr. Ludovic Zamenhof, a +Polish Jew, was born on December 3rd, 1859, at Bielovstok, in Poland, +a town whose inhabitants are of four distinct races, Poles, Russians, +Germans, and Jews, each with their own language and customs, and +often at open enmity with each other. Taught at home that all men are +brethren, Zamenhof found everywhere around him outside the denial of +this teaching, and even as a child came to the conclusion that the races +hated, because they could not understand, each other. Feeling keenly, +too, the disabilities under which his people specially laboured, being +cut off by their language from the people among whom they lived, while +too proud to learn the language of their persecutors, he set himself to +invent a language which should be neutral and therefore not require any +sacrifice of pride on the part of any race. + +Interesting as is the story of Zamenhof's attempts and difficulties, it +must suffice here to say that at the end of 1878 the new language was +sufficiently advanced for him to impart it to schoolfellows like-minded +with himself, and on December 17th of that year they feted its birth, +and sang a hymn in the new language, celebrating the reign of unity and +peace which should be brought about by its means, "All mankind must +be united in one family." But the enthusiasm of its first followers +died down under the derision they encountered, and for nine years more +Zamenhof worked in secret at his language, translating, composing, +writing original articles, improving, polishing, till in 1887 he +published his first book under the title of "An International Language +by Dr. Esperanto." ("Esperanto" means "one who hopes"). + +That the idea which impelled the young Zamenhof to undertake such a work +is still the mainspring of his devotion to the cause is shown by the +following extract from his opening speech at the second International +Esperanto Congress in 1906:--"We are all conscious that it is not +the thought of its practical utility which inspires us to work for +Esperanto, but only the thought of the important and holy idea which +underlies an international language. This idea, you all know, is that +of: brotherhood and justice among all peoples." And, again, in his +presidential address at the third Esperanto Congress, held this year +(1907) at Cambridge, he said, "We are constantly repeating that we do +not wish to interfere in the internal life of the nations, but only to +build a bridge between the peoples. The ideal aim of Esperantists, never +until now exactly formulated, but always clearly felt, is: To establish +a neutral foundation, on which the various races of mankind may hold +peaceful, brotherly intercourse, without intruding on each other their +racial differences." + + Sur neuxtrala lingva fundamento, + Komprenante unu la alian, + La popoloj faros en konsento + Unu grandan rondon familian. + + (On the foundation of a neutral language, + Understanding one another, + The peoples will form in agreement + One great family circle). + + HELEN FRYER. + +December, 1907. + + + THE ALPHABET. + + + SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS. + +In Esperanto each letter has only one sound, and each sound is +represented in only one way. The words are pronounced exactly as spelt, +every letter being sounded. + +Those CONSONANTS which in English have one simple sound only are exactly +the same in Esperanto; they are--b, d, f, k, l, m, n, p, r, t, v, z (r +must be well rolled). + +q, w, x, y are not used. + +c, g, h, s, which in English represent more than one sound, and j are +also used with the mark ^-- + + c cx, g gx, h hx, j jx, s sx. + +c - (whose two English sounds are represented by k and s) has the sound +of TS, as in iTS, TSar. + +cx - like CH, TCH, in CHurCH, maTCH. + +g - hard, as in Go, GiG, Gun. + +gx - soft, as in Gentle, Gem, or like J in Just, Jew. + +h - well breathed, as in Horse, Home, How. + +hx - strongly breathed, and in the throat, as in the Scotch word loCH. +(Ask any Scotsman to pronounce it). Hx occurs but seldom. It is the +Irish GH in louGH, and the Welsh CH. + +j - like Y in Yes, You, or J in halleluJah, fJord. + +jx - like S in pleaSure, or the French J, as in deJeuner, Jean d'Arc. + +s - like SS in aSS, leSS, never like S in roSe. + +sx - like SH in SHe, SHall, SHip, or S in Sugar, Sure. + +In newspapers, etc., which have not the proper type, cx, gx, hx, jx, sx +are often replaced by ch, gh, hh, jh, sh, or by c', g', h', j', s', and +ux by u. + +ux - is also a consonant, and has the sound of W in We, as EUXropo, or U +in persUade. + +The VOWELS a, e, i, o, u have not the English, but the Continental +sounds. + +a - always like A in Ah! or in tArt. + +e - like E in bEnd, but broader, like E in thEre. + +i - is a sound between EE in mEEt and I in Is. + +o - like O in fOr, or in the Scottish NO, or AU in AUght. + +u - like OO in bOOt, pOOr. + +a, e, i, o, u are all simple sounds, that is, the mouth is kept in one +position while they are being sounded. In learning them lengthen them +out, and be careful not to alter the position of the mouth, however long +they are drawn out. In the compound sounds given below the shape of the +mouth changes; to get the correct pronunciation sound each letter fully +and distinctly, gradually bringing them closer until they run together, +when they become almost as follows:-- + +aj - nearly like AI in AIsle, or I in nIce, fIne. + +ej - nearly like EI in vEIn. + +oj - nearly like OY in bOY, or OI in vOId. + +uj - nearly like UJ in hallelUJah. + +aux - like AHW, or nearly OU in hOUse, pronounced broadly, haOUse. + +eux - like EHW, or EY W in thEY Were, AYW in wAYWard. + +Practise saying aja, eja, oja, uja, auxa, euxa several times quickly. +Then gradually drop the final a. + + + ACCENT. + +The accent or stress is always placed on the syllable before the last, +as es-PE-ro, es-pe-RAN-to, es-pe-ran-TIS-to, es-pe-ran-tis-TI-no; JU-na, +ju-NU-lo, ju-nu-LA-ro. All the syllables must be clearly pronounced, not +slurred over. + + + EXERCISE IN PRONOUNCIATION. + +a - (as in bAth), PAT-ra, LA-na, a-GRA-bla, mal-VAR-ma, KLA-ra, +pa-FA-do. + +e - (as in bEnd), BE-la, mEm, fe-NES-tro, ven-DRE-do, tre-E-ge, +le-TE-ro. + +i - (as in sEE), mi, I-li, i-MI-ti, vi-ZI-ti, TRIN-ki, in-SIS-ti. + +o - (as in fOr), HO-mo, RO-zo, ko-LOM-bo, DOR-mo (the R rolled), MOR-to, +po-PO-lo. + +u - (as in bOOt), U-nu, dum, BRU-lu, sur-TU-to, vul-TU-ro, mur-MUR-i. + +aj - (as in nIce), ajn, kaj, rAJ-to, taj-LO-ro, FAJ-ro, BE-laj. + +ej - (as in plAY), VEJ-no, HEJ-mo, plej, HEJ-to. + +oj - (as in bOY), PAT-roj, FOJ-no, HO-mojn, KOJ-no, SOJ-lo, KON-koj. + +uj - (as in hallelUJah), tuj, CXI-uj, TI-uj. + +aux - (as in cOW), AN-taux, LAUX-bo, fraux-LI-no, KAUX-zi, auxs- KUL-tu, +AUX-di. + +eux - (like ehw), Eux-RO-po, neux-ral-GI-o, Eux-kar-IS-to, +reux-ma-TIS-mo. + +c - (= ts, biTS), CE-lo, fa-CI-la (=FA-TSEE-LA), be-LE-co (BE-LE-TSO), +ofi-CI-ro, PA-co, ci-ko-NI-o, CO-lo. + +cx - (= tch, maTCH), cxu, ecx, cxe, CXAM-bro, CXER-pi, TRAN-cxi, RI-cxa. + +g - (as in Good), LON-ga, LE-gi, ge-NU-o, GEN-to, GLI-ti, GRO-so. + +gx - (as in Gem), GXE-mi, gxis, gxar-DE-no, SA-gxa, MAN-gxi, RE-gxo. + +h - (breathed), HA-ro, hi-RUN-do, ha-RIN-go, his-to-RI-o, he-DE-ro, +HIM-no. + +hx - (in throat), hxe-MI-o, hxo-LE-ro, me-hxa-NI-ko, E-hxo, hxa-O-so. + +j - (like y), JU-na, ma-JES-ta, sin-JO-ro, ka-JE-ro, jes, ja. + +jx - (= zh), bon-AJX-o, JXE-ti, jxur-NA-lo, jxus, JXAUX-do, jxa-LU-zo. + +s - (ss), SU-per, ses, STA-ri, trans, ves-PE-ro, SVIN-gi. + +sx - (sh), FRE-sxa, SXE-lo, KU-sxi, SXTU-po, SXVI-ti, SXVE-li. + +kz - ek-ZER-co, ek-ZEM-plo, ek-za-ME-no, ek-ze-KU-ti, ek-ZI-li, +ek-ZIS-ti. + +kv - kvar, kvin, kvi-E-ta, KVAN-kam, KVER-ko, KVA-zaux. + +gv - GVI-di, LIN-gvo. + +kn - KNA-bo, KNE-di. + +sc - (sts), SCI-o (sts-ee-o), SCE-no (stse-no), SCEP-tro, eks-CI-ti +(eks-TSEE-tee), eks-cel-EN-co (eks-tsel-EN-tso), sci-EN-co +(stsee-en-tso). + +CEN-to, SEN-to; CE-lo, SE-lo, SXE-lo; CO-lo, KO-lo; ci, cxi; ec, ecx; +KRU-co, KRU-cxo; PA-go, PA-gxo; RE-gi, RE-gxi; SE-gi, SE-gxo; HO-ro, +HXO-ro; PE-si, PE-zi; STE-lo, SXTE-lo; SAN-go, SXAN-go; VER-so, VER-sxi; +dis-I-ri, dis-SXI-ri; GUS-ta, GXUS-ta; STU-po, SXTU-po; STA-lo, SXTA-lo; +POS-to, POSX-to; re-SER-vi, re-ZER-vi; ru-GXI-gi, ru-CXI-gxi; ri-CXI-gi, +ri-CXI-gxi, ri-CXE-co; FTI-zo. + +a-E-ro, oce-A-no, fe-I-no, GXU-i, pe-RE-i, pe-RE-u; fo-I-ro, +CXI-u-JA-ra, VO-joj, tro-U-zi, for-RAM-pi, ku-I-ri; SKVA-mo, +zo-o-lo-GI-o, en-U-i, de-TRU-u, SXPRU-ci, ru-I-ni; Jan-u-A-ro, +Feb-ru-A-ro, li-E-no, ho-DI-aux, hi-E-raux, Hun-gar-U-jo, Ne-a-PO-lo, +sci-U-ro. + + + * * * * * + + +NOTE.--A useful mnemonic for the Esperanto vowels is pAr, pEAr, pIEr, +pORe, pOOr, but the sounds should not be dragged. It is helpful to note +that the English words "mate, reign, pane, bend; meet, beat, feel, lady; +grow, loan, soft; mute, yes, mule" (as pronounced in London and South of +England), would be written in Esperanto thus:--"mejt, rejn, pejn, bend; +mijt, bijt, fijl, lejdi; groux, louxn, soft; mjut, jes, mjul". + + + LESSON 1. + + WORDS. + +In Esperanto a word generally consists of an unchanging part or root, +which expresses the idea, and an ending which shows the use of the word, +that is, whether it is a name, a describing word, etc. By changing the +ending the use of the word is changed. + +Notice carefully the words given below which end in "o". It will be seen +that they are all names. + +In Esperanto every name ends in "o". + +(In Grammar names are called NOUNS). + +Notice further the words which end in "-as." They all express doing or +being (action or state), which is going on at the present time, or which +is a custom at the present time. + +The words "a," "an," are not expressed; "the" is translated by "la". + + VOCABULARY. + + pAtro : father. cxAmbro : room. + frAto : brother. fenEstro : window. + fIlo : son. lIbro : book. + TeodOro :Theodore. krajOno : pencil. + tajlOro : tailor. plUmo : pen. + leOno : lion. cxapElo : hat. + bEsto : animal. dOmo : house. + kolOmbo : pigeon. Arbo : tree. + bIrdo : bird. + rOzo : rose. Estas : is, are, am. + flOro : flower. apartEnas : belongs. + pOmo : apple. brIlas : shines. + sUno : sun. kUsxas : lies. + tEro : earth, ground. stAras : stands. + sxtOno : stone. + + la : the. de : of, from. + kaj : and. kIe : where. + jes : yes. kIo : what thing. + ne : no, not. jen Estas : here is. + al : to, towards. cxu : whether (asks a question). + sur : on. Antaux : before, in front of. + en : in. + Apud : by, near, beside. + + (The [UPPERCASE] shows the accented syllable). + +Patro kaj frato. Leono estas besto. Rozo estas floro kaj kolombo estas +birdo. La rozo apartenas al Teodoro. La suno brilas. La patro estas +tajloro. Kie estas la libro kaj la krajono? Jen estas pomo. Sur la tero +kusxas sxtono. Sur la fenestro kusxas krajono kaj plumo. La filo staras +apud la patro. Jen kusxas la cxapelo de la patro. La patro estas en la +cxambro. Antaux la domo staras arbo. + +Kio estas leono? Kio estas rozo? Kio brilas? Kio estas la patro? Kie +estas la patro? Kio estas sur la fenestro? Kie estas la plumo? + +Cxu leono estas besto? Jes, leono estas besto. Cxu rozo estas birdo? Ne, +rozo ne estas birdo, rozo estas floro. + + + LESSON 2. + +Every "describing" word, that is, every word which tells the kind or +quality of a person or thing, ends in "a," as "granda", large; "rugxa", +red. + +(A describing word is called an ADJECTIVE). + + VOCABULARY. + + bEla : beautiful. jUna : young. + blAnka : white. matUra : mature, ripe. + blUa : blue. nOva : new. + bOna : good. nUtra : nutritious. + fidEla : faithful. pUra : pure, clean. + fOrta : strong. rIcxa : rich. + frEsxa : fresh. sAna : well (healthy). + + cxiElo : sky, heaven. nEgxo : snow. + fEsto : holiday. pAno : bread. + frauxlIno : maiden lady, Miss papEro : paper. + hOmo : man (human being). tAblo : table. + hUndo : dog. vIno : wine. + infAno : child. Onklo : uncle. + JohAno : John. pli : more. + kajEro : exercise book. ol : than. + lAkto : milk. sed : but. + mAno : hand. tre : very. + +La patro estas sana. Infano ne estas matura homo. La cxielo estas blua. +Leono estas forta. La patro estas bona. La mano de Johano estas pura. +Papero estas blanka. Blanka papero kusxas sur la tablo. Jen estas la +kajero de la juna frauxlino. Sur la cxielo staras la bela suno. La +papero estas tre blanka, sed la negxo estas pli blanka. Lakto estas pli +nutra, ol vino. La pano estas fresxa. La onklo estas pli ricxa, ol la +frato. Jen kusxas rugxa rozo. La hundo estas tre fidela. La libro estas +nova. + + + LESSON 3. + +When the name (noun) is required to denote more than one of the persons +or things for which it stands, "j" is added to it, as "rozoj", roses; +"kolomboj", pigeons; and then every "describing" word (adjective) which +belongs to it must also have "j", as "rugxaj rozoj", red roses; "la +kolomboj estas belaj", the pigeons are beautiful. + +(When the noun stands for "more than one," it is said to be PLURAL. "j" +is the sign of the plural). + + VOCABULARY. + + jAro : year. agrAbla : agreeable, pleasant. + kAnto : song. Akra : sharp. + knAbo : boy. delikAta : delicate. + lilIo : lily. flUgas : fly, flies. + trancxIlo : knife. diligenta : diligent. + dento : tooth. + + lUndo : Monday. vendrEdo : Friday. + mArdo : Tuesday. sabAto : Saturday. + merkrEdo : Wednesday. dimAncxo : Sunday. + jxAUXdo : Thursday. + +La birdoj flugas. La kanto de la birdoj estas agrabla. Kie estas la +knaboj? La patroj estas sanaj. Infanoj ne estas maturaj homoj. Leonoj +estas fortaj. La manoj de Johano estas puraj. Jen estas la kajeroj de la +junaj frauxlinoj. La onkloj estas pli ricxaj, ol la fratoj. La hundoj +estas tre fidelaj. Blankaj paperoj kusxas sur la tablo. En la cxambro +estas novaj cxapeloj. Kie estas la akraj trancxiloj? Bonaj infanoj estas +diligentaj. Jen kusxas puraj, blankaj, delikataj lilioj. La dentoj de +leonoj estas akraj. + + + LESSON 4. + + mi : I. ni : we, + ci : thou. vi : you. + li : he. ili : they. + sxi : she. si (see Lesson 7). + gxi : it oni : one, they, people. + + +(The above words are called PRONOUNS because they are used instead of +repeating the noun). + +By adding "a" the pronouns are made to denote a quality, in this case +possession, as "mia libro", my book; "via pomo", your apple; "ilia +infano", their child. + + mia : my, mine. nia : our, ours. + cia : thy, thine. via : your, yours, + lia : his. ilia : their, theirs. + sxia : her, hers. sia (see Lesson 7), + gxia : its. + +When the name to which these "pronoun-adjectives" belong is plural they +must of course take "j", as "miaj libroj", my books; "viaj pomoj", your +apples; "iliaj infanoj", their children. + +In speaking of relations and parts of the body "la" is often used +instead of "mia", "lia", etc., as "La filo staras apud la patro", The +son stands by the (his) father. + +For "mine," "ours," etc., "mia", "nia", etc., may be used either with or +without "la", as "La libro estas mia", or "La libro estas la mia", The +book is mine. + +"Oni" is used for "one, they, people", when these words are indefinite +in meaning, as in the sentences:--Here one can speak fearlessly, "Tie +cxi oni povas maltime paroli", They say that he is rich, "Oni diras, ke +li estas ricxa", People often eat too quickly, "Oni ofte mangxas tro +rapide." + + VOCABULARY. + + Avo : grandfather. vEnkas : conquers. + amIko : friend. mAngxi : to eat. + gxardEno : garden gxentIla : polite. + knabIno : girl. silEnte : silently. + rUso : Russian. kIu : who, which (that). + sinjOro gentleman, Mr., Sir. cxIu : each one, every. + vEro : truth. cxIuj : all, all the. + vEnas : comes. la plej : the most. + Iras : goes. tIel : as, so. + lEgas : reads. kIel : as. + skrIbas : writes. nun : now. + plOras : cry, cries. Ankaux : also. + vOlas : wills, wishes. cxIam : always. + dIras : says. el : out of. + sIdas : sits. cxar : because, for. + +Mi legas. Vi skribas. Li estas knabo, kaj sxi estas knabino. Ni estas +homoj. Vi estas infanoj. Ili estas rusoj. Kie estas la knaboj? Ili estas +en la gxardeno, Kie estas la knabinoj? Ili ankaux estas en la gxardeno. +Kie estas la trancxiloj? Ili kusxas sur la tablo. La infano ploras, cxar +gxi volas mangxi. Sinjoro, vi estas negxentila. Sinjoroj, vi estas +negxentilaj. Oni diras; ke la vero cxiam venkas. La domo apartenas al +li. Mi venas de la avo, kaj mi iras nun al la onklo. Mi estas tiel +forta, kiel vi. Nun mi legas, vi legas, kaj li legas, ni cxiuj legas. Vi +skribas, kaj la infanoj skribas, ili (vi) cxiuj sidas silente kaj +skribas. + +Mia hundo, vi estas tre fidela. Li estas mia onklo, cxar mia patro estas +lia frato. El cxiuj miaj infanoj, Ernesto estas la plej juna. Lia patro +kaj liaj fratoj estas en la gxardeno. sxia onklo estas en la domo. Kie +estas viaj libroj? Niaj libroj kusxas sur la tablo; iliaj krajonoj kaj +ilia papero ankaux kusxas sur la tablo. + +Kiu estas en la cxambro? Kiuj estas en la cxambro? La sinjoro, kiu +legas, estas mia amiko. La sinjoro, al kiu vi skribas, estas tajloro. +Kio kusxas sur la tablo? + + + LESSON 5. + + The use of final "n". + +In order to understand the meaning of a sentence it is necessary to be +able to recognise clearly and unmistakably what it is that is spoken +about, that is, what the "subject of the sentence" is. In English this +is often to be recognised only by its position in the sentence. For +instance, the three words--visited, John, George, can be arranged to +mean two entirely, different things, either "John visited George," or +"George visited John." [Footnote: In teaching Esperanto to children it +is well to make sure before going further that they thoroughly +understand, what the subject is. The subject is that which we think or +speak about. The word which stands for it is the subject of the +sentence. The children may be required to underline the subject of each +sentence in a suitable piece of prose or verse.] In Esperanto the sense +does not depend on the arrangement-- "Johano vizitis Georgon" and +"Georgon vizitis Johano" mean exactly the same thing, that John visited +George, the "n" at the end of "Georgon" showing that "Georgon" is not +the subject. There is no want of clearness about the following +(Esperanto) sentences, absurd as they are in English:-- + + La patron mordis la hundo. + The father bit the dog. + + La infanon gratis la kato. + The child scratched the cat. + + La birdojn pafis Johano. + The birds shot John. + + La musojn kaptis la knabo. + The mice caught the boy. + + La kokidon mangxis la onklo. + The chicken ate the uncle. + + La bildon pentris la pentristo. + The picture painted the painter. + + La fisxojn vendis la fisxisto. + The fish sold the fisherman. + +In these sentences the subjects are at once seen to be "hundo, kato, +Johano, knabo, onklo, pentristo, fisxisto", for the final "n" in +"patron, infanon, birdojn, musojn, kokidon, bildon, fisxojn", +distinguishes these words from the subject. + +This use of "n" renders clear sentences that are not clear in English. +"John loves Mary more than George" may mean "more than John loves +George" or "more than George loves Mary." In Esperanto it is quite +clear. "Johano amas Marion, pli ol Georgo" means "more than George loves +Mary," because "Georgo" is the subject of the second (elliptical) +sentence, but "Johano amas Marion, pli ol Georgon" means "more than +John loves George," because the final "n" in Georgon shows this to be +not the subject. + +There are cases, however, in which it is not necessary to add "n", the +noun or pronoun being distinguished from the subject in another way. +Examples are found in the first exercise:--"Sur la tero" kusxas sxtono, +"On the ground" lies a stone. "Antaux la pordo" staras arbo, "Before the +door" stands a tree. Notwithstanding their position, "ground" and "door" +are seen to be not the subject, because before them are the words "on," +"before," which connect them with the rest of the sentence--it is "on +the ground," "before the door." So with other sentences. + +The words "on", "before", and others given [in Lesson 26] are called +PREPOSITIONS ("pre" = before). The noun or pronoun which follows them +can never be the subject of the sentence. + +Remember, then, that + +"N" is added to every noun and pronoun, "other than the subject", unless +it has a preposition before it. [Footnote: (i.). The explanation usually +given for the use of final "n" is, that "n" is added to nouns and +pronouns (a) in the Accusative Case (the direct object), (b) when the +preposition is omitted. The explanation given above seems to me, +however, to be much simpler. (ii.). Another use of final "n" is given +later [Lesson 12, Lesson 26] ] + +When the noun takes "n", any adjective which belongs to it must also +take "n", as, "Li donas al mi belan rugxan floron", He gives me a +beautiful red flower. "Li donas al mi belajn rugxajn florojn", He gives +me beautiful red flowers. + + VOCABULARY. + + letero : letter. mateno : morning. + litero : letter of alphabet. multaj : many. + festo : festival, holiday. obstina : obstinate. + tago : day. gxoja : joyful, joyous. + nokto : night. hela : bright, clear. + + amas : loves. pala : pale. + vidas : sees. deziras : desires, wishes. + konas : knows. eraras : errs, is wrong. + havas : has, possesses. vokas : calls. + luno : moon. hejtas : heats. + stelo : star. hodiaux : to:day. + vintro : winter. malpli : less. + forno : stove. kiam : when. + edzino : wife. kia : what (kind). + +Mi vidas leonon (leonojn). Mi legas libron (librojn). Mi amas la patron. +Mi konas Johanon. La patro ne legas libron, sed li skribas leteron. Mi +ne amas obstinajn homojn. Mi deziras al vi bonan tagon, sinjoro. Bonan +matenon! Gxojan feston (mi deziras al vi). Kia gxoja festo (estas +hodiaux)! En la tago ni vidas la helan sunon, kaj en la nokto ni vidas +la palan lunon kaj la belajn stelojn. Ni havas pli fresxan panon, ol vi. +Ne, vi eraras, sinjoro, via pano estas malpli fresxa, ol mia. Ni vokas +la knabon, kaj li venos. En la vintro oni hejtas la fornojn. Kiam oni +estas ricxa, oni havas multajn amikojn. Li amas min, sed mi lin ne amas. +Sinjoro P. kaj lia edzino tre amas miajn infanojn; mi ankaux tre amas +iliajn (infanojn). Mi ne konas la sinjoron, kiu legas. + + + LESSON 6. + +We have seen already (Lesson 1) that the words which end in "-as" +express the idea of "doing" (action) or of "being" (state), and that +they assert that this action or state is going on, or is a custom, at +the present time, as "Mi vidas", I see; "Sxi estas", She is; "Ili +suferas", They suffer, they are suffering. + +To say that the action or state took place at some "past" time, "-is" is +used, as "Mi vidis", I saw; "Sxi estis", She was; "Ili suferis", They +suffered, they were suffering. + +To say that the action or state will take place at some time to come, in +the future, "-os" is used, as, "Mi vidos", I shall see; "Sxi estos", She +will be; "Ili suferos", They will suffer, they will be suffering. + +(Words which assert something, or which express the idea of doing or of +being, are called VERBS). + +(The root only of the verbs will now be given in the Vocabulary without +the termination). + + VOCABULARY. + + historio : history. dorm- : sleep. + kuzo : cousin. vek- : wake. + plezuro : pleasure. sercx- : seek. + horlogxo : clock. fin- : end. + laboro : work. tim- : fear. + popolo : a people. ating- : reach to. + virino : woman. surda : deaf. + agxo : age. muta : dumb. + jaro : year. dolcxa : sweet. + permeso : permission. tri : three. + respond- : answer. dek-kvin : fifteen. + far- : do, make. kial : why. + forpel- : drive away. hieraux : yesterday. + ricev- : receive, get. morgaux : to-morrow. + don- : give. antaux : before. + trov- : find. post : after. + renkont- : meet. jam : already. + salut- : greet, salute. jam ne : no more. + rakont- : relate, tell. ankoraux : still, yet. + vizit- : visit. + +Kial vi ne respondas al mi? Cxu vi estas surda aux muta? Kion vi faras? + + +La knabo forpelis la birdojn. De la patro mi ricevis libron, kaj de la +frato mi ricevis plumon. La patro donis al mi dolcxan pomon. Jen estas +la pomo, kiun mi trovis. Hieraux mi renkontis vian filon, kaj li +gxentile salutis min. Antaux tri tagoj mi vizitis vian kuzon, kaj mia +vizito faris al li plezuron. Kiam mi venis al li, li dormis, sed mi lin +vekis. + +Mi rakontos al vi historion. Cxu vi diros al mi la veron? Hodiaux estas +sabato, kaj morgaux estos dimancxo. Hieraux estis vendredo, kaj +postmorgaux estos lundo. Cxu vi jam trovis vian horlogxon? Mi gxin +ankoraux ne sercxis; kiam mi finos mian laboron, mi sercxos mian +horlogxon, sed mi timas, ke mi gxin jam ne trovos. Se vi nin venkos, la +popolo diros, ke nur virinojn vi venkis. Kiam vi atingos la agxon de +dek-kvin jaroj, vi ricevos la permeson. + + + LESSON 7. + +Confusion is apt to occur in English in the use of the words "him, her, +it, them; his, hers, its, their", e.g., "John loves his brother and his +children." Whose children, John's or his brother's? "The boys brought to +their fathers their hats." Whose hats, the boys' or their fathers'? "She +gave her sister her book." Whose book? Her own or her sister's? + +This confusion is avoided in Esperanto by the use of, the pronoun "si" +("sin"), meaning "himself, herself, itself, themselves", and "sia," +meaning "his own, her own, its own, their own." + +"Si" ("sin, sia") refers to the "subject" of the sentence in which it +occurs; therefore in the sentence "John loves his brother and his son," +it must be "Johano amas sian fraton kaj sian filon" if it is his own +(John's) son, because John is the subject, but we must say "lian filon" +if the brother's son is meant. "La knaboj alportis al siaj patroj siajn +cxapelojn" means "The boys brought to their fathers their own (the +boys') hats," because "boys" is the subject, but if we mean "the +fathers' hats" it must be "iliajn cxapelojn." + +"She gave to her sister her book" must be "Sxi donis al sia fratino sian +libron" if it were her own book, but "Sxi donis al sia fratino sxian +libron" if it were her sister's book. "Li diris al si"... means "He +said to himself," but "Li diris al li" means that he said it to another +person. + +"Si", "sia", can only "refer to" the subject, it cannot be the subject +itself or any part of it; therefore we must say "Sinjoro P. kaj lia +edzino tre amas miajn infanojn", because the subject is "Sinjoro P. kaj +lia edzino." + +"Mem," self, is only used for emphasis, "e.g.", "Mi mem," my (own) self. + + VOCABULARY. + + gasto : guest. montr- : show. + vespero : evening. fleg- : tend, take care of + mangxo : meal. re-ven- : come back. + pupo : doll. pri : concerning, about. + aventuro : adventure. gxis : until, as far as. + palaco : palace. tute : quite, wholly. + zorg- : take care of. tute ne : not at all. + gard- : guard. kun : with. + am- : love. el : out of. + akompan- : accompany. el-ir- : go out of. + lav- : wash. + +Mi amas min mem, vi amas vin mem, li amas sin mem kaj cxiu homo amas sin +mem. Mi zorgas pri sxi tiel, kiel mi zorgas pri mi mem, sed sxi mem tute +ne zorgas pri si, kaj tute sin ne gardas. Miaj fratoj havis hodiaux +gastojn; post la vespermangxo niaj fratoj eliris kun la gastoj el sia +domo kaj akompanis ilin gxis ilia domo. Mi lavis min en mia cxambro, kaj +sxi lavis sin en sia cxambro. La infano sercxis sian pupon; mi montris +al la infano, kie kusxas gxia pupo. [Footnote: Notice the use of the +present "kusxas," "lies", after the past "montris," "showed", because at +the time the action of "showing" took place the action of "lying" was +then actually going on.] + +Sxi rakontis al li sian aventuron. Sxi revenis al la palaco de sia +patro. Siajn florojn sxi ne flegis. Mia frato diris al Stefano, ke li +amas lin pli, ol sin mem. + + + LESSON 8. + +The Cardinal Numbers are:-- + + unu : 1 kvar : 4 sep : 7 dek : 10 + du : 2 kvin : 5 ok : 8 cent : 100 + tri : 3 ses : 6 naux : 9 mil : 1,000 + +The numbers above 10 are written and read exactly as they are set down +in figures:--11, dek unu; 12, dek du; 13, dek tri; 19, dek naux. The +"tens" are written as one word, 20, dudek; 30, tridek; 90, nauxdek; 23, +dudek tri; 47, kvardek sep; 85, okdek kvin; 136, cent tridek ses; 208, +ducent (as one word) ok; 359, tricent kvindek naux; 1,001, mil unu; +2,877, dumil okcent sepdek sep; 1907, mil nauxcent sep. + +Notice that there is a separate word for each figure except 0, nulo. + + VOCABULARY. + + busxo : mouth. forges- : forget. + orelo : ear. kre- : create. + fingro : finger. estu : should be. + horo : hour. facile : easily. + minuto : minute. sankta : holy. + sekundo : second. unuj : some. + monato : month. alia : other. + semajno : week. cxio : everything, all. + dato : date (of month, etc.). multe : much, many. + pov- : can, be able. per : by means of, through, with. + promen- : take a walk. nur : only. + konsist- : consist. malbona : bad. + elekt- : choose, elect. Kristnaska Tago : Christmas Day. + + Januaro : January. Julio : July. + Februaro : February. Auxgusto : August. + Marto : March. Septembro : September. + Aprilo : April. Oktobro : October. + Majo : May. Novembro : November. + Junio : June. Decembro : December. + +Du homoj povas pli multe fari, ol unu. Mi havas nur unu busxon, sed mi +havas du orelojn. Li promenas kun tri hundoj. Li faris cxion per la dek +fingroj de siaj manoj. El sxiaj multaj infanoj unuj estas bonaj kaj +aliaj malbonaj. Kvin kaj sep faras dek du. Dek kaj dek faras dudek. Kvar +kaj dek ok faras dudek du. Tridek kaj kvardek kvin faras sepdek kvin. +Mil okcent nauxdek tri. Li havas dek unu infanojn. Sesdek minutoj faras +unu horon, kaj unu minuto konsistas el sesdek sekundoj. + + 8A. + +The Ordinal Numbers, first, second, etc., are formed by adding "a" to +the Cardinal Numbers, as "unua", first; "dua", second; "tria", third; +"kvara", fourth; "deka", tenth; "centa", hundredth; "mila", thousandth. +The compound numbers are joined together by hyphens, and "a" is added +to the last, as "dek-unua", eleventh; "la tridek-nauxa pagxo", the +thirty-ninth page; la "cent-kvardek-kvina psalmo", the 145th psalm. +Being adjectives, the Ordinal Numbers take the plural "j" and accusative +"n" when necessary. + +The Ordinals are used to tell the hour, as "Estas la trio, horo", It is +3 o'clock. The Cardinal Numbers are used for the minutes, as "A quarter +past three" is "La tria horo kaj dek-kvin"; "Ten minutes to five," "La +kvara horo kaj kvindek". + +Januaro estas la unua monato de la jaro, Aprilo estas la kvara, Novembro +estas la dek-unua, kaj Decembro estas la dek-dua. La dudeka (tago) de +Februaro estas la kvindek-unua tago de la jaro. La sepan tagon de la +semajno Dio elektis, ke gxi estu pli sankta, ol la ses unuaj tagoj. Kion +Dio kreis en la sesa tago? Kiun daton ni havas hodiaux? Hodiaux estas la +dudek-sepa (tago) de Marto. Kristnaska Tago estas la dudek-kvina (tago) +de Decembro, Novjara Tago estas la unua de Januaro. Oni ne forgesas +facile sian unuan amon. + + + LESSON 9. + +The names of certain quantities are formed from the cardinal numbers +by adding "o", as "dekduo", a dozen; "dudeko", a score; "cento", a +hundred; "milo", a thousand. These names, as well as names of quantities +generally, require to be followed by "da", of, as "dekduo da birdoj", a +dozen (of) birds, but "dekdu birdoj", twelve birds; "dudeko da pomoj", a +score of apples; "cento da sxafoj", or "cent sxafoj", a hundred sheep; +"milo da homoj", a thousand people; "miloj da homoj", thousands of +people. + +When these expressions form the object of the verb, it is the name of +the number which takes "-n", not the noun which follows "da", as "Li +acxetis dudekon da sxafoj", He bought a score of sheep. + +For "firstly, secondly", etc., "-e" is added to the number, as "unue", +firstly; "kvine", fifthly; "deke", tenthly. (See Lesson 12). + + VOCABULARY. + + urbo : town. acxet- : buy. + logxanto : inhabitant. dank- : thank. + kulero : spoon. pet- : beg, request. + forko : fork. bezon- : want, need. + mono : money. kost- : cost. + prunto : loan. poste : afterwards. + metro : metre. tiu cxi : this. + sxtofo : stuff. por : for. + franko : franc (about 10d.). re- : prefix, meaning again + atakanto : assailant. or back. + pago : payment. tial : therefore. + miliono : a million. aux : or. + prunt- : lend. da : of (after a quantity). + +Mi havas cent pomojn. Mi havas centon da pomoj. Tiu cxi urbo havas +milionon da logxantoj. Mi acxetis dekduon da kuleroj, kaj du dekduojn da +forkoj. Mil jaroj (aux, milo da jaroj) faras miljaron. + +Unue mi redonas al vi la monon, kiun vi pruntis al mi; due mi dankas +vin por la prunto; trie mi petas vin ankaux poste prunti al mi, kiam mi +bezonos monon. + + 9A. + +To express a certain part or fraction, "-on-" is added to the number +specifying what part, as 1/2, unu "duono"; 1/3, unu "triono"; 1/4, +unu "kvarono"; 1/10, unu "dekono"; 1/1000 unu "milono"; 1/1000000, +unu "milionono". These words, being nouns, take "j" and "n" +when required--3/10, "tri dekonoj"; 27/200, "dudek-sep ducentonoj"; +19/1000, "deknaux milonoj. Mi mangxis tri kvaronojn de la kuko", I ate +three-quarters of the cake (see Lesson 35). + +To express so many times a number "-obl-" is added to the number, as +"duobla", double; "dekoble", ten times; "trioble kvar estas (or "faras") +dekdu", three times four are twelve; "sepoble ok faras kvindek ses", +seven times eight make fifty-six. + +To express "by twos, by tens", etc., "-op-" is added to the number, as +"duope", by twos, or two together; "dekope", by tens; "kvindekope", by +fifties, fifty together, or fifty at a time. + +Tri estas duono de ses, ok estas kvar kvinonoj de dek. Kvar metroj da +tiu cxi sxtofo kostas naux frankojn, tial du metroj kostas kvar kaj +duonon frankojn (aux da frankoj). Unu tago estas tricent-sesdek-kvinono, +aux tricent-sesdek-sesono de jaro. + +Kvinoble sep estas tridek kvin. Por cxiu tago mi ricevas kvin frankojn, +sed por la hodiauxa tago mi ricevis duoblan pagon, t.e. (= tio estas) +dek frankojn. + +Tiuj cxi du amikoj promenas cxiam duope. Kvinope ili sin jxetis sur min, +sed mi venkis cxiujn kvin atakantojn. + + + LESSON 10. + + VERBS (continued), -i, -u. + +In the examples already given the verbs ending in "-as", "-is", "-os" +express "action" or "being" ("state") going on in present, past, or +future time, as "Mi skribas", I am writing; "Li legis", He read; "Ni +iros", We shall go. + +If we wish merely to express the idea of action or state indefinitely, +without reference to any time or any subject, the verb must end in "-i," +as "Vivi", To live; "Mi deziras lerni", I wish to learn; "Ni devas +labori", We must work. + +(This is called the INDEFINITE or INFINITIVE Mood (manner of +expression), because not limited by reference to time or subject). + +To give an "order" or "command", or to express "will, desire, purpose", +etc., the verb must end in "u", as "Donu al mi panon", Give (to) me +bread; "Iru for", Go away; "Estu felicxa", May you be happy! "Vivu la +regxo!" (Long) live the king! + +In such cases as Tell "him to come", I want "you to sing", Allow "her to +speak", we have to use a second sentence with the verb ending in "u", +and beginning with "ke", that, as "Diru al li, ke li venu", Tell (say +to) him, that he come; "Mi deziras, ke vi kantu", I wish, that you sing; +"Permesu al sxi, ke sxi parolu", Allow her, that she speak. Sentences +like the last are often contracted, only the last subject and verb being +used, as "Sxi parolu", Let her speak; "Gxi kusxu", Let it lie; "Ni iru", +Let us go; "Ili dormu", Let them sleep. "Cxu vi volas ke mi tion faru?" +Do you wish me to do that? "Cxu mi tion faru?" Shall I do that? + + + VOCABULARY. + + nomo : name. rajd- : ride. + vesto : coat, clothing. las- : let, leave. + kandelo : candle. kur- : run. + dometo : cottage. parol- : speak. + akvo : water. viv- : live, have life. + spegulo : looking-glass. rest- : rest, remain. + est- : be. honesta : honest. + tusx- : touch. inda : worthy. + auxskult- : listen. atenta : attentive. + pardon- : pardon. kara : dear. + uz- : use. gaja : gay, cheerful. + ordon- : order. tia : such. + babil- : chatter. longa : long. + send- : send. sincera : sincere. + trink- : drink. for : away, forth. + vol- : will, wish. forte : strongly. + bat- : beat. sole : alone. + kuragx- : have courage + +Donu al la birdoj akvon, cxar ili volas trinki. Aleksandro ne volas +lerni, kaj tial mi batas Aleksandron. Kiu kuragxas rajdi sur leono? Mi +volis lin bati, sed li forkuris de mi. + +Al leono ne donu la manon. Rakontu al mia juna amiko belan historion. +Diru al la patro, ke mi estas diligenta. Diru al mi vian nomon. Ne +skribu al mi tiajn longajn leterojn. Montru al mi vian novan veston. +Infano, ne tusxu la spegulon. Karaj infanoj, estu cxiam honestaj. Ne +auxskultu lin. + +Li diras, ke mi estas atenta. Li petas, ke mi estu atenta. Ordonu al li, +ke li ne babilu. Petu lin, ke li sendu al mi kandelon. La dometo estas +inda, ke vi gxin acxetu. Sxi forte deziris, ke li restu viva. + +Li venu, kaj mi pardonos al li. Ni estu gajaj, ni uzu bone la vivon, +cxar la vivo ne estas longa. Li ne venu sole, sed alvenu kun sia plej +bona amiko. Mi jam havas mian cxapelon; nun sercxu vi vian. + + + LESSON 11. + + VERBS (continued), -us. + +Sometimes we want to express a "supposition", to say that something +"would" take place, supposing that something else, which is not likely +to occur, were to do so, or that something "would have" taken place if +something else which did not occur had done so. In this case the verb +must end with "-us", as, If I were well (which I am not) I should be +happy (which also I am not), "Se mi estus sana, mi estus felicxa". If +he knew (supposition) that I am here (a fact) he would immediately come +to me (supposition), "Se li scius, ke mi estas tie cxi, li tuj venus +al mi". Compare the two following sentences:-- (i.). "Kvankam vi estas +ricxa, mi dubas, cxu vi estas felicxa", Though you are (in fact) rich, I +doubt whether you are (in fact) happy, (ii.). "Kvankam vi estus ricxa, +mi dubas, cxu, vi estus felicxa", Though (supposing that) you were rich, +I doubt whether you would be happy. + + VOCABULARY. + + lernanto : pupil. pen- : endeavour. + leciono : lesson. imit- : imitate, + instruanto : teacher, kvazaux : as if. + sci- : know. io : something. + pun- : punish. efektive : really. + estim- : esteem. supren : upwards. + lev- : lift, raise. kvankam : though. + ten- : hold, keep. se : if. + +Se la lernanto scius bone sian lecionon, la instruanto lin ne punus. Se +vi scius, kiu li estas, vi lin pli estimus. Ili levis unu manon supren, +kvazaux ili ion tenus. Se mi efektive estus bela, aliaj penus min imiti. +Ho! se mi jam havus la agxon de dekkvin jaroj! + + + LESSON 12. + +When we tell of someone doing a certain action we often want to allude +to some circumstance concerning that action, such as the time, or place, +or manner in which it was done, that is, when, or where, or how it was +done. + +In the sentences--Yesterday I met your son, "Hieraux mi renkontis vian +filon"; He will go in the evening, "Li iros vespere"; They sat there, +"Ili sidis tie"; She will remain at home, "Sxi restos hejme"; Good +children learn diligently, "Bonaj infanoj lernas diligente"; I will do +it with pleasure, "Mi faros gxin plezure", the words "hieraux, vespere", +show the time, "tie, hejme", show the place, and "diligente, plezure", +show the manner of the action. + +(Because these words relate to the verb they are called ADVERBS). + +Adverbs may be formed from any word whose sense admits of it, and +especially from adjectives, by means of the termination "e", as "bona", +good, "bone", well; "antaux" before, "antauxe", previously or formerly; +"mateno", morning, "matene", in the morning; "sekvi", to follow, +"sekve", consequently. + +When we want the adverb to show "direction towards" any place, time, +etc., either actually or figuratively, "n" is added, as "Li alkuris +hejmen", He ran home. "Ili levis unu manon supren", They raised one +hand upwards. "Antauxen"! Forward! ("n" is also added to nouns to show +direction towards. "Li eniris en la domon", He entered into the house). + +Some adverbs are used with adjectives and other adverbs to show the +"degree" of the quality, quantity, etc., as The paper is "very" white, +La papero estas "tre" blanka. "Too" much speaking tires him, La "tro" +multa parolado lacigas lin. I am "as" strong "as" you, Mi estas "tiel" +forta, "kiel" vi (estas forta). He came "very" early, Li venis "tre" +frue. + +The following words are in themselves adverbs, and need no special +ending:-- + + VOCABULARY. + + hodiaux : to-day. tre : very. + hieraux : yesterday. tro : too. + morgaux : to-morrow. tute : quite. + baldaux : soon. nur : only. + ankoraux : yet. nepre : surely, without fail. + jam : already. preskaux : nearly. + jxus : just (time). apenaux : scarcely. + nun : now. almenaux : at least. + tuj : immediately. ambaux : both. + denove : again, anew. ankaux : also. + cxi denotes proximity. ne : not. + jen : here, there, lo, behold. jes : yes. + for : away, forth. ja : indeed. + pli : more. ecx : even. + plej : most. cxu : whether, asks a question. + plu : further. ju ... des : the more...the more. + +Comparisons are made with-- + +"pli...ol", more than: "Lakto estas pli nutra ol vino", Milk is more +nutritious than wine. + +"malpli...ol", less than: "Vino estas malpli nutra ol lakto", Wine is +less nutritious than milk. + +"la plej", the most, +"la malplej", the least: "El cxiuj liaj amikoj Johano estas la plej +sagxa, kaj Georgo la malplej sagxa", Of all his friends John is the +wisest, and George the least wise. + +"Ju pli...des pli", the more...the more: "Ju pli li lernas, des pli li +deziras lerni", The more he learns, the more he wishes to learn. + +"Ju malpli...des malpli", the less...the less: "Ju malpli li laboras, +des malpli li ricevas", The less he works, the less he gets. + +"Ju pli...des malpli", the more...the less: "Ju pli li farigxas granda, +des malpli li estas forta", The taller he becomes, the less strong he +is. + +"Ju malpli...des pli", the less...the more: "Ju malpli li pensas, des +pli li parolas", The less he thinks, the more he talks. + +For comparisons of equality, as...as, so...as, see Lesson 20. + + VOCABULARY. + + pordo : door. sav- : save. + kontrakto : contract. dauxr- : last, continue. + pastro : pastor, priest. trancx- : cut. + fero : iron. ekrigard- : glance. + bastono : stick (rod). flu- : flow. + stacio : station. ag- : act (do). + stacidomo : station. logx- : live, lodge. + hejmo : home. brul- : burn (as a fire). + furio : fury. vetur- : ride (in a vehicle). + sxipano : sailor. aper- : appear. + kolero : anger. postul- : require, demand. + honesto : honesty. pendig- : hang (something) + dangxero : danger. mort- : die. + koro : heart. malsana : ill. + oficisto : an official. varma : warm. + regxo : king. varmega : hot. + balo : ball, dance. frua : early. + humoro : humour. plue : further. + tempo : time. returne : back. + sinjorino : lady, Mrs. cxar : because, whereas. + ferm- : shut. + +Resti kun leono estas dangxere. La trancxilo trancxas bone, cxar gxi +estas akra. Iru pli rapide. Li fermis kolere la pordon. Lia parolo +fluas dolcxe kaj agrable. Ni faris la kontrakton ne skribe, sed parole. +Honesta homo agas honeste. La pastro, kiu mortis antaux nelonge (antaux +ne longa tempo), logxis longe en nia urbo. Cxu vi gxin ne ricevis +returne? Li estas morte malsana. La fera bastono, kiu kusxis en la +forno, estas brule varmega. Parizo estas tre gaja. Matene frue sxi +alveturis [Footnote: See Lesson 27.] al la stacidomo. + +Pardonu al mi, ke mi restis tiel longe. Lia kolero longe dauxris. Li +estas hodiaux en kolera humoro. La regxo baldaux denove sendis alian +bonkoran oficiston. Hodiaux vespere ni havos balon. Kie vi estas? For de +tie-cxi! + +Kien li forveturis? Sxi kuris hejmen. Ni iris antauxen, kiel furioj. +Cxio estis bona, kaj ni veturis pluen. La sinjorino ekrigardis returnen. +La sxipanoj postulis, ke oni iru returnen. Mi gxin pendigis tien cxi, +cxar gxi savis mian vivon. Mi neniam sendis tien cxi. + + + LESSON 13. + + Mal-, -in-. + +In Esperanto certain syllables which have a definite meaning are placed +at the beginning (prefixes) or end (suffixes) of words to alter in some +way the meaning of those words. + +The prefix "mal-" gives an exactly opposite meaning to the word to which +it is prefixed, as "dekstra", right (hand); "maldekstra", left (hand); +"nova", new; "malnova", old; "helpi", to help, "malhelpi", to hinder; +"fermi", to shut, "malfermi", to open. + +The suffix "-in-" denotes the female sex. From "viro", [Footnote: The +word "homo" previously given (Lesson 2) signifies a human being, a +person, without reference to sex; "viro" means a man as distinguished +from a woman.] a man, we get "virino", a woman; "filo", son, "filino", +daughter; "cxevalo", a horse, "cxevalino", a mare; "koko", a cock, +"kokino", a hen. + + VOCABULARY. + + kresko : growth. ferm- : shut. + haro : hair (substance). help- : help. + haroj : hair (of head). farigx- : become. + nazo : nose. dekstra : right (hand). + vojo : road. meza : middle, medium. + viro : man. dika : thick, stout. + edzo : husband, mola : soft. + nepo : grandson. luma : light (luminous). + nevo : nephew. nobla : noble (character). + bovo : ox. rekta : straight. + vidvo : widower, kurba : curved. + fiancxo : fiance. felicxa : happy. + nenio : nothing. naskita : born. + turment- : torment. fermita : shut. + sent- : feel. ecx : even. + ben- : bless. longe : for a long time. + estim- : have esteem for. denove : anew, again. + +Mia frato ne estas granda, sed li ne estas malgranda, li estas de meza +kresko. Haro estas tre maldika. La nokto estas tiel malluma, ke ni +nenion povas vidi ecx antaux nia nazo. Tiu cxi malfresxa pano estas +malmola, kiel sxtono. Malbonaj infanoj amas turmenti bestojn. Li sentis +sin tiel malfelicxa, ke li malbenis la tagon, en kiu li estis naskita. +Ni forte malestimas tiun cxi malnoblan homon. La fenestro longe estis +nefermita; mi gxin fermis, sed mia frato tuj gxin denove malfermis. +Rekta vojo estas pli mallonga, ol kurba. Ne estu maldanka. + +La edzino de mia patro estas mia patrino, kaj la avino de miaj infanoj. +Mia fratino estas tre bela knabino. Mia onklino estas tre bona virino. +Mi vidis vian avinon kun sxiaj kvar nepinoj, kaj kun mia nevino. Mi +havas bovon kaj bovinon. La juna vidvino farigxis denove fiancxino. + + + LESSON 14. + + Re-, -ad-, ek-. + +The prefixes "re-" and "ek-" and the suffix "-ad-" are attached to +verbs. + +"Re-" has nearly the same meaning as in English, "back" or "again", as +"re-pagi", to pay back; "re-porti", to carry back; "re-jxeti", to throw +back; "re-salti", to rebound; "re-kanti" to sing again; "re-legi", to +read over again. + +"-ad-" denotes the continuance or continued repetition of an action; +it means "goes on doing", or "keeps on doing", or "is in the habit +of", or in the past "used to", as "spiri", to breathe, "spirado", +respiration; "movi", to move, "movado", continued movement; "fumi", to +smoke, "fumado", the habit of smoking; "auxdi", to hear, "auxdado", the +sense of hearing. + +"Ek-" has the opposite meaning to "-ad-"; it signifies the beginning of +an action, or a short or sudden action, as "kanti", to sing, "ekkanti", +to begin to sing; "ridi", to laugh, "ekridi", to burst out laughing; +"krii", to cry or call, "ekkrii", to cry out; "iri", to go, "ekiri", to +set out; "dormi", to sleep, "ekdormi", to fall asleep. + + VOCABULARY. + + rivero : river. fal- : fall. + lando : land. atend- : wait for, expect. + segxo : seat. lacig- : make tired. + dauxro : duration. frot- : rub. + okupo : occupation. rigard- : look. + pluvo : rain. elrigard- : look out of. + vagonaro : train. salt- : jump. + surprizo : surprise. rapida : quick. + diamanto : diamond. klara : clear. + fulmo : lightning. lerte : cleverly. + lumo : a light. energie : energetically. + paf- : shoot. kelke : some. + jxet- : throw. cxiuminute : every minute. [p. 84] + auxd- : hear. tra : through. + +Li donis al mi monon, sed mi gxin tuj redonis al li. Mi foriras, sed +atendu min, cxar mi baldaux revenos. La suno rebrilas en la klara akvo +de la rivero. Li reiris al sia lando. Sxi rejxetis sin sur la segxon. + +En la dauxro de kelke da minutoj mi auxdis du pafojn. La pafado dauxris +tre longe. Lia hierauxa parolo estis tre bela, sed la tro multa parolado +lacigas lin. Li kantas tre belan kanton. La kantado estas agrabla +okupo. Per mia mano mi energie lin frotadis. La pluvo faladis per +riveroj. Cxiuminute sxi elrigardadis tra la fenestro, kaj malbenadis la +malrapidan iradon de la vagonaro. + +Mi saltas tre lerte. Mi eksaltis de surprizo. Mi saltadis la tutan tagon +[Footnote: See Lesson 26 (iii.)] de loko al loko. Kiam vi ekparolis, mi +atendis auxdi ion novan. La diamanto havas belan brilon. Sxi lasis la +diamanton ekbrili. Du ekbriloj do fulmo trakuris tra la malluma cxielo. + + + LESSON 15. + + VERBS (continued). + +In all the examples already given the Subject of the Sentence is the +"doer" of the action, but often it is "the one to whom the action is +done" who occupies our thoughts, and of whom we wish to speak. This one +then becomes the subject, and the form of the Verb is changed. Instead +of saying "The police are searching for the thief," "Someone has broken +the window," "Someone is going to finish the work to-morrow," we say +"The thief is being sought for by the police," "The window has been +broken," "The work is going to be finished to-morrow." + +(Note the convenience of this form when we do not know or do not wish to +mention the doer). + + +In Esperanto the terminations "-ata", "being", denoting "incompleteness" +or "present" time, "-ita", "having been", denoting "completeness" +or "past" time, and "-ota", "about to be" (going to be), denoting +"action not yet begun", or "future" time, are added to the root of the +verb, as "ami", to love, "amata", being loved, "amita", having been +loved, "amota", going to be loved. "La sxtelisto estas sercxata de la +policanoj" [Footnote: "De" is used after these participles to denote the +"doer" of the action.], The thief is being searched for by the police. +"La fenestro estas rompita", The window has been broken. "La laboro +estas finota morgaux", The work is going to be finished to-morrow. + +It will be seen that these words ending in "-ata", "-ita", "-ota" +describe the subject or show the "condition" or "state" in which +the subject is, therefore they are adjectival; the thief is a +"searched-for" thief, the window was a "broken" window, the work +is a "going-to-be-finished" work (compare The work will be "ready" +to-morrow). They are called PARTICIPLES, and being adjectival, take +"j" when the noun to which they belong is plural. + + + Mi estas tenata ............. I am (being) held. + Li estis tenata ............. He was (being) held. + Ni estos tenataj ............ We shall be (being) held. + Vi estus tenataj ............ You would be (being) held. + Ke ili estu tenataj ......... That they may be (being) held. + Estu tenata ................. Be (being) held. + Esti tenata ................. To be (being) held. + + Mi estas vidita ............. I am (in the state of) having + been seen, or, I have been + seen. + Li estis vidita ............. He was (in the state of) having + been seen, or, he had been + seen. + Ni estos viditaj ............ We shall be (in the state of) + having been seen, or, we + shall have been seen. + Vi estus viditaj ............ You would be (in the state of) + having been seen, or, you + would have been seen. + (Ke) ili estu viditaj ....... (That) they may be (in the + state of) having been seen, + or, that they may have been + seen. + Esti vidita ................. To be (in the state of) having + been seen, or, to have been + seen. + + Mi estas lauxdota .......... I am about (going) to be praised. + Sxi estis lauxdota .......... She was about (going) to be + praised. + Ni estos lauxdotaj .......... We shall be about (going) to + be praised. + Vi estus lauxdotaj .......... You would be about (going) + to be praised. + (Ke) ili estu lauxdotaj ..... (That) they should be about + (going) to be praised. + Esti lauxdota ............... To be about (going) to be + praised. + + + VOCABULARY. + + komercajxo : commodity. sciig- : inform. + surtuto : overcoat. kasx- : hide. + sxuldo : debt. pens- : think. + ringo : ring. kapt- : capture. + projekto : project. trankvila : quiet. + ingxeniero : civil engineer. tuta : all, whole. + fervojo : railroad. grava : important. + pregxo : prayer. ora : golden. + pasero : sparrow. volonte : willingly. + aglo : eagle. sekve : consequently. + invit- : invite. laux : according to. + konstru- : construct. + +Mi estas amata. Mi estis amata. Mi estos amata. Mi estus amata. Estu +amata. Esti amata. Vi estas lavita. Vi estis lavita. Vi estos lavita. +Vi estus lavita. Estu lavita. Esti lavita. Li estas invitota. Li estis +invitota. Li estos invitota. Li estus invitota. Estu invitota. Esti +invitota. Tiu cxi komercajxo estas cxiam volonte acxetata de mi. La +surtuto estas acxetita de mi; sekve gxi apartenas al mi. Kiam via domo +estis konstruata, mia domo estis jam longe konstruita. Mi sciigas, ke +de nun la sxuldoj de mia filo ne estos pagataj de mi. Estu trankvila, +mia tuta sxuldo estos pagita al vi baldaux. Mia ora ringo ne estus +tiel longe sercxata, se gxi ne estus tiel lerte kasxita de vi. Laux la +projekto de la ingxenieroj tiu cxi fervojo estas konstruota en la dauxro +de du jaroj; sed mi pensas, ke gxi estos konstruata pli ol tri jarojn. +Kiam la pregxo estis finita, li sin levis. + +Auxgusto estas mia plej amata filo. Mono havata estas pli grava ol +havita. Pasero kaptita estas pli bona, ol aglo kaptota. + + + LESSON 16. + +Another set of participles is used to describe or show the condition +or state of the "doer" of the action, namely "-anta", denoting +"incompleteness" or present time, "-inta", denoting "completeness" or +past time, and "-onta", denoting "action not yet begun", or future time, +as "Sur la arbo staras kantanta birdo (aux birdo kantanta"), On the tree +is a singing bird (or a bird singing); "En la venonta somero mi vizitos +vin", In the coming summer I shall visit you; "La pasinta nokto estis +tre pluva", The past night was very wet (rainy). + + + Mi estas mangxanta .......... I am (in the act of) eating. + Li estis mangxanta .......... He was eating. + Ni estos mangxantaj ......... We shall be eating. + Vi estus mangxantaj ......... You would be eating. + (Ke) ili estu mangxantaj .... (That) they may be eating. + Esti mangxanta .............. To be eating. + Estu mangxanta .............. Be (in the act of) eating. + + Mi estas teninta ............ I am (in the state of) having + held, or, I have held. + Li estis teninta ............ He was (in the state of) having + held, or, he had held. + Ni estos tenintaj ........... We shall be (in the state of) + having held, or, we shall + have held. + Vi estus tenintaj ........... You would be (in the state of) + having held, or, you would + have held. + (Ke) ili estu tenintaj ...... (That) they may be (in the + state of) having held, or, + (that) they may have held. + Esti teninta ................ To be (in the state of) having + held, or, to have held. + + Mi estas dironta ............ I am about (going) to say. + Li estis dironta ............ He was about (going) to say. + Ni estos dirontaj ........... We shall be about (going) to + say. + Vi estus dirontaj ........... You would be about (going) + to say. + (Ke) ili estu dirontaj ...... (That) they may be about + (going) to say. + Esti dironta ................ To be about (going) to say. + + +The participles are made into nouns by ending them with "o" instead of +"a", as "Kiam Nikodemo batas Jozefon, tiam Nikodemo estas la batanto, +kaj Jozefo estas la batato", When Nicodemus beats Joseph, then Nicodemus +is the beater, and Joseph is the one being beaten. + + + La batanto ...... The one who is beating. + La batinto ...... The one who was beating. + La batonto ...... The one who is about (going) to beat. + La batato ....... The one who is being beaten. + La batito ....... The one who has been beaten. + La batoto ....... The one who is about to be beaten. + + +Note that the participles which have "n" in the termination refer to the +"doer"; they are called "active" participles. Those without "n" refer to +the one to whom the action is done; they are "passive" participles. + + + VOCABULARY. + + tempo : time. ripet- : repeat. + mondo : world. arest- : arrest. + lingvo : language. jugx- : judge. + nombro : number. konduk- : lead, conduct. + legendo : legend. vojagx- : travel, journey. + loko : place. sxtel- : steal. + salono : drawing-room. ripoz- : rest, repose. + eraro : mistake. diradis : used to say (tell). + soldato : soldier. estonta : future (about to be). + strato : street. vera : true. + pek- : sin. intence : intentionally. + fal- : fall. facile : easily. + mensog- : tell a lie. antauxe : formerly, previously. + pas- : pass (as time passes). dum : while, whilst, during. + atend- : wait, expect. neniam : never. + sav- : save, rescue. neniu : nobody. + danc- : dance. sen : without. + kred- : believe. senmove : motionless. + +Fluanta akvo estas pli pura, ol akvo staranta senmove. La falinta homo +ne povas sin levi. La tempo pasinta jam neniam revenos; la tempon +venontan neniu ankoraux konas. Venu, ni atendas vin, Savonto de la +mondo. En la lingvo Esperanto ni vidas la estontan lingvon de la tuta +mondo. La nombro de la dancantoj estis granda. Gxi estas la legendo, +kiun la veraj kredantoj cxiam ripetas. Li kondukis la vojagxanton al la +loko, kie la sxtelintoj ripozis. Al homo, pekinta senintence, Dio facile +pardonas. La soldatoj kondukis la arestitojn tra la stratoj. Homo, kiun +oni devas jugxi, estas jugxoto. + + + 16A. + +Nun li diras al mi la veron. Hieraux li diris al mi la veron. Li cxiam +diradis al mi la veron. Kiam vi vidis nin en la salono, li jam antauxe +diris al mi la veron (aux, li estis dirinta al mi la veron). Li diros al +mi la veron. Kiam vi venos al mi, li jam antauxe diros al mi la veron +(aux, li estos dirinta al mi la veron; aux, antaux ol vi venos al mi, li +diros al mi la veron). Se mi petus lin, li dirus al mi la veron. Mi ne +farus la eraron, se li antauxe dirus al mi la veron (aux, se li estus +dirinta al mi la veron). Kiam mi venos, diru al mi la veron. Kiam mia +patro venos, diru al mi antauxe la veron (aux, estu dirinta al mi la +veron). Mi volas diri al vi la veron. Mi volas, ke tio, kion mi diris, +estu vera (aux, mi volas esti dirinta la veron). + + + LESSON 17. + + +Participles can be used as adverbs when they refer to the subject, and +tell some circumstance about the action, as "Walking along the street, +John saw your friend." "Walking along the street" tells the circumstance +under which the subject, John, saw your friend; therefore "walking" is +adverbial--"Promenante sur la strato, Johano vidis vian amikon." If it +were the friend who was walking, it must be "Johano vidis vian amikon, +promenantan sur la strato." + +(Examine in this way the sentences in the following exercise). + + VOCABULARY. + + braceleto : bracelet. medit- : meditate. + sxtelisto : thief. port- : carry. + vorto : word. demand- : ask. + duko : duke. sxpar- : save. + juvelo : jewel. edzigx- : marry. + juvelujo : jewel-case. hont- : be ashamed. + dolaro : dollar. ir- : go. + instruo : instruction. profunda : deep. + planko : floor. kelka : some. + imperiestro : emperor. ia : some (kind), any (kind). + okazo : opportunity, occurrence, kredeble : probably. + chance. trans : across. + serv- : serve. tio cxi : this (thing). + +Promenante sur la strato, mi falis. Trovinte pomon, mi gxin mangxis. Li +venis al mi tute ne atendite. Li iris tre meditante kaj tre malrapide. +Ni hontis, ricevinte instruon de la knabo. La imperiestra servanto +eliris, portante kun si la braceleton. Profunde salutante, li rakontis, +ke oni kaptis la sxteliston. Ne dirante vorton, la dukino malfermis +sian juvelujon. Laborinte unu jaron, kaj sxparinte kelkajn dolarojn, mi +edzigxis kun mia Mario. Transirinte la riveron, li trovis la sxteliston. +Rigardinte okaze la plankon, sxi vidis ian libron, forgesitan kredeble +de elirinta veturanto. + + + LESSON 18. + + Suffix -ist-. + +The suffix "-ist-" denotes one who occupies himself with or devotes +himself to any special thing, as a business or a hobby, as "jugxi", to +judge, "jugxisto", a judge; "servi", to serve, "servisto", a servant; +"kuraci", to treat (as a doctor), "kuracisto", a doctor; "lavi", to +wash, "lavisto", a laundryman. + + VOCABULARY. + + boto : boot. transskrib- : transcribe, copy. + sxuo : shoe. kuir- : cook. + maro : sea. veturig- : drive (carriage, etc.). + mehxaniko : mechanics. tromp- : deceive. + hxemio : chemistry. okup- : occupy, employ. + diplomato : diplomatist. teks- : weave. + fiziko : physics. diversa(j) : various. + scienco : science. simple : simply. + dron- : be drowned, sink. je (indefinite meaning). + verk- : work mentally, write, [Lessons 26, 40.] + compose. + +La botisto faras botojn kaj sxuojn. Sxtelistojn neniu lasas en sian +domon. La kuragxa maristo dronis en la maro. Verkisto verkas librojn, +kaj skribisto simple transskribas paperojn. Ni havas diversajn +servantojn--kuiriston, cxambristinon, infanistinon, kaj veturigiston. +Kiu okupas sin je mehxaniko estas mehxankisto, kaj kiu okupas sin je +hxemio estas hxemiisto. Diplomatiiston oni povas ankaux nomi diplomato, +[Footnote: See Lesson 45.] sed fizikiston oni ne povas nomi fiziko, +[Footnote: See Lesson 45.] cxar fiziko estas la nomo de la scienco mem. +Unu tagon [Footnote: See Lesson 26.] (en unu tago) venis du trompantoj, +kiuj diris, ke ili estas teksistoj. + + + LESSON 19. + + Suffixes -ig-, -igx-. + +"-ig-" means "to make" or "cause" someone or something to be or to do +that which the word denotes, while "-igx-" means "to become" so or such +oneself. Thus from "rugxa", red, we get "rugxigi", to make (something +or someone) red, "rugxigxi", to become red oneself, to blush; "klara", +clear, "klarigi", to make clear, to explain, "klarigxi", to become +clear; "sidi", to sit, to be sitting, "sidigi", to cause someone to sit, +"sidigxi", to become seated, to sit down; "kun", with, "kunigi", to +connect, "kunigxi", to become connected with; "devi", to have to (must), +"devigi", to compel; "fari", to do or make, "farigxi", to become; "for", +away, "forigi", make (go) away. + + VOCABULARY. + + printempo : spring. kapo : head. + glacio : ice. botelo : bottle. + vetero : weather. dev- : have to, must. + broso : brush. kurac- : treat as a doctor. + relo : rail. pren- : take. + rado : wheel. pend- : hang. + cxapo : bonnet, cap. blov- : blow. + arbeto : little tree. ekbrul- : begin to burn. + vento : wind. rid- : laugh. + brancxo : branch. romp- : break. + vizagxo : face. fluida : fluid. + kuvo : tub. kota : dirty, muddy. + kolego : companion, colleague natura : natural. + Hebreo : Hebrew. seka : dry. + Kristano : Christian. tamen : however, nevertheless, yet + +Oni tiel malhelpis al mi, ke mi malbonigis mian tutan laboron. Forigu +vian fraton, cxar li malhelpas al ni. Venigu la kuraciston, cxar mi +estas malsana. + +Li venigis al si el Berlino multajn librojn (multe da libroj). + +Li paligxis de timo, kaj poste li rugxigxis de honto. En la printempo +la glacio kaj la negxo fluidigxas. En la kota vetero mia vesto forte +malpurigxis; tial mi prenis broson kaj purigis la veston. Mia onklo ne +mortis per natura morto, sed li tamen ne mortigis sin mem, kaj ankaux +estis mortigita de neniu; unu tagon, [Footnote: See Lesson 26, Note +iii.] promenante apud la reloj de fervojo, li falis sub la radojn de +veturanta vagonaro, kaj mortigxis. Mi ne pendigis mian cxapon sur tiu +cxi arbeto; sed la vento forblovis de mia kapo la cxapon, kaj gxi, +flugante, pendigxis sur la brancxoj de la arbeto. Sidigu vin (aux, +sidigxu), sinjoro! + +Lia malgaja vizagxo ridigis lian amikon. La tutan nokton ili pasigis +maldorme, kaj ekbruligis pli ol dekses kandelojn. Mi senvestigis la +infanon de liaj noktaj vestoj, kaj starigis lin en la kuvon; poste mi +sekigis lin. Li amikigxis kun malbonaj kolegoj. Malricxa hebreo volis +kristanigxi. La botelo falis kaj rompigxis. Sxi farigxis lia edzino. Iom +post iom, sxi tute trankviligxis. + + + * * * * * + + + NOTES. + +1.--In "pluvas", it rains; "tondras", it thunders; "estas bela tago", +it is a fine day; "estas bele", it is fine; "estas vere, ke...", it is +true that..., etc., "it" is left out, because it does not stand for any +"thing." The adverbs "bele", "vere", are used because no "thing" is +mentioned. + +2.--"Ni havas fresxajn lakton kaj panon" means "Ni havas fresxan lakton +kaj fresxan panon", We have new milk and new bread. "Ni havas fresxan +lakton kaj panon" means We have bread and new milk. + +3.--"La angla, franca kaj germana lingvoj estas malfacilaj", The +English, French and German languages are difficult. "Angla", "franca", +"germana" do not take "j" because each refers to only one language, +while "malfacilaj" refers to all those mentioned. + + + LESSON 20. + +The words "ia, tia; kial, tial; kiam, cxiam, neniam; kie, kiel, tiel; +io, kio, tio, cxio, nenio; kiu, cxiu, neniu", have already been met +with. They belong to a series whose use will best be seen from the +following examples:-- + +"ia" denotes kind or quality. "Kia" floro estas la plej bela? "Ia" kaj +"cxia" floro estas beta, "nenia" estas malbela. Mi admiras la rozon; +"tia" floro la plej placxas al mi. "What (kind of)" flower is the most +beautiful? "Any kind" and "every kind" of flower is beautiful, "no kind" +is ugly. I admire the rose, "that kind of" flower pleases me the most. + +"ial", motive, reason. "Kial" li iros en Parizon? Mi ne scias; "ial" +li foriros, sed "cxial" estus pli bone resti en Londono. Li deziras +foriri, "tial" li foriros. "Why" is he going (will he go) to Paris? +I know not; "for some reason" he is going, but "for every reason" (on +every account) it would be better to remain in London. He wishes to go, +"therefore" (for that reason) he will go. + +"iam", time. "Kiam" vi venos min viziti? "Iam" mi venos, "kiam" mi havos +libertempon; vi "cxiam" havas libertempon, mi "neniam". Postmorgaux +estos festo, "tiam" mi venos. "When" will you come to visit me? +"Sometime" I will come, "when" (at what time) I shall have a holiday; +you "always" (at all times) have a holiday, I "never" (at no time). (The +day) after to-morrow will be a festival (a general holiday); I will come +"then" (at that time). + +"ie", place. "Kie" estas mia cxapelo? Gxi devas esti "ie", sed mi +sercxis gxin "cxie", kaj "nenie" mi povas trovi gxin. Ha, nun mi ekvidas +gxin "tie". "Where" is my hat? It must be "somewhere", but I have looked +for it "everywhere", and "nowhere" can I find it. Ha, now I see it +"there". + +"iel", manner. "Kiel" vi faros tion cxi? Mi ne scias; mi "cxiel" provis +gxin fari, sed mi "neniel" sukcesis. Johano sukcesis "iel"; eble li +faris gxin "tiel". "How" will you do this? I do not know; I have tried +in every way to do it, but I have "in no way" (not at all) succeeded. +John succeeded "in some way" (somehow); perhaps he did it "so (in such a +way"). + +"ies", possession. "Kies" devo estas tio cxi? Eble gxi estas "ties"; +sendube gxi estas "ies". "Cxies" devo estas "nenies". "Whose" duty +is this? Perhaps it is "that one's (person's)"; doubtless it is +"somebody's. Everybody's" duty is "nobody's." + +"io", thing. "Kio" malplacxas al vi? Nun "nenio" malplacxas al mi, +"cxio" estas bona. Antaux tri tagoj "io" tre malplacxis al mi, sed mi ne +parolas pri "tio" nun. "What" displeases you? Now "nothing" displeases +me, "all" is well. Three days ago "something" greatly displeased me, but +I am not speaking about "that" now. + +"iom", quantity. "Kiom" da mono vi bezonas? Mi havas "tiom", mi povas +prunti al vi "iom", sed ne "cxiom". Se mi pruntus al vi "cxiom", mi mem +havus "neniom". "How much" money do you need ? I have "so much (that +quantity)", I can lend you "some", but not "all". If I were to lend you +"all", I myself should have "none". + +"iu" denotes individuality, person, or thing specified. "Kiu" estis cxe +la balo? "Cxiu, kiu" estis invitita, estis tie, "neniu" forestis. "Iu, +kiun" mi mem ne konas, venis kun "tiu kiu" vizitis vin hierau. "Who" was +at the ball? "Everybody who" had been invited was there, "nobody" was +absent. "Somebody, whom" I myself do not know, came with "that person +who" visited you yesterday. + +It will be seen from these examples that the words beginning with +"K" either "ask questions" or "refer" to some person or thing before +mentioned. Those beginning with "T" point to a "definite" time, place, +etc. Those with "Cx" signify "each" or "every", and in the plural "all". +Those without a letter prefixed are "indefinite", meaning some or any; +and those with "nen-" are "negative", meaning "no, none". + +The words ending in "ia" and those in "iu" can take the plural "j" and +accusative "n". + +The words in "io" take "n", but the sense does not permit of their +taking "j". + +The words in "ie" take the "n" denoting direction. + +The word "cxi", signifying nearness, is used with the "T" series (words +meaning "that"), to denote the one near "i.e., this", as "Tio cxi", this +thing; "Tiu cxi", this person; "Tie cxi", or, "cxi tie", here, etc. + +The word "ajn", ever, is used with the "K" series to give a more +inclusive and wider meaning, as "Kio ajn", whatever; "Kiu ajn", whoever; +"Kiam ajn", whenever; "Kiom ajn", however much. + +Comparisons of equality are made with the words-- + +"tiel ... kiel", as Vi estas "tiel" forta, "kiel" mi, You are "as" +strong "as" I. + +"tia ... kia", as "Tia" domo, "kia" tiu, estas malofta, "Such" a house +"as" that is rare. + +"sama ... kia", as Mia bastono estas "tia sama, kia" la via, My stick +is "the same as" yours. + +"sama ... kiel", as Gxia uzado estas "tia sama, kiel" en la aliaj +lingvoj, Its use is "the same as" in the other languages. Vi cxiam +laboradas al tiu "sama" celo, "kiel" mi, You are always working towards +that "same" end (aim) "as" I. + +Any of the above series of words whose sense admits of it can be used as +adjectives, adverbs, etc., and in combination with prefixes, suffixes, +or other words, as "cxiama", continual, eternal; "tiea", of that place. +"Kioma" is used for asking the time, as "Kioma horo estas"? What time is +it? + + + CORRELATIVE WORDS. + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------+ + | | * | K | T | CX | Nen- | + | |INDEFINITE.|QUESTIONING| DEFINITE.| INCLUSIVE.| NEGATIVE. | + | | | RELATIVE. | | | | + | |Some, any. | What, | That. | Each, | No, none. | + | | | which. | |every, all.| | + |--------+-----------+-----------+----------+-----------+-----------| + | | Ia | Kia | Tia | Cxia | Nenia | + |QUALITY | Some kind | What kind |That kind | Each kind | No kind | + |Kind of | Any kind | | Such |Every kind | | + | | | | | | | + |--------+-----------+-----------+----------+-----------+-----------| + | | Ial | Kial | Tial | Cxial | Nenial | + | MOTIVE |For some |For what |For that |For each |For no | + | Reason | reason | reason | reason | reason | reason | + |Purpose |For any |Why |Therefore |For every | | + | | reason | | | reason | | + |--------+-----------+-----------+----------+-----------+-----------| + | | Iam | Kiam | Tiam | Cxiam | Neniam | + | TIME | Sometime | At what | At that | Each time |At no time | + | | Any time | time | time |Every time | Never | + | | | When | Then | Always | | + |--------+-----------+-----------+----------+-----------+-----------| + | | Ie | Kie | Tie | Cxie | Nenie | + | PLACE |In some | At what | At that | At each | At no | + | | place | place | place | place | place | + | | Somewhere | Where | There | At every | Nowhere | + | | Anywhere | | | place | | + | | | | | Everywhere| | + |--------+-----------+-----------+----------+-----------+-----------| + | | Iel | Kiel | Tiel | Cxiel | Neniel | + |MANNER |In some way|In what way| In that | In each | In no way | + | |In any way |How | way | way | Nohow | + | |Somehow, |As, like | So | In every | | + | |anyhow | | | way | | + |--------+-----------+-----------+----------+-----------+-----------| + | | Ies | Kies | Ties | Cxies | Nenies | + |POSSES- | Someone's | What |That one's|Each one's | No one's | + | SION | Anyone's | person's | |Everyone's | | + | | | Whose | | | | + |--------+-----------+-----------+----------+-----------+-----------| + | | Io | Kio | Tio | Cxio | Nenio | + | THING | Something | What thing| That | Everything| Nothing | + | | Anything | What | thing | | | + |--------+-----------+-----------+----------+-----------+-----------| + | | Iom | Kiom | Tiom | Cxiom | Neniom | + |QUANTITY|Some(of the| What |That |Every |None of the| + | | quantity)| quantity| quantity| quantity | quantity | + | | | How much |So much |All of the | | + | | | | | quantity | | + |--------+-----------+-----------+----------+-----------+-----------| + | | Iu | Kiu | Tiu | Cxiu | Neniu | + |INIVIDU-| Someone |What person|That |Each person| No one | + | ALITY | Anyone |Which thing| person |Everyone | Nobody | + | | |Who Which |That | Cxiuj = | | + | | | |(specified) all, | | + | | | | thing | all the...| | + +-------------------------------------------------------------------+ + + + VOCABULARY. + + ankro : anchor. prov- : attempt, try. + maniero : manner, way. sukces- : succeed. + riprocxo : reproach. perd- : lose. + konscienco : conscience. merit- : deserve. + propono : proposal, offer. kompren- : understand. + rando : edge. libera : free. + sxipo : ship. certa : certain, sure. + dubo : doubt. utila : useful. + demando : question. fremda : strange. + admir- : admire. necesa : necessary. + placx- : be pleasing. ekster : beyond, outside. + supoz- : suppose. + +"Ia." La maro estas tie pli profunda, ol povas atingi ia ankro. En +ia maniero. Sen ia riprocxo de konscienco. Mi scias, en kia loko mi +certe lin trovos. Kia estas la vetero? Kian malbonon mi al vi faris? +Tiamaniere li faris cxion. Li invitis lin veni en tian kaj tian lokon. +Ne cxia birdo kantas. Ekster cxia dubo. Nenia homo meritas tian punon. +Tiaj libroj estas malutilaj. Iafoje li vizitas nin. + +"Ial." Ial li ne povis dormi. Kial vi ne respondas al mi? Mi ne +komprenis vian demandon, tial mi ne respondis. La homoj ne komprenas unu +la alian, kaj tial ili tenas sin fremde. Cxial tio estas la plej bona. + +"Iam." Mi iam vin amis. Kio vivas, necese devas iam morti. Kiam vi +foriros? En la luna nokto, kiam cxiuj dormis, tiam sxi sidis sur la +rando de la sxipo. Estu por cxiam benata! Sxi antauxe neniam vidis +hundon. + + VOCABULARY 20A. + + mono : money. monto : mountain. + monujo : purse. ganto : glove. + juneco : youth. opinio : opinion. + reto : net. vocxo : voice. + ideo : idea. prezid- : preside. + gajno : gain. alpren- : adopt. + tauxg- : be fit, suitable. stranga : strange, curious. + fart- : be, fare (as to health). komprenebla : understandable. + subita : sudden. + +"Ie." Kie estas la knaboj? Kien vi iris? Mi restas tie cxi. Li perdis +sian monujon ie en la urbo, sed kie li perdis gxin, li ne scias. Mi +volonte el tie venis tien cxi. Li petis sxin, ke sxi diru al li, de kie +si venas. [Footnote: See note in Lesson 17.] Por la juneco cxie staras +retoj. Cxie estas floroj, kaj nenie oni povas trovi pli belajn. + +"Iel." Kiel bela! Cxu mi tauxgas kiel regxo? Tiel finigxis la felicxa +tago. Ili brilis kiel diamantoj. Kiel vi fartas? Iel li malkomprenis +min. Mia edzino pensis tiel same, kiel mi. Mi neniel povas kompreni, +kion vi diras. Tre stranga kaj neniel komprenebla! Mi elektis lin kiel +prezidanto. Mi elektis lin kiel prezidanton. + +"Ies." Kies ganto tiu cxi estas? Mi neniam alprenas ties opinion. Subite +sxi ekauxdis ies fortan malagrablan vocxon. Cxies ideo estas diversa. +Bona amiko, sen kies helpo li neniam ekvidus tiun cxi landon. Ies perdo +ne estas cxiam ies gajno. Ies perdo estas ofte nenies gajno. + + VOCABULARY 20B. + + ornamo : ornament. hxino : Chinese. + pupilo : pupil (of eye). decido : decision. + centimo : centime. ced- : give up, yield, cede. + forto : strength, power. forlas- : forsake, leave. + nesto : nest. prudenta : reasonable, prudent. + Fortuno : fortune. firma : firm, stable. + funto : pound (weight or money). sterlinga : sterling. + lango : tongue. kontraux : against, opposite. + gusto : taste. pro : for, owing to. + okulo : eye. + +"Io." Mi sentas, ke io okazas. Neniam mi ion al vi donis. Mi volas fari +al vi ion bonan. Kio tio cxi estas? Kia ornamo tiu cxi estas? Kion mi +vidas? Tio cxi estas cxio, pri kio mi parolis. Mi nenion cedos al vi. +Nenion faru kontraux la patrino. Antaux cxio estu fidela al vi mem. Sxi +eksentis ion tian, kion sxi mem komence ne povas kompreni. + +"Iom." Sxi parolis iom kolere. La pupiloj de la okuloj iom post iom +malgrandigxis. Kiu estas tiom senprudenta, ke li povas gxin kredi? Kiom +da mono vi havas? Mi havas neniom. Donu al mi tiom da akvo, kiom da +vino. + +"Iu." Iu venas; kiu gxi estas? Cxu iu kuragxus tion fari? Cxiu penis sin +savi, kiel li povis. Lingvo, en kiu neniu nin komprenos. Neniu el ili +povis savi la dronanton. Li al neniu helpis iam ecx per unu centimo. Ni +iros cxiuj kune. Mi konas neniun en tiu urbo. Tio cxi estas super cxiuj +homaj fortoj. + + 20C. + +Oni petis lin atendi iom kun lia forveturo. Tiuj cxi nestoj ofte estas +pli grandaj, ol la dometoj de la tieaj homoj. Li forveturis kun firma +decido forlasi por cxiam tiun cxi sendankan landon. Se iu tion vidus, li +malbenus la Fortunon. Mi donus cent funtojn sterlingajn, se bova lango +povus havi por mi tian bonan guston kiel por vi. Kioma + + + LESSON 21. + + Suffixes -eg-, -et-. + + +The suffixes "-eg-" and "-et-" are opposites; "-eg-" denotes a great +size or degree, and "-et-" a small size or degree, of that which the +word signifies, as "domo", a house, "domego", a mansion, "dometo", a +cottage; "sxnuro", a cord, "sxnurego", a rope, "sxnureto", a string; +"monto", a mountain, "montego", a huge mountain, "monteto", a hill; +"ami", to love, "amegi", to idolise, "ameti", to have a liking for; +"ridi", to laugh, "ridegi", to shout with laughter, to guffaw, "rideti", +to smile. + +"-eg-" and "-et-" denote a greater or smaller size or degree than is +expressed by "very large" or "very small". The adjective "ega" means +"enormous, huge", and "eta" means "tiny". + + VOCABULARY. + + arbaro : a wood. somero : summer. + bruo : noise. kampo : field. + kalesxo : carriage. piedego : paw. + korto : courtyard. forir- : go away. + piedo : foot. murmur- : murmur. + teruro : terror. varma : warm. + militistaro : army. densa : dense. + serio : series. + +En varmega tago mi amas promeni en arbaro. Kun bruo oni malfermis la +pordegon, kaj la kalesxo enveturis en la korton. Tio cxi estas jam ne +simpla pluvo, sed pluvego. Grandega hundo metis sur min sian antauxan +piedegon, kaj mi de teruro ne sciis, kion fari. Antaux nia militistaro +staris granda serio da pafilegoj. En tiu nokto blovis terura ventego. +Kun plezurego. Li deziregis denove foriri. + +Tuj post la hejto la forno estis varmega, post unu horo gxi estis nur +varma, post du horoj gxi estis nur iom varmeta, kaj post tri horoj gxi +estis jam tute malvarma. Mi acxetis por la infanoj tableton kaj kelke da +segxetoj. En nia lando sin ne trovas montoj, sed nur montetoj. En somero +ni trovas malvarmeton en densaj arbaroj. Li sidas apud la tablo kaj +dormetas. Mallargxa vojeto kondukas tra tiu cxi kampo al nia domo. Sur +lia vizagxo mi vidis gxojan rideton. Antaux la virino aperis malgranda, +beleta hundo. Pardonu, li murmuretis. + + + LESSON 22. + + Suffix -il-. + +The suffix "-il-" denotes the "instrument" by means of which something +is done, as "razi", to shave, "razilo", a razor; "rigli", to bolt, +"riglilo", a bolt; "butero", butter, "buterilo", a churn; "kuraci", to +treat (as a doctor), "kuracilo", a medicine. + + VOCABULARY. + + viando : meat, flesh. komb- : comb. + posxo : pocket. sxtop- : stop up. + korko : cork (substance). sxlos- : lock. + argxento : silver. glit- : glide, slide. + telero : plate. direkt- : direct, steer. + sano : health. difekt- : damage. + butero : butter. montr- : show. + hak- : chop, hew. pes- : weigh something. + seg- : saw. tir- : draw, pull. + fos- : dig. vetur- : drive (in a vehicle). + kudr- : sew. frosta : frosty. + tond- : clip, shear. magneta : magnetic. + +Per hakilo ni hakas, per segilo ni segas, per fosilo ni fosas, per +kudrilo ni kudras, per tondilo ni tondas. La trancxilo estis tiel +malakra, ke mi ne povis trancxi per gxi la viandon, kaj mi devis uzi +mian posxan trancxilon. Cxu vi havas korktirilon, por malsxtopi la +botelon? Mi volis sxlosi la pordon, sed mi perdis la sxlosilon. Sxi +kombas al si la harojn per argxenta kombilo. En somero ni veturas per +diversaj veturiloj, kaj en vintro per glitveturilo. Hodiaux estas +bela frosta vetero; tial mi prenos miajn glitilojn kaj iros gliti. La +direktilisto de "Pinta" difektis la direktilon. La magneta montrilo. La +unua montrilo en la plej multaj malsanoj estas la lango. Li metis gxin +sur la teleron de pesilo. + + + LESSON 23. + + Suffixes -an-, -estr-. + +The suffix "-an-" signifies a "member", an "inhabitant" of a country, +town, etc., or a member of a party, society, religion, etc. "Euxropano", +a European; "Londonano", a Londoner; "urbo", a town or city, "urbano", +a citizen; "klubo", a club, "klubano", a member of a club. "Ano", a +member. + +"-estr-" denotes the "head" of a State, town, society, etc. "Regno", +a State, "regnestro", a ruler of a State; "urbestro", the head of a +town, a mayor; "lernejo", a school, "lernejestro", the principal or head +master of a school; "imperio", an empire, "imperiestro", an emperor. + + VOCABULARY. + + Parizo : Paris. vilagxo : village. + regno : State. obe- : obey. + imperio : empire. konfes- : confess, avow, + polico : police. acknowledge, profess + Kristo : Christ. (a religion, etc.). + Lutero : Luther. enir- : enter. + Kalvino : Calvin. ruza : sharp (cunning). + germano : German. suficxa : sufficient. + franco : Frenchman. ordinara : ordinary. + Rusujo : Russia. naiva : simple. + provinco : province. sagxa : wise. + religio : religion. severa : strict, severe. + regimento : regiment. justa : just, righteous. + lokomotivo : engine. egala : equal. + logxio : box (opera), fiera : proud. + lodge (freemason, etc.). energia : energetic. + +La sxipanoj devas obei la sxipestron. Cxiuj logxantoj de regno estas +regnanoj. Urbanoj estas ordinare pli ruzaj, ol vilagxanoj. La Parizanoj +estas gajaj homoj. Nia urbo havas bonajn policanojn, sed ne suficxe +energian policestron. Luteranoj kaj Kalvinanoj estas Kristanoj. Germanoj +kaj francoj, kiuj logxas en Rusujo, estas Rusujanoj, kvankam ili ne +estas rusoj. Li estas nelerta kaj naiva provincano. La logxantoj de unu +regno estas samregnanoj, la logxantoj de unu urbo estas samurbanoj, la +konfesantoj de unu religio estas samreligianoj. Tiuj, kiuj havas la +samajn ideojn, estas samideanoj. + +La regnestro de nia lando estas bona kaj sagxa regxo. Nia provincestro +estas severa, sed justa. Nia regimentestro estas por siaj soldatoj kiel +bona patro. Ili estas egale fieraj, kiel domestrino pri sia domo. Sur la +lokomotivo la lokomotivestro sidis sola. La imperiestro, akompanata de +la imperiestrino, jxus eniris en sian logxion. + + + LESSON 24. + + Suffixes -ar-, -er-. + +The suffix "-ar-" signifies a collection of the persons or things named, +as "arbo", a tree, "arbaro", a wood; "homo", a human being, "homaro", +mankind; "militisto", a soldier (from "milito", war), "militistaro", +an army; "vorto", a word, "vortaro", a dictionary ("vortareto", a +vocabulary); "aro", a flock, "anaro", a company, troop. + +"-er-" signifies a particle, or one of things of which the name denotes +a mass, as "greno", corn, "grenero", a grain of corn; "polvo", dust, +"polvero", a speck of dust; "pulvo", gunpowder, "pulvero", a grain +of gunpowder; "hajlo", hail, "hajlero", a hailstone; "negxo", snow, +"negxero", a snowflake; "koto", mud, "kotero", a speck of mud or dirt. + + + VOCABULARY. + + pulvo : gunpowder. sxafo : a sheep. + sxtupo : step, stair. fajro : fire. + tegmento : roof. met- : put, set. + herbo : grass. pasxt- : feed (cause to feed), + bruto : brute, beast, head of cattl pasture. + lano : wool. sekv- : follow. + persono : person. bar- : bar (obstruct). + floreno : florin. batal- : battle, fight. + sxilingo : shilling. eksplod- : explode. + penco : penny. brava : brave. + glaso : a glass (tumbler). kruta : steep. + brando : brandy. hispana : Spanish. + tuko : a cloth. vasta : vast, spacious. + telertuketo : serviette. precipe : chiefly, particularly. + [Footnote: See Lesson 45.] preskaux : almost. + sxnuro : cord. inter : between, among. + sablo : sand. + +Nia lando venkos, cxar nia militistaro estas granda kaj brava. Sur kruta +sxtuparo li levis sin al la tegmento de la domo. Mi ne scias la lingvon +hispanan, sed per helpo de vortaro hispana-germana mi tamen komprenis +iom vian leteron. Sur tiuj cxi vastaj kaj herboricxaj kampoj pasxtas sin +grandaj brutaroj, precipe aroj da bellanaj sxafoj. La vagonaro konsistis +preskaux nur el personvagonoj. Oni metis antaux mi mangxilaron, kiu +konsistis el telero, kulero, trancxilo, forko, glaseto por brando, glaso +por vino kaj telertuketo. Sur la maro staris granda sxipo, kaj inter la +sxnuregaro sidis cxie sxipanoj. Lia sekvantaro staris en la posto de la +logxio. Mallumaj montegaroj baras la vojon. + +Floreno, sxilingo kaj penco estas moneroj. Sablero enfalis en mian +okulon. Unu fajrero estas suficxa por eksplodigi pulvon. + + + LESSON 25. + + Suffix -ul-. + +The suffix "-ul-" denotes a person characterised by the quality, etc., +which the word expresses, as "justa", just, righteous, "justulo", one +who is just; "babili", to chatter, "babilulo", one who chatters, a +babbler; "avara", avaricious, "avarulo", a miser; "kun", with, "kunulo", +a companion. + + VOCABULARY. + + legendo : legend. entrepren- : undertake. + ombro : shadow. propra : own. + rajto : right, authority. avara : avaricious. + profeto : prophet. potenca : powerful. + mensogo : a lie. infekta : infectious. + tagmangx- : dine. cxe : at, with. + +Malricxa sagxulo tagmangxis cxe avara ricxulo. Malsagxulon cxiu batas. +Li estas mensogisto kaj malnoblulo. Timulo timas ecx sian propran +ombron. Tiu cxi maljunulo tute malsagxigxis kaj infanigxis. Unu +instruitulo entreprenis gravan sciencan laboron. Nur sanktuloj havas la +rajton enveni tien cxi. Li sola estas la grandulo, la potenculo. Gxi ne +estas la legendo pri la belulino Zobeido. Post infekta malsano oni ofte +bruligas la vestojn de la malsanulo. La malbeno de la profeto staras +super la kapo de maldankulo. Post kelkaj minutoj la kuragxulo eliris. +Cxiuj sanktuloj, helpu! + + + LESSON 26. + +The following words, which have already been used in the previous +lessons, are always placed before nouns or pronouns, to show the +relation (of position, etc.) between the thing for which the noun stands +and another thing or an action. + + al : to, towards. laux : according to. + apud : beside, near, by. per : by means of, with. + da : of (indefinite quantity). post : after, behind. + de : of from, by. pri : concerning, about. + el : out of. por : for, for the sake of. + en : in, into, within. sen : without. + ekster : outside. super : above, over. + gxis : until, till, as far as. sur : on, upon. + inter : between, among. tra : through. + kontraux : against, opposite. trans : across, on the other side. + kun : (in company) with. je (has no definite meaning). + +(These words are called PREPOSITIONS, which means placed before). + +The other simple prepositions are-- + + anstataux : instead of. po : at the rate of. + antaux : before. pro : for (cause), owing to. + cxe : at, with. preter : past, beyond, by. + cxirkaux : about, around. spite : in despite of. + krom : besides, except. sub : under. + malgraux : notwithstanding, + in spite of. + +The prepositions "anstataux", "antaux" ("ol"), and "por" are also used +before Infinitive verbs, as "anstataux diri", instead of saying (to +say); "antaux ol paroli", before speaking; "por lerni", in order to +learn. + +In Esperanto all the prepositions except "je" have a definite meaning, +and care must be taken to use the one which conveys the exact sense. +The same word cannot be used for "with" in the two sentences "He went +with his father" and "He cut it with a knife," or for "about" in "He +spoke about his child" and "They stood about the stove." In the first +example "with" his father is "kun", in company with, Li iris "kun" +sia patro, and "with" a knife is "per", by means of, Li trancxis gxin +"per" trancxilo. "About," in "about his child," is "pri," concerning, +Li parolis "pri" sia infano, but "about," in "about the stove," is +"cxirkaux," around, Ili staris "cxirkaux" la forno. + +When we cannot decide which is the correct preposition to use in any +case, we may use "je," the only preposition which has no special meaning +of its own, or the preposition may be left out altogether, and "n" +added to the noun or pronoun, provided that no want of clearness ensue +(see Lesson 27), as Mi ridas "pro" lia naiveco, or, Mi ridas "je" lia +naiveco, or, Mi ridas lian "naivecon", I laugh at his simplicity. + +When we wish to express "motion towards" something, and the preposition +does not of itself express it, "n" is added to the noun or pronoun, as +in the case of adverbs (see Lesson 12), "Li estas en la domo", He is in +the house; but, "Li iras en la domon", He is going into the house. + +NOTE.--There are three cases in which the noun or pronoun takes "n". +(i.). When it is the "direct object" of the verb, as "Mi vidis lin", +I saw him. (ii.). To show "direction", as "Li iris en la gxardenon", +He went into the garden. (iii.). When the "preposition" is "left out". +This is usually done in the case of "dates" and expressions signifying +"duration" of time, as "Georgo Vasxington estis naskita la dudek-duan de +Februaro de la jaro mil sepcent tridek du", George Washington was born +the 22nd of February, 1732. "Vi restos tie cxi la tutan vivon (dum la +tuta vivo)", You will remain here your (the) whole life. + +All the prepositions whose meaning allows of it can be used as +adjectives, adverbs, etc., by adding the proper endings, as from +"antaux", before, we get "antauxa", former, "antauxe", formerly or +previously, "antauxen", forward. + +Prepositions are also joined to other words, and to prefixes or +suffixes, as "antauxdiri", to foretell; "apudmara urbo", a seaside town; +"senigi", to deprive of. + +Sometimes the preposition is both prefixed to the verb and used after it +before the noun, as "Li eliris el la domo, kaj eniris en la gxardenon", +He went out of the house, and entered into the garden. + + + LESSON 27. + + Al. + +"Al" signifies "to" or "towards" a person or place. It is also used +before the noun or pronoun which signifies "person" after such verbs as +"give, tell", etc., which take two objects in different relations to the +verb, as-- Give (to) him the book, "Donu al li la libron." Tell (to) +him the truth, "Diru al li la veron." Write (to) him a letter, "Skribu +al li leteron." In such cases we can say "Pardonu lin", Pardon him, if +the "thing" object is not mentioned, but we cannot say "Pardonu lin la +kulpon", Forgive him his fault; it must be "Pardonu al li la kulpon." +The pronoun with "al" is sometimes used instead of the possessive +(pronoun) adjective "mia", etc., as "Mi trancxis al mi la fingron", +for "Mi trancxis mian fingron", I cut my finger. "Sxi kombis al si la +harojn," instead of "Sxi kombis siajn harojn," She combed her hair. + +"Al" is frequently used as a prefix as well as after the verb, as +"aldoni", to add; "alpreni", to adopt; "aligxi", to adhere; "aljugxi", +to award. + + VOCABULARY. + + sorcxisto : sorcerer. promes- : promise. + detrancx- : cut off. ambaux : both. + +Sxi revenis al la palaco de sia patro. Ili ambaux iris al la urbestro. +Cxu mi ne faris al vi bonon? Sxi nenion al ili rakontis. Sxi skribis al +li leteron. Cxiutage li instruas al la homoj ion, kion ili ne scias. Ili +flugis al la suno. Unu fratino promesis al la alia rakonti al sxi, kion +sxi vidis kaj kio la plej multe placxis al sxi en la unua tago. Eble li +al vi pardonos. Sxi ne kredis al siaj propraj oreloj. Li ne sciis, ke +al sxi li devas danki la vivon. Si savis al li la vivon. La sorcxistino +detrancxis al la virineto de maro la langon. + + + LESSON 28. + + Cxe. Apud. + +"Cxe" indicates a certain "place, time", or "point of thought, +discourse", etc., as, "Li estis cxe mia patro", He was with my father, +or at my father's house. "Cxe la momento", At the moment. "Li estis cxe +la pordo", He was at the door, "Cxeesti", To be present. + +"Apud" means "close by, beside." It applies to place only, as "La knabo +staris apud la patro", The boy stood by, or beside, the father. + + VOCABULARY. + + fundo : bottom. halt- : stop, halt. + brako : arm. ramp- : creep, crawl. + torcxo : torch. plant- : (to) plant. + serpento : serpent. multekosta : precious, + statuo : statue. valuable. + saliko : willow. aux ... aux : either ... or. + +Mi logxis cxe sxia patro. Gxi falis sur la fundon de la maro cxe la +rompigxo de la sxipo. Cxe lumo de torcxoj. Brako cxe brako. Kaptis lin +kelka timo cxe la penso. Nenio helpas; oni devas nur kuragxe resti cxe +sia opinio. Sxi ridis cxe lia rakontado. Cxe cxiu vorto, kiun vi diros, +el via busxo eliros aux floro aux multekosta sxtono. + +Li haltis apud la pordo. La serpento rampis apud sxiaj piedoj. Kiam +li estis cxe mi, li staris tutan horon apud la fenestro. Mi logxis en +arbo apud via domo. Sxi plantis apud la statuo roza-rugxan salikon. La +apudvojaj arboj. + + + LESSON 29. + + En. + +"En" means "in, inside;" when "n" is added to the noun which it +precedes, it means "into", as "Kie vi estas? Mi estas en la domo. Kien +vi iras? Mi iras en la gxardenon." Where are you? I am in the house. +Where are you going? I am going into the garden. "Malamiko venis en nian +landon", An enemy came into our country. + + VOCABULARY. + + Hispanujo : Spain. muel- : grind. + humoro : humour, temper. turn- : turn. + paco : peace. divid- : divide. + pinglo : pin. do : then. + nasko-tago : birthday. gxuste : exactly, just. + faruno : flour. kvazaux : as if. + parto : part. + +La birdo flugas en la cxambro ( = gxi estas en la cxambro, kaj flugas en +gxi). La birdo flugas en la cxambron ( = gxi estas ekster la cxambro, +kaj flugas nun en gxin). Mi vojagxas en Hispanujo. Mi vojagxas en +Hispanujon. Kion do fari en tia okazo? Mi estas en bona humoro. Li +murmuretis al la regxino en la orelon. En sekvo de tiu cxi okazo. Mi +preferus resti en paco tie cxi. Sxia naskotago estis gxuste en la mezo +de vintro. Li ekrigardis en la okulojn de la infano. Li estis bela +granda viro en la agxo de kvardek jaroj. En la dauxro de mia tuta vivo. +En la fino de la jaro. Mano en mano. Enirinte en la vagonon, sxi sidis +kvazaux sur pingloj. La greno mueligxas en farunon. Aleksandro turnigxis +en polvon. Li dividis la pomon en du partojn. + + + LESSON 30. + + Inter. Ekster. El. + +"Inter" means "between, among", or "amongst." It is largely used as a +prefix, as "interparoli", to converse; "internacia", international; +"interkonsento", agreement; "sin intermeti", to interfere. + + +"Ekster" means "out of, outside", as "ekster dangxero", out of danger. +It is used as a prefix, as "eksterordinara", extraordinary. + +"El" means "out of". It applies (i.) to "place", signifying motion from, +as, "Mi eliris el la domo", I went out of the house. (ii.). "Chosen from +among", as, "Unu el miaj infanoj", One of (from among) my children. +(iii.). "Made out of", as, "Tiu cxi sxtofo estas farita el lano", This +cloth is made (out) of wool. "El" is used as a prefix, and means "out, +outright", or "thoroughly", as, "Elfosi", to dig out; "Ellerni", to +learn thoroughly. + + VOCABULARY. + + kolono : column, pillar. krono : crown. + marmoro : marble. uzo : use. + figuro : figure. okazo : occasion. + muro : wall. alfabeto : alphabet. + kanapo : sofa. divid- : divide (something). + arto : art. produkt- : produce. + viveco : liveliness. interne : inside. + +Inter Rusujo kaj Francujo estas Germanujo. Ili dividis inter si dekdu +pomojn. Inter la deka kaj dekunua horo matene. Inter la kolonoj staris +marmoraj figuroj. Apud la muro inter la fenestroj staris kanapo. Longe +ili parolis inter si. Cxe tiu cxi malsano unu horo povas decidi inter +vivo kaj morto. En la intertempo inter la paroloj oni produktas artajn +fajrojn. + +Mi staras ekster la domo, kaj li estas interne. Li estas ekster la +pordo. Nun ni estas ekster dangxero. Li logxas ekster la urbo. Starante +ekstere, li povis vidi nur la eksteran flankon de nia domo. Li montris +eksteren en la mallumon. Mi lasis lin ekstere. La ekstero de tiu cxi +homo estas pli bona, ol lia interno. + +Li eliris el la urbo. Li estas jxus reveninta el la eksterlando. Kun +eksterordinara viveco sxi elsaltis el la vagono. Sxi metis al sxi +kronon el blankaj lilioj sur la harojn. Li faris uzon el la okazo. Tiuj +cxi nestoj estas farataj tute el tero. Sxi estis la plej kuragxa el +cxiuj. Jen vi elkreskis! Li eliris el la dormocxambro, kaj eniris en la +mangxocxambron. La esperanta alfabeto konsistas el dudek ok literoj. + + + LESSON 31. + + Sur. Super. Sub. + +"Sur" means "on, upon" (touching). "Li sidas sur la kanapo", He is +sitting on the sofa. Followed by the accusative (with "n") it means "on +to", as "Sidigxu sur la kanapon", Sit down on the sofa. "Influi sur la +karakteron", To have influence on the character. + +"Super" means "over, above" (not touching). "Super la maro flugis la +nuboj", Over the sea floated the clouds. Followed by the accusative it +shows motion over and above a thing, as "Li jxetis sxtonon super la +muron", He threw a stone over the wall. + +"Sub" means "under, underneath". "La hundo kusxis sub la tablo", The +dog lay under the table. With the accusative "sub" shows motion to and +beneath, as "La hundo kuris sub la tablon", The dog ran under the table. + + VOCABULARY. + + aero : air. suprajxo : surface. + sono : sound. sxultro : shoulder. + benko : bench. ferdeko : deck. + kato : cat. balanc- : swing (something). + lito : bed. frap- : strike, slap. + frukto : fruit. influ- : have influence on. + genuo : knee. prem- : press. + muso : mouse. nagx- : swim. + muziko : music. forestanta : absent. + ponto : bridge. nobla : noble (quality). + sofo : sofa. alta : high. + +Mi sidas sur segxo kaj tenas la piedojn sur benketo. Li revenis kun kato +sur la brako. Mi metis la manon sur la tablon. Li falis sur la genuojn. +Ne iru sur la ponton. Li jxetis sin malespere sur segxon. Li frapis lin +sur la sxultron, kaj premis lin malsupren sur la sofon. Mi sidigis min +sur la lokon de la forestanta hejtisto. La fruktoplantado devas influi +noblige sur tiujn, kiuj sia okupas je gxi. + +Super la tero sin trovas aero. Liaj pensoj alte levigxis super la +nubojn. Sxi ricevis la permeson sin levi super la suprajxon de la maro. +Ili povis sin levi sur la altajn montojn alte super la nubojn. Li staras +supre sur la monto kaj rigardas malsupren sur la kampon. Sxi sidis sur +la akvo kaj balancigxis supren kaj malsupren. + +El sub la kanapo la muso kuris sub la liton, kaj nun gxi kuras sub la +lito. Sxi ofte devis nagxi sub la akvon. Sub la sonoj de muziko ili +dancis sur la ferdeko. Ekfloris sub sxia rigardo la blankaj lilioj. Sxi +subigxis sub la akvon. Sxi suprennagxis cxe la subiro de la suno. + + + LESSON 32. + + Tra. Trans. Preter. + +"Tra" means "through", as "Tra la truo", Through the hole. "Tra la +mondo", Through the world. + +"Trans" means "at the other side, across", as "Li logxas trans la +rivero", He lives on the other side of the river. With the accusative it +means "to the other side", as "Li nagxis trans la riveron", He swam to +the other side of (across) the river. + + +"Preter" means "past, by", or "beyond;" it conveys the idea of coming +up from behind and passing on in front, as "Mi pasis preter via frato", +or "Mi preterpasis vian fraton", I passed your brother. The difference +between "tra", "trans", and "preter" is clearly shown by the sentence +"Trapasinte la arbaron, li preterpasis la pregxejon kaj tiam transpasis +la riveron per la ponto", Having passed through the wood, he passed by +the church, and then passed over the river by the bridge. + + VOCABULARY. + + kameno : hearth, fireside. momento : moment. + poto : pot. abato : abbot. + kaldrono : cauldron, kettle. penetr- : penetrate. + vaporo : steam, vapour. bol- : boil (as water boils). + hirundo : swallow. turn- : turn (a thing or oneself). + tunelo : tunnel. largxa : wide, broad. + oceano : ocean. + +Li estas tiel dika, ke li ne povas trairi tra nia mallargxa pordo. +Sxi rigardis supren tra la mallume-blua akvo. Tra la palrugxa aero +lumis la stelo de la vespero. La sonado de la sonoriloj trapenetras +malsupren al sxi. Ili traglitas inter la brancxoj. Sur la kameno inter +du potoj staras fera kaldrono; el la kaldrono, en kiu sin trovas (or +"trovigxas") bolanta akvo, eliras vaporo; tra la fenestro, kiu sin +trovas (or "trovigxas") apud la pordo, la vaporo iras sur la korton. + +La hirundo flugis trans la riveron, cxar trans la rivero sin trovis +(or "trovigxis") aliaj hirundoj. Ili povas flugi sur sxipoj trans la +maron. "Kial Hanibalo iris trans la Alpojn? Cxar tiam la tunelo ne +estis ankoraux preter." Estas neeble, ke ili estu transirintaj trans la +oceanon. Cxio transturnigxis la fundo supren. + +Ni pasis preter la stacio. En tiu cxi momento preteriras la abato. +Preterirante, mi demandis lin, cxu jam estas la dekdua horo. La muelilo +ne povas mueli per akvo preterfluinta. + + + LESSON 33. + + Antaux. Post. + +"Antaux" means "before" (time), "Ni revenos antaux Mardo", We shall +return before Tuesday, "in front of" (place), "Antaux la domo", Before +the house. Before verbs "antaux ol" is used, as "Lavu vin, antaux ol +mangxi", Wash (yourself) before eating. + +"Post" means "after" (time), "behind" (place). + +Care must be taken in using "antaux" and "post" to arrange the sentence +so that there can be no doubt as to whether time or place is referred +to. "He came before his father," in place or position, "i.e.", in front +of his father, is "Li venis antaux sia patro", but if "before in time" +is meant, it must be "Li venis antaux ol lia patro" ("venis"). "Li venis +post sia patro" means He came behind his father; if we mean "after his +father came" we may use "kiam", and say "Li venis post, kiam lia patro +venis". + +To express "time past," "ago," "antaux" is used, as "Antaux tri tagoj", +Three days ago. "Antaux longe", A long time ago. "Antaux nelonge", Not +long ago. + +To express "in" a time to come "post" is used, as I will come in three +days, "Mi venos post tri tagoj". "Post nelonge", In a short time. + + VOCABULARY. + + pregxejo : church (place of vek- : waken (someone). + prayer). bala- : sweep. + ordo : order. rauxka : hoarse. + ricxeco : wealth. avida : eager, greedy. + pasxo : step. ofte : often. + pagxo : page. publike : publicly. + +Antaux ili staris pregxejo. Antaux tiuj homoj estas inde paroli. Ofte +en la nokto sxi staris antaux la fenestro. Mi estas peka antaux vi. +Antaux unu horo. Antaux mallonge li vekigxis tre rauxka. Antaux nelonge +oni vendis la domon publike. Ne iru, antaux ol vi scias, ke cxio estas +en ordo. Mi devos lasi ilin elbalai la cxambron, antaux ol ni komencos +danci. Mi estis tie en la antauxa jaro. Antauxe mi neniam pensis pri +ricxeco. Estis al sxi, kiel la sorcxistino antauxdiris. + +Li restis post la pordo. Iom post iom. Sxi komencis avide legi pagxon +post pagxo. Sxi rigardis post lin kun rideto. Post kelkaj minutoj +levigxis la suno. Sxi jxetis siajn brakojn posten kaj antauxen. Ni +restos kelkajn semajnojn en Parizo; poste ni vojagxos en Germanujon. + + + LESSON 34. + + Dum. Gxis. Cxirkaux. + +"Dum" means "during", as "Dum mia tuta vivo", During my whole life. It +is not much used as a preposition, that is, before a noun, "en la dauxro +de" being better, as "En la dauxro de mia tuta vivo", In (the duration +of) my whole life; or the preposition is omitted altogether, as "La +tutan tagon mi laboradis", I used to work all day long. "Dum", meaning +"while, whilst", is often used at the beginning of a sentence. "Dume" +means meanwhile, or, in the meantime. + +"Gxis" means "till, until, up to, as far as". "Atendu gxis Sabato", Wait +until Saturday. "Iru gxis la rivero", Go as far as the river. + +"Cxirkaux" means "about" or "around, somewhere near" (more or less). +"Ili ludis cxirkaux la arbo", They played around the tree. "Cxirkaux +Majo ni foriros", About May we shall go away. + + VOCABULARY. + + koncerto : concert. vitro : glass (material). + flanko : side. globo : globe. + sorto : fate. kolekt- : collect. + radio : ray. prepar- : prepare. + kupolo : cupola, dome. pes- : weigh (something). + rublo : rouble. ekzist- : exist. + etagxo : story (of building). pere- : perish. + doloro : pain, ache. proksime : near to. + +Dum la tuta tago (aux, la tutan tagon) li restis sola. Dum (aux, en la +dauxro de) kelkaj monatoj, sxi ne eliradis el sia cxambro. Li dormis dum +la tuta koncerto (aux, la tutan koncerton). Dum dauxris la preparoj, +li estis gasto cxe la regxo. Dum li veturas sur la vojo al Grenada, en +Santa Fe estas decidata lia sorto. + +Ili laboradis gxis profunda nokto. La telero de la pesilo mallevigxis +gxis la tero. Gxiaj radioj sin levadis gxis la kupolo. Pruntu al mi dek +rublojn gxis morgaux. Li laboradis de frua mateno gxis malfrua nokto. Li +batalos gxis la fino mem. Ni levadis nin cxiam pli kaj pli alte gxis la +kvara etagxo. Gxi ekzistos gxis la mondo pereos. + +La regxo venis cxirkaux tagmezo en la vilagxon Reading. Cxirkaux la +mateno la ventego finigxis. Estos suficxe cxirkaux dek metroj. Cxiuj +kolektigxis cxirkaux la vitra globo. Oni povas rigardi tre malproksime +cxirkauxe. Cxirkauxe nagxis grandaj montoj de glacio. Li rigardis +cxirkauxen sur cxiuj flankoj. + + + LESSON 35. + + De. Da. + + +"De" means "of", "from", or "by"; it denotes (i.) "possession", as "La +cxapelo de la patro", The father's hat; (ii.), "the agent of an action", +as "La letero estis skribata de Johano", The letter was written by John; +(iii.), "cause, Li mortis de febro", He died of fever; (iv.), "starting +point, from, since", as "De tiu tempo neniu lin vidis", (Starting) from +(since) that time nobody has seen him; "Li venis de Parizo", He came +from Paris. + +"Da" means "of"; it is used after words signifying quantity, when the +noun following has a "general", not a "particular" sense, as "Dekduo +da kuleroj", A dozen spoons; "Funto da teo", A pound of tea; "Peco da +pano", A piece of bread; but if some particular tea, bread, etc., is +specified, "de" must be used, as "Funto de la teo", A pound of the tea; +"Peco de la pano", A piece of the bread. "La" cannot be used after "da." + + VOCABULARY. + + placo : place, square. peco : piece. + velo : sail. sumo : sum. + drapo : cloth. inko : ink. + ovo : egg. najbaro : neighbour. + kilometro : kilometre. mezuro : measure, + bordo : shore. sufer- : suffer. + amaso : crowd. signif- : mean, signify. + auxtuno : autumn. nigra : black. + turo : tower. plena : full. + cxevalo : horse. + +La lumo de la luno. En la mezo de la placo staris domo. Li povis havi +la agxon de dekses jaroj. La tempo de ilia vivo estas ankoraux pli +mallonga, ol de nia. Ili sin levis de apud la tablo. Mi pensis, ke vi +de tie jam ne revenos. La sxipanoj demetis la velojn. Li deiris de la +cxevalo. + +Glaso de vino estas glaso, en kiu antauxe sin trovis vino, aux kiun oni +uzas por vino; glaso da vino estas glaso plena je vino. Alportu al mi +metron da nigra drapo. (Metro de drapo signifus metron, kiu kusxis sur +drapo, aux kiu estas uzata por drapo). Mi acxetis dekon da ovoj. Tiu +cxi rivero havas ducent kilometrojn da longo. Sur la bordo de la maro +staris amaso da homoj. Multaj birdoj flugas en la auxtuno en pli varmajn +landojn. Sur la arbo sin trovis multe (aux multo) da birdoj. Kelkaj +homoj sentas sin la plej felicxaj, kiam ili vidas la suferojn de siaj +najbaroj. En la cxambro sidis nur kelke da homoj. "Da" post ia vorto +montras, ke tiu cxi vorto havas signifon de mezuro. + +Gxi estas bela peco da sxtofo. Sur la teleron li metis milojn da +pecoj da argxento. La lumoj brilas kiel centoj da steloj. Knabo +acxetis boteleton da inko. Ili konstruas turetojn enhavantajn multe da +cxambretoj. Li donis al ili grandan sumon da mono. + + + LESSON 36. + + Per. Kun. Sen. + +"Per" and "kun" represent different uses of our word "with," so care +must be taken to use the correct word. + +"Per" signifies "by means of"; it denotes the "instrument" by means of +which something is done, as "Per hakilo ni hakas", By means of an axe we +chop. + +"Kun" means "in company with, accompanying". "Li iros kun mi", He will +go with me. + +"Sen" means "without" as "Teo sen sukero", Tea without sugar. It is used +as a prefix to denote absence of something, as "sen-utila", without +use, useless (compare with "mal", which denotes the exact opposite; +"malutila" means "harmful, noxious"). + + VOCABULARY. + + envio : envy. folio : leaf. + sxauxmo : foam, froth. fadeno : thread. + fisxo : fish. lud- : play. + vosto : tail. pentr- : paint. + pentrajxo : painting. flar- : smell (something). + regxido : prince (king's son). pel- : drive. + princo : prince. kovr- : cover. + ondo : wave. cxes- : cease. + membro : member. mov- : move (something). + tataro : Tartar. kune : together. + +Mi mangxas per la busxo, kaj flaras per la nazo. Sxi surpasxis per piedo +sur la serpenton. Gxi enkovris la belegan lilion per blanka sxauxmo. La +korpo finigxis per fisxa vosto. Cxiuj muroj estas ornamitaj per grandaj +pentrajxoj. Per tie cxi, kaj ne per alia vojo, la sxtelisto forkuris. +Per kia maniero oni povas veni en la landon de oro? Per tia maniero. Per +unu vorto. La stelo Venus ekbrulis per envio. + +Sxi volis ludi kun ili, sed kun teruro ili forkuris. Kun kia atento +sxi auxskultis tiujn cxi rakontojn! La plej bela el ili estis la juna +regxido kun la grandaj nigraj okuloj. Tien cxi alnagxis la virineto de +maro kun la bela princo. Kun plezuro. Kun cxiu jaro la nombro de la +membroj rapide kreskis. + +La tataro restis sen bona cxevalo kaj sen mangxo. Li preskaux sen vivo +estis pelata de la ondoj. Ili teksis per cxiuj fortoj, sed sen fadenoj. +Li senvorte obeis. La folioj sin movis (or "movigxis") sencxese. Li +kreis sennombrajn birdojn. + + + LESSON 37. + + Por. Pro. + +"Por" means "for, in order to, for the purpose of, for the benefit of", +as "Li acxetis inkon por skribi", He bought ink in order to write. Por +is one of the three prepositions used before verbs in the Infinitive. + +"Pro" means "for, because of, on account of, for the sake of" (cause), +as "Li demandis sxin, pro kio sxi ploras", He asked her, for what +(reason or cause) she weeps. + +"Por" looks "forward" to the aim or purpose of the action, to that which +comes after the action, while "pro" looks "back" to what came before +the action and caused it to be done, as "Mi mangxas" pro "malsato" por +"vivi", I eat because of hunger in order to live. + + + VOCABULARY. + + ofico : office. vend- : sell. + mastro : master. konvink- : convince. + kafo : coffee. kontenta : content, pleased. + bieno : property. sata : satiated. + kauxzo : cause. + +Li sin kuracis por resanigxi. Sxi havis multege por rakonti. Li iris +en la pregxejon, por fari la konfeson. Por iel pasigi la tempon. Neniu +pli bone tauxgas por sia ofico, ol li. Li uzis cxiajn siajn fortojn por +kontentigi sian mastron. Por mi estas tute egale, kie ajn mi logxas. +Prenu (la pagon) por la kafo. + +Li mortis pro (aux, de) malsato. Mi havis tre bonan bienon, kiu +estis vendita pro sxuldoj. Pro la cxielo, ne faru tion cxi. Li estis +konvinkita, ke li pro si ne devas timi. Pro tio cxi Venus lumas pli +forte, ol multaj aliaj steloj. Cxu pro tio, aux cxu pro ia alia kauxzo, +mi ne scias. + + + LESSON 38. + + Pri. Laux. + +"Pri" means "concerning, in regard to, about", as "Ni parolis pri nia +amiko", We spoke about or concerning our friend. + +"Pripensi", to think about, to consider. "Priparoli", to speak about. +"Priskribi", to describe. + +"Laux" means "according to, in accordance with", as "Laux mia opinio", +According to (or, in) my opinion. + +"Lauxlonge", lengthways. + + VOCABULARY. + + konko : shell afero : affair, matter. + komando : command. honesteco : honesty. + eksterajxo : exterior. konvena : suitable, proper, + portreto : portrait. respectable. + boneco : goodness. songx- : dream. + fojo : time. sxajn- : seem, appear. + +Sxi volis kredi, ke la hebreo parolas pri iu alia. Nun la virino havas +cxion, sxi pri nenio povas peti. Pri tio cxi ne pensu. Tion oni vere +ne povas diri pri vi. Estis ankoraux multaj aferoj, pri kiuj ili volis +scii. Li ne povis ecx songxi pri sxi. Sxi demandadis pri tio la maljunan +avinon. + +Mi restas tie cxi laux la ordono de mia estro. Li ekiris laux tiu +cxi rivero. Ili havis la permeson supreniri cxiufoje laux sia volo. +Sxi povis laux sia placxo fosi kaj planti. La konkoj sin fermas kaj +malfermas laux la fluo de la akvo. Laux sia eksterajxo li sxajnis +konvena homo. Laux la komando "tri" vi ekpafos sur la arbon. La pli +juna filino estis la plena portreto de sia patro laux sia boneco kaj +honesteco. + + + LESSON 39. + + Kontraux. Anstataux. Krom. + +"Kontraux" means "against, opposite", or "in opposition to" as "Li +kuragxe batalis kune kun ni kontraux niaj malamikoj", He courageously +fought with us against our enemies. It is also used in the sense +of "overlooking", as "La fenestro kontraux la strato", The window +overlooking the street; and of "facing", as "Vizagxo kontraux vizagxo", +Face to face. "Kontrauxdiri", to contradict. + +"Anstataux" means "instead of, in the place" of, as "Mi iris Londonon +anstataux Parizon", I went to London instead of to Paris. "Mi iris +hieraux anstataux morgaux", I went yesterday instead of to-morrow. +"Anstataux piediri, li veturis", Instead of going on foot, he drove. +"Anstatauxi", to take (or, be in) the place of; "anstatauxigi", to put +in the place of, to replace (by). + +"Krom" means "not including, in addition to, besides", as "En la cxambro +estis neniu krom li", In the room there was nobody except him. "La knabo +estas granda, kaj krom tio, li estas bona". The boy is tall, and besides +that, he is good. + + + VOCABULARY. + + rimedo : a means, remedy. sukero : sugar. + kutimo : custom. kremo : cream. + profesoro : professor, prepozicio : preposition. + reflektoro : reflector. vokalo : vowel. + fiancxo : betrothed. abomeno : disgust. + flanko : side. ordinara : ordinary. + teo : tea. + +Vi havas rimedojn kontraux cxiuj malsanoj. Kion povas fari li sola +kontraux cent homoj? Kontraux sia kutimo, la profesoro nenion diris. Gxi +flugis kontraux la reflektoron. Kontraux sia propra volo sxi tion cxi +konfesis. Li eksentis ian abomenon kontraux si. La kontrauxa flanko. Ili +sidigxis unu kontraux la alia. Sxi estis maljusta kontraux li. Kontraux +la ordinaro, la nombro de la dancantoj estis granda. + +Anstataux li, oni sendis lian fraton. Anstataux eliri, li restis en la +domo. Okulo anstataux okulo, kaj dento anstataux dento. Anstataux kafo +li donis al mi teon kun sukero sed sen kremo. Anstataux "la" oni povas +ankaux diri "l'" (sed nur post prepozicio, kiu finigxas per vokalo). + +En la salono staris neniu krom li kaj lia fiancxino. Krom la malplena +teksilo nenio estis. Krom ni mem, ni havis tre malmulte por enporti. Sxi +volis havi, krom la rugxaj floroj, nur unu belan statuon. Cxiuj dormis, +krom la direktilisto apud sia direktilo. Krom la membroj alveturas multe +da gastoj. + + + LESSON 40. + + Malgraux. Spite. Po. Je. + +"Malgraux" means "in spite of", "notwithstanding", as "Li sukcesis +malgraux cxio", He succeeded in spite of everything. + +"Spite" is a stronger expression than "malgraux"; it means in defiance +of all opposition, despite, as "Li faris tion, spite la malpermeso", He +did that, in spite of being forbidden. + + +"Po" means "at the rate of", as "Mi acxetis dekduon da ovoj po unu +penco", I bought a dozen eggs at (the rate of) a penny (each). +"Poduone", by halves. "Po grande", wholesale; "po malgrande", retail. + +As already said (see Lesson 26), "je" is the only preposition which has +no meaning of its own. It is used when a preposition is needed, and none +of the others properly expresses the idea, as "La krucxo estas plena je" +(or, "de") "akvo", The jug is full of water. "Mi enuas je la hejmo", I +am tired of home. + + VOCABULARY. + + mastrumajxo : household affairs. honoro : honour. + fungo : mushroom. libereco : freedom, liberty. + senco : sense, meaning. kulpo : fault. + regulo : rule. simila : similar, like. + klareco : clearness. komuna : common to. + akuzativo : accusative. kri- : cry. + nobeleco : nobility (of birth). sopir- : sigh for, long for. + ekzemple : for example. + +Li multe laboris, sed malgraux cxio, li ne sukcesis. Estis ankoraux +suficxe varme, malgraux ke la suno staris malalte. Ili estos severe +punataj, se ili, malgraux la malpermeso, pekos kontraux la libereco de +la vojo. Spite cxiuj miaj penoj por malhelpi lin, li foriris. + +Por miaj kvar infanoj mi acxetis dek du pomojn, kaj al cxiu el la +infanoj mi donis po tri pomoj. Ili povas kosti po tri gxis kvin +sxilingoj. Tiu cxi libro havas sesdek pagxojn; tial se mi legos en cxiu +tago po dekkvin pagxoj, mi finos la tutan libron en kvar tagoj. Mi +acxetis kvar librojn po ses pencoj. + +Ni estis nur okupitaj je kelkaj mastrumajxoj. La konstruo estas simila +je fungo. Ili forkuris, kiam la virino ekkriis je ili. Je la vespero la +cxielo kovrigxis je nuboj. El timo je Karagara mi forkuris. Sxi estis +tre fiera je sia nobeleco. La hundo sincere malgxojis je li. Neniu el +ili estis tiel plena je deziroj, kiel la plej juna knabino. Je vorto de +honoro. + + 40A. + +Se ni bezonas uzi prepozicion, kaj la senco ne montras al ni, kian +prepozicion uzi, tiam ni povas uzi la komunan prepozicion "je." Sed +estas bone uzadi la vorton "je" kiel eble pli malofte. Anstataux la +vorto "je" ni povas ankaux uzi akuzativon sen prepozicio.--Mi ridas +je lia naiveco (aux, mi ridas pro lia naiveco; aux mi ridas lian +naivecon).--Je la lasta fojo mi vidas lin cxe vi (aux, la lastan +fojon).--Mi veturis du tagojn kaj unu nokton.--Mi sopiras je mia perdita +felicxo (aux, mian perditan felicxon).--El la dirita regulo sekvas, ke +se ni pri ia verbo ne scias, cxu gxi postulas post si la akuzativon +(t.e.=tio estas, cxu gxi estas aktiva) aux ne, ni povas cxiam uzi la +akuzativon. Ekzemple, ni povas diri "obei al la patro" kaj "obei la +patron" (anstataux, "obei je la patro"). Sed ni ne uzas la akuzativon +tiam, kiam la klareco de la senco tion cxi malpermesas; ekzemple: ni +povas diri "pardoni al la malamiko" kaj "pardoni la malamikon," sed ni +devas diri cxiam "pardoni al la malamiko lian kulpon." + + + LESSON 41. + + Suffixes -ajx-, -ec-. + +"-ajx-" denotes a "thing" (i.) "made from" or "of" the substance named, +or (ii.) having the "quality" or "character" named, or (iii.) "resulting +from" the action expressed by the word to which it is added, as "Ovo", +an egg, "ovajxo", something made of eggs, an omelette; "Mirinda", +wonderful, "mirindajxo", a wonderful thing, a wonder; "Trovi", to find, +"trovajxo" (or, "trovitajxo"), a thing found. + + +"-ec-" denotes "quality"; it forms the name of a quality; as, "Bona", +good; "boneco", goodness. "Ricxa", rich; "ricxeco", richness. "Akurata", +accurate, prompt; "akurateco", accuracy. "Mola", soft; "molajxo", a soft +thing; "moleco", softness. "Amiko", a friend; "amikajxo", a friendly +act; "amikeco", friendliness, friendship. "Eco", quality. + + VOCABULARY. + + kuko : cake. lago : lake. + ligno : wood (substance). objekto : object, thing. + alkoholo : alcohol. tren- : drag. + araneo : spider. fotograf- : photograph. + ceremonio : ceremony. konfit- : preserve with sugar. + heroo : hero. pak- : pack. + frandajxo : a dainty. la ceteraj : the rest, remainder. + acido : acid. mirinda : wonderful. + vinagro : vinegar. peza : heavy. + sulfuro : sulphur. oportuna : convenient. + azotacido : nitric acid. + +La fotografisto fotografis min, kaj mi sendis mian fotografajxon al mia +patro. Vi parolas sensencajxon, mia amiko. Mi trinkis teon kun kuko kaj +konfitajxo. Akvo estas fluidajxo. Mi ne volis trinki la vinon, cxar gxi +enhavis en si ian malklarajxon. Sur la tablo staris diversaj sukerajxoj. +Mi mangxis bongustan ovajxon. Kiam mi ien veturas, mi neniam prenas +kun mi multon da pakajxo. Glaciajxo estas dolcxa glaciigita frandajxo. +La tuta suprajxo de la lago estis kovrita per nagxantaj folioj kaj +diversaj aliaj kreskajxoj. La lignisto vendas lignon, kaj la lignajxisto +faras tablojn, segxojn kaj aliajn lignajn objektojn. Mi uzas nenian +alkoholajxon. Lia maljuna patrino kondukis la mastrajxon de la domo. +"Malbonan eksterajxon li havis," respondis la hebreo. Sxi pripensis la +faritajxojn de la tago pasinta. Gxi estas tiel malpeza, kiel araneajxo. +La trenajxo de la vesto estis longa. Ili sin movas, kiel vivaj estajxoj. + + +Li amas tiun cxi knabinon pro sxia beleco kaj boneco. Lia heroeco tre +placxis al mi. Mi vivas kun ili en granda amikeco. Ni estas ja en la +proksimeco de la rivero. Tio cxi estas la plej grava eco. Kortega +ceremonio postulas maloportunecon. La ricxeco de tiu cxi homo estas +granda, sed lia malsagxeco estas ankoraux pli granda. + +En tiuj cxi boteletoj sin trovas (trovigxas) diversaj acidoj, vinagro, +sulfuracido, azotacido kaj aliaj. La acideco de tiu cxi vinagro estas +tre malforta. Via vino estas nur ia abomena acidajxo. Tiu cxi granda +altajxo ne estas natura monto. La alteco de tiu monto ne, estas tre +granda. + + + LESSON 42. + + Suffixes -ej-, -uj-, -ing-. + +The suffix "-ej-" denotes a "place specially used" for a certain +purpose, as "Tombo", a tomb; "tombejo", a cemetery. "Cxevalo", a horse; +"cxevalejo", a stable. "Mallibera," captive "malliberejo", a prison. + +"-uj-" denotes that which "contains" or "produces", or "bears" (as +countries, fruit-trees, receptacles, etc.), as "Anglo", an Englishman: +"Anglujo", England. "Hispano", a Spaniard; "Hispanujo" Spain ("lando" +is also used, as "Skotlando"). "Pomo", an apple; "pomujo", an apple +tree ("arbo" is also used, as "pomarbo"). "Abelo", a bee; "abelujo", a +beehive. "Sukerujo", a sugar-basin; "Ujo", a receptacle. + +"-ing-" signifies a "holder, case", or "sheath" for one thing, as +"Fingro", a finger; "fingringo", a thimble. "Piedo", a foot; "piedingo", +a stirrup. "Glavo", a sword; "glavingo", a sword-sheath. "Ingo", a +sheath. + + VOCABULARY. + + skatolo : box. objekto : object, thing. + hufo : hoof. glavo : sword, + pantalono : trousers. konsil- : counsel, advise. + cigaro : cigar. sxvit- : sweat, perspire. + tubo : tube. sorb- : absorb. + monahxo : monk. ban- : bathe (oneself or another). + magazeno : magazine, warehouse. + +La domo, en kiu oni lernas, estas lernejo, kaj la domo, en kiu oni +pregxas, estas pregxejo. La kuiristo sidas en la kuirejo. La kuracisto +konsilas al mi iri en sxvitbanejon. La cxevalo metis unu hufon sur +serpentejon. La virino promenadis tra belegaj arbaroj kaj herbejoj. Li +venis en sian logxejon. Li haltis apud la pordego de la monahxejo. + +La rusoj logxas en Rusujo, kaj la germanoj en Germanujo. Mia skribilaro +konsistas el inkujo, sablujo, kelke da plumoj, krajono, kaj inksorbilo. +En la posxo de mia pantalono mi portas monujon, kaj en la posxo de mia +surtuto mi portas paperujon; pli grandan paperujon mi portas sub la +brako. Metu sur la tablon la sukerujon, la teujon, kaj la tekrucxon. + +Magazeno, en kiu oni vendas cigarojn, aux cxambro, en kiu oni tenas +cigarojn, estas cigarejo; skatoleto aux alia objekto, en kiu oni tenas +cigarojn, estas cigarujo; tubeto, en kiun oni metas cigaron, kiam oni +gxin fumas, estas cigaringo. Skatoleto, en kiu oni tenas plumojn, estas +plumujo, kaj bastoneto, sur kiu oni tenas plumon por skribadi, estas +plumingo. En la kandelingo sidis brulanta kandelo. + + + LESSON 43. + + Ge-, bo-, -id-, pra-, -cxj-, -nj-. + +The prefix "ge-" signifies "both sexes taken together", as "gepatroj", +parents. "Gefratoj", brothers and sisters. "Geregxoj", king and queen +(the word formed is, of course, always plural). + +The prefix "bo-" denotes "relationship by marriage", as "bopatro", +father-in-law; "bofilo", son-in-law. + +The suffix "-id-" signifies the "offspring" or "descendant", as "Regxo" +a king; "regxido", a king's son, a prince. "Kato", a cat; "katido", a +kitten. "Sxafo", a sheep; "sxafido", a lamb. + +The prefix "pra-" means "of generations ago, great-, grand-", as, +"avo", grandfather; "pra-avo", great-grand-father. It is also used +for descendants, as "pra-nepo", great-grandson. "Praa", primitive or +primeval. + +The suffix "-cxj-" is added to men's names and "-nj-" to women's names +to form "pet names", part of the name being left out, as "Petro", Peter +; "Pecxjo", Pete. "Klaro", Clara; "Klanjo", Clarrie. "Pacxjo" (from +"patro"), papa; "panjo", mamma. + + VOCABULARY. + + altaro : altar. gratul- : congratulate. + parenco : relation. deven- : originate, descend from. + doktoro : doctor (law, etc.). adres- : address (a letter). + stato : state, condition. telegraf- : telegraph. + koko : cock. + +Patro kaj patrino kune estas nomataj gepatroj. Petro, Anno, kaj +Elizabeto estas miaj gefratoj. Gesinjoroj N. hodiaux vespere venos al +ni. La gefiancxoj staris apud la altaro. Mi gratulis telegrafe la junajn +geedzojn. La geregxoj forveturis Kordovon. Sxi edzinigxis kun sia kuzo, +kvankam sxiaj gepatroj volis sxin edzinigi kun alia persono. + +La patro de mia edzino estas mia bopatro, mi estas lia bofilo, kaj mia +patro estas la bopatro de mia edzino. Cxiuj parencoj de mia edzino estas +miaj boparencoj, sekve sxia frato estas mia bofrato, sxia fratino estas +mia bofratino; mia frato kaj fratino (gefratoj) estas la bogefratoj de +mia edzino. La edzino de mia nevo, kaj la nevino de mia edzino estas +miaj bonevinoj. Virino, kiu kuracas, estas kuracistino; edzino de +kuracisto estas kuracistedzino. La doktoredzino A. vizitis hodiaux la +gedoktorojn P. Li ne estas lavisto, li estas lavistinedzo. + +La filoj, nepoj kaj pranepoj de regxo estas regxidoj. La hebreoj estas +Izraelidoj, cxar ili devenas de Izraelo. Cxevalido estas nematura +cxevalo, kokido nematura koko, bovido nematura bovo, birdido nematura +birdo. Tiu bela tero trovis sin en tre praa stato. + +Johanon, Nikolaon, Erneston, Vilhelmon, Marion, Klaron kaj Sofion iliaj +gepatroj nomas Johancxjo (aux Jocxjo), Nikolcxjo (aux Nikocxjo, aux +Nicxjo), Ernecxjo (aux Ercxjo), Vilhelcxjo (aux Vilhecxjo, aux Vilcxjo, +aux Vicxjo), Manjo (aux Marinjo), Klanjo kaj Sonjo (aux Sofinjo). + + + LESSON 44. + + Suffixes -ebl-, -ind-, -em-. + +These three suffixes are used to form adjectives. + +"-ebl-" means "possible to be" what the word to which it is added +signifies, as "Vidi", to see; "videbla", able to be seen; "Auxdi", to +hear; "auxdebla", able to be heard, audible; "Movi", to move; "movebla", +movable; "Ebla", possible; "eble", possibly. + +"-ind-" means "worthy of" what the word denotes, as "Honoro", honour; +"honorinda", honourable, worthy of honour; "Honti", to be ashamed; +"hontinda", shameful; "Indo", worth; "inda", worthy of. + +"-em-" means having an "inclination towards" or "propensity" for, or +"being disposed towards" something as "Forgesi", to forget; "forgesema", +forgetful; "Servi" to serve; "servema", willing to serve, obliging. +"Ema" fond of. + +The difference between the three suffixes is shown by the following +words:-- + +"Kredebla", possible of belief; "kredinda", worthy of belief; "kredema", +having a tendency to believe readily, credulous. + +"Legebla", able to be read; "leginda", worthy of being read; "legema", +fond of reading, inclined to read. + + VOCABULARY. + + sxtalo : steel. memor- : remember. + spirito : spirit, ekscit- : excite. + bagatelo : trifle. vengx- : revenge. + fleks- : bend. kredeble : probably. + lauxd- : praise. kompreneble : of course. + renvers- : turn over. + +Sxtalo estas fleksebla, sed fero ne estas fleksebla. Ne cxiu kreskajxo +estas mangxebla. Vitro estas rompebla kaj travidebla. Via parolo +estas tute nekomprenebla, kaj viaj leteroj estas cxiam skribitaj tute +nelegeble. La mallumo estas netrapenetrebla. Li rakontis al mi historion +tute nekredeblan. Eble mi povos helpi al vi. Cxu vi amas vian patron? +Kia demando! kompreneble, ke mi lin amas. Mi kredeble ne povos veni al +vi hodiaux, cxar mi pensas, ke mi mem havos hodiaux gastojn. La tablo +staras malrekte kaj kredeble baldaux renversigxos. Li faris sian eblon. + +Li estas homo ne kredinda. Via ago estas tre lauxdinda. Tiu cxi grava +tago restos por mi cxiam memorinda. Gxi estas vesto de granda indo. Gxi +ne estas inda je danko. La sxipanaro montrigxas ne inda je sia estro. + +Lia edzino estas tre laborema kaj sxparema, sed sxi estas ankaux tre +babilema kaj kriema. Li estas tre ekkolerema, kaj ekscitigxas ofte +cxe la plej malgranda bagatelo, tamen li estas tre pardonema, li ne +portas longe la koleron, kaj li tute ne estas vengxema. Li estas tre +kredema, ecx la plej nekredeblajn aferojn, kiujn rakontas al li la plej +nekredindaj homoj, li tuj kredas. Li estas tre purema, kaj ecx unu +polveron vi ne trovos sur lia vesto. Li estas bonega knabo, sed tre ema +kredi spiritojn. + + + LESSON 45. + + Dis-, -um-. + +The prefix "dis-" denotes separation or scattering, as "Jxeti", to +throw; "disjxeti", to scatter. "Sxiri", to tear; "dissxiri", to tear +into bits. "Doni", to give; "disdoni", to distribute. + +The suffix "-um-" has no definite meaning. It is used in only a few +words, of which the most important are:-- + + aerumi (from "aero", air), to expose to the air. + ventumi ( " "vento", wind), to fan. + kolumo ( " "kolo", neck), collar. + manumo ( " "mano", hand), cuff. + butonumi ( " "butono", button), to button. + gustumi ( " "gusto", taste), to taste (something). + komunumo ( " "komuna", common), a community. + krucumi ( " "kruco", cross), crucify. + malvarmumi ( " "malvarma", cold), take cold. + mastrumi ( " "mastro", master), keep house. + plenumi ( " "plena", full), fulfil. + brulumo ( " "bruli", burn), inflammation. + kalkanumo ( " "kalkano", heel), heel of boot. + + VOCABULARY. + + rezultato : result. sxir- : tear. + angulo : angle, corner. kvankam : although. + tolo : linen. simila : similar. + cxemizo : shirt. grava : important. + ating- : attain, reach to. + +Ni cxiuj kunvenis por priparoli tre gravan aferon; sed ni ne povis +atingi ian rezultaton, kaj ni disiris. Malfelicxo ofte kunigas la +homojn, kaj felicxo ofte disigas ilin. Mi dissxiris la leteron, kaj +disjxetis gxiajn pecetojn en cxiujn angulojn de la cxambro. Post tio cxi +oni disiris hejmen. La vojo disiris en kelkaj direktoj. + +Mi volonte plenumis lian deziron. En malbona vetero oni povas facile +malvarmumi. Li disbutonumis la superveston. Sxi ludis kun sia ventumilo. +Cxemizojn, kolumojn, manumojn, kaj ceterajn similajn objektojn oni nomas +tolajxo, kvankam ili ne cxiam estas faritaj el tolo. + +The suffixes "-on-, -obi-, -op-," have already been explained in Lesson +9. + + -Acx- + +A new suffix "-acx-" has gradually come into use during the past few +years. Its meaning is well shown in the following examples:--"Domo", +house; "domacxo", hovel. "Virino", woman; "virinacxo", hag. "Ridi", to +laugh; "ridacxi", to grin (maliciously). "Cxevalo", horse; "cxevalacxo", +a sorry nag, a screw. "Obstina", persistent, stubborn; "obstinacxa", +pig-headed. "Popolo", a people; "popolacxo", populace. "Morti", to die; +"mortacxi", to die the death. "Lingvo", language; "lingvacxo", a jargon. + +This suffix should only be used sparingly. + + + JOINING WORDS. CONJUNCTIONS. + +Certain words are used merely to join words or sentences. Those already +learned are:-- + + kaj : and. cxu : whether. + sed : but. ke : that. + cxar : because, for. kvazaux : as if. + ankaux : also. kvankam : although. + ol : than. almenaux : at least. + se : if. tamen : however. + aux : or. do : then, therefore. + +The following are also useful:-- + + kaj ... kaj : both ... and. nek ... nek : neither ... nor. + aux ... aux : either ... or. ecx se : even if. + cxu ... aux : whether ... or. same kiel : the same as. + cxu ... cxu : whether ... whether. + + EXCLAMATIONS. INTERJECTIONS. + +The following are simply exclamations of joy grief, surprise, etc.:-- + + ah! : aha! ah! kia! : what! + ha! : ah! bone! : good! all right! + he! : halloo! hey! brave! : bravo! + hm! : hm! humph! hura! : hurrah! + ho! : oh! vere! : truly! + oho! : ho! efektive! : really! + ho ve! : alas! adiaux! : goodbye! + for! : away! bonvenu! : welcome! + fi! : for shame! kompreneble! : of course! + nu! : well (now)! vivu! : long live! + nu do! : well (now) then! antauxen! : forward! + ja! : indeed! cxu vere? : is it true? + jen! : there! look! behold! cxu ne? : is it not? + bis! : again! encore! + + COMPOUND WORDS. + +It is often convenient to form compound words, as "posxtkarto", +"forpeli", "cxiuminute", "stacidomo", "senmove", "telertuketo". When +this is done, the word expressing the principal idea is placed last. + +Generally it is sufficient to use the "root" of the qualifying word, but +if the sound or sense requires it, the whole word is taken, as "unutaga" +means "of one day"; "unuataga", "of the first day." + + + * * * * * + + + ARRANGEMENT OF WORDS IN THE SENTENCE. + +In English the sense often depends entirely on the order of the words, +e.g., the sentence "John saw George" would mean something quite +different if reversed--"George saw John." But in Esperanto, thanks to +the accusative "n", the endings "a" and "e" for participles, and the +pronoun "si", the order of words may be varied without altering the +sense. "Georgon vidis Johano" means exactly the same as "Johano vidis +Georgon." + +But though the meaning can in most cases be understood whatever the +order of the words, it is best to adopt the simplest arrangement, and +to follow the natural course of thought, which is, first, that about +which we think, then that which we think about it. English students may +frame their sentences exactly as they would in their own language. In +Esperanto, as in English, the arrangement is sometimes altered, either +for emphasis, as "Lauxdata estu Dio!" Praised be God!; or to please the +ear, as "Oni min admiras", instead of "Oni admiras min", People admire +me. + +"Note".--Care must be taken in placing the word "ne." Its usual place is +before the verb, when it negatives the whole sentence. Study the effect +of placing "ne" in different positions in the sentence "Mi deziras vidi +Johanon kaj lian fraton", I wish to see John and his brother:-- + +(i.). "Mi ne deziras vidi Johanon kaj lian fraton", I do not wish to see +John and his brother. + +(ii.). "Mi deziras ne vidi Johanon kaj lian fraton", I wish not to see +John and his brother, "i.e.", I wish to avoid seeing them. + +(iii.). "Mi deziras vidi ne Johanon, sed lian fraton", I wish to see not +John, but his brother. + +(iv.). "Mi deziras vidi Johanon kaj ne lian fraton", I wish to see John +and not his brother. + +"Ne tute" means "not quite," while "tute ne" means "not at all." + +"Jam ne" means "no longer." "Not yet" is "ankoraux ne". + +Words which are already international, such as "microscope, telephone, +automobile", etc., are adopted unchanged, except as to the spelling and +termination, as "mikroskopo, telefono, auxtomobilo." + + WORDS USED WITH THE OBJECT. + +As already said, when an adjective or participle (or a noun) is added to +the object simply as a describing word, it takes "n" like the object, as +"Li perdis sian novan libron "("aux", sian libron novan), He lost his +new book. "Sxi trankviligis la kriegantan infanon "(aux, "la infanon +kriegantan"), She pacified the screaming child. "Li vizitis sian fraton +Johanon", He visited his brother John. ("John" shows "which" brother). + +But if the adjective, participle, or noun is used not merely to +describe, but indirectly to tell something about the object, it does +not take "n". A comparison of the following sentences will make this +clear:-- + +1. Li trovis la pomojn maturajn. He found the ripe apples. + Li trovis la pomojn maturaj. He found (that) the apples (were) ripe. + +2. Li trovis la krucxon rompitan. He found the broken jug. + Li trovis la krucxon rompita. He found (that) the jug (was) broken. + +3. Li kolorigis la drapon rugxan. He dyed the red cloth. + Li kolorigis la drapon rugxa. He dyed the cloth red. + +4. Li trancxis (aux faris) la veston tro mallongan. + He cut (or made) the too-short coat (the coat that was too short). + Li trancxis la veston tro mallonga. + He cut the coat (so that it was) too short. + +5. Li nomis la knabon mensogisto. He called the boy a liar. + +Compare this use of words with the following:-- + +He made his father angry (or, be angered). "Li kolerigis sian patron", +or, "li igis sian patron kolera". + +The loss drove him mad. "La perdo frenezigis lin", or, "igis lin +freneza". + +It rendered the gun useless. "Gxi senutiligis la pafilon", or, "igis la +pafilon senutila". + + + COMPLETE GRAMMAR OF ESPERANTO. + By Dr. Zamenhof. + + A.--Alphabet. + +Aa, Bb, Cc, Cxcx, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Gxgx, Hh, Hxhx, Ii, Jj, Jxjx, Kk, Ll, +Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Rr, Ss, Sxsx, Tt, Uu, Uxux, Vv, Zz [Footnote: Names of +the letters: a, bo, co, cxo, do, e, fo, go, gxo, ho, hxo, i, jo, jxo, +ko, lo, mo, no, o, po, ro, so, sxo, to, u, uxo, vo, zo.] + +Remark.--Presses which do not possess the accented letters can use +instead of them ch, gh, hh, jh, sh, u. + + B.--Rules. + +(1) There is no indefinite ARTICLE; there is only a definite article +("la"), alike for all sexes, cases, and numbers. + +Remark.--The use of the article is the same as in the other languages. +People who find a difficulty in the use of the article need not at first +use it at all. + +(2) SUBSTANTIVES have the termination "o". To form the plural the +termination "j" is added. There are only two cases: nominative and +accusative; the latter is obtained from the nominative by the addition +of the termination "n". Other cases are expressed by the aid of +prepositions (the genitive by "de", the dative by "al", the ablative by +"per", or other prepositions according to sense). + +(3) The ADJECTIVE ends in "a". Case and number as with the substantive. +The Comparative is made by means of the word "pli", the Superlative by +"plej"; with the Comparative the conjunction "ol" is used. + +(4) The fundamental NUMERALS (they are not declined) are: "unu, du, +tri, kvar, kvin, ses, sep, ok, naux, dek, cent, mil." The tens and +hundreds are formed by simple junction of the numerals. To mark the +ordinal numerals the termination of the adjective is added; for +the multiple--the suffix "obl", for the fractional--"on", for the +collective--"op", for the distributive--the word "po". Substantival +and adverbial numerals can also be used. + +(5) Personal PRONOUNS: "mi, vi, li, sxi, gxi" (referring to thing or +animal), "si, ni, vi, ili, oni"; the possessive pronouns are formed by +the addition of the adjectival termination. Declension is as with the +substantives. + +(6) The VERB undergoes no change with regard to person or number. Forms +of the verb; time "being" (Present) takes the termination "-as;" time +"been" (Past) "-is"; time "about to be" (Future) "-os"; the Conditional +mood "-us;" the Ordering mood "-u;" the Indefinite "-i." Participles +(with an adjectival or adverbial sense): active present "-ant;" active +past "-int;" active future "-ont;" passive present "-at;" passive past +"-it;" passive future "-ot." All forms of the passive are formed by the +aid of a corresponding form of the verb "esti" and a passive participle +of the required verb; the preposition with the passive is "de." + +(7) ADVERBS end in "e;" degrees of comparison as with the adjectives. + +(8) ALL the PREPOSITIONS require the nominative. + +(9) EVERY word is read as it is written. + +(10) The ACCENT is ALWAYS on the penultimate syllable. + +(11) COMPOUND WORDS are formed by simple junction of the words (the +chief word stands at the end); the grammatical terminations are also +regarded as independent words. + +(12) When another NEGATIVE word is present the word "ne" is left out. + +(13) In order to show DIRECTION words take the termination of the +accusative. + +(14) Each PREPOSITION has a definite and constant meaning; but if we +have to use some preposition and the direct sense does not indicate to +us what special preposition we are to take, then we use the preposition +"je" which has no meaning of its own. Instead of the preposition "je" we +can also use the accusative without a preposition. + +(15) The so-called FOREIGN WORDS, that is, those which the majority of +languages have taken from one source, are used in the Esperanto language +without change, merely obtaining the spelling of the latter; but with +different words from one root it is better to use unchanged only the +fundamental word and to form the rest from this latter in accordance +with the rules of the Esperanto language. + +(16) The FINAL VOWEL of the substantive and of the article can be +dropped and replaced by an apostrophe. + + + * * * * * + + + COMMON USEFUL EXPRESSIONS. + + tio estas, i.e. that is. + kaj cetere, k.c. etcetera. + kaj tiel plu, k.t.p. and so on. + kiel ekzemple, k.ekz. as for example. + kiel elbe plej (baldaux) as (soon) as possible. + kio ajn okazos whatever happens (shall happen). + kondicxe, ke on the condition that. + kun la kondicxo, ke on the condition that. + + Bonan tagon, sinjoro. Good day, sir. + Kiel vi fartas? How do you do? + Tre bone, mi dankas. Very well, I thank you. + Mi dankas vin. I thank you. + Dankon. Thanks. + Multe da dankoj. Many thanks. + Vi estas tre gxentila (afabla). You are very kind. + Vi estas tre kompleza. You are very obliging. + Mi malsatas. I am hungry. + Mi soifas. I am thirsty. + Al mi estas varme (malvarme). I am warm (cold). + Kiu estas tie? Estas mi. Who is there? It is I. + Sidigxu, mi petas. Be seated, I beg (you). + Kun plezuro. With pleasure. + Kion vi bezonas? What do you want? + Cu vi min komprenas? Do you understand me? + Vi estas prava (malprava). You are right (wrong). + Tio estas vera. That is true. + Estas vera, ke... It is true that... + Je kioma horo vi foriros? At what time are you going? + Kioma horo estas? What time is it? + Kiom kostas tio cxi? How much does this cost? + Gxi kostas tri sxilingojn. It costs three shillings. + Kie vi estas? Where are you? + Kien vi iras? Where are you going? + Kian agxon li havas? How old is he? + Antaux unu semajno. A week ago. + Post du tagoj. In two days. + Li venos jxauxdon. He will come on Thursday. + Pasigu al mi la panon, Pass me the bread, + mi petas vin. I beg you (please). + Estas li mem! It is himself! + Tiom pli bone So much the better! + Oni diras, ke... They say, that... + Neniu tion diras. Nobody says that. + Kio okazis? What has happened? + Cxu vi konas Sinjoron A.? Do you know Mr. A.? + Mi scias, kiu li estas, I know who he is, + sed mi ne konas lin. but I do not know him. + Cxu estas leteroj por mi? Are there letters for me? + Rapidu. Be quick. + Ne diru tion. Do not say that. + Ne faru tion. Do not do that. + Kia estas la vetero? What kind of weather is it? + Kian veteron ni havas? What kind of weather is it? + Pluvas; negxas. It rains; it snows. + Pluvis la tutan nokton. It rained all night long. + Estas beld, varmege. It is fine, hot. + Cxu mi tion faru? Shall I do that? + + + LETTERS. + + (a). Beginnings. + + Kara : dear. Patro, amiko, etc. : + Mia kara : my dear. father, friend, etc. + Estimata : esteemed. Samideano : fellow-thinker. + Estiminda : estimable. Kunlaboranto : fellow-worker. + Respektinda :respect-worthy. Sinjoro : Sir. + Honorinda honourable. Sinjoroj : Gentlemen, Sirs. + Sinjorino : Madame, Mrs. + Frauxlino : Miss. + + + (b). Endings. + + Kun (koraj, amikaj) salutoj, With (hearty, friendly) greetings. + Kun (alta, granda) estimo, With (high, great) esteem. + Kun (miaj, cxiuj) bondeziroj, With (my, all) good wishes. + Kun (multe da) amo, With (much) love. + Via, La via, Yours. + Via, (tre) vin amanta, Your (very) loving. + Via, tre sincere, fidele, Yours very sincerely, faithfully. + Cxiam via, Yours always. + Tre sincere via, Very sincerely yours. + + + KEY TO EXERCISES. + + 1. + +A father and a brother. A lion is an animal. A rose is a flower and a +pigeon is a bird. The rose belongs to Theodore. The sun shines. The +father is a tailor. Where are the book and the pencil? Here is an apple. +On the ground lies a stone. On the window lie a pencil and a pen. The +son stands by the father. Here lies the hat of the father (the father's +hat). The father is in the room. Before the house is (stands) a tree. + +What is a lion? What is a rose? What shines? What is the father? Where +is the father? What is on the window? Where is the pen? + +Is a lion an animal? Yes, a lion is an animal. Is a rose a bird? No, a +rose is not a bird, a rose is a flower. + + 2. + +The father is well. A child is not a mature man. The sky is blue. A lion +is strong. The father is good. The hand of John (John's hand) is clean. +("Some", or, "a") paper is white. White paper lies on the table. Here is +the young lady's exercise book. In the sky stands (is) the beautiful +sun. The paper is very white, but the snow is more white (whiter). Milk +is more nutritious than wine. The bread is fresh. The uncle is richer +than the brother. Here lies (is) a red rose. The dog is very faithful. +The book is new. + + 3. + +(The) birds fly. The song of (the) birds is pleasant. Where are the +boys? The fathers are well. Children are not mature men. Lions are +strong. John's hands are clean. Here are the young ladies' exercise +books. The uncles are richer than the brothers. The dogs are very +faithful. White papers lie on the table. In the room are new hats. Where +are the sharp knives? Good children are diligent. Here lie (are) pure +white delicate lilies. The teeth of lions (lions' teeth) are sharp. + + + 4. + +I read. You write. He is a boy, and she is a girl. We are men. You are +children. They are Russians. Where are the boys? They are in the garden. +Where are the girls? They also are in the garden. Where are the knives ? +They are (lie) on the table. The child cries, because it wants to eat. +Sir, you are impolite. Gentlemen, you are impolite. Tkey say that (the) +truth always conquers. The house belongs to him. I come from (the) +grandfather, and I go now to (the) uncle. I am as strong as you. Now I +read, you read, and he reads, we all read. You write and the children +write, they (you) all sit silent and write. + +My dog, you are very faithful. He is my uncle, for my father is his +brother. Of all my children, Ernest is the youngest. His father and his +brothers are in the garden. Her uncle is in the house. Where are your +books ? Our books are (lie) on the table; their pencils and their paper +also are (lie) on the table. + +Who is in the room ? Who are in the room ? The gentle- man who is +reading is my friend. The gentleman to whom you are writing is a tailor. +What is lying on the table ? + + 5. + +I see a lion (lions). I read (am reading) a book (books). I love (the) +father. I know John. (The) father is not reading a book, but he is +writing a letter. I do not like obstinate people. I wish you good-day, +sir. Good morning! A joyous festival (a pleasant holiday) (I wish you). +What a joyful festival (it is to-day) ! In the day we see the bright +sun, and at night we see the pale moon and the beautiful stars. We have +newer bread than you. No, you are wrong, sir, your bread is less new +(staler) than mine. We call the boy, and he comes. In (the) winter they +heat the stoves. When one is rich one has many friends. He loves me, but +I do not love him. Mr. P. and his wife love my children very much; I +also love theirs very much. I do not know the gentleman who is reading. + + 6. + +Why do you not answer me? Are you deaf or dumb? What are you doing? + +The boy drove away the birds. From (the) father I received a book, and +from (the) brother I received a pen. (The) father gave me a sweet apple. +Here is the apple which I found. Yesterday I met your son, and he +politely greeted me. Three days ago (before three days) I visited your +cousin, and my visit gave (made) to him pleasure. When I came to him he +was sleeping, but I woke him. + + +I will relate to you a story. Will you tell me the truth? To day is +Saturday, and to-morrow will be Sunday. Yesterday was Friday, and the +day after to-morrow will be Monday. [Footnote: Notice that in these two +sentences "ankoraux" and "iam" express different meanings of the English +word "yet."] Have you yet found your watch? I have not yet looked for +it; when I have finished (shall finish) my work I will look for my +watch, but I fear that I shall not find it again. If you (shall) conquer +us, the people will say that only women you conquered. When you (shall) +attain the age of fifteen years you will receive the permission. + + 7. + +I love myself, you love yourself, he loves himself, and every man loves +himself. I take care of her (so) as I take care of myself, but she takes +no care at all of herself, and does not look after herself at all. My +brothers had guests to-day; after supper our brothers went with the +guests out of their (our brothers') house and accompanied them as far as +their (the guests') house. I washed myself in my room, and she washed +herself in her room. The child was looking for its doll; I showed the +child where its doll lay. She related to him her adventure. She returned +to her father's palace. Her flowers she tended not. My brother said to +Stephen, that he loved him more than himself. + + 8. + +Two men can do more than one. I have only one mouth, but I have two +ears. He walks out with three dogs. He did everything with the ten +fingers of his hands. Of her many children some are good and others bad. +Five and seven make twelve. Ten and ten make twenty. Four and eighteen +make twenty-two. Thirty and forty-five make seventy-five. One thousand +eight hundred and ninety-three. He has eleven children. Sixty minutes +make one hour, and one minute consists of sixty seconds. + + 8a. + +January is the first month of the year, April is the fourth, November is +the eleventh, and December is the twelfth. The twentieth day of February +is the fifty-first day of the year. The seventh day of the week God +chose to be (that it should be) more holy than the six first days. What +did God create on the sixth day? What (which) date is it (have we) +to-day? To-day is the twenty-seventh (day) of March. Christmas Day is +the 25th of December, New Year's Day is the 1st of January, One does not +easily forget one's first love. + + + 9. + +I have a hundred apples. I have a hundred (of) apples. This town has a +million of inhabitants. I bought a dozen (of) spoons, and two dozen (of) +forks. One thousand years (or, a thousand of years) make a millennium. + +Firstly, I return to you the money which you lent to me; secondly, I +thank you for the loan; thirdly, I beg you also afterwards (on a future +occasion) to lend to me when I (shall) require money. + + 9a. + +Three is half of six, eight is four-fifths of ten. Four metres of this +stuff cost nine francs, therefore two metres cost four and a-half +francs. One day is a three hundred and sixty-fifth or a three hundred +and sixty-sixth of a year. + +Five times seven are thirty-five. For each day I receive five francs, +but for to-day I have received double pay, that is, ten francs. + +These two friends walk out always (two) together. Five together they +threw themselves upon me, but I overcame all five assailants. + + 10. + +Give (to) the birds water, for they want to drink. Alexander will not +learn, and therefore I beat Alexander. Who has courage (dares) to ride +on a lion? I was going to beat him, but he ran away from me. + +Do not give your hand to a lion. Relate (tell) to my young friend a +beautiful story. Tell father that I am diligent. Tell me your name. Do +not write to me such long letters. Show me your new coat. Child, do not +touch the looking-glass. Dear children, always be honest. Do not listen +to him. + +He says that I am attentive. He begs me to be attentive. Tell him not to +chatter. Ask him to send me a candle. The cottage is worth your buying +(worthy that you should buy it). She strongly desired that he (should) +remain alive. + +Let him come, and I will forgive him. Let us be gay, let us use life +well, for life is not long. Let him not come alone, but come with his +best friend. I already have my hat; now look for yours. + + + 11. + +If the pupil knew his lesson well, the teacher would not punish him. If +you knew who he is, you would esteem him more. They raised one hand +upwards as if they were holding something. If I really were beautiful, +others would try to imitate me. Oh! if I were (had) already the age of +fifteen years! + + 12. + +To remain with a lion is dangerous. The knife cuts well, for it is +sharp. Go more quickly. He shut the door angrily. His speech flows +softly and pleasantly. We made the contract not in writing, but by word +of mouth. An honest man acts honestly. The pastor who died a short time +ago lived long in our city. Did you not get it back? He is sick unto +death. The iron rod which was in the stove (fire) is burning; hot. Paris +is very gay. Early in the morning she drove to the station. + +Forgive me that I stayed so long. His anger lasted long. He is to-day in +an angry temper. The king soon sent again another good-hearted official. +This evening we shall have a ball. Where are you? Away from here! (Get +away!). + +Where did he drive away to? She ran home. We went forward like furies. +Everything was right (good), and we went on further. The lady glanced +back. The sailors demanded to go back (required that one should go +back). I hung it here, for it saved my life. I never sent here. + + 13. + +My brother is not big, but he is not little, he is of medium growth. A +hair is very thin. The night is so dark that we can see nothing even +before our nose. This stale bread is hard as stone. Naughty children +love to torment animals. He felt (himself) so miserable that he cursed +the day on which he was born. We greatly despise this base man. The +window was long unclosed; I closed it, but my brother immediately opened +it again. A straight road is shorter than a curved. Do not be +ungrateful. + +The wife of my father is my mother, and the grandmother of my children. +My sister is a very beautiful girl. My aunt is a very good woman. I saw +your grandmother with her four granddaughters, and with my niece. I have +an ox and a cow. The young widow became again a fiancee. + + 14. + +He gave me money, but I immediately returned it to him. I am going away, +but wait for me, for I shall soon return. The sun is reflected in the +clear water of the river. He returned to his country. She threw herself +again upon the seat. + + +In the course of a few minutes I heard two shots. The firing continued +for a very long time. His speech of yesterday was very fine, but too +much speaking tires him. He is singing a very beautiful song. Singing is +an agreeable occupation. With my hand I kept on briskly rubbing him. The +rain kept on falling in rivers. Every minute she kept looking out +through the window and cursing the slow motion of the train. + +I leap very cleverly. I started with surprise. I used to jump all day +long from place to place. When you began to speak I expected to hear +something new. The diamond has a beautiful sparkle. She let the diamond +flash. Two flashes of lightning passed across the dark sky. + + 15. + +I am (being) loved. I was (being) loved. I shall be (being) loved. I +should be (being) loved, Be (being) loved. To be (being) loved. You have +been washed. You had been washed. You will have been washed. You would +have been washed. Be (having been) washed. To have been washed. He is to +be invited. He was (going) to be invited. He will be (about to be) +invited. He would be (about to be) invited. Be about to be invited. To +be about to be invited. This commodity is always willingly bought by me. +The overcoat was (has been) bought by me; consequently it belongs to me. +When your house was being built, my house had already been built a long +time. I give notice that from now my son's debts will not be paid by me. +Be easy; my whole debt will soon have been paid to you. My gold ring +would not be so long (being) sought for if it had not been so cleverly +hidden by you. According to the plan of the engineers this railway is +going to be constructed in the space of two years; but I think that it +will be being constructed (in construction) more than three years. When +the prayer was (had been) finished he rose. + +Augustus is my best loved son. Money in hand is more important than +(money) had. A sparrow (which has been) caught is better than an eagle +(which is) going to be caught. + + + 16. + +Flowing water is purer than water standing still. The fallen man cannot +raise himself. (The) time past will never more return; (the) time to +come no one yet knows. Come, we await you, Saviour of the world. In the +language Esperanto we see the future language of the whole world. The +number of the dancers was great. It is the legend which true believers +always repeat. He led the traveller to the place where the thieves were +resting. (To) a man who has sinned unintentionally God easily pardons. +The soldiers led the prisoners (arrested) through the streets. A man +whom one has to judge is one to be judged (prisoner at the bar). + + 16a. + +Now he teils me the truth. Yesterday he told me the truth. He always +told me the truth. When you saw us in the drawing-room he had already +(previously) told me the truth. He will tell me the truth. When you +(shall) come to me, he will previously tell me the truth (or, he will +have told me the truth; or, before you (will) come to me, he will tell +me the truth). If I were to ask him, he would tell me the truth. I +should not have made the mistake if he had previously told me the truth. +When I (shall) come, tell me the truth. When my father (shall) come, +tell me beforehand the truth. I wish to tell you the truth. I wish that +that which I said should be true (or, I wish to have told the truth). + + 17. + +Walking in the street, I fell. Having found an apple, I ate it. He came +to me quite unexpected. He went meditating (deeply) and very slowly. We +were ashamed, having received instruction from the boy. The imperial +servant went out, taking with him the bracelet. Profoundly saluting, he +related that the thief had been caught. Without saying a word, the +duchess opened her jewel-case. Having worked a year, and having saved a +few dollars, I married (with) my Mary. Having crossed the river, he +found the thief. Looking (having looked) by chance on the floor, she saw +some book, forgotten probably by a departed traveller. + + + 18. + +The bootmaker makes boots and shoes. Nobody lets thieves into his house. +The brave sailor was drowned in the sea. An author writes books, and a +writer simply copies papers. We have various servants - a cook, a +housemaid, a nurse, and a coachman. (He) who occupies himself with +mechanics is a mechanic, and (he) who occupies himself with chemistry is +a chemist. A diplomatist we can also call a diplomat, but a physicist we +cannot call a "physic," for "physics" is the name of the science itself. +One day there came two cheats, who said that they were (are) weavers. + + 19. + +They so hindered me that I spoiled the whole of my work. Send away your +brother, for he hinders us. Fetch the doctor, for I am ill. He procured +for himself many books from Berlin. + +He grew pale with fear, and afterwards he blushed from shame. In the +spring the ice and the snow melt. In the muddy weather my coat became +very dirty; therefore I took a brush and cleaned the coat. My uncle did +not die (by) a natural death, but nevertheless he did not kill himself, +and also was killed by nobody; one day, walking near the railway lines, +he fell under the wheels of a moving train, and was killed. I did not +hang my cap on this little tree; but the wind blew away the cap from my +head, and it, flying, became hung (got caught) on the branches of the +little tree. Seat yourself (or, sit down), sir. + +His gloomy face made his friend laugh. The whole night they passed +awake, and lighted more than sixteen candles. I divested the child of +his night clothes, and stood him in the tub; afterwards I dried him. He +made friends with evil companions. A poor Hebrew wished to become a +Christian. The bottle fell and broke. She became his wife. Little by +little she became quite calm. + + 20. + +The sea is deeper there than any anchor can reach. In some (any) way. +Without any reproach of conscience. I know in what sort of place I shall +certainly find him. What kind of weather is it? What harm have I done to +you? In that way he did everything. He invited him to come into such and +such a place. Not every sort of bird sings. Beyond all doubt. No (kind +of) man deserves such a punishment. Such books are harmful. At times he +visits us. + +For some reason he could not sleep. Why do you not answer me? I did not +understand your question, therefore I did not answer. People do not +understand one another, and therefore they hold themselves aloof. For +every reason that is the best. + + +I once loved you. What lives must of necessity some time die. When shall +you go away? In the moonlight night, when all were asleep, then she sat +on the edge or the ship. Be for ever blessed! She had never seen a dog +before. + + 20a. + +Where are the boys? Where did you go? I am staying here. He lost his +purse somewhere in the town, but where he lost it he does not know. I +willingly came from there here. He begged her to tell him whence she +came (whence she comes). For youth there are snares everywhere. +Everywhere are flowers, and nowhere can one find more beautiful (ones). + +How beautiful! Am I fit for a king? So finished the happy day. They +shone like diamonds. How are you? Somehow he misunderstood me. My wife +thought the same as I. I cannot understand at all what you say. Very +strange and quite incomprehensible! I, as president, elected him. I +chose him as president. + +Whose glove is this? I never take that one's opinion. Suddenly she heard +somebody's loud disagreeable voice. Everybody's idea is different. A +good friend, without whose help he would never have seen this land. +Somebody's loss is not always somebody's gain. Someone's loss is often +no one's gain. + + 20b. + +I feel that something is happening. Never did I give you anything. I +wish to do something good for (to) you. What is this? What kind of +ornament is this? What do I see? This is all I spoke of. I will give up +nothing to you. Do nothing against your mother. Before all, be faithful +to yourself. She began to feel something such as (which) she herself in +the beginning could (can) not understand. + +She spoke a little angrily. The pupils of the eyes little by little +contracted. Who is so unreasonable (senseless) that he can believe it? +How much money have you? I have none. Give me as much water as wine. + +Somebody comes; who is it? Would anybody have the courage to do that? +Everybody tried to save himself as he could. A language in which nobody +will understand us. None of them could save the drowning person. He +helped nobody ever (never helped anybody) even with one centime. We +shall go all together. I know nobody in that town. This is beyond all +human strength. + + 20c. + +Where I am travelling from, whither and why, I can only answer: I know +not. They begged him to delay a little (with) his departure. These nests +are often larger than the huts of the people of that place. He departed +with the firm resolve to leave for ever this ungrateful land. If anyone +were to see that, he would curse Fortune. I would give a hundred pounds +sterling if ox tongue could have for me such a good taste as for you. +What time is it? Nearly (soon) twelve o'clock. + + 21. + +On a hot day I like to walk in a wood. They opened the gate noisily, and +the carriage drove into the courtyard. This is no longer simple rain, +but a downpour. A huge dog put its forepaw on me, and from terror I did +not know what to do. Before our army stood a great series of cannon. +(In) that night a terrible gale blew. With delight. He longed to go away +again. + +Immediately after heating the stove was hot, in an hour it was only +warm, in two hours it was only just warm, and after three hours it was +already quite cold. I bought for the children a little table and some +little seats. In our country there are no mountains, but only hills. In +summer we find coolness in thick woods. He sits near the table and +dozes. A narrow path leads through this field to our house. On his face +I saw a joyful smile. Before the woman appeared a pretty little dog. +Pardon, he whispered. + + 22. + +With (by means of) an axe we chop, with a saw we saw, with a spade we +dig, with a needle we sew, with scissors we clip. The knife was so blunt +that I could not cut the meat with it, and I had to use my pocket knife. +Have you a corkscrew to uncork the bottle? I wished to lock the door, +but I had lost the key. She combs her hair with a silver comb. In summer +we travel by various vehicles, and in winter by a sledge. To-day it is +beautiful frosty weather; therefore I shall take my skates and go +skating. The steersman of the "Pinta" injured the rudder. The magnetic +needle. The first indicator in most illnesses is the tongue. He put it +on the plate of a pair of scales. + + + 23. + +The sailors must obey the captain. All the inhabitants of a state are +citizens (subjects) of the state. Townsfolk are usually sharper than +villagers. The Parisians are gay folk. Our town has good policemen, but +not a sufficiently energetic chief constable. Lutherans and Calvinists +are Christians. Germans and Frenchmen who live in Russia are Russian +subjects, although they are not Russians. He is an awkward and simple +provincial. The inhabitants of one state are fellow-countrymen, the +inhabitants of one town are fellow-citizens, the professors of one +religion are co-religionists. Those who have the same ideas are +fellow-thinkers. + +The ruler of our country is a good and wise king. The governor of our +province is strict but just. Our regimental chief (colonel) is like a +good father to (for) his soldiers. They are as (equally) proud as a +housewife of her house. On the engine the engine-driver sat alone. The +emperor, accompanied by the empress, had just entered (into) his box. + + 24. + +Our country will conquer, for our army is large and brave. On a steep +ladder he raised himself to the roof of the house. I do not know the +Spanish language, but by help of a Spanish-German dictionary, I +nevertheless understood your letter a little. On these vast and grassy +fields feed great herds of beasts, especially flocks of fine-woolled +sheep. The train consisted almost entirely (only) of passenger coaches. +They put before me a cover (table requisites), which consisted of a +plate, spoon, knife, fork, a small glass for brandy, a glass for wine, +and a serviette. On the sea was a great ship, and among the rigging +everywhere sat sailors. His escort stood at the back of the box. Dark +ranges of mountains bar the way. + +A florin, a shilling, and a penny are coins. A grain of sand fell into +my eye. One spark is enough to explode gunpowder. + + + 25. + +A poor wise man dined with a miserly rich man. A fool everyone beats. He +is a liar and a despicable man. A coward fears even his own shadow. This +old man has become quite silly and childish. A learned man undertook an +important scientific work. Only saints have the right to enter here. He +only is the great, the powerful (One). It is not the legend about the +beauty Zobeida. After an infectious disease the clothes of the patient +are often burned. The curse of the prophet is over the head of an +ungrateful one. After some minutes the brave man went out. All the +saints, help! + + (Lesson 26 no Exercise). + + 27. + +She returned to her father's palace. They both went to the mayor. Did I +not do good to you? She told him nothing. She wrote him a letter. He +every day teaches people something which they do not know. They flew +towards the sun. One sister promised the other to tell her what she saw, +and what most pleased her the first day. Perhaps he will forgive you. +She did not believe her own ears. He did not know that he had (has) to +thank her [for] his life. She saved his life. The witch cut off the +tongue of the mermaid. + + 28. + +I lived with her father. It fell to (on) the bottom of the sea on the +breaking up of the ship. By [the] light of torches. Arm in arm. There +seized him some fear at the thought. Nothing helps; one must only +bravely remain of his [own] opinion. She laughed at his recital. At +every word which you (will) speak, out of your mouth will come either a +flower or a precious stone. + +He stopped near the door. The serpent crawled about her feet. When he +was with me, he stood a whole hour by the window. I lived in a tree near +your house. She planted near the statue a rose-red willow. The wayside +trees. + + + 29. + +The bird flies in the room (= it is in the room and flies [about] in +it). The bird flies into the room (= it is outside the room, and now +flies into it). I am travelling in Spain. I am travelling to (into) +Spain. What to do then (is to be done) in such a case? I am in a good +temper. He whispered to the queen in the ear. In consequence of this +occurrence. I should prefer to stay here in peace. Her birthday was +exactly in the middle of winter. He glanced into the child's eyes. He +was a tall handsome man of the age of forty years. In the whole of my +life. At the end of the year. Hand in hand. Entering (having entered) +the carriage, she sat as if on pins. Corn is ground into flour. +Alexander turned into dust. He divided the apple into two parts. + + + 30. + +Between Russia and France is Germany. They divided among them twelve +apples. Between ten and eleven o'clock in the morning. Between the +pillars stood marble figures. Near the wall between the windows stood a +sofa. They talked long among themselves. In this disease an hour may +decide between life and death. In the interval between the speeches they +set off fireworks. + +I am standing outside the house, and he is inside. He is outside the +door. Now we are out of danger. He lives outside the town. Standing +outside, he could only see the outer side of our house. He pointed +outside into the darkness. I left him outside. This man is better +outwardly than within. + +He went out of the town. He has just returned from foreign parts. With +extraordinary vivacity she jumped out of the carriage (of the train). +She put a crown of white lilies on her (another's) head (hair). He made +use of the opportunity. These nests are made wholly of earth. She was +the bravest of all. Now you have grown up! He went out of the bedroom, +and entered into the dining-room. The Esperanto alphabet consists of +twenty-eight letters. + + 31. + +I am sitting on a seat and have my feet on a little bench. He came back +with a cat on his arm. I put my hand on the table. He fell on his knees. +Do not go on the bridge. He threw himself in despair on a seat. He +slapped him on the shoulder and pressed him down on to the sofa. I +seated myself in the place of the absent stoker. Fruit-culture must +influence for good those who are occupied with it. + +Over the earth is air. His thoughts rose high above the clouds. She +received permission to rise above the surface of the sea. They could +rise on the high mountains high above the clouds. He stands above on the +mountain, and looks down on to the field. She sat on the water and swung +up and down. + + +From under the sofa the mouse ran under the bed, and now it runs [about] +under the bed. She often had to dive under the water. To (under) the +sound of music they danced on the deck. Under her gaze blossomed the +white lilies. She sank under the water. She swam up at sunset. + + 32. + +He is so stout that he cannot go through our narrow door. She looked up +through the dark-blue water. Through the roseate air shone the evening +star. The sound of the bells penetrates down to her. They glide among +the branches. On the fireplace between two pots stands an iron kettle; +out of the kettle, in which is boiling water, goes steam; through the +window, which is near the door, the vapour goes into the court. + +The swallow flew across the river, for across (on the other side of) the +river were other swallows. They can fly on ships across the sea. "Why +did Hannibal go across the Alps? Because then the tunnel was not yet +ready." It is impossible that they should have gone across the ocean. +Everything was turned upside down. + +We passed by the station. At this moment the abbot passes by. In +passing, I asked him if it were (is) yet twelve o'clock. The mill cannot +grind with the water that is past. + + 33. + +Before them stood a church. Before such men it is worth while to speak. +Often in the night she stood before the window. I am guilty towards +(before) you. An hour ago. A short time ago he woke up very hoarse. Not +long ago the house was sold publicly. Do not go before you know that +everything is in order. I must let them sweep out the room before we +(shall) begin to dance. I was there the previous year. Formerly I never +thought about wealth. It was with (to) her as the witch prophesied. + +He remained behind the door. Little by little. She began eagerly to read +page after page. She looked after him with a smile. After some minutes +the sun rose. She threw her arms backwards and forwards. We shall stay +some weeks in Paris; afterwards we shall travel into Germany. + + + 34. + +During the whole day (or, the whole day) he remained alone. During (for) +some months she did not leave her room. He slept during the whole +concert (or, the whole concert). While the preparations lasted, he was a +guest of the king. While he is journeying on the road to Granada, in +Santa Fe his fate is being decided. + +They used to work until late at night. The plate of the scales sank to +the ground. Its rays crept up to the dome. Lend me ten roubles until +to-morrow. He worked on from early morning till late at night. He will +fight to the very end. We kept going up always higher and higher to the +fourth story. It will exist until the world shall perish. + +The king came about midday into the village of Reading. About morning +the gale ended. About ten metres will be sufficient. All gathered round +the glass globe. One can look very far round about. Great mountains of +ice floated around. He looked around on all sides. + + 35. + +The light of the moon. In the middle of the square stood a house. He +might be of the age (have the age) of sixteen years. Their lifetime is +still shorter than ours. They rose from beside the table. I thought that +you would (will) never return from thence. The sailors took down the +sails. He dismounted from the horse. + +A wine glass is a glass in which there was wine previously, or which is +used for wine; a glass of wine is a glass full of wine. Bring me a metre +of black cloth. ("Metro de drapo" would mean a yard-measure which was +lying on cloth, or which is used for cloth). I bought a half-score of +eggs. This river has a length of two hundred kilometres (has two hundred +kilometres of length). On the seashore stood a crowd of people. Many +birds fly in the autumn into warmer lands. On the tree were many birds. +Some people feel happiest when they see the sufferings of their +neighbours. In the room were (sat) only a few people. "Da" after any +word shows that this word signifies measure. + +It is a beautiful piece of stuff. On the plate he put thousands of +pieces of silver. The lights glitter like hundreds of stars. A boy +bought a little bottle of ink. They construct little towers containing +many little chambers. He gave them a great sum of money. + + + 36. + +I eat with my mouth, and smell with my nose. She trod with her foot on +the serpent. It covered the lovely lily with white foam. The body ended +in a fish's tail. All the walls are decorated with great paintings. By +here, and by no other way, the thief escaped. In what way can one come +into the land of gold? In such a way. In one word. The star Venus began +to burn with envy. + +She wished to play with them, but they ran away in terror. With what +attention she listened to these tales. The most beautiful of them was +the young prince with the great black eyes. Hither swam the sea-maiden +with the beautiful prince. With pleasure. With every year the number of +members rapidly increased. + +The Tartar remained without a good horse and without food. Almost +without life he was driven about by the waves. They wove with all their +might, but without thread (threads). Without a word he obeyed. The +leaves moved ceaselessly. He created numberless birds. + + 37. + +He treated himself in order to regain his health. She had a great deal +to tell. He went into the church to make his confession. In order to +pass the time somehow. Nobody is more fit for his post than he. He used +all his might to please his master. For me it is all one wherever I +live. Take (the pay) for the coffee. + +He died of hunger. I had a very good estate, which was sold on account +of debts. For heaven's sake, do not do this. He was convinced that on +his own account he need not fear. On this account Venus gives more light +than many other stars. Whether for that, or for some other reason, I +know not. + + 38. + +She wished to believe that the Hebrew spoke of someone else. Now the +woman has everything, she can ask for nothing. Do not think about this. +One cannot truly say that about you. There were still many things about +which they wished to know. He could not even dream about her. She used +to ask the old grandmother about that. + +I remain here by order of my chief. He began to go along this river. +They had permission to go up always according to their (own) will. She +could dig and plant as she pleased (according to her liking). The shells +closed and opened according to the flow of the water. From his outward +appearance he seemed a respectable man. At the command "three" you will +shoot at the tree. The younger daughter was the very picture of her +father in her goodness and honesty. + + + 39. + +You have remedies against all diseases. What can he alone do against a +hundred men? Contrary to his custom, the professor said nothing. It flew +against the reflector. Against her own will she confessed this. He began +to feel a certain disgust against himself. The opposite side. They sat +down one opposite the other. She was unjust towards him. Contrary to +usual, the number of dancers was great. + +Instead of him his brother was sent. Instead of going out he remained in +the house. An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth. Instead of coffee +he gave me tea with sugar, but without cream. Instead of "la" one can +also say "l'" (but only after a preposition which ends with a vowel). + +In the drawing-room there was nobody except him and his fiancee. Besides +the empty loom there was nothing. Besides ourselves we had very little +to bring in. She wished to have, besides the red flowers, only one +beautiful statue. All slept, save the steersman beside his tiller. In +addition to the members, many guests journey there. + + 40. + +He worked hard, but in spite of everything he did not succeed. It was +still fairly warm, notwithstanding that the sun was low. They will be +severely punished if, notwithstanding the prohibition, they (shall) +offend against the freedom of the road. Despite all my endeavours to +prevent him, he went away. + +For my four children I bought twelve apples, and to each of the children +I gave at the rate of three apples. They may cost three to five +shillings each. This book has sixty pages; therefore if I (shall) read +every day (at the rate of) fifteen pages, I shall finish the whole book +in four days. I bought four books at sixpence each. + +We were only engaged about some household affairs. The structure is +similar to a mushroom. They ran away when the woman cried out at them. +In the evening the sky became covered with clouds. From fear of Karagara +I ran away. She was very proud of her high rank. The dog sincerely +mourned for him. None of them was so full of desires as the youngest +girl. On word of honour. + + + 40a. + +If we need to use a preposition, and the sense does not show us what +preposition to use, then we can use the general preposition "je." But it +is well to use the word "je" as seldom as possible. Instead of the word +"je" we can also use the accusative without a preposition. I laugh at +his simplicity (or, I laugh on account of his simplicity; or, I ridicule +his simplicity). The last time I saw him with you I travelled two days +and one night. I sigh for my lost happiness. From the said rule it +follows that if we do not know as to any verb whether it requires the +accusative case after it (that is, whether it is active) or not, we can +always use the accusative. For example, we can say "obei al la patro" +and "obei la patron" (instead of "obei je la patro"). But we do not use +the accusative when the clearness of the sense forbids it; for example, +we can say "pardoni al la malamiko" and "pardoni la malamikon," but we +must always say "pardoni al la malamiko lian kulpon." + + 41. + +The photographer photographed me, and I sent my photograph to my father. +You talk nonsense, my friend. I drank tea, with cake and jam. Water is a +fluid. I did not wish to drink the wine, for it had in it a certain +muddiness. On the table were various sweetmeats. I ate a tasty omelette. +When I travel anywhere I never take with me much luggage. An ice is a +sweet frozen dainty. The whole surface of the lake was covered with +floating leaves and various other plants (growths). The timber merchant +sells wood, and the joiner makes tables, chairs, and other wooden +objects. I use no sort of alcoholics. His old mother carried on the +management of the house. "An evil appearance he had," answered the Jew. +She thought over the doings of the past day. It is as light as a cobweb. +The train of the dress was long. They move like living beings. + +He loves this girl on account of her beauty and goodness. His heroism +greatly pleased me. I live with them in great friendship. We are, in +fact, close to the river. This is the most important quality. Court +ceremony necessitates inconvenience. The wealth of this man is great, +but his foolishness is still greater. + +In these little bottles are various acids--vinegar, sulphuric acid, +nitric acid, and others. The acidity of this vinegar is very weak. Your +wine is only some abominable acid thing. This great eminence is not a +natural mountain. The height of that mountain is not very great. + + + 42. + +The house in which one learns is a school, and the house in which one +prays is a church. The cook sits in the kitchen. The doctor advises me +to go into a vapour-bath. The horse put one hoof on a serpent's nest. +The woman used to walk through lovely woods and meadows. He came into +his lodging. He stopped by the gate of the monastery. + +Russians live in Russia, and Germans in Germany. My writing materials +consist of an inkstand, a sand-box, a few pens, a pencil, and a blotter. +In my trousers pocket I carry a purse, and in my overcoat pocket I carry +a pocket book; a larger portfolio I carry under my arm. Put on the table +the sugar-basin, the tea-caddy, and the teapot. + +A shop in which one sells cigars, or a room in which one keeps cigars, +is a cigar-store; a box or other object in which one keeps cigars is a +cigar-case; a little tube in which one puts a cigar when one smokes it +is a cigar-holder. A little box in which one keeps pens is a pen-box, +and a little stick, on which one holds a pen to write, is a penholder. +In the candlestick was a burning candle. + + 43. + +A father and a mother together are named parents. Peter, Anne, and +Elizabeth are my brother and sisters. Mr. and Mrs. N. will come to us +this evening. The engaged couple stood by the altar. I congratulated the +young married pair by telegraph. The king and queen left Cordova. She +married (with) her cousin, although her parents wished to marry her to +another person. + +My wife's father is my father-in-law, I am his son-in-law, and my father +is the father-in-law of my wife. All my wife's relations are my +relations by marriage, consequently her brother is my brother-in-law, +her sister is my sister-in-law; my brother and sister are the +brother-in-law and sister-in-law of my wife. The wife of my nephew and +the niece of my wife are my nieces by marriage. A woman who treats the +sick is a lady doctor; the wife of a doctor is a doctor's wife. Mrs. Dr. +A. visited Dr. and Mrs. P. to-day. He is not a laundryman, he is a +washerwoman's husband. + +The sons, grandsons, and great-grandsons of a king are princes. The +Hebrews are Israelites, for they are descended from Israel. A foal is an +immature horse, a chicken an immature fowl, a calf an immature ox, a +fledgeling an immature bird. That beautiful land was in a very primeval +state. + + +John, Nicholas, Ernest, William, Mary, Clara, and Sophia are called by +their parents Johnny (or Jack), Nick, Ernie, Will (or Willie or Bill or +Billy), Polly (or Molly), Clarry, and Sophy. + + 44. + +Steel is flexible, but iron is not flexible. Not every plant is edible. +Glass is breakable and transparent. Your speech is quite +incomprehensible, and your letters are always written quite illegibly. +The darkness is impenetrable. He related to me a story altogether +incredible. Perhaps I can (shall be able to) help you. Do you love your +father? What a question! of course (that) I love him. Probably I shall +not be able to come to you to-day, for I think that I myself shall have +guests to-day. The table stands askew, and will probably soon fall over. +He did his best (his possible). + +He is a man unworthy of belief. Your action is very praiseworthy. This +important day will remain for me for ever memorable. It is a coat of +great worth. It is not worthy of thanks. The crew show [themselves] +unworthy of their leader. + +His wife is very hardworking and economical, but she is also very fond +of talking and noisy. He is very irascible, and often becomes excited at +the merest trifle; nevertheless he is very forgiving, he does not bear +anger long, and he is not at all revengeful. He is very credulous; even +the most incredible things, which the most untrustworthy people relate +to him, he immediately believes. He is very cleanly, and you will not +find even one speck of dust on his coat. He is an excellent boy, but +very apt to believe [in] spirits. + + 45. + +We all came together to talk over very important business, but we could +not reach any result, and we parted. Misery often unites people, and +happiness often separates them. I tore up the letter, and threw its bits +into every corner (all corners) of the room. After this they separated +for home. The road branched in several directions. + +I willingly fulfilled his desire. In bad weather one may easily take +cold. He unbuttoned his overcoat. She played with her fan. Shirts, +collars, cuffs, and other similar things we call linen, although they +are not always made of linen. + + + * * * * * + + + TRANSLATIONS FROM VARIOUS LANGUAGES. + + + * * * * * + + + PARDONATA FORESTO. + +Oni invitis junulon al festeno. Respondante al la invito, li diris: "Mi +venos plezure, se mi estos viva." + +"Ho," diris la invitanta sinjorino, "se vi estos senviva, ni vin ne +atendos." + + El "Tutmonda Anekdotaro". + + Festeno - banquet, (dinner) party. + + + * * * * * + + + KOREKTO. + +Juna frauxlino: "Ho, S-ro profesoro! Kion povus rakonti tiu cxi maljuna +kverko, se gxi povus paroli?!" + +Profesoro: "Gxi dirus: pardonu min, mia frauxlino, mi ne estas kverko, +sed tilio." + + "Ibid". + + Tilio - lime tree. + + + * * * * * + + + NAIVECO. + +Knabino sesjara havis katon kaj pupon. Iu demandis sxin, kiun el la du +sxi preferas. Sxi ne volis respondi, fine sxi diris al li en la orelon: +"Mi preferas mian katon, sed ne diru, mi petas vin, tion al mia pupo." + + El "Unua Legolibro" de Kabe. + + + * * * * * + + + HAWKE. + +Kiam la fama angla admiralo Hawke estis ankoraux knabo kaj la patro +unuafoje prenis lin sur sxipon, li admonis lin bone konduti kaj aldonis: +"Tiam mi esperas vidi vin kapitano." " Kapitano!" ekkriis la knabo. +"Kara patro, se mi ne esperus farigxi admiralo, mi ne konsentus esti +maristo." + + "Ibid". + + Admoni - to admonish; konduti - to behave (oneself). + + + * * * * * + + + EFIKA RUZO. + +Iu vilagxano petis sian tre avaran najbaron, ke li metu sur la limon +inter la du gxardenoj palisan barilon, cxar la najbara kokinaro vagadis +dum la tuta tago en lia gxardeno. + +Tamen la avarulo rifuzis, kaj jam la najbaro intencis alvoki la helpon +de la jugxistoj, kiam li sxajne kontenta kvietigxis. + +Subite, je cxies miro, oni ekvidis la malamatan avarulon starigi tre +fortan lignan barilon. + +"Sed, amiko," demandis la vilagxanoj, "rakontu kiamaniere vi atingis +tion." + +"Nu, tre simple," li diris. "Iun matenon mi sendis al la najbaro tri aux +kvar ovojn, dirante, ke liaj kokinoj demetis ilin en mia gxardeno. Jam +la sekvintan tagon li komencis konstrui la barilon. Tio estas cxiam pli +malkara, ol doni okupadon al la advokatoj." + + El "Tutmonda Anekdotaro". + + Peti - to beg; limo - boundary; paliso - palings; vagi - to wander; + alvoki - to invoke; sxajne - apparently; subite - suddenly; + kvieta - quiet; advokato - lawyer. + + + * * * * * + + + JUPITERO KAJ CXEVALO. + +-- Patro de l' bestoj kaj de l' homoj!--diris cxevalo, proksimigxante al +la trono de Jupitero--oni diras, ke mi estas unu el la plej belaj +bestoj; mi mem kredas tion, tamen sxajnas al mi, ke multon en mi oni +devus plibonigi. + +-- Kion laux via opinio oni povus plibonigi en vi? Parolu, mi estas +preta lerni de vi--diris Jupitero ridetante. + +-- Eble mi kurus ankoraux pli rapide, se miaj piedoj estus pli longaj +kaj pli maldikaj; longa cigna kolo ornamus miri; pli largxa brusto +pligrandigus miajn fortojn; kaj cxar vi destinis min por porti vian +favoratan, homon, vi povus sur mian dorson meti pretan selon. + +-- Bone--diris Jupitero--atendu momenton!--kaj li kreis kamelon. + +Ekvidinte la novan beston, la cxevalo ektremis de l' timo kaj abomeno. + +-- Jen la altaj piedoj, kiajn vi deziris--diris Jupitero--jen la longa +cigna kolo, largxa brusto kaj preta selo. Cxu vi deziras, ke mi tiel +aliformigu vin? + + El "Unua Legolibro" de Kabe. + + Trono - throne; sxajni - to seem; preta - ready; cigno - swan; + ornami - to ornament; brusto - chest; destini - to destine, appoint; + selo - saddle; tremi - to tremble; abomeno - disgust. + + + * * * * * + + + LA HOMA KORPO KAJ LA SENTOJ. + + El "Serba Esperantisto." + +Petu Johanon, ke li alproksimigxu, ke li pasxu al vi, por ke vi observu +la trajtojn de lia vizagxo. + +Lia frunto estas alta kun brune blondaj haroj, liaj vangoj estas rondaj, +lian mentonon kovras dika barbo, kiu kasxas la gorgxon. + + + * * * * * + + +Johanino jam faris longan marsxon, sxi jxus haltis: sxi spiras forte, +sxia kolo sin strecxas, sxia brusto sin etendas, kaj skuigxas sxiaj +flankoj; sxia koro forte batas, sxia sango rapide kuras en la arterioj +kaj vejnoj; sxia hauxto farigxis brula. + +Sxi sxajnas laca ne nur muskole, sed nerve kaj cerbe. Diru al sxi, ke +sxi ripozu kaj ne restu stare, ke sxi sidigu sin. + +Nun sxi sidas: sxi pene klinas siajn krurojn; sxi povas movi nek la +genuojn nek la piedojn; ecx la brakoj rigide pendas de la sxultroj; sxi +ne plu turnas la kapon: sxi tuj ekdormos. + + + * * * * * + + +Mi kusxis sur la tero mem: tiam la dorso, la ventro, la membroj, ecx la +ostoj iom suferis. + + + * * * * * + + +Okulo blinda ne vidas lumon, orelo surda ne auxdas sonojn, busxo muta ne +diras vortojn, koro fermita ne gxuas amon. + + + * * * * * + + +Tiu cxi frukto, antauxe acida, estas nun matura: la nazo flaras gxian +odoron agrablan, la mano esploras gxian glatan sxelon, baldaux la dentoj +mordos gxian molan karnon kaj la lango gustumos gxian dolcxan sukon. + + + * * * * * + + +Momenta silentu, vi faros plezuron al mi, kaj mia kapdoloro malaperos. + + + * * * * * + + + Trajto - feature; frunto - forehead; bruna - brown; vango - cheek; + mentono - chin; barbo - beard; gorgxo - throat; + etendi - to extend, to stretch out; skui - to shake; sango - blood; + arterio - artery; vejno - vein; hauxto - skin; muskolo - muscle; + nervo - nerve; cerbo - brain; kruro - leg; ventro - belly; + membra - limb, member; osto - bone; gxui - to enjoy; + esplori - to examine; glata - smooth; sxelo - rind, bark; + karno - flesh; suko - juice. + + + * * * * * + + + + ANTAUXFABELO + El Fabeloj al Helenjo. + + El "Rusaj Rakontoj". + +Baju, baju, baju!... + +Unu okuleto de Helenjo dormas, alia rigardas; unu oreleto de Helenjo +dormas, alia auxskultas. + +Dormu, Helenjo, dormu, belulino; kaj pacxjo rakontos fabelojn. Kredeble, +cxiuj estas tie cxi: kato, kaj vilagxa hundo, griza museto, kaj grileto +sub la forno, makulkolora sturno en kagxo, kaj malpacema koko. + +Dormu, Helenjo,--tuj la fabelo komencigxos. Jen la alta luno jam +rigardas en la fenestron; jen straba leporo, kiu lame forkuras; jen +lupaj okuloj, kiuj eklumigxas per flavaj fajretoj. Alflugas maljuna +pasero al la fenestro, frapas per la beko sur vitron kaj demandas: "Cxu +baldaux?" Cxiuj estas cxi tie, cxiuj kolektigxis; kaj cxiuj atendas la +fabelon al Helenjo. + +Unu okuleto de Helenjo dormas, alia rigardas, unu oreleto de Helenjo +dormas, alia auxskultas. + +Baju, baju, baju!... + + MAMIN SIBIRJAK. + + [Footnote: "Baju": Rusa interjekcio; rekantajxo + por dormigi infanojn.] + + Auxskulti - to listen; fabelo - story; griza - grey; muso - mouse; + grilo - cricket; forno - stove; makulo - spot; sturno - starling; + straba - squinting; leporo - hare; lupo - wolf; flava - yellow; + beko - beak; pacxjo - daddy. + + + * * * * * + + + EDZINlGXO DE RATINO. + + El "Japanaj Rakontoj". + +Maljuna rato havis filinon. Gxi volis edzinigi tiun cxi kun iu plej +forta en la mondo. Gxi unue iris al la luno, pensante, ke la luno estas +la plej forta en la mondo. Sed la luno diris: "Min tre ofte malhelpas la +nubo, kaj mi neniel povas forpeli gxin." + +Tiam gxi sin turnis al la nubo, pensante, ke la nubo estas pli forta, ol +la luno. Sed la nubo diris: "Min cxiam dispelas la vento, kaj mi neniam +povas al gxi kontrauxstari." + +Trie gxi iris al la vento, pensante, ke la vento estas pli forta, ol la +nubo. Sed la vento diris: "La muro staras kontraux mi, kaj mi tute ne +povas trapasi gxin." + +Fine gxi iris al la muro, pensante, ke la muro estas pli forta, ol la +vento. Sed la muro ankaux diris: "Via familio cxiam min mordadas, kaj mi +ne povas tion haltigi." + +Jen gxi komprenis, ke ratino nur devas edzinigxi kun rato, kaj reveninte +hejmen, gxi edzinigis sian filinon kun juna rato de sia najbareco. + + K. KAJIWARA. + + Nubo - cloud. + + + * * * * * + + + INFANA VERSAJXO. + + Eta Manjo Flindre + Sidis intercindre, + Etajn piedfingrojn sxi varmigis. + Sxin vidis patrineto, + Punigxis filineto, + Cxar sxi la novajn vestojn malpurigis. + + JOHN ELLIS, el "The British Esperantist". + + Cindro - cinder, ash; fingro - finger. + + + * * * * * + + + LA DOMO DE JXAK'. + +Jen estas la domo konstruita de Jxak'. +Jen estas la greno, kiu restis en la domo konstruita de Jxak'. +Jen estas la rato, kiu mangxis la grenon, kiu restis, k.t.p. +Jen estas la kato, kiu mortigis la raton, kiu mangxis, k.t.p. +Jen estas la hundo, kiu turmentis la katon, kiu mortigis, k.t.p. +Jen estas la bovino kun kurba korno, kiu jxetis la hundon, + kiu turmentis, k.t.p. +Jen estas tutsola la virgulino, kiu melkis la bovinon, kiu jxetis, + k.t.p. +Jen estas la viro, cxifone vestita, kiu kisis la virgulinon tutsolan, + kiu melkis, k.t.p. +Jen estas la pregxisto, tute razita, kiu edzigis la viron, cxifone + vestitan, kiu kisis, k.t.p. +Jen estas la koko, matene kriinta, kiu vekis la pregxiston, tute + razitan, kiu edzigis, k.t.p. +Jen estas la farmomastro, grensemanta, kiu posedis la kokon, matene + kriintan, kiu, k.t.p., k.t.p. + + El "The Esperantist" + + Rato - rat; kato - cat; kurba - curved; korno - horn; + sola - alone, solitary; melki - to milk (milk is lakto); + cxifono - rag; farmi - to farm, take on lease; semi - to sow seed; + posedi - to possess. + + + * * * * * + + + EZOPA FABELO. + +Unu azeno trovis leonan felon. Gxi ricevis la ideon vesti sur sin la +felon, kaj sxajnigante sin leono, terurigi la homojn kaj bestojn. +Pensite, farite. La azeno sxajnis esti potenca leono. + +La unua viva estajxo, kiun gxi renkontis, estis malricxa sed talenta +komercisto, portanta kelkajn komercajxojn sur sia dorso. Li terurigxis +vidante la leonon, kio tre amuzis la azenon. Nun la azeno, intencante +pligrandigi la efikon, ekblekis:--ia,--ia,--ia,... Sed jen nia +komercisto rekonis la azenon per gxia vocxo, kaptis gxin kaj devigis +gxin--vendi malkarege la leonan felon. + + El "Lingvo Internacia". + + Azeno - ass; felo - hide; sxajni - to seem to be; komerci - to trade; + dorso - back; intenci - to intend; bleki - to cry (like an animal); + kara - dear; potenca - powerful. + + + * * * * * + + + PROVERBOJ. + +Eco homara estas eraro. Nur tiu ne eraras, kiu neniam ion faras. +Por ricxulo fasto, por malricxulo festo. +Mezuri laux sia metro. +Kia la semo, tia la rikolto. +Ricxigas ne enspezo, sed prudenta elspezo. +Kun kiu vi festas, tia vi estas. +Ju pli da jxuroj, des pli da suspekto. +Korvo al korvo okulon ne pikas. +En infano vidigxas, kia homo farigxos. +Unufoje sxtelinta restas cxiam sxtelisto. +Kapo estas por tio, ke gxi zorgu pri cxio. +Belaj rakontoj el trans la montoj. + + M. F. ZAMENHOF. + + Fasto - fast; mezuri - to measure; rikolto - harvest; + enspezo - income; elspezo - outlay; jxuro - oath; + suspekto - suspicion; korvo - raven; piki - to stab. + + + * * * * * + + + LIZI, ELZE, ELIZABET. + + El "Hungaraj Rakontoj". + +Mi amis nur mian patrinon kaj Lizi, krome neniun en la tuta mondo. + +Kun sxi, kun Lizi, mi jam ligis amikecon, kiam mia malgranda fratino +mortis je angino. + +Tiam farigxis tre silente en nia domo. Malantauxe cxirkaux la +cxevalstalo bruis ja la knaboj poste kiel antauxe, sed al la logxejo +ili proksimigxis nur sur la piedpintoj. Ili ne volis gxeni la nigre +vestitan virinon, kiu sencxese, kvazaux senspirite, la funebrajn +cxambrojn trapasxis; de frua mateno gxis malfrua vespero, en pensojn +profundigxinta, sxi travagis la logxejon, senripoze kiel la pendolo +de l'horlogxo, kvazaux sxi eterne iun aux ion sercxus. Iafoje sxi +malfermis la sxrankojn kaj tirkestojn laux vico. Tiam mi cxiam vidis +en sxia mano malgrandajn infanorobojn, sxuojn kaj antauxtukojn, kiujn +sxi longe rigardis kaj karesis, por ilin denove remeti kun la pupoj, +la skribkajeroj kaj cxiuj aliaj objektoj, kiuj iam apartenis al mia +malgranda fratino. + +Pri mi sxi tute ne okupigxis--sxi nun pli amis la mortinton, ol cxiujn +vivantojn--kaj tamen en mi cxiam sxteliris post sxi. Se mi iafoje sxian +robon ekprenis, aux sxian brakon karesis, por ke sxi min nur rimarku, +sxi ekrigardis min indiferente per siaj karaj, de nokta plorado lacaj +okuloj, aux diris: "Kion vi volas, Janko? Cxu mi devas doni al vi +orangxojn?" + +Sxi tiam eltiris la tirkeston, kie la orangxoj kusxis, kaj lasis min +elekti, kiom mi volis. Kaj mi tute ne volis orangxojn, mi nur estis +jxaluza je mia malgranda, mortinta fratino. + + FERENC HERCZEG. + + Ligi - to bind; angino - quinsy; stalo - stable, stall; pinto - point; + gxeni - to trouble, disturb; funebro - mourning; pendolo - pendulum; +sxranko - cupboard; tirkesto - drawer; vico - turn; antauxtuko - apron; + laca - weary; jxaluza - jealous. + + + * * * * * + + + VENTEGA NOKTO. + + El "Nord-germanaj Rakontoj". + + La ventego kriegis kaj bruegis dum la malluma nokto kaj blovege pelis +la foliojn antaux si. Kia sonado estis en la aero! De malproksime venas +la ventego, el la regiono, kie estas la altaj montoj kaj la granda +akvo, el la malvarma nordo. Cxio, kion gxi ekkaptas dumvoje, devas +kunflugi. Gxi pelas la foliojn alten, tiel ke ili kirle flugas kaj en +sia timo saltas unu super la alia. Jen gxi permesas al ili dum memento +rekonsciigxi, ili opinias, ke nun cxesis la sovagxa pelado, ke ili +povas trankvile mallevigxi teren--jen la sovagxulo ree ekkaptas ilin +kaj la ludo denove komencigxas. Nun gxi estas en la torfejo; tie gxi +trovas nenion kun kio gxi povus petoli; tiam gxi atakas pluvnubon kiu +jxus volis ekpluvi--pusxegas en gxian flankon, gxis gxi tuj disflugas. +Jen la blovulo venas en la arbaron kaj furiozas inter la arboj, kiuj +gxemas kaj krakas. Ankoraux salton, kaj nun gxi estas cxe la lerneja +domo, kiu staras kasxite en arbetajxoj inter la du vilagxoj. Ho, kiel +gxi gxojkriegas ekvidante la malnovan kadukan domon! Tie cxi mi devas +enigxi! Per cxiuj pordoj gxi bruegas kaj skuas ilin, provante malfermegi +ilin. Sed vane. Ecx ne la lignan kovrilon de la truo en la frontono gxi +povas desxiri, kvankam la rustigxintaj hokoj preskaux ne plu povas teni +gxin. Sed almenaux gxi klakas kaj frapegas per gxi tiom, ke la edzino de +la instruisto vekigxas. + + HEINRICH BANDLOW. + + Nordo - north; kirli - to whisk, to twirl; konscii - to be conscious; + opinii - to be of opinion; torfo - peat; petoli - to play, tease; + furiozi - to rage; gxemi - to groan; kraki - to crack, crackle; + kaduka - decayed, infirm; skui - to shake; vane - in vain; + frontono - gable, fronton; rusti - to rust; hoko - hook; + klaki - to clack, clap. + + + * * * * * + + + EN PIRIN. + + + El "Bulgaraj Rakontoj". + +Klime perdis la vojon, la blovegoj estis kovrintaj cxion: valojn, +montetojn, vojojn, kampojn. Li eliris hieraux cxe bona vetero el la +vilagxo, kaj nun ?... Dum tutaj horoj li vagadis en Pirin-monto kaj +li ne scias, kie li trovigxas, kien li iras, kion li renkontos. Li +komprenis nur unu: ke malproksime, malproksime li estas de sia vilagxo, +en nekonataj montaj dezertoj, en la regno de l'sovagxaj bestoj kaj de la +pereo... + +Subite li ekvidis tra la krepusko multajn nigrajn ombrojn, kiuj iris +senbrue sur la negxo. Kio estas tio cxi? Cxu lupoj? Ili estas tuta +aro kaj venas de la dekstra flanko; ili bojas... Li ekkuregas. La +malsata aro rapide lin sekvas kun sovagxaj bojoj... Kiom da tempo +li kuris, li ne memoras... Antaux li cxiam nudajxo, cxiam dezerto, +cxiam negxa kampo. Subite Klime vidas, ke antauxe ekmovigxas io, lumaj +punktoj brilas kaj lin renkontas: la bestaro elsendis kelkajn lupojn +por fermi lian iradon... Klime vidis teruran, neeviteblan morton... +Tiam li ree ekkuregis kiel frenezulo maldekstren, al nova direkto, sur +ia krutajxo malsupren, kaj post li la lupoj... Li dufoje implikigxis +je sia skarpo, kiu trenis, kaj li ekfalis. Trovigxinte en la valo, +Klime gxoje vidis, ke li eniras en ian vilagxon... Kia gxi estas, cxu +pomaka, cxu kristana,--li ne pensas, cxar la luparo lin persekutas +ecx tien cxi. Gxi iras post liaj kalkanoj... Li ensxovigxis en ian +pordegon, kiun, versxajne, la ventego malfermis, kaj li alkuris al la +fenestro, kiu lumis. Kaj la lupoj ankaux kuras post li. Klime sxovis +malgxentile la pordon kaj eniris en nekonatan domon. Li ekgxemis: li +vidis bulgaran, kristanan domon, kaj la sanktfigurujon, kaj antaux gxi +la sanktlampeton...la flamo malklare briletis kaj estingigxis ankoraux. +El la krepusko eliris iaj homoj. Li cxirkauxrigardis mirege. Kie li +trovigxas? + +Subite Klime ekscias, ke li estas en sia hejmo. + +La Cxiopovanto estis direktinta liajn vagadojn al lia vilagxo, al lia +domo, kiam li pensis, ke li iras en tute malsaman direkton. + + IVAN MINCXEV. + + [Footnote: "Pomako" estas bulgaro farigxinta mahometano.] + + Klime - man's name; blovego - storm; valo - valley; sovagxa - wild; + krepusko - twilight; boji - to bark; nuda - bare; punkto - point; + eviti - to avoid; freneza - crazy; impliki - to entangle; + skarpo - scarf; persekuti - to follow in order to harm; + sxovi - to shove, push; versxajne - apparently; + estingi - to extinguish. + + + * * * * * + + + SOMERA PLUVADO. + + El "Prozo el Danaj-Norvegaj Auxtoroj". + +Estis premante varmege, la aero vibris pro varmo, kaj krom tio estis +tiel kvieta, nenio alia sin movis, ol la kokcineloj tie sur la urtikoj, +kaj kelke da velkitaj folioj, kiuj kusxis sur la herbo kaj kurbigis sin +kun etaj ekmovoj, kvazaux kuntiritaj de la sunaj radioj. + +Kaj tiu homo sub la kverko, li kusxis spiregante kaj melankolie, +senespere li rigardis supren al la cxielo. Li kantetis iom, kaj cedis, +fajfis per la busxo kaj cedis ankaux je tio, turnis kaj returnis sin, +rigardis malnovan talpan teraltajxeton, kiu tute helgrizigxis pro +sekeco. Subite eta, ronda, nigra makulo vidigxis sur la griza tero, +ankoraux unu, du, tri, kvar, multaj, ankoraux pliaj, la tuta altajxeto +farigxis malhelgriza. La aero estas nur longaj, malhelaj strekoj, la +folioj klinigxis kaj balancigxis, sibleto, plilauxtigxante gxis siblego, +sonis,--akvo fluegis teren. + +Cxio briletis, fajretis, kraketis. Folioj, brancxoj, trunkoj, cxio +brilis de akvajxo, cxiu guteto falanta teren, herben, sxtonen, cxien, +disrompigxis kaj dissxprucis en milojn da etaj perloj. Malgrandaj gutoj +pendis tie iom da tempo kaj farigxis grandaj gutoj, malsuprenfalis +tien cxi, unuigxis kun aliaj gutoj, formis fluetojn, malaperis en +sulketojn, enfluis grandajn truojn kaj elfluis malgrandajn, forkondukis +polvon, lignajxetojn kaj foliopecojn, fiksigxis sur rifojn kaj denove +liberigxis, turnigxis kaj ree surrifigxis. Foliojn, ne estintajn kune +de la tempo, kiam ili estis burgxonoj, kolektis la akvajxo; musko, +neniigita de sekeco, eksxvelis kaj farigxis mola, cxifa, verda kaj +sukplena; kaj sximo kiu preskaux farigxis polvo, disvastigxis en graciaj +makuloj, kun brilo kiel silko. La konvolvoloj lasis plenigi siajn +blankajn kalikojn gxis la rando, interpusxis ilin kaj versxis la akvon +sur la kapojn de l' urtikoj. La dikaj, nigraj arbarlimakoj afablege +rampis antauxen kaj rigardis danke la cxielon. + +Kaj la homo? La nudkapa homo staris meze en la pluvo, lasante la gutojn +sibli en harojn, brovojn okulojn, nazon, busxon, kraketis per la fingroj +je la pluvo, iom levis iafoje la piedojn, kvazaux li intencis danci, +ekskuis iam kaj iam sian kapon, kiam tro multe da akvo estis en la +haroj, plengorgxe kantis senpripensante tion, kion li kantis, tiel plene +la pluvado lin okupis. + + J. P. JAKOBSEN. + + Vibri - to vibrate; kokcinelo - ladybird; urtiko - nettle; + velki - to wither; fajfi - to whistle; talpo - mole; streko - streak; + klini - bend; sibli - to hiss; sxpruci - to spurt, to gush; +sulko - furrow; truo - hole; rifo - reef; burgxono - bud; musko - moss; + sxveli - to swell; cxifi - to crinkle, crumple; sximo - mildew, mould; + gracia - graceful; konvolvolo - convolvulus; kaliko - chalice, calyx; + limako - slug; brovo - brow; nuda - bare. + + + * * * * * + + + KION NE KOMPRENAS LA HIRUNDOJ KAJ PAPILIOJ. + + El "Pola Antologio". + +... Iom pli malproksime kusxis flava grenkampo. Malalta barilo apartigis +gxin de l' konstruajxoj kaj de l' malgranda placeto antaux ili. + +La barilo formis angulon kaj en la loko, kie kunigxis du gxiaj oblikvaj +duonoj, gxi havis pordegon, altan, largxan kaj en tiu momento tute +malfermitan. + +Ni proksimigxis al la malalta barilo. Anjo ne havis ankoraux suficxe +da tempo por apogi al gxi sian ombrelon kaj jam en la flava domo oni +malfermis la pordon kaj viro starigxis cxe la sojlo kaj lauxte demandis: + +--Cxu vi iras eksterlandon? + +Ni komprenis. La barilo, malzorge konstruita el kurbaj bastonoj, estis +io pli grava, ol limo de kampara proprajxo... + +Cxi tiu barilo apartigis du naciojn, du landojn, du civilizaciojn. + +La sekalo, kreskanta post gxi, estis jam germana sekalo; la cejanoj, +kiuj, kiel bluaj lumetoj, bruletis inter la spikoj, estis jam germanaj +cejanoj. + +Germana estis ecx la vento, fluganta de tie kune kun la miela odoro de +l'konvolvoloj... + +Kompreneble, Anjo devis rifuzi al si la ricxigon de sia bukedo per +germanaj floroj kaj sxi tuj sciigis pri gxi la lauxte demandantan viron. + +Li reigxis domon trankviligxinta, sed sendube dek kelkaj paroj da +viglaj, kvankam nevideblaj okuloj observis cxiujn niajn movojn. + +Kun stranga sento ni komencis rigardi cxirkauxe. + +--Kial?--demandis Anjo, largxe malfermante la okulojn--sekve la spiko, +kiu elkreskis tie cxi el grajno alportita de tie de la vento, estas nia, +sed milionoj da aliaj spikoj, gxiaj fratoj, estas fremdaj nur tial, ke +ili kreskas unu pasxon pli malproksime? + +Mi penis klarigi al sxi, ke tio cxi estas tute natura, ecx necesega. + +--Por kiu? + +Anstataux respondo mi levis la sxultrojn. + +Okupataj de la penso pri la divido, ni turnis la okulojn al la cxielo, +sercxante ankaux sur gxi liman linion. + +Sed la cxielo estis nur unu, nedividita. + +Ni rigardis la sunon. + +Ankaux la suno estis nur unu, nedividita. + +En la sama momento papilio, kiu sidis proksime de ni sur la barilo kaj +jen etendis, jen altiris siajn rugxajn flugiletojn kun argxenta subajxo, +rapide levigxis kaj transflugis al la germana flanko. + +Gxi longe flirtis tie super la balancigxantaj spikoj kaj trovinte amikon +aux amikinon ankoraux pli trankvile revenis. + +Samtempe kelke da hirundoj, antauxsentante proksimigxon de fulmotondro, +komencis kun lauxta pepado rondflugi malproksimen kaj senpune trans la +limon... + +-- Vi vidas!--ekkriis Anjo kun infana triumfo.-- La hirundoj kaj +papilioj no konsentas la "necesecon," pri kiu vi tiel sage parolis. + +Cxi tiuj senkonsideraj vortoj malgxojigis min. + +-- Ah, Anjo, Anjo!--diris mi riprocxe,--cxu vi forgesis, ke la homo +estas pli sagxa kreitajxo, ol la flirtemaj birdoj kaj papilioj +senpripensaj?... + + WIKTOR GOMULICKI. + + Greno - corn; placo - place, square; apogi - to lean on; + ombrelo - umbrella, parasol; sojlo - threshold; lauxta - loud; + sekalo - rye; cejano - corn bluebottle; mielo - honey; + bukedo - bouquet; paro - pair; spiko - ear of corn; linio - line; + papilio - butterfly; flirti - flutter, wave; fulmo - lightning; + tondro - thunder; pepi - to chirp. + + + * * * * * + + + PRINTEMPO VENOS. + + Se la naturo rigidigxas + De prem' de l' vintro frostiganta, + Se tute per la negx' kovrigxas + Je longe tero ekdormanta, + Amiko kara! vi ne ploru: + Printempo venos kaj somero, + Ke la naturo ree floru, + Ke verdu, revivigxu tero. + + A. NAUMANN. + + + * * * * * + + + LA VOJO. + + Tra densa mallumo briletas la celo, + Al kiu kuragxe ni iras. + Simile al stelo en nokta cxielo, + Al ni la direkton gxi diras. + Kaj nin ne timigas la noktaj fantomoj + Nek batoj de l' sorto, nek mokoj de l' homoj + Cxar klara kaj rekta kaj tre difinita + Gxi estas, la voj' elektita. + + Nur rekte, kuragxe, kaj ne flankigxante + Ni iru la vojon celitan! + Ecx guto malgranda, konstante frapante, + Traboras la monton granitan. + "L' espero, l' obstino", kaj "la pacienco"-- + Jen estas la signoj, per kies potenco + Ni pasxo post pasxo, post longa laboro, + Atingos la celon en gloro. + + Ni semas kaj semas, neniam lacigxas, + Pri l' tempoj estontaj pensante. + Cent semoj perdigxas, mil semoj perdigxas,-- + Ni semas kaj semas konstante. + "Ho, cxesu!" mokante la homoj admonas,-- + "Ne cxesu, ne cxesu!" en kor' al ni sonas: + "Obstine antauxen! La nepoj vin benos, + Se vi pacience eltenos." + + Se longa sekeco aux ventoj subitaj + Velkantajn foliojn desxiras, + Ni dankas la venton, kaj, repurigitaj, + Ni forton pli fresxan akiras. + Ne mortos jam nia bravega anaro, + Gxin jam ne timigas la vento, nek staro, + Obstine gxi pasxas, provita, hardita, + Al cel' unu fojon signita! + + Nur rekte, kuragxe kaj ne flankigxante + Ni iru la vojon celitan! + Ecx guto malgranda, konstante frapante, + Traboras la monton granitan. + L' espero, l' obstino, kaj la pacienco-- + Jen estas la signoj, per kies potenco + Ni pasxo post pasxo, post longa laboro, + Atingos la celon en gloro. + + L. ZAMENHOF, el "Fundamenta Krestomatio". + +Celo - aim; simile - like; fantomo - phantom, apparition; sorto - fate; + moko - mockery; elekti - to choose; flanko - side; guto - drop; + frapi - to strike; bori - to bore; signo - sign; atingi - to attain; + laca - weary; semo - seed; cxesi - to cease; admoni - to exhort; + koro - heart; vento - wind; subita - sudden; velki - to wither; + desxiri - to tear from, pluck off; akiri - to acquire; + provi - to make trial of; hardi - to harden. + + + * * * * * + + + EL LA PAROLO DE D-RO. L. L. ZAMENHOF. + EN LA GUILDHALL, URBO LONDONO, + La 2lan de Auxgusto, 1907. + +. . . La dua kulpigo, kiun ni ofte devas auxdi, estas tio, ke ni +esperantistoj estas malbonaj patriotoj. Cxar tiuj esperantistoj, kiuj +traktas la esperantismon kiel ideon, predikas reciprokan justecon +kaj fratecon inter la popoloj kaj cxar laux la opinio de la gentaj +sxovinistoj patriotismo konsistas en malamo kontraux cxio, kio ne estas +nia, tial ni laux ilia opinio estas malbonaj patriotoj, kaj ili diras, +ke la esperantistoj ne amas sian patrujon. Kontraux tiu cxi mensoga, +malnobla kaj kalumnia kulpigo ni protestas plej energie, ni protestas +per cxiuj fibroj de nia koro! . . . + +Vi staras nun antaux miaj okuloj, mia kara Litovujo, mia malfelicxa +patrujo, kiun mi neniam povas forgesi, kvankam mi forlasis vin kiel +juna knabo. Vi, kiun mi ofte vidas en miaj songxoj, vi, kiun nenia alia +parto de la tero iam povos anstatauxi en mia koro, vi atestu, kiu vin +pli multe, pli kore kaj pli sincere amas: cxu mi, idea esperantisto, +kiu revis pri frateco inter cxiuj viaj logxantoj, kvankam mi devis +bedauxrinde forlasi vin, simile al multaj centoj da miloj da aliaj viaj +filoj--aux cxu tiuj personoj, kiuj deziras, ke vi apartenu nur al ili, +kaj cxiuj aliaj viaj filoj estu rigardataj kiel fremduloj aux sklavoj! +Ho patriotismo, patriotismo, kiam fine la homoj lernos kompreni gxuste +vian sencon! Kiam via sankta nomo cxesos esti armilo en la manoj de +diversaj malhonestuloj! Kiam fine cxiu homo ricevos la rajton kaj la +eblon algluigxi per sia tuta koro al tiu peco da tero, kiu lin naskis! + +Longe dauxros ankoraux malluma nokto sur la tero, sed ne eterne gxi +dauxros. Venos iam la tempo, kiam la homoj cxesos esti lupoj unuj +kontraux aliaj. Anstataux konstante batali inter si, elsxiri la patrujon +unuj al la aliaj, perforte altrudi al si reciproke siajn lingvojn kaj +morojn, ili vivos inter si pace kaj frate, en plena interkonsento +ili laboros sur la tero, sur kiu ili vivas, kaj kontraux tiuj krudaj +fortoj de la naturo, kiuj ilin cxiujn egale atakas. Kaj kune kaj +interkonsente ili celados cxiuj al unu vero, al unu felicxo. Kaj se iam +venos tiu felicxa tempo, gxi estos la frukto de konstanta kaj senlaca +laborado de tiuj homoj, kiujn vi vidas nun en cxi tiu cxambrego kaj +kies nomo, ankoraux tre malmulte konata kaj tre malmulte sxatata, estas +"esperantistoj." + + El "The British Esperantist." + + Kulpo - fault; trakti - to treat; prediki - to preach; + gento - tribe, race; sxovinisto - Chauvinist; Litovujo - Lithuania; + sengxo - dream; atesti - to bear witness; revi - to imagine, dream; + bedauxri - to regret; sklavo - slave; senco - meaning; rajto - right; +alglui - to glue to, stick to, attach; lupo - wolf; trudi - to obtrude; + moro - manners, custom; paco - peace; konsenti - to agree; + kruda - crude, rough, raw; frukto - fruit; + sxati - to prize, appreciate, like. + + + * * * * * + + + FOREWORD TO SUPPLEMENTARY VOCABULARY. + +As this Vocabulary is intended for those who have worked through the +preceding lessons, it is not a full vocabulary, but only supplementary +to those already given, and the words contained in those are, as a rule, +not repeated here. + +In order to get in as many root words as possible, derived words and +the second word of a pair (e.g., male or female, opposites, the action +and the tool, the animal and its young, etc.) are generally omitted; +the simple word or one of the pair being found, the other word is to be +formed from it by means of the proper word-ending, prefix or suffix. + +In English there are often several words to express the same or nearly +the same meaning. Want of space prevents these being all included; the +most important or most commonly used word has therefore been chosen; for +instance, "mercury", "tranquil", "diaphanous", "suffocate", "salve", +"renown", "fiddle", are not to be found, but "quicksilver", "calm", +"translucent", "smother", "ointment", "fame", "violin", are there. + + +A most valuable help to the student is a good English dictionary, and +if this gives the derivation of the words, the interest of the study +is greatly increased. The difficulty often is, not to find the right +Esperanto word, but to know exactly what the English word or phrase +means. It is the experience of most Esperantists that in learning +Esperanto their knowledge of their own language has become much more +thorough. [Footnote: A remark made by a student during one lesson was +"Well, if we don't learn Esperanto, we shall learn English."] For this +reason and also that this language cannot be learned simply as a matter +of rote, but demands the exercise of the thinking and reasoning powers, +[Footnote: To convince an opponent or a doubter of this, tell him that +"utila" means "useful," and "mal" denotes the contrary; then ask what +"malutila" means. The answer will almost certainly be "useless." Then +show that the contrary of a good quality is not merely the absence +of that quality, but is a bad quality, and therefore the contrary of +"useful" is "harmful."] Esperanto ought to be taught in all schools. + + + VOCABULARY. + + === A === + +abbot : abato. +abdomen : ventro. +ability : kapablo, povo, lerteco, talento. +able (to be) : povi. +abolish : neniigi, forigi. +abomination : abomeno. +abroad : eksterlande. +absent (to be) : foresti. +absolve : senkulpigi, senpekigi. +absorb : absorbi; sorbi. +abstain : deteni sin. +abuse : insult'i, -o; trouzi; malbonuzi. +abyss : abismo, profundegajxo. +accent : akcent'i, -o; supersigno. +accept : akcepti, alpreni. +accident : malfelicxajxo, okazo. +account : kalkulo; rakonto; konto. "on--of," pro. +accuse : kulpigi, akuzi. +ace : aso. +ache : dolor'o, -i. +acknowledge : konfesi. +acorn : glano. +acquaint : sciigi. +acquainted, become--with : konatigxi kun. +acquire : akiri, atingi. +acquit : senkulpigi. +acrid : akra, morda, pika. +act : ag'i, -o; far'i, -o; legxo; akto. +action : agado; ("law") proceso. +active : agema, aktiva. +actor : aktoro. +actual : nuna, efektiva. +adapt : alfari. +add : aldoni, kunmeti, sumigi. +address : alparoli al; sin turni al; ("letters") adresi. +adhere : aligxi, algluigxi al. +adjourn : prokrasti. +admit : allasi, konfesi. +adopt : alpreni, fil (-in) -igi. +adore : adori, amegi. +adult : plenkresk'a, plenagx'a. +adulterate : falsi. +adultery : adulto. +advantage : utilo, profito, bonajxo. +advertise : anonci, reklami. +advice : konsilo. +affair : afero. +affected (to be) : afekti. +affiliate : aligxi, filiigxi. +afternoon : posttagmezo. +again : re-, ree, denove. +agenda : tagordo, programo. +agent : agento. +agile : facilmova. +agitate : agiti. +agony : dolorego, ("death"--) agonio. +agree : konscnti, interkonsenti. +agreeable : afabla, agrabla. +agreement : kontrakto, interkonsento. +agriculture : terkulturo. +aim : cel'o, -i. +air : aero, aerumi; mieno; ario. +aisle : flankajxo. +alarm : maltrankviligi; alarmo. +alder : alno. +alert : vigla. +alien : alilandulo, eksterlandulo. +alike : simila, egala. +alive : vivanta, viva. +alleviate : plidolcxigi, malpliigi. +allow : permesi. +allowance : porcio; (a/c) rabato; dekalkulo. +allude : aludi. +almanac : almanako, kalendaro. +almighty : cxiopova. +almond : migdalo. +alms : almozo. +alone : sola. +along : lauxlonge. +aloud : lauxte, vocxe. +alternate : alterni. +amazement : mirego. +amber : sukceno. +ambition : ambicio. +ambush : embusko. +amiable : afabla, aminda. +amputate : detrancxi, amputi. +amuse : amuzi. +anarchy : anarhxio. +ancestors : praavoj, prapatroj. +ancient : antikva. +anecdote : anekdoto. +angel : angxelo. +angle : angulo; fisxi. +animal : besto. +ankle : maleolo. +anniversary : datreveno. +announce : anonci. +annoy : cxagreni, gxeni. +annual : cxiujara. +annul : nuligi. +anoint : sanktolei, sxmiri. +anonymous : anonima, sennoma +ant : formiko. +anthem : antemo. +anvil : amboso. +anxious : maltrankvila. +apathetic : apatia. +aperture : malfermajxo, aperturo. +apologise : peti pardonon. +apparatus : aparato. +appeal : alvoki; (law) apelacio. +appear : aperi; sxajni. +appearance : vidigxo; sxajno, mieno. +appetite : apetito. +applaud : aplauxdi. +apply : almeti; sin turni al. +appoint : nomi, difini. +appreciate : sxati. +approach : alproksimigxi. +approve : aprobi. +apricot : abrikoto. +apron : antauxtuko. +arable : plugebla, semotauxga. +arbitrary : arbitra. +arbitration : arbitracio. +arbour : lauxbo. +arch : arko; arkefleksi. +argue : argumenti. +arithmetic : aritmetiko. +arm : brako, "-pit," akselo; armi. +arms : armiloj, bataliloj. +aroma : aromo. +arouse : veki. +arrange : arangxi. +arrest : aresti. +arrive : alveni. +arrogant : aroganta +arrow : sago. +art : arto. +artery : arterio. +artful : ruza. +artichoke : artisxoko. +article : artikolo, komercajxo. +artificial : artefarita, arta. +artifice : artifiko. +artisan : metiisto. +artist : artisto. +ascertain : konstati. +ash : cindro, (tree) frakseno. +ask : demandi. "-for," peti. +asparagus : asparago. +aspect : aspekto, vidigxo, fazo. +aspen : tremolo. +ass : azeno. +assemble : kunveni, kunvoki. +assert : aserti, konstati. +assign : asigni. +assure : certigi; asekuri. +astonish : mirigi. ("to be -ed"), miri. +astringent : adstringa. +astute : sagaca. +asylum : rifugxejo, azilo. +athletic : atleta. +atmosphere : atmosfero. +atom : atomo. +attach : alligi, kunigi. +attain : atingi, trafi. +attempt : provi; (criminal) atenco. +attention : atento, ("pay"--) atenti. +attitude : sintenado. +attract : altiri, logi. +auction : auxkcio. +audit : kontkontroli. +author : auxtoro. +authority : rajto, auxtoritato. +avalanche : lavango. +avaricious : avara. +avenue : aleo. +average : meznombro, mezakvanto. +avert : deturni. +avoid : eviti. +award : aljxugxi +axis : akso. +axle : akso. +azure : lazuro. + + === B === + +baboon : paviano. +baby : infaneto. +bachelor : frauxlo. +back : dorso, posta flanko. +backbone : spino. +bacon : lardo. +bag : sako. +bait : allogajxo. +bake : baki. +balance : ekvilibri; (of account) restajxo. "-sheet," bilanco. +balcony : balkono. +ball : (play) pilko, (cannon) kuglo, (dance) balo. +balloon : aerostato. +ballot : baloti, -o. +balsam : balzamo. +band : ligilo; bando; orkestro. +bandage : bandagxi. +banish : ekzili. +bank : (money) banko; bordodigo. +banker : bankiero. +bankrupt : bankroto. +banner : flago, standardo. +banquet : festeno. +baptism : bapto. +bar : bar'i, -ilo; bufedo. +barbarian : barbaro. +barber : barbiro. +bare : nuda. +bargain : marcxandi. +bark : boji; sxelo. +barley : hordeo. +barrel : barelo. "-organ," gurdo. +barrister : advokato. +base : bazo; fundamento; malnobla. +basin : pelvo, kuvo. +basket : korbo. +bat : vesperto; batilo. +bath : bano, bankuvo. +bathe : sin bani. +beam : radio, trabo, vekto. +bean : fabo, fazeolo. +bear : urso; porti; subteni +beard : barbo. +beat : bati, vergi, vipi, venki. +beautiful : bela. +beaver : kastoro. +because : cxar, tial ke, pro tio ke. +bed : lito, kusxejo, fluejo, florbedo. +bee : abelo. +beech : fago. +beer : biero. +beet : beto. +beetle : skarabo, blato. +beg : peti, almozpeti. +begin : komenci, ek-. +behave : konduti. +behold : rigardi; jen! +bell : sonorilo. +below : sube, malsupre. +belt : zono. +bench : benko; (joiner's) stablo. +bend : fleks'i, -igxi; klin'i, -igxi. +bent : kurb'a, -igita. +bequeath : testamenti. +berry : bero. +besiege : siegxi. +bet : veti. +betray : perfidi. +betrothal : fiancx' (-in-) igxo. +bewitch : sorcxi. +bilberry : mirtelo. +bile : galo. +bill : kalkulo; kambio; afisxo; beko. +billiards : bilardo +bind : ligi; (books) bindi; bandagxi. -"weed", liano. +birch : betulo. +birth : naskigxo. +biscuit : biskvito. +bishop : episkopo. +bit : peco; enbusxajxo. +bite : mordi. +bitter : akra, maldolcxa. +blackbird : merlo. +blacking : ciro. +bladder : veziko. +blade : klingo; (of grass), folieto +blaspheme : blasfemi. +bless : beni. +blind : blinda. "window"-, rulkurteno. +blond : blonda. +blood : sango. +blot : makulo. +blow : blovi; bato, frapo. +blouse : bluzo. +blue : blua; -"bell", hiacinto, kampanoleto. +boa-constrictor : boao. +boast : fanfaroni. +boat : boato. +bobbin : bobeno. +body : korpo. +bog : marcxo. +boil : boli; absceso. +bold : kuragxa, sentima. +bolt : rigl'i, -ilo; bolto. +bomb : bombo. +bombard : bombardi. +bond : obligacio, garantiajxo +bondage : servuto, sklaveco. +bone : osto. +bonnet : cxapo. +booth : budo. +border : rand'o, -ajxo; borderi. +bore : bori; kalibro. +born : (to be), naskigxi. +borrow : prunte preni. +bosom : brusto, sino. +bottom : fundo, malsupro. +boundary : limo. +bouquet : bukedo. +bow : saluti; kapklini; pafarko; arcxo; banto. +bowels : internajxo, intestaro. +bowl : pelvo, kuvo. +box : kesto, skatolo; logxio; boksi; pugnobati. +braces : sxelko. +brain : cerbo. +bran : brano. +branch : brancxo; filio. +brass : flava kupro, latuno. +brave : brava, kuragxa. +breach : brecxo. +break : rompi, frakasi. +breakfast : matenmangx'i, -o. +breast : brusto, mamo. +breathe : spiri. +bribe : subacxeti. +brick : briko. +bridge : ponto. +bridle : brido. +bright : hela, brila, gaja. +bring : alkonduki, alporti. +broad : largxa. +broker : makleristo, ("act as--") makleri. +brooch : brocxo. +brood : kovi, kovitaro. +broth : buljono. +brown : bruna. +browse : sin pasxti. +bruise : kontuzi; pisti. +brush : bros'o, -i; balailo; peniko. +bucket : sitelo. +buckle : buko. +bud : burgxono. +budget : budgxeto. +buffet : (restaurant) bufedo. +bug : cimo. +build : konstrui. +bullet : kuglo. +bullfinch : pirolo. +bunch : fasketo, aro. +bundle : fasko. +bungle : fusxi. +burden : surpezi, sxargxo. +bureau : oficejo, kontoro. +burgess : burgxo. +burn : brul'i, -igi. +burrow : kavigi. +burst : krevi. +bury : enterigi, enfosi. +business : afero, okupo, negoco +busy : okupata, aferema. +butcher : bucx'i, -isto. +buttercup : ranunkolo, +butterfly : papilio. +buzz : zumi. + + === C === + +cab : fiakro; kabrioleto, drosxko. +cabbage : brasiko. +cabin : kajuto, kabano. +cabinet : cxambreto, kabineto. +cable : sxnurego, kablo. +cage : kagxo. +calico : kalikoto. +calk : kalfatri. +call : voki, (--"together") kunvoki. +callosity : kalo. +calm : kvieta, trankvila. +camel : kamelo. +camp : tendaro. +canary : kanario. +candid : sincera, verdirema. +candidate : kandidato, aspiranto. +cane : kano; bastono; vergi. +cannon : kanono. +canon : kanoniko. +canopy : baldakeno. +canvas : kanvaso. +cap : cxapo, (milit.) kepo. +capable : kapabla, kompetenta. +cape : manteleto; promontoro, terkapo. +capital : cxefurbo; kapitalo; granda litero. +capitalist : kapitalisto. +capitulate : kapitulaci. +capsize : renversigxi. +captain : sxipestro, kapitano. +capture : kapti. +car : veturilo, cxaro. +card : karto, "-board," kartono. +carnation : dianto; flavroza. +carp : karpo; kritikajxi. +carpenter : cxarpentisto. +carpet : tapisxo. +carriage : veturilo, kalesxo, vagono; transporto. +carrot : karoto. +cart : sxargxveturilo. +carve : trancxi; skulpti. +case : okazo; ujo; kazo; proceso. +cashier : kasisto. +cast : jxeti, (metal) fandi. +castle : kastelo. +catch : kapti. +caterpillar : rauxpo. +cathedral : katedralo. +cattle : bruto, brutoj. +cauliflower : florbrasiko. +cause : kauxz'i, -o; -igi; afero. +caution : averti; singardemo. +cave : kaverno. +cavil : cxikani. +caw : graki. +ceiling : plafono. +celebrate : festi, soleni, +celery : celerio. +cell : cxelo, cxambreto. +cellar : kelo. +censor : cenzuristo. +censure : riprocxi. +ceremony : ceremonio, soleno. +certain : certa; kelkaj; ia. +chaff : grenventumajxo. +chaffinch : fringo. +chain : cxeno. +chair : segxo. "-man," prezidanto. +chalk : kreto. +chance : hazardo; riski; okazi; sxanco. +chancellor : kanceliero. +change : sxangxi, aliigi. +channel : kanalo. +chaos : hxaoso. +chapel : kapelo, pregxejeto. +chapter : cxapitro. +character : karaktero; (drama) rolo. +charm : cxarmi; talismano. +chaste : cxasta. +cheat : trompi. +check : haltigi; kontroli. +cheek : vango. +cheerful : gaja. +cheese : fromagxo, +chemist : apotekisto, hxemiisto. +cheque : cxeko. +cherry : cxerizo. +chess : sxako. +chest : brusto; kesto, (of drawers) komodo. +chestnut : kasxtano, ("horse--") marono. +chew : macxi, ("--cud") remacxadi. +chicory : cikorio. +chief : cxef'o, -a. +chimney : kamentubo. +chin : mentono. +china : porcelano. +chirp : pepi; (insects) cxirpi. +chisel : cxiz'i, -ilo. +chocolate : cxokolado. +choir : hxoro. +choke : sufoki. +chop : haki; koteleto. +chronicle : kroniko. +church : pregxejo. +cigarette : cigaredo. +circle : rondo, cirklo. +circular : (letter), cirkulero. +circumference : cxirkauxo. +circus : cirko. +city : civito, urbo. +citizen : urbano, burgxo, civitano, regnano. +civil : civila, gxentila. +civilize : civilizi. +claim : pretendi, postuli. +clap : (hands) manfrapi, plauxdi. +class : kurso; (sort) klaso. +classify : ordigi, klasifiki. +claw : ungego. +clay : argilo. +clergyman : pastro. +clerk : oficisto, kontoristo, komizo. +clever : lerta. +cliff : krutajxo. +climate : klimato. +climb : grimpi, suprenrampi. +clink : tinti. +cloak : mantelo. +clod : bulo. +closet : necesejo; cxambreto. +cloth : drapo; ("a"--) tuko. +clothe : vesti. +cloud : nubo. +clover : trifolio. +club : klubo, (cards) trefo. +clue : postesigno. +coal : karbo. +coast : marbordo. +coat : vesto; "-tail", basko. +cockle : kardio. +cocoa : kakao; "-nut", kokoso. +cod : gado, moruo. +coffee : kafo. +coffin : cxerko. +coil : rulajxo, volvajxo. +coin : monero. +coke : koakso. +colander : kribrilo, +cold : malvarm'a, -umo. +colleague : kolego. +collect : kolekti, amasigi. +collective : opa. +college : kolegio. +colony : kolonio. +colour : koloro. +comb : kombi; (fowl's) kresto. +combine : kombin'i, -igxi, kun'igi, -igxi. +come : veni. +comfort : komforti, konsoli. +comic : komika, ridinda. +comma : komo. +command : ordoni, komandi. +comment : komentar'i, -o. +commerce : komerco, negoco. +commission : komisi'i, -o; ("sell on"--) makleri. +committee : komitato. +common : komuna, ordinara, vulgara; erikejo, step'o, -eto. +commune : komunumo. +communicate : komuniki. +companion : kunulo. +company : anaro, kompanio, societo, trupo, roto. +compare : kompari. +compartment : fako. +compass : ("mariners'"--) kompaso; (drawing) cirkelo. +compel : devigi. +compensate : kompensi +complete : konkuri. +complaint : plendi. +complete : plen'a, -igi. +compliment : kompliment'o, -i. +compose : verki; komposti. +compositor : kompostisto. +comrade : kamarado. +concern : koncerni; zorgo; rilati al. +concrete : konkreta. +concussion : skuego. +condemn : kondamni. +condition : kondicxo; stato. +condole : kondolenci. +confectioner : konfitisto. +conference : konferenco. +confirm : konfirmi. +confiscate : konfiski. +conflict : konflikto. +conform : konformi. +confuse : konfuzi. +congratulate : gratuli. +congregation : kongregacio. +congress : kongreso. +conjure : jxongli. +conscience : konscienco. +conscious : konsci'a, -"ness", 'o. +consequence : sekvo. +conservative : konservativa. +consider : pripensi, konsideri. +consistent : konsekvenca. +consonant : konsonanto. +constipation : mallakso. +consult : konsiligxi kun. +consume : konsumi. +consumption : (disease) ftizo. +contact : kontakto. +contain : enhavi, enteni. +content : kontenta. +continue : dauxri, -igi. +contract : kontrakti; kuntir'i, -igxi. +contrary : kontrauxo, malo. +contrast : kontrasti. +contrive : elpensi. +control : estri, regi. +convenient : oportuna. +conversation : interparolado, konversacio. +convict : kondamnito. +convince : konvinki. +convolvulus : konvolvolo. +convulse : konvulsio, spasmo. +copper : kupro. +copy : kopii; ekzemplero. +coral : koralo. +cord : sxnuro. +core : korajxo, internajxo. +cork : korko; sxtopi, +corn : greno; (foot), kalo. +corner : angulo. +correct : korekti; gxusta, senerara. +correspond : korespondi. +corrode : mordeti. +corset : korseto. +costume : kostumo. +cotton : (raw), kotono; (manuf.) katuno. +cough : tusi. +council : konsilantaro. +count : kalkuli; grafo. +country : lando; kamparo. +courage : kuragxo. +course : kuro; kurso. "of"--, kompreneble. +court : korto, ("royal"--) kortego; jugxejo; amindumi. +covetous : avida. +crab : krabo, kankro. +crack : fendi, kraki, krev'i, -igi. +cradle : lulilo. +crafty : ruza. +crane : gruo, sxargxlevilo. +crape : krepo. +crater : kratero. +cravat : kravato. +creature : estajxo, kreitajxo. +credit : kredito. +creed : kredo. +creep : rampi. +crest : tufo, kresto. +crevice : fendo. +cricket : grilo; (game) kriketo. +crime : krimo. +crippled : kripla. +crisis : krizo. +criticism : kritiko. +crochet : krocxeti. +crocodile : krokodilo, aligatoro. +cross : kruco, trans' -iri, -pasi. --"out", streki. +croup : krupo. +crow : korniko. +crowd : amaso. +crown : krono; (of head) verto. +cruel : kruela. +cruise : krozi. +crumple : cxifi. +crust : krusto. +crutch : lambastono. +cry : krii, ekkrii, plori; (of animals) bleko. +crystal : kristalo. +cube : kubo. +cuckoo : kukolo. +cucumber : kukumo. +cuff : manumo; frapo. +cultivate : kulturi. +cunning : ruza. +cup : taso, kaliko. +cupboard : sxranko. +cure : resanigi; (bacon, etc.) pekli. +curious : scivola, stranga, kurioza. +curl : buklo. +currant : ribo, sekvinbereto (korinta). +current : fluo. +curtain : kurteno. +curved : kurba, fleksita, nerekta. +cushion : kuseno. +customer : kliento. +cutlet : kotleto. +cycle : ciklo. +cyclone : ciklono. +Czar : Caro. + + === D === + +daffodil : narciso. +daily : cxiutaga. +dainty : frandajxo; frandema delikata, +daisy : lekant'o, -eto. +dam : digo, akvosxtopilo. +damage : difekti. +dance : danc'i, -o; balo. +dandelion : leontodo. +dare : kuragxi. +darn : fliki. +date : dato; (fruit) daktilo. +dawn : tagigxo. +dead : senviva, mortinta. -ly, pereiga. +dear : kara, multekosta. +debauch : dibocxo. +debris : rub'o, -ajxo. +debt : sxuldo, ("be in"--) sxuldi. +decipher : decxifri. +deck : ferdeko; ornami. +declaration : deklaracio. +decoration : ornamajxo; ordeno. +decree : dekreto, mandate. +decrepit : kaduka. +dedicate : dedicxi. +deed : ago, faro, farajxo, faritajxo; dokumento. +deep : profunda; (sound) basa. +deer : cervo. +defeat : venki, malvenko. +defend : defendi. +defer : prokrasti. +deficiency : deficito, malsuficxeco. +defile : intermonto; malpurigi. +define : difini. +definite : definitiva. +degenerate : degeneri. +degree : grado. +Deity : Diajxo, Dieco. +delay : prokrasti. +delegate : deleg'i, -ito. +delicate : delikata. +delightful : cxarma, rava. +delirium : delir'o, ("be in") -i. +deliver : savi, liberigi; (goods) liveri. +deluge : superakvego, diluvo. +den : nestego, kaverno. +denounce : denunci. +deny : nei, malkonfesi. +depart : foriri. +department : fako. +depend : dependi. +derive : devenigi. +descendant : ido, posteulo. +describe : priskribi. +desert : dezerto; forlasi; forkuri de. +desk : pupitro. +despatch : ekspedi, depesxo. +dessert : deserto. +destine : (for), difini (por). +destroy : detrui. +detail : detalo. +detriment : malutilo, perdo. +develop : plivastigi, disvolv'-i, -igxi, (phot.) aperigi. +devil : diablo, demono. +devoted : sindona. +devout : pia. +dew : roso. +dexterous : lerta. +dial : ciferplato. +diarrhoea : lakso. +dice : ludkuboj. +dictate : dikti. +dictionary : vortaro. +die : morti. +differ : diferenci. +digest : digesti. +dignity : digno, rango. +dine : tag', vesper', -mangxi. +dip : trempi, subakvigi. +diploma : diplomo. +diplomacy : diplomatio. +direct : direkti, rekta, senpera. +disappoint : seniluziigi, cxagreni. +discharge : eligi, eksigi, elpagi. +disciple : lernanto, discxiplo. +discipline : disciplino. +discount : diskonto, rabato. +discover : eltrovi. +discreet : diskreta, singardema. +discuss : diskuti. +disease : malsano. +disguise : alivesti, maski. +disgust : nauxzi. +dish : plado. +dislocate : elartikigi. +dismal : funebra. +dismay : konsterni. +dispel : peli, forpeli, dispeli. +dispose : disponi. +disposition : inklino, emo. +dispute : disputi, malpaci. +dissect : sekci. +disseminate : dissemi. +dissolve : solvi. +distance : interspaco, malproksimeco, distanco. +distinct : klara. +distinguish : distingi. +distract : distri. +distribute : disdoni. +district : regiono, kvartalo, distrikto. +ditch : foso. +dive : subakvigxi. +dividends : rento, dividendo. +divorce : eksedzigi. +dizziness : kapturnigxo. +do : fari. +doctor : kuracisto, doktoro. +doctrine : doktrino, instruo. +domestic : hejma, doma. +dose : dozo. +dot : punkto. +double : duobl'a, -igi. +doubt : dubi. +dough : knedajxo. +down : lanugo; malsupre. +dowry : doto. +drag : treni. +dragon : drako. "-fly", libelo. +dragoon : dragono. +drain : defluilego, senakvigi. +drake : anaso. +drape : drapiri. +draught : aerfluo. "-s" (game) damoj. +draw : desegni; tiri, (from well) cxerpi. +drawer : tirkesto. +drawers : kalsono, (chest of -s), komodo. +dream : songx'i, -o; (day-), rev'o, -i. +dredge : skrapegi. +dress : robo; vesti, sin vesti. +drill : bori; ekzerco, manovro. +drink : trinki, (to excess) drinki. +drive : veturi; peli. "--away", forpeli. +droll : ridinda, sxerca. +drone : abelviro; zumi. +drop : gut'o, -i. +drown : dron'i, -igi. +drug : drogo. +drum : tamburo. +drunken : ebria. +dry : seka. "--land", firmajxo. +duck : anasino, anaso. +duration : dauxro. +duty : devo, (tax) imposto. "be on--", dejxori. +dwell : logxi, restadi. +dye : tinkturi. +dyke : digo. + + === E === + +eager : avida. +ear : orelo, (corn) spiko. +earl : grafo. +early : fru'a, -e. +earn : perlabori. +earnest : serioza, diligenta, fervora. +earth : tero. "-quake", tertremo. +earthenware : fajenco. +east : oriento. +easter : Pasko. +ebony : ebono. +ecclesiastical : eklezia. +echo : ehxo, resonadi. +edge : rando, trancxrando, bordo +edify : edifi. +edit : redakti. +edition : eldono. +editor : redaktoro. +educate : eduki. +eel : angilo. +effect : efiko, efekto. +effective : efektiva. +efficacious : efika. +effort : peno, klopodo. +eiderduck : molanaso. +elastic : elast'a, -ajxo. +elbow : kubuto. +elder : (tree), sambuko. +elect : elekti, baloti. +electricity : elektro. +elegant : eleganta. +elf : koboldo, elfo. +elm : ulmo. +eloquent : elokventa. +embalm : balzami. +embrace : cxirkauxpreni, enbrakigi; ampleksi. +embroider : brodi. +emerald : smeraldo. +emigrate : elmigri. +eminent : eminenta. +emotion : kortusxeco. +emphasis : emfazo, akcentego +empire : imperio. +enable : ebligi. +enamel : emajl'o, -i. +enchant : ravi; ensorcxi. +encore : bis. +endeavour : klopodi, peni. +endow : doti. +endure : dauxri; toleri, suferi. +energy : energio. +engine : masxino, lokomotivo, motoro. +engrave : gravuri. +enjoy : gxui. +enlist : varbi, rekruti. +enough : suficxa, (be--) suficxi. +entangle : impliki. +enterprise : entrepreno. +entertain : amuzi; regali. +enthusiasm : entuziasmo. +entice : logi, allogi. +entwine : kunplekti. +envelop : envolvi. +envelope : koverto. +environs : cxirkauxajxo. +equivalent : ekvivalenta, egala. +erase : trastreki; forfroti. +erect : vertikala; rekta; starigi. +errand : komisio. +escape : forkuri, forsavigxi. +establish : fondi, starigi. +estate : (land) bieno. +esteem : estimi. +estimate : taksi. +eternal : eterna, cxiama. +ethical : etika. +eve : antauxtago. +even : ecx; parnombra; ebena. +event : okazo. +evil : malbono, peko. +exact : gxusta, preciza; postuli. +examine : ekzameni, esplori. +examination : ekzameno. +example : ekzemplo. +exceed : superi. +except : krom, esceptinte; escepte. +exchange : intersxangxi. "the--", Borso. +excite : eksciti. +exclusive : eksklusiva. +excursion : ekskurso. +execute : efektivigi; (--"a criminal"), ekzekuti. +exercise : ekzerci. -book, kajero. +exhaust : konsumi, elcxerpi. +exhibition : ekspozicio. +exhort : admoni. +expect : atendi. +expel : elpeli. +experience : sperto. +experiment : eksperimento. +expert : lerta, kompetenta. +explode : eksplod'-i, -igi. +express : esprimi, ekspreso. +extend : etendi. +exterminate : ekstermi. +extinguish : estingi. +extract : ekstrakti, eltiri. +extraordinary : eksterordinara. +eye : okulo. "-brow", brovo. "-lid", palpebro. + + === F === + +fable : fablo. +fact : fakto. "in"--, ja, efektive. +factory : fabrikejo, faktorio. +fade : velki. +fail : manki; malprosperi, bankroti. +faint : sveni. +fair : foiro; blonda; justa. +fairy : feino, feo. +faith : fido, kredo. +falcon : falko. +false : falsa, malvera. +fame : gloro, renomo; famo. +familiar : kutima, intima. +family : familio. +fan : ventum'i, -ilo. +fare : farti; veturpago. +farm : farmi (have on lease); farmobieno. +fashion : modo, maniero, fasono. +fast : fast'i, -o; rapida. +fasten : alligi, fiksi, +fat : gras'a, -o; sebo. +fatal : fatala, mortiga. +fate : sorto. +fathom : sondi, klafto. +fault : kulpo; difekto; eraro. +favour : favori, komplezo. +feast : regalo, festeno; festo. +feather : plumo. +feature : trajto. +feed : nutri, mangxigi, pasxti. +feel : palpi, senti. +felt : felto. +female : ino, virinseksa. +fence : skermi; palisaro. +ferment : fermenti. +fern : filiko. +ferret : cxasputoro, +ferry-boat : pramo. +fester : ulcerigxi, pusi. +festival : festo. +feudal : feuxdala. +fever : febro. +fibre : fibro. +fife : fifro. +fig : figo. +fight : batal'i, -o. +figure : cifero; figuro. +figurative : figura. +file : fajli, -ilo. +film : filmo, tavoleto. +filter : filtr'i, -ilo. +fin : nagxilo. +fine : delikata; monpuno. +fir : abio. +fire : brulo, fajro; (gun), pafi. +fireplace : kameno, fajrejo. +fireworks : artfajrajxo. +firm : firma, fortika; firmo. +fish : fisx'o, -i, -kapti. +fist : pugno. +fit : atako. "--for", tauxga; konvena, deca. +fix : fiksi. +flake : floko, negxero. +flame : flami. +flannel : flanelo. +flat : plata, ebena; apartamento. +flatter : flati. +flavour : gusto. +flax : lino. +flea : pulo. +flesh : (meat), viando; karno. +flint : siliko. +flit : flirti. +float : nagxi; surnagxi. +flock : aro, pasxtataro, sxafaro. +flog : skurgxi. +flood : superakvegi. +floor : planko, etagxo. +flour : faruno. +flow : flui. +flower : flor'o, -i. "-bed," bedo. +fluid : fluajo. +flutter : flugeti, flirti. +fly : musxo; flugi. +fog : nebulo. +fold : fald'i, -o. +follow : sekvi. +fondle : dorloti, karesi. +food : nutrajxo. +fool : malsagxulo. +foot : piedo; futo. "-man," lakeo. "-path," trotuaro, piedvojeto. +forage : furagxo. +forehead : frunto. +foreign : ali', ekster'-landa, fremda. +forest : arbarego. +forge : forgxi. +forget : forgesi. "-me-not", miozoto. +forgive : pardoni. +formidable : timeginda. +formulate : formuli. +fortress : fortikajxo. +fortunate : felicxa. +foundation : fundamento +foundry : fandejo. +fountain : fontano. +fowl : kortbirdo. +fox : vulpo. +frame : kadro. +freckle : lentugo. +free : liber'a, -igi; senpaga. +freeze : frostigxi, glaci'igi, -igxi. +frequent : ofta; vizitadi. +fringe : frangxo. +fritter : fritajxo. +frock : vesteto. "-coat," surtuto. +frog : rano. +frolic : petoli. +frown : sulk'o, -igi. +frugal : sxparema, +fruit : frukto. "-ful," fruktodona. +fry : friti, (spawn) frajo, "-ing" "pan," pato, fritilo. +fuel : brulajxo, hejtajxo. +fulfil : plenumi. +fun : sxercado. +function : funkcio. +funeral : enterigiro. +funnel : funelo. +funny : ridinda. +fur : felo; "--coat" pelto. +furnace : fornego. +furnish : mebli, provizi. +furrow : sulko. +further : pile, plimalproksime. +fury : furiozo, furio. +fuse : fandi. +furniture : mebl'o, -aro. +future : estonteco. + + === G === + +gadfly : tabano. +gain : gajni, (clock) trorapidi. +gall : galo. "-nut," gajlo. +gallery : galerio. +gallop : galopi. +game : ludo, cxasajxo. +gap : brecxo; manko. +gargle : gargari. +garrison : garnizon'o, -i. +gas : gaso. +gate : pordego. +gauze : gazo. +gelatine : gelateno. +gem : gemo. +general : gxenerala; generalo. +generation : generacio. +generous : malavara. +genius : genio, geniulo. +gentle : dolcxa, neforta, milda. +gentleman : sinjoro. +genus : gento. +germ : gxermo. +germinate : gxermi. +gesture : gesto. +ghost : fantomo. +giant : giganto. +gild : ori, orumi. +gill : (of fish), branko. +gin : gxino. +ginger : zingibro. -bread, mielkuko. +gipsy : cigano. +give : doni, donaci, +glacier : glaciejo. +glass : vitro, "a--," glaso. "looking--," spegulo. +glaze : glazuri. +glorify : glori. +glove : ganto. +glow : ardi, brili. "-worm," lampiro. +glue : gluo. +glycerine : glicerino. +gnat : kulo. +gnaw : mordeti. +goat : kapro. +goblet : pokalo. +goblin : koboldo. +God : Dio. +gold : oro. +goldfinch : kardelo. +golosh : galosxo. +goodbye : adiaux. +goose : anserino. +gooseberry : groso. +gospel : evangelio. +gout : podagro. +govern : regi. +governess : guvernistino +graceful : gracia. +gradual : grada, lauxgrada. +graft : inokuli, grefti. +grain : grajno, greno. +grammar : gramatiko. +grape : vinbero. +grass : herbo. +grasshopper : akrido. +grate : fajrujo; raspi, skrapi. +grating : krado. +gravity : pezo. +gravy : suko. +grease : graso; sxmiri. +great : granda. "-coat," palto, gravitoj +greedy : avida, mangxegema. +green : verda. "-house," varmejo. +greengage : renklodo. +grey : griza. "-hound," leporhundo. +grill : kradrosti. +grin : grimaci, rikani. +grind : mueli; pisti; grinci. +gristle : kartilago. +groan : gxemi. +grocer : spicisto. +grotesque : groteska. +grotto : groto. +ground : tero. "-floor," teretagxo. +groundsel : senecio. +group : grup'o, -igi. +grouse : tetro. +grub : larvo. +guarantee : garantii. +guard : gardi, (milit.) gvardio. +gudgeon : gobio. +guess : diveni, konjekti. +guide : gvidi. +guillotine : gilotino. +gulf : golfo. +gull : mevo. +gullet : ezofago gorgxo, fauxko. +gum : gumo, dentokarno. +gun : pafilo, kanono. "-powder," pulvo. +gush : sxpruci. +guttapercha : gutaperko. +gutter : defluilo. + + === H === + +habit : kutimo. +haddock : eglefino. +hair : haro, haroj; hararo "-dresser," frizisto. +hall : vestiblo, halo, salono. +halt : halti, lami. +halter : kolbrido. +ham : sxinko. +hammer : martelo. +hand : mano. "-ful," plenmano, "-shake," manpremo. +handkerchief : naztuko. +handle : tenilo, manpreni. +hang : pend'i, -igi. +hansom : kabrioleto, fiakro. +happen : okazi. +harbour : haveno. +harden : malmoligi, (health), hardi +hare : leporo. +harm : difekti, malutili. +harness : jungi, jungajxo. +harpoon : harpuno. +harrow : erpi, erpilo. +harvest : rikolto. +hasten : rapid'i, -igi. +hatch : kovi. +hatchet : hakilo. +haunch : kokso. +hawk : akcipitro; kolporti. +hawthorn : kratago. +hay : fojno. +hazlenut : avelo. +heal : resanigi, cikatrigxi. +health : sano. "propose a--," toasti. +heap : amas'o, -igi. +heart : koro, (cards) kero. "by," parkere. +hearth : kameno, fajrujo, hejmo. +heath : eriko, erikejo, stepo. +heathen : idolano. +heaven : cxielo. +heavy : peza. +hedge : plektobarilo, "-hog" erinaco. +heir : heredanto. +hell : infero. +helm : direktilo. +helmet : kasko. +hem : borderi. +hemp : kanabo. +herald : heroldo. +heresy : herezo. +hermit : ermito. +hero : heroo. +heron : ardeo. +herring : haringo. +hesitate : sxanceligxi, heziti. +hiccough : singulti. +hide : kasxi; felo. +hinge : cxarniro. +hip : kokso. +hire : dungi; lui; pago. +hiss : sibli +hit : frapi. +hoard : amaso. +hoar frost : prujno. +hoax : mistifik'o, -i. +hole : truo, kavo +holiday : festo, libertempo. +hollow : kav'a, -o. +holly : ilekso. +honey : mielo, "-comb," mieltavolo. "-suckle," lonicero. +hood : kapucxo, kufo. +hook : hoko, agrafo; alkrocxi. +hope : espero. +hops : lupolo. +horizon : horizonto. +horn : korno. +hospitable : gastama. +hospital : hospitalo. +host : mastro; gastiganto; hostio. +hostage : garantiulo. +hotel : hotelo. +hover : flirti. +hub : radcentro, akso. +hue : nuanco, koloro, +hum : zumi. +human : homa. "-being," homo. +humane : humana. +humble : humila. +humbug : blago. +humming-bird : kolibro. +humorous : humorajxa, sprita, sxerca. +hump : gxibo. +hunger : malsato. +hunt : cxasi. +hurrah : hura. +hurricane : uragano. +hurt : vundi, malutili. +husk : sxelo. +hut : kabano. +hymn : himno. +hyphen : streketo. +hypocritical : hipokrita. + + === I === + +ideal : ideala. +identical : identa. +idiom : idiomo, idiotismo. +idiotic : idiota. +idle : senokupa. +idol : idolo. +illegitimate : nelauxlegxa, bastarda, +illuminate : ilumini. +illusion : iluzio. +illustrate : ilustri. +image : figuro, bildo. +imagine : imagi, revi. +imbibe : ensorbi. +imbue : penetri, inspiri. +imitate : imiti. +immediately : tuj. +imminent : surpenda, minaca. +impassive : stoika, kvietega. +impertinent : impertinenta. +implement : ilo. +implicate : impliki. +importune : trud'i, -igi. +impose : trudi, trompi. +impregnable : fortika, nekaptebla. +impress : impresi. +improvize : improvizi. +impudent : senhonta. +inch : colo. +incident : okazajxo, epizodo. +incite : instigi; inciti. +incline : inklini, deklivo. +include : enhavi, enkalkuli. +income : enspezo, rento. +incommode : gxeni. +incompatible : nekunigebla. +increase : kreski, pli'igi, -igxi. +incriminate : enkulpigi. +indeed : efektive, ja. +independent : sendependa. +index : nomaro; montra tabelo. +india-rubber : kauxcxuko. +indifferent : indiferenta. +indigenous : indigxena, enlanda. +indignant (to be) : indigni. +indirect : malrekta, pera. +indispensable : nepre necesa. +individual : individuo. +indolent : senenergia. +indomitable : necedigebla. +indorse : dorseskribi, gxiri. +induce : decidigi, alkonduki. +indulge : indulgi. +industrious : diligenta, laborema +industry : (business), industrio. +infantry : infanterio. +infect : infekti. +infiltrate : ensorbigxi. +infinite : senlima, sennombra, senfina. +infirm : kaduka, malforta. +inflammation : brulumo. +influence : influ'o, -i sur. +influenza : gripo, influenco. +inform : informi, sciigi. +infuse : infuzi. +inherit : heredi. +initiate : iniciati. +inject : ensxprucigi, enjxeti. +injection : (med.), klistero. +injure : vundi, difekti, malutili. +inquest : enketo. +inquisitive : sciama, scivolo. +insect : insekto. +inside : interna, "--out" returnite. +insidious : insida. +insist : insisti. +inspector : inspektoro. +inspire : enspiri, inspiri. +instigate : instigi. +instinct : instinkto. +institution : instituto. +instructions : instrukcio. +insult : ofendi; malhonori. +insure : asekuri. +intellect : intelekto, prudento. +intelligent : inteligenta. +intend : intenci. +intense : ega, intensa. +intercourse : interrilato. +interest : procento, rentumo, intereso, interes'i, -igi, -igxi. +interfere : sin inter'meti, -miksi, sin altrudi. +interrupt : interrompi. +interval : inter'spaco, -tempo. +intervene : interveni. +interview : intervjuo. +intricate : malsimpla, komplika. +introduce : prezenti, enkonduki. +intrude : trudi. +invade : invadi. +invaluable : netaksebla. +invent : elpensi. +invert : renversi. +invest : (money), procent'doni, -meti. +invoice : fakturo, kalkulo. +iris : (of eye), iriso; (flower) irido. +iron : fero; gladi. +ironmonger : ferajxisto. +irony : ironio. +irritate : inciti, kolerigi. +island : insulo. +isolate : izoli. +isthmus : terkolo, istmo. +italics : ("in--"), kursive. +itch : juki. +item : ero. +itinerant : vaganta. +ivory : eburo, elefantosto. +ivy : hedero. + + === J === + +jackal : sxakalo. +jacket : jako, jxaketo. +jam : fruktajxo, konfitajxo. +jaw : makzelo. --"s". fauxko. +jealous : jxaluza. +jelly : gelateno. +jessamine : jasmeno. +jewel : juvelo. +jingle : tinti. +join : kun'igi, -igxi; unuigxi kun, aligxi. +joiner : lignajxisto. +joint : artiko; kunigxo. +joist : trabo. +joke : sxerci. +journal : jxurnalo; taglibro. +journey : vojagx'i, -o; veturi. +joy : gxoj'o. be --ful, -i. +jubilee : jubileo. +judgment : jugxo. +judicious : prudenta, sagxa. +jug : krucxo. +juggle : jxongli. +juice : suko. +jump : salti. +jury : jugxantaro, jxurintaro. +juryman : jxurinto. +just : justa; gxuste; (time) jxus. +justify : pravigi. + + === K === + +keel : kilo. +keep : teni, gardi, konservi. +kernel : kerno. +kettle : kaldrono, bolilo. +key : sxlosilo, (piano) klavo. +kick : piedfrapi. +kidney : reno. +kill : mortigi, bucxi, senvivigi. +kind : speco; afabla, bonkora +kingdom : regno, regxlando. +kingfisher : alciono. +kiss : kisi. +knapsack : tornistro. +knave : fripono; (cards) lakeo. +knead : knedi. +knee : genuo. +kneel : genufleksi. +knife : trancxilo. +knight : kavaliro. +knit : triki. +knock : frapi. +knot : nodo, (in wood) lignotubero +know : (--"a fact"), scii; (as a person) koni. +knuckle : fingroartiko; (hock) poplito. + + === L === + +label : surskribeto, etiketo. +lace : punto; pasamento; ("boot"--), lacxo. +lacquer : lako. +ladder : sxtupetaro. +ladle : cxerp'i, -ilo. +ladybird : kokcinelo. +lagoon : laguno. +lair : bestkusxejo, nestego. +lake : lago; lakrugxo. +lame : kripla. to be--, lami. +lamp : lampo, lanterno, (-"wick") mecxo. +land : lando; tero; surterigxi. +landscape : pejzagxo, vidajxo. +language : lingv'o, -ajxo. +lapwing : vanelo. +larch : lariko. +lard : lardi; porkograso. +lark : alauxdo. +last : lasta, fina; dauxri; ("boot"-) botosxtipo. +lath : lato. +lathe : tornilo. +lattice : krad'o, -ajxo; latajxo. +laurel : lauxro. +lava : lafo. +lavender : lavendo. +law : legxo; juro, (-suit) proceso. +lawn : batisto; herbejeto. +lay : meti; (eggs) demeti; laika. +layer : tavolo; (plants) markoti. +lead : konduki. +lead : plumbo. "black"--, grafito. +leaf : folio, paperfolio. +league : ligo. +leak : traflueti. +lean : klini. --"on", sin apogi sur; malgrasa. +leap year : superjaro. +learn : lerni, sciigxi pri. +learned : klera, instruita. +leather : ledo. +leave : lasi, forlasi; deiri; testamenti; restigi. +lecture : parolad'o, -i; prelego. +leech : hirudo. +leek : poreo. +leg : kruro, (of fowl, etc.) femuro. +legacy : heredajxo, testamentajxo. +legend : legendo, fabelo. +legitimate : rajta, lauxlegxa. +lemon : citrono. +lemonade : limonado. +lend : pruntedoni. +lentil : lento. +leprosy : lepro. +lesson : leciono. +let : lasi, permesi; (a house) luigi +lettuce : laktuko. +level : ebena; nivel'o, -ilo. +lever : levilo. +liberal : liberal'a, -ulo. +library : biblioteko. +lichen : likeno. +lick : leki. +lie : kusxi, ("tell a"--) mensogi. +life : vivo, vigleco. +lift : levi, levilo, lifto, elevatoro. +light : lum'i, -o; (ek)lumigi, malpeza. +like : simila; kiel; sxati. +likely : versxajne, kredeble. +lilac : siringo. +lily : lilio; (of the valley) konvalo. +lime : kalko; (tree) tilio. +limit : lim'o, -igi. +limp : lami, lameti. +line : linio; subsxtofi. +linen : tolo, linajxo, (washing) tolajxo. +linnet : kanabeno. +lint : cxarpio. +lip : lipo. +liquid : fluid'a, -ajxo. +liquidate : likvidi. +liqueur : likvoro. +liquorice : glicirizo. +list : tabelo, nomaro, listo, katalogo, registro. +literal : lauxlitera, lauxvorta. +literature : literaturo; ("polite"--) beletristiko. +live : vivi, logxi. +liver : hepato. +livery : livreo. +lizard : lacerto. +load : sxargx'i, -o; "--a gun" sxargi +loaf : pano, panbulo. +lobby : vestiblo. +lobster : omaro. +local : loka, tiea, regiona. +lock : sxlosi; seruro; (hair) tufo; (canal) kluzo. +locust : akrido. +log : sxtipo, bloko. +loins : lumbo. +lonely : sol'a, -eca, -ula. +long : longa. "--for," sopiri pri. +look : aspekto, mieno. "--at," rigardi. "--for," sercxi. + "--after," zorgi pri, varti. +loop : masxo. +Lord : "(the--)" Sinjoro, "(a--)" nobelo. +lose : perdi, malgajni, (clock) malrapidi. +lots : (cast), loti. +lottery : loterio. +loud : lauxta. +love : ami. "make--," amindumi. +loyal : lojala, fidela. +lozenge : pastelo, "--shape" lozangxo. +luck : felicxo, sxanco, sorto. +lucky : felicxa. +luggage : pakajxoj. +lull : luli; trankviligi. +lamp : bulo, maso, sxvelajxo. +long : pulmo. +lupin : lupeno. +luxury : lukso. +lynch : lincxi. +lynx : linko. +lyre : liro. +lyric : lirika. + + === M === + +machine : masxino. +mackerel : skombro. +mad : freneza, rabia. +magic : magio. +magnanimous : grandanima +magpie : pigo. +mahogany : mahagono. +majesty : majesto, Mosxto. +major : (milit.), majoro. +majority : plimulto; plenagxo. +make : fari, -igi; fabriki. +male : vira, virseksa. +malicious : malica. +mallow : malvo; "(marsh--)" alteo. +malt : malto. +mammal : mambesto. +manage : administri, "(--a house)" mastrumi. +mane : kolharoj. +mange : favo, skabio. +mania : manio. +manna : manao. +manner : maniero; tenigxo, mieno. +manners : moroj. +manoeuvre : manovro. +mantle : mantelo. +manufacture : fabriki, manufakturo. +manure : sterko. +manuscript : manuskripto. +map : karto, geografikarto. +maple : acero. +marble : marmoro; globeto. +march : marsxi. +marigold : kalendulo. +mark : sign'o, -i; mark'o. +market : vendejo, foiro, komercejo. +marl : kalkargilo. +marrow : ostocerbo, "(vegetable--)" kukurbeto. +marry : edz (in) -igi, -igxi. +marsh : marcxo. +martyr : martiro, suferanto. +mask : masko. +mason : masonisto. "free--," framosono. +mass : amaso, (church) meso. +mast : masto. +master : mastro, majstro. +mastiff : korthundo, dogo, +mat : mato. +match : alumeto; parigi. +matchmaker : svatist'o, -ino. +material : sxtofo, materialo. +mattress : matraco. +mayor : urbestro. +meadow : herbejo. +meal : faruno; "(a--)" mangxo. +mean : celi diri; signifi; malnobla. +meaning : signifo, senco. +means : rimedo. "by--of," per. +measles : morbilo. +measure : mezuri; (music) takto. +meat : viando. +mechanic : mehxanikisto, metiisto +meddle : enmiksigxi. +medicine : (a), kuracilo, medikamento, (science) medicine. +meditate : mediti. +medium : meza; (a), mediumo. +meek : modesta, kvieta. +meet : renkonti, -igxi; kunveni. +melody : melodio. +melt : fluid'igxi, -igi, (metals) fandi. +memory : memoro. +mend : ripari, (patch) fliki. +mental : spirita, intelekta, cerba. +merchant : komercisto, negocisto. +mercy : kompato, indulge, korfavoreco. +merry : gaja; "(to be--)" gaji. +mesh : masxo, -ajxo. +Messiah : Mesio. +metal : metalo. +method : metodo. +middle : mezo. +midwife : akusxistino. +mignonette : resedo. +migrate : migri. +mild : milda, neforta, kvieta +mile : mejlo. +military : milita. +milk : lakto, melki. +mind : spirito, animo; intelekto atenti, zorgi pri, ne ofendigxi +mine : mini, subfosi; mia. +mineral : mineralo. +minister : pastro, (polit.) ministro. +mint : mento. +minutes : (of meeting, etc.), protokolo. +miracle : miraklo. +mirror : spegulo. +misery : mizero. +mission : misio. +mistake : erar'o, -i. +mistletoe : visko. +mite : akaro. +mix : miksi. +mob : popolamaso, popolacxo, fipopolo, kanajlaro. +mock : moki. +model : modelo. +moderate : modera. +modern : moderna. +modest : modesta. +molasses : melaso, sukerrestajxo. +mole : talpo; digo. +molest : gxeni, sin altrudi al. +monarch : monarhxo. +money : mono, "-order," posxtmandato. +mongrel : hibrida. +monk : monahxo. +monkey : simio. +monster : monstro. +mood : modo. +moor : stepo, erikejo; "(--a ship)" alligi. +moral : morala, bonmora. +mortar : mortero, "(a--)" pistujo. +mortgage : hipoteko. +mortify : cxagreni; gangrenigxi. +mortification : (med.), gangrene. +mosaic : mozaiko. +mosquito : moskito. +moss : musko. +moth : ("clothes"--), tineo. +motive : motivo. +motto : devizo, moto. +mould : model'i, -ilo; tero, sximo. +mound : altajxeto, remparo, digo. +mourn : funebri. "-ing," funebra vesto. +move : mov'i, -igxi. +movement : movo, movado. +mow : falcxi. +mud : koto, sxlimo. +muddle : fusxi; konfuzi. +muff : mufo. +mug : pokaleto. +mulberry : moruso. +mule : mulo. +mummy : mumo. +murmur : murmuri. +muscle : muskolo. +museum : muzeo. +mushroom : fungo, agariko. +muslin : muslino. +mussel : mitulo. +must : devi. +mustard : mustardo, ("-plant"), sinapo. +mutual : reciproka. +myriad : miriado. +mystery : mistero. +myth : mito. + + === N === + +nail : najli; (of finger, etc.) ungo. +naive : naiva. +naked : nuda. +nape : nuko. +nation : nacio. +native : enlanda, indigxena; (--"land") patrujo. +nature : naturo. +nausea : nauxzo. +nave : (church) navo; (of wheel) aksingo. +navigable : sxipirebla. +near : proksima; apud. +neat : pura, bonorda. +necktie : kravato. +nectar : nektaro. +need : bezoni. +neglect : ne zorgi pri, preterlasi, malatenti. +negociate : negoci. +neighbour : najbaro, proksimulo. "--hood," cxirkauxajxo. +neither : nek. +nerve : nervo. +net : reto; tulo. +nettle : urtiko. +neuter : neuxtra. +neutral : neuxtrala. +news : sciigo, novajxo. "--paper," jxurnalo, gazeto. +next : plejproksima, sekvanta. +niche : nicxo. +nightingale : najtingalo. +noble : nobla. "-man," nobelo. +nod : signodoni. +noise : bruo. +nonsense : sensencajxo. +noon : tagmezo. +noose : masxo. +nor : nek. +normal : norma, normala. +north : nordo. +note : not'i, -o, rimark'i, -o, (music) noto, tono. +notice : rimarki, noti, avizo. +nought : nulo, nenio. +nourish : nutri. +novel : romano. +novice : novico, novulo. +now : nun, nuntempe. +numb : rigida. +number : (quantity) nombro; (No.) numero; numeri. +nurse : (a child) varti, (the sick) flegi. +nurseling : sucxinfano. +nut : nukso, (of screw) sxrauxbingo. +nutmeg : muskato. +nymph : nimfo. + + === O === + +oak : kverko. +oakum : stupo. +oasis : oazo. +oath : (legal) juro; blasfemo. +oatmeal : grio, avenfaruno. +oats : aveno. +object : objekto, ajxo, (aim) celo. +oblige : devigi; fari komplezon. +observe : rimarki; vidi, observi. +obstinate : obstina. +obstruct : bari, obstrukci. +obtain : ricevi, akiri, havigi al si. +occasion : okazo, okazigi. +occur : okazi. +octopus : okpiedulo. +off : for, de. +offend : ofendi. +offence : ofendo, kulpo, peko. +offer : propono. +office : ofico, oficejo, kontoro. +officer : oficisto, (milit.) oficiro. +officiate : funkcii; dejxori; servi kiel. +offspring : ido, idaro. +often : ofte. +oil : oleo. "-cloth," vakstolo. +ointment : sxmirajxo. +olive : olivo. +omnibus : omnibuso. +omnipotent : cxiopova. +omniscient : cxioscia. +once : unufoje, iam, foje. +onion : bulbo. +only : nur, sola. +ooze : traguteti; sxlimo. +open : malferm'i, -a. +opera : opero. "-glass," lorneto. +operate : funkciigi; (med.) operacii. +opinion : opinio; ("be of--"), opinii. +opium : opio. +opportunity : okazo. +oppress : subpremi. +or : aux. +oracle : orakolo. +orange : orangx'o, -kolora. +orbit : orbito. +orchard : fruktarbejo. +orchestra : orkestro. +orchid : orkideo. +order : ordo; klaso; ordoni; mendi; (postal) posxtmandato, + (decoration) ordeno. +ore : minajxo, mineralo, metalo. +organ : organo, -ilo; (music) orgeno. +organic : organika. +organise : organizi. +origin : deveno, origino. +original : original'a, -o. +ornament : ornamo; garnituro. +orphan : orf'o, -ino. +oscillate : balancigxi, pendoli. +osier : salikajxo. +ostentation : fanfaronade, parado. +ostrich : struto. +other : alia, cetera. +ought : devus. +ounce : unco. +outlaw : proskripcii. +outlay : elspezo. +outlet : defluejo, elirejo. +outline : konturo, skizo. +outrage : perfort'ajxo, -i. +oval : ovalo, ovoforma. +oven : forno. +overall : kitelo, supervesto. +overcoat : palto. +overlook : esplori, pardoni, malatenti. +overseer : laborestro, kontrolisto, vokto. +overtake : kuratingi. +overturn : renversi. +owe : sxuldi. +owing to : pro, kauxze de. +owl : strigo, gufo. +own : propra; posedi; konfesi. +ox : bovo. +oyster : ostro. + + === P === + +pack : paki. "--up," enpaki. +pad : sxvelajxo, pufo; remburi. +pagan : idol'isto, -ano. +page : pagxo; (boy) lakeeto; (noble) pagxio. +pail : sitelo. +pain : dolor'o, -i; igi. "take--s," peni. +paint : pentri, kolori; "-brush," peniko. +pair : paro. +pale : pala; malhela. +paling : palisaro. +palm : palmo, manplato. +palpitation : korbatado. +pan : tervazo. "sauce-", kaserolo; "frying-," pato. +pane : vitrajxo. +pansy : violo trikolora, trikoloreto. +paper : papero. "wall-," tapeto. +parable : komparajxo, alegorio. +parade : parado, pompo. +paragraph : paragrafo. +parchment : pergameno. +parish : parohxo. +park : parko. +parliament : parlamento. +parrot : papago. +parsley : petroselo. +parson : pastro. +particular : speciala, aparta. +partridge : perdriko. +party : (polit.) partio; festeto; aro. +pass : pasi, pasigi. +passage : trairejo, vojagxo. +passion : pasio; manio; kolerego. +past : estinta, pasinta. +paste : pasto. +pastry : pastecxo. +pasture : pasxti, pasxtejo. +patch : fliki. +path : vojeto. +pathetic : kortusxa. +patience : pacienco. +patriot : patrioto. +pattern : modelo, desegno. +pause : halteti, pauxzi. +pave : pavimi. +paw : piedego. +pawn : garantie doni; (chess) soldato. +pay : pagi; salajro. +pea : pizo. +peace : paco. +peach : persiko. +peacock : pavo. +peak : pinto. +pear : piro. +pearl : perlo. +pedal : pedalo. +pedestal : piedestalo. +peel : sxelo, sensxeligi. +pen : plumo, skribilo. +pencil : krajono, ("slate"--) grifelo; ("hair"--) peniko. +pendulum : pendolo. +penetrate : penetri +peninsula : duoninsulo. +pension : pensio. +people : homoj, (a--) popolo. +pepper : pipro. +percentage : procento. +perch : (fish) percxo. +perfect : perfekta. +perhaps : eble. +period : periodo. +perish : perei. +persecute : persekuti, turmenti. +persist : persisti, dauxri. +person : persono. +pestle : pistilo. +petroleum : petrolo. +petulant : petola, incitigxema. +pewter : stanplumbo. +phantom : fantomo, apero. +phase : fazo. +pheasant : fazano. +phenomenon : fenomeno. +philanthropist : filantropo. +philanthropy : filantropio. +phrase : frazo, frazero. +piano : fortepiano. +pickaxe : pikfosilo, piocxo. +pickle : pekli. +picture : bildo, pentrajxo; prezenti, ilustri. +pie : pastecxo. +pig : porko. "guinea-", kobajo. +pike : (fish), ezoko. +pilgrimage : ("go on--"), pilgrimi. +pill : pilolo. +pillow : kapkuseno. +pilot : pilot'o, -i; gvidi. +pimpernel : anagalo. +pimple : akno. +pin : pinglo, pinglefiksi. +pincers : prenilo. +pinch : pincxi. +pine : pino; konsumigxi. "-apple," ananaso. +pink : rozkolora; dianto. +pioneer : pioniro. +pipe : tubo, pipo; (mus.) sxalmo. +pistol : pistol'o, -eto. +piston : pisxto. +pit : kavo, fosajxo, (well) puto; (theatre) partero. +pitch : pecxo, bitumo; tono. +pitcher : krucxo. +pity : kompati. ("a-"), domagxo. +pivot : pivoto, akso. +placard : afisxo, +place : loko; meti. +plague : turmenti, inciteti; pesto. +plait : plekti, har'ligo, -plektajxo, +plan : plano, projekto, skizo. +plane : rabot'i, -ilo; ("--tree") platano. +planet : planedo. +plank : tabulo. +plant : kreskajxo; planti. +plash : plauxdi. +plaster : plastro; (of Paris) gipso. +plate : telero; (photo) klisxajxo. +platform : estrado; platajxo; perono, trotuaro. +play : ludi; teatrajxo. "-ful", petola. +please : placxi al, kontentigi. +pleasant : afabla, agrabla. +pledge : garantiajxo. +pliable : fleksebla. +plot : konspir'i, -o; intrig'i, -o. +plough : plug'i, -ilo. +plum : pruno. +plumber : plumbisto. +plural : multenombro. +plush : plusxo. +pocket : posxo, enposxigi. +pod : sxelo. +poem : poemo. +poet : poeto. +poetry : poezio, versajxo. +point : punkto; (cards) poento; (tip) pinto. +poison : veneno. +poker : fajrinstigilo. +pole : stango; (of car) timono; (geog.) poluso. +polecat : putoro. +police : police, (--"court") jugxejo. +policy : politiko. +polish : poluri. +politics : politiko. +pompous : pompa. +poodle : pudelo. +poor : malricxa, kompatinda. +pope : papo. +poplar : poplo. +poppy : papavo. -"coloured", punca +popular : populara. +porcelain : porcelano. +porcupine : histriko. +porous : pora, truajxa. +porpoise : fokeno. +porridge : kacxo. +port : haveno. +porter : portisto, pordisto. +portion : parto, (ration) porcio, +portmanteau : valizo. +position : pozicio, situacio. +positive : pozitiva, definitiva. +possess : posedi, havi +possible : ebla. +post : stango, fosto; ofico. "letter"--, posxto. +postage : postelspezo, (stamp) posxtmarko. +posture : tenigxo, pozo, pozicio. +potato : terpomo. +potent : potenca. +poultice : kataplasmo. +poultry : kortbirdoj. +pound : funto, (money) funto sterlinga; pisti. +pour : versxi (liquids), sxuti. +powder : pulvoro. "gun"-, pulvo; ("face"--) pudro. +power : povo, potenco. +practise : sin ekzerci; (profession) praktiki. +praise : lauxdi, glori. +pray : pregxi, peti. +preach : prediki. +precaution : antauxzorgo. +precious : altvalora, karega +precipice : krutegajxo; profundegajxo. +precise : preciza, gxusta. +prefer : preferi. +prefix : prefiks'i, -o. +pregnant : graveda. +prejudice : antauxjugxo. +premium : premio. +prepare : prepari, pretigi. +prescription : recepto. +present : (be), apudesti, cxeesti; (gift) donaco. +present : prezenti, donaci. +preserve : konservi, konfito. +preside : prezidi. +press : premi; gazetaro, jxurnalaro. +pretend : preteksti, sxajnigi. +price : prezo, kosto. +prick : piki. +primrose : primolo. +principle : principo. +print : presi; gravurajxo. +prison : malliberejo. +private : privata, konfidencia. +privilege : privilegio. +prize : premio; sxati. +probable : kredebla. +problem : problemo. +proboscis : rostro. +process : proceso. +procession : procesio. +proclaim : proklami. +profession : profesio. +professor : profesoro +profit : profito, gajno. +progress : progreso. +pronounce : elparoli. +proof : pruvo, provo, presprovajxo. +proper : gxusta, konvena, deca. +prophesy : profeti, antauxdiri. +proportion : proporcio. +propose : proponi. +prosecute : persekuti, procesi kontraux. +protect : protekti, sxirmi. +protest : protesti. +proud : fiera. +provide : provizi. +provoke : inciti, kolerigi. +prudent : singardema. +public : publika, komuna. +puff : pufo. --"up," sxvel'i, -igi. +pug : mopso. +pull : tiri. +pulley : rulbloko. +pulp : molajxo. +pump : pump'i, -ilo. +pumice-stone : pumiko. +pupil : lernanto; (of eye) pupilo. +pure : pura, virta. +purple : purpura. +purpose : cel'i, -o; intenci. +push : pusxi; (along) sxovi. +put : meti. --"off", prokrasti. --"aside", apartigi. +putrid : putra. +puzzle : enigmo. + + === Q === + +quadruped : kvarpiedulo. +quail : koturno. +Quaker : kvakero. +quality : kvalito, eco. +quantity : kvanto, kiomo. +quarry : sxtonminejo. +quarter : kvarono, (district) kvartalo. +quay : kajo, en (el) sxipigejo. +question : demandi, dubi. +quick : rapida, "-en," akceli. +quicksilver : hidrargo. +quiet : kvieta, trankvila. +quinine : kinino. +quinsy : angino. +quite : tute. +quits : kvitaj. +quorum : kvorumo. +quote : citi. + + === R === + +rabbit : kuniklo. +race : raso, gento; vetkuri. +radish : rafaneto. "horse-," rafano. +raft : floso. +rag : cxifono. +rail : relo. "-way," fervojo. "-way station," stacidomo. +rainbow : cxielarko. +raisin : sekvinbero. +rake : rast'i, -ilo. +rampart : remparo. +rancid : ranca. +rank : vico, grado, rango. +raspberry : frambo. +rat : rato. +rate : procento, --"of," po. +rattle : kraketi. "-snake," sonserpento. +raven : korvo. +raw : kruda, nekuirita. +reach : atingi, trafi. +ready : preta. "-money," kontanto. +real : vera, reala, efektiva. +ream : rismo. +reap : rikolti. +reason : (cause) kauxzo, (faculty) prudento; rezoni. +reasonable : prudenta. +rebel : ribeli. +receipt : kvitanco, ricevo. +receipts : enspezoj. +receive : ricevi, akcepti. +recipe : recepto, formulo. +recite : deklami. +recruit : rekruto; varbi. +refer to : sin turni al. +refine : rafini. +refuge : (take) rifugx'i, -ejo. +refuse : rifuzi; forjxetajxo, rubo. +register : registri, enskribi. +regularly : akurate, regule. +reign : regxi; regxado, regxeco. +relate : rakonti; rilati al. +relation : parenco; rilato. +religion : religio. +remain : resti. +remedy : kuracilo, rimedo. +remember : memori. +remove : translogx'igxi, -igi. +rent : luprezo. +repeat : ripeti, rediri. +repent : penti. +report : raporti; famo; (official) protokolo. +represent : reprezenti. +reptile : rampajxo. +republic : respubliko. +repugnance : antipatio. +require : bezoni, postuli. +resemble : simili. +reserve : rezervi. +resign : eksigxi. +resignation : resignacio; eksigxo. +resin : rezino. "-wood," keno. +resolve : decid'i, -o; solvi. +respect : respekti. +responsible : (for), responda pri. +rest : pauxzo, restajxo, kvieteco, ripozo, apogi. +restaurant : restoracio. +result : rezulti; sekvo; rezultato. +retail : detale, pomalgrande. +revenge : vengx'o, -i. +revolution : revolucio. +reward : rekompenco, premio. +rhubarb : rabarbo. +rhyme : rim'i, -o. +rhythm : ritmo. +rib : ripo. +ribbon : rubando. +rice : rizo. +riddle : kribrilo; enigmo. +right : ("--hand") dekstra; ("legal--") rajto; (straight) rekta; + (correct) prava. +righteous : justa, pia. +ring : ringo, rondo; sonorigi. +ringworm : favo. +rinse : gargari, laveti. +riot : tumulto. +rise : levigxi, supreniri, deveni. +risk : riski. +road : vojo, strato. "-stead," rodo. +roar : (winds and waves) mugxi. +roast : rost'i, -ajxo. +rob : rabi. +robe : vesto, robo. +robust : fortika. +rock : sxtonego, roko; balanci, luli. +rod : vergo. "fishing-," hokfadeno. +rogue : fripono, kanajlo. +roll : rul'i, -igxi; kunvolvajxo, (bread) bulko. +roof : tegmento. +rook : frugilego. +root : radik'o, enradiki. +rope : sxnurego. +rot : putri. +round : ronda; cxirkaux. +rouse : eksciti, veki. +row : vico; remi. +rubbish : rubo, forjxetajxo. +ruby : rubeno. +rudder : direktilo. +rue : ruto; bedauxregi, penti. +ruin : ruin'o, -igi. +rule : regi, regado; regulo. +ruler : registo; liniilo. +rumour : famo. +run : kuri; flui. +rapture : rompo; hernio. +ruse : ruzo. +rush : junko; kuregi. +rust : rusti. +rut : radkavo, radsigno. +rye : sekalo. + + === S === + +sable : zibelo. +sacrifice : ofero. +saddle : selo. +sagacious : sagaca. +sage : salvio; sagxa. +sail : velo; nagxi. +salad : salato. +salmon : salmo. +salt : salo, "--meat," peklajxo. +saltpetre : salpetro, nitro. +same : sama. +sample : specimeno, +sanction : sankcii. +sap : suko. +sapphire : safiro. +sarcasm : sarkasmo. +sardine : sardelo. +sated (to be) : sati. +satin : atlaso. +saturate : saturi. +sauce : sauxco, "-pan," kaserolo. +saucer : subtaso. +sausage : kolbaso. +save : savi, sxpari; krom. +savoury : bongusta. +scaffold : esxafodo; trabajxo. +scald : brogi. +scale : skalo, (fish) skvamo; tarifo. +scales : pesilo. +scandal : skandalo. +scar : cikatro. +scarf : skarpo. +scarlet : skarlato. +scene : vidajxo, sceno. +scenery : pejzajxo. +scent : odoro, parfumo; flari. +scissors : tondilo. +scold : riprocxi, mallauxdi. +scorpion : skorpio. +scoundrel : kanajlo. +scour : frotlavi; +scourge : skurgxi. +scrape : skrapi, raspi. +scratch : grati. +screen : sxirm'i, -ilo. +screw : sxrauxbo. +scrupulous : konscienca, skrupula. +sculpture : skulpti. +scum : sxauxmo. +scurvy : skorbuto. +seal : sigel'i, -o, (animal) foko. +seaside : marbordo. +season : sezono; spici. +seasonable : gxustatempa. +secret : sekreta, kasxita. +secretary : sekretario. +section : sekcio. +secular : monda. +sedentary : hejmsida, sida. +sediment : fecxo. +seed : semo. +seem : sxajni. +seemly : deca. +seize : ekkapti. +select : elekti, elelekti. +selfish : egoista. +semicolon : punktokomo. +semolina : tritikajxo. +send : sendi, (--"for") venigi. +sensation : sensacio, +sense : sento, senco. +sensitive : sentema. +sensual : volupta. +sentence : frazo, jugxo, verdikto. +sentiment : sento, opinio. +sentimental : sentimentala. +separate : apart'a, -igi, disigi, malkunigi. +serfdom : servuto. +sergeant : sergxento. +series : serio. +serious : serioza. +serve : servi, (--"for") tauxgi. +service : servo, mangxilaro, Diservo. +serviette : busxtuko, +set : meti, (--"on edge") agaci. +sew : kudri, stebi. +sewing machine : stebilo. +sex : sekso. +shade : ombro, ombrajxo, nuanco +shadow : ombro. +shaft : (of vehicle) timono; (pit) sxakto. +shake : sxanceli, skui; tremi. +shame : hont'o, -igi. +share : dividi, partopreni; parto; porcio; akcio. +shark : sxarko. +sharp : akra, acida, pinta, pika. +shatter : frakasi. +shawl : sxalo. +sheaf : garbo. +shear : tondi. +shed : budo. +sheet : drapo, lit-tuko, tavolo. +shelf : breto. +shell : konko, sxelo, bombo. +shelter : sxirmilo, rifugxejo, +shield : sxildo, sxirmi. +shin : tibio. +shirt : cxemizo. +shock : skueg'i, -o. +shop : butiko, magazeno. +shoulder : sxultro,-"blade", skapolo +shovel : sxovel'i, -ilo. +show : montri; parado. +shrill : sibla. +shrivel : sulkigxi. +shrimp : markankreto. +shroud : mortkitelo; kasxi. +sick : ("be"--), vomi. +siege : siegxo, "be"-, siegxi. +sift : kribri. +sigh : sopiri, ekgxemi. +sight : vidado, vidajxo. +sign : signo, subskribi. +signal : signalo. +silent : silenta. +silk : silko. +sill : sojlo. +silver : argxento. +simple : simpla, naiva. +since : de kiam, cxar, tial ke. +sinew : tendeno. +situation : situacio, sido, ofico. +size : grandeco, amplekso; for mato; glueto +skate : glit'i, -ilo; (fish) rajo. +skeleton : skeleto. +sketch : skizi. +skilful : lerta. +skin : hauxto, felo. +skirt : jupo. +skittles : keglo. +skull : kranio. +slander : kalumnii. +slanting : oblikva. +slate : ardezo. -"s", tegmentajxo. +slave : sklavo. +sleeve : maniko. +slipper : pantoflo. +slime : sxlimo. +sloe : prunelo. +slope : deklivo. +sluice : kluzo. +sly : ruza, kasxema. +smallpox : variolo. +smart : eleganta; doloreti. +smear : sxmiri. +smell : flari, odori. +smelt : fandi. +smock : kitelo. +smoke : fumi, (fish, etc.) fumajxi. +smooth : glata, ebena. +smother : sufoki. +smuggle : kontrabandi. +snail : heliko. +snake : serpento. +sneeze : terni. +snore : ronki. +snowdrop : galanto. +so : tiel, tiamaniere. "--much", tiom. +soak : trempi. +soap : sap'o, -umi. +sober : sobra, serioza. +social : sociala. +society : socio, societo. +socket : ingo. +sod : bulo. +soda : sodo. +sofa : sofo, kanapo. +soft : mola, delikata. +soil : tero. +solder : luti. +soldier : soldato, militisto. +sole : sola; (fish) soleo; (foot) plando; (boot) ledplando. +solemn : solena. +solfa : notkanti. +solicitor : advokato. +solid : fortika; solida, malfluida. +solidarity : solidareco. +sonorous : sonora. +soot : fulgo. +sorcery : sorcxo. +sorry (be) : bedauxri. +sort : speco. +soul : animo. +sound : son'o, -i; sondi. +soup : supo. +sour : acida, malgaja. +source : fonto, deveno. +south : sudo. +space : spaco; (of time) dauxro +sparrow : pasero. "-hawk", akcipitro. +spawn : fraj'o, -i; fisxosemo +spear : lanco, ponardego +special : speciala. +spectacles : okulvitroj. +speculate : spekulacii, teoriigi, konjekti. +spell : silabi; sorcxajxo. +spend : elspezi. +sphere : sfero. +sphinx : sfinkso. +spice : spico. +spill : disversxi, dissxuti. +spin : sxpini. +spinach : spinaco. +spiral : helikforma. +spirii : spirito; energio; fantomo; alkoholo. +spit : kracxi; sputi. +spite : malamo, vengxo, ("in--of") malgraux; spite. +splash : sxpruci; plauxdi. +spleen : lieno; spleno +split : fendi, spliti. +spoil : difekti, malbonigi; ruinigi; akiro. +spoke : (wheel), radio. +sponge : spongo. +spontaneous : propra'mova, -vola. +spot : makulo. +spout : sxpruci. +sprain : tordi, distordo +spread : disvast'igi' -igxi; etendi, sterni. +spring : printempo, fonto, risorto, salti. +sprinkle : sxpruci, aspergi. +spur : sprono. +spy : spioni; esplori. +squadron : skadro, eskadro. +square : kvadrato; rektangulilo; placo. +squint : strabi. +squirrel : sciuro. +staff : (officers), stabo. +stage : estrado, scenejo. +stain : makul'o, -i. +stair : sxtupo. +stake : paliso, fosto; veto. +stalk : trunketo. +stall : budo, stalo. +stammer : balbuti. +stamp : stampi; posxtmarko; piedfrapi. +starch : amelo. +starling : sturno. +state : stato; Sxtato; esprimi, diri, aserti. +station : stacio, stacidomo. +steak : bifsteko. +steel : sxtalo. +steep : kruta; trempi. +steer : direkti, piloti. +step : sxtupo; pasxi. +steppe : stepo. +steward : intendanto. +stick : bastono, glui,(--"bills") afisxi. +stiff : rigida. +still : kvieta; ankoraux, tamen. +stimulate : stimuli. +sting : piki. +stipulate : kondicxi. +stock : provizi. +stocks : rentoj. +stocking : sxtrumpo. +stoker : hejtisto. +stomach : stomako. +stone : sxtono, (of fruit) grajno. +stool : skabelo, benketo. +stoop : kurbigxi. +stop : halt'i, -igi; resti, pauxzi; ("full"--) punkto; sxtopi. +stopper : sxtopilo. +store : magazeno; tenejo; proviz'o, -i. +stork : cikonio. +storm : ventego. +story : rakonto, fabelo; etagxo. +stout : dika. +strain : strecxi; filtri, kribri. +strait : markolo; embarasajxo. +strange : stranga, kurioza, fremda. +strap : rimeno. +straw : pajlo. +strawberry : frago. +streak : strio, strek'i, -o. +stretch : strecxi. +stretcher : homportilo. +strict : severa. +strike : frapi; striko. +strip : strio; (--"off") senigi je. +strong : forta, fortika. +struggle : barakti; batali. +student : studento, lernanto, studanto. +stuff : sxtofo; remburi. +stupid : stulta, malsprita. +stupor : letargio. +sturgeon : sturgo. +style : stilo; modo. +subject : objekto; temo; (gram.) subjekto. +subscribe : (to journal) aboni; (to society) kotizi; (sign) subskribi; + (money) monoferi. +substance : sxtofo, substanco. +succeed : sukcesi; sekvi. +suck : sucxi. +suckle : mamnutri. +sudden : subita, abrupta, +suet : rensebo. +suffer : suferi, toleri. +sufficient : suficxa. "be"--, -i +suffrage : vocxdonrajto. +suggest : proponi, inspiri, pensigi. +suit : konveni; tauxgi. +suitable : deca, konvena, tauxga. +sum : sumo. --"up", resumi. +summer : somero. -"house", lauxbo. +summon : kunvoki, procesi. +superfluity : superfluo, tromulto. +superintendent : intendanto. +superior : supera. +superstition : supersticxo. +supple : fleksebla. +support : subteni. +suppose : supozi, konjekti. +sure : certa +surface : suprajxo. +surgeon : hxirurgo. +surgery : hxirurgio. +surprise : mir'o, -igi, ("take by"--) surprizi. +surrender : cedi, kapitulaci. +survey : termezuri. +susceptible : impresema. +suspect : suspekti. +swaddle : vindi. +swagger : fanfaroni. +swallow : hirundo; gluti. +swan : cigno. +swear : jxuri; blasfemi. +sweat : sxviti. +sweep : balai. +swell : sxveli. +swing : balanc'i, -igxi; svingi. +sword : glavo, spado. +sycamore : sikomoro. +syllable : silabo. +syllabus : temaro. +symbol : simbolo, emblemo, signo +symmetry : simetrio. +sympathy : kompato, simpatio. +symptom : simptomo. +syndicate : sindikato. +syrup : siropo; melaso. +system : sistemo. + + === T === + +table : tablo, tabelo. +tact : delikateco, takto +tactics : taktiko. +tail : vosto. +tailor : tajloro. +talent : talento. +talk : interparolad'i, -o; konversacio. +tallow : sebo. +talon : ungego. +tame : dresi; malsovagxa. +tan : tan'i, -ilo. +tankard : pokalo. +tap : krano; frapeti. +tape : katunrubando. +tar : gudr'o, -umi. +tart : torto; acida. +task : tasko. +taste : gust'o, -umi. +tattoo : tatui. +tax : imposto. +tea : teo. +teach : instrui, lernigi. +tear : sxiri. +tear : larmo. +tease : inciteti. +tedious : teda, enuiga. +tell : rakonti, diri. +temper : humoro, karaktero. +temperate : sobra, modera. +temperature : temperaturo. +temple : templo; tempio. +tempt : tenti. +tenant : luanto. +tendency : tendenco, emo, inklino. +tenor : tenoro; senco; signifo +tent : tendo +terrace : teraso. +terror : teruro. +testify : atesti. +text : teksto +textile : teksa. +thaw : degeli. +theatre : teatro. +then : tiam, poste, do. +thick : dika; densa. +thigh : femuro. +thing : afero, ajxo, objekto. +think : pensi, opinii. +thirst : soif'i, -o. +thistle : kardo. +thorn : dorno. +thrash : drasxi; skurgxi, bategi. +threaten : minaci. +threshold : sojlo. +thrill : eksciti. +throat : gorgxo, fauxko. +throne : trono. +throw : jxeti. +thrush : turdo. +thunder : tondr'i, -o. +thus : tiel, tiamaniere; jene +thyme : timiano. +ticket : bileto. +tickle : tikli, amuzi. +tide : tajdo, marfluo. +tidy : bonorda. +tie : ligi; kravato. +tiger : tigro. +tile : kahelo; tegolo. +till : gxis; prilabori. +time : tempo, fojo, dauxro, (mus.) takto. "-table," horaro. +tin : stano. +tinkle : tinti. +tire : lacigi, tedi. +tired : laca, enuigita. +tissue : teksajxo. +title : titolo. +titmouse : paruo. +toad : bufo. +toast : panrostajxo; toasto. +tobacco : tabako. +toe : piedfingro. +toilet : tualeto. +tolerate : toleri. +tone : tono. +tongs : prenilo. +tongue : lango. +top : supro, pinto; verto; turbo. +torment : turmenti. +torrent : torento. +tortoise : testudo +total : tuto. +totter : sxanceligxi. +tourist : turisto. +towel : visx'ilo, -tuko. +tower : turo. +town : urbo. +trace : postesigno. +trade : negoci, komerci; metio, (--"union") sindikato, metia unuigxo. +tradition : tradicio. +train : vagonaro; eduki, dresi; trenajxo. +tram : tramo, tramveturilo. +translate : traduki. +translucent : diafana. +transparent : travidebla. +trap : kaptilo, enfalejo; kariolo. +travel : vojagxi, veturi. +tray : pleto. +treacle : melaso. +tread : marsxi, pasxi +treasure : trezoro. +treasurer : kasisto. +treat : regali; kuraci; trakti. +treaty : kontrakto, traktajxo. +tree : arbo. +trellis : palisplektajxo. +tremble : tremi, skuigxi. +tribe : gento, tribo. +trick : fripon'i, -ajxo, (cards) preno. +trickle : guteti. +trifle : bagatelo, trivialajxo. +tripe : tripo. +triumph : triumf'i, -o. +troop : trupo, bando. +tropic : tropiko. +trot : troti. +trough : trogo. +trousers : pantalono. +trout : truto. +trowel : trulo. +tramp : (cards), atuto. +trumpet : trumpeto. +trunk : (animal) rostro; (tree) trunko; (box) kofro; (body) torso. +trust : fidi. +try : provi, peni. +Tsar : Caro. +tuber : tubero. +tuft : tufo. +tumbler : glaso. +tumult : tumulto. +tune : ario, melodio; agordi. +turbot : rombfisxo. +turkey : meleagro. +turn : turn'i, -igxi; torni; pivoti; vico. +turnip : napo. +turpentine : terebinto. +turquoise : turkiso. +turtle-dove : turto. +tutor : guvernisto. +twilight : krepusko. +twin : dunaskito, gxemelo. +twist : tordi. +type : modelo, tipo; presliteraro. +tyrant : tirano. + + === U === + +umbrella : ombrelo, pluvsxirmilo. +underline : substreki. +understand : kompreni. +undulating : ondolinia. +unfailingly : nepre. +uniform : uniformo; unuforma. +unit : unuo. +unite : unu'igxi, -igi; kun'igxi, -igi. +universe : universo. +unless : esceptinte ke, se ne. +up : supre. +upholster : remburi. +upright : vertikala, rekta; honesta. +upset : renversi. +upstairs : supre. +urchin : bubo. +urgent : urgxa. +use : uzi, utiligi,("--up") eluzi. +useful : utila, ("be--") utili. +usual : ordinara, kutima. +usurp : uzurpi. +usury : procentego. +utmost : ekstrema. + + === V === + +vacant : neokupata. +vacate : forlasi. +vaccinate : inokuli. +vacillate : sxanceligxi. +vain : vana; vanta. +valet : lakeo, servisto. +valley : valo. +value : valoro; sxati, estimi; taksi. +valuation : taks'o, -ado. +valve : klapo. +various : diversaj. +varnish : lak'i, -o. +vase : vazo. +vast : vasta, ampleksa. +vat : kuvego. +vault : arkajxo, +vegetable : legomo, vegetajx'o. -a; kreskajxo. +vegetate : vegeti. +vehicle : veturilo. +veil : vual'o, -i. +vein : vejno. +vellum : veleno. +velvet : veluro. +venerable : respektinda. +venerate : respektegi. +vent : ellas'o, -truo. +ventilate : ventoli. +venture : kuragxi, riski. +verandah : balkono. +verb : verbo. +verbal : parola, busxa. +verbatim : lauxvorte. +verdict : jugxo, verdikto. +verger : sakristiano. +vermicelli : vermicxelo. +vermilion : cinabro. +verse : verso, strofo. +very, : -much - tre. +vessel : sxipo; vazo, ujo. +vest : vesxto; jxaketo. +vestige : postsigno. +vex : cxagreni. +vibrate : vibri, tremeti. +vicar : parohxestro; vikario +vice : (prefix), vie-, +victim : viktimo, oferajxo. +victory : venko, triumfo, sukceso. +view : vidajxo; perspektivo. +vigilant : vigla. +vine : vinberujo. +violate : malrespekti, malvirtigi. +violence : perforto. +violet : violo. +violin : violono. +viper : vipero, kolubro. +virago : megero. +virgin : virgulino, virga. +virile : vira. +virtue : virto. +virus : veneno, viruso. +viscid : glueca. +vision : vizio, vidado. +visit : viziti. +vocabulary : vortaro. +voice : vocxo. +void : eljxeti, nuligi. +volcano : vulkano. +volley : salvo. +volume : volumo; volumeno, amplekso. +voluntary : memvola, propravola. +voluptuous : volupta. +vote : vocxdoni. +vow : solene promesi, dedicxi. +vowel : vokalo. +vulgar : vulgara. +vulture : vulturo. + + === W === + +wadding : vato. +waddle : sxanceligxi. +wade : vadi, akvotrairi. +wages : salajro. +waggon : sxargxveturilo, vagono +waist : talio, (-coat) vesxto. +wait : atendi, (-on) servi. +waiter : kelnero. +wake : vek'i, -igxi; sxippostsigno. +walk : piediri, marsxi, promeni. +wallflower : keiranto. +walnut : juglando. +walrus : rosmaro. +waltz : valso. +wander : vagi, deliri. +want : bezoni; seneco, manko; mizerego. +ward : zorgato. +wardrobe : vestotenejo; vestaro. +warehouse : tenejo, provizejo. +wares : komercajxo. +war : milito. +warm : varma, fervora. +warn : averti, admoni. +wart : veruko. +wasp : vespo. +waste : malsxpari. +watch : observi; spioni; posxhorlogxo. +water : akvo; surversxi. +waterproof : nepenetrebla. +wave : ondo; flirt'i, -igi. +wax : vakso. +way : vojo, maniero, kutimo. +wean : debrustigi, demamigi. +weapon : batalilo, armilo. +wear : porti; ("--out") eluzi; ("--away") konsumigxi. +weary : laca. +weather : vetero. "-cock," ventoflago. +weave : teksi, plekti. +wedding : edzigxo. +wedge : kojno. +weed : sarki; malbonherbo; "sea-," fuko, algo. +weep : plori. +weigh : (ascertain the weight) pesi; (have weight) pezi. +weight : pezo, pezilo. +welcome : bonvenigi; bonvenu! +weld : kunforgxi. +well : bone; nu!; puto. +west : okcidento. +whale : baleno. +wharf : kajo, el(en)sxipejo. +wheat : tritiko. +wheel : rado. +wheelbarrow : pusxveturilo. +whelk : bukceno. +whey : selakto. +whim : kaprico. +whip : vip'i, -o. +whirl : turnigxi, kirligxi. "-pool," turnakvo. +whisk : (eggs, etc.), kirli. +whiskers : vangharoj. +whisper : murmuri; subparoli, flustri. +whistle : fajfi, sibli. +whist : visto. +whiting : merlango. +Whitsuntide : Pentekosto. +whole : tuta, tuto. +wholesale : pogrande. +whooping-cough : koklusxo. +wick : mecxo. +wicker : salikajxa. +widower : vidvo. +wig : peruko. +wild : sovagxa, nedresita. +wilderness : dezerto. +will : vol'o, -i. +willingly : volonte. +willy-nilly : vole-nevole. +win : gajni. +wince : ektremi. +wind : volvi, ("--clock") strecxi +windpipe : trahxeo. +wing : flugilo, flankajxo. +wink : palpebrumi. +winnow : ventumi. +wipe : visxi. +wire : metalfadeno. +wish : deziri, voli. +witch : sorcxistino. +withdraw : eligxi. +wither : velki, sensukigxi. +withstand : kontrauxstari. +witness : atest'i; -anto. +witty : sprita. +woe : malgxojo; veo +wolf : lupo. +wonder : mir'i, -o; ("a --") mirindajxo. +woo : amindumi, sin svati. +wood : ligno; arbaro. +woodcock : skolopo. +woodpecker : pego. +word : vorto. +work : labor'i, -o; (mental) verk'i, -o; funkcii. +worm : vermo. +wormwood : absinto. +worn (out) : eluzita. +worry : maltrankvil'igi, -igxi; cxagrenadi, gxenadi. +worship : adori; Diservo; kulto. +worth : ind'o, -eco, valoro. +wound : vundi. +wrap : faldi, envolvi. +wreath : girlando. +wreck, (ship-) : sxippereo; periigi. +wren : regolo. +wrestle : lukti. +wretched : mizer(eg)a. +wring : tordi. +wrinkle : sulketo, sulkigi. +wrist : manradiko. +wry : torda. + + === Y === + +yacht : jahxto, sxipeto. +yard : korto, (measure) jardo; velstango. +yarn : fadeno, rakont(acx)o. +yawn : oscedi. +year : jaro. "-ly," cxiujara. +yeast : fermentilo. +yellow : flava. +yew : taksuso. +yield : cedi, kapitulaci; produkti. +yoke : jungi; ("-- of egg") ovoflavo. +young : juna, junularo; ido, idaro. +youth : junulo, juneco, junularo. + + === Z === + +zeal : fervoro, diligenteco. +zealot : zeloto, fanatikulo. +zebra : zebro. +zero : nulo. +zigzag : zigzag'a, -o, +zinc : zinko. +zone : (ter)zono. + + + INDEX. + +[Most index entries in the original listed both page and lesson numbers. +Since page numbers are useless for this etext, they have been removed. +Entries that originally appeared with page numbers only, have nothing +after them here.] + +A, an ... 1 +Accent +Accusative ... 5 +Adjective ... 2 +Adverb ... 12 +" showing Direction ... 12 +" of Degree ... 12 +" of Comparison ... 12 +ajn ... 20 +Alphabet +Arrangement of words + +cxi ... 20 +Common Useful Expressions +Comparison ... 12 + " ... 20 +Complete Grammar of Esperanto +Compound Words +Conjunctions +Consonants +Correlative Words (Table) ... 20 + ia ... 20 + ial ... 20 + iam ... 20 + ie ... 20 + iel ... 20 + ies ... 20 + ie ... 20 + iom ... 20 + iu ... 20 +cxu ... 1 + +Days of Week ... 3 + +Endings of Words: + -a ... 2 + -anta ... 16 + -as ... 1 + " ... 6 + -ata ... 15 + -e ... 12 + -i ... 10 + -inta ... 16 + -is ... 6 + -ita ... 15 + -j ... 3 + -n ... 5 + -o ... 1 + -onta ... 16 + -os ... 6 + -ota ... 15 + -u ... 10 + -us ... 11 +Exclamations + +Infinitive Mood ... 10 + +Key to Exercises + +La ... 1 +" instead of Pronoun ... 4 +Letters, Beginnings +", Endings + +Manner of Using the Book +Mem ... 7 +Months ... 8 + +n ... 5 +Nouns ... 1 +Numbers, Cardinal ... 8 + +", Ordinal, etc. ... 8 +Oni ... 4 +Origin and Aim of Esperanto + +Participles ... 15 +" Active ... 16 +" Passive ... 16 +" as Nouns ... 16 +" as Adverbs ... 17 +Plural ... 3 +Prefixes:-- + bo- ... 43 + dis- ... 45 + ek- ... 14 + ge- ... 43 + mal- ... 13 + pra- ... 43 + re- ... 14 +Prepositions ... 26 + " with Accusative ... 26 + " Omission of ... 26 + al ... 27 + anstataux ... 39 + antaux ... 33 + apud ... 28 + cxe ... 28 + cxirkaux ... 34 + da ... 9 + " ... 35 + de ... 35 + dum ... 34 + ekster ... 30 + el ... 30 + en ... 29 + gxis ... 34 + inter ... 30 + je ... 40 + kontraux ... 39 + krom ... 39 + kun ... 36 + laux ... 38 + malgraux ... 40 + per ... 36 + po ... 40 + por ... 37 + post ... 33 + preter ... 32 + pri ... 38 + pro ... 37 + sen ... 36 + spite ... 40 + sub ... 31 + super ... 31 + sur ... 31 + tra ... 32 + trans ... 32 +Pronouns ... 4 +Pronoun-Adjectives ... 4 +Pronunciation + +Selections for Reading +Si ... 7 +Subject ... 5 +Suffixes :-- Lesson + -acx- ... 45 + -ad- ... 14 + -ajx- ... 41 + -an- ... 23 + -ar- ... 24 + -cxj- ... 43 + -ebl- ... 44 + -ec- ... 41 + -eg- ... 21 + -ej- ... 42 + -em- ... 44 + -er- ... 24 + -estr- ... 23 + -et- ... 21 + -id- ... 43 + -ig- ... 19 + -igx- ... 19 + -il- ... 22 + -in- ... 13 + -ind- ... 44 + -ing- ... 42 + -ist- ... 18 + -nj- ... 43 + -obi- ... 9 + -on- ... 9 + -op- ... 9 + -uj- ... 42 + -ul- ... 25 + -um- ... 45 + +The ... 1 + +Verbs ... 6 +" ... 10 +" ... 11 +" ... 15 + +Words used with the Object + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Esperanto Teacher, by Helen Fryer + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ESPERANTO TEACHER *** + +This file should be named esptr10.txt or esptr10.zip +Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks get a new NUMBER, esptr11.txt +VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, esptr10a.txt + +Produced by David Starner, Tiffany Vergon, +William Patterson and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. 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