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margin-right: auto; white-space: nowrap; + border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; } + +th, td { padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; + padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; } + +.tdl {text-align: left;} +.tdr {text-align: right;} +.tdc {text-align: center;} +.tdc_top {text-align: center; vertical-align: top;} +.tdl_top {text-align: left; vertical-align: top;} +.tdl_ws1 {text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 1em;} +.tdl_ws2 {text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 2em;} +.tdl_wsp {text-align: left; vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 0.5em;} +.tdr_wsp {text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; padding-right: 0.5em;} + +.pagenum { position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + font-style: normal; + font-weight: normal; + font-variant: normal; +} + +.blockquot { margin-left: 12%; margin-right: 12%; } + +.bb {border-bottom: solid thin;} +.bb2 {border-bottom: solid medium;} +.bt {border-top: solid thin;} +.bt2 {border-top: solid medium;} +.bl {border-left: solid thin;} +.bbox {border: solid medium;} + +.center {text-align: center; text-indent: 0em;} +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} +.allsmcap {font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;} +.over {text-decoration: overline;} + +img { max-width: 100%; height: auto; } + +.figcenter { margin: auto; text-align: center; + page-break-inside: avoid; max-width: 100%; } + +.figleft { float: left; clear: left; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; + margin-right: 1em; padding: 0; text-align: center; page-break-inside: avoid; + max-width: 100%; } + +.x-ebookmaker .figleft {float: left;} + +.footnotes {border: 1px dashed;} +.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} +.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} +.fnanchor { + vertical-align: super; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: + none; +} + +.greyish { background-color: #E6E6FA;} +.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; + color: black; + font-size:smaller; + padding:0.5em; + margin-bottom:5em; + font-family:sans-serif, serif; } + +.ws2 {display: inline; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 2em;} +.ws3 {display: inline; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 3em;} +.ws4 {display: inline; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 4em;} + </style> + </head> + +<body> +<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 79072 ***</div> + + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/frontis.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="493" > + <p class="f120"><b>GEORGE WASHINGTON.</b></p> +</div> +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<h1><span class="fs_80">THE</span><br>VOTER’S TEXT BOOK,</h1> + +<p class="f120"><span class="fs_80">COMPRISING A COLLECTION OF THE MOST IMPORTANT</span><br> +DOCUMENTS AND STATISTICS,<br><span class="fs_80">CONNECTED WITH THE</span><br> +POLITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA,</p> + +<p class="center spa2">COMPILED FROM OFFICIAL RECORDS, WITH<br> +BIOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL SKETCHES.</p> + +<p class="f120 spa2"><span class="smcap">By</span> JAMES M. HIATT.</p> + +<p class="center spa2">INDIANAPOLIS, IND.:<br> +ASHER, ADAMS & HIGGINS.<br>1868.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<p class="center">Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1868, by</p> +<p class="f110"> ASHER, ADAMS & HIGGINS,</p> + +<p class="center">In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the United States,<br> +for the District of Indiana.</p> +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<p class="f80">STEREOTYPED AT THE FRANKLIN TYPE FOUNDRY, CINCINNATI.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p class="f150"><b>CONTENTS.</b></p> +<hr class="r10"> +</div> + +<table class="spb1"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdr fs_80">PAGE.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Formation of the Original Union</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Population of the United States at Decennial Periods</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#POPULATION">6</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Declaration of Independence</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Constitution of the United States, and Amendments</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Washington’s Addresses</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Missouri Compromise of 1820</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Fugitive Slave Law of 1850</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Kansas and Nebraska Act of 1854</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Ordinance of 1787</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Amnesty Proclamation</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Proposed Crittenden Compromise</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Emancipation Proclamation</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Letter Explaining the same</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Proclamation of Andrew Jackson</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">History of each of the States</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Life of Washington</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Electoral Votes for 1st and 2d terms</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Life of John Adams</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Electoral Votes for 3d term</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_162">162</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Life of Jefferson</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_164">164</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Electoral Votes for 4th and 5th terms</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_166">166</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Life of Madison</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_168">168</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Electoral Votes for 6th and 7th terms</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_170">170</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Life of Monroe</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Electoral Votes for 8th and 9th terms</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Life of John Q. Adams</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Electoral Votes for 10th term</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Life of Jackson</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Electoral Votes for 11th and 12th terms</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Life of Van Buren</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Electoral Votes for 13th term</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Life of Harrison</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Electoral Votes for 14th term</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Life of Tyler</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Life of Polk</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Electoral Votes for 15th term</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_194">194</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Life of Taylor</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Electoral Votes for 16th term</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_197">197</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Life of Fillmore</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Life of Pierce</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_200">200</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Electoral Votes for 17th term</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Life of Buchanan</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Electoral Votes for 18th term</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Life of Lincoln</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_208">208</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Electoral Votes for 19th and 20th terms</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Life of Johnson</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_216">216</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Chronological Record of the Rebellion</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_219">219</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Pay of Officers of the United States, Civil and Military</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_269">269</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Schedule of Stamp Duty</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_280">280</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">The Civil Rights Bill</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_289">289</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Constitutional Amendment (proposed)</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_293">293</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">The Military Government Bill</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_295">295</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Supplement to the same, and Amendment</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">History of the National Banks</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_301">301</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">History of Finances, Loans, Bonds, Legal-Tender Notes, etc.</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_318">318</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Statistical View of the States, etc.</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_328">328</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Platforms of the Parties for 1860 and 1864</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_331">331</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Life of General U. S. Grant</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_341">341</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Tenure-of-Office Bill</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_345">345</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Impeachment</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_348">348</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Chicago Platform of 1868</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_369">369</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Life of Schuyler Colfax</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_371">371</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Democratic Platform</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_375">375</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Hon. Horatio Seymour</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_378">378</a></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Gen. Francis Preston Blair, Jr.</td> + <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_380">380</a></td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">FORMATION OF THE ORIGINAL UNION.</h2> +</div> + +<p>On Monday, the 5th of September, 1774, there were assembled at +Carpenter’s Hall, in the city of Philadelphia, a number of men who had +been chosen and appointed by the several colonies in North America +to hold a Congress for the purpose of discussing certain grievances +imputed against the mother country. This Congress resolved, on the +next day, that each colony should have one vote only. On Tuesday, the +2d July, 1776, the Congress resolved, “That these United Colonies are, +and of right ought to be, Free and Independent States,” etc., etc.; +and on Thursday, the 4th July, the whole Declaration of Independence +having been agreed upon, it was publicly read to the people. Shortly +after, on the 9th September, it was resolved that the words “United +Colonies” should be no longer used, and that the “<span class="smcap">United +States of America</span>” should thenceforward be the style and title +of the Union. On Saturday, the 15th November, 1777, “Articles of +Confederation and Perpetual Union of the United States of America” +were agreed to by the State delegates, subject to the ratification +of the State legislatures severally. Eight of the States ratified +these articles on the 9th July, 1778; one on the 21st July; one on +the 24th July; one on the 26th November of the same year; one on the +22d February, 1779; and the last one on the 1st March, 1781. Here was +a bond of union between thirteen independent States, whose delegates +in Congress legislated for the general welfare, and executed certain +powers so far as they were permitted by the articles aforesaid. The +following are the names of the Presidents of the Continental Congress +from 1774 to 1788: +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</span></p> + +<table class="spb1 spa2"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdl">Peyton Randolph, Virginia</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">5th</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">Sept.,</td> + <td class="tdr">1774.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Henry Middleton, South Carolina</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">22d</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">Oct.,</td> + <td class="tdr">1774.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Peyton Randolph, Virginia</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">10th</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">May,</td> + <td class="tdr">1775.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">John Hancock, Massachusetts</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">24th</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">May,</td> + <td class="tdr">1776.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Henry Laurens, South Carolina</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">1st</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">Nov.,</td> + <td class="tdr">1777.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">John Jay, New York</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">10th</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">Dec.,</td> + <td class="tdr">1778.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Samuel Huntingdon, Connecticut</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">28th</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">Sept., </td> + <td class="tdr">1779.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Thomas McKean, Delaware</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">10th</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">July,</td> + <td class="tdr">1781.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">John Hanson, Maryland</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">5th</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">Nov.,</td> + <td class="tdr">1781.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Elias Boudinot, New Jersey</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">4th</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdr">1782.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Thomas Mifflin, Pennsylvania</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">3d</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdr">1783.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Richard Henry Lee, Virginia</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">30th</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">”</td> + <td class="tdr">1784.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Nathaniel Gorham, Massachusetts</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">6th</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">Jan.,</td> + <td class="tdr">1786.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Arthur St. Clair, Pennsylvania</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">2d</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">Feb.,</td> + <td class="tdr">1787.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Cyrus Griffin, Virginia</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">22d</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">Jan.,</td> + <td class="tdr">1788.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<p>The seat of government was established as follows: At Philadelphia, +Pa., commencing September 5, 1774, and May 10, 1775; at Baltimore, +Md., December 20, 1776; at Philadelphia, Pa., March 4, 1777; at +Lancaster. Pa., September 27, 1777; at York, Pa., September 30, 1777; +at Philadelphia, Pa., July 2, 1778; at Princeton, N. J., June 30, 1783; +at Annapolis, Md., November 26, 1783; at Trenton, N. J., November 1, +1784; and at New York City, N. Y., Jan. 11, 1785.</p> + +<p>On the 4th March, 1789, the present Constitution, which had been +adopted by a convention and ratified by the requisite number of States, +went into operation.</p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="POPULATION">POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES<br> +AT DECENNIAL PERIODS.</h2> + +<table class="spb1"> + <thead><tr class="bt bb"> + <th class="tdc" rowspan="2">Cens’s <br>Years.</th> + <th class="tdc bl" rowspan="2">White<br>Persons.</th> + <th class="tdc bl" colspan="3">Colored Persons.</th> + <th class="tdc bl" rowspan="2">Total<br>Population.</th> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <th class="tdc bl">Free.</th> + <th class="tdc bl">Slave.</th> + <th class="tdc bl">Total.</th> + </tr></thead> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdc">1790</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3,172,464</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">59,466</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">697,897</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">757,363</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3,929,827</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc">1800</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4,304,489</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">108,395</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">893,041</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1,001,436</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">5,305,925</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc">1810</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">5,862,004</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">186,446</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1,191,364</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1,377,810</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">7,239,814</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc">1820</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">7,861,937</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">238,156</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1,538,038</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1,776,194</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">9,638,131</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc">1830</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">10,537,378</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">319,599</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2,009,043</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2,328,642</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">12,866,020</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc">1840</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">14,195,695</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">386,303</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2,487,455</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2,873,758</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">17,069,453</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc">1850</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">19,553,068</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">434,495</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3,204,313</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3,638,808</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">23,191,876</td> + </tr><tr class="bb2"> + <td class="tdc">1860</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> 26,964,930</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> 487,970</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> 3,953,760</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> 4,441,730</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> 31,443,322</td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.</h2> +<hr class="r10"> +<p class="center">IN CONGRESS, TUESDAY, JULY 4, 1776.</p> +</div> + +<p>Agreeably to the order of the day, the Congress resolved itself into +a committee of the whole, to take into their further consideration +the Declaration; and, after some time, the President resumed the +chair, and Mr. Harrison reported that the committee had agreed to a +declaration, which they desired him to report. (The committee consisted +of Jefferson, Franklin, John Adams, Sherman, and R. R Livingston.)</p> + +<p>The Declaration being read, was agreed to, as follows:</p> + +<p class="f120 spa1"><b>A DECLARATION</b></p> +<p class="center">BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE<br>UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,<br> +IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED.</p> + +<p>When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one +people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with +another, and to assume among the powers of the earth the separate and +equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature’s God entitle +them, a decent respect for the opinions of mankind requires that they +should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.</p> + +<p>We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created +equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable +rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of +happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments are instituted +among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; +that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these +ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to +institute a new government, laying its foundation on such principles, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</span> +and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most +likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will +dictate that governments long established should not be changed for +light and transient causes; and, accordingly, all experience hath shown +that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, +than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are +accustomed. But, when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing +invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under +absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off +such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. +Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such is +now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems +of government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a +history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having, in direct +object, the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To +prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world:</p> + +<p>He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for +the public good.</p> + +<p>He has forbidden his Governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing +importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should +be obtained; and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend +to them.</p> + +<p>He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large +districts of people unless those people would relinquish the right of +representation in the legislature—a right inestimable to them, and +formidable to tyrants only.</p> + +<p>He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, +uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, +for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.</p> + +<p>He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly for opposing, with +manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people.</p> + +<p>He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause +others to be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</span> +annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise, +the State remaining, in the meantime, exposed to all the danger of +invasion from without, and convulsions within.</p> + +<p>He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for +that purpose, obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners; +refusing to pass others to encourage their emigration hither, and +raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands.</p> + +<p>He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent +to laws for establishing judiciary powers.</p> + +<p>He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their +offices and the amount and payment of their salaries.</p> + +<p>He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of +officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance.</p> + +<p>He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the +consent of our legislature.</p> + +<p>He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, +the civil power.</p> + +<p>He has combined, with others, to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign +to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent +to their acts of pretended legislation:</p> + +<p>For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us;</p> + +<p>For protecting them, by mock trial, from punishment, for any murders +which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States;</p> + +<p>For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world;</p> + +<p>For imposing taxes on us without our consent;</p> + +<p>For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury;</p> + +<p>For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offenses;</p> + +<p>For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring +province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging +its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit +instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies; +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</span></p> + +<p>For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and +altering, fundamentally, the powers of our governments;</p> + +<p>For suspending our own legislature, and declaring themselves invested +with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.</p> + +<p>He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his +protection, and waging war against us.</p> + +<p>He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coast, burnt our towns, and +destroyed the lives of our people.</p> + +<p>He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries +to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun, +with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the +most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation.</p> + +<p>He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, +to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their +friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands.</p> + +<p>He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored +to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian +savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction, +of all ages, sexes, and conditions.</p> + +<p>In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for redress, +in the most humble terms; our repeated petitions have been answered +only by repeated injury. A prince, whose character is thus marked by +every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a +free people.</p> + +<p>Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have +warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their legislature +to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them +of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have +appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured +them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, +which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. +They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. +We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our +separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in +war—in peace, friends. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</span></p> + +<p>We, therefore, the representatives of the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, +in GENERAL CONGRESS assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the +World for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by +the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish +and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to +be, <span class="smcap">Free and Independent States</span>; that +they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that +all political connections between them and the State of Great Britain, +is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; and that, as <i>FREE AND +INDEPENDENT STATES</i>, they have full power to levy war, conclude +peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other +acts and things which INDEPENDENT STATES may of right do. And for the +support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of +DIVINE PROVIDENCE, we mutually pledge to each other, our lives, our +fortunes, and our sacred honor.</p> + +<p>The foregoing Declaration was, by order of Congress, engrossed, and +signed by the following members:</p> + +<p class="author fs_110">JOHN HANCOCK.</p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdc"><i>New Hampshire.</i></td> + <td class="tdc"><i>Rhode Island.</i></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Josiah Bartlett</span>,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Stephen Hopkins</span>,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">William Whipple</span>,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">William Ellery</span>.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Matthew Thornton</span>.  </td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc"> <br><i>Massachusetts Bay.</i></td> + <td class="tdc"> <br><i>New York.</i></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Samuel Adams</span>,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">William Floyd</span>,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">John Adams</span>,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Philip Livingston</span>,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Robert Treat Payne</span>,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Francis Lewis</span>,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Elbridge Gerry</span>.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Lewis Morris</span>.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc"> <br><i>Connecticut.</i></td> + <td class="tdc"> <br><i>New Jersey.</i></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Roger Sherman</span>,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Richard Stockton</span>,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Samuel Huntington</span>,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">John Witherspoon</span>,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">William Williams</span>,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Francis Hopkinson</span>,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Oliver Wolcott</span>.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">John Hart</span>,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Abraham Clark</span>. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</span></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc"> <br><i>Pennsylvania.</i></td> + <td class="tdc"> <br><i>Virginia.</i></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Robert Morris</span>,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">George Wythe</span>,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Benjamin Rush</span>,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Richard Henry Lee</span>,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Benjamin Franklin</span>,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Thomas Jefferson</span>,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">John Morton</span>,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Benjamin Harrison</span>,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">George Clymer</span>,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Thomas Nelson, Jun.</span>,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">James Smith</span>,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Francis Lightfoot Lee</span>,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">George Taylor</span>,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Carter Braxton</span>.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">James Wilson</span>,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">George Ross.</span></td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> <br><i>North Carolina.</i></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">William Hooper</span>,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Joseph Hewes</span>,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">John Penn</span>.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc"> <br><i>Delaware</i>.</td> + <td class="tdc"> <br><i>South Carolina.</i></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Cæsar Rodney</span>,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Edward Rutledge</span>,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">George Read</span>,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Thomas Heyward, Jun.</span>,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Thomas M’Kean.</span></td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Thomas Lynch, Jun.</span>,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Arthur Middleton</span>.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc"> <br><i>Maryland.</i></td> + <td class="tdc"> <br><i>Georgia.</i></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Samuel Chase</span>,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Button Gwinnett</span>,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">William Paca</span>,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Lyman Hall</span>,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Thomas Stone</span>,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">George Walton</span>.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Charles Carroll,</span></td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2"><span class="smcap">of Carroll’n.</span></td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/john_adams.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="579" > + <p class="f120"><b>JOHN ADAMS.</b></p> +</div> +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION</h2> +<p class="center"><b>AND<br>PERPETUAL UNION BETWEEN THE STATES.</b></p> +</div> +<hr class="r10"> +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="neg-indent">The Articles of Confederation reported July 12, +’76, and debated from day to day, and time to time, for two years; +were ratified July 9, ’78, by 10 States; by New Jersey, on the 26th +of November of the same year; and by Delaware, on the 23d of February +following. Maryland, alone, held off two years more, acceding to them +March 1, ’81, and thus closing the obligation. The following are the +Articles:</p> +</div> + +<p><i>To all whom these Presents shall come, We, the undersigned Delegates +of the States affixed to our names, send greeting</i>—Whereas, the +Delegates of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, +did, on the 15th day of November, in the year of our Lord, 1777, and +in the Second Year of the Independence of America, agree to certain +Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union between the States of New +Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, +Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, +Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, in the words +following, viz.:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="neg-indent">“<i>Articles of Confederation and Perpetual +Union between the States of New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode +Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, +Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South +Carolina, and Georgia.</i>”</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Article 1.</span> The style of this Confederacy +shall be “The United States of America.”</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Article 2.</span> Each State retains its +sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, +and right, which is not by this confederation expressly delegated to +the United States in Congress assembled.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Article 3.</span> The said States hereby severally +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</span> +enter into a firm league of friendship with each other, for their +common defense, the security of their liberties, and their mutual and +general welfare, binding themselves to assist each other against all +force offered to, or attacks made upon them, or any of them, on account +of religion, sovereignty, trade, or any other pretense whatever.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Article 4.</span> The better to secure and +perpetuate mutual friendship and intercourse among the people of the +different States in this Union, the free inhabitants of each of these +States—paupers, vagabonds, and fugitives from justice excepted—shall +be entitled to all privileges and immunities of free citizens in the +several States; and the people of each State shall have free ingress +and regress to and from any other State, and shall enjoy therein all +the privileges of trade and commerce, subject to the same duties, +impositions, and restrictions, as the inhabitants thereof respectively, +provided that such restriction shall not extend so far as to prevent +the removal of property, imported into any State, to any other State of +which the owner is an inhabitant; provided, also, that no imposition, +duties or restriction shall be laid by any State on the property of the +United States, or either of them.</p> + +<p>If any person guilty of or charged with treason, felony, or other +high misdemeanor in any State, shall flee from justice, and be found +in any of the United States, he shall, upon demand of the Governor, or +executive power of the State from which he fled, be delivered up and +removed to the State having jurisdiction of his offense.</p> + +<p>Full faith and credit shall be given in each of these States, to the +records, acts, and judicial proceedings of the courts and magistrates +of every other State.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Article 5.</span> For the more convenient +management of the general interest of the United States, Delegates +shall be annually appointed, in such manner as the legislature of +each State shall direct, to meet in Congress on the first Monday in +November, in every year, with a power reserved to each State, to recall +its Delegates, or any of them, at any time within the year, and to send +others in their stead, for the remainder of the year.</p> + +<p>No state shall be represented in Congress by less than two, nor by +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</span> +more than seven members; and no person shall be capable of being a +Delegate for more than three years in any term of six years; nor shall +any person, being a Delegate, be capable of holding any office under +the United States, for which he, or another for his benefit, receives +any salary, fees or emolument of any kind.</p> + +<p>Each State shall maintain its own Delegates in any meeting of +the States, and while they act as members of the Committee of the +States.</p> + +<p>In determining questions in the United States, in Congress +assembled, each State shall have one vote.</p> + +<p>Freedom of speech and debate in Congress shall not be impeached or +questioned in any court or place, out of Congress, and the members +of Congress shall be protected in their persons from arrests and +imprisonments, during the time of their going to and from, and +attendance on Congress, except for treason, felony, or breach of the +peace.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Article 6.</span> No State, without the consent +of the United States in Congress assembled, shall send an embassy to, +or receive an embassy from, or enter into any conference, agreement, +alliance or treaty with any King, Prince, or State; nor shall any +person holding any office of profit or trust under the United States, +or any of them, accept of any present, emolument, office or title of +any kind whatever from any King, Prince, or Foreign State; nor shall +the United States in Congress assembled, or any of them, grant any +title of nobility.</p> + +<p>No two or more States shall enter into any treaty, confederation +or alliance whatever between them, without the consent of the United +States in Congress assembled, specifying accurately the purposes +for which the same is to be entered into, and how long it shall +continue.</p> + +<p>No State shall lay any imposts or duties which may interfere with +any stipulations in treaties, entered into by the United States in +Congress assembled, with any King, Prince or State, in pursuance of any +treaties already proposed by Congress, to the Courts of France and Spain.</p> + +<p>No vessels of war shall be kept up in time of peace by any State +except such number only, as shall be deemed necessary by the United +States in Congress assembled, for the defense of such State, or its +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</span> +trade; nor shall any body of forces be kept up by any State, in time of +peace, except such number only, as in the judgment of the United States +in Congress assembled, shall be deemed requisite to garrison the forts +necessary for the defense of such State; but every State shall always +keep up a well-regulated and disciplined militia, sufficiently armed +and accoutred, and shall provide and have constantly ready for use, in +public stores, a due number of field-pieces and tents, and a proper +quantity of arms, ammunition, and camp equipage.</p> + +<p>No State shall engage in any war without the consent of the United +States in Congress assembled, unless such State be actually invaded by +enemies, or shall have received certain advice of a resolution being +formed by some nation of Indians to invade such a State, and the danger +is so imminent as not to admit of a delay, till the United States +in Congress assembled can be consulted: nor shall any State grant +commissions to any ships or vessels of war, nor letters of marque or +reprisal, except it be after a declaration of war by the United States +in Congress assembled, and then only against the Kingdom or State, +and the subjects thereof, against which war has been so declared, and +under such regulations as shall be established by the United States +in Congress assembled, unless such State be infested by pirates, in +which case vessels of war may be fitted out for that occasion, and kept +so long as the danger shall continue, or until the United States in +Congress assembled shall determine otherwise.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Article 7.</span> When land forces are raised +by any State for the common defense, all officers of, or under the +rank of colonel, shall be appointed by the legislature of each State +respectively, by whom such forces shall be raised, or in such manner as +such State shall direct, and all vacancies shall be filled up by the +State which first made the appointment.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Article 8.</span> All charges of war, and all +other expenses that shall be incurred for the common defense or general +welfare, and allowed by the United States in Congress assembled, shall +be defrayed out of a common treasury, which shall be supplied by the +several States, in proportion to the value of all land within each +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</span> +State, granted to or surveyed for any person, as such land and the +buildings and improvements thereon shall be estimated according to such +mode as the United States in Congress assembled, shall, from time to +time, direct and appoint. The taxes for paying that proportion shall be +laid and levied by the authority and direction of the legislatures of +the several States within the time agreed upon by the United States in +Congress assembled.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Article 9.</span> The United States in Congress +assembled shall have the sole and exclusive right and power of +determining on peace and war, except in the cases mentioned in the 6th +article—of sending and receiving embassadors—entering into treaties and +alliances, provided that no treaty of commerce shall be made whereby +the legislative power of the respective States shall be restrained from +imposing such imposts and duties on foreigners, as their own people are +subjected to, or from prohibiting the exportation or importation of any +species of goods or commodities whatsoever—of establishing rules for +deciding in all cases what captures on land or water shall be legal, +and in what manner prizes taken by land or naval forces in the service +of the United States shall be divided or appropriated—of granting +letters of marque and reprisal in times of peace—appointing courts +for the trial of piracies and felonies committed on the high seas and +establishing courts for receiving and determining finally appeals in +all cases of captures, provided that no member of Congress shall be +appointed a judge of any of the said courts.</p> + +<p>The United States in Congress assembled shall also be the last +resort on appeal in all disputes and differences now subsisting or that +hereafter may arise between two or more States concerning boundary, +jurisdiction, or any other cause whatever; which authority shall always +be exercised in the manner following:—Whenever the legislative or +executive authority or lawful agent of any State in controversy with +another shall present a petition to Congress, stating the matter in +question, and praying for a hearing, notice thereof shall be given by +order of Congress, to the legislative or executive authority of the +other State in controversy, and a day assigned for the appearance of +the parties by their lawful agents, who shall then be directed to +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</span> +appoint, by joint consent, commissioners or judges to constitute a +court for hearing and determining the matter in question: but if they +can not agree, Congress shall name three persons out of each of the +United States, and from the list of such persons each party shall +alternately strike out one, the petitioners beginning, until the +number shall be reduced to thirteen; and from that number not less +than seven, nor more than nine names, as Congress shall direct, shall +in the presence of Congress be drawn out by lot, and the persons whose +names shall be so drawn or any five of them, shall be commissioners +or judges, to hear and finally determine the controversy, so always +as a major part of the judges who shall hear the cause shall agree +in the determination: and if either party shall neglect to attend at +the day appointed, without showing reasons which Congress shall judge +sufficient, or being present shall refuse to strike, the Congress +shall proceed to nominate three persons out of each State, and the +Secretary of Congress shall strike in behalf of such party absent or +refusing; and the judgment and sentence of the court to be appointed, +in the manner above prescribed, shall be final and conclusive; and if +any of the parties shall refuse to submit to the authority of such +court, or to appear or defend their claim or cause, the court shall, +nevertheless, proceed to pronounce sentence or judgment, which shall in +like manner be final and decisive, the judgment or sentence and other +proceedings being in either case transmitted to Congress and lodged +among the acts of Congress for the security of the parties concerned: +provided that every commissioner, before he sits in judgment, shall +take an oath, to be administered by one of the judges of the Supreme +or Superior Court of the State where the cause shall be tried, “well +and truly to hear and determine the matter in question, according to +the best of his judgment, without favor, affection, or hope of reward:” +provided also that no State shall be deprived of territory for the +benefit of the United States.</p> + +<p>All controversies concerning the private right of soil claimed under +different grants of two or more States, whose jurisdictions as they +may respect such lands, and the States which passed such grants, are +adjusted; the said grants or either of them being at the same time +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</span> +claimed to have originated antecedent to such settlement of +jurisdiction, shall, on the petition of either party to the Congress +of the United States, be finally determined as near as may be in the +same manner as is before prescribed for deciding disputes respecting +territorial jurisdiction between different States.</p> + +<p>The United States in Congress assembled shall also have the sole +exclusive right and power of regulating the alloy and value of +coin struck by their own authority, or by that of the respective +States—fixing the standard of weights and measures throughout the +United States—regulating the trade and managing all affairs with +the Indians, not members of any of the States; provided that the +legislative right of any State within its own limits be not infringed +or violated—establishing or regulating post-offices from one State +to another, throughout all the United States, and exacting such +postage on the papers passing through the same as may be requisite +to defray, the expenses of the said office—appointing all officers +of the land forces, in the service of the United States, excepting +regimental officers—appointing all the officers of the naval forces, +and commissioning all officers whatever in the service of the United +States—making rules for the government and regulation of the said land +and naval forces, and directing their operations.</p> + +<p>The United States in Congress assembled shall have authority +to appoint a committee, to sit in the recess of Congress, to be +denominated “A Committee of the States,” and to consist of one delegate +from each State; and to appoint such other committees and civil +officers as may be necessary for managing the general affairs of the +United States, under their direction—to appoint one of their number to +preside; provided that no person be allowed to serve in the office of +president more than one year in any term of three years—to ascertain +the necessary sums of money to be raised for the service of the United +States, and to appropriate and apply the same for defraying the public +expenses—to borrow money, or emit bills on the credit of the United +States, transmitting every half year to the respective States an +account of the sums of money so borrowed or emitted—to build and equip +a navy—to agree upon the number of land forces, and to make requisitions +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</span> +from each State for its quota, in proportion to the number of white +inhabitants in such State; which requisition shall be binding; and +thereupon the legislatures of each State shall appoint the regimental +officers, raise the men, and clothe, arm, and equip them in a +soldier-like manner, at the expense of the United States; and the +officers and men so clothed, armed, and equipped, shall march to the +place appointed, and within the time agreed on by the United States +in Congress assembled; but if the United States in Congress assembled +shall, on consideration of circumstances, judge proper that any State +should not raise men, or should raise a smaller number than its quota, +and that any other State should raise a greater number of men than the +quota thereof, such extra number shall be raised, officered, clothed, +armed, and equipped in the same manner as the quota of such State, +unless the legislature of such state shall judge that such extra number +can not be safely spared out of the same; in which case they shall +raise, officer, clothe, arm, and equip as many of such extra number as +they judge can be safely spared. And the officers and men so clothed, +armed, and equipped, shall march to the place appointed, and within the +time agreed on by the United States in Congress assembled.</p> + +<p>The United States in Congress assembled shall never engage in a war, +nor grant letters of marque and reprisal in time of peace, nor enter +into any treaties or alliances, nor coin money, nor regulate the value +thereof, nor ascertain the sums and expenses necessary for the defense +and welfare of the United States, or any of them, nor emit bills, nor +borrow money on the credit of the United States, nor appropriate money, +nor agree upon the number of vessels of war to be built or purchased, +or the number of land or sea forces to be raised, nor appoint a +commander-in-chief of the army or navy unless nine States assent to the +same; nor shall a question on any other point, except for adjourning +from day to day, be determined, unless by the votes of a majority of +the United States in Congress assembled.</p> + +<p>The Congress of the United States shall have power to adjourn to any +time within the year, and to any place within the United States, so +that no period of adjournment be for a longer duration than the space +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</span> +of six months, and shall publish the journal of their proceedings +monthly, except such parts thereof relating to treaties, alliances, +or military operations, as in their judgment require secrecy and the +yeas and nays of the delegates of each State on any question shall be +entered on the journal when it is desired by any delegate; and the +delegates of a State, or any of them, at his or their request, shall +be furnished with a transcript of the said journal, except such parts +as are above excepted, to lay before the legislatures of the several +States.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Article 10.</span> The committee of the States, +or any nine of them shall be authorized to execute, in the recess +of Congress, such of the powers of Congress as the United States in +Congress assembled, by the consent of nine States, shall, from time +to time, think expedient to vest them with; provided that no power be +delegated to the said committee; for the exercise of which, by the +Articles of Confederation; the voice of nine States in the Congress of +the United States assembled is requisite.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Article 11.</span> Canada, acceding to this +confederation and joining in the measures of the United States, shall +be admitted into, and entitled to all the advantages of this union; but +no other colony shall be admitted into the same unless such admission +be agreed to by nine States.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Article 12.</span> All bills of credit emitted, +moneys borrowed, and debts contracted by, or under the authority of +Congress, before the assembling of the United States, in pursuance of +the present confederation, shall be deemed and considered as a charge +against the United States—for payment and satisfaction whereof, the +said United States and the public faith are hereby solemnly pledged.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Article 13.</span> Every State shall abide by +the determinations of the United States in Congress assembled on all +questions which, by this confederation, are submitted to them. And the +articles of this confederation shall be inviolably observed by every +State, and the union shall be perpetual; nor shall any alteration at +any time hereafter be made in any of them, unless such alteration +be agreed to in a Congress of the United States, and be afterward +confirmed by the legislatures of every State. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</span></p> + +<p><i>And Whereas</i>, It hath pleased the Great Governor of the World +to incline the hearts of the legislatures we respectively represent +in Congress, to approve of and to authorize us to ratify the said +Articles of Confederation and perpetual union. Know Ye that we, the +undersigned delegates, by virtue of the power and authority to us given +for that purpose, do, by these presents, in the name and in behalf of +our respective constituents, fully and entirely ratify and confirm each +and every of the said Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union, +and all and singular the matters and things therein contained. And +we do further solemnly plight and engage the faith of our respective +constituents, that they shall abide by the determinations of the United +States in Congress assembled on all questions which, by the said +confederation, are submitted to them. And that the articles thereof +shall be inviolably observed by the States we respectively represent, +and that the union shall be perpetual. In witness whereof we have +hereunto set our hands in Congress. Done at Philadelphia, in the State +of Pennsylvania, the 9th day of July, in the year of our Lord 1778, and +in the 3d year of the Independence of America.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> + +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">CONSTITUTION OF THE<br>UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</h2> +<hr class="r10"> +</div> +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="neg-indent">We, the People of the United States, in order +to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic +tranquillity, provide for the common defense, promote the general +welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our +posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United +States of America:</p> +</div> + +<h3>ARTICLE I.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span> All the legislative powers +herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, +which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> The House of Representatives +shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people +of the several States; and the electors in each State shall have the +qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of +the State Legislature.</p> + +<p>No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to +the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the +United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of +that State in which he shall be chosen.</p> + +<p>Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the +several States which may be included within this Union, according to +their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the +whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a +term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</span> +other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three +years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, +and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they +shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed +one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one +Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of +New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, +Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York +six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, +Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia +three.</p> + +<p>When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the +Executive authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such +vacancies.</p> + +<p>The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other +officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> The Senate of the United States +shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the +Legislature thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote.</p> + +<p>Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the +first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three +classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated +at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the +expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration +of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen, every second year; +and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the +recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make +temporary appointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which +shall then fill such vacancies.</p> + +<p>No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age +of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, +and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for +which he shall be chosen.</p> + +<p>The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the +Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</span></p> + +<p>The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President +<i>pro tempore</i>, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he +shall exercise the office of President of the United States.</p> + +<p>The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When +sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When +the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall +preside; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of +two-thirds of the members present.</p> + +<p>Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to +removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office +of honor, trust or profit under the United States; but the party +convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, +trial, judgment and punishment, according to law.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> The times, places, and manner of +holding elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed +in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may, at any +time, by law make or alter such regulations, except as the places of +choosing Senators.</p> + +<p>The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such +meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by +law appoint a different day.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 5.</span> Each House shall be the judge +of the elections, returns, and qualifications of its own members, and +a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a +smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to +compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner and under such +penalties as each House may provide.</p> + +<p>Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish +its members for disorderly behavior, and with the concurrence of +two-thirds, expel a member.</p> + +<p>Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time to +time publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in their judgment, +require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either House +on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be +entered on the journal. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</span></p> + +<p>Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the +consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any +other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 6.</span> The Senators and Representatives +shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained +by law and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall +in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be +privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their +respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for +any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in +any other place.</p> + +<p>No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was +elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the +United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof +shall have been increased during such time, and no person holding any +office under the United States shall be a member of either House during +his continuance in office.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 7.</span> All bills for raising revenue +shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may +propose or concur with amendments as on other bills.</p> + +<p>Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives +and the Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the +President of the United States: If he approve, he shall sign it; but if +not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that House in which it +shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their +Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, +two-thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be +sent, together with the objections, to the other House, by which it +shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that +House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both +Houses shall be determined by yeas and nay, and the names of the +persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the Journal +of each House respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the +President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</span> +presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he +had signed it, unless the Congress, by their adjournment, prevent its +return; in which case it shall not be a law.</p> + +<p>Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the +Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a +question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the +United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved +by him; or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds +of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and +limitations prescribed in the case of a bill.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 8.</span> The Congress shall have Power—</p> + +<p>To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the +debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the +United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform +throughout the United States;</p> + +<p>To borrow money on the credit of the United States;</p> + +<p>To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several +States, and with the Indian tribes;</p> + +<p>To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on +the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States;</p> + +<p>To coin money, regulate the value thereof and of foreign coin, and +fix the standard of weights and measures;</p> + +<p>To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and +current coin of the United States;</p> + +<p>To establish post-offices and post-roads;</p> + +<p>To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for +limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their +respective writings and discoveries;</p> + +<p>To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court;</p> + +<p>To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high +seas, and offenses against the law of nations;</p> + +<p>To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules +concerning captures on land and water;</p> + +<p>To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that +use shall be for a longer term than two years;</p> + +<p>To provide and maintain a navy;</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</span> +To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval +forces;</p> + +<p>To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the +Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions;</p> + +<p>To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and +for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of +the United States, reserving to the States respectively the appointment +of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to +the discipline prescribed by Congress;</p> + +<p>To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over +such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of +particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of +the Government of the United States, and to exercise like authority +over all places purchased by the consent of the Legislature of the +State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, +arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings; and</p> + +<p>To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying +into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by +this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any +department or officer thereof.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 9.</span> The migration or importation of +such persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to +admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one +thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on +such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person.</p> + +<p>The privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, +unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may +require it.</p> + +<p>No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed.</p> + +<p>No capitation, or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in +proportion to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be +taken.</p> + +<p>No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State.</p> + +<p>No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</span> +to the ports of one State over those of another; nor shall vessels +bound to or from one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties +in another.</p> + +<p>No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of +appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the +receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from +time to time.</p> + +<p>No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no +person holding any office of profit or trust under them shall, without +the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, +or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign +State.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 10.</span> No State shall enter into +any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant letters of marque or +reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make any thing but gold and +silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, +ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or +grant any title of nobility.</p> + +<p>No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any +imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely +necessary for executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of +all duties and imposts, laid by any State on imports or exports, shall +be for the use of the treasury of the United States; and all such laws +shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress.</p> + +<p>No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of +tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any +agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or +engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as +will not admit of delay.</p> + +<h3>ARTICLE II.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span> The Executive Power shall +be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall +hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the +Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows:</p> + +<p>Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</span> +may direct, a number of electors equal to the number of Senators and +Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress; but +no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or +profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.</p> + +<p>(The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot +for two persons—of one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same +State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons +voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which list they shall +sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the Government +of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The +President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House +of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then +be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the +President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors +appointed; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and +have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall +immediately choose by ballot one of them for President; and if no +person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said +House shall, in like manner, choose the President. But, in choosing the +President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from +each State having one vote. A quorum for this purpose shall consist of +a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of +all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the +choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes +of the electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there should remain +two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by +ballot the Vice-President.⁠<a id="FNanchor_1_1" href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>)</p> + +<p>The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the +day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same +throughout the United States.</p> + +<p>No person, except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United +States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</span> +eligible to the office of President; neither stall any person be +eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of +thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United +States.</p> + +<p>In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his +death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties +of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President; +and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, +resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, +declaring what officer shall then act as President; and such officer +shall act accordingly until the disability be removed, or a President +shall be elected.</p> + +<p>The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a +compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during +the period for which he shall have been elected; and he shall not +receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, +or any of them.</p> + +<p>Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the +following oath or affirmation:</p> + +<p class="blockquot">“I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will +faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and +will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and +defend the Constitution of the United States.”</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> The President shall be +Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of +the militia of the several States when called into the actual service +of the United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the +principal officer in each of the Executive Departments, upon any +subject relating to the duties of their respective offices; and he +shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against +the United States, except in cases of impeachment.</p> + +<p>He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the +Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senate present +concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent +of the Senate, shall appoint Embassadors, other public Ministers and +Consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</span> +United States whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, +and which shall be established by law; but the Congress may by law vest +the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in the +President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.</p> + +<p>The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may +happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, which +shall expire at the end of their next session.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> He shall, from time to time, give +to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend +to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and +expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, +or either of them; and, in case of disagreement between them with +respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as +he shall think proper; he shall receive Embassadors and other public +Ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and +shall commission all the officers of the United States.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> The President, Vice-President, +and all Civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from +office on impeachment for, and conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or +other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.</p> + +<h3>ARTICLE III.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span> The judicial power of the +United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such +inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and +establish. The Judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, +shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated +times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be +diminished during their continuance in office.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> The judicial power shall extend +to all cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, +the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be +made, under their authority; to all cases affecting Embassadors, other +public Ministers, and Consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime +jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States shall be a +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</span> +party; to controversies between two or more States; between a State +and citizens of another State; between citizens of different States; +between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of +different States; and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and +foreign States, citizens, or subjects.</p> + +<p>In all cases affecting Embassadors, other public Ministers and +Consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme +Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before +mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as +to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the +Congress shall make.</p> + +<p>The trial of all crimes, except in cases of Impeachment, shall be by +jury; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes +shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the +trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have +directed.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> Treason against the United States +shall consist only in levying war against them, or adhering to their +enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of +treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, +or on confession in open Court.</p> + +<p>The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, +but no Attainder of Treason shall work corruption of blood, or +forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted.</p> + +<h3>ARTICLE IV.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span> Full faith and credit shall +be given in each State to the public acts, records, and judicial +proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general laws +prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall +be proved, and the effect thereof.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> The citizens of each State shall +be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several +States.</p> + +<p>A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, +who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</span> +demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be +delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime.</p> + +<p>No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws +thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or +regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall +be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may +be due.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> New States may be admitted by the +Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected +within the jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed +by the junction of two or more States or parts of States without the +consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned, as well as of the +Congress.</p> + +<p>The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful +rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property +belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall +be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or any +particular State.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> The United States shall guarantee +to every State in this Union a republican form of Government, and +shall protect each of them against invasion; and on application of +the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature can not be +convened), against domestic violence.</p> + +<h3>ARTICLE V.</h3> + +<p>The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it +necessary, shall propose amendments to the Constitution, or, on the +application of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, +shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either +case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this +Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of +the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the +one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress; +<i>Provided</i>, that no amendment which may be made prior to the year +one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the +first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; +and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal +suffrage in the Senate. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</span></p> + +<h3>ARTICLE VI.</h3> + +<p>All debts contracted and engagements entered into before the adoption +of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States, +under this Constitution, as under the Confederation.</p> + +<p>This Constitution and the laws of the United States which shall be +made in pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be +made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme +law of the land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, +any thing in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary +notwithstanding.</p> + +<p>The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members +of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial +officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall +be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution; but no +religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office +or public trust under the United States.</p> + +<h3>ARTICLE VII.</h3> + +<p>The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be +sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the +States so ratifying the same.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Done</span> in convention, by the unanimous +consent of the States present, the seventeenth day of September, in +the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and +of the Independence of the United States of America the twelfth. In +Witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names.</p> + +<p class="author">GEO. WASHINGTON,  <br> +<i>Pres’t and Deputy from Virginia.</i></p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><i>New Hampshire.</i></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">John Langdon,</span></td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Nicholas Gilman.</span></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><i>Massachusetts.</i></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Nathaniel Gorham</span>,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Rufus King</span>.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><i>Connecticut.</i></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Wm. Saml. Johnson</span>,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Roger Sherman.</span> + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</span></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><i>New York.</i></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Alexander Hamilton</span>.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><i>New Jersey.</i></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Wil. Livingston</span>,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">David Brearley</span>,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Wm. Paterson</span>,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Jona. Dayton</span>.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><i>Pennsylvania.</i></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">B. Franklin</span>,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Thomas Mifflin</span>,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Robt. Morris</span>,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Geo. Clymer</span>,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Tho. Fitzsimons</span>,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Jared Ingersoll</span>,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">James Wilson</span>,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Gouv. Morris</span>.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><i>Delaware.</i></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Geo. Read</span>,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Gunning Bedford, Jun’r</span>,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">John Dickinson</span>,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Richard Bassett</span>.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Jaco. Broom</span>,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><i>Maryland.</i></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">James M’Henry</span>,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Dan. of St. Thos. Jenifer</span>.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Danl. Carroll</span>,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap"> </span></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><i>Virginia.</i></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">John Blair</span>,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">James Madison, Jr.</span></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><i>North Carolina.</i></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Wm. Blount</span>,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Rich’d Dobbs Spaight</span>.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Hu. Williamson</span>,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><i>South Carolina.</i></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">J. Rutledge</span>,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Charles Cotesworth Pinckney</span>,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Charles Pinckney</span>,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Pierce Butler</span>.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><i>Georgia.</i></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">William Few</span>,</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Abr. Baldwin</span>.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr"> <br>Attest:</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"> <br>WILLIAM JACKSON, <i>Secretary</i>.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/jefferson.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="529" > + <p class="f120"><b>THOMAS JEFFERSON.</b></p> +</div> +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</span></p> +<h3>ARTICLES,</h3> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="neg-indent">In addition to, and amendment of, the +Constitution of the United States of America, proposed by Congress, and +ratified by the Legislatures of the several States, pursuant to the +fifth article of the original Constitution.</p> +</div> + +<h4>ARTICLE I.</h4> + +<p>Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, +or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom +of speech or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to +assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.</p> + +<h4>ARTICLE II.</h4> + +<p>A well-regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free +State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be +infringed.</p> + +<h4>ARTICLE III.</h4> + +<p>No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, without +the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be +prescribed by law.</p> + +<h4>ARTICLE IV.</h4> + +<p>The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, +and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be +violated, and no warrant shall issue but upon probable cause, supported +by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be +searched, and the persons or things to be seized.</p> + +<h4>ARTICLE V.</h4> + +<p>No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous +crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in +cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in +actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person +be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</span> +limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness +against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without +due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use +without just compensation.</p> + +<h4>ARTICLE VI.</h4> + +<p>In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a +speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district +wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have +been previously ascertained by law and to be informed of the nature and +cause of the accusation to be confronted with the witnesses against +him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, +and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.</p> + +<h4>ARTICLE VII.</h4> + +<p>In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed +twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no +fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise reexamined in any Court of the +United States, than according to the rules of the common law.</p> + +<h4>ARTICLE VIII.</h4> + +<p>Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor +cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.</p> + +<h4>ARTICLE IX.</h4> + +<p>The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights, shall not be +construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.</p> + +<h4>ARTICLE X.</h4> + +<p>The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, +nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States +respectively, or to the people.</p> + +<h4>ARTICLE XI.</h4> + +<p>The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to +extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</span> +one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens +or subjects of any foreign State.</p> + +<h4>ARTICLE XII.</h4> + +<p>The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot +for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not +be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves; they shall name +in their ballot the person voted for as President, and in distinct +ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make +distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and all persons +voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, +which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the +seat of government of the United States, directed to the President +of the Senate:—The President of the Senate shall, in presence of +the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, +and the votes shall then be counted; The person having the greatest +number of votes for President shall be the President, if such number +be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no +person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest +numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as +President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately by +ballot the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall +be taken by States, the representation from each State having one; a +quorum for this shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds +of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary +to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a +President, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before +the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall +act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional +disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of +votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be +a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person +have a majority, then, from the two highest numbers on the list, the +Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</span> +consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority +of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person +constitutionally ineligible to the office of President, shall be +eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.</p> + +<h4>ARTICLE XIII.</h4> + +<p>“<span class="smcap">Section 1.</span> Neither slavery nor +involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the +party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United +States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.</p> + +<p>“<span class="smcap">Section 2.</span> Congress shall have power to +enforce this Article by appropriate legislation, approved February 1, +1863.”</p> + +<hr class="r10"> + +<p class="spa2">The Constitution was adopted on the 17th of September, +1787, by the convention appointed in pursuance of the Resolution of the +Congress of the Confederation, of the 21st February, 1787, and ratified +by the conventions of the several States, as follows:</p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdl">By</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">Convention of</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">Delaware</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7th December,</td> + <td class="tdl">1787</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_wsp">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">Pennsylvania</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">12th December,</td> + <td class="tdl">1787</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_wsp">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">New Jersey</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">18th December,</td> + <td class="tdl">1787</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_wsp">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">Georgia</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">2d January,</td> + <td class="tdl">1788</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_wsp">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">Connecticut</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">9th January,</td> + <td class="tdl">1788</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_wsp">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">Massachusetts</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">6th February,</td> + <td class="tdl">1788</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_wsp">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">Maryland</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">28th April,</td> + <td class="tdl">1788</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_wsp">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">South Carolina</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">28th May,</td> + <td class="tdl">1788</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_wsp">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">New Hampshire</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">21st June,</td> + <td class="tdl">1788</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_wsp">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">Virginia</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">26th June,</td> + <td class="tdl">1788</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_wsp">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">New York</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">26th July,</td> + <td class="tdl">1788</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_wsp">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">North Carolina</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> 21st November,</td> + <td class="tdl">1789</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_wsp">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">Rhode Island</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">29th May,</td> + <td class="tdl">1790</td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<p>The first ten of the Amendments were proposed on the 25th September, +1789, and ratified by the constitutional number of States on the +15th December, 1791; the eleventh, on the 8th January, 1798; and the +twelfth, on the 25th September, 1804; and the thirteenth, on the ——, 186-.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">WASHINGTON’S ADDRESSES.</h2> +</div> + +<p>There were not many occasions during his public career that Washington +was called upon to exercise his abilities as a writer or an orator; +but when such occasion did occur, he always acquitted himself with +a degree of perspicuity and modesty which may be said to have been +characteristic of himself alone. The addresses which follow mark, as +it were, four distinct epochs in the history of this unexampled man: +the first, when he accepted the command of the armies by which our +national independence was achieved; the second, when he surrendered +his commission, after having driven the foes of freedom from his +beloved country; the third, when he assumed the responsible duties of +President, in which office his high qualities for civil government +were as conspicuous as had been his military talents in the field; and +fourth, when he resigned his great trust and took leave of the people +in his imperishable “Farewell Address,” an inestimable legacy, which +can not be too frequently conned by every American who values his +birthright.</p> + +<h3>WASHINGTON’S ELECTION AS<br> COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF.</h3> + +<p>On the 15th of June, 1775, Washington was unanimously elected by +Congress to “command all the Continental forces raised, or to be +raised, for the defense of American liberty,” and when he appeared in +his place the next day, the President of that body acquainted him with +his election, in a well-timed address, “and requested that he should +accept of that employment;” to which Washington replied as follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>“<span class="smcap">Mr. President</span>: Though I am truly +sensible of the high honor done me, in this appointment, yet I feel +great distress, from consciousness that my abilities and military +experience may not be equal to the extensive and important trust: +However, as the Congress desire it, I will enter upon the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</span> +momentous duty, and exert every power I possess in their service, +and for support of the glorious cause. I beg they will accept my +most cordial thanks for this distinguished testimony of their +approbation.</p> + +<p>“But lest some unlucky event should happen, unfavorable to my +reputation, I beg it may be remembered, by every gentleman in the room, +that I, this day, declare, with the utmost sincerity, I do not think +myself equal to the command I am honored with.</p> + +<p>“As to pay, sir, I beg leave to assure the Congress, that, as no +pecuniary consideration could have tempted me to accept this arduous +employment, at the expense of my domestic ease and happiness, I do not +wish to make any profit from it. I will keep an exact account of my +expenses. Those, I doubt not, they will discharge, and that is all I +desire.”</p> +</div> + +<h3>WASHINGTON’S RESIGNATION<br> OF HIS COMMISSION.</h3> + +<p>The War of the Revolution having terminated auspiciously, Washington +took leave of his officers and army at New York, and repaired to +Annapolis, Md., where Congress was then in session. On the 20th of +December, 1783, he transmitted a letter to that body, apprising them +of his arrival, with the intention of resigning his commission, and +desiring to know whether it would be most agreeable to receive it in +writing or at an audience. It was immediately resolved that a public +entertainment be given him on the 22d, and that he be admitted to an +audience on the 23d, at 12 o’clock. Accordingly, he attended at that +time, and, being seated, the President informed him that Congress were +prepared to receive his communications. Whereupon he arose, and spoke +as follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>“<span class="smcap">Mr. President</span>: The great events on +which my resignation depended having at length taken place, I have +now the honor of offering my sincere congratulations to Congress, and +of presenting myself before them, to surrender into their hands the +trust committed to me, and to claim the indulgence of retiring from the +service of my country.</p> + +<p>“Happy in the confirmation of our independence and sovereignty, and +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</span> +pleased with the opportunity afforded the United States of becoming +a respectable nation, I resign with satisfaction the appointment I +accepted with diffidence: a diffidence in my abilities to accomplish so +arduous a task; which, however, was superseded by a confidence in the +rectitude of our cause, the support of the supreme power of the Union, +and the patronage of Heaven.</p> + +<p>“The successful termination of the war has verified the most +sanguine expectations; and my gratitude for the interposition of +Providence, and the assistance I have received from my countrymen, +increases with every review of the momentous contest.</p> + +<p>“While I repeat my obligations to the army in general, I should +do injustice to my own feelings not to acknowledge, in this place, +the peculiar services and distinguished merits of the gentlemen who +have been attached to my person during the war. It was impossible the +choice of confidential officers to compose my family should have been +more fortunate. Permit me, sir, to recommend, in particular, those who +have continued in the service to the present moment, as worthy of the +favorable notice and patronage of Congress.</p> + +<p>“I consider it an indispensable duty to close this last act of my +official life by commending the interests of our dearest country to the +protection of Almighty God, and those who have the superintendence of +them to his holy keeping.</p> + +<p>“Having now finished the work assigned me, I retire from the great +theater of action, and bidding an affectionate farewell to this +august body, under whose orders I have so long acted, I here offer +my commission, and take my leave of all the employments of public +life.”</p> +</div> + +<h3>WASHINGTON’S INAUGURAL ADDRESS.</h3> + +<p>In accordance with previous arrangements, General Washington met +Congress in New York, on the 30th of April, 1789, for the purpose of +being inaugurated as the first President of the United States. The oath +of office having been administered by the Chancellor of the State of +New York, in presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</span> +President delivered the following Inaugural Address:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="center">“<i>Fellow-citizens of the Senate and of the House of +Representatives</i>:</p> + +<p>“Among the vicissitudes incident to life, no event could have filled +me with greater anxieties than that of which the notification was +transmitted by your order, and received on the 14th day of the present +month. On the one hand, I was summoned by my country, whose voice I +can never hear but with veneration and love, from a retreat which I +had chosen with the fondest predilection, and, in my flattering hopes, +with an immutable decision, as the asylum of my declining years—a +retreat which was rendered every day more necessary, as well as more +dear to me, by the addition of habit to inclination, and of frequent +interruptions in my health, to the gradual waste committed on it by +time. On the other hand, the magnitude and difficulty of the trust to +which the voice of my country called me, being sufficient to awaken, in +the wisest and most experienced of her citizens, a distrustful scrutiny +into his qualifications, could not but overwhelm with despondency one +who, inheriting inferior endowments from nature, and unpracticed in +the duties of civil administration, ought to be peculiarly conscious +of his own deficiencies. In this conflict of emotion, all I dare aver +is, that it has been my faithful study to collect my duty from a just +appreciation of every circumstance by which it might be affected. +All I dare hope is, that if, in executing this task, I have been too +much swayed by a grateful remembrance of former instances, or by an +affectionate sensibility to this transcendent proof of the confidence +of my fellow-citizens, and have thence too little consulted my +incapacity as well as disinclination for the weighty and untried cares +before me, my error will be palliated by the motives which misled me, +and its consequences be judged by my country, with some share of the +partiality in which they originated.</p> + +<p>“Such being the impressions under which I have, in obedience to the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</span> +public summons, repaired to the present station, it would be peculiarly +improper to omit, in this first official act, my fervent supplications +to that Almighty Being who rules over the universe—who presides in +the councils of nations—and whose providential aids can supply every +human defect, that his benediction may consecrate to the liberties and +happiness of the people of the United States—a government instituted +by themselves for these essential purposes—and may enable every +instrument employed in its administration to execute with success the +functions allotted to his charge. In tendering this homage to the +Great Author of every public and private good, I assure myself that +it expresses your sentiments not less than my own; nor those of my +fellow-citizens at large, less than either. No people can be bound to +acknowledge and adore the invisible hand which conducts the affairs +of men more than the people of the United States. Every step by which +they have advanced to the character of an independent nation seems +to have been distinguished by some token of providential agency; and +in the important revolution just accomplished in the system of their +united government, the tranquil deliberations, and voluntary consent +of so many distinct communities, from which the event has resulted, +can not be compared with the means by which most governments have +been established without some return of pious gratitude, along with +an humble anticipation of the future blessings which the past seem +to presage. These reflections, arising out of the present crisis, +have forced themselves too strongly on my mind to be suppressed. You +will join with me, I trust, in thinking that there are none under the +influence of which the proceedings of a new and free government can +more auspiciously commence.</p> + +<p>“By the article establishing the executive department, it is made +the duty of the President ‘to recommend to your consideration such +measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient.’ The circumstances +under which I now meet you, will acquit me from not entering into that +subject farther than to refer to the great constitutional charter under +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</span> +which you are assembled, and which, in defining your powers, designates +the objects to which your attention is to be given. It will be more +consistent with those circumstances, and far more congenial with the +feelings which actuate me, to substitute, in place of a recommendation +of particular measures, the tribute that is due to the talents, the +rectitude, and the patriotism which adorn the characters selected to +devise and adopt them. In these honorable qualifications I behold +the surest pledges that as, on one side, no local prejudices or +attachments, no separate views, nor party animosities, will misdirect +the comprehensive and equal eye which ought to watch over this great +assemblage of communities and interests; so, on another, that the +foundations of our national policy will be laid in the pure and +immutable principles of private morality; and the preëminence of free +government be exemplified by all the attributes which can win the +affections of its citizens, and command the respect of the world. I +dwell on this prospect with every satisfaction which an ardent love +for my country can inspire; since there is no truth more thoroughly +established than that there exists in the economy and course of nature +an indissoluble union between virtue and happiness—between duty and +advantage—between the genuine maxims of an honest and magnanimous +policy and the solid rewards of public prosperity and felicity; since +we ought to be no less persuaded that the propitious smiles of Heaven +can never be expected on a nation that disregards the eternal rules +of order and right, which Heaven itself has ordained; and since the +preservation of the sacred fire of liberty and the destiny of the +republican model of government are justly considered as deeply, perhaps +as finally, staked on the experiment intrusted to the hands of the +American people.</p> + +<p>“Besides the ordinary objects submitted to your care, it will remain +with your judgment to decide how far an exercise of the occasional +power delegated by the fifth article of the Constitution is rendered +expedient at the present juncture by the nature of objections which +have been urged against the system, or by the degree of inquietude +which has given birth to them. Instead of undertaking particular +recommendations on this subject, in which I could be guided by no +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</span> +lights derived from official opportunities, I shall again give way to +my entire confidence in your discernment and pursuit of the public +good; for, I assure myself, that while you carefully avoid every +alteration which might endanger the benefits of an united and effective +government, or which ought to await the future lessons of experience, +a reverence for the characteristic rights of freemen, and a regard for +the public harmony, will sufficiently influence your deliberations on +the question, how far the former can be more impregnably fortified, or +the latter be safely and advantageously promoted.</p> + +<p>“To the preceding observations I have one to add, which will be +most properly addressed to the House of Representatives. It concerns +myself, and will, therefore, be as brief as possible: When I was +first honored with a call into the service of my country, then on the +eve of an arduous struggle for its liberties, the light in which I +contemplated my duty required that I should renounce every pecuniary +compensation. From this resolution I have in no instance departed, and, +being still under the impressions which produced it, I must decline, as +inapplicable to myself, any share in the personal emoluments which may +be indispensably included in a permanent provision for the executive +department, and must accordingly pray that the pecuniary estimates for +the station in which I am placed may, during my continuance in it, be +limited to such actual expenditures as the public good may be thought +to require.</p> + +<p>“Having thus imparted to you my sentiments, as they have been +awakened by the occasion which brings us together, I shall take my +present leave, but not without resorting once more to the benign +Parent of the human race, in humble supplication, that since he has +been pleased to favor the American people with opportunities for +deliberating in perfect tranquillity, and dispositions for deciding +with unparalleled unanimity on a form of government for the security +of their Union and the advancement of their happiness, so his Divine +blessing may be equally conspicuous in the enlarged views, the +temperate consultations, and the wise measures, on which the success of +this government must depend.”</p> +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</span></p> +<h3>WASHINGTON’S FAREWELL ADDRESS.</h3> +</div> + +<p class="center"><i>Friends and Fellow-Citizens</i>:</p> + +<p>The period for a new election of a citizen to administer the Executive +Government of the United States being not far distant, and the time +actually arrived when your thoughts must be employed in designating the +person who is to be clothed with that important trust, it appears to +me proper, especially as it may conduce to a more distinct expression +of the public voice, that I should now apprise you of the resolution I +have formed, to decline being considered among the number of those out +of whom a choice is to be made.</p> + +<p>I beg you, at the same time, to do me the justice to be assured that +this resolution has not been taken without a strict regard to all the +considerations appertaining to the relation which binds a dutiful +citizen to his country; and that, in withdrawing the tender of service, +which silence in my situation might imply, I am influenced by no +diminution of zeal for your future interest; no deficiency of grateful +respect for your past kindness, but am supported by a full conviction +that the step is compatible with both.</p> + +<p>The acceptance of, and continuance hitherto in, the office to which +your suffrages have twice called me, have been a uniform sacrifice +of inclination to the opinion of duty, and to a deference for what +appeared to be your desire. I constantly hoped that it would have +been much earlier in my power, consistently with motives which I was +not at liberty to disregard, to return to that retirement from which +I had been reluctantly drawn. The strength of my inclination to do +this, previous to the last election, had even led to the preparation +of an address to declare it to you; but mature reflection on the then +perplexed and critical posture of our affairs with foreign nations, and +the unanimous advice of persons entitled to my confidence, impelled me +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</span> +to abandon the idea.</p> + +<p>I rejoice that the state of your concerns, external as well as +internal, no longer renders the pursuit of inclination incompatible +with the sentiment of duty or propriety; and am persuaded, whatever +partiality may be retained for my services, that, in the present +circumstances of our country, you will not disapprove my determination +to retire.</p> + +<p>The impressions with which I undertook the arduous trust were +explained on the proper occasion. In the discharge of this trust, I +will only say that I have with good intentions contributed toward the +organization and administration of the Government the best exertions +of which a very fallible judgment was capable. Not unconscious in the +outset of the inferiority of my qualifications, experience, in my own +eyes—perhaps still more in the eyes of others—has strengthened the +motives to diffidence of myself; and every day the increasing weight +of years admonishes me more and more, that the shade of retirement +is as necessary to me as it will be welcome. Satisfied that if any +circumstances have given peculiar value to my services, they were +temporary, I have the consolation to believe that, while choice and +prudence invite me to quit the political scene, patriotism does not +forbid it.</p> + +<p>In looking forward to the moment which is intended to terminate the +career of my public life, my feelings do not permit me to suspend the +deep acknowledgment of that debt of gratitude which I owe to my beloved +country for the many honors it has conferred upon me; still more for +the steadfast confidence with which it has supported me; and for the +opportunities I have thence enjoyed of manifesting my inviolable +attachment, by services faithful and persevering, though in usefulness +unequal to my zeal. If benefits have resulted to our country from +these services, let it always be remembered to your praise, and as an +instructive example in our annals that, under circumstances in which +the passions, agitated in every direction, were liable to mislead; +amid appearances sometimes dubious, vicissitudes of fortune often +discouraging; in situations in which, not unfrequently, want of success +has countenanced the spirit of criticism—the constancy of your support +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</span> +was the essential prop of the efforts, and a guarantee of the plans, +by which they were effected. Profoundly penetrated with this idea, I +shall carry it with me to my grave, as a strong incitement to unceasing +vows, that Heaven may continue to you the choicest tokens of its +beneficence; that your union and brotherly affection may be perpetual; +that the free Constitution, which is the work of your hands, may be +sacredly maintained; that its administration, in every department, +may be stamped with wisdom and virtue; that, in fine, the happiness +of the people of these States, under the auspices of liberty, may be +made complete by so careful a preservation and so prudent a use of this +blessing as will acquire to them the glory of recommending it to the +applause, the affection, and the adoption of every nation which is yet +a stranger to it.</p> + +<p>Here, perhaps, I ought to stop; but a solicitude for your welfare, +which can not end but with my life, and the apprehension of danger +natural to that solicitude, urge me, on an occasion like the +present, to offer to your solemn contemplation, and to recommend to +your frequent review, some sentiments which are the result of much +reflection, of no inconsiderable observation, and which appear to me +all-important to the permanency of our felicity as a people. These +will be afforded to you with the more freedom, as you can only see in +them the disinterested warnings of a parting friend, who can possibly +have no personal motive to bias his counsel; nor can I forget, as an +encouragement to it, your indulgent reception of my sentiments on a +former and not dissimilar occasion.</p> + +<p>Interwoven as is the love of liberty with every ligament of your +hearts, no recommendation of mine is necessary to fortify or confirm +the attachment.</p> + +<p>The unity of government which constitutes you one people, is also now +dear to you. It is justly so; for it is a main pillar in the edifice of +your real independence—the support of your tranquillity at home, your +peace abroad, of your safety, of your prosperity, of that very liberty +which you so highly prize. But as it is easy to foresee that, from +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</span> +different causes and from different quarters, much pains will be taken, +many artifices employed, to weaken in your minds the conviction of this +truth; as this is the point in your political fortress against which +the batteries of internal and external enemies will be most constantly +and actively (though often covertly and insidiously) directed, it is of +infinite moment that you should properly estimate the immense value of +your National Union to your collective and individual happiness; that +you should cherish a cordial, habitual, and immovable attachment to it; +accustoming yourselves to think and speak of it as of the palladium of +your political safety and prosperity; watching for its preservation +with jealous anxiety; discountenancing whatever may suggest even a +suspicion that it can, in any event, be abandoned; and indignantly +frowning upon the first dawning of every attempt to alienate any +portion of our country from the rest, or to enfeeble the sacred ties +which now link together the various parts.</p> + +<p>For this you have every inducement of sympathy and interest. Citizens +by birth or choice, of a common country, that country has a right +to concentrate your affections. The name of <i>American</i>, which +belongs to you in your national capacity, must always exalt the just +pride of patriotism, more than any appellation derived from local +discriminations. With slight shades of difference, you have the +same religion, manners, habits, and political principles. You have, +in a common cause, fought and triumphed together; the independence +and liberty you possess are the work of joint counsels and joint +efforts—of common dangers, sufferings and successes.</p> + +<p>But these considerations, however powerfully they address themselves +to your sensibility, are greatly outweighed by those which apply more +immediately to your interest; here every portion of our country finds +the most commanding motives for carefully guarding and preserving the +union of the whole.</p> + +<p>The North, in an unrestrained intercourse with the South, protected +by the equal laws of a common government, finds, in the productions +of the latter, great additional resources of maritime and commercial +enterprise, and precious materials of manufacturing industry. The +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</span> +South, in the same intercourse, benefiting by the agency of the North, +sees its agriculture grow and its commerce expand. Turning partly into +its own channels the seamen of the North, it finds its particular +navigation invigorated; and while it contributes, in different ways, +to nourish and increase the general mass of the national navigation, +it looks forward to the protection of a maritime strength to which +itself is unequally adapted. The East, in like intercourse with the +West, already finds—and in the progressive improvement of interior +communication by land and water, will more and more find—a valuable +vent for the commodities which it brings from abroad or manufactures at +home. The West derives from the East supplies requisite to its growth +and comfort; and what is, perhaps, of still greater consequence, it +must, of necessity, owe the secure enjoyment of indispensable outlets +for its own productions, to the weight, influence, and the future +maritime strength of the Atlantic side of the Union, directed by an +indissoluble community of interest as one nation. Any other tenure by +which the West can hold this essential advantage, whether derived from +its own separate strength, or from an apostate and unnatural connection +with any foreign power, must be intrinsically precarious.</p> + +<p>While, then, every part of our country thus feels an immediate and +particular interest in <span class="allsmcap">UNION</span>, all the +parts combined can not fail to find, in the united mass of means and +efforts, greater strength, greater resource, proportionately greater +security from external danger, a less frequent interruption of their +peace by foreign nations; and what is of inestimable value, they must +derive from union an exemption from those broils and wars between +themselves, which so frequently afflict neighboring countries, not +tied together by the same government; which their own rivalship alone +would be sufficient to produce, but which opposite foreign alliances, +attachments, and intrigues would stimulate and embitter. Hence, +likewise, they will avoid the necessity of those overgrown military +establishments, which, under any form of government, are inauspicious +to liberty, and which are to be regarded as particularly hostile to +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</span> +republican liberty; in this sense it is that your union ought to be +considered as a main prop of your liberty, and that the love of the one +ought to endear to you the preservation of the other.</p> + +<p>These considerations speak a persuasive language to every reflecting +and virtuous mind, and exhibit the continuance of the Union as a +primary object of patriotic desire. Is there a doubt, whether a common +government can embrace so large a sphere? Let experience solve it. +To listen to mere speculation, in such a case, were criminal. We are +authorized to hope, that a proper organization of the whole, with +the auxiliary agency of governments for the respective subdivisions, +will afford a happy issue to the experiment. It is well worth a fair +and full experiment. With such powerful and obvious motives to Union, +affecting all parts of our country, while experience shall not have +demonstrated its impracticability, there will always be reason to +distrust the patriotism of those who, in any quarter, may endeavor to +weaken its bands.</p> + +<p>In contemplating the causes which may disturb our Union, it occurs, as +a matter of serious concern, that any ground should have been furnished +for characterizing parties by geographical discriminations—Northern +and Southern, Atlantic and Western—whence designing men may endeavor +to excite a belief that there is a real difference of local interests +and views. One of the expedients of party to acquire influence within +particular districts, is to misrepresent the opinions and aims of other +districts. You can not shield yourself too much against the jealousies +and heart-burnings which spring from these misrepresentations; they +tend to render alien to each other those who ought to be bound together +by fraternal affection. The inhabitants of our western country have +lately had a useful lesson on this head; they have seen in the +negotiation of the Executive, and in the unanimous ratification by the +Senate, of the treaty with Spain, and in the universal satisfaction at +that event throughout the United States, a decisive proof how unfounded +were the suspicions propagated among them of a policy in the General +Government, and in the Atlantic States, unfriendly to their interests +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</span> +in regard to the Mississippi; they have been witnesses to the formation +of two treaties—that with Great Britain, and that with Spain—which +secure to them every thing they could desire in respect to our foreign +relations, toward confirming their prosperity. Will it not be their +wisdom to rely for the preservation of these advantages on the Union +by which they were procured? Will they not henceforth be deaf to those +advisers, if such there be, who would sever them from their brethren, +and connect them with aliens?</p> + +<p>To the efficacy and permanency of your Union, a Government for the +whole is indispensable. No alliance, however strict between the parts, +can be an adequate substitute; they must inevitably experience the +infractions and interruptions which all alliances, in all time, have +experienced. Sensible of this momentous truth, you have improved upon +your first essay, by the adoption of a Constitution of Government +better calculated than your former for an intimate Union, and for the +efficacious management of your common concerns. This Government, the +offspring of our own choice, uninfluenced and unawed, adopted upon +full investigation and mature deliberation, completely free in its +principles, in the distribution of its powers, uniting security with +energy, and containing within itself a provision for its own amendment, +has a just claim to your confidence and your support. Respect its +authority, compliance with its laws, acquiescence in its measures, are +duties enjoined by the fundamental maxims of true liberty. The basis of +our political systems, is the right of the people to make and to alter +their constitutions of Government; but the Constitution which at any +time exists, till changed by an explicit and authentic act of the whole +people, is sacredly obligatory upon all. The very idea of the power and +the right of the people to establish Government, presupposes the duty +of every individual to obey the established Government.</p> + +<p>All obstructions to the execution of the laws, all combinations and +associations, under whatever plausible character, with the real design +to direct, control, counteract, or awe the regular deliberation +and action of the constituted authorities, are destructive to this +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</span> +fundamental principle, and of fatal tendency. They serve to organize +faction, to give it an artificial and extraordinary force, to put in +the place of the delegated will of the nation the will of a party, +often a small but artful and enterprising minority of the community; +and, according to the alternate triumphs of different parties, to +make the public administration the mirror of the ill-concerted and +incongruous projects of faction, rather than the organ of consistent +and wholesome plans, digested by common counsels, and modified by +mutual interests.</p> + +<p>However combinations and associations of the above description may now +and then answer popular ends, they are likely, in the course of time +and things, to become potent engines, by which cunning, ambitious, and +unprincipled men, will be enabled to subvert the power of the people, +and to usurp for themselves the reins of Government; destroying, +afterward, the very engines which had lifted them to unjust dominion.</p> + +<p>Toward the preservation of your Government, and the permanency of +your present happy state, it is requisite, not only that you steadily +discountenance irregular oppositions, to its acknowledged authority, +but also that you resist, with care, the spirit of innovation upon +its principles, however specious the pretexts. One method of assault +may be to effect, in the forms’ Constitution, alterations which will +impair the energy of the system, and thus to undermine what can not be +directly overthrown. In all the changes to which you may be invited, +remember that time and habit are at least as necessary to fix the +true character of Governments as of other human institutions; that +experience is the surest standard by which to test the real tendency of +the existing constitution of a country; that facility in changes, upon +the credit of mere hypothesis and opinion, exposes to perpetual change, +from the endless variety of hypothesis and opinion; and remember, +especially, that for the efficient management of your common interests, +in a country so extensive as ours, a Government of as much vigor as +is consistent with the perfect security of liberty, is indispensable. +Liberty itself will find in such a Government, with powers properly +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</span> +distributed and adjusted, its surest guardian. It is, indeed, little +else than a name, where the Government is too feeble to withstand the +enterprises of faction, to confine each member of the society within +the limits prescribed by the laws, and to maintain all in the secure +and tranquil enjoyment of the rights of person and property.</p> + +<p>I have already intimated to you the danger of parties in the State, +with particular reference to the founding of them on geographical +discriminations. Let me now take a more comprehensive view, and warn +you, in the most solemn manner, against the baneful effects of the +spirit of party generally.</p> + +<p>This spirit, unfortunately, is inseparable from our nature, having +its root in the strongest passions of the human mind. It exists under +different shapes, in all Governments, more or less stifled, controlled, +or repressed; but in those of the popular form it is seen in its +greatest rankness, and is truly their worst enemy.</p> + +<p>The alternate domination of one faction over another, sharpened by the +spirit of revenge, natural to party dissension, which, in different +ages and countries, has perpetrated the most horrid enormities, is +itself a frightful despotism. But this leads, at length, to a more +formal and permanent despotism. The disorders and miseries which +result, gradually incline the minds of men to seek security and repose +in the absolute power of an individual; and, sooner or later, the +chief of some prevailing faction, more able or more fortunate than +his competitors, turns this disposition to the purposes of his own +elevation on the ruins of public liberty.</p> + +<p>Without looking forward to an extremity of this kind, (which, +nevertheless, ought not to be entirely out of sight,) the common and +continual mischiefs of the spirit of party are sufficient to make it +the interest and duty of a wise people to discourage and restrain it.</p> + +<p>It serves always to distract the public counsels, and enfeeble the +public administration. It agitates the community with ill-founded +jealousies and false alarms; kindles the animosities of one part +against another; foments, occasionally, riot and insurrection. It opens +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</span> +the door to foreign influence and corruption, which find a facilitated +access to the Government itself, through the channels of party +passions. Thus the policy and the will of one country are subjected to +the policy and will of another.</p> + +<p>There is an opinion that parties, in free countries, are useful checks +upon the administration of the Government, and serve to keep alive +the spirit of liberty. This, within certain limits, is probably true; +and in Governments of a monarchical cast, patriotism may look with +indulgence, if not with favor, upon the spirit of party. But in those +of the popular character, in Governments purely elective, it is a +spirit not to be encouraged. From their natural tendency, it is certain +there will always be enough of that spirit for every salutary purpose. +And there being constant danger of excess, the effort ought to be, by +force of public opinion, to mitigate and assuage it. A fire not to be +quenched, it demands a uniform vigilance to prevent its bursting into a +flame, lest, instead of warming, it should consume.</p> + +<p>It is important, likewise, that the habits of thinking, in a +free country, should inspire caution in those intrusted with its +administration to confine themselves within their respective +constitutional spheres, avoiding in the exercise of one department, to +encroach upon another. The spirit of encroachment tends to consolidate +the powers of all the departments in one, and thus to create, whatever +the form of Government, a real despotism. A just estimate of that love +of power, and proneness to abuse it which predominates in the human +heart, is sufficient to satisfy us of the truth of this position. The +necessity of reciprocal checks in the exercise of political power, +by dividing and distributing it into different depositories, and +constituting each the guardian of public weal, against invasions by the +others, has been evinced by experiments, ancient and modern, some of +them in our own country, and under our own eyes. To preserve them must +be as necessary as to institute them. If, in the opinion of the people, +the distribution or modification of the constitutional powers be, in +any particular, wrong, let it be corrected by an amendment in the way +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</span> +which the Constitution designates. But let there be no change by +usurpation; for though this, in one instance, may be the instrument +of good, it is the customary weapon by which free Governments are +destroyed. The precedent must always greatly overbalance, in permanent +evil, any partial or transient benefit which the use can, at any time, +yield.</p> + +<p>Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to political prosperity, +religion and morality are indispensable supports. In vain would that +man claim the tribute of patriotism, who should labor to subvert these +great pillars of human happiness, these firmest props of the duties +of men and citizens. The mere politician, equally with the pious man, +ought to respect and to cherish them. A volume could not trace all +their connections with private and public felicity. Let it simply be +asked, Where is the security for property, for reputation, for life, +if the sense of religious obligation <i>desert</i> the oaths which are +the instruments of investigation in the courts of justice? And let us +with caution indulge the supposition, that morality can be maintained +without religion. Whatever may be conceded to the influence of refined +education on minds of peculiar structure, reason and experience both +forbid us to expect that national morality can prevail in exclusion of +religious principles.</p> + +<p>It is substantially true, that virtue or morality is a necessary +spring of popular Government. The rule, indeed, extends with more or +less force to every species of free Government. Who, that is a sincere +friend to it, can look with indifference upon attempts to shake the +foundation of the fabric?</p> + +<p>Promote, then, as an object of primary importance, institutions for the +general diffusion of knowledge. In proportion as the structure of a +Government gives force to public opinion, it is essential that public +opinion should be enlightened.</p> + +<p>As a very important source of strength and security, cherish public +credit. One method to preserve it is to use it as sparingly as +possible; avoiding occasions of expense by cultivating peace, but +remembering also that timely disbursements, to prepare for danger, +frequently prevent much greater disbursements to repel it; avoiding, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</span> +likewise, the accumulation of debt, not only by shunning occasion of +expense, but by vigorous exertions in time of peace to discharge the +debts which unavoidable wars may have occasioned, not ungenerously +throwing upon posterity the burden which we ourselves ought to bear. +The execution of these maxims belong to your representatives, but it +is necessary that public opinion should coöperate. To facilitate to +them the performance of their duty, it is essential that you should +practically bear in mind, that toward the payment of debts there must +be revenue; that to have revenue there must be taxes; that no taxes +can be devised which are not more or less inconvenient and unpleasant; +that the intrinsic embarrassment inseparable from the selection of +the proper objects (which is always a choice of difficulties) ought +to be a decisive motive for a candid construction of the conduct of +the Government in making it, and for a spirit of acquiescence in the +measures for obtaining revenue, which the public exigencies may at that +time dictate.</p> + +<p>Observe good faith and justice toward all nations; cultivate peace and +harmony with all; religion and morality enjoin this conduct: and can +it be that good policy does not equally enjoin it? It will be worthy +of a free, enlightened, and, at no distant period, a great nation, +to give to mankind the magnanimous and too novel example of a people +always guided by an exalted justice and benevolence. Who can doubt +that, in the course of time and things, the fruits of such a plan +would richly repay any temporary advantages which might be lost by a +steady adherence to it? Can it be that Providence has not connected +the permanent felicity of a nation with its virtue? The experiment, at +least, is recommended by every sentiment which ennobles human nature. +Alas! is it to be rendered impossible by its vices?</p> + +<p>In the execution of such a plan, nothing is more essential than +that permanent inveterate antipathies against particular nations, +and passionate attachment for others, should be excluded; and that, +in place of them, just and amicable feelings toward all should be +cultivated. The nation which indulges toward another an habitual +hatred, or an habitual fondness, is, in some degree, a slave. It is a +slave to its animosity or its affection, either of which is sufficient +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</span> +to lead it astray from its duty and its interest. Antipathy in one +nation against another, disposes each more readily to offer insult and +injury, to lay hold of slight causes of umbrage, and to be haughty and +intractable when accidental or trifling occasions of dispute occur. +Hence frequent collisions, obstinate, envenomed, and bloody contests. +The nation, prompted by ill-will and resentment, sometimes impels to +war the Government contrary to the best calculations of policy. The +Government sometimes participates in the national propensity, and +adopts, through passion, what reason would reject; at other times it +makes the animosity of the nation subservient to projects of hostility, +instigated by pride, ambition, and other sinister and pernicious +motives. The peace often, sometimes perhaps the liberty, of nations has +been the victim.</p> + +<p>So, likewise, a passionate attachment of one nation to another produces +a variety of evils. Sympathy for the favorite nation, facilitating the +illusion of an imaginary common interest, in cases where no real common +interest exists, and infusing into one the enmities of the other, +betrays the former into a participation in the quarrels and wars of the +latter, without adequate inducement or justification. It leads also +to concessions to the favorite nation of privileges denied to others, +which is apt doubly to injure the nation making the concessions; by +unnecessarily parting with what ought to have been retained, and by +exciting jealousy, ill-will, and a disposition to retaliate in the +parties from whom equal privileges are withheld; and it gives to +ambitious, corrupted, or deluded citizens (who devote themselves to the +favorite nation) facility to betray, or sacrifice the interest of their +own country, without odium, sometimes even with popularity; gilding +with the appearance of virtuous sense of obligation, a commendable +deference for public opinion, or a laudable zeal for public good the +base or foolish compliances of ambition, corruption, or infatuation.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/james_madison.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="582" > + <p class="f120"><b>JAMES MADISON.</b></p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</span> +As avenues to foreign influence, in innumerable ways, such attachments +are particularly alarming to the truly enlightened and independent +patriot. How many opportunities do they afford to tamper with domestic +factions, to practice the art of seduction, to mislead public opinion, +to influence or awe the public councils! Such an attachment of a small +or weak, toward a great and powerful nation, dooms the former to be the +satellite of the latter.</p> + +<p>Against the insidious wiles of foreign influence (I conjure you to +believe me, fellow-citizens) the jealousy of a free people ought +to be <i>constantly</i> awake; since history and experience prove +that foreign influence is one of the most baneful foes of Republican +Government. But that jealousy, to be useful, must be impartial, else +it becomes the instrument of the very influence to be avoided, instead +of a defense against it. Excessive partiality for one foreign nation, +and excessive dislike for another, cause those whom they actuate to see +danger only on one side, and serve to veil, and even second the arts +of influence on the other. Real patriots, who may resist the intrigues +of the favorite, are liable to become suspected and odious; while its +tools and dupes usurp the applause and confidence of the people to +surrender their interests.</p> + +<p>The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations, is, +in extending our commercial relations, to have with them as little +political connection as possible. So far as we have already formed +engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us +stop.</p> + +<p>Europe has a set of primary interests, which to us have none, or a very +remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies, +the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns. Hence, +therefore, it must be unwise in us to implicate ourselves, by +artificial ties, in the ordinary vicissitudes of her politics, or the +ordinary combinations and collisions of her friendships or enmities.</p> + +<p>Our detached and distant situation invites and enables us to pursue +a different course. If we remain one people, under an efficient +Government, the period is not far off when we may defy material +injury from external annoyance; when we may take such an attitude +as will cause the neutrality we may at any time resolve upon, to +be scrupulously respected; when belligerent nations, under the +impossibility of making acquisitions upon us, will not lightly hazard +the giving us provocation; when we may choose peace or war, as our +interest, guided by justice, shall counsel.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</span></p> + +<p>Why forego the advantages of such a peculiar situation? Why quit our +own to stand upon foreign ground? Why, by interweaving our destiny with +that of any part of Europe, entangle our peace and prosperity in the +toils of European ambition, rivalship, interest, humor, or caprice?</p> + +<p>It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any +portion of the foreign world; so far, I mean, as we are now at liberty +to do it; for let me not be understood as capable of patronizing +infidelity to existing engagements. I hold the maxim no less applicable +to public than to private affairs, that honesty is always the best +policy. I repeat it, therefore, let those engagements be observed in +their genuine sense. But, in my opinion, it is unnecessary, and would +be unwise to extend them.</p> + +<p>Taking care always to keep ourselves, by suitable establishments, on +a respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to temporary +alliances for extraordinary emergencies.</p> + +<p>Harmony and a liberal intercourse with all nations, are recommended +by policy, humanity, and interest. But even our commercial policy +should hold an equal and impartial hand; neither seeking nor granting +exclusive favors or preferences; consulting the natural course of +things; diffusing and diversifying, by gentle means, the streams of +commerce, but forcing nothing; establishing, with powers so disposed, +in order to give trade a stable course, to define the rights of our +merchants, and to enable the Government to support conventional rules +of intercourse, the best that present circumstances and mutual opinions +will permit, but temporary, and liable to be, from time to time, +abandoned or varied, as experience and circumstances shall dictate; +constantly keeping in view, that it is folly in one nation to look for +disinterested favors from another; that it must pay, with a portion +of its independence, for whatever it may accept under that character; +that by such acceptance it may place itself in the condition of having +given equivalents for nominal favors, and yet of being reproached with +ingratitude for not giving more. There can be no greater error than to +expect, or calculate upon, real favors from nation to nation. It is an +illusion which experience must cure, which a just pride ought to discard. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</span></p> + +<p>In offering to you, my countrymen, these counsels of an old and +affectionate friend, I dare not hope they will make the strong and +lasting impression I could wish—that they will control the usual +current of the passions, or prevent our nation from running the course +which has hitherto marked the destiny of nations—but if I may even +flatter myself that they may be productive of some partial benefit, +some occasional good, that they may now and then recur to moderate +the fury of party spirit, to warn against the mischief of foreign +intrigues, to guard against the impostures of pretended patriotism, +this hope will be a full recompense for the solicitude for your welfare +by which they have been dictated.</p> + +<p>How far, in the discharge of my official duties, I have been guided +by the principles which have been delineated, the public records, and +other evidences of my conduct, must witness to you and the world. To +myself the assurance of my own conscience is, that I have at least +believed myself to be guided by them.</p> + +<p>In relation to this still subsisting war in Europe, my proclamation of +the 22d of April, 1793, is the index to my plan. Sanctioned by your +approving voice, and by that of your Representatives in both Houses +of Congress, the spirit of that measure has continually governed me, +uninfluenced by any attempts to deter or divert me from it.</p> + +<p>After deliberate examination, with the aid of the best lights I +could obtain, I was well satisfied that our country, under all the +circumstances of the case, had a right to take—and was bound in +duty and interest to take—a neutral position. Having taken it, I +determined, as far as should depend upon me, to maintain it with +moderation, perseverance, and firmness.</p> + +<p>The considerations which respect the right to hold this conduct, it is +not necessary on this occasion to detail. I will only observe that, +according to my understanding of the matter, that right, so far from +being denied by any of the belligerent powers, has been virtually +admitted by all.</p> + +<p>The duty of holding a neutral conduct may be inferred, without any +thing more, from the obligation which justice and humanity impose on +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</span> +every nation, in cases in which it is free to act, to maintain +inviolate the relations of peace and amity toward other nations.</p> + +<p>The inducements of interest, for observing that conduct, will best be +referred to your own reflections and experience. With me, a predominant +motive has been to endeavor to gain time to our country to settle +and mature its yet recent institutions, and to progress, without +interruption, to that degree of strength and consistency which is +necessary to give it, humanly speaking, the command of its own fortunes.</p> + +<p>Though in reviewing the incidents of my administration, I am +unconscious of intentional error, I am, nevertheless, too sensible of +my defects not to think it probable that I may have committed many +errors. Whatever they may be, I fervently beseech the Almighty to +avert or mitigate the evils to which they may tend. I shall also carry +with me the hope, that my country will never cease to view them with +indulgence; and that, after forty-five years of my life dedicated to +its service with an upright zeal, the faults of incompetent abilities +will be consigned to oblivion, as myself must soon be to the mansions +of rest.</p> + +<p>Relying on its kindness in this, as in other things, and actuated by +that fervent love toward it which is so natural to a man who views +in it the native soil of himself and his progenitors, I anticipate, +with pleasing expectation, that retreat in which I promise myself to +realize, without alloy, the sweet enjoyment of partaking, in the midst +of my fellow-citizens, the benign influence of good laws under a free +Government—the ever-favorite object of my heart—and the happy reward, +as I trust, of our mutual cares, labors, and dangers.</p> + +<p class="author">GEORGE WASHINGTON.<br> +<span class="smcap">United States</span>, 17th September, 1796. +<span class="ws4"> </span></p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</span></p> + <h2 class="nobreak">MISSOURI COMPROMISE<br> OF 1820.</h2> +</div> + +<p>When Missouri applied for admission into the Union, a proposition +was started in Congress to prohibit the introduction of slavery into +the new State. This had the effect of arraying the South against the +North—the slaveholding against the non-slaveholding States—and the +whole subject of slavery became the exciting topic of debate throughout +the country. The question was finally settled by a <i>Compromise</i>, +which tolerated slavery in Missouri, but otherwise prohibited it in +all the territory of the United States north and west of the northern +limits of Arkansas.</p> + +<p>As the principle then settled has often since been the prolific source +of much sectional controversy and angry debate, and as it is desirable +that every one should be familiar with the <i>real</i> provisions of +the act by which Missouri was admitted, we have concluded to insert +here so much of the law as is necessary to a full understanding of the +subject. All the sections, except the following, relate entirely to the +formation of the Missouri territory, in the usual form of territorial +bills:</p> + +<p>“<span class="smcap">Sec. 8.</span> That in all that territory ceded +by France to the United States, under the name of Louisiana, which +lies north of thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes north latitude, +not included within the limits of the State contemplated by this act, +slavery and involuntary servitude, otherwise than in the punishment of +crimes, whereof the parties shall be duly convicted, shall be, and is +hereby, forever prohibited. <i>Provided always</i>, That any person +escaping into the same, from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed, +in any State or Territory of the United States, such fugitive may be +lawfully reclaimed and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor +or service as aforesaid.”</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</span></p> + <h2 class="nobreak">FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW<br> OF 1850.</h2> +</div> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="neg-indent fs_90">An Act to amend, and supplementary to, the +Act entitled, “An Act respecting Fugitives from Justice, and persons +escaping from the Service of their Masters,” and approved February 12, 1793.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the +United States of America in Congress assembled</i>, That the persons +who have been, or may hereafter be, appointed Commissioners, in virtue +of any Act of Congress, by the Circuit Courts of the United States, and +who, in consequence of such appointment, are authorized to exercise the +powers that any justice of the peace, or other magistrate of any of +the United States, may exercise in respect to offenders for any crime +or offense against the United States, by arresting, imprisoning, or +bailing the same, under, and by virtue of, the thirty-third section +of the act of the twenty-fourth of September, seventeen hundred and +eighty-nine, entitled, “An Act to establish the judicial courts of +the United States,” shall be, and are hereby, authorized and required +to exercise and discharge all the powers and duties conferred by this +Act.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> That the Superior Court of +each organized Territory of the United States shall have the same +power to appoint Commissioners to take acknowledgments of bail and +affidavits, and to take depositions of witnesses in civil causes, which +is now possessed by the Circuit Court of the United States; and all +Commissioners who shall hereafter be appointed for such purposes by the +Superior Court of any organized Territory of the United States shall +possess all the powers, and exercise all the duties, conferred by law +upon the Commissioners appointed by the Circuit Courts of the United +States for similar purposes, and shall moreover exercise and discharge +all the powers and duties conferred by this Act. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> That the Circuit Courts of the +United States, and the Superior Courts of each organized territory of +the United States, shall, from time to time, enlarge the number of +Commissioners with a view to afford reasonable facilities to reclaim +fugitives from labor, and to the prompt discharge of the duties imposed +by this Act.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> That the Commissioners above +named shall have concurrent jurisdiction with the Judges of the +Circuit and District Courts of the United States, in their respective +circuits and districts within the several States, and the Judges of +the Superior Courts of the territories severally and collectively; in +term time and vacation; and shall grant certificates to such claimants, +upon satisfactory proof being made, with authority to take and remove +such fugitives from service or labor, under the restrictions herein +contained, to the State or Territory from which such persons may have +escaped or fled.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 5.</span> That it shall be the duty of +all marshals and deputy marshals to obey and execute all warrants and +precepts issued under the provisions of this act when to them directed; +and should any marshal or deputy marshal refuse to receive such +warrant, or other process, when tendered, or to use all proper means +diligently to execute the same, he shall, on conviction thereof, be +fined in the sum of one thousand dollars, to the use of such claimant, +on the motion of such claimant, by the Circuit or District Court for +the district of such marshal; and after the arrest of such fugitive, +by such marshal or his deputy, or while at any time in his custody, +under the provisions of this act, should such fugitive escape, whether +with or without the assent of such marshal or his deputy, such marshal +shall be liable, on his official bond, to be prosecuted, for the +benefit of such claimant, for the full value of the service or labor of +said fugitive in the State, Territory, or district whence he escaped; +and, the better to enable said Commissioners, when thus appointed, to +execute their duties faithfully and efficiently, in conformity with +the requirements of the Constitution of the United States, and of this +Act, they are hereby authorized and empowered, within their counties +respectively, to appoint, in writing under their hands, any one or more +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</span> +suitable persons, from time to time, to execute all such warrants and other +process as may be issued by them in the lawful performance of their +respective duties; with authority to such Commissioners, or the persons +to be appointed by them, to execute process as aforesaid, to summon +and call to their aid the bystanders, or <i>posse commitatus</i> of +the proper county, when necessary to insure a faithful observance of +the clause of the Constitution referred to, in conformity with the +provisions of this Act; and all good citizens are commanded to aid and +assist in the prompt and efficient execution of this law whenever their +services may be required, as aforesaid, for that purpose; and said +warrants shall run, and be executed by said officers, anywhere in the +State within which they are issued.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 6.</span> That when a person held to +service or labor in any State or Territory of the United States has +heretofore or shall hereafter escape into another State or Territory of +the United States, the person or persons to whom such service or labor +may be due, or his, her, or their agent or attorney, duly authorized +by power of attorney, in writing acknowledged and certified under +the seal of some legal officer or Court of the State or Territory in +which the same may be executed, may pursue and reclaim such fugitive +person, either by procuring a warrant from some one of the Courts, +Judges, or Commissioners aforesaid, of the proper circuit, district, or +county, for the apprehension of such fugitive from service or labor, +or by seizing and arresting such fugitive where the same can be done +without process, and by taking or causing such person to be taken +forthwith before such Court, Judge, or Commissioner, whose duty it +shall be to hear and determine the case of such claimant in a summary +manner; and, upon satisfactory proof being made, by deposition or +affidavit in writing, to be taken and certified by such Court, Judge, +or Commissioner, or by other satisfactory testimony, duly taken and +certified by some Court, Magistrate, Justice of the Peace, or other +legal officer authorized to administer an oath and take depositions +under the laws of the State or Territory from which such person owing +service or labor may have escaped, with a certificate of such +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</span> +magistracy, or other authority as aforesaid, with the seal of the +proper Court or officer thereto attached, which seal shall be +sufficient to establish the competency of the proof, and with proof, +also by affidavit, of the identity of the person whose service or labor +is claimed to be due as aforesaid, that the person so arrested does +in fact owe service or labor to the person or persons claiming him +or her, in the State or Territory from which such fugitive may have +escaped as aforesaid, and that said person escaped, to make out and +deliver to said claimant, his or her agent or attorney, a certificate +setting forth the substantial facts as to the service or labor due +from such fugitive to the claimant, and of his or her escape from the +State or Territory in which such service or labor was due to the State +or Territory in which he or she was arrested, with authority to such +claimant, or his or her agent or attorney, to use such reasonable force +and restraint as may be necessary, under the circumstances of the case, +to take and remove such fugitive person back to the State or Territory +whence he or she may have escaped as aforesaid. In no trial or hearing +under this Act shall the testimony of such alleged fugitive be admitted +in evidence; and the certificates in this and the first [fourth] +section mentioned shall be conclusive of the right of the person or +persons in whose favor granted to remove such fugitive to the State +or Territory from which he escaped, and shall prevent all molestation +of such person or persons by any process issued by any Court, Judge, +Magistrate, or other person whomsoever.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 7.</span> That any person who shall +knowingly and willingly obstruct, hinder, or prevent such claimant, his +agent or attorney, or any person or persons lawfully assisting him, +her, or them, from arresting such a fugitive from service or labor, +either with or without process as aforesaid, or shall rescue or attempt +to rescue such fugitive from service or labor from the custody of such +claimant, his or her agent or attorney, or other person or persons +lawfully assisting as aforesaid, when so arrested pursuant to the +authority herein given and declared, or shall aid, abet, or assist such +person so owing service or labor as aforesaid, directly or indirectly, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</span> +to escape from such claimant, his agent or attorney, or other person +or persons legally authorized as aforesaid; or shall harbor or conceal +such fugitive so as to prevent the discovery and arrest of such +person, after notice or knowledge of the fact that such person was a +fugitive from service or labor as aforesaid, shall, for either of said +offenses, be subject to a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars, and +imprisonment not exceeding six months, by indictment and conviction +before the District Court of the United States for the district in +which such offense may have been committed, or before the proper court +of criminal jurisdiction, if committed within any one of the organized +Territories of the United States, and shall moreover forfeit and pay, +by way of civil damages to the party injured by such illegal conduct, +the sum of one thousand dollars for each fugitive so lost as aforesaid, +to be recovered as aforesaid, to be recovered by action of debt in +any of the District or Territorial Courts aforesaid, within whose +jurisdiction the said offense may have been committed.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 8.</span> That the marshals, their +deputies, and the clerks of the said District and Territorial Courts, +shall be paid for their services the like fees as may be allowed to +them for similar services in other cases; and where such services +are rendered exclusively in the arrest, custody, and delivery of the +fugitive to the claimant, his or her agent or attorney, or where such +supposed fugitive may be discharged out of custody for the want of +sufficient proof as aforesaid, then such fees are to be paid in the +whole by such claimant, his agent or attorney; and in all cases where +the proceedings are before a Commissioner, he shall be entitled to a +fee of ten dollars in full for his services in each case, upon the +delivery of the said certificate to the claimant, his or her agent +or attorney; or a fee of five dollars in cases where the proof shall +not, in the opinion of such Commissioner, warrant such certificate +and delivery, inclusive of all services incident to such arrest and +examination, to be paid in either case by the claimant, his or her +agent or attorney. The person or persons authorized to execute the +process to be issued by such Commissioner for the arrest and detention +of fugitives from service or labor as aforesaid shall also be entitled +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</span> +to a fee of five dollars each for each person he or they may arrest +and take before any such Commissioner, as aforesaid, at the instance +and request of such claimant, with such other fees as may be deemed +reasonable by such Commissioners for such other additional services as +may be necessarily performed by him or them, such as attending at the +examination, keeping the fugitive in custody, providing him with food +and lodging during his detention and until the final determination of +such Commissioner; and, in general, for performing such other duties +as may be required by such claimant, his or her attorney or agent, or +Commissioner in the premises. Such fees to be made up in conformity +with the fees usually charged by the officers of the courts of justice +within the proper district or county, as near as may be practicable, +and paid by such claimants, their agents or attorneys, whether such +supposed fugitives from service or labor be ordered to be delivered +to such claimants by the final determination of such Commissioner or +not.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 9.</span> That, upon affidavit made by +the claimant of such fugitive, his agent or attorney, after such +certificate has been issued, that he has reason to apprehend that such +fugitive will be rescued by force from his or her possession before +he can be taken beyond the limits of the State in which the arrest is +made, it shall be the duty of the officer making the arrest to retain +such fugitive in his custody, and to remove him to the State whence he +fled, and there to deliver him to said claimant, his agent or attorney. +And, to this end, the officer aforesaid is hereby authorized and +required to employ so many persons as he may deem necessary to overcome +such force, and to retain them in his service so long as circumstances +may require. The said officer and his assistants, while so employed, to +receive the same compensation and to be allowed the same expenses as +are now allowed by law for transportation of criminals, to be certified +by the Judge of the district within which the arrest is made, and paid +out of the treasury of the United States.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 10.</span> That when any person held to +service or labor in any State or Territory, or in the District of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</span> +Columbia, shall escape therefrom, the party to whom such service or +labor may be due, his, her, or their agent or attorney, may apply to +any court of record therein, or Judge thereof in vacation, and make +satisfactory proof to such court, or Judge in vacation, of the escape +aforesaid, and that the person escaping owed service or labor to such +party. Whereupon the court shall cause a record to be made of the +matters so proved, and also a general description of the person so +escaping, with such convenient certainty as may be; and a transcript of +such record authenticated by the attestation of the clerk and of the +seal of the said court, being produced in any other State, Territory, +or District in which the person so escaping may be found, and, being +exhibited to any Judge, Commissioner, or other officer authorized by +the law of the United States to cause persons escaping from service +or labor to be delivered up, shall be held and taken to be full and +conclusive evidence of the fact of the escape, and that the service +or labor of the person escaping is due to the party in such record +mentioned. And upon the production, by the said party, of other and +further evidence, if necessary, either oral or by affidavit, in +addition to what is contained in the said record of the identity of the +person escaping, he or she shall be delivered up to the claimant. And +the said Court, Commissioner, Judge, or other person authorized by this +Act to grant certificates to claimants of fugitives, shall, upon the +production of the record and other evidences aforesaid, grant to such +claimant a certificate of his right to take any such person identified +and proved to be owing service or labor as aforesaid, which shall +authorize such claimant to seize or arrest and transport such person +to the State or Territory from which he escaped: <i>Provided</i>, +That nothing herein contained shall be construed as requiring the +production of a transcript of such record as evidence as aforesaid. +But, in its absence, the claim shall be heard and determined upon other +satisfactory proofs competent in law.</p> + +<p><i>Approved September 18, 1850.</i></p> + +<p class="center">[The above law was repealed by the 38th Congress, 1864.]</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">KANSAS AND NEBRASKA ACT<br> OF 1854.</h2> +</div> + +<p class="f90">An Act to Organize the Territories of Nebraska and Kansas.</p> + +<p><i>Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the +United States of America in Congress assembled</i>, That all that part +of the territory of the United States included within the following +limits, except such portions thereof as are hereinafter expressly +exempted from the operations of this Act, to wit: beginning at a point +on the Missouri River where the fortieth parallel of north latitude +crosses the same; thence west on said parallel to the east boundary of +the Territory of Utah on the summit of the Rocky Mountains; thence on +said summit northward to the forty-ninth parallel of north latitude; +thence east on said parallel to the western boundary of the Territory +of Minnesota; thence southward on said boundary to the Missouri River; +thence down the main channel of said river to the place of beginning, +be, and the same is hereby, created into a temporary government by +the name of the Territory of Nebraska; and when admitted as a State +or States, the said Territory, or any portion of the same, shall be +received into the Union with or without slavery, as their Constitution +may prescribe at the time of their admission: <i>Provided</i>, That +nothing in this Act contained shall be construed to inhibit the +Government of the United States from dividing said Territory into two +or more Territories, in such manner and at such times as Congress +shall deem convenient and proper, or from attaching any portion of +said Territory to any other State or Territory of the United States: +<i>Provided, further</i>, That nothing in this Act contained shall be +construed to impair the rights of person or property now pertaining +to the Indians in said Territory, so long as such rights shall remain +unextinguished by treaty between the United States and such Indians, +or to include any Territory which, by treaty with any Indian tribe, is +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</span> +not, without the consent of said tribe, to be included within the +Territorial limits or jurisdiction of any State or Territory; but all +such Territory shall be excepted out of the boundaries, and constitute +no part of the Territory of Nebraska, until said tribe shall signify +their assent to the President of the United States to be included +within the said Territory of Nebraska, or to affect the authority of +the Government of the United States to make any regulations respecting +such Indians, their lands, property or other rights, by treaty, law, or +otherwise, which it would have been competent to the Government to make +if this Act had never passed.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> That the executive power and +authority in and over said Territory of Nebraska shall be vested in +a Governor, who shall hold his office for four years, and until his +successor shall be appointed and qualified, unless sooner removed by +the President of the United States. The Governor shall reside within +said Territory, and shall be commander-in-chief of the militia thereof. +He may grant pardons and respites for offenses against the laws of said +Territory, and reprieves for offenses against the laws of the United +States, until the decision of the President can be made known thereon; +he shall commission all officers who shall be appointed to office under +the laws of the said Territory, and shall take care that the laws be +faithfully executed.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> That there shall be a Secretary +of said Territory, who shall reside therein, and hold his office for +five years, unless sooner removed by the President of the United +States; he shall record and preserve all the laws and proceedings of +the Legislative Assembly hereinafter constituted, and all the acts +and proceedings of the Governor in his executive department; he shall +transmit one copy of the laws and journals of the Legislative Assembly +within thirty days after the end of each session, and one copy of +the executive proceedings and official correspondence semi-annually, +on the first days of January and July in each year, to the President +of the United States, and two copies of the laws to the President of +the Senate and to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, to be +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</span> +deposited in the libraries of Congress; and, in case of the death, +removal, resignation, or absence of the Governor from the Territory, +the Secretary shall be, and he is hereby duly authorized and required +to execute and perform all the powers and duties of the Governor during +such vacancy or absence, or until another Governor shall be duly +appointed and qualified to fill such vacancy.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> That the legislative power and +authority of said Territory shall be vested in the Governor and a +Legislative Assembly. The Legislative Assembly shall consist of a +Council and House of Representatives. The Council shall consist of +thirteen members, having the qualifications of voters, as hereinafter +prescribed, whose term of service shall continue two years. The House +of Representatives shall, at its first session, consist of twenty-six +members, possessing the same qualifications as prescribed for members +of the Council, and whose term of service shall continue one year. The +number of Representatives may be increased by the Legislative Assembly, +from time to time, in proportion to the increase of qualified voters: +<i>Provided</i>, That the whole number shall never exceed thirty-nine; +an apportionment shall be made as nearly equal as practicable, among +the several counties or districts, for the election of the Council and +Representatives, giving each section of the Territory representation in +the ratio of its qualified voters as nearly as may be. And the members +of the Council and of the House of Representatives shall reside in, +and be inhabitants of, the district or county, or counties, for which +they may be elected respectively. Previous to the first election, +the Governor shall cause a census or enumeration of the inhabitants +and qualified voters of the several counties and districts of the +Territory, to be taken by such persons and in such mode as the Governor +shall designate and appoint; and the persons so appointed shall receive +a reasonable compensation therefor. And the first election shall be +held at such times and places, and be conducted in such manner, both +as to the persons who shall superintend such election and the returns +thereof, as the Governor shall appoint and direct; and he shall at the +same time declare the number of members of the Council and House of +Representatives to which each of the counties or districts shall +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</span> +be entitled under this Act. The persons having the highest number +of legal votes in each of said Council districts for members of the +Council, shall be declared by the Governor to be duly elected to the +Council; and the persons having the highest number of legal votes for +the House of Representatives, shall be declared by the Governor to be +duly elected members of said House: <i>Provided</i>, That, in case +two or more persons voted for shall have an equal number of votes, +and in case a vacancy shall otherwise occur in either branch of the +Legislative Assembly, the Governor shall order a new election; and the +persons thus elected to the Legislative Assembly shall meet at such +place and on such day as the Governor shall appoint; but thereafter, +the time, place, and manner of holding and conducting all elections +by the people, and the apportioning the representation in the several +counties or districts to the Council and House of Representatives, +according to the number of qualified voters, shall be prescribed by +law, as well as the day of the commencement of the regular sessions of +the Legislative Assembly: <i>Provided</i>, That no session in any one +year shall exceed the term of forty days, except the first session, +which may continue sixty days.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 5.</span> That every free white male +inhabitant, above the age of twenty-one years, who shall be an actual +resident of said Territory, and shall possess the qualifications +hereinafter prescribed, shall be entitled to vote at the first +election, and shall be eligible to any office within the said +Territory; but the qualifications of voters, and of holding office, at +all subsequent elections, shall be such as shall be prescribed by the +Legislative Assembly: <i>Provided</i>, That the right of suffrage and +of holding office shall be exercised only by citizens of the United +States and those who shall have declared on oath their intention to +become such, and shall have taken an oath to support the Constitution +of the United States and the provisions of this act: <i>And provided, +further</i>, That no officer, soldier, seaman, or marine, or other +person in the army or navy of the United States, or attached to troops +in the service of the United States, shall be allowed to vote or hold +office in said Territory, by reason of being on service therein. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 6.</span> That the legislative power of +the Territory shall extend to all rightful subjects of legislation +consistent with the Constitution of the United States and the +provisions of this Act; but no law shall be passed interfering with +the primary disposal of the soil; no tax shall be imposed upon the +property of the United States; nor shall the lands or other property +of non-residents be taxed higher than the lands or other property of +residents. Every bill which shall have passed the Council and House of +Representatives of said Territory, shall, before it become a law, be +presented to the Governor of the Territory; if he approve, he shall +sign it; but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to +the House in which it originated, who shall enter the objections at +large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such +reconsideration, two-thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, +it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other House, by +which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds +of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes +of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, to be entered +on the journal of each House respectively. If any bill shall not be +returned by the Governor within three days (Sundays excepted) after +it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like +manner as if he had signed it, unless the Assembly, by adjournment, +prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 7.</span> That all township, district, and +county officers, not herein otherwise provided for, shall be appointed +or elected, as the case may be, in such manner as shall be provided by +the Governor and Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Nebraska. The +Governor shall nominate, and, by and with the advice and consent of the +Legislative Council, appoint all officers not herein otherwise provided +for; and in the first instance the Governor alone may appoint all said +officers, who shall hold their offices until the end of the first +session of the Legislative Assembly; and shall lay off the necessary +districts for members of the Council and House of Representatives, and +all other officers. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 8.</span> That no member of the Legislative +Assembly shall hold, or be appointed to any office which may have +been created, or the salary or emoluments of which shall have been +increased, while he was a member, during the term for which he was +elected, and for one year after the expiration of such term; but this +restriction shall not be applicable to members of the first Legislative +Assembly; and no person holding a commission or appointment under the +United States, except postmasters, shall be a member of the Legislative +Assembly, or shall hold any office under the government of said +Territory.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 9.</span> That the judicial power of +said Territory shall be vested in a Supreme Court, District Courts, +Probate Courts, and in Justices of the Peace. The Supreme Court shall +consist of a Chief Justice and two Associate Justices, any two of +whom shall constitute a quorum, and who shall hold a term at the seat +of government of said Territory annually, and they shall hold their +offices during the period of four years, and until their successors +shall be appointed and qualified. The said Territory shall be divided +into three judicial districts, and a District Court shall be held in +each of said districts by one of the Justices of the Supreme Court, at +such times and places as may be prescribed by law; and the said Judges +shall, after their appointments, respectively reside in the district +which be assigned them. The jurisdiction of the several courts herein +provided for—both appellate and original—and that of the Probate Courts +and of Justices of the Peace, shall be limited by law: <i>Provided</i>, +That Justices of the Peace shall not have jurisdiction of the matter in +controversy when the title or boundaries of lands may be in dispute, or +where the debt or sum claimed shall exceed one hundred dollars; and the +said Supreme and District Courts, respectively, shall possess chancery +as well as common law jurisdiction. Each District Court, or the judge +thereof, shall appoint its clerk, who shall also be the register in +chancery, and shall keep his office at the place where the Court may be +held. Writs of error, bills of exception, and appeals, shall be allowed +in all cases from the final decisions of said District Courts to the +Supreme Court, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law; but +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</span> +in no case removed to the Supreme Court shall trial by jury be allowed +by said Court. The Supreme Court, or the Justices thereof, shall +appoint its own clerk, and every clerk shall hold his office at the +pleasure of the Court for which he shall have been appointed. Writs of +error and appeals from the final decision of said Supreme Court shall +be allowed, and may be taken to the Supreme Court of the United States +in the same manner and under the same regulations as from the Circuit +Courts of the United States, where the value of the property, or the +amount in controversy, to be ascertained by the oath or affirmation of +either party, or other competent witness, shall exceed one thousand +dollars; except only that in all cases involving title to slaves, the +said writs of error or appeals shall be allowed and decided by the said +Supreme Court, without regard to the value of the matter, property, or +title in controversy; and except also that a writ of error or appeal +shall also be allowed to the Supreme Court of the United States, from +the decisions of the said Supreme Court created by this act, or of any +judge thereof, or of the District Courts created by this Act, or of +any judge thereof, upon any writ of <i>habeas corpus</i>, involving +the question of personal freedom: <i>Provided</i>, That nothing herein +contained shall be construed to apply to or affect provisions of the +“Act respecting fugitives from justice, and persons escaping from the +service of their masters,” (approved February 12, 1793,) and the “Act +to amend and supplementary to the aforesaid Act,” (approved September +18, 1850;) and each of the said District Courts shall have and exercise +the same jurisdiction in all cases arising under the Constitution and +laws of the United States as is vested in the Circuit and District +Courts of the United States; and the said Supreme and District Courts +of the said Territory, and the respective judges thereof, shall and may +grant writs of <i>habeas corpus</i> in all cases in which the same are +granted by the judges of the United States in the District of Columbia; +and the first six days of every term of said courts, or so much thereof +as shall be necessary, shall be appropriated to the trial of causes +arising under the said Constitution and laws; and writs of error and +appeal in all such cases shall be made to the Supreme Court of said +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</span> +Territory, the same as in other cases. The said clerk shall receive, in +all such cases, the same fees which the clerks of the District Courts +of Utah Territory now receive for similar services.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 10.</span> That the provisions of an +Act entitled “an Act respecting fugitives from justice, and persons +escaping from the service of their masters,” (approved February 12, +1793,) and the provisions of the Act entitled “an Act to amend, and +supplementary to the aforesaid Act,” (approved September 18, 1850,) be, +and the same are hereby, declared to extend to and be in full force +within the limits of said Territory of Nebraska.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 11.</span> That there shall be appointed +an attorney for said Territory, who shall continue in office for four +years, and until his successor shall be appointed and qualified, +unless sooner removed by the President, and who shall receive the same +fees and salary as the attorney of the United States for the present +Territory of Utah. There shall also be a marshal for the Territory +appointed, who shall hold his office for four years, and until his +successor shall be appointed and qualified, unless sooner removed by +the President, and who shall execute all processes issuing from the +said courts when exercising their jurisdiction as Circuit and District +Courts of the United States; he shall perform the duties, be subject to +the same regulations and penalties, and be entitled to the same fees as +the marshal of the District Court of the United States for the present +Territory of Utah, and shall, in addition, be paid two hundred dollars +annually as a compensation for extra services.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 12.</span> That the Governor, Secretary, +Chief Justice, and Associate Justices, Attorney, and Marshal, +shall be nominated, and—by and with the advice and consent of the +Senate—appointed by the President of the United States. The Governor +and Secretary, to be appointed as aforesaid, shall, before they act +as such, respectively take an oath or affirmation before the District +Judge or some Justice of the Peace in the limits of said Territory, +duly authorized to administer oaths and affirmations by the laws now in +force therein, or before the Chief Justice or some Associate Justice of +the Supreme Court of the United States, to support the Constitution of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</span> +the United States, and faithfully discharge the duties of their +respective offices, which said oaths, when so taken, shall be certified +by the person by whom the same shall have been taken; and such +certificates shall be received and recorded by the said Secretary +among the executive proceedings; and the Chief Justice, and Associate +Justices, and all other civil officers in said Territory, before they +act as such, shall take a like oath or affirmation before the said +Governor or Secretary, or some Judge or Justice of the Peace of the +Territory, who may be duly commissioned and qualified, which said +oath or affirmation shall be certified and transmitted by the person +taking the same to the Secretary, to be by him recorded as aforesaid; +and afterward, the like oath or affirmation shall be taken, certified, +and recorded in such manner and form as may be prescribed by law. The +Governor shall receive an annual salary of two thousand five hundred +dollars. The Chief Justice and Associate Justices shall receive an +annual salary of two thousand dollars. The Secretary shall receive an +annual salary of two thousand dollars. The said salaries shall be paid +quarter-yearly, from the dates of the respective appointments, at the +treasury of the United States; but no such payment shall be made until +said officers shall have entered upon the duties of their respective +appointments. The members of the Legislative Assembly shall be entitled +to receive three dollars each per day during their attendance at the +sessions thereof, and three dollars each for every twenty miles’ travel +in going to and returning from the said sessions, estimated according +to the nearest usually traveled route; and an additional allowance of +three dollars shall be paid to the presiding officer of each House for +each day he shall so preside. And a chief clerk, one assistant clerk, +a sergeant-at-arms, and door-keeper may be chosen for each House; and +the chief clerk shall receive four dollars per day, and the said other +officers three dollars per day, during the session of the Legislative +Assembly; but no other officer shall be paid by the United States: +<i>Provided</i>, That there shall be but one session of the Legislature +annually, unless, on an extraordinary occasion, the Governor shall +think proper to call the Legislature together. There shall be +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</span> +appropriated, annually, the usual sum, to be expended by the Governor, +to defray the contingent expenses of the Territory, including the +salary of a Clerk of the Executive Department; and there shall also +be appropriated, annually, a sufficient sum, to be expended by the +Secretary of the Territory, and upon an estimate to be made by the +Secretary of the Treasury of the United States, to defray the expenses +of the Legislative Assembly, the printing of the laws, and other +incidental expenses; and the Governor and Secretary of the Territory +shall, in the disbursement of all moneys intrusted to them, be +governed solely by the instructions of the Secretary of the Treasury +of the United States, and shall, semi-annually, account to the said +Secretary for the manner in which the aforesaid moneys shall have been +expended; and no expenditure shall be made by said Legislative Assembly +for objects not specially authorized by the Acts of Congress making +the appropriations, nor beyond the sums thus appropriated for such +objects.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 13.</span> That the Legislative Assembly +of the Territory of Nebraska shall hold its first session at such time +and place in said Territory as the Governor thereof shall appoint and +direct; and at said first session, or as soon thereafter as they shall +deem expedient, the Governor and Legislative Assembly shall proceed to +locate and establish the seat of government for said Territory at such +place as they may deem eligible; which place, however, shall thereafter +be subject to be changed by the said Governor and Legislative +Assembly.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 14.</span> That a delegate to the House +of Representatives of the United States, to serve for the term of two +years, who shall be a citizen of the United States, may be elected by +the voters qualified to elect members of the Legislative Assembly, who +shall be entitled to the same rights and privileges as are exercised +and enjoyed by the delegates from the several other Territories of the +United States to the said House of Representatives; but the delegate +first elected shall hold his seat only during the term of the Congress +to which he shall be elected. The first election shall be held at such +time and places, and be conducted in such manner as the Governor shall +appoint and direct; and at all subsequent elections the times, places, +and manner of holding the elections shall be prescribed by law. The +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</span> +person having the greatest number of votes shall be declared by the +Governor to be duly elected, and a certificate thereof shall be given +accordingly. That the Constitution, and all the laws of the United +States which are not locally inapplicable, shall have the same force +and effect within the said Territory of Nebraska as elsewhere within +the United States, except the eighth section of the act preparatory to +the admission of Missouri into the Union, (approved March 6, 1820,) +which, being inconsistent with the principle of non-intervention by +Congress with slavery in the States and Territories—as recognized by +the legislation of 1850, commonly called the Compromise Measures—is +hereby declared inoperative and void; it being the true intent and +meaning of this act not to legislate slavery into any Territory or +State, nor to exclude it therefrom, but to leave the people thereof +perfectly free to form and regulate their domestic institutions in +their own way, subject only to the Constitution of the United States: +<i>Provided</i>, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to +revive or put in force any law or regulation which may have existed +prior to the act of March 6, 1820, either protecting, establishing, +prohibiting, or abolishing slavery.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 15.</span> That there shall hereafter be +appropriated, as has been customary for the territorial governments, +a sufficient amount, to be expended under the direction of the +said Governor of the Territory of Nebraska, not exceeding the sums +heretofore appropriated for similar objects, for the erection of +suitable public buildings at the seat of government, and for the +purchase of a library, to be kept at the seat of government, for the +use of the Governor, Legislative Assembly, Judges of the Supreme Court, +Secretary, Marshal, and Attorney of said Territory, and such other +persons, and under such regulations, as shall be prescribed by law.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 16.</span> That when the lands in said +Territory shall be surveyed under the direction of the Government +of the United States, preparatory to bringing the same into market, +sections numbered sixteen and thirty-six, in each township in said +Territory, shall be, and the same are hereby, reserved for the purpose +of being applied to schools in said Territory, and in the States and +Territories hereafter to be erected out of the same. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 17.</span> That, until otherwise provided +by law, the Governor of said Territory may define the judicial +districts of said Territory, and assign the judges who may be appointed +for said Territory to the several districts; and also appoint the times +and places for holding courts in the several counties or subdivisions +in each of said judicial districts by proclamation, to be issued by +him; but the Legislative Assembly, at their first or any subsequent +session, may organize, alter, or modify such judicial districts, and +assign the judges, and alter the times and places of holding the +courts, as to them shall seem proper and convenient.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 18.</span> That all officers to be +appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of +the Senate, for the Territory of Nebraska, who, by virtue of the +provisions of any law now existing, or which may be enacted during the +present Congress, are required to give security for moneys that may be +intrusted with them for disbursements, shall give security, at such +time and place, and in such manner as the Secretary of Treasury may +prescribe.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/james_monroe.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="479" > + <p class="f120"><b>JAMES MONROE.</b></p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</span> +<span class="smcap">Sec. 19.</span> That all that part of the +territory of the United States included within the following limits, +except such portions thereof as are hereinafter expressly exempted from +the operations of this act, to wit: beginning at a point on the western +boundary of the State of Missouri, where the thirty-seventh parallel +of north latitude crosses the same; thence west on said parallel to +the eastern boundary of New Mexico; thence north on said boundary to +latitude thirty-eight; thence following said boundary westward to the +east boundary of the Territory of Utah, on the summit of the Rocky +Mountains; thence northward on said summit to the fortieth parallel +of latitude; thence east on said parallel to the western boundary +of the State of Missouri; thence south with the western boundary of +said State to the place of beginning, be, and the same is hereby, +created into a temporary government by the name of the Territory of +Kansas; and when admitted as a State or States, the said Territory, +or any portion of the same, shall be received into the Union with or +without slavery, as the Constitution may prescribe at the time of +their admission: <i>Provided</i>, That nothing in this Act contained +shall be construed to inhibit the Government of the United States from +dividing said Territory into two or more Territories, in such manner +and at such times as Congress shall deem convenient and proper, or +from attaching any portion of said Territory to any other State or +Territory of the United States: <i>Provided, further</i>, That nothing +in this Act contained shall be so construed as to impair the rights of +persons or property now pertaining to the Indians in said Territory, +so long as such rights shall remain unextinguished by treaty between +the United States and such Indians, or to include any Territory which, +by treaty with any Indian tribe, is not, without the consent of said +tribe, to be included within the territorial limits or jurisdiction of +any State or Territory; but all such territory shall be excepted out +of the boundaries, and constitute no part of the Territory of Kansas, +until said tribe shall signify their assent to the President of the +United States to be included within the said Territory of Kansas, or +to affect the authority of the Government of the United States to make +any regulation respecting such Indians, their lands, property, or +other rights, by treaty, law, or otherwise, which it would have been +competent to the government to make if this act had never passed.</p> + +<p>[With the single exception of the location of the seat of government +for Kansas at Fort Leavenworth, provided for in section 31, the ensuing +sixteen sections, relative to the organization and government of the +Territory, are precisely similar to the sections already recited, +providing for the government of Nebraska Territory. The final section +of the act, which has a general reference to both Territories, is as +follows:]</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 37.</span> <i>And be it further +enacted</i>, That all treaties, laws, and other engagements made by the +Government of the United States with the Indian tribes inhabiting the +Territories embraced within this act, shall be faithfully and rigidly +observed, notwithstanding any thing contained in this act; and that the +existing agencies and superintendencies of said Indians be continued, +with the same powers and duties which are now prescribed by law, except +that the President of the United States may, at his discretion, change +the location of the office of superintendent.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">ORDINANCE OF 1787.</h2> +<hr class="r10"> +</div> + +<p class="f110">IN CONGRESS, JULY 13, 1787.</p> + +<p class="f90">An Ordinance for the government of the territory of the +United States,<br> north-west of the river Ohio.</p> + +<p><i>Be it ordained</i>, by the United States in Congress assembled, that +the said Territory, for the purpose of temporary government, be one +district; subject, however, to be divided into two districts, as future +circumstances may, in the opinion of Congress, make it expedient.</p> + +<p><i>Be it ordained</i>, by the authority aforesaid, that the estates +both of resident and non-resident proprietors in the said Territory, +dying intestate, shall descend to, and be distributed among their +children, and the descendants of a deceased child in equal parts; the +descendants of a deceased child or grand-child, to take the share of +their deceased parent, in equal parts, among them, and where there +shall be no children or descendants, then in equal parts to the next +of kin, in equal degree; and among collaterals, the children of a +deceased brother or sister of the intestate shall have, in equal parts, +among them, their deceased parent’s share; and there shall in no case +be a distinction between kindred of the whole and half blood; saving +in all cases to the widow of the intestate her third part of the real +estate for life, and one-third part of the personal estate; and this +law relative to descents and dower shall remain in full force until +altered by the Legislature of the district. And until the Governor and +judges shall adopt laws as hereinafter mentioned, estates in the said +territory may be devised or bequeathed by wills in writing, signed and +sealed by him or her, in whom the estate may be (being of full age), +and attested by three witnesses; and real estates may be conveyed by +lease or release, or bargain and sale, signed, sealed, and delivered by +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</span> +the person, being of full age, in whom the estate may, and attested by +two witnesses, provided such wills be duly proved, and such conveyances +be acknowledged, or the execution thereof duly proved, and be recorded +within one year after proper magistrates, courts, and registers shall +be appointed for that purpose, and personal property may be transferred +by delivery, saving, however, to the French and Canadian inhabitants, +and other settlers of the Kaskaskias, Saint Vincents, and the +neighboring villages, who have heretofore professed themselves citizens +of Virginia, their laws and customs now in force among them, relative +to descent and conveyance of property.</p> + +<p><i>Be it ordained</i>, by the authority aforesaid, that there shall +be appointed, from time to time, by Congress, a Governor, whose +commission shall continue in force for the term of three years, unless +sooner revoked by Congress; he shall reside in the district and have a +freehold estate therein, in one thousand acres of land, while in the +exercise of his office. There shall be appointed, from time to time, +by Congress, a Secretary, whose commission shall continue in force for +four years, unless sooner revoked; he shall reside therein, and have +a freehold estate therein, in five hundred acres of land, while in +the exercise of his office; it shall be his duty to keep and preserve +the acts and laws passed by the Legislature, and the public records +of the district, and the proceedings of the Governor in his executive +department, and transmit authentic copies of such acts and proceedings, +every six months, to the Secretary of Congress. There shall also be +appointed a court, to consist of three judges, any two of whom to form +a court, who shall have a common law jurisdiction, and reside in the +district, and have each therein a freehold estate in five hundred acres +of land, while in the exercise of their offices; and their commissions +shall continue in force during good behavior.</p> + +<p>The Governor and judges, or a majority of them, shall adopt and publish +in the district such laws of the original States, criminal and civil, +as may be necessary, and best suited to the circumstances of the +district, and report them to Congress, from time to time, which laws +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</span> +shall be in force in the district until the organization of the General +Assembly therein, unless disapproved by Congress; but afterward, the +Legislature shall have authority to alter them as they shall think fit.</p> + +<p>The Governor, for the time being, shall be commander-in-chief of the +militia, appoint and commission all officers in the same, below the +rank of general officers. All general officers shall be appointed and +commissioned by Congress.</p> + +<p>Previous to the organization of the General Assembly, the Governor +shall appoint such magistrates and other civil officers, in each +county or township, as he shall find necessary for the preservation +of the peace and good order in the same. After the General Assembly +shall be organized, the powers and duties of magistrates and other +civil officers shall be regulated and defined by the said Assembly; +but all magistrates and other civil officers, not herein otherwise +directed, shall, during the continuance of this temporary government, +be appointed by the Governor.</p> + +<p>For the prevention of crimes and injuries, the laws to be adopted +or made, shall have force in all parts of the district, and for the +execution of process, criminal and civil, the Governor shall make +proper divisions thereof; and shall proceed, from time to time, as +circumstances may require, to lay out the parts of the district in +which the Indian titles shall have been extinguished, into counties and +townships, subject, however, to such alterations as may hereafter be +made by the Legislature.</p> + +<p>So soon as there shall be five thousand free male inhabitants, +of full age, in the district, upon giving proof thereof to the +Governor, they shall receive authority, with time and place, to elect +representatives from their counties or townships, to represent them +in the General Assembly; <i>Provided</i>, That for every five hundred +free male inhabitants there shall be one representative, and so on +progressively with the number of free male inhabitants, shall the +right of representation increase, until the number of representatives +shall amount to twenty-five, after which the number and proportion of +representatives shall be regulated by the Legislature; <i>Provided</i>, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</span> +That no person be eligible or qualified to act as a representative, +unless he shall have been a citizen of one of the United States three +years and be a resident in the district, or unless he shall have +resided in the district three years, and in either case shall likewise +hold in his own right, in fee simple, two hundred acres of land within +the same; <i>Provided</i>, also, that a freehold in fifty acres of land +in the district, having been a citizen of one of the States, and being +resident in the district, or the like freehold and two years’ residence +in the district, shall be necessary to qualify a man as an elector of a +representative.</p> + +<p>The representative thus elected, shall serve for the term of two years, +and in case of the death of a representative, or removal from office, +the Governor shall issue a writ to the county or township for which he +was a member, to elect another in his stead, to serve for the residue +of the term.</p> + +<p>The General Assembly, or Legislature, shall consist of the Governor, +Legislative Council, and a House of Representatives. The Legislative +Council shall consist of five members, to continue in office five +years, unless sooner removed by Congress, any three of whom to be +a quorum, and the members of the Council, shall be nominated and +appointed in the following manner, to wit: as soon as representatives +shall be elected, the Governor shall appoint a time and place for them +to meet together, and, when met, they shall nominate ten persons, +residents in the district, and each possessed of a freehold in five +hundred acres of land, and return their names to Congress, five of +whom Congress shall appoint and commission to serve as aforesaid; and +whenever a vacancy shall happen in the Council, by death or removal +from office, the House of Representatives shall nominate two persons +qualified as aforesaid, for each vacancy, and return their names to +Congress, one of whom Congress shall appoint and commission for the +residue of the term; and every five years, four months at least before +the expiration of the time of service of the Council, the said House +shall nominate ten persons qualified as aforesaid, and return their +names to Congress, five of whom Congress shall appoint and commission +to serve as members of the Council five years, unless sooner removed. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</span> +And the Governor, Legislative Council, and House of Representatives, +shall have authority to make laws in all cases for the good government +of the district, not repugnant to the principles and articles in this +ordinance established and declared. And all bills having passed by +a majority in the House, and by a majority in the Council, shall be +referred to the Governor for his assent; but no bill or legislative act +whatever, shall be of any force without his assent. The Governor shall +have power to convene, prorogue, and dissolve the assembly, when in his +opinion it shall be expedient.</p> + +<p>The Governor, Judges, Legislative Council, Secretary, and such other +officers as Congress shall appoint in the district, shall take an oath +or affirmation of fidelity, and of office—the Governor before the +President of Congress, and all other officers before the Governor. As +soon as a Legislature shall be formed in the District, the Council and +House, assembled in one room, shall have authority, by joint ballot, +to elect a delegate to Congress, who shall have a seat in Congress, +with the right of debating, but not of voting, during this temporary +government.</p> + +<p>And for extending the fundamental principles of civil and religious +liberty, which form the basis whereon these republics, their laws and +constitutions, are elected; <i>to fix and establish those principles +as the basis of all laws, constitutions, and governments, which</i> +<span class="allsmcap">FOREVER</span> <i>hereafter shall be formed +in the said Territory</i>; to provide also for the establishment of +States, and for their admission to a share in the Federal Council on an +equal footing with the original States, at as early periods as may be +consistent with the general interest:</p> + +<p><i>It is hereby ordained and declared</i>, by the authority +aforesaid, that the following articles shall be considered as articles +of compact between the original States and the people and States in +the said Territory, and forever remain unalterable, unless by common +consent; viz.:</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Article I.</span> No person, demeaning himself +in a peaceable and orderly manner, shall ever be molested on account of +his mode of worship or religious sentiments in the said Territory. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Art. II.</span> The inhabitants of the said +Territory shall always be entitled to the benefit of the writ of +<i>habeas corpus</i> and of the trial by jury; of a proportionate +representation of the people in the Legislature, and of judicial +proceedings according to the course of the common law; all persons +shall be bailable unless for capital offenses, where the proof shall +be evident, or the presumption great; all fines shall be moderate, and +no cruel or unusual punishments shall be inflicted; no man shall be +deprived of his liberty or property but by the judgment of his peers or +the law of the land; and should the public exigencies make it necessary +for the common preservation to take any person’s property, or to demand +his particular services, full compensation shall be made for the same; +and, in the just preservation of rights and property, it is understood +and declared, that no law ought ever to be made, or have force in the +said territory, that shall, in any manner whatever, interfere with or +affect private contracts or engagements, <i>bona fide</i>, and, without +fraud, previously formed.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Art. III.</span> Religion, morality, and +knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness +of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be +encouraged. The utmost good faith shall always be observed toward +the Indians; their lands and property shall never be taken from them +without their consent; and in their property, rights, and liberty, they +never shall be invaded or disturbed, unless in just and lawful wars +authorized by Congress; but laws founded in justice and humanity shall, +from time to time, be made, for preventing wrongs being done to them, +and for preserving peace and friendship with them.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Art. IV.</span> The said Territory, and the +States which may be formed therein, shall forever remain a part of this +Confederacy of the United States of America; subject to the Articles of +Confederation,⁠<a id="FNanchor_2_2" href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> +and to such alterations therein as shall be constitutionally made; and +to all the acts and ordinances of the United States in Congress +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</span> +assembled, conformable thereto. The inhabitants and settlers in +the said Territory shall be subject to pay a part of the Federal +debts contracted, or to be contracted, and a proportional part of +the expenses of government, to be apportioned on them by Congress, +according to the same common rule and measure by which apportionments +thereof shall be made on the other States; and the taxes for paying +their proportion shall be laid and levied by the authority and +direction of the Legislatures of the District, or Districts, or new +States, as in the original States, within the time agreed upon by +the United States in Congress assembled. The Legislatures of those +Districts, or new States, shall never interfere with the primary +disposal of the soil by the United States in Congress assembled, nor +with any regulations Congress may find necessary for securing the +title in such soil to the <i>bona fide</i> purchasers. No tax shall +be imposed on lands the property of the United States; and in no case +shall non-resident proprietors be taxed higher than residents. The +navigable waters leading into the Mississippi and St. Lawrence, and +the carrying places between the same, shall be common highways, and +forever free, as well to the inhabitants of the said Territory as to +the citizens of the United States, and those of any other States that +may be admitted into the confederacy, without any tax, impost, or duty +therefor.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Art. V.</span> There shall be formed in the +said Territory not less than three, nor more than five States; and the +boundaries of the States, as soon as Virginia shall alter her act of +session and consent to the same, shall become fixed and established as +follows, to wit: The western State shall be bounded by the Mississippi, +the Ohio, and Wabash Rivers; a direct line drawn from the Wabash and +Post Vincents due north to the territorial line between the United +States and Canada, and by the said territorial line to the Lake of the +Woods and Mississippi. The middle State shall be bounded by the said +direct line, the Wabash from Post Vincents to the Ohio, by the Ohio, by +direct line drawn due north from the mouth of the Great Miami to the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</span> +said territorial line, and by said territorial line. The eastern +State shall be bounded by the last mentioned direct line, the Ohio, +Pennsylvania, and the said territorial line; <i>Provided</i>, however, +and it is further understood and declared, that the boundaries of these +three States shall be subject so far to be altered, and, if Congress +shall hereafter find it expedient, they shall have authority to form +one or two States in that part of the said Territory which lies north +of an east and west line drawn through the southerly bend or extreme +of Lake Michigan; and whenever any of the said States shall have sixty +thousand free inhabitants therein, such States shall be admitted, by +their delegates, into the Congress of the United States, on an equal +footing with the original States in all respects whatsoever; and shall +be at liberty to form a permanent constitution and State government; +<i>Provided</i>, the constitution and government so to be formed shall +be republican, and in conformity to the principles contained in these +articles; and, so far as it can be consistent with the general interest +of the confederacy, such admission shall be allowed at an earlier +period, and when there may be a less number of free inhabitants in the +State than sixty thousand.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Art. VI.</span> There shall be neither slavery +nor involuntary servitude in the said Territory, otherwise than in the +punishment of crimes whereof the party shall have been duly convicted; +<i>Provided</i>, always, that any person escaping into the same, from +whom labor or service is lawfully claimed in any of the original +States, such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed and conveyed to the +person claiming his or her labor or service as aforesaid.</p> + +<p><i>Be it ordained</i>, by the authority aforesaid, that the +resolutions of the 23d of April, 1784, relative to the subject of this +ordinance, be, and the same are hereby repealed, and declared null and +void.</p> + +<p class="blockquot fs_80"><span class="smcap">Note.</span>—By this +ordinance, Virginia ceded to the United States the territory now +composing the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and +Michigan, making the ordinance the fundamental law of these States.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">AMNESTY PROCLAMATION.</h2> +<hr class="r10"> +</div> + +<p class="center"><i>By the President of the United Slates of America</i>:</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, The President of the United +States, on the 8th day of December, 1863, and on the 26th day of March, +1864, did, with the object of suppressing the existing rebellion, +to induce all persons to return to their loyalty and to restore the +authority of the United States, issued Proclamations offering amnesty +and pardon to certain persons who had directly or by implication +engaged in said rebellion, and</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, Many persons who had so engaged +in the said rebellion, have, since the issue of said Proclamation, +failed or neglected to take the benefits offered thereby; and whereas, +many persons who have been justly deprived of all claim to amnesty +and pardon thereunder by reason of their participation directly or by +implication in said rebellion, and continued hostile to the Government +of the United States since the date of said Proclamation, now desire to +apply for and obtain amnesty and pardon; to the end, therefore, that +the authority of the Government of the United States may be restored, +and that peace, order, and freedom may be established.</p> + +<p>I, Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, do proclaim +and declare that I hereby grant to all persons who have directly +or indirectly participated in the existing rebellion, except as +hereinafter excepted, amnesty and pardon, with the restoration of all +the rights of property, except as to slaves, except in cases where +legal proceedings under the laws of the United States, providing for +the confiscation of property of persons engaged in the rebellion, +have been instituted; but on the condition, nevertheless, that every +such person shall take and subscribe the following oath, which shall +be registered for permanent preservation, and shall be the tenor and +effect of the following, to wit: +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</span></p> + +<p>“I do solemnly swear or affirm, in the presence of Almighty God, that +I will henceforth faithfully defend the Constitution of the United +States and the Union of the States thereunder; and that I will in like +manner abide by and faithfully support all laws and proclamations which +have been made during the existing rebellion, with reference to the +emancipation of slavery, so help me God.”</p> + +<p>The following classes of persons are excepted from the benefits of this +proclamation:</p> + +<p><i>First</i>—All who are, or shall have been, pretended civil or +diplomatic officers or otherwise, domestic or foreign agents of the +pretended Confederate Government.</p> + +<p><i>Second</i>—All who left judicial stations under the United States +to aid the rebellion.</p> + +<p><i>Third</i>—All who shall have been military or naval officers of +said pretended Confederate Government above the rank of Colonel in the +Army, or Lieutenant in the Navy.</p> + +<p><i>Fourth</i>—All who left seats in the Congress of the United States +to aid the rebellion.</p> + +<p><i>Fifth</i>—All who resigned or tendered the resignation of their +commissions in the Army or Navy of the United States, to evade the duty +in resisting the rebellion.</p> + +<p><i>Sixth</i>—All who have engaged in any way in treating otherwise +than lawfully as prisoners of war, persons found in the United States +service, as officers, soldiers, seamen, or in other capacities.</p> + +<p><i>Seventh</i>—All persons who have been or are absentees from the +United States for the purpose of aiding the rebellion.</p> + +<p><i>Eighth</i>—All military or naval officers in the rebel service who +were educated by the Government in the military academy at West Point, +or in the United States Naval Academy.</p> + +<p><i>Ninth</i>—All persons who hold the pretended offices of Governors +of States in insurrection against the United States.</p> + +<p><i>Tenth</i>—All persons who left their homes within the jurisdiction +and protection of the United States and passed beyond the Federal +military lines into the so-called Confederate States for the purpose of +aiding the rebellion. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</span></p> + +<p><i>Eleventh</i>—All persons who have engaged in the destruction of the +commerce of the United States upon the high seas, and all persons who +have made raids into the United States from Canada, or been engaged in +destroying the commerce of the United States upon the lakes and rivers +that separate the British Provinces from the United States.</p> + +<p><i>Twelfth</i>—All persons who, at the time when they seek to obtain +the benefits hereof, by taking the oath prescribed, are in military, +naval or civil confinement or custody, or under bond of the military or +naval authorities, or agents of the United States, as prisoners of war, +or persons detailed for offenses of any kind, either before or after +the conviction.</p> + +<p><i>Thirteenth</i>—All persons who have voluntarily participated in +said rebellion, and the estimate value of whose taxable property is +over $20,000.</p> + +<p><i>Fourteenth</i>—All persons who have taken the oath of Amnesty as +prescribed in the President’s Proclamation, December 28th, 1863, or +the Oath of Allegiance to the Government of the United States since +the date of said Proclamation, and who have not thenceforward kept and +maintained the same inviolate. Provided that special application may +be made to the President for pardon by any person belonging to the +excepted class, and such clemency will be liberally extended as may +be consistent with the facts, and the peace and dignity of the United +States. The Secretary of State will establish rules and regulations +for administering and recording said Amnesty Oath, so as to insure its +benefits to the people, and guard the Government against fraud.</p> + +<div class="figleft"> + <img src="images/seal.jpg" alt="" width="100" height="63" > +</div> + +<p><span class="smcap">In testimony whereof</span>, I have hereunto set +my hand and caused the Seal of the United States to be affixed. Done at +the City of Washington, this 29th day of May, A. D. 1865, and of the +Independence of the United States, the eighty-ninth. (Signed.)</p> + +<p class="author">By the President:<span class="ws4"> </span> +<span class="smcap">Andrew Johnson</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">W. H. Seward</span>, <i>Secretary of State</i>.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">PROPOSED CRITTENDEN COMPROMISE.</h2> +</div> + +<p>At the commencement of the Congressional session of 1860, the +portentous clouds of civil war, gathering and blackening in the +southern horizon of our national sky, filled the hearts of the stoutest +patriots with the most gloomy apprehensions, and cast a melancholy +shadow over every Union-loving soul throughout the country, somewhat +akin to that which hovers over an affectionate son or daughter, upon +the approaching dissolution of a cherished, devoted mother. The +following compromise, offered by Senator Crittenden, December 19, 1860, +is one of the many measures proposed in Congress for adjusting the +difficulties of that period:</p> + +<p><i>Resolved, By the Senate and House of Representatives</i>, That the +following articles be proposed and submitted as an amendment to the +Constitution, which shall be valid as a part of the Constitution, when +ratified by the conventions of three-fourths of the people of the +States:</p> + +<p>1st. In all the territory now or hereafter acquired, north of 36° 30′, +slavery, or involuntary servitude, except for the punishment of crime, +is prohibited; while in all the territory south of that, slavery is +hereby recognized as existing, and shall not be interfered with by +Congress, but shall be protected as property by all the departments of +the territorial government during its continuance. All the territory +north or south of said line, within such boundaries as Congress may +prescribe, when it contains a population necessary for a member of +Congress, with a Republican form of government, shall be admitted into +the Union on an equality with the original States, with or without +slavery, as the Constitution of the State shall prescribe.</p> + +<p>2d. Congress shall have no power to abolish slavery in the State +permitting it.</p> + +<p>3d. Congress shall have no power to abolish slavery in the District of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</span> +Columbia while ′t exists in Virginia and Maryland, or either; nor shall +Congress at any time prohibit the officers of Government, or members +of Congress, whose duties require them to live in the District of +Columbia, bringing slaves there and using them as such.</p> + +<p>4th. Congress shall have no power to hinder the transportation of +slaves from one State to another, whether by land, navigable river, or sea.</p> + +<p>5th. Congress shall have the power, by law, to pay any owner the +full value of any fugitive slave, in all cases where the marshal is +prevented from discharging his duty by force or rescue, made after +arrest. In all such cases the owner shall have the power to sue the +county in which the rescue or violence was made; and the county shall +have the right to sue the individuals who committed the wrong, in the +same manner as the owner would sue.</p> + +<p>6th. No future amendment or amendments shall affect the preceding +article; and Congress shall never have power to interfere with slavery +within the States where it is permitted.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION.</h2> +</div> + +<p><i>Whereas</i>, On the twenty-second day of September, in the year of +our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, a proclamation was +issued by the President of the United States, containing among other +things the following, to wit:</p> + +<p>That, on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord, one +thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves +within any State, or designated part of a State, the people whereof +shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, +thenceforth and forever free, and the Executive Government of the +United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, +will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, or any of +them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom.</p> + +<p>That the Executive will, on the first day of January aforesaid, by +proclamation, designate the States and parts of States, if any, in +which the people therein respectively shall then be in rebellion +against the United States, and the fact that any State, or the people +thereof, shall on that day be in good faith represented in the +Congress of the United States by members chosen thereto, at elections +wherein a majority of the qualified voters of such States shall have +participated, shall, in the absence of strong countervailing testimony, +be deemed conclusive evidence that such State and the people thereof +are not then in rebellion against the United States.</p> + +<p>Now, therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, by +virtue of the power in me vested as Commander-in-Chief of the Army and +Navy of the United States, in time of actual armed rebellion against +the authority and Government of the United States, and as a fit +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</span> +necessary war measure for suppressing said rebellion, do, on this first +day of January, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred +and sixty-three, and in accordance with my purpose so to do, publicly +proclaimed for the full period of one hundred days from the day of the +first above-mentioned order, and designate, as the States and parts +of States wherein the people thereof respectively are this day in +rebellion against the United States, the following, to wit: Arkansas, +Texas, Louisiana, except the parishes of St. Bernard, Plaquemines, +Jefferson, St. John, St. Charles, St. James, Ascension, Assumption, +Terre Bonne, Lafourche, St. Mary, St. Martin and Orleans, including +the city of New Orleans. Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South +Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia, except the forty-eight counties +designated as West Virginia, and also the counties of Berkeley, +Accomac, Northampton, Elizabeth City, York, Princess Ann, and Norfolk, +including the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth, and which excepted +parts are, for the present, left precisely as if this proclamation were +not issued.</p> + +<p>And by virtue of the power, and for the purpose aforesaid, I do order +and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated +States and parts of States are, and henceforward, shall be free; and +that the Executive Government of the United States, including the +military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the +freedom of said persons.</p> + +<p>And I hereby enjoin upon the people so declared to be free to abstain +from all violence, unless in necessary self-defense; and I recommend +to them that, in all cases, when allowed, they labor faithfully for +reasonable wages.</p> + +<p>And I further declare and make known that such persons of suitable +condition will be received into the armed service of the United States, +to garrison forts, positions, stations, and other places, and to man +vessels of all sorts in said service.</p> + +<p>And upon this, sincerely believed to be an act of justice, warranted +by the Constitution upon military necessity, I invoke the considerate +judgment of mankind and the gracious favor of Almighty God.</p> + +<p>In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of +the United States to be affixed.</p> + +<div class="figleft"> + <img src="images/seal.jpg" alt="" width="100" height="63" > +</div> + +<p class="no-indent">Done at the City of Washington, this first day +of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and +sixty-three, and of the Independence of the United States of America +the eighty-seventh.</p> + +<p class="author">By the President:<span class="ws4"> </span> +<span class="smcap">Abraham Lincoln</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">William H. Seward</span>, <i>Secretary of State</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</span></p> +<p class="center spa2"><b>LETTER FROM THE PRESIDENT EXPLAINING THE<br> +EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION.</b></p> + +<p class="blockquot fs_90">The following letter, written in August, 1863, +in answer to an invitation to attend a meeting of unconditional Union men +held in Illinois, gives at length the President’s views at that time on +his Emancipation Proclamation:</p> + +<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Executive Mansion, Washington</span>, August 26th, 1863.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">My Dear Sir</span>: Your letter inviting me to +attend a mass-meeting of unconditional Union men, to be held at the +capitol of Illinois on the third day of September, has been received. +It would be very agreeable to me to thus meet my old friends at my +own home, but I can not just now be absent from this city so long as +a visit there would require. The meeting is to be of all those who +maintain unconditional devotion to the Union; and I am sure my old +political friends will thank me for tendering, as I do, the nation’s +gratitude to those other noble men whom no partisan malice or partisan +hope can make false to the nation’s life. There are those who are +dissatisfied with me. To such I would say, You desire peace, and you +blame me that you do not have it. But how can we attain it? There are +but three conceivable ways: First, to suppress the rebellion by force +of arms. This I am trying to do. Are you for it? If you are, so far +we are agreed. If you are not for it, a second way is to give up the +Union. I am against this. If you are, you should say so, plainly. If +you are not for force, nor yet for dissolution, there only remains some +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</span> +imaginable compromise. I do not believe that any compromise, embracing +the maintenance of the Union, is now possible. All that I learn leads +to a directly opposite belief. The strength of the rebellion is its +military—its army. The army dominates all the country and all the +people within its range. Any offer of any terms made by any man or men +within that range, in opposition to that army, is simply nothing for +the present, because such man or men have no power whatever to enforce +their side of a compromise, if one were made with them. To illustrate: +Suppose refugees from the South and peace men of the North get +together in convention, and frame and proclaim a compromise embracing +a restoration of the Union; in what way can that compromise be used to +keep General Lee’s army out of Pennsylvania? General Meade’s army can +keep Lee’s army out of Pennsylvania, and, I think, can ultimately drive +it out of existence. But no paper compromise, to which the controllers +of Lee’s army are not agreed, can at all affect that army. In an +effort at such compromise we would waste time, which the enemy would +improve to our disadvantage, and that would be all. A compromise, to be +effective, must be made either with those who control the rebel army, +or with the people, first liberated from the domination of that army +by the success of our army. Now, allow me to assure you that no word +or intimation from the rebel army, or from any of the men controlling +it, in relation to any peace compromise, has ever come to my knowledge +or belief. All charges and intimations to the contrary are deceptive +and groundless. And I promise you that if any such proposition shall +hereafter come, it shall not be rejected and kept secret from you. I +freely acknowledge myself to be the servant of the people, according +to the bond of service, the United States Constitution, and that, as +such, I am responsible to them. But, to be plain: You are dissatisfied +with me about the negro. Quite likely there is a difference of opinion +between you and myself upon that subject. I certainly wish that all men +could be free, while you, I suppose, do not. Yet I have neither adopted +nor proposed any measure which is not consistent with even your view, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</span> +provided you are for the Union. I suggested compensated emancipation; +to which you replied that you wished not to be taxed to buy negroes. +But I have not asked you to be taxed to buy negroes, except in such way +as to save you from greater taxation, to save the Union exclusively by +other means.</p> + +<p>You dislike the Emancipation Proclamation, and perhaps would have it +retracted. You say it is unconstitutional. I think differently: I think +that the Constitution invests the Commander-in-Chief with the law of +war in time of war. The most that can be said, if so much, is, that the +slaves are property. Is there—has there ever been—any question that, +by the law of war, property, both of enemies and friends, may be taken +when needed? And is it not needed whenever taking it helps us, or hurts +the enemy? Armies, the world over, destroy enemies’ property when they +can not use it; and even destroy their own to keep it from the enemy. +Civilized belligerents do all in their power to help themselves or hurt +the enemy, except a few things regarded as barbarous or cruel. Among +the exceptions are the massacre of vanquished foes and non-combatants, +male and female. But the proclamation, as law, is valid, or is not +valid. If it is not valid, it needs no retraction; if it is valid, +it can not be retracted, any more than the dead can be brought to +life. Some of you profess to think that its retraction would operate +favorably for the Union. Why better after the retraction than before +the issue? There was more than a year and a half of trial to suppress +the rebellion before the proclamation was issued, the last one hundred +days of which passed under an explicit notice that it was coming, +unless averted by those in revolt returning to their allegiance. The +war has certainly progressed as favorably for us since the issue of the +proclamation as before. I know as fully as one can know the opinion of +others, that some of the commanders of our armies in the field, who +have given us our most important victories, believe the emancipation +policy and the aid of colored troops to be the heaviest blows yet dealt +to the rebellion, and that at least one of these important successes +could not have been achieved when it was but for the aid of black +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</span> +soldiers. Among the commanders holding these views are some who have +never had any affinity with what is called abolitionism or with +“Republican party politics,” but who hold them purely as military +opinions. I submit their opinions as being entitled to some weight +against the objections often urged, that emancipation and arming the +blacks are unwise as military measures, and were not adopted as such +in good faith. You say that you will not fight to free negroes. Some +of them seem to be willing to fight for you—but no matter. Fight +you, then, exclusively, to save the Union. I issued the proclamation +on purpose to aid you in saving the Union. Whenever you shall have +conquered all resistance to the Union, if I shall urge you to continue +fighting, it will be an apt time then for you to declare that you will +not fight to free negroes. I thought that, in your struggle for the +Union, to whatever extent the negroes should cease helping the enemy, +to that extent it weakened the enemy in his resistance to you. Do you +think differently? I thought that whatever negroes can be got to do as +soldiers, leaves just so much less for white soldiers to do in saving +the Union. Does it appear otherwise to you? But negroes, like other +people, act upon motives. Why should they do any thing for us if we +will not do any thing for them? If they stake their lives for us, they +must be prompted by the strongest motive, even the promise of freedom. +And, the promise being made, must be kept. The signs look better. The +Father of Waters again goes unvexed to the sea. Thanks to the great +North-west for it. Not yet wholly to them. Three hundred miles up they +met New England, Empire, Keystone, and Jersey, hewing their way right +and left. The Sunny South, too, in more colors than one, also lent a +hand. On the spot, their part of the history was jotted down in black +and white. The job was a great national one, and let none be blamed who +bore an honorable part in it; and, while those who have cleared the +great river may well be proud, even that is not all. It is hard to say +that any thing has been more bravely or better done than at Antietam, +Murfreesboro, Gettysburg, and on many fields of less note. Nor must +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</span> +Uncle Sam’s web-fleet be forgotten. At all the waters’ margins they +have been present—not only on the deep sea, the broad bay, and the +rapid river, but also up the narrow, muddy bayou; and, wherever the +ground was a little damp, they have been, and made their tracks. Thanks +to all. For the great republic—for the principles by which it lives +and keeps alive—for man’s vast future—thanks to all. Peace does not +appear so far distant as it did. I hope it will come soon, and come +to stay; and so come as to be worth keeping in all future time. It +will then have proved that among freemen there can be no successful +appeal from the ballot to the bullet, and that they who take such +appeal are sure to lose their case and pay the cost. And then there +will be some black men who can remember that, with silent tongue, and +clenched teeth, and steady eye, and well-poised bayonet, they have +helped mankind on to this great consummation; while I fear that there +will be some white men unable to forget that, with malignant heart and +deceitful speech, they have striven to hinder it. Still, let us not be +over-sanguine of a speedy final triumph. Let us be quite sober. Let us +diligently apply the means, never doubting that a just God, in His own +good time, will give us the rightful result.</p> + +<p class="author">Yours, very truly,<span class="ws3"> </span> +<span class="smcap">A. Lincoln</span>.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">PROCLAMATION OF<br> ANDREW JACKSON.</h2> +<hr class="r10"> +</div> + +<p class="center"><i>The President of the United States<br> to the nullifiers of South +Carolina</i>:</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, A convention assembled in +the State of South Carolina have passed an ordinance, by which they +declare, “that the several acts and parts of acts of the Congress +of the United States, purporting to be laws for the imposing of +duties and imposts on the importation of foreign commodities, and +now having actual operation and effect within the United States, and +more especially,” two acts for the same purposes passed on the 29th +of May, 1828, and on the 14th of July, 1832, “are unauthorized by the +Constitution of the United States, and violate the true meaning and +intent thereof, and are null and void, and no law,” nor binding on the +citizens of that State or its officers; and by the said ordinance, +it is further declared to be unlawful for any of the constituted +authorities of the State or of the United States to enforce the payment +of the duties imposed by the said acts with the same State, and that it +is the duty of the Legislature to pass such laws as may be necessary to +give full effect to the said ordinance:</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">And, whereas</span>, By the said ordinance, it +is further ordained that in no case of law or equity decided in the +courts of said State, wherein shall be drawn in question the validity +of the said ordinance, or of the acts of the Legislature that may be +passed to give it effect, or of the said laws of the United States, no +appeal shall be allowed to the Supreme Court of the United States, nor +shall any copy of the record be permitted or allowed for that purpose; +and that any person attempting to take such appeal shall be punished as +for a contempt of court:</p> + +<p>And, finally, the said ordinance declares that the people of South +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</span> +Carolina will maintain the said ordinance at every hazard; and that +they will consider the passage of any act, by Congress, abolishing or +closing the ports of the said State, or otherwise obstructing the free +ingress or egress of vessels to and from the said ports, or any other +act of the Federal Government to coerce the State, shut up her ports, +destroy or harass her commerce, or to enforce the said act otherwise +than through the civil tribunals of the country, as inconsistent with +the longer continuance of South Carolina in the Union, and that the +people of the said State will thenceforth hold themselves absolved +from all further obligation to maintain or preserve their political +connection with the people of the other States, and will forthwith +proceed to organize a separate government and do all other acts and +things which sovereign and independent States may of right do.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">And, whereas</span>, The said ordinance +prescribes to the people of South Carolina a course of conduct in +direct violation of their duty as citizens of the United States, +contrary to the laws of their country, subversive of its Constitution, +and having for its object the destruction of the Union—that Union, +which, coeval with our political existence, led our fathers, without +any other ties to unite them than those of patriotism and a common +cause, through a sanguinary struggle to a glorious independence—that +sacred Union, hitherto inviolate, which, perfected by our happy +Constitution, has brought us, by the favor of Heaven, to a state +of prosperity at home, and high consideration abroad, rarely, if +ever, equaled in the history of nations. To preserve this bond of +our political existence from destruction, to maintain inviolate this +state of national honor and prosperity, and to justify the confidence +my fellow-citizens have reposed in me, I, <span class="smcap">Andrew +Jackson</span>, President of the United States, have thought proper +to issue this, my <span class="smcap">Proclamation</span>, stating my +views of the Constitution and laws applicable to the measures adopted +by the Convention of South Carolina, and to the reasons they have put +forth to sustain them, declaring the course which duty will require me +to pursue, and, appealing to the understanding and patriotism of the +people, warn them of the consequences that must inevitably result from +an observance of the dictates of the convention. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</span></p> + +<p>Strict duty would require of me nothing more than the exercise of +those powers with which I am now, or may hereafter be invested, for +preserving the peace of the Union, and for the execution of the laws. +But the imposing aspect which opposition has assumed in this case, by +clothing itself with State authority, and the deep interest which the +people of the United States must all feel in preventing a resort to +stronger measures, while there is a hope that any thing will be yielded +to reasoning and remonstrance, perhaps demand, and will certainly +justify, a full exposition to South Carolina and the nation of the +views I entertain of this important question, as well as a distinct +enunciation of the course which my sense of duty will require me to +pursue.</p> + +<p>The ordinance is founded, not on the indefeasible right of resisting +acts which are plainly unconstitutional, and too oppressive to be +endured; but on the strange position that any one State may not only +declare an act void, but prohibit its execution—that they may do this +consistently with the Constitution—that the true construction of that +instrument permits a State to retain its place in the Union, and yet be +bound by no other of its laws than those it may choose to consider as +constitutional. It is true, they add, that to justify this abrogation +of law, it must be palpably contrary to the Constitution; but it is +evident, that to give the right of resisting laws of that description, +coupled with the uncontrolled right to decide what laws deserve that +character, is to give the power of resisting all laws. For, as by the +theory, there is no appeal, the reasons alleged by the State, good +or bad, must prevail. If it should be said that public opinion is a +sufficient check against the abuse of this power, it may be asked why +it is not deemed a sufficient guard against an unconstitutional act of +Congress? There is, however, a restraint in this last case, which makes +the assumed power of a State more indefensible, and which does not +exist in the other. There are two appeals from an unconstitutional act +passed by Congress—one to the judiciary, the other to the people and +the States. There is no appeal from the State decision in theory, and +the practical illustration shows that the courts are closed against +an application to review it, both judges and jurors being sworn to +decide in its favor. But reasoning on this subject is superfluous, +when our social compact, in express terms, declares that the laws of +the United States, its Constitution, and treaties made under it, are +the supreme law of the land; and, for the greater caution, adds “that +the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any thing in the +Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding.” +And it may be asserted, without fear of refutation, that no Federal +Government could exist without a similar provision. Look for a +moment to the consequence. If South Carolina considers the revenues +unconstitutional, and has a right to prevent their execution in the +port of Charleston, there would be a clear constitutional objection to +their collection in every other port, and no revenue could be collected +anywhere; for all imposts must be equal. It is no answer to repeat, +that an unconstitutional law is no law, so long as the question of its +legality is to be decided by the State itself; for every law operating +injuriously upon any local interest will be, perhaps, thought, and +certainly represented, as unconstitutional; and, as has been shown, +there is no appeal.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/john_q_adams.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="592" > + <p class="f120"><b>JOHN QUINCY ADAMS.</b></p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</span> +If this doctrine had been established at an earlier day, the +Union would have been dissolved in its infancy. The excise law in +Pennsylvania, the embargo and non-intercourse law in the eastern +States, the carriage tax in Virginia, were all deemed unconstitutional, +and were more unequal in their operation than any of the laws now +complained of; but fortunately none of those States discovered that +they had the right now claimed by South Carolina. The war into which we +were forced to support the dignity of the nation and the rights of our +citizens, might have ended in defeat and disgrace instead of victory +and honor, if the States who supposed it a ruinous and unconstitutional +measure, had thought they possessed the right of nullifying the act by +which it was declared, and denying supplies for its prosecution. Hardly +and unequally as those measures bore upon several members of the Union, +to the legislatures of none did this efficient and peaceable remedy, as +it is called, suggest itself. The discovery of this important feature +in our Constitution was reserved to the present day. To the statesmen +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</span> +of South Carolina belongs the invention, and upon the citizens of that +State will unfortunately fall the evils of reducing it to practice.</p> + +<p>If the doctrine of a State veto upon the laws of the Union carries with +it internal evidence of its impracticable absurdity, our constitutional +history will also afford abundant proof that it would have been +repudiated with indignation had it been proposed to form a feature in +our Government.</p> + +<p>In our colonial state, although dependent on another power, we very +early considered ourselves as connected by common interest with +each other. Leagues were formed for common defense, and, before the +Declaration of Independence, we were known in our aggregate character +as the United Colonies of America. That decisive and important step +was taken jointly. We declared ourselves a nation by a joint, not by +several acts, and when the terms of our Confederation were reduced to +form, it was that of a solemn league of several States, by which they +agreed that they would collectively form one nation for the purpose of +conducting some certain domestic concerns and all foreign relations. In +the instrument forming that Union is found an article which declares +that “every State shall abide by the determination of Congress on all +questions which, by that Confederation, should be submitted to them.”</p> + +<p>Under the Confederation, then, no State could legally annul a decision +of the Congress, or refuse to submit to its execution; but no provision +was made to enforce these decisions. Congress made requisitions, but +they were not complied with. The Government could not operate on +individuals. They had no judiciary, no means of collecting revenue.</p> + +<p>But the defects of the Confederation need not be detailed. Under +its operation we could scarcely be called a nation. We had neither +prosperity at home nor consideration abroad. This state of things +could not be endured, and our present happy Constitution was formed, +but formed in vain, if this fatal doctrine prevails. It was formed for +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</span> +important objects that are announced in the preamble made in the +name and by the authority of the people of the United States, whose +delegates framed, and whose conventions approved it. The most important +among those objects, that which is placed first in rank, on which all +others rest, is, “to form a more perfect Union.” Now, is it possible +that even if there were no express provision giving supremacy to the +Constitution and laws of the United States—can it be conceived, +that an instrument made for the purpose of “forming a more perfect +Union” than that of the Confederation, could be so constructed by the +assembled wisdom of our country as to substitute for that Confederation +a form of government dependent for its existence on the local +interest, the party spirit of a State, or of a prevailing faction in +a State? Every man of plain, unsophisticated understanding, who hears +the question, will give such an answer as will preserve the Union. +Metaphysical subtlety, in pursuit of an impracticable theory, could +alone have devised one that is calculated to destroy it.</p> + +<p>I consider, then, the power to annul a law of the United States, +assumed by one State, incompatible with the existence of the Union, +contradicted expressly by the letter of the Constitution, unauthorized +by its spirit, inconsistent with every principle on which it was +founded, and destructive of the great object for which it was formed.</p> + +<p>After this general view of the leading principle, we must examine the +particular application of it which is made in the ordinance.</p> + +<p>The preamble rests its justification on these grounds: It assumes, +as a fact, that the obnoxious laws, although they purport to be laws +for raising revenue, were in reality intended for the protection of +manufactures, which purpose it asserts to be unconstitutional; that the +operation of these laws is unequal; that the amount raised by them is +greater than is required by the wants of the Government; and, finally, +that the proceeds are to be applied to objects unauthorized by the +Constitution. These are the only causes alleged to justify an open +opposition to the laws of the country, and a threat of seceding from +the Union, if any attempt should be made to enforce them. The first +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</span> +virtually acknowledges that the law in question was passed under a +power expressly given by the Constitution to lay and collect imposts; +but its constitutionality is drawn in question from the motives of +those who passed it. However apparent this purpose may be in the +present case, nothing can be more dangerous than to admit the position +that an unconstitutional purpose, entertained by the members who assent +to a law enacted under constitutional power, shall make the law void: +for how is that purpose to be ascertained? How often may bad purposes +be falsely imputed—in how many cases are they concealed by false +professions—in how many is no declaration of motive made? Admit this +doctrine, and you give to the States an uncontrolled right to decide, +and every law may be annulled under this pretext. If, therefore, the +absurd and dangerous doctrine should be admitted, that a State may +annul an unconstitutional law, or one that it deems such, it will not +apply to the present case.</p> + +<p>The next objection is, that the laws in question operate unequally. +This objection may be made with truth to every law that has been or +may be passed. The wisdom of man never yet contrived a system of +taxation that would operate with perfect equality. If the unequal +operation of a law makes it unconstitutional, and if all laws of that +description may be abrogated by any State for that cause, then indeed +is the Federal Constitution unworthy the slightest effort for its +preservation. We have hitherto relied on it as the perpetual bond of +our Union. We have received it as the work of the assembled wisdom of +the nation. We have trusted to it as the sheet anchor of our safety in +the stormy times of conflict with a foreign or domestic foe. We have +looked to it with sacred awe as the palladium of our liberties, and +with all the solemnities of religion have pledged to each other our +lives and fortunes here, and our hopes of happiness hereafter, in its +defense and support. Were we mistaken, my countrymen, in attaching +this importance to the Constitution of our country? Was our devotion +paid to the wretched, inefficient, clumsy, contrivance which this new +doctrine would make it? Did we pledge ourselves to the support of an +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</span> +airy nothing—a bubble, that must be blown away by the first breath +of dissatisfaction? Was this self-destroying, visionary theory, the +work of the profound statesmen, the exalted patriots, to whom the task +of constitutional reform was intrusted? Did the name of Washington +sanction, did the States deliberately ratify such an anamoly in the +history of fundamental legislation? No. We were not mistaken. The +letter of this great instrument is free from this radical fault; its +language directly contradicts the imputation; its spirit—its evident +intent, contradicts it. No, we did not err! Our Constitution does not +contain the absurdity of giving power to make laws, and another power +to resist them. The sages whose memory will always be reverenced, have +given us a practical, and, as they hoped, a permanent constitutional +compact. The Father of his Country did not affix his revered name to +so palpable an absurdity. Nor did the States, when they severally +ratified it, do so under the impression that a veto on the laws of the +United States, was reserved to them, or that they could exercise it by +implication. Search the debates in all their conventions, examine the +speeches of the most zealous opposers of federal authority, look at +the amendments that were proposed; they are all silent—not a syllable +uttered, not a vote given, not a motion made, to correct the explicit +supremacy given to the laws of the Union over those of the States, or +to show that implication, as is now contended, could defeat it. No, we +have not erred! The Constitution is still the object of our reverence, +the bond of our Union, our defense in danger, the source of our +prosperity in peace; it shall descend as we received it, uncorrupted, +by sophistical construction, to our posterity, and the sacrifices of +local interest, of State prejudices, of personal animosities, that were +made to bring it into existence, will again be patriotically offered +for its support.</p> + +<p>The two remaining objections made by the ordinance to these laws, +are that the sums intended to be raised by them are greater than are +required, and that the proceeds will be unconstitutionally employed.</p> + +<p>The Constitution has given, expressly, to Congress the right of raising +revenue, and of determining the sum the public exigencies will require. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</span> +The States have no control over the exercise of this right, other than +that which results from the power of changing the representatives who +abuse it, and thus procure redress. Congress may, undoubtedly, abuse +this discretionary power; but the same may be said of others with +which they are vested. Yet this discretion must exist somewhere. The +Constitution has given it to the representatives of all the people, +checked by the representatives of the States and by the executive +power. The South Carolina construction gives it to the legislature +or the convention of a single State, where neither the people of the +different States, nor the States in their separate capacity, nor the +chief magistrate elected by the people, have any representation. +Which is the most discreet disposition of the power? I do not ask +you, fellow-citizens, which is the constitutional disposition; that +instrument speaks a language not to be misunderstood. But if you were +assembled in general convention, which would you think the safest +depository of this discretionary power in the last resort? Would you +add a clause giving it to each of the States, or would you sanction +the wise provisions already made by your Constitution? If this should +be the result of your deliberations when providing for the future, are +you, can you be ready to risk all that we hold dear to establish, for +a temporary and a local purpose, that which you must acknowledge to be +destructive, and even absurd, as a general provision? Carry out the +consequences of this right vested in the different States, and you must +perceive that the crisis your conduct presents at this day would recur +whenever any law of the United States displeased any of the States, and +that we should soon cease to be a nation.</p> + +<p>The ordinance, with the same knowledge of the future that characterizes +a former objection, tells you that the proceeds of the tax will +be unconstitutionally applied. If this could be ascertained with +certainty, the objection would, with more propriety, be reserved for +the law so applying the proceeds, but surely can not be urged against +the laws levying the duty.</p> + +<p>These are the allegations contained in the ordinance. Examine them +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</span> +seriously, my fellow-citizens; judge for yourselves. I appeal to you +to determine whether they are so clear, so convincing, as to leave +no doubt of their correctness; and even if you should come to this +conclusion, how far they justify the reckless, destructive course +which you are directed to pursue. Review these objections, and the +conclusions drawn from them, once more. What are they? Every law, then, +for raising revenue, according to the South Carolina ordinance, may be +rightfully annulled, unless it be so framed as no law ever will or can +be framed. Congress has the right to pass laws for raising a revenue, +and each State has a right to oppose their execution—two rights +directly opposed to each other; and yet is this absurdity supposed +to be contained in an instrument drawn for the express purpose of +avoiding collisions between the States and the General Government, by +an assembly of the most enlightened statesmen and purest patriots ever +embodied for a similar purpose.</p> + +<p>In vain have these sages declared that Congress shall have power to +lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises; in vain have +they provided that they shall have power to pass laws which shall be +necessary and proper to carry those powers into execution; that those +laws and that Constitution shall be the “supreme law of the land, and +that the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any thing in the +Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding.” +In vain have the people of the several States solemnly sanctified +these provisions, made them their paramount law, and individually +sworn to support them whenever they were called on to execute any +office. Vain provision! ineffectual restrictions! vile profanation +of oaths! miserable mockery of legislation! if the bare majority of +the voters in any one State may, on a real or supposed knowledge of +the intent with which a law has been passed, declare themselves free +from its operation—say here it gives too little, there too much, and +operates unequally—here it suffers articles to be free that ought to +be taxed—there it taxes those that ought to be free—in this case +the proceeds are intended to be applied to purposes which we do not +approve—in that the amount raised is more than is wanted. Congress, it +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</span> +is true, is invested by the Constitution with the right of deciding +these questions according to their sound discretion; Congress is +composed of the representatives of all the States, and of all the +people of all the States; but we, part of the people of one State, to +whom the Constitution has given no power on the subject, from whom it +has expressly taken it away—we, who have solemnly agreed that this +Constitution shall be our law—we, most of whom have sworn to support +it—we now abrogate this law, and swear, and force others to swear +that it shall not be obeyed; and we do this, not because Congress +have no right to pass such laws—this we do not allege—but because +they have passed them with improper views. They are unconstitutional +from the motives of those who passed them, which we can never +with certainty know; from their unequal operation, although it is +impossible, from the nature of things, that they should be equal; and +from the disposition which we presume may be made of their proceeds, +although that disposition has not been declared. This is the plain +meaning of the ordinance, in relation to laws which it abrogates for +alleged unconstitutionality. But it does not stop there. It repeals, +in express terms, an important part of the Constitution itself, and +of laws passed to give it effect, which have never been alleged to be +unconstitutional. The Constitution declares that the judicial powers +of the United States extend to cases arising under the laws of the +United States; and that such laws, the Constitution and treaties, shall +be paramount to the State Constitutions and laws. The judiciary act +prescribes the mode by which the case may be brought before a court of +the United States by appeal, when a State tribunal shall decide against +this provision of the Constitution. The ordinance declares that there +shall be no appeal, makes the State law paramount to the Constitution +and laws of the United States, forces judges and jurors to swear that +they will disregard their provisions, and even makes it penal in a suit +to attempt relief by appeal. It further declares that it shall not be +lawful for the authorities of the United States, or of that State, to +enforce the payment of duties imposed by the revenue laws within its limits. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</span></p> + +<p>Here is a law of the United States, not even pretended to be +unconstitutional, repealed by the authority of a small majority of the +voters of a single State. Here is a provision of the Constitution, +which is solemnly abrogated by the same authority.</p> + +<p>On such expositions and reasonings, the ordinance grounds not only an +assertion of the right to annul the laws, of which it complains, but to +enforce it by a threat of seceding from the Union, if any attempt is +made to execute them.</p> + +<p>This right to secede is deduced from the nature of the Constitution, +which they say is a compact between sovereign States, who have +preserved their whole sovereignty, and therefore are subject to no +superior; that because they made the compact, they can break it, when, +in their opinion, it has been departed from by other States. Fallacious +as this course of reasoning is, it enlists State pride, and finds +advocates in the honest prejudices of those who have not studied the +nature of our government sufficiently to see the radical error on which +it rests.</p> + +<p>The people of the United States formed the Constitution, acting through +the State Legislatures in forming the compact, to meet and discuss +its provisions, and acting in separate conventions when they ratified +those provisions; but the terms used in its construction show it to be +a government in which the people of all the States collectively are +represented. We are <i>one people</i> in the choice of President and +Vice-President. Here the States have no other agency than to direct +the mode in which the votes shall be given. The candidates having a +majority of all the votes are chosen. The electors of a majority of +States may have given their votes for one candidate, and yet another +may be chosen. The people, then, and not the States, are represented in +the executive branch.</p> + +<p>In the House of Representatives there is this difference: that +the people of one State do not, as in the case of President and +Vice-President, all vote for the same officers. The people of all +the States do not vote for all the members, each State electing only +its own Representatives. But this creates no national distinction. +When chosen, they are all Representatives of the United States, not +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</span> +representatives of the particular State from whence they come. They are +paid by the United States, not by the State; nor are they accountable +to it for any act done in the performance of their legislative +functions; and however they may, in practice, as it is their duty to +do, consult and prefer the interests of their particular constituents, +when they come in conflict with any other partial or local interest, +yet it is the first and highest duty of a Representative of the United +States to promote the general good.</p> + +<p>The Constitution of the United States, then, forms a <i>government</i>, +not a league; and whether it be formed by compact between the States, +or in any other manner, its character is the same. It is a government +in which all the people are represented, which operates directly on the +people individually, not upon the States; they retained all the power +they did not grant. But each State having expressly parted with so many +powers, as to constitute jointly with the other States a single nation, +can not, from that period, possess any right to secede, because such +secession does not break a league, but destroys the unity of a nation; +and any injury to that unity is not only a breach, which would result +from the contravention of a compact, but it is an offense against the +whole Union. To say that any State may at pleasure secede from the +Union, is to say that the United States are not a nation; because +it would be a solecism to contend, that any part of a nation might +dissolve its connection with the other parts, to their injury or ruin, +without committing any offense. Secession, like any other revolutionary +act, may be morally justified by the extremity of oppression; but +to call it a constitutional right is confounding the meaning of the +terms; and can only be done through gross error, or to deceive those +who are willing to assert a right, but would pause before they made a +revolution, or incur the penalties consequent on a failure.</p> + +<p>Because the Union was formed by compact, it is said the parties to that +compact may, when they feel themselves aggrieved, depart from it; but +it is precisely because it is a compact that they can not. A compact is +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</span> +an agreement or binding obligation. It may, by its terms, have a +sanction or penalty for its breach, or it may not. If it contains no +sanction, it may be broken, with no other consequences than moral +guilt; if it have a sanction, then the breach incurs the designated or +implied penalty. A league between independent nations generally has no +sanction other than a moral one; or, if it should contain a penalty, +as there is no common superior, it can not be enforced. A government, +on the contrary, always has a sanction, express or implied; and, in +our case, it is both necessarily implied and expressly given. An +attempt, by force of arms, to destroy a government, is an offense, by +whatever means the constitutional compact may have been formed; and +such government has the right, by the law of self-defense, to pass acts +for punishing the offender, unless that right is modified, restrained, +or resumed by the constitutional act. In our system, although it is +modified in the case of treason, yet authority is expressly given to +pass all laws necessary to carry its powers into effect; and, under +this grant, provision has been made for punishing acts which obstruct +the due administration of the laws.</p> + +<p>It would seem superfluous to add any thing to show the nature of that +Union which connects us; but as erroneous opinions on this subject +are the foundation of doctrines the most destructive to our peace, I +must give further development to my views on this subject. No one, +fellow-citizens, has a higher reverence for the reserved rights of the +States than the magistrate who now addresses you; no one would make +greater personal sacrifices or official exertion to defend them from +violation; but equal care must be taken to prevent, on their part, an +improper interference with, or resumption of, the rights they have +vested in the nation. The line has not been so distinctly drawn as to +avoid doubts, in some cases, of the exercise of power. Men of the best +intentions and soundest views may differ in their construction of some +parts of the Constitution; but there are others on which dispassionate +reflection can leave no doubt. Of this nature appears to be the assumed +right of secession. It rests, as we have seen, on the alleged undivided +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</span> +sovereignty of the States, and on their having formed, in this +sovereign capacity, a compact, which is called the Constitution, from +which, because they made it, they have the right to secede. Both of +these positions are erroneous, and some of the arguments to prove them +so have been anticipated.</p> + +<p>The States severally have not retained their entire sovereignty. It +has been shown that, in becoming parts of a nation, not members of a +league, they surrendered many of their essential parts of sovereignty. +The right to make treaties, declare war, levy taxes, exercise exclusive +judicial and legislative powers, were, all of them, functions of +sovereign power. The States, then, for all these purposes, were no +longer sovereign. The allegiance of their citizens was transferred, +in the first instance, to the Government of the United States; they +became American citizens, and owed obedience to the Constitution of the +United States, and to laws made in conformity with the powers it vested +in Congress. This last position has not been, and can not be, denied. +How, then, can that State be said to be sovereign and independent whose +citizens owe obedience to laws not made by it, and whose magistrates +are sworn to disregard those laws when they come in conflict with +those passed by another? What shows conclusively that the States can +not be said to have reserved an undivided sovereignty is, that they +expressly ceded the right to punish treason—not treason against their +separate power, but treason against the United States. Treason is an +offense against sovereignty, and sovereignty must reside with the +power to punish it. But the reserved rights of the States are not less +sacred because they have, for their common interest, made the General +Government the depository of these powers.</p> + +<p>The unity of our political character (as has been shown for another +purpose) commenced with its very existence. Under the royal government +we had no separate character; our opposition to its oppressions began +as <i>united colonies</i>. We were the United States, under the +Confederation, and the name was perpetuated, and the Union rendered +more perfect by the Federal Constitution. In none of these stages did +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</span> +we consider ourselves in any other light than as forming one nation. +Treaties and alliances were made in the name of all. Troops were raised +for the joint defense. How, then, with all these proofs, that, under +all changes of our position, we had, for designated purposes, and with +defined powers, created national governments; how is it that the most +perfect of those several modes of union should now be considered as a +mere league, that may be dissolved at pleasure? It is from an abuse +of terms. “Compact” is used as synonymous with “league,” although the +true term is not employed, because it would at once show the fallacy of +the reasoning. It would not do to say that our Constitution was only a +league; but it is labored to prove it a compact (which in one sense it +is), and then to argue that, as a league is a compact, every compact +between nations must, of course, be a league, and that from such an +engagement every sovereign power has a right to recede. But it has been +shown that, in this sense, the States are not sovereign, and that even +if they were, and the national Constitution had been formed by compact, +there would be no right in any one State to exonerate itself from its +obligations.</p> + +<p>So obvious are the reasons which forbid this secession, that it is +necessary only to allude to them. The Union was formed for the benefit +of all. It was produced by mutual sacrifices of interests and opinions. +Can those sacrifices be recalled? Can the States, who magnanimously +surrender their title to the territories in the West, recall the grant? +Will the inhabitants of the inland States agree to pay the duties that +may be imposed, without their assent, by those on the Atlantic or the +Gulf for their own benefit? Shall there be a free port in one State, +and onerous duties in another? No one believes that any right exists, +in a single State, to involve the others in these and countless other +evils contrary to the engagements solemnly made. Every one must see +that the other States, in self-defense, must oppose it, at all hazards.</p> + +<p>These are the alternatives that are presented by the convention: A +repeal of all the acts for raising revenue, leaving the Government +without the means of support, or an acquiescence in the dissolution of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</span> +our Union by the secession of one of its members. When the first +was proposed, it was known that it could not be listened to for a +moment. It was known, if force was applied to oppose the execution +of the laws, that it must be repelled by force; that Congress could +not, without involving itself in disgrace and the country in ruin, +accede to the proposition; and yet, if this is not done on a given +day, or if any attempt is made to execute the laws, the State is, +by the ordinance, declared to be out of the Union. The majority of +a convention, assembled for the purpose, have dictated these terms, +or rather this rejection of all terms, in the name of the people of +South Carolina. It is true that the Governor of the State speaks of +the submission of their grievances to a convention of all the States, +which, he says, they “sincerely and anxiously seek and desire.” Yet +this obvious and constitutional mode of obtaining the sense of the +other States, on the construction of the Federal compact, and amending +it if necessary, has never been attempted by those who have urged the +State on to this destructive measure. The State might have proposed to +call for a general convention of the other States; and Congress, if +a sufficient number of them concurred, must have called it. But the +first magistrate of South Carolina, when he expressed a hope that, “on +a review by Congress and the functionaries of the General Government +of the merits of the controversy,” such a convention will be accorded +to them, must have known that neither Congress, nor any functionary +of the General Government, has authority to call such a convention, +unless it be demanded by two-thirds of the States. This suggestion, +then, is another instance of the reckless inattention to the provisions +of the Constitution with which this crisis has been madly hurried on; +or of the attempt to persuade the people that a constitutional remedy +has been sought and refused. If the Legislature of South Carolina +“anxiously desire” a general convention to consider their complaints, +why have they not made application for it in the way the Constitution +points out? The assertion that they “earnestly seek” it is completely +negatived by the omission. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</span></p> + +<p>This, then, is the position in which we stand. A small majority of the +citizens of one State in the Union have elected delegates to a State +convention; that convention has ordained that all the revenue laws +of the United States must be repealed, or that they are no longer a +member of this Union. The Governor of that State has recommended to +the Legislature the raising of an army to carry the secession into +effect, and that he may be empowered to give clearances to vessels in +the name of the State. No act of violent opposition to the laws has +yet been committed, but such a state of things is hourly apprehended; +and it is the intent of this instrument to proclaim, not only that +the duty imposed on me by the Constitution “to take care that the +laws be faithfully executed,” shall be performed to the extent of the +powers already vested in me by law, or of such others as the wisdom +of Congress shall devise and intrust to me for that purpose, but to +warn the citizens of South Carolina, who have been deluded into an +opposition to the laws, of the danger they will incur by obedience +to the illegal and disorganizing ordinance of the convention; to +exhort those who have refused to support it to persevere in their +determination to uphold the Constitution and laws of their country; and +to point out to all the perilous situation into which the good people +of that State have been led, and that the course they are urged to +pursue is one of ruin and disgrace to the very State whose rights they +affect to support.</p> + +<p>Fellow-citizens of my native State, let me not only admonish you, as +the First Magistrate of our common country, not to incur the penalty of +its laws, but use the influence that a father would over his children +whom he saw rushing to certain ruin. In that paternal language, with +that paternal feeling, let me tell you, my countrymen, that you are +deluded by men who are either deceived themselves, or wish to deceive +you. Mark under what pretenses you have been led on to the brink of +insurrection and treason, and on which you stand! First, a diminution +of the value of your staple commodity, lowered by over-production in +other quarters, and the consequent diminution in the value of your +lands, were the sole effect of the tariff laws. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</span></p> + +<p>The effect of those laws was confessedly injurious, but the evil +was greatly exaggerated by the unfounded theory you were taught to +believe, that its burdens were in proportion to your exports, not to +your consumption of imported articles. Your pride was roused by the +assertion that a submission to those laws was a state of vassalage, +and that resistance to them was equal, in patriotic merit, to the +opposition our fathers offered to the oppressive laws of Great Britain. +You were told that this opposition might be peaceably—might be +constitutionally made; that you might enjoy all the advantages of the +Union, and bear none of its burdens. Eloquent appeals to your passions, +to your State pride, to your native courage, to your sense of real +injury, were used, to prepare you for the period when the mask, which +concealed the hideous features of disunion, should be taken off. It +fell, and you were made to look with complacency on objects which, not +long since, you would have regarded with horror. Look back to the arts +which have brought you to this state—look forward to the consequences +to which it must inevitably lead! Look back to what was first told +you as an inducement to enter into this dangerous course. The great +political truth was repeated to you, that you had the revolutionary +right of resisting all laws that were palpably unconstitutional and +intolerably oppressive; it was added that the right to nullify a law +rested on the same principle, but that it was a peaceable remedy! +This character which was given to it, made you receive, with too much +confidence, the assertions that were made of the unconstitutionality +of the law and its oppressive effects. Mark, my fellow-citizens, +that, by the admission of your leaders, the unconstitutionality must +be <i>palpable</i>, or it will not justify either resistance or +nullification! What is the meaning of the word <i>palpable</i>, in +the sense in which it is here used? that which is apparent to every +one; that which no man of ordinary intellect will fail to perceive. Is +the unconstitutionality of these laws of that description? Let those +among your leaders who once approved and advocated the principle of +protective duties, answer the question; and let them choose whether +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</span> +they will be considered as incapable, then, of perceiving that which +must have been apparent to every man of common understanding, or as +imposing on your confidence, and endeavoring to mislead you now. In +either case, they are unsafe guides in the perilous path they urge you +to tread. Ponder well on this circumstance, and you will know how to +appreciate the exaggerated language they address to you. They are not +champions of liberty, emulating the fame of our revolutionary fathers; +nor are you an oppressed people, contending, as they repeat to you, +against worse than colonial vassalage.</p> + +<p>You are free members of a flourishing and happy Union. There is no +settled design to oppress you. You have, indeed, felt the unequal +operation of laws which may have been unwisely, not unconstitutionally +passed; but that inequality must necessarily be removed. At the very +moment when you were madly urged on to the unfortunate course you +have begun, a change in public opinion had commenced. The nearly +approaching payment of the public debt, and the consequent necessity +of a diminution of duties, had already produced a considerable +reduction, and that, too, on some articles of general consumption in +your State. The importance of this change was underrated, and you are +authoritatively told that no further alleviation of your burdens were +to be expected at the very time when the condition of the country +imperiously demanded such a modification of the duties as should +reduce them to a just and equitable scale. But, as if apprehensive +of the effect of this change in allaying your discontents, you were +precipitated into the fearful state in which you now find yourselves.</p> + +<p>I have urged you to look back to the means that were used to hurry +you on to the position you have now assumed, and forward to the +consequences it will produce. Something more is necessary. Contemplate +the condition of that country of which you still form an important +part. Consider its Government, uniting in one bond of common interest +and general protection so many different States—giving to all their +inhabitants the proud title of American citizens; protecting their +commerce; securing their literature and their arts; facilitating their +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</span> +intercommunication; defending their frontiers, and making their names +respected in the remotest parts of the earth. Consider the extent of +its territory; its increasing and happy population; its advance in +arts, which render life agreeable; and the sciences, which elevate +the mind! See education spreading the lights of religion, morality, +and general information into every cottage in this wide extent of our +Territories and States! Behold it as the asylum where the wretched +and the oppressed find a refuge and support! Look on this picture of +happiness and honor, and say: “<i>We, too, are citizens of America!</i> +Carolina is one of these proud States—her arms have defended—her +best blood has cemented this happy Union!” And then add, if you can, +without horror and remorse, “this happy Union we will dissolve; this +picture of peace and prosperity we will deface; this free intercourse +we will interrupt; these fertile fields we will deluge with blood; +the protection of that glorious flag we renounce; the very name of +Americans we discard.” And for what, mistaken men—for what do you +throw away these inestimable blessings? for what would you exchange +your share in the advantages and honor of the Union? For the dream of +separate independence—a dream interrupted by bloody conflicts with +your neighbors, and a vile dependence on a foreign power. If your +leaders could succeed in establishing a separation, what would be your +situation? Are you united at home—are you free from the apprehension +of civil discord, with all its fearful consequences? Do our neighboring +republics, every day suffering some new revolution, or contending with +some new insurrection—do they excite your envy? But the dictates of +a high duty obliges me solemnly to announce that you can not succeed. +The laws of the United States must be executed. I have no discretionary +power on the subject—my duty is emphatically pronounced in the +Constitution. Those who told you that you might peaceably prevent their +execution, deceived you—they could not have been deceived themselves. +They know that a forcible opposition could alone prevent the execution +of the laws, and they know that such opposition must be repelled. Their +object is disunion; but be not deceived by names; disunion, by armed +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</span> +force, is <i>treason</i>. Are you really ready to incur its guilt? If +you are, on the heads of the instigators of the act be the dreadful +consequences—on their heads be the dishonor, but on yours may fall +the punishment; on your unhappy State will inevitably fall all the +evils of the conflict you force upon the government of your country. +It can not accede to the mad project of disunion, of which you would +be the first victims—its First Magistrate can not, if he would, avoid +the performance of his duty; the consequences must be fearful to you, +distressing to your fellow-citizens here, and to the friends of good +government throughout the world. Its enemies have beheld our prosperity +with a vexation they could not conceal—it was a standing refutation of +their slavish doctrines, and they will point to our discord with the +triumph of malignant joy. It is yet in your power to disappoint them. +There is yet time to show that the descendants of the Pinckneys, the +Sumters, the Rutledges, and of the thousand other names, which adorn +the pages of your revolutionary history, will not abandon that Union, +to support which so many of them fought, and bled, and died.</p> + +<p>I adjure you, as you honor their memory—as you love the cause of +freedom, to which they dedicated their lives—as you prize the peace +of your country, the lives of its best citizens, and your own fair +fame, to retrace your steps. Snatch from the archives of your State the +disorganizing edict of its convention—bid its members to re-assemble, +and promulgate the decided expressions of your will to remain in the +path which alone can conduct you to safety, prosperity, and honor. Tell +them that, compared to disunion, all other evils are light, because +that brings with it an accumulation of all. Declare that you will +never take the field unless the star-spangled banner of your country +shall float over you; that you will not be stigmatized when dead, and +dishonored and scorned while you live, as the authors of the first +attack on the Constitution of your country. Its destroyers you can +not be. You may disturb its peace—you may interrupt the course of +its prosperity—you may cloud its reputation for stability; but its +tranquillity will be restored, its prosperity will return, and the stain +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</span> +upon its national character will be transferred, and remain an eternal +blot on the memory of those who caused the disorder.</p> + +<p>Fellow-citizens of the United States! The threat of unhallowed +disunion—the names of those once respected, by whom it is uttered—the +array of military force to support it—denotes the approach of a +crisis in our affairs, on which the continuance of our unexampled +prosperity, our political existence, and perhaps that of all free +governments, may depend. The conjuncture demanded a free, a full, and +explicit enunciation, not only of my intentions, but of my principles +of action: and as the claim was asserted of a right by a State to annul +the laws of the Union, and even to secede from it at pleasure, a frank +exposition of my opinions in relation to the origin and form of our +government, and the construction I give to the instrument by which it +was created, seemed to be proper. Having the fullest confidence in the +justness of the legal and constitutional opinion of my duties, which +has been expressed, I rely, with equal confidence, on your undivided +support in my determination to execute the laws—to preserve the Union +by all constitutional means—to arrest, if possible, by moderate but +firm measures, the necessity of a recourse to force; and, if it be the +will of Heaven, that the recurrence of its primeval curse on man for +the shedding of a brother’s blood should fall upon our land, that it be +not called down by any offensive act on the part of the United States.</p> + +<p>Fellow-citizens! the momentous case is before you. On your undivided +support of your Government depends the decision of the great question +it involves, whether your sacred Union will be preserved, and the +blessings it secures to us as one people shall be perpetuated. No +one can doubt that the unanimity with which that decision will be +expressed, will be such as to inspire new confidence in republican +institutions, and that the prudence, the wisdom, and the courage which +it will bring to their defense will transmit them unimpaired and +invigorated to our children.</p> + +<p>May the Great Ruler of Nations grant that the signal blessings with +which He has favored ours, may not, by the madness of party or personal +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</span> +ambition, be disregarded and lost; and may His wise providence bring +those who have produced this crisis to see their folly, before they +feel the misery of civil strife, and inspire a returning veneration +for that Union, which, if we may dare to penetrate His designs, He has +chosen as the only means of attaining the high destinies to which we +may reasonably aspire.</p> + +<p>In testimony whereof, I have caused the seal of the United States to be +hereunto affixed, having signed the same with my hand.</p> + +<p>Done at the city of Washington, this 10th day of December, in the year +of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and thirty-two, and of the +Independence of the United States the fifty-seventh.</p> + +<p class="author">By the President:<span class="ws4"> </span> +<span class="smcap">Andrew Jackson</span>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Edwd. Livingston</span>, <i>Secretary of State</i>.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</span></p> + <h2 class="nobreak">HISTORY OF THE STATES.</h2> +</div> + +<h3>VIRGINIA.</h3> + +<p>“The Old Dominion,” so distinguished as being the native State of +the Father of American Liberty, and the “Mother of Presidents,” +really seemed at one time, to be peculiarly favorable to the birth +and development of statesmen. It has furnished no less than five +Presidents, among whom are Washington, Monroe, Madison, and Jefferson. +It was the first Colony, on the Continent, settled by the English. In +1607, a company formed under the patronage of James I, obtained a grant +to make settlements in America, between the 34th and 38th degrees of +north latitude. In May, 1607, a colony of one hundred and five persons, +under direction of this company, arrived off the coast of South +Virginia. Their intention had been to form a settlement on Roanoke, +now in North Carolina; but being driven north by a violent storm, they +discovered and entered the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. Passing up this bay +they named its capes—Henry and Charles—in honor of the king’s two +sons. They were commanded by Capt. Christopher Newport, an experienced +and distinguished navigator. Passing up James River, they arrived at a +peninsula, upon which they landed and established Jamestown.</p> + +<p>After promulgating a code of laws which had been formed by the London +company, Capt. Newport sailed for England, leaving the colony under the +care of Capt. John Smith, whose subsequent relations to the settlement +became so important, and without whose efforts the enterprise would +doubtless have proved a failure. The colonists seem to have been very +poorly adapted to the labor required at their hands. Too many of them +were <i>gentlemen</i>, and came, it appears, only to enrich themselves +by gathering gold, which, they had heard, was very abundant. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</span></p> + +<p>Through a series of difficulties, which it is rarely the lot of man +to encounter, this colony progressed; the settlers awhile quarreling +among themselves, and awhile contending against savages and famine, for +bare existence, until the period of the Revolution, in which it was +one of the first colonies to take active part, furnishing to the young +republic many of its most efficient military chieftains and statesmen. +It ratified the Constitution June 26, 1788. After the Revolution its +course was for many years one of great prosperity. But, unfortunately, +the year 1861 found the majority of its statesmen arrayed against the +Government, on the side of secession, and on the 15th of April, 1861, +she seceded from the Union. On the 17th of June, 1861, all the counties +lying between the Alleghany Mountains and the Ohio River, were, by a +convention held at Wheeling, declared independent of the old State +government, and were organized into a new State, called West Virginia, +which remains loyal. The capital of the old State was selected as the +seat of government of the so-called Confederate States of America.</p> + +<h3>MASSACHUSETTS.</h3> + +<p>Massachusetts was settled in the year 1620, by the Puritans. These +people, having been severely persecuted in England, had previously +taken refuge in Holland; but for various reasons they determined, +after remaining in Holland a season, to emigrate to the New World. +Unfortunately, they started at a very unpropitious season of the year, +arriving at New England in the winter. The severity of the climate, +their scarcity of food at times, operated seriously against their +comfort and progress. It is said that they were frequently threatened +with starvation. At one time the entire company had but one pint of +Indian corn, which being divided equally among them, allowed to each +person eight grains. But, unlike the early settlers of Virginia, +they were all working men, and good economists. From the time of the +landing at Plymouth, up to 1691, this first settlement was known as the +Plymouth Colony. Meantime, another settlement had been formed, styled +the Massachusetts Colony. Both were for some years under the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</span> +control of a London company. In 1691, Massachusetts and Plymouth +Colonies were united, and thenceforward their history is one. The +people of Massachusetts were, during the early part of their colonial +existence, sorely vexed, at times, by the Indians, especially by +the Pequods. They, unfortunately, had imbibed, during their own +persecutions, too much of the spirit of conscription, and, although +themselves refugees from religious bigotry, sullied much of their +history prior to the Revolution by punishing what they called heresy +in the Quakers and Baptists. During 1774 and 1775, Massachusetts took +a very prominent part in favor of colonial rights, and was the first +State to manifest the spirit of resentment toward Great Britain. Its +history during the War for Independence is one of glory. It adopted the +Constitution June 6, 1788.</p> + +<h3>NEW HAMPSHIRE.</h3> + +<p>This State was a part of Massachusetts up to the year 1680. It was, +however, settled in 1624, the first settlement being formed at Dover +by the English. In 1680, it was erected into a separate colony, and +its first legislative assembly met this year. John Mason was its first +Governor. It suffered severely from Indian wars, and its progress, +during the first years of its existence, was slow. In 1742 it contained +only six hundred persons liable to taxation. Its first Constitution +was formed in 1683. It suffered from the effects of an insurrection +in 1686, although prior and subsequent to this affair, it seems to +have been one of the most peaceful and quiet of the colonies. It +is distinguished for its excellent pastures, towering hills, and +fine cattle. The White Mountains are the highest in New England. +It took a prominent and active part in the Revolution. It ratified +the Constitution June 21, 1788, since which time it has been highly +prosperous. Its present population is 326,073. Its course during the +rebellion has been highly commendable.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/jackson.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="495" > + <p class="f120"><b>ANDREW JACKSON.</b></p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</span></p> + +<h3>MARYLAND.</h3> + +<p>In 1632, Sir George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) visited America, explored +a tract of country lying on the Chesapeake Bay, belonging to what was +then called South Virginia, and returned to England to procure a grant +for it. But before the patent was made out, he died, and it was given +to his son Cecil. The province was named by King Charles I, in the +patent, in honor of his Queen, Henrietta Maria. A part of the province +appears to have been included in the grant made some time afterward to +William Penn, and to have caused much contention between the successors +of Penn and Baltimore.</p> + +<p>In March, 1634, Leonard Calvert, the brother of Cecil, arrived at the +mouth of the Potomac River, bringing with him two hundred emigrants, +most of whom were Roman Catholic gentlemen. Leaving the vessel, he +ascended in a pinnace as far as Piskataqua, an Indian village nearly +opposite Mount Vernon. The Indian Sachem gave him full liberty +to settle there if he chose; but not deeming it safe, he began a +settlement lower down on a branch of the Potomac, at the Indian town of +Yoacomoco. The settlement was called St. Mary’s.</p> + +<p>Maryland made a very fortunate beginning. The colonists arrived in time +to make a crop for that year. Their neighbors in Virginia supplied them +with cattle, and protected them in great part from the Indians, while +their own kind and consistent course materially promoted their happy +relations with the savages.</p> + +<p>The charter which had been granted them was very liberal—ceding to +them the full power of legislation, without any interference on the +part of the Crown. In 1635, they made laws for their government, which +were somewhat modified in 1639. In 1650, they had an upper and lower +legislative assembly, as had their Virginia neighbors.</p> + +<p>Ten or twelve years after its settlement, Maryland was disturbed by an +insurrection, headed by one Clayborne; but this difficulty was soon +settled. It played a conspicuous part in the Revolution, and adopted +the Constitution April 28, 1788. Its progress has been fair, its +present population being 687,049. Its geographical position and the +mixed political character of its people caused it to assume a rather +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</span> +dubious attitude at the commencement of the rebellion of 1861. Some of +its best statesmen, however, were among the most uncompromising friends +of the Union.</p> + +<h3>NEW YORK.</h3> + +<p>Captain Henry Hudson, the famous voyager, discovered what is now New +York, together with a considerable extent of territory contiguous to +it, in the year 1609. Although an Englishman by nativity, Hudson was +at this time employed by the Dutch, (Hollanders) who, consequently, +claimed the territory. Meantime the English set up a claim to it, as +being part of North Virginia. They also claimed it on account of Hudson +being an Englishman. The Dutch, however, determined to hold it, and in +1610 opened a trade with the natives at Manhattan Island, on the spot +where the city of New York now stands. They erected a fort on or near +the site of Albany, named the country in general, New Netherlands, and +the station at Manhattan, New Amsterdam. The Dutch retained the country +until the year 1664.</p> + +<p>It seems that, up to this time, they claimed not only the present +territory of New York, but also that of Connecticut and New Jersey. +The liberal governments of the surrounding colonies stood in great +contrast with the despotic one imposed by the Dutch Government upon +their American colonists. And when, in 1664, the English squadron +dispatched by James, Duke of York, with instructions to take possession +of the province of New Netherlands, appeared before New Amsterdam, +the inhabitants were willing to capitulate without resistance. Peter +Stuyvesant, their Governor, and an able executive, made vain efforts +to rouse them to defense, and was forced to surrender. The English +Government was now acknowledged over the whole of New Netherlands, the +capital receiving the name of New York, as well as the province. From +this time forward to the Revolutionary War, New York remained in the +hands of the English, and was under the control of a very arbitrary +succession of Governors. The progress of the colony was steady, in +numbers, wealth, and civilization. It took an active part in the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</span> +Revolution, and adopted its Constitution July 26, 1788. After this it +outstripped every other State in the Union in every thing pertaining +to wealth and greatness, save education, in which matter no State can +compare with Massachusetts. At the commencement of the great Rebellion, +this noble State showed herself truly worthy to be ranked as the Empire +State. She has furnished the Government more money than any other +State. Her population is 3,880,735.</p> + +<h3>CONNECTICUT.</h3> + +<p>In the year 1633, the Puritans of Massachusetts, having heard very +flattering reports of the valley of Connecticut, resolved to make an +effort to settle it. Accordingly, a company of them sailed for the +Connecticut River, taking with them the frame of a house. Meantime the +Dutch, claiming the territory as theirs, built a fort on the river +where Hartford now stands, to prevent the emigrants from passing up. +The Yankees, however, with that steady perseverance which has always +marked their course, proceeded on their way, paying no attention to +the Dutch fort, whose only demonstration was an unexecuted threat to +fire on the emigrants if they passed it. Landing where Farmington +River enters the Connecticut, they founded the town of Windsor. Other +settlements were subsequently formed at Westerfield, Hartford, and +Watertown. The first general court was held at Hartford, in the year +1636. The province suffered severely from the depredations of the +Pequod Indians, with which tribe a great and decisive battle was +ultimately fought on the river Mystic, in the year 1636.⁠<a id="FNanchor_3_3" href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> +During this year the towns of Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield, met +in convention and formed a Government, electing John Haynes the first +Governor of the colony.</p> + +<p>Its course from this period forward was one of great prosperity. It +stood in the front rank during the war for Independence, and in no case +was ever known to flinch from duty. It ratified the Constitution June +9, 1788. Its present population is 460,147. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</span></p> + +<p>At the commencement of the Rebellion, in 1861, its voice was for the +Union and the Government of the Fathers. Its aid in behalf of freedom +has been earnest and efficient.</p> + +<h3>RHODE ISLAND.</h3> + +<p>In June, 1636, Roger Williams, an earnest, enthusiastic advocate of +religious liberty in the broadest sense, having been banished by the +Puritans of Massachusetts from that colony, went to what is now known +as Rhode Island, purchased the present site of Providence of the +Narragansett Indians, and founded a colony, of which he was at once +pastor, teacher, and father. He donated land to any whom he thought +worthy, and Providence Plantation, as it was long called, became an +asylum for persecuted Christians of all denominations, especially the +Baptists. The first settlement in Rhode Island proper, was formed +by William Codington, in the year 1636. Up to 1640, the citizens of +Rhode Island made their own laws in general convention. But, in 1644, +Roger Williams, with the aid of Gov. Vane, of Massachusetts, procured +a charter for two settlements, under the name of Rhode Island and +Providence Plantations. The Constitution framed under this charter +was a good one; and lasted until the year 1818. For many years the +legislative assembly of this colony met twice a year.</p> + +<p>Rhode Island is distinguished as the smallest State in the Union. It +did noble service in the war for Independence, but did not, for some +reason, adopt the Constitution till the 29th of May, 1790. It has been +a highly prosperous State; is distinguished for its good schools and +large manufactories.</p> + +<p>At the breaking out of the Rebellion in 1861, it stepped nobly forward +in defense of the Government, sending its own Governor to Washington at +the head of a regiment of volunteers. Its population is 174,620.</p> + +<h3>NEW JERSEY,</h3> + +<p>At first, formed a part of the Dutch province of New Netherlands. But +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</span> +soon after the latter came into the hands of the English, the Territory +of New Jersey was transferred to Lord Berkley and Sir George Carteret, +by the Duke of York. The first permanent settlement was formed at +Elizabethtown, in 1664, by emigrants from Long Island. Philip Carteret +arrived in the colony in 1665, and became its first Governor. The +province had very little trouble with the Indians. Many emigrants from +New England and New York soon arrived, and for a series of years the +colony advanced in prosperity. It enjoyed the blessings flowing from a +liberal form of government.</p> + +<p>In the year 1685, the Duke of York became the King of England, under +the title of James II, and disregarding his former pledges, assumed, +in 1688, the government of New Jersey, placing it under the control of +Sir Edmund Andros, whom he had already made Governor of New York and +New England. This state of things was terminated by the revolution in +England, but left New Jersey for years in a very precarious condition. +In 1702, its proprietors having resigned their claims, it became a +royal province, and was united to New York. In 1738 it became again +a separate province, and so continued until the Revolution, in which +it took a very active part in favor of liberty. It ratified the +Constitution December 18, 1787. Thenceforward its career has been +a highly prosperous one. Its strength has been put forth to aid in +crushing the great Rebellion. Population 672,075.</p> + +<h3>DELAWARE.</h3> + +<p>Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, formed a plan of establishing +colonies in America as early as the year 1626. But as he died on the +field of Leutzen, during the German war in 1633, without carrying +his scheme into effect, his minister took it up, and employed Peter +Minuets, the first Governor of New Netherlands, to carry it into +effect. In 1638, a small Swedish colony arrived under the direction +of Minuets, and settled on Christian Creek, near the present town of +Wilmington. Notwithstanding the remonstrances of the Dutch Government +of New Netherlands, who claimed the territory, the Swedes continued to +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</span> +extend their settlements from this time until they preëmpted all the +territory from Cape Henlopen to the falls of the Delaware. At this +time the colony was called New Sweden. In 1651, Governor Stuyvesant, +to check the aggressive movements of the Swedes, built a fort near the +present site of New Castle, of which the Swedes afterward obtained +possession by stratagem. Enraged at this movement, the Government of +Holland ordered Stuyvesant to reduce the Swedes to submission, which +he speedily accomplished with six hundred men, in 1655. The province +was soon after annexed to New Netherlands. Delaware was, after it fell +into the hands of the English, included in the grant made to William +Penn, in 1692. It remained attached to Pennsylvania till 1691, when it +was allowed a separate government. It was reunited to Pennsylvania +in 1692. In 1703, it was again separated, having its own legislature, +though the same Governor presided over both colonies. The ancient forms +of the government were preserved through the revolutionary struggle. It +ratified the Constitution December 7, 1787.</p> + +<p>Its position, at the commencement of the rebellion of 1861, was +somewhat dubious. It being a northerly slave State, was somewhat +divided as to where its interests lay. It, however, finally came out +somewhat decidedly for the Union, although its entire strength has not +been exerted against the rebellion. Its population is 112,216.</p> + +<h3>THE CAROLINAS.</h3> + +<p>In the year 1563, the coast of Carolina was explored, and named after +Charles IX, of France. The first attempt to settle it was made by the +celebrated and accomplished Sir Walter Raleigh, in 1585, twenty-two +years before the settlement of Jamestown, and thirty-five years before +the Puritans landed at Plymouth. This effort failed, on account of the +incapacity of the Governor appointed by Raleigh, and the ill-behavior +of the colonists toward the natives.</p> + +<p>The first successful attempt was made sometime between 1640 and 1650, +under the direction of Governor Berkley. The settlement was made in +Albemarle County, by a few Virginia planters. In 1663, a large tract of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</span> +land, lying between the 30th and 36th degrees of north latitude, having +the Atlantic Ocean for its eastern boundary, was conveyed by Charles +II, to Lord Clarendon and associates, under whose auspices a settlement +was made near the mouth of Cape Fear River, in the year 1665, by +emigrants from Barbadoes. Sir James Yeomans was appointed Governor. +A settlement was made at Port Royal, South Carolina, in 1670; and in +1671, a few persons located at what was then called Old Charleston, +which place was abandoned in 1680, and the foundation of the present +city of Charleston laid, several miles nearer the sea.</p> + +<p>All the various settlements here mentioned went under the general name +of Carolina, until 1571, when a division was made, and the northern +and southern portions were called by their distinctive names, North +and South Carolina. These States were the scenes of many revolutionary +tragedies. South Carolina, in particular, although the home of Sumter, +and Marion, and Rutledge, was replete with tories, (royalists) who +spared no efforts to annoy the infant Republic, and play into the hands +of the British Government. South Carolina ratified the Constitution +May 23, 1788, but threatened to break the compact in 1832, and was +only prevented by the stern will of President Jackson. After this the +State did nothing worthy of note until December 20, 1860, when it +seceded from the Union, taking the lead in the great Rebellion. Present +population 703,708.</p> + +<p>North Carolina ratified the Constitution November 21, 1789, and seceded +from the Union May 21, 1861. Population 992,622.</p> + +<h3>PENNSYLVANIA.</h3> + +<p>The Old Keystone State, and one of the most wealthy and prosperous +in the Union, was settled by the Quakers, under the direction of Wm. +Penn, at Philadelphia, in the year 1682. The founder of this colony +showed himself a philosopher, a philanthropist, a thorough political +economist, at the very commencement of his labors. He put the province +under the government of a Council of Three and a House of Delegates, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</span> +chosen by the freemen, who, according to his arrangement, were all +those who acknowledged the existence of one God. He pursued such a +course with the natives as won their confidence and esteem. No Quaker +was ever murdered by an Indian; and to this day the “sons of Wm. Penn” +are everywhere respected by the savage. The treaty Penn made with +the Indians was never violated. In framing the colonial government, +he provided for the largest religious liberty, allowing every one +to worship according to the dictates of his own conscience. Up to +1684, Delaware, as before mentioned, was included in Penn’s grant. +But about this time he procured a new charter, more strictly defining +the rights and limits of Pennsylvania, and Delaware was detached. +For seventy years prosperity smiled upon this colony, during much +of which time Penn was, according to the historian, its governor, +magistrate, preacher and teacher. It was troubled with no Indian wars +till 1754, when Penn’s example and teachings began to be forgotten. The +population, owing to a considerable influx from Sweden, Germany, and +some other countries, began, at a later date, to assume a more varied +aspect; and when the colonies rebelled against the mother country, +Pennsylvania contained sufficient “fighting” material to lend valuable +assistance to the cause of liberty.</p> + +<p>She adopted the Constitution December 12th, 1787, since which time her +increase in wealth, and advancement in general improvement has been +almost without a parallel. Her vast coal fields and rich iron mines +constitute a source of eternal wealth. Upon the breaking out of the +rebellion of 1861, her position in favor of the Union was well defined.</p> + +<p>Her population is 2,906,115.</p> + +<h3>GEORGIA.</h3> + +<p>General James Oglethorpe, and a company of twenty-one others, received, +in the year 1732, from George II, of England, a grant for all the land +between the Savannah and the Altamaha Rivers. In January, 1733, a +company of one hundred and fourteen men, women, and children, arrived +at Charleston, S. C., destined for Georgia. They were kindly treated by +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</span> +the Charlestonians, and were greatly assisted by them in their labor +of forming a colony. The first laws made for the province by the +twenty-two grantees, prohibited the importation of rum, trade with +the Indians, and the use of negroes. They also provided that lands +should go back to the original owners in case the purchaser had no +male heirs. Although the first, second, and third of these provisions +were undoubtedly wholesome, the fourth was highly objectionable, and +tended very much to retard the progress of the colony. In the year +1740, General Oglethorpe, as commander-in-chief of the forces in +Georgia, at the head of two thousand men, invaded Florida with the +intention of forcibly annexing it to Georgia; but he was soon repelled +from the territory, and returned home bootless. The Spanish, in turn, +with two sail of vessels and three thousand men, invaded Georgia in +1742, and were likewise forced to return home thwarted. The progress +of this colony was for many years very slow; the people manifesting +that indolence and indifference which is still too prominent a +characteristic of Georgians. It was mainly on the side of freedom +during the revolution.</p> + +<p>It ratified the Constitution January 9th, 1788. Since the Revolution, +the State has manifested but little life as compared with its sisters, +and its secession from the Union, May 19th, 1861, was followed by +speedy ruin.</p> + +<h3>VERMONT.</h3> + +<p>The territory of which this State is composed began to be settled in +the year 1731, but was for some years considered as a part of New +Hampshire. It was also claimed at one time by New York, and a contest +arose between that State and New Hampshire, which was adjusted by the +King of England in a manner by no means satisfactory to the settlers. +The result was a quarrel between Vermont and the Crown, in which the +Green Mountain Boys, led by Col. Ethan Allen, resisted the officers +of justice, as well as the New York militia, who were called out to +sustain them.</p> + +<p>The province appears not to have had even a territorial government +until 1777, at which time a convention of delegates met at Westminster, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</span> +and declared themselves an independent State, under the name of New +Connecticut. Previous to this time, however, they had rendered material +aid to the Revolution. In May, 1755, Col. Allen, at the head of two +hundred and seventy men, reduced Fort Ticonderoga and Crown Point, +and thus became complete masters of Lake Champlain. During the whole +period of the Revolution the State did good service in the cause of +liberty, although it remained independent. Some time subsequent to its +declaration of independence its name was changed to Vermont. As it was +not one of the original States, it did not ratify the Constitution, +but, upon application, was admitted to the Union during the second +session of Congress, in the year 1791. It has been a highly prosperous +State, and added much to the luster of the Union in its palmy days +of peace. It fully sustained its Revolutionary reputation at the +commencement of the Rebellion of 1861. Its population is 315,098.</p> + +<h3>KENTUCKY</h3> + +<p>Was settled, in the year 1775, by Daniel Boone and a number of +associates from North Carolina. The trials and adventures of these +hardy pioneers, and especially those of Boone, constitute one of +the most romantic leaves in the history of the West. For over two +years, previous to 1775, Boone was busily employed in surveying +Kentucky, building roads and forts. One of the latter he erected at +Boonesborough; to which place he removed his family, in 1775. Boone +said that his wife and daughter were the first white women who ever +stood on the banks of the Kentucky River. For a number of years after +Boone’s settlement, he and his associates experienced many difficulties +with the natives—Boone’s daughter being at one time captured by +the Indians, though shortly afterward rescued by her father. But, +notwithstanding the difficulties with the savages, the young territory +grew rapidly in population and wealth, and on June 1st, 1792, was +admitted to the Union. Having a fertile soil, and affording excellent +pasturage, she has far outstripped most of her slaveholding sisters in +general improvement.</p> + +<p>Her position for some time after the commencement of the Rebellion was +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</span> +by no means promotive of her prosperity. Owing to her attempt to +observe strict neutrality, she became the scene of many guerrilla +outrages, and has suffered, perhaps, more than any other State during +the struggle.</p> + +<p>Her population is 1,115,684.</p> + +<h3>TENNESSEE.</h3> + +<p>Was, for some time, a part of North Carolina. It was made a territorial +government in the year 1790, and was admitted into the Union in 1796. +The first permanent white inhabitants of Tennessee went there, in +the year 1775, and built Fort Louden, now in Blount County. They +were, in 1760, attacked by the savages, and two hundred persons were +massacred. But, in 1767, the natives were reduced to submission by +Colonel Grant, and a treaty was made with them, which encouraged +emigration. Settlements were formed on Holston River in 1765, which, +although frequently attacked by the Indians, made very fair progress. +Colonel John Sevier, with the Tennessee militia and a few Virginia +soldiers, gained a decisive victory over the savages, and, from this +time forward, though more or less harassed by the Indians, the progress +of the State, in population and improvement, was rapid. North Carolina +gave up the Territory in 1789, and, in 1790, Congress recognized it +as a separate province. It has great extent of territory, and, up to +1861, was considered as among the greatest of the agricultural States. +At this time, however, it was seduced by the voice of the siren, +Secession, and on the 24th of June, 1861, formally seceded from the +Union. It should be stated, however, in justice to the State, that the +eastern portion of it was generally loyal, and was only dragged out of +the Union by force. It has, since the Rebellion, been readmitted into +the Union.</p> + +<h3>OHIO.</h3> + +<p>Ohio was admitted to the Union on the 29th of November, 1802, the +State containing, at the time, 72,000 inhabitants—2,000 more than was +required in order to its admission. It was settled in the spring of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</span> +1788, one year after it, with a vast additional extent of North-western +territory, had been ceded, by Virginia, to the United States.</p> + +<p>The year 1788 was a famous year for emigration. It witnessed the +passage of no less than 20,000 persons down the Ohio River. The company +which settled Ohio consisted of forty persons, under General Rufus +Putnam. They built a stockade fort at Marietta, of sufficient strength +to resist the attacks of the natives, cleared several acres of ground, +and planted a crop. They were joined by twenty additional families in +the autumn. Both these companies were New England people.</p> + +<p>For a number of years they were not troubled by the savages, nor +did any of their number trouble the Indians, except in one or two +instances. The earliest settlers of Cincinnati arrived there, about +twenty in number in 1790. Until the year 1795, the attempts made to +settle most parts of Ohio were attended with great difficulties, +on account of Indian wars. Marietta, however, formed an exception +to this rule. After the great victory which General Wayne achieved +over the savages during Washington’s administration, the population +increased rapidly. Unembarrassed by any centralizing or aristocratic +institutions, possessed of the finest natural resources, and vitalized +by an enterprising population, Ohio, after its admission into the +Union, made an advancement of which any State might well be proud. In +population it is the third State in the Union, numbering 2,390,502.</p> + +<p>At the breaking out of the Rebellion, Ohio took its position staunchly +for the Union, and has done much during the war for the restoration of +the authority of the Government over the seceded States.</p> + +<h3>LOUISIANA.</h3> + +<p>Was ceded by Spain to France in the year 1802, and was bought by the +United States of the latter power, in 1803, at a cost of $15,000,000. +Governor Clayborne took possession of it the same year. It was settled +by the French, at Iberville, in 1699, and was admitted into the Union +April 8th, 1812. It is an important State, in that it holds the keys of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</span> +entrance to the mouth of the Mississippi. In the year 1860, nearly +one-half of its population was slave. It seceded from the Union on the +26th of January, 1861. Its population in 1860 was 708,002. It has been +a very forward State in the great Rebellion.</p> + +<h3>INDIANA.</h3> + +<p>About the year 1690, a French settlement, the first in Indiana, was +made at Vincennes, that place being within the territory claimed, at +that time, by the French, upon priority of discovery by La Salle. +Indiana was long the residence of various Indian tribes, and the +theater of Indian wars. By the terms of the treaty of the peace of +1763, it, with the rest of the North-western Territory, was ceded to +Great Britain. It was still claimed by the Indians, but, by various +treaties, extensive tracts were obtained for settlement. The Indians, +however, retained possession of many parts of the State up to the year +1812, and to that portion known as the Indian Reserve, even later. It +was erected into a Territory in 1809, and on the 11th of December, +1816, was admitted into the Union. Its population—1,350,428, in +the year 1860—is an indication of its progress. In the matter of +education, Indiana is somewhat behind some of her Western sisters, but +her efforts in behalf of the Government during the great Rebellion +shall halo her future with glory.</p> + +<h3>MISSISSIPPI.</h3> + +<p>The territory comprising the present States of Mississippi and Alabama +having been divided, that portion lying next the river was, in 1817, +admitted into the Union as a State, under the name Mississippi, while +the eastern portion was organized as a Territory, and named Alabama. +The whole of this territory was explored, first by Ferdinand De Soto, +and afterward by La Salle. It suffered greatly during the wars of the +Natchez Indians. The Choctaws, for a long time, retained possession +of the northern portion of it, and were, to some extent, civilized. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</span> +Mississippi was settled by the French, in 1716, at Natchez. Its +population—791,305—shows fair progress. On the 9th of January, 1861, +it went the way of the seceding States, since which time, its course, +like theirs, has been downward.</p> + +<h3>ILLINOIS.</h3> + +<p>This most thriving and prosperous State came into the Union on the 3d +of December, 1818. Until 1809 it was a part of Indiana, at which time +it became a separate territory, and so remained till received into +the Union. This State has been little disturbed by civil divisions or +by Indian wars. Its most serious troubles arose from the appearance, +within its borders, of the Mormons, in 1838, and from attempts made to +curb their irregularities. This singular people, believing themselves +to be ill-treated, assembled to the number of 700, under their leaders, +in a remote part of the State, and proposed fighting for their rights. +But a body of three hundred troops marched against and captured them. +The whole sect was ultimately reduced to submission, and banished +the State. It was explored by La Salle, and settled by the French at +Kaskaskia,⁠<a id="FNanchor_4_4" href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> +in 1720. Its growth has been immense. Its population, in 1860, was +1,711,951. Its history has been one of the most glorious of the loyal +States during the great Rebellion.</p> + +<h3>ALABAMA</h3> + +<p>Was admitted to the Union on the 14th of December, 1819. It has a deep, +rich soil, and in many places a healthful climate. It remained till +the Revolution a mere hunting-ground of the savages. From the peace of +1783 to 1802 it was claimed by Georgia, and lands were sold to settlers +and speculators accordingly. In the year 1802, Georgia ceded all her +western territory to the United States for $1,250,000. In 1800, the +present State of Alabama became a part of Mississippi Territory, from +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</span> +which it was separated when Mississippi became a State. It was settled, +in 1711, at Mobile, by the French, being a part of the territory +explored by La Salle in his Mississippi tour. It formally seceded from +the Union, January 11, 1861.</p> + +<h3>MAINE.</h3> + +<p>In the year 1638, the same year in which New Haven was settled, +Ferdinand Gorges procured a charter of the King of England for all +the lands from the borders of New Hampshire, on the south-west, to +Sagadahoc, on the Kennebeck River, on the north-east, under the name +of the Province of Maine. It remained a separate province till 1652, +when it became a part of Massachusetts. Various attempts were made, +between 1785 and 1802 to form it into an independent State; but these +efforts failed. In 1819 a large majority of the people were in favor of +separating from Massachusetts. A convention was called, a Constitution +prepared and adopted, and, in 1820, Maine was received into the Union. +It is, by no means, an agricultural State, but its extensive fisheries +and great lumber trade have greatly enriched it, and its progress in +morality has, perhaps, been superior to that of any other State. It is +the only State in the Union that has an efficient prohibitory liquor +law. It proved itself true to the Government in 1861, and there is no +danger of its ever ceasing to be so.</p> + +<p>It was settled in 1625, at Bristol, by the English. Its population is +628,279.</p> + +<h3>MISSOURI.</h3> + +<p>This great, though crippled, State was admitted into the Union on the +10th of August, 1821. It, with all the territory then belonging to the +United States, west of the Mississippi, was included in the purchase of +Louisiana, made in 1803. Louisiana afterward was divided into Orleans +Territory, Louisiana proper, and Missouri Territory. In 1819, Missouri +Territory was divided into Arkansas, on the south, and Missouri on the +north; and it was about this time that the latter took the requisite +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</span> +steps toward framing a State Constitution. It will be remembered that +this is the State, the discussion of the propriety of the admission of +which raised such a storm in Congress in 1820.</p> + +<p>Being a border slave State, it was nearly equally divided on the +question of secession in 1861, and thus, like Kentucky, has been +overrun by both Southern and Northern troops during the Rebellion, and +has been the scene of much bloodshed and ruin. It was settled in 1764, +at St. Louis, by the French. Its population is 1,182,012.</p> + +<h3>FLORIDA.</h3> + +<p>The Peninsular States, discovered and explored by Ponce de Leon, a +voyager with Columbus, and whose name was suggested to the discoverer +by the abundance and beauty of its wild flora, was, from 1512 to 1819, +with the exception of the interval between 1763 and 1783, a province +of Spain. The first attempt to settle it was made in the year 1565, +at St. Augustine, which is said to be the oldest town in America, by +the Spaniards. This effort was attended with many difficulties, the +colonists contending, for the first few years, alternately with the +horrors of savage warfare and famine, at times being forced to subsist +on roots and acorns. In 1819 it was transferred to the United States +by treaty, which treaty was, after much delay, ratified by Spain, and +with still more delay by the United States. Possession of the colony +was granted the Government in July, 1821. The territory contained, in +1840, a population of 54,477, and on the 3d of March, 1845, became a +State, and was received into the Union. Florida was the theater of the +Seminole war, which cost the United States so much blood and treasure. +It went the way of the seceding States, January 7th, 1861. Florida, +like the Indian’s gun, has “cost more than she has come to.” Her +population in 1860, was 140,425.</p> + +<h3>ARKANSAS.</h3> + +<p>This State lies South of Missouri, and was once attached to it. It has +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</span> +a fine climate and prolific soil. The first settlement of whites within +its limits was made at Arkansas Post, in the year 1685. The earlier +inhabitants were French. Its progress, for many years, was very slow. +It was not till about the year 1829 that the tide of emigration began +to flow from the Atlantic States in that direction. Little Rock, the +early seat of government and the present capital, was laid out in the +year 1820, during which year the first steamboat ascended the Arkansas +River. The boat was eight days in going from New Orleans to the village +of Arkansas—a distance of scarcely one hundred miles above the mouth +of the Arkansas River. The State once contained the remnants of several +powerful tribes of Indians. By a treaty made between the Cherokees and +the United States, the former agreed to give up all their lands east of +the Mississippi River, and to retire to a region guaranteed to them in +the present State of Arkansas.</p> + +<p>The State was admitted into the Union on the 15th of June, 1836. It +seceded May 6th, 1861, and has since been the retreat of guerrillas, +and the scene of some sanguinary battles.</p> + +<h3>MICHIGAN.</h3> + +<p>Was admitted into the Union January 26th, 1837. It had the requisite +population (60,000) before this, but there were some difficulties +in the way of its admission. In 1837 it contained 200,000; in 1840, +212,267, and in 1850, 851,470. The territory, when first discovered by +the whites, contained a tribe of Indians called Hurons by the French, +and Iroquois by the Indians themselves. Many of them were converted to +Christianity, by the untiring labors of Catholic missionaries, as early +as 1648. It was not, however, till 1670 that the French took possession +of the territory. It was a portion of the extensive tract explored by +the assiduous, daring La Salle. Its progress, while it belonged to the +French, was very slow. It was not until 1763, when, by treaty, it was +ceded to Great Britain, that much was done in the way of civilizing and +improving it. Comparatively little, in fact, was done until 1783, when +the territory was ceded by England to the United States. Until 1800 it +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</span> +was, for purposes of Government, considered a part of the Great +North-western Territory. After Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois had +been severally detached, the remainder, in 1805, became a distinct +territory, the first Governor of which was General Hull, by appointment +of President Jefferson. Michigan suffered much from the war of 1812. +For about two years nearly the whole territory was the theater of +sanguinary conflicts. It was exposed to the barbarity of the enemy and +their Indian allies. Since then, however, its enterprising inhabitants +have brought it up to a degree of improvement which few States of its +age can boast. Its strength was offered the Government in 1861, and it +continues as well as it began. Its population, in 1860, was 749,113.</p> + +<h3>IOWA.</h3> + +<p>This State derives its name from the Indians. It was included in the +Louisiana purchase. It was first settled at Dubuque, by the French, +in the year 1686. This settlement, however, does not seem to have +been permanent, nor productive of any real good to the territory. In +1833 Burlington was settled by emigrants from the eastern States. It +formed a part of Missouri from 1804 to 1821, when it was included in +Michigan Territory. It subsequently belonged to Wisconsin Territory. It +was admitted into the Union March 3d, 1845. It is a highly prosperous +State, having a vast extent of rich soil and excellent pasturage. +It is faithful to the Union; placed itself in the front rank at the +commencement of the Rebellion.</p> + +<h3>TEXAS.</h3> + +<p>The territory of Texas was explored by Ponce de Leon and La Salle. +After Mexico became independent of Spain, a grant which had been +made to Moses Austin, a native of Connecticut, comprising a large +tract of this province, was confirmed by the new Republic; and, being +transferred by Moses Austin, at his death, to his son, Stephen, was +subsequently enlarged by a further grant. Emigration from the United +States was encouraged, and in 1830 nearly ten thousand Americans were +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</span> +settled in Texas. The prosperity of these inhabitants excited the +jealousy of Mexico, and under the administration of Santa Anna, an +unjust, oppressive policy was adopted toward Texas. Remonstrance +proving useless, the people of the territory declared themselves +independent. The revolution began in 1835, by a battle at Gonzales, in +which five hundred Texans defeated over one thousand Mexicans. Other +engagements followed, the result of which was the dispersion of the +Mexican army. Santa Anna now redoubled his efforts, and appearing in +March, 1835, with a force of eight thousand men, several bloody battles +followed. On the 21st of April, having under his immediate command one +thousand and five hundred men, he was met by General Sam. Houston, +with eight hundred men, and totally defeated, on the banks of the San +Jacinto. Santa Anna himself was captured the next day in the woods, +when he acknowledged the independence of Texas, though the Mexican +Congress refused to ratify the act. Active hostilities, however, were +now abandoned, and the independence of Texas was acknowledged by the +United States, Great Britain, and other European countries. It was in +this condition of things that Texas was annexed to the United States. +On the 24th of December, 1845, it was admitted into the Union, which +act was ratified by the Texan Legislature, July 4th, 1846. But Mexico, +still regarding Texas as a revolted province, refused to acknowledge +the validity of this measure. The result was a war between Mexico and +the United States, which terminated on the 2d of February, 1848, in a +treaty by which the latter power, in consideration of the payment of a +debt of $3,500,000, due from Mexico to the citizens of Texas, acquired +New Mexico, Texas, and California. The progress of Texas from this time +till the eve of the great Rebellion, was almost unprecedented, no less +than twenty-five thousand Germans having emigrated to that State in +five years’ time. These, however, owing to the jealousy aroused against +them by their having demonstrated the superiority of free labor, +even in a slave State, were obliged to migrate to Mexico in the year +1860. By this and other oppressive acts on the part of the advocates +of slavery, Texas, purchased by the blood and treasure of the United +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</span> +States, was driven into the whirlpool of secession, March 4th, 1861. +Its population, in 1860, was 604,215. The first settlement within its +borders was made by the Spaniards, at St. Antonia de Bexar, in 1690.</p> + +<h3>WISCONSIN.</h3> + +<p>Was admitted into the Union May 29th, 1848. It was a part of the +extensive territory ceded by France to Great Britain in the treaty of +1763. At the close of the Revolution it was given up by Great Britain +to the United States. It was erected into a territory in 1836, the +portion now forming the State of Iowa being detached in 1838. Its +natural resources are extraordinary, the climate being very healthful, +and the soil unsurpassed in fertility. It was settled in the year 1669, +at Green Bay, by the French. It is thoroughly loyal to the Union. In +1860, it had a population of 775,881.</p> + +<h3>MINNESOTA.</h3> + +<p>Lies north of Iowa, and extends to the Canadian boundary. On the +north-east it touches Lake Superior, and, to the west, is bounded by +Dakotah Territory. It comprises the head waters of the Mississippi, +and abounds in rivers and lakes, teeming with fish. Its soil is highly +prolific, and its forests are among the finest in the world. Its name +is derived from Minnisotah, the Indian name of St. Peter’s River. +Primarily discovered by La Salle, it, for some years, belonged to the +French, and at a very early period was traversed by their traders and +soldiers. It was ceded to Great Britain by the treaty of 1763, and +to the United States at the peace of 1783. It received a territorial +government in 1849, and was admitted into the Union in May, 1858. It +has still, within its borders, several bands of the Chippewas, with +whom considerable trouble has been experienced since the breaking out +of the rebellion. It is, however, a thrifty, growing State, and is +thoroughly loyal. It was settled in 1846, at St. Paul, by emigrants +from the eastern States. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</span></p> + +<h3>OREGON.</h3> + +<p>Was admitted into the Union in the year 1859. It, primarily, included +Washington Territory, and, with the latter, comprised the extensive +tract lying between the British Possessions, on the north, and +California, on the south; the Rocky Mountains, on the east, and the +Pacific Ocean, on the west. The coasts of this region were discovered +by the Spaniards in the 16th century. In 1792, Capt. Grey, of Boston, +discovered and entered the Columbia River, and thus the United States +acquired the right of sovereignty over the territory. The exploration +of the country from the Missouri to the Columbia, by Lewis and Clark, +government appointees, in 1804-5-6, strengthened this claim. The +British, however, laid claim to the northern part of the territory, +which gave rise to a threatening dispute between Great Britain and +the United States. But the difficulty was adjusted by a treaty in +1846, establishing the boundary of 49°, north latitude. The State +still contains the Flathead, Pend Oreille, Spokane, Shoshane, and +other tribes of Indians, who are, for the most part, in the savage +state, though the Christian missionaries have done much in the way of +civilizing a portion of them. The furs of this region, those of the +badger, beaver, bear, fisher-fox, lynx, martin, mink, muskrat, etc., +have long been a great source of revenue.</p> + +<p>The American fur companies established trading posts in Oregon at an +early period, that of Astoria being founded in 1810, under the auspices +of the late John Jacob Astor, of New York. It was settled, at Astoria, +by emigrants from the Eastern States, in the year 1811. Its population +amounted to 52,465 in 1860.</p> + +<h3>KANSAS.</h3> + +<p>About the development of this young State cluster some of the most +important events of American history. Its territorial organization, +by the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, in 1854, reopened the +agitation of the slavery question, which seeming to have acquired fresh +vigor and virulence from the sleep it had enjoyed under the Missouri +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</span> +Compromise, thoroughly aroused the old animosities between the pro and +antislavery elements of our national politics. From 1854 to 1857 it +was the theater of political tragedies, the bare mention of which may +well put the blush of shame upon even the most fool-hardy partisan; +and the historian has well said that these dire afflictions might have +been expected when the bill organizing Kansas Territory was passed. +No sooner was it decided that this territory was open alike to the +abolitionist and the slave-holder, than the Emigrant Aid Societies +of New England and the pro-slavery organizations of the South began +pouring streams of settlers into it of opposite political views, +entertaining the most hostile feelings, each party toward the other; +and, as the legitimate result, came a civil war, which lasted about +two years, and which, in some of its incidents would have shamed even +savages.</p> + +<p>The Territory made application to Congress, in 1857, for a place in +the Union, but the Constitution under which it asked admission (the +one framed at Lecompton) was known to be a fraudulent affair, and +hence Kansas was rejected. The discussion of this Constitution caused +a permanent division of the Democratic party. The Constitution was +rejected by the people of Kansas by a majority of 10,000. Kansas +was, however received into the Union, in 1861, under a free State +Constitution, formed at Topeka.</p> + +<h3>CALIFORNIA.</h3> + +<p>Was admitted into the Union on the 7th of September, 1850. The alarming +discussion which occurred upon the question of admission was what +gave rise to the compromise measures of 1850, popularly styled the +<i>Omnibus Bill</i>. The measures are presented in detail in another +part of this work.</p> + +<p>General Fremont, with a small but dauntless band of rangers, conquered +California in 1846, having defeated, on frequent occasions, vastly +superior forces of Mexicans. Its resources as a farming country early +attracted attention. But when, in February, 1848, it was published that +gold in quantities had been found on a branch of the Sacramento, the +swarm of emigrants which rushed in, comprising representatives from +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</span> +every State in the Union, and from nearly all the nations of Europe, +was almost incalculable. From a small village, San Francisco was +rapidly inflated to a large city. In many places towns sprang up like +mushrooms. Owing to the fact that its population had been thrown +hastily together, from so many places, and in consequence of the want +of a government, California was, for some time, the scene of many dark +crimes and hideous outrages. Never was the want of wholesome legal +restraint more keenly felt than here. The Constitution of California +was framed by a convention of delegates in 1849. It took a firm stand +for the Union in 1861. The first settlement, within its limits, was +made at San Diego, by the Spanish, in 1764. It furnishes annually to +the Government, seventy to eighty millions of dollars in gold.</p> + +<h3>WEST VIRGINIA.</h3> + +<p>On Virginia’s passing the ordinance of secession, mass meetings were +immediately held in West Virginia, to take into consideration the best +means of preserving their allegiance to the United States. A convention +of nearly five hundred delegates assembled there early in May, 1861, +which declared the ordinance of secession to be null and void, and +elected delegates to a general convention, to meet at Wheeling, to +devise such measures as the welfare of the people might demand. On the +20th of August, 1861, the convention passed an ordinance to provide +for the formation of a new State out of a portion of the territory of +Virginia. In compliance with its provisions, delegates were elected +to a constitutional convention, which assembled at Wheeling, November +26, 1861, which proceeded to draft a Constitution, which was submitted +to the people on the first Thursday of April, 1862. The vote in favor +was 18,862; that against 514. On the 31st of December, 1862, Congress +passed an act admitting West Virginia into the Union on an equal +footing with the original States, in all respects whatever, allowing +them three members in the House of Representatives of the United +States. On the 1st of November, 1862, the State had furnished to the +Federal Army nearly 20,000 men. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</span></p> + +<h3>NEVADA.</h3> + +<p>This Territory having formed a State Constitution, under an enabling +act previously passed by Congress, was admitted as a member of the +Federal Union, on an equal footing with the original States. The +State convention was held at so late a period of the year, that it +was necessary to telegraph the Constitution to Washington, in order +that it might be received there in time to secure the admission of +the State previous to the Presidential election. Immediately upon its +reception, President Lincoln issued a proclamation, dated October +31st, A. D. 1864, in which he “declared and proclaimed that the said +State of Nevada is admitted into the Union, on an equal footing with +the original States,” etc. The vote of the State at the Presidential +election, in 1864, was 16,420—of which Mr. Lincoln received 9,826, +and General McClellan 6,594. Majority for Mr. Lincoln, 3,232. This +new State is probably the richest in the Union in respect to mineral +resources. No region in the world is richer in argentiferous leads. +Her silver mines are her great source of wealth. The Washoe region +maintains the preëminence in these mineral resources.</p> + +<h3>NEBRASKA.</h3> + +<p>Nebraska was organized into a Territory in 1850. The first settlers +were Americans. In the last few years it has increased in wealth +and population more rapidly than any of the adjoining States or +Territories. Probably the chief cause of this has been occasioned by +the Pacific Railroad passing directly through the State from east to +west. It is impossible, at the present time, to estimate the advantage +it will be to the State in developing its resources. The value of its +minerals in the western portion of the State is incalculable. It has +fair prospects of becoming one of the richest mineral and agricultural +States in the Union. Omaha, the capital, is a city of considerable +commercial importance, being located at the junction of the Missouri +River and the Pacific Railroad. In 1866, the Territory applied for +admission into the Union, but, on account of the word “white” being +used in its Constitution, it was rejected. The word was then stricken +out, after which it was admitted, February, 1867—the bill for +admission having been passed over the President’s veto.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/van_buren.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="495" > + <p class="f120"><b>MARTIN VAN BUREN.</b></p> +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">GEORGE WASHINGTON,</h2> +</div> + +<p class="center">THE FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.</p> + +<p>The most exemplary character, perhaps, that ever adorned any era in +history, and who received in his life-time the noble appellations of +“the Founder of a Republic,” and “the Father of his Country,” was +born in the county of Westmoreland, Virginia, on the 22d of February, +1732. His early instruction was domestic and scanty, but full of good +discipline and sound principles; and as his father died when he was +only ten years old, he had no subsequent opportunities for acquiring +a thorough literary or scientific education. However, as his mind +was naturally mathematical and philosophical, he prepared himself +to be useful to his fellow-citizens as a civil engineer; and as the +country was wild, and much of it then unsurveyed, he occasionally +found agreeable and profitable employment in surveying different parts +of his native State. He also directed much of his attention to the +science of arms, in the use of which every young man was instructed, +in order to repel the incursions of the Indians, who were often led on +by skillful Frenchmen. At the age of nineteen, he was appointed one of +the adjutant-generals of Virginia, which gave him the rank of major, +and soon after he was advanced to a colonelcy, and sent by Governor +Dinwiddie to the Ohio with dispatches to the French commander, who was +erecting fortifications from Canada to New Orleans, in violation of +existing treaties. The Governor was so much pleased with the faithful +discharge of this duty, that he ordered his journal, which extended +to only eighty days, to be printed; but, small as it was, it afforded +evidence of great sagacity, fortitude, and a sound judgment, and firmly +laid the foundation of his future fame.</p> + +<p>In the spring of 1755, Washington was persuaded to accompany General +Braddock as an aid, with the rank of Colonel, in his disastrous +expedition against Fort Du Quesne; and had his advice been followed on +that occasion, the result would have been different. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</span></p> + +<p> + <span style="margin-left: 13.0em;">ELECTORAL VOTES FOR</span><br> + <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.</span> +</p> + +<p><i>Election for the First Term, commencing March 4, 1789, and +terminating March 3, 1793.</i></p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <thead><tr class="bt2 bb fs_120"> + <th class="tdc"><b>A</b> </th> + <th class="tdc bl">STATES.</th> + <th class="tdc bl"><b> B </b></th> + <th class="tdc bl"><b> C </b></th> + <th class="tdc bl"><b> D </b></th> + <th class="tdc bl"><b> E </b></th> + <th class="tdc bl"><b> F </b></th> + <th class="tdc bl"><b> G </b></th> + <th class="tdc bl"><b> H </b></th> + <th class="tdc bl"><b> J </b></th> + <th class="tdc bl"><b> K </b></th> + <th class="tdc bl"><b> L </b></th> + <th class="tdc bl"><b> M </b></th> + <th class="tdc bl"><b> N </b></th> + </tr></thead> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Hampshire</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">5</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">5</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Massachusetts</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">10</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">10</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Connecticut</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">7</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">5</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Jersey</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">6</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">5</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Pennsylvania</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">10</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">8</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Delaware</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maryland</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">6</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">6</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Virginia</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">10</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">5</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">South Carolina</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">7</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">6</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Georgia</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">5</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">69</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Whole No. Electors </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">69</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">34</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">9</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">6</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">6</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + </tr><tr class="bb2"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Majority<span class="ws3"> </span>35</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub1"><b>COLUMN HEADINGS:</b></li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = No. of Electors from each State.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = George Washington, of Virginia.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(C)</b> = John Adams, of Massachusetts.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(D)</b> = Samuel Huntington, of Connecticut.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(E)</b> = John Jay, of New York.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(F)</b> = John Hancock, of Massachusetts.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(G)</b> = F R. H. Harrison, Maryland.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(H)</b> = George Clinton, of New York.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(J)</b> = John Rutledge, of South Carolina.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(K)</b> = John Milton, of Georgia.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(L)</b> = James Armstrong, of Georgia.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(M)</b> = Edward Telfair, of Georgia.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(N)</b> = Benjamin Lincoln, of Massachusetts.</li> +</ul> + +<p>The first Congress under the Constitution was convened at the +“Federal Hall,” situated at the head of Broad, fronting on Wall street, +(where the Custom House now stands,) in the city of New York, on the +first Wednesday, being March 4, 1789—Senators and Representatives +having been elected from the eleven States which had ratified the +Constitution; but, owing to the absence of a quorum, the House was not +organized till the 1st of April, and, for a like reason, the Senate +was not organized till the 6th; when the latter body “proceeded by +ballot to the choice of a President, for the sole purpose of opening +and counting the [electoral] votes for President of the United States.” +John Langdon, of New Hampshire, was chosen President <i>pro tem.</i> of +the Senate, and Samuel Alyne Otis, of Massachusetts, Secretary; after +which, proper measures were taken to notify the successful individuals +of their election.</p> + +<p>George Washington took the oath of office, as President, and entered +upon his duties April 30, 1789.</p> + +<p>(For his Inaugural Address, <a href="#Page_41">see p. 41</a>.)</p> + +<p>John Adams, Vice-President, entered upon his duties in the Senate +April 21, 1789, and took the oath of office June 3, 1789. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</span></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Election for the Second Term, commencing March 4, 1793,<br> +and terminating March 3, 1797.</i></p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <thead><tr class="bt2 bb fs_120"> + <th class="tdc"><b>A</b> </th> + <th class="tdc bl">STATES.</th> + <th class="tdc bl"><b> B </b></th> + <th class="tdc bl"><b> C </b></th> + <th class="tdc bl"><b> D </b></th> + <th class="tdc bl"><b> E </b></th> + <th class="tdc bl"><b> F </b></th> + </tr></thead> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Hampshire</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">6</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">6</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">16</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Massachusetts</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">16</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">16</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rhode Island</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Connecticut</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">9</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">9</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Vermont</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New York</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">12</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">12</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Jersey</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">7</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">7</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Pennsylvania</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">15</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">14</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Delaware</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maryland</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">8</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">8</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">21</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Virginia</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">21</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">21</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Kentucky</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">North Carolina</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">12</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">12</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">South Carolina</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">8</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">7</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Georgia</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">132</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Whole No. Electors </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">132</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">77</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">50</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + </tr><tr class="bb2"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Majority<span class="ws3"> </span>67</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub1"><b>COLUMN HEADINGS:</b></li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = No. of Electors from each State.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = George Washington, of Virginia.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(C)</b> = John Adams, of Massachusetts.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(D)</b> = George Clinton, of New York.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(E)</b> = Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(F)</b> = Aaron Burr, of New York.</li> +</ul> + +<p>George Washington, re-elected President, took the oath of office for a +second term, and entered upon his duties March 4, 1793.</p> + +<p>John Adams, re-elected Vice-President, took the oath of office, and +entered upon his duties in the Senate December 2, 1793.</p> + +<p>After the expiration of his second Presidential term, Washington +retired to the tranquil shades of Mount Vernon, fondly indulging the +hope that the remainder of his days would be peacefully enjoyed in his +much cherished home; but these pleasing anticipations were not allowed +to remain long undisturbed. In 1798 the conduct of the French Directory +and its emissaries led to frequent difficulties with this country, +which were calculated to provoke a war; and the opinion was universally +entertained that he who had formerly so well acquitted himself, must +be again called to the command of our armies. Accordingly, early in +July, the rank and title of “Lieutenant-General and Commander-in-Chief +of all the armies raised, or to be raised, in the United States,” was +conferred upon him; and the Secretary of War, Mr. McHenry, immediately +waited upon him to tender the commission. In a letter to President +Adams, accepting this “new proof of public confidence”, he makes a +reservation that he shall not be called into the field until the army +is in a situation to require his presence, and adds: “I take the +liberty also to mention, that I must decline having my acceptance +considered as drawing after it any immediate charge upon the public, +and that I cannot receive any emoluments annexed to the appointment, +before entering into a situation to incur expense.” +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</span></p> + +<p>Three years afterward (1758) Washington commanded the Virginians in +another expedition against the fort, which terminated successfully. At +the close of this campaign he left the army, and was soon after married +to Mrs. Martha Custis (the widow of Colonel Daniel Parke Custis), whose +maiden name was Dandridge, and whose intelligent and patriotic conduct, +as wife and widow, will ever be gratefully remembered in American annals.</p> + +<p>In 1759, he was elected to the House of Burgesses, and continued to +be returned to that body, with the exception of occasional intervals, +until 1774, when he was sent to represent Virginia in the Continental +Congress. His well-tempered zeal and military skill, which enabled him +to suggest the most proper means for national defense, if the country +were urged to extremities, soon fixed all eyes upon him, as one well +qualified to direct in the hour of peril; and accordingly, after the +first scene of the revolutionary drama was opened at Lexington and +Concord, and an army had concentrated at Cambridge, he was, on the 15th +of June, 1775, unanimously appointed Commander-in-Chief of the American +forces. The self-sacrificing spirit which governed his future course is +too well known to require any elucidation.</p> + +<p>After bringing the war to a successful termination, he hastened to +Annapolis, where Congress was then in session, and on the 23d of +December, 1783, formally resigned his commission.</p> + +<p>In May, 1787, he was elected to the Convention which met at +Philadelphia for the purpose of forming a Constitution, and was at once +called upon to preside over its deliberations. After that admirable +instrument was adopted by the people, he was unanimously elected the +first President of the United States for four years; at the expiration +of which he was unanimously reëlected for a second term.</p> + +<p>On the 12th of December, 1799, he was seized with an inflammation in +the throat, which grew worse the next day, and terminated his life on +the 14th, in the 68th year of his age.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">JOHN ADAMS,</h2> +</div> + +<p class="center">THE SECOND PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,</p> + +<p>And whose fame as a patriot and statesman is imperishable, was born +at Braintree, Massachusetts, October 19, 1735. He early displayed +superior capacity for learning, and graduated at Cambridge College with +great credit. After qualifying himself for the legal profession, he +was admitted to practice in 1761, and soon attained that distinction +to which his talents were entitled. From the commencement of the +troubles with Great Britain, in 1769, he was among the most active +in securing the freedom of his country. Being elected to the first +Continental Congress, he took a prominent part in all the war measures +that were then originated, and, subsequently, suggested the appointment +of Washington as commander-in-chief of the army. He was one of the +committee which reported the Declaration of Independence, in 1776, and +the next year visited France, as commissioner, to form a treaty of +alliance and commerce with that country. Although the object had been +accomplished before his arrival, his visit had, otherwise, a favorable +effect on the existing position of affairs; and he was afterward +appointed to negotiate a treaty of peace with Great Britain, which, +after many laborious and fruitless efforts, was finally accomplished +in 1783. In 1785, he was sent to England as the first minister from +this country, and, on his return, was elected first Vice-President, in +which office he served two terms, and was then, in 1797, elected to +succeed Washington as President. Many occurrences tended to embarrass +his administration and to render it unpopular; but it is now generally +admitted to have been characterized by patriotism and vigor equal +to the emergencies which then existed. His political opponents, +however, managed to defeat his reëlection, and he was succeeded in +the Presidency by Mr. Jefferson, in 1801; after which he retired to +his farm at Quincy, where his declining years were passed in the +gratification of his unabated love for reading and contemplation, +and where he was constantly cheered by an interesting circle of +friendship and affection. The semi-centennial anniversary of American +Independence (July 4, 1826) was remarkable, not merely for the event +which it commemorated, but for the decease of two of the most active +participants in the measures by which independence was achieved. On +that day, Adams and Jefferson were both gathered to their fathers, +within about four hours of each other, “cheered by the benediction of +their country, to whom they left the inheritance of their fame and the +memory of their bright example.” +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</span></p> + +<p><i>Election for the Third Term, commencing March 4, 1797, and +terminating March 3, 1801.</i></p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <thead><tr class="bt2 bb fs_120"> + <th class="tdc"><b>A</b> </th> + <th class="tdc bl">STATES.</th> + <th class="tdc bl"><b> B </b></th> + <th class="tdc bl"><b> C </b></th> + <th class="tdc bl"><b> D </b></th> + <th class="tdc bl"><b> E </b></th> + <th class="tdc bl"><b> F </b></th> + <th class="tdc bl"><b> G </b></th> + <th class="tdc bl"><b> H </b></th> + <th class="tdc bl"><b> J </b></th> + <th class="tdc bl"><b> K </b></th> + <th class="tdc bl"><b> L </b></th> + <th class="tdc bl"><b> M </b></th> + <th class="tdc bl"><b> N </b></th> + <th class="tdc bl"><b> O </b></th> + </tr></thead> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Hampshire</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">6</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">6</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">16</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Massachusetts</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">16</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">13</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rhode Island</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Connecticut</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">9</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">5</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Vermont</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New York</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">12</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">12</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Jersey</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">7</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">7</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Pennsylvania</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">14</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">13</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Delaware</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maryland</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">7</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">21</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Virginia</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">20</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">15</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Kentucky</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">North Carolina</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">11</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">6</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">South Carolina</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">8</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">8</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Georgia</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tennessee</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">139</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">No. of Electors </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">71</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">68</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">59</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">30</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">15</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">11</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">5</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">7</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td> + </tr><tr class="bb2"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Majority<span class="ws3"> </span>70</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub1"><b>COLUMN HEADINGS:</b></li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = No. of Electors from each State.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = John Adams, of Massachusetts.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(C)</b> = Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(D)</b> = Thos. Pinckney, of South Carolina.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(E)</b> = Aaron Burr, of New York.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(F)</b> = Samuel Adams, of Massachusetts.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(G)</b> = Oliver Ellsworth, of Connecticut.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(H)</b> = John Jay, of New York.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(J)</b> = George Clinton, of New York.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(K)</b> = S. Johnston, of North Carolina.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(L)</b> = James Iredell, of North Carolina.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(M)</b> = Geo. Washington, of Virginia.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(N)</b> = C. C. Pinckney, of South Carolina.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(O)</b> = John Henry, of Maryland.</li> +</ul> + +<p>John Adams, elected President, took the oath of office, and entered +upon his duties, March 4, 1797.</p> + +<p>Thomas Jefferson, elected Vice-President, took the oath of office, and +entered upon his duties in the Senate, March 4, 1797.</p> + +<p>The administration of Mr. Adams encountered the most virulent +opposition, both domestic and foreign. France, still in the confusion +following her revolution, made improper demands on our country, which +not being complied with, she commenced seizing American property on +the high seas. Our people, taking different sides, were about equally +divided—some approving and others deprecating the course pursued by +France. Letters of marque and reprisal were issued by our government, +and a navy was raised with surprising promptitude. This had the desired +effect, peace being thereby secured; and the aggressor was taught that +the Americans were friends in peace, but were not fearful of war when +it could not be honorably averted.</p> + +<p>The Indians on our western frontiers also caused much trouble; but at +length, being severely chastised by General Wayne, they sued for peace, +which was granted in 1795.</p> + +<p>In 1800 the seat of government was removed from Philadelphia to +Washington City, which had been designated by Washington, under a law +of Congress, as the most central situation. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</span></p> + +<p>As has been noticed elsewhere, Mr. Adams deemed it prudent, in the +early part of his administration, when impending difficulties with +France seemed to render war inevitable, to offer Washington the +commission of Lieutenant-General and Commander-in-Chief of the army, +which he accepted as a matter of duty, and held until his death, but +fortunately never found it necessary to take the field.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">THOMAS JEFFERSON,</h2> +</div> + +<p class="center">THE THIRD PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,</p> + +<p>Was born at Shadwell, Albemarle County, Virginia (near Monticello, +the seat where he died), April 13, 1743. He was educated at William and +Mary’s College, and graduated with distinction when quite young. He +was a great lover of learning, and particularly of natural philosophy. +With the celebrated George Wythe, he commenced the study of the law, +and became a favorite pupil. Mr. Jefferson was never distinguished as +an advocate, but was considered a good lawyer. Soon after he came to +the bar he was elected a member of the House of Burgesses, and, in that +body, was duly appreciated for his learning and aptitude for business. +He at once took fire at British oppression, and, in 1774, he employed +his pen in discussing the whole course of the British ministry. The +work was admired, and made a text book by his countrymen. In June, +1775, he took his seat in the Continental Congress, from Virginia. +In that body he soon became conspicuous, and was considered a firm +friend of American liberty. In 1776, he was chosen chairman of the +committee that drafted the Declaration of Independence. This instrument +is nearly all his own, and was sanctioned by his coadjutors, with +few alterations. In 1778, Mr. Jefferson was appointed embassador to +France, to form a treaty with that government, but ill-health prevented +his accepting this office. He succeeded Patrick Henry, in 1779, as +Governor of Virginia, and continued in that station two years. In 1781 +he composed his notes on Virginia. In 1783 he was sent to France to +join the ministers of our country, Mr. Adams and Dr. Franklin. In 1785 +he succeeded Dr. Franklin as embassador, and continued performing the +duties of that office for two years, when he retired, and returned +home. In 1789 he was made Secretary of State, under Washington, in +which situation he was highly distinguished for his talents. This +station he resigned in 1793, and retired to private life. In 1797 he +was elected Vice-President of the United States, and took his seat as +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</span> +President of the Senate, on the following 4th of March. In 1801, he +was President of the United States, which office he held for eight +years. After completing his second term, he retired to private life, +in which he spent his days in philosophical pursuits, until the 4th +of July, 1826, when he expired, just fifty years after penning the +Declaration of Independence. His course was one of his own. Never lived +there a politician who did more than Thomas Jefferson to bring his +fellow-citizens to his own opinions. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</span></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Election for the Fourth Term, commencing March 4, 1801,<br> +and terminating March 3, 1805.</i></p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <thead><tr class="bt2 bb fs_120"> + <th class="tdc"><b>A</b> </th> + <th class="tdc bl">STATES.</th> + <th class="tdc bl"><b> B </b></th> + <th class="tdc bl"><b> C </b></th> + <th class="tdc bl"><b> D </b></th> + <th class="tdc bl"><b> E </b></th> + <th class="tdc bl"><b> F </b></th> + </tr></thead> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Hampshire</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">6</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">6</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">16</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Massachusetts</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">16</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">16</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rhode Island</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Connecticut</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">9</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">9</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Vermont</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New York</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">12</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">12</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Jersey</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">7</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">7</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Pennsylvania</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">8</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">8</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">7</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">7</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Delaware</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maryland</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">5</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">5</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">5</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">5</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">21</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Virginia</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">21</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">21</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Kentucky</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">North Carolina</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">8</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">8</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tennessee</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">South Carolina</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">8</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">8</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Georgia</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">138</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">No. of Electors </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">73</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">73</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">65</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">64</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + </tr><tr class="bb2"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Majority<span class="ws3"> </span>70 </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub1"><b>COLUMN HEADINGS:</b></li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = No. of Electors from each State.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(C)</b> = Aaron Burr, of New York.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(D)</b> = John Adams, of Massachusetts.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(E)</b> = C. C. Pinckney, of South Carolina.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(F)</b> = John Jay, of New York.</li> +</uL> + +<p>The electoral vote for Thos. Jefferson and Aaron Burr being equal, no +choice was made by the people, and on the 11th of February, 1801, the +House of Representatives proceeded to the choice of President in the +manner prescribed by the Constitution. On the first ballot eight States +voted for Thos. Jefferson, six for Aaron Burr, and the votes of two +States were divided. The balloting continued till the 17th of February, +when the thirty-fifth ballot, as had all previously, resulted the same +as the first. After the thirty-sixth ballot, the Speaker declared that +the votes of ten States had been given for Thos. Jefferson, the votes +of four States for Aaron Burr, and the votes of two States in blank; +and that, consequently, Thomas Jefferson had been elected for the term +of four years.</p> + +<p>Thomas Jefferson, thus elected President, took the oath of office, and +entered upon his duties, March 4, 1801.</p> + +<p>In his inaugural address, Mr. Jefferson used the following memorable +expression: “We have called by different names brethren of the same +principle. We are all republicans: we are all federalists. If there +be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union, or to change +its republican form, let them stand, undisturbed, as monuments of +the safety with which <span class="allsmcap">ERROR OF OPINION MAY BE +TOLERATED, WHERE REASON IS LEFT FREE TO COMBAT IT</span>.” +Aaron Burr, elected Vice-President, took the oath of office, and +entered upon his duties in the Senate, March 4, 1801. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</span></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Election for the Fifth Term, commencing March 4, 1805,<br> +and terminating March 3, 1809.</i></p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <thead><tr class="bt2 fs_120"> + <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2">A </th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" rowspan="2">STATES.</th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="2"> PRESID’T. </th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="2"> V. PRES’T. </th> + </tr><tr class="fs_120 bb"> + <th class="tdc bl"> B </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> C </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> D </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> E </th> + </tr></thead> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Hampshire</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">19</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Massachusetts</td> + <td class="tdc bl">19</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">19</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rhode Island</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Connecticut</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Vermont</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">19</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New York</td> + <td class="tdc bl">19</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">19</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Jersey</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">20</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Pennsylvania</td> + <td class="tdc bl">20</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">20</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Delaware</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maryland</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 2</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 2</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">24</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Virginia</td> + <td class="tdc bl">24</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">24</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">14</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">North Carolina</td> + <td class="tdc bl">14</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">14</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">South Carolina</td> + <td class="tdc bl">10</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">10</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Georgia</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tennessee</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Kentucky</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Ohio</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">176</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Whole No. of Electors </td> + <td class="tdc bl">162 </td> + <td class="tdc bl">14</td> + <td class="tdc bl">162 </td> + <td class="tdc bl">14</td> + </tr><tr class="bb2"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Majority<span class="ws2">89</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub1"><b>COLUMN HEADINGS:</b></li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = No. of Electors from each State.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(C)</b> = Charles C. Pinckney, of South Carolina.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(D)</b> = George Clinton, of New York.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(E)</b> = Rufus King, of New York.</li> +</ul> + +<p>Thomas Jefferson, elected President, took the oath of office for a +second term, and entered upon his duties March 4, 1805.</p> + +<p>George Clinton, elected Vice-President, took the oath of office, and +entered upon his duties in the Senate, March 4, 1805.</p> + +<p>Among the most important acts of Mr. Jefferson’s administration was +the purchase of Louisiana from France for $15,000,000, which territory +was surrendered to our Government in December, 1803.</p> + +<p>In November, 1808, the celebrated “<span class="smcap">Orders in +Council</span>” were issued by the British Government, which prohibited +all trade with France and her allies; and, as a retaliatory measure, +in December following Bonaparte issued his “<span class="smcap">Milan +Decree</span>,” interdicting all trade with England and her +colonies—thus subjecting almost every American vessel on the ocean +to capture. In requital for these tyrannous proceedings, and that +England and France might both feel their injustice, Congress decreed +an embargo; but as this failed to obtain from either power an +acknowledgment of our rights, and was also ruinous to our commerce with +other nations, it was repealed in March, 1809.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">JAMES MADISON,</h2> +</div> + +<p class="center">THE FOURTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,</p> + +<p>Was born in Orange County, Virginia, March 16, 1751. His studies, +preparatory to entering Princeton College, were pursued under the most +favorable circumstances, he being provided with the most accomplished +instructors, and he graduated with high honor in 1771. On returning +to Virginia, he zealously commenced the study of the law, which he +subsequently abandoned for political life.</p> + +<p>In 1776, he was elected to the General Assembly of Virginia, and from +this period, for more than forty years, he was continually in office, +serving his State and his country in various capacities, from that of a +State Legislator to that of President.</p> + +<p>In 1778, he was elected by the Legislature to the executive council +of the State, where he rendered important aid to Henry and Jefferson, +Governors of Virginia, during the time he held a seat in the council; +and by his probity of character, faithfulness in the discharge of duty, +and amiableness of deportment, he won the approbation of these great +men. In the winter of 1779-80, he took his seat in the Continental +Congress, and became immediately an active and leading member, as the +journal of that body abundantly testifies.</p> + +<p>In 1784-5-6, he was a member of the Legislature of Virginia. In +1787, he became a member of the Convention held in Philadelphia, for +the purpose of preparing a Constitution for the Government of the +United States. Perhaps no member of that body had more to do with the +formation of that noble instrument, the Constitution of the United +States of America, than Mr. Madison.</p> + +<p>It was during the recess between the proposition of the Constitution +by the Convention of 1787, and its adoption by the States, that that +celebrated work, “The Federalist,” made its appearance. This is known +to be the joint production of Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James +Madison. The same year he was elected to Congress, and held his seat +until the Continental Congress passed away among the things that were. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</span> +He was a member of the State Convention of Virginia which met to adopt +the Constitution, and on the establishment of the new Congress under +the Constitution, he was chosen a member, retaining his seat until the +close of Washington’s administration.</p> + +<p>In 1801, as one of the presidential electors, he had the gratification +of voting for his illustrious friend Jefferson, who immediately +offered him a place in his cabinet, which was accepted. Accordingly, +he entered on the discharge of his duties as Secretary of State, which +duties he continued to perform during the whole of Mr. Jefferson’s +administration, and on the retirement of that great statesman, in 1809, +he succeeded to the Presidency, in which office he served two terms.</p> + +<p>Mr. Madison then retired to his peaceful home in Virginia, where he +passed the remainder of his days in favorite pastimes, loved by the +many and respected by all, until the 28th of June, 1826, when the +last survivor of the framers of our Constitution was gathered to his +fathers, full of years and glory. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</span></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Election for the Sixth Term, commencing March 4, 1809,<br> +and terminating March 3, 1813.</i></p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <thead><tr class="bt2 fs_120"> + <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2">A </th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" rowspan="2">STATES.</th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="3"> PRESIDENT. </th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="5"> VICE-PRESIDENT.</th> + </tr><tr class="fs_120 bb"> + <th class="tdc bl"> B </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> C </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> D </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> E </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> F </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> G </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> H </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> J </th> + </tr></thead> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Hampshire</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">19</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Massachusetts</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">19</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">19</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rhode Island</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Connecticut</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Vermont</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">19</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New York</td> + <td class="tdc bl">13</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">13</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Jersey</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">20</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Pennsylvania</td> + <td class="tdc bl">20</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">20</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Delaware</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maryland</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 2</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 2</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">24</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Virginia</td> + <td class="tdc bl">24</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">24</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">14</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">North Carolina</td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">South Carolina</td> + <td class="tdc bl">10</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">10</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Georgia</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Kentucky</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tennessee</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Ohio</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">175</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Whole No. of Electors </td> + <td class="tdc bl">122 </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl">47</td> + <td class="tdc bl">113 </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl">47</td> + </tr><tr class="bb2"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Majority<span class="ws2">88</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub1"><b>COLUMN HEADINGS:</b></li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = No. of Electors from each State.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = James Madison, of Virginia.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(C)</b> = George Clinton, of New York.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(D)</b> = C. C. Pinckney, of South Carolina.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(E)</b> = George Clinton, of New York.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(F)</b> = James Madison, of Virginia.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(G)</b> = James Monroe, of Virginia.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(H)</b> = John Langdon, of New Hampshire.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(J)</b> = Rufus King, of New York.</li> +</ul> + +<p>James Madison took the oath of office, as President, and entered upon +his duties March 4, 1809.</p> + +<p>George Clinton, elected Vice-President, took the oath of office, and +attended in the Senate, March 4, 1809.</p> + +<p>Our national position, especially in regard to England and France, +was certainly a very perplexing one when Mr. Madison came to the +Presidency. We were not only threatened by enemies abroad, but were +harassed by a savage foe on our western frontier, probably urged on by +British influence, and led by the famous chief Tecumseh and his brother +the Prophet. These last were finally subdued in 1811; but our European +foes were more troublesome. After all peaceful means had failed to +check the aggressions of England, and when at length “patience had +ceased to be a virtue,” war was declared against that country, June 19, +1812. The events of that war it is not within our province to record; +and it is sufficient to say, that they greatly elevated the American +character in the estimation of both friends and enemies. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</span></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Election for the Seventh Term, commencing March 4, 1813,<br> +and terminating March 3, 1817.</i></p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <thead><tr class="bt2 fs_120"> + <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2">A </th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" rowspan="2">STATES.</th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="2"> PRESID’T. </th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="2"> V. PRES’T. </th> + </tr><tr class="fs_120 bb"> + <th class="tdc bl"> B </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> C </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> D </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> E </th> + </tr></thead> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Hampshire</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 1</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">22</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Massachusetts</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">22</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 2</td> + <td class="tdc bl">20</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rhode Island</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Connecticut</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Vermont</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">29</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New York</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">29</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">29</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Jersey</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">25</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Pennsylvania</td> + <td class="tdc bl">25</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">25</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Delaware</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maryland</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">25</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Virginia</td> + <td class="tdc bl">25</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">25</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">North Carolina</td> + <td class="tdc bl">15</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">15</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">South Carolina</td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Georgia</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Kentucky</td> + <td class="tdc bl">12</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">12</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tennessee</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Ohio</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Louisiana</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">217</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Whole No. of Electors </td> + <td class="tdc bl">128 </td> + <td class="tdc bl">89</td> + <td class="tdc bl">131 </td> + <td class="tdc bl">86</td> + </tr><tr class="bb2"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Majority<span class="ws2">109</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub1"><b>COLUMN HEADINGS:</b></li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = No. of Electors from each State.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = James Madison, of Virginia.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(C)</b> = De Witt Clinton, of New York.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(D)</b> = Elbridge Gerry, of Massachusetts.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(E)</b> = Jared Ingersoll, of Pennsylvania.</li> +</ul> + +<p>James Madison, elected President for a second term. [There is no notice +on the Journals of Congress of his having taken the oath.]</p> + +<p>Elbridge Gerry, elected Vice-President, attended in the Senate on the +24th of May, 1813, and exhibited a certificate of his having taken the +oath of office prescribed by law, which was read.</p> + +<p>The war into which the country had been forced was brought to a close +by the treaty of Ghent, which was signed December 24, 1814; but this +treaty had scarcely been ratified, when it became necessary to commence +another war for the protection of American commerce and seamen against +Algerine piracies. In May, 1815, a squadron under Commodore Decatur +sailed for the Mediterranean, where the naval force of Algiers was +cruising for American vessels. After capturing two of the enemy’s +best frigates in that sea, Decatur proceeded to the Bay of Algiers, +and there dictated a treaty which secured the United States from any +further molestation from that quarter. Similar treaties were also +concluded with the other Barbary powers.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">JAMES MONROE,</h2> +</div> + +<p class="center">THE FIFTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,</p> + +<p>One of the few exalted characters that served his country in both a +civil and military capacity, was born in Westmoreland county, Virginia, +April 26, 1758, and was educated at William and Mary’s College, whence +he graduated in 1776, and commenced the study of the law. Anxious to +aid in the struggle for independence, which had then just began, he +abandoned his studies, and entered the army as a cadet—joining a +corps under the gallant General Mercer. He soon distinguished himself +in several well-fought battles, and rapid promotion followed, until +he reached the rank of captain. He was at Harlem Heights, and White +Plains, and shared the perils and fatigues of the distressing retreat +of Washington through New Jersey, as well as the glory of the victory +over the Hessians at Trenton, where he received a musket-ball in the +shoulder; notwithstanding which, he valiantly “fought out the fight.” +He subsequently accepted the post of an aid to Lord Stirling, with +the rank of Major, in which position he saw much hard service—being +engaged in almost every conflict for the two succeeding campaigns, +and displaying great courage and coolness at the bloody battles of +Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth.</p> + +<p>Aspiring to a separate command, he obtained permission to raise a +regiment in his native State; for which purpose he left the army, and +returned to Virginia, where he encountered so many unexpected and +discouraging obstacles, that he finally relinquished the enterprise, +and resumed his law studies in the office of Mr. Jefferson.</p> + +<p>In 1780, he was elected to the Virginia Legislature, and in the +following year was made one of Governor Jefferson’s council, in which +he continued until 1783, when, at the age of twenty-four years, he +became a member of the Continental Congress. After serving three years +in that body, he was again returned to the State Legislature.</p> + +<p>In 1788, while a member of the Convention to decide upon the adoption +of the new Constitution, he voted in the minority against that +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</span> +instrument; but this vote did not at all affect his popularity. Two +years afterward he was elected United States Senator, and in 1794 he +was sent envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the Court +of Versailles. After settling the cession of Louisiana to the United +States, he went to England to succeed Mr. King as minister at the court +of St. James. The affair of the frigate Chesapeake placing him in an +uncomfortable situation, he returned to the United States, and, in +1810, was once more elected to the Virginia Legislature. He was soon +after chosen Governor of that State, in which office he remained until +Mr. Madison called him to assume the duties of Secretary of State in +his cabinet. In 1817, he was elected President of the United States, +and in 1821 was unanimously reëlected, with the exception of a single +vote in New Hampshire. His administration was a prosperous and quiet +one.</p> + +<p>He united with Jefferson and Madison in founding the University of +Virginia; and when the convention was formed for the revision of the +Constitution of his State, he was called to preside over its action. +Not long after this, he went to reside with a beloved daughter (the +wife of Samuel L. Gouverneur, Esq.) in New York City, where he lived +until the anniversary of Independence, in 1831, when, “amidst the +pealing joy and congratulations of that proud day, he passed quietly +and in glory away.” +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</span></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Election for the Eighth Term, commencing March 4, 1817,<br> +and terminating March 3, 1821.</i></p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <thead><tr class="bt2 fs_120"> + <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2">A </th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" rowspan="2">STATES.</th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="2"> PRESID’T. </th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="5"> VICE-PRESIDENT.</th> + </tr><tr class="fs_120 bb"> + <th class="tdc bl"> B </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> C </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> D </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> E </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> F </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> G </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> H </th> + </tr></thead> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Hampshire</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">22</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Massachusetts</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">22</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">22</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rhode Island</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Connecticut</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Vermont</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">29</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New York</td> + <td class="tdc bl">29</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">29</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Jersey</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">25</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Pennsylvania</td> + <td class="tdc bl">25</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">25</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Delaware</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maryland</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">25</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Virginia</td> + <td class="tdc bl">25</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">25</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">North Carolina</td> + <td class="tdc bl">15</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">15</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">South Carolina</td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Georgia</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Kentucky</td> + <td class="tdc bl">12</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">12</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tennessee</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Ohio</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Louisiana</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Indiana</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">217</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Whole No. of Electors </td> + <td class="tdc bl">183 </td> + <td class="tdc bl">34</td> + <td class="tdc bl">83</td> + <td class="tdc bl">22</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + </tr><tr class="bb2"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Majority<span class="ws2">109</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub1"><b>COLUMN HEADINGS:</b></li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = No. of Electors from each State.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = James Monroe, of Virginia.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(C)</b> = Rufus King, of New York.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(D)</b> = D. D. Tompkins, of New York.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(E)</b> = John E. Howard, of Maryland.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(F)</b> = James Ross, of Pennsylvania.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(G)</b> = John Marshall, of Virginia.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(H)</b> = Rob’t G. Harper, of Maryland.</li> +</ul> + +<p>James Monroe took the oath of office, as President, and entered upon +his duties March 4, 1817.</p> + +<p>Daniel D. Tompkins, elected Vice-President, took the oath of office, +and attended in the Senate, March 4, 1817.</p> + +<p>The Seminole and a few of the Creek Indians commenced depredations on +the frontiers of Georgia and Alabama towards the close of 1817, for +which they were severely chastised by a force under General Jackson, +and gladly sued for peace.</p> + +<p>In February, 1819, a treaty was negotiated at Washington, by which +Spain ceded to the United States East and West Florida and the adjacent +Islands. In the same year the southern portion of Missouri Territory +was set off under the name of Arkansas, for which a territorial +government was formed; and Alabama was constituted a State, and +admitted into the Union.</p> + +<p>Early in 1820 the province of Maine, which had been connected with +Massachusetts since 1652, was separated from it and was admitted into +the Union as an independent State. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</span></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Election for the Ninth Term, commencing March 4, 1821,<br> +and terminating March 3, 1825.</i></p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <thead><tr class="bt2 fs_120"> + <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2">A </th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" rowspan="2">STATES.</th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="2"> PRESID’T. </th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="5"> VICE-PRESIDENT.</th> + </tr><tr class="fs_120 bb"> + <th class="tdc bl"> B </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> C </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> D </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> E </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> F </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> G </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> H </th> + </tr></thead> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Hampshire</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 1</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 1</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Massachusetts</td> + <td class="tdc bl">15</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rhode Island</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Connecticut</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Vermont</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">29</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New York</td> + <td class="tdc bl">29</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">29</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Jersey</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">25</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Pennsylvania</td> + <td class="tdc bl">24</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">24</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Delaware</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maryland</td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">10</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 1</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">25</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Virginia</td> + <td class="tdc bl">25</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">25</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">North Carolina</td> + <td class="tdc bl">15</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">15</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">South Carolina</td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Georgia</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Kentucky</td> + <td class="tdc bl">12</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">12</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tennessee</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Ohio</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Louisiana</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Indiana</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">2</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mississippi</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 2</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 2</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Illinois</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Alabama</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maine</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Missouri</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">236</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">No. of Electors </td> + <td class="tdc bl">231 </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 1</td> + <td class="tdc bl">218</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 1</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 1</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + </tr><tr class="bb2"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Majority<span class="ws2">118</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub1"><b>COLUMN HEADINGS:</b></li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = No. of Electors from each State.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = James Monroe, of Virginia.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(C)</b> = John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(D)</b> = Daniel D. Tompkins, of New York.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(E)</b> = Richard Stockton, of New Jersey.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(F)</b> = Robert C. Harper, of Maryland.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(G)</b> = Richard Rush, of Pennsylvania.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(H)</b> = Daniel Rodney, of Delaware.</li> +</ul> + +<p>James Monroe was re-elected President, but there is no notice on the +Journals of Congress that he again took the oath of office.</p> + +<p>Daniel D. Tompkins was re-elected Vice-President, but there is no +record of his having taken the oath of office.</p> + +<p>Public attention was much occupied in 1824-5 by a visit from the +venerable General Lafayette, who, after the lapse of nearly half a +century from the period of his military career, was again welcomed with +every token of respect that could be devised for honoring the “Nation’s +Guest.” He landed in New York in August, 1824, and after remaining +there a short time, set out on a tour through all the States. Upwards +of a year was taken up in accomplishing this gratifying object; and in +September, 1825, he sailed from Washington in the frigate Brandywine +for his native home.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">JOHN QUINCY ADAMS,</h2> +</div> + +<p class="center">THE SIXTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,</p> + +<p>Was born at Quincy, Massachusetts, July 11, 1767, and received the +advantages of a pretty thorough education before entering Harvard +College, which was not until the year 1786. After graduating with +marked credit, he commenced the study of law at Newburyport, in the +office of the Hon. Theophilus Parsons, for many years Chief Justice +of Massachusetts. While pursuing his studies he found leisure to +write several newspaper essays, which attracted much attention, and +displayed a maturity of taste and judgment seldom attained so early in +life. In 1794, Washington appointed him minister to the Netherlands, +and subsequently transferred him to Portugal. He was afterward, at +different periods, minister to Prussia, Russia, and England; and was +one of the commissioners who negotiated the treaty of peace with Great +Britain, at Ghent, in 1815. In 1817, he was appointed Secretary of +State, in which office he continued during Mr. Monroe’s administration, +eight years; when he was elected by the House of Representatives +President of the United States—the people having failed in making a +choice. Like his father, he encountered strong opposition, and only +served one term in this office, being defeated in a reëlection by +General Jackson. He then retired to his farm at Quincy, but did not +remain long in private life; for, two years afterward, he was chosen +Representative in Congress, and continued to be reëlected until his +death, which occurred in the Capitol, at Washington, February 23, +1848. Two days previous to this sad event, while engaged in his duties +in the House of Representatives, he received a paralytic stroke, +which apparently deprived him of all consciousness. He was borne to +the Speaker’s room, where he received every attention that could be +bestowed by anxious and devoted friends, but all in vain—his hour was +come. The last words he was heard to utter were, “This is the last of +earth.”</p> + +<p>Mr. Adams was a man of rare gifts and rich acquisitions. A diligent +student, and economical of his time, he found opportunity, amid all his +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</span> +public cares, to cultivate his tastes for literature and the sciences. +He was one of the finest classical and belles-lettres scholars of his +time, and filled the chair of Professor of Rhetoric and Belles-lettres +in Harvard College for several years. Even in his old age, he often +astonished his hearers with the elegant classical allusions and rhetorical +tropes with which he enriched and embellished his own productions. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</span></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Election for the Tenth Term, commencing March 4, 1825,<br> +and terminating March 3, 1829.</i></p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <thead><tr class="bt2 fs_120"> + <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2">A </th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" rowspan="2">STATES.</th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="4"> PRESIDENT. </th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="6"> VICE-PRESIDENT.</th> + </tr><tr class="fs_120 bb"> + <th class="tdc bl"> B </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> C </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> D </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> E </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> F </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> G </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> H </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> J </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> K </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> L </th> + </tr></thead> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Hampshire</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 1</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Massachusetts</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">15</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">15</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rhode Island</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Connecticut</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Vermont</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">36</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New York</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 1</td> + <td class="tdc bl">26</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl">29</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Jersey</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">28</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Pennsylvania</td> + <td class="tdc bl">28</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">28</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Delaware</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 1</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 2</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 1</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 2</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maryland</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 1</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">10</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 1</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">24</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Virginia</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">24</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">24</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">North Carolina</td> + <td class="tdc bl">15</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">15</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">South Carolina</td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Georgia</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">14</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Kentucky</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">14</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tennessee</td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">16</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Ohio</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">16</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">16</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Louisiana</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 2</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Indiana</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mississippi</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Illinois</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 2</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 1</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Alabama</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maine</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Missouri</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">261</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Whole No. of Electors </td> + <td class="tdc bl">99</td> + <td class="tdc bl">84</td> + <td class="tdc bl">41</td> + <td class="tdc bl">37</td> + <td class="tdc bl">183</td> + <td class="tdc bl">30</td> + <td class="tdc bl">24</td> + <td class="tdc bl">13</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 2</td> + </tr><tr class="bb2"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Majority<span class="ws2">131</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub1"><b>COLUMN HEADINGS:</b></li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = No. of Electors from each State.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(C)</b> = John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(D)</b> = Wm. H. Crawford, of Georgia.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(E)</b> = Henry Clay, of Kentucky.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(F)</b> = John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(G)</b> = Nathan Sanford, of New York.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(H)</b> = Nathaniel Macon, of North Carolina.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(J)</b> = Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(K)</b> = Henry Clay, of Kentucky.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(L)</b> = Martin Van Buren, of New York.</li> +</ul> + +<p>Neither candidate for the Presidency having received a majority of +the electoral votes, it devolved upon the House of Representatives to +choose a President from the three highest on the list of those voted +for, which three were Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and William +H. Crawford. Twenty-four tellers (one member from each State) were +appointed, who, after examining the ballots, announced that the votes +of thirteen States had been given for John Quincy Adams; the votes +of seven States for Andrew Jackson; and the votes of four States for +William H. Crawford. The Speaker then declared that John Quincy Adams, +having received a majority of the votes of all the States, was duly +elected President of the United States for four years, commencing on +the 4th of March, 1825; on which day Mr. Adams took the oath of office, +and entered upon his duties.</p> + +<p>John C. Calhoun, having been elected Vice-President, took the oath of +office, and attended in the Senate, March 4, 1825.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">ANDREW JACKSON,</h2> +</div> + +<p class="center">THE SEVENTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,</p> + +<p>A statesman of rare integrity, and a general of invincible skill +and courage, was born at Waxhaw, Lancaster County, South Carolina, +in 1767, and while yet a mere lad, did something toward achieving +the independence of his country. It is said that he commenced his +military career at the age of fourteen years, and was soon after taken +prisoner, together with an elder brother. During his captivity, he was +ordered by a British officer to perform some menial service, which he +promptly refused, and for this refusal was “severely wounded with the +sword which the Englishman disgraced.” He was educated for the bar, +and commenced practice at Nashville, Tennessee, but relinquished his +legal pursuits to “gain a name in arms.” In the early part of the war +of 1812, Congress, having voted to accept fifty thousand volunteers, +General Jackson appealed to the militia of Tennessee, when twenty-five +hundred enrolled their names, and presented themselves to Congress, +with General Jackson at their head. They were accepted, and ordered to +Natchez, to watch the operations of the British in lower Mississippi. +Not long after, he received orders from headquarters to disband his men +and send them to their homes. To obey, he foresaw, would be an act of +great injustice to his command, and reflect disgrace on the country, +and he resolved to disobey. He accordingly broke up his camp, and +returned to Nashville, bringing all his sick with him, whose wants on +the way he relieved with his private means, and there disbanded his +troops in the midst of their homes.</p> + +<p>He was soon called to the field once more, and his commission marked +out his course of duty on the field of Indian warfare. Here for years +he labored, and fought, and diplomatized, with the most consummate +wisdom and undaunted courage. It was about this time that the treaty of +the “Hickory Ground” occurred, which gave him the familiar sobriquet of +“Old Hickory.”</p> + +<p>The crowning glory of his whole military career was the battle of New +Orleans; which will ever occupy one of the brightest pages in American history. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</span></p> + +<p>At the close of the war he returned to his home in Nashville; but in +1818 was again called on by his country to render his military services +in the expulsion of the Seminoles. His conduct during this campaign has +been both bitterly condemned and highly applauded. An attempt in the +House of Representatives to inflict a censure on the old hero for the +irregularities of this campaign, after a long and bitter debate, was +defeated by a large majority.</p> + +<p>In 1828, and again in 1832, General Jackson was elected to fill the +Presidential chair; thus occupying that elevated position for eight +successive years. He then retired to his hospitable mansion (“the +Hermitage”), near Nashville, “loaded with wealth and honors bravely +won,” where he continued to realize all the enjoyments that are +inseparable from a well-spent life, until death translated him to those +higher rewards, which “earth can neither give nor take away.” He died +June 8, 1845, and his last hours were soothed by a trustful reliance on +the Savior of the world for salvation.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/harrison.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="606" > + <p class="f120"><b>WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON.</b></p> +</div> + +<p class="center"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</span> +<i>Election for the Eleventh Term, commencing March 4, 1829,<br> +and terminating March 3, 1833.</i></p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <thead><tr class="bt2 fs_120"> + <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2">A </th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" rowspan="2">STATES.</th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="2"> PRESID’T. </th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="3"> VICE PRESID’T.</th> + </tr><tr class="fs_120 bb"> + <th class="tdc bl"> B </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> C </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> D </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> E </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> F </th> + </tr></thead> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maine</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 1</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 1</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Hampshire</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Massachusetts</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">15</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">15</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rhode Island</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Connecticut</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Vermont</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">36</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New York</td> + <td class="tdc bl">20</td> + <td class="tdc bl">16</td> + <td class="tdc bl">20</td> + <td class="tdc bl">16</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Jersey</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">28</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Pennsylvania</td> + <td class="tdc bl">28</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">28</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Delaware</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maryland</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">24</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Virginia</td> + <td class="tdc bl">24</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">24</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">North Carolina</td> + <td class="tdc bl">15</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">15</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">South Carolina</td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Georgia</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 2</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">7</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">14</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Kentucky</td> + <td class="tdc bl">14</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">14</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tennessee</td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">16</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Ohio</td> + <td class="tdc bl">16</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">16</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Louisiana</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mississippi</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Indiana</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Illinois</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Alabama</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Missouri</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">261</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Whole No. of Electors </td> + <td class="tdc bl">178 </td> + <td class="tdc bl">83</td> + <td class="tdc bl">171 </td> + <td class="tdc bl">83</td> + <td class="tdc bl">7</td> + </tr><tr class="bb2"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Majority<span class="ws2">131</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub1"><b>COLUMN HEADINGS:</b></li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = No. of Electors from each State.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(C)</b> = John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(D)</b> = John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(E)</b> = Richard Rush, of Pennsylvania.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(F)</b> = William Smith, of South Carolina.</li> +</ul> + +<p>Andrew Jackson took the oath of office, as President, and entered upon +his duties March 4, 1829.</p> + +<p>John C. Calhoun took the oath of office, as Vice-President, and +presided in the Senate March 4, 1829.</p> + +<p>A series of unfortunate political and social occurrences soon led to a +rupture of that cordiality which had formerly existed between these two +distinguished individuals, the consequences of which were peculiarly +disastrous to the political aspirations of Mr. Calhoun, who was never +afterwards regarded with much favor beyond the immediate limits of his +own State.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Note.</span>—It was during this administration +that the doctrine of State’s rights was so strongly urged by Calhoun, +and to this period may be dated the origin of the great rebellion of 1861. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</span></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Election for the Twelfth Term, commencing March 4, 1833,<br> +and terminating March 3, 1837.</i></p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <thead><tr class="bt2 fs_120"> + <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2">A </th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" rowspan="2">STATES.</th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="4"> PRESIDENT. </th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="5"> VICE-PRESIDENT.</th> + </tr><tr class="fs_120 bb"> + <th class="tdc bl"> B </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> C </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> D </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> E </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> F </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> G </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> H </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> J </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> K </th> + </tr></thead> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maine</td> + <td class="tdc bl">10</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">10</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Hampshire</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">14</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Massachusetts</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">14</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">14</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rhode Island</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Connecticut</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Vermont</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">7</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">42</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New York</td> + <td class="tdc bl">42</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">42</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Jersey</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">30</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Pennsylvania</td> + <td class="tdc bl">30</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">30</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Delaware</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maryland</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">23</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Virginia</td> + <td class="tdc bl">23</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">23</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">North Carolina</td> + <td class="tdc bl">15</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">15</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">South Carolina</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Georgia</td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Kentucky</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">15</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">15</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tennessee</td> + <td class="tdc bl">15</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">15</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">21</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Ohio</td> + <td class="tdc bl">21</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">21</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Louisiana</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mississippi</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Indiana</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Illinois</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Alabama</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Missouri</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">288</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Whole No. of Electors </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 221 </td> + <td class="tdc bl">49</td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl">191</td> + <td class="tdc bl">49</td> + <td class="tdc bl">30</td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl">7</td> + </tr><tr class="bb2"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Majority<span class="ws2">145</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub1"><b>COLUMN HEADINGS:</b></li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = No. of Electors from each State.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(C)</b> = Henry Clay, of Kentucky.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(D)</b> = John Floyd, of Virginia.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(E)</b> = William Wirt, of Maryland.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(F)</b> = Martin Van Buren, of New York.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(G)</b> = John Sergeant, of Pennsylvania.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(H)</b> = William Wilkins, of Pennsylvania.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(J)</b> = Henry Lee, of Massachusetts.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(K)</b> = Amos Ellmaker, of Pennsylvania.</li> +</ul> + +<p>Andrew Jackson, re-elected President, took the oath of office, and +continued his duties, March 4, 1833.</p> + +<p>Martin Van Buren, having been elected Vice-President, took the oath of +office, and attended in the Senate, March 4, 1833.</p> + +<p>Early in June, 1833, the President left Washington on a tour through +the Northern States, and was everywhere received with an enthusiasm +that evinced the cordial approval of his administration by the people. +One of his first measures, on returning to the seat of government, was +the removal of the public moneys from the United States Bank, for which +act he encountered the most virulent hostility of a small majority +of the Senate, who passed resolutions censuring his course. But this +injustice has not been perpetuated; for on the 16th of January, 1837, +these partisan resolutions were expunged from the records by order of a +handsome majority.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">MARTIN VAN BUREN,</h2> +</div> + +<p class="center">THE EIGHTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,</p> + +<p>Was born in the flourishing town of Kinderhook, New York, September +5, 1782, and early received the best education that could then be +obtained in the schools in his immediate vicinity. Having sufficiently +prepared himself for the study of law, he entered the office of Francis +Sylvester, in his native town, where he remained about six years. But +law did not engross his whole time: he found leisure occasionally to +peer into the mysteries of political economy, and finally arrived at +the conclusion that his chances for fame and fortune were at least +equal in the arena of politics to any thing he might accomplish by a +strict adherence to legal pursuits. Fully impressed with this idea, he +early set about cultivating what little popularity could be gained in +his limited sphere, and so won upon the confidence of his neighbors and +friends as to be appointed, while yet in his <i>teens</i>, a delegate +to a convention in his native county, in which important political +measures were to be acted upon.</p> + +<p>In 1808, he was appointed Surrogate of Columbia County, the first +public office he ever held; and in 1812 and 1816 he was elected to the +State Senate, in which body he became a distinguished leader of the +Madison party, and one of its most eloquent supporters.</p> + +<p>In 1821, he was elected to the United States Senate, in which he held +his seat for nearly eight years, and became remarkable not only for his +close attention to business, but also for his devotion to the great +principles of the Democratic party.</p> + +<p>In 1828, he was elected Governor of his native State, and entered upon +the duties of that office, on the first of January, 1829; but he filled +the gubernatorial chair for only a few weeks. In March following, +when General Jackson was elevated to the Presidency, he tendered Mr. +Van Buren the post of Secretary of State, which was accepted. At the +expiration of two years he resigned his seat in the Cabinet, and was +immediately appointed minister to England; but when his nomination was +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</span> +submitted to the Senate (June 25, 1831) it was rejected by the +casting vote of the Vice-President (Mr. Calhoun), and, of course, he +was recalled. As his friends attributed his rejection to personal +and political rancor, it only served to raise Mr. Van Buren in the +estimation of his political adherents, and the result was that, +in May following, he was nominated, with great unanimity, for the +Vice-Presidency, by the Democratic Convention, at Baltimore. His +triumphant election was regarded not merely as a high compliment to +himself, but as a wholesome rebuke to his opponents.</p> + +<p>In 1836, he was put in nomination for the chief magistracy, to which +he was elected, by a large majority, over General Harrison; but, at +the next Presidential election, the tables were turned, and he only +received sixty votes out of two hundred and ninety-four.</p> + +<p>After his defeat, he returned to Kinderhook, where he remained some +time, and then visited Europe, with one of his sons, whose restoration +to health was the principal object of his journey. Not long after his +return he consented to become once more a candidate for the Presidency, +and, in 1848, received the nomination of the Free-soil party, but did +not secure a single electoral vote. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</span></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Election for the Thirteenth Term, commencing March 4, 1837,<br> +and terminating March 3, 1841.</i></p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <thead><tr class="bt2 fs_120"> + <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2">A </th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" rowspan="2">STATES.</th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="5"> PRESIDENT. </th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="4"> VICE-PRESIDENT.</th> + </tr><tr class="fs_120 bb"> + <th class="tdc bl"> B </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> C </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> D </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> E </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> F </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> G </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> H </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> J </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> K </th> + </tr></thead> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maine</td> + <td class="tdc bl">10</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">10</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Hampshire</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">14</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Massachusetts</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">14</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">14</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rhode Island</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Connecticut</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Vermont</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">42</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New York</td> + <td class="tdc bl">42</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">42</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Jersey</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">30</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Pennsylvania</td> + <td class="tdc bl">30</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">30</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Delaware</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maryland</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">10</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">10</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">23</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Virginia</td> + <td class="tdc bl">23</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">23</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">North Carolina</td> + <td class="tdc bl">15</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">15</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">South Carolina</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Georgia</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Kentucky</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">15</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">15</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tennessee</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">15</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">15</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">21</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Ohio</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">21</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">21</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Louisiana</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mississippi</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Indiana</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Illinois</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Alabama</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Missouri</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Arkansas</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Michigan</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">294</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Whole No. of Electors </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 170 </td> + <td class="tdc bl">73</td> + <td class="tdc bl">26</td> + <td class="tdc bl">14</td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 147⁠<a id="FNanchor_5_5" href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></td> + <td class="tdc bl">77</td> + <td class="tdc bl">47</td> + <td class="tdc bl">23</td> + </tr><tr class="bb2"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Majority<span class="ws2">148</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub1"><b>COLUMN HEADINGS:</b></li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = No. of Electors from each State.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = Martin Van Buren, of New York.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(C)</b> = Wm. H. Harrison, of Ohio.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(D)</b> = Hugh L. White, of Tennessee.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(E)</b> = Daniel Webster, of Massachusetts.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(F)</b> = Willie P. Mangum, of North Carolina.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(G)</b> = Rich’d M. Johnson, of Kentucky.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(H)</b> = Francis Granger, of New York.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(J)</b> = John Tyler, of Virginia.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(K)</b> = William Smith, of Alabama.</li> +</ul> + +<p>Martin Van Buren, elected President, took the oath of office, and +entered upon his duties, March 4, 1837.</p> + +<p>Richard M. Johnson, elected Vice-President, took the oath of office, +and attended in the Senate, March 4, 1837.</p> + +<p>Urged by the unprecedented financial embarrassments which were +experienced in every branch of industry, and especially by the +mercantile class, Mr. Van Buren’s first measure was to convene a +special meeting of Congress early in September, ’37, which continued +in session forty days, but accomplished very little. A bill +authorizing the issue of $10,000,000 in treasury notes was passed; +but the Independent Treasury bill (the great financial measure of +the administration) was then rejected, although afterwards (in 1840) +adopted.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON,</h2> +</div> + +<p class="center">THE NINTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,</p> + +<p>Was born in Charles City County, Virginia, February 9, 1773, and was +educated for the medical profession at Hampden Sydney College. He +graduated at a time when our north-western frontier was suffering +much from the neighboring Indians, and, believing that he could be of +greater service in repelling the savage invaders than in pursuing his +studies, he accepted an ensign’s commission from President Washington, +and joined the army. He was promoted to a lieutenancy in 1792, and his +skill and bravery were highly commended by General Wayne, under whose +command he was engaged in several actions. After the bloody battle of +Miami Rapids, he was rewarded with the rank of captain, and immediately +placed in command of Fort Washington. In 1797, he resigned his commission +for the purpose of accepting the office of Secretary of the North-west +Territory, from which he was elected a delegate to Congress in 1799.</p> + +<p>When a territorial government was formed for Indiana, he was +appointed the first Governor, and continued in that office till 1813. +To his civil and military duties he added those of Commissioner +and Superintendent of Indian Affairs; and, in the course of his +administration, he concluded thirteen important treaties with the +different tribes. On the 7th of November, 1811, he gained the +celebrated battle of Tippecanoe, the news of which was received +throughout the country with a burst of enthusiasm. During the war of +1812, he was made commander of the North-western army of the United +States, and he bore a conspicuous part in the leading events in the +campaign of 1812-13—the defense of Fort Meigs, and the victory of the +Thames. In 1814, he was appointed, in conjunction with his companions +in arms, Governor Shelby and General Cass, to treat with the Indians +in the North-west, at Greenville; and, in the following year, he +was placed at the head of a commission to treat with various other +important tribes.</p> + +<p>In 1816, he was elected a member of Congress from Ohio, and, in 1828, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</span> +he was sent minister plenipotentiary to the republic of Colombia. +On his return, he took up his residence at North Bend, on the Ohio, +where he lived upon his farm, in comparative retirement, till 1836, +when he became a candidate for the Presidency; and, although defeated +on the first trial, four years afterward he was elected by a large +majority, and inaugurated in 1841. But he did not long survive this +crowning honor, as he died on the 4th of April, just one month after +entering upon his duties. His funeral obsequies were performed on the +7th, and an immense concourse assembled to pay their testimony of +respect. Funeral services and processions also took place in most of +the principal cities throughout the country. As General Harrison was +the first President who died while in office, his successor, Mr. Tyler, +recommended that the 14th of May be observed as a day of fasting and +prayer, and accordingly it was so observed. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</span></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Election for the Fourteenth Term, commencing March 4, 1841,<br> +and terminating March 3, 1845.</i></p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <thead><tr class="bt2 fs_120"> + <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2">A </th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" rowspan="2">STATES.</th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="2"> PRESID’T. </th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="4"> VICE-PRESID’T.</th> + </tr><tr class="fs_120 bb"> + <th class="tdc bl"> B </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> C </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> D </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> E </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> F </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> G </th> + </tr></thead> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maine</td> + <td class="tdc bl">10</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">10</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Hampshire</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">14</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Massachusetts</td> + <td class="tdc bl">14</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">14</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rhode Island</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Connecticut</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Vermont</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">42</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New York</td> + <td class="tdc bl">42</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">42</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Jersey</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">30</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Pennsylvania</td> + <td class="tdc bl">30</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">30</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Delaware</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maryland</td> + <td class="tdc bl">10</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">10</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">23</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Virginia</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">23</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">22</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">1</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">North Carolina</td> + <td class="tdc bl">15</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">15</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">South Carolina</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Georgia</td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Kentucky</td> + <td class="tdc bl">15</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">15</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tennessee</td> + <td class="tdc bl">15</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">15</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">21</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Ohio</td> + <td class="tdc bl">21</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">21</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Louisiana</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mississippi</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Indiana</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Illinois</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Alabama</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Missouri</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Arkansas</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Michigan</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">294</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">No. of Electors </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 234 </td> + <td class="tdc bl">60</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 234 </td> + <td class="tdc bl">48</td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1</td> + </tr><tr class="bb2"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Majority<span class="ws2">148</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub1"><b>COLUMN HEADINGS:</b></li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = No. of Electors from each State.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = Wm. H. Harrison, of Ohio.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(C)</b> = Martin Van Buren, of New York.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(D)</b> = John Tyler, of Virginia.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(E)</b> = Rich’d M. Johnson, of Kentucky.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(F)</b> = L. W. Tazewell, of Virginia.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(G)</b> = James K. Polk, of Tennessee.</li> +</ul> + +<p>William H. Harrison, elected President, took the oath of office, and +entered upon his duties, March 4, 1841.</p> + +<p>John Tyler, elected Vice-President, took the oath of office, and +attended in the Senate, March 4, 1841.</p> + +<p>Soon after his inauguration, President Harrison issued a proclamation, +convening Congress for an extra session on the 31st of May, to consider +“sundry weighty and important matters, chiefly growing out of the state +of the revenue and finances of the country.” But he did not live to +submit his remedial plans—dying, after a very brief illness, on the +4th of April, exactly one month after coming into office. He was the +first President who had died during his official term, and a messenger +was immediately dispatched with a letter, signed by all the members of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</span> +the Cabinet, conveying the melancholy intelligence to the Vice +President, then at Williamsburg, Va. By extraordinary means he reached +Washington at five o’clock on the morning of the 6th, and at twelve +o’clock the Heads of Departments waited upon him, to pay their official +and personal respects. After signifying his deep feeling of the public +calamity sustained by the death of President Harrison, and expressing +his profound sensibility of the heavy responsibilities so suddenly +devolved upon himself, he made known his wishes that the several Heads +of Departments would continue to till the places which they then +respectively occupied, and his confidence that they would afford all +the aid in their power to enable him to carry on the administration of +the government successfully. Mr. Tyler afterwards took and subscribed +the following oath of office:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="fs_90">“I do solemnly swear, that I will faithfully execute +the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best +of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the +United States.</p> + +<p class="author">JOHN TYLER.</p> +<p>“<span class="smcap">April</span> 6, 1841.”</p> +</div> + +<p>Pursuant to the proclamation of President Harrison, Congress met on the +31st of May, and continued in session until the 13th of September. On +the 27th of July a bill for the establishment of “The Fiscal Bank of +the United States,” passed the Senate by a vote of 26 to 23, and was +concurred in by the House of Representatives on the 6th of August—128 +to 91. President Tyler, however, returned the bill on the 16th, with +his objections, and it was lost for lack of a constitutional majority. +But the friends of a national bank were not to be deterred from their +purpose by a single repulse: another bill (about the same in substance) +was immediately hurried through both Houses, under the title of “The +Fiscal Corporation of the United States,” but this shared the fate of +its predecessor.</p> + +<p>A Senate bill for the establishment of a uniform system of bankruptcy +throughout the United States, was concurred in by the House on the +18th of August, and became a law; but, meeting with very general +condemnation, it was soon after repealed.</p> + +<p>A bill was also passed at this extra session for the distribution of +the proceeds of the sales of the public lands among the several States, +in proportion to population.</p> + +<p>In 1842 an important treaty, adjusting the north-eastern boundary of +the United States, was negotiated at Washington between Mr. Webster, +on the part of this country, and Lord Ashburton, on the part of Great +Britain.</p> + +<p>During the last year of Mr. Tyler’s administration much excitement +prevailed on the proposed annexation of Texas to the Union, which +was strongly resisted at the North, on the ground that the South +and southern institutions would thereby gain increased power in the +national councils. A treaty of annexation, signed by the President, +was rejected by the Senate, but measures were taken by which Texas was +admitted the year following.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">JOHN TYLER,</h2> +</div> + +<p class="center">THE SUCCESSOR OF GENERAL HARRISON AS PRESIDENT,</p> + +<p>Was born at Williamsburg, Virginia, March 29, 1790, and at the age of +twelve years entered William and Mary’s College, where he graduated +with distinguished merit five years afterward. Few have commenced life +at so early a period as Mr. Tyler—he having been admitted to the bar +when only nineteen, and elected to the Virginia Legislature before +attaining his twenty-second year. In 1816, he was sent to Congress; in +1825, elected Governor of Virginia; and in 1827, became United States +Senator; in which capacity he firmly supported the administration of +General Jackson—voting against the tariff bill of 1828, and against +rechartering the United States Bank. Notwithstanding this last vote, +the friends of the bank, presuming upon his well-known conservatism, at +the special session of Congress called by his predecessor, introduced a +bill for the establishment of the “Fiscal Bank of the United States,” +which passed both Houses by small majorities, and which Mr. Tyler +felt bound to veto. But this did not dishearten the friends of the +measure, who modified and rechristened their financial plan, which, +under the name of “Fiscal Corporation of the United States,” again +passed both houses of Congress, and was again vetoed by the President. +Of course, a large portion of the party that elected him were greatly +dissatisfied with his course, and their denunciation of his alleged +faithlessness were “loud and deep.” To add to the embarrassments which +were accumulating around him, all the members of his Cabinet, with the +exception of Mr. Webster, resigned their places; but even this implied +rebuke did not shake his integrity of purpose. An equally efficient +phalanx of talent was called to his aid, and he had the satisfaction +of seeing that his views were indorsed by a large number of leading +statesmen. It has often been asserted that Mr. T. had pledged himself +to sustain the financial schemes of the bank and its friends; but +this has always been denied, and circumstances certainly warrant the +conclusion that the assertion is unfounded. So gross and bitter were +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</span> +the assaults made upon him, that he felt called upon to defend +himself from their violence; and, after declaring his determination +to do his duty, regardless of party ties, he said, “I appeal from +the vituperation of the present day to the pen of impartial history, +in confidence that neither my motives nor my acts will bear the +interpretation which, for sinister motives, has been placed upon them.” +On the expiration of his official term, he retired to his estate at +Williamsburg.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">JAMES KNOX POLK,</h2> +</div> + +<p class="center">THE TENTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,</p> + +<p>Was born at Mecklenberg, North Carolina, November 2, 1795, and there +received the rudiments of his early education. In 1806, his father +removed to Nashville, Tennessee, taking his family with him, and +here it was that Mr. Polk pursued those preliminary studies which +were requisite to qualify him for the legal profession. After due +preparation, he entered the office of Hon. Felix Grundy, under whose +able instruction he made such rapid progress, that he was admitted +to practice in 1820. His duties at the bar did not prevent him from +taking part in the political affairs of the day; and in this sphere +his comprehensive views and zealous devotion to Democracy soon secured +him a widely-extended popularity, which resulted in his election to +the Legislature of Tennessee, in 1823. In 1825, while yet in his +thirtieth year, he was chosen a member of Congress, in which body +he remained fourteen years—being honored with the Speakership for +several sessions. So well satisfied were his constituents with his +congressional course, that he was elected Governor by a large majority, +but some questions of local policy subsequently defeated his reëlection.</p> + +<p>In 1844, he was unexpectedly nominated for the office of President +of the United States by the Democratic Convention at Baltimore; +and, having received sixty-five electoral votes more than his rival +candidate, Mr. Clay, he was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1845.</p> + +<p>Soon after Mr. Polk assumed the reins of government, the country +became involved in a war with Mexico, which was little more than a +series of victories wherever the American banner was displayed, and +which resulted in important territorial acquisitions. The ostensible +ground for this war, on the part of Mexico, was the admission of +Texas into the Union, which was one of the first acts of Mr. Polk’s +administration. The Mexicans, however, paid dearly for asserting their +frivolous claim to Texas as a revolted province, and the prompt and +energetic course pursued by Mr.Polk was sanctioned and sustained by a +large majority of the people.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/john_tyler.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="422" > + <p class="f120"><b>JOHN TYLER.</b></p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</span> +But notwithstanding the advantageous issue of the war, the acquisition +of Texas, and the satisfactory settlement of several vexed questions of +long standing, Mr. Polk was not nominated for a second term—various +extraneous matters leading to the selection of another candidate. +Perhaps it was fortunate for the country and for himself that he was +permitted to retire to the more congenial enjoyment of private life; +for his health had become very much impaired, and he did not long +survive after reaching his home in Nashville. He died June 15, 1849. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</span></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Election for the Fifteenth Term, commencing March 4, 1845,<br> +and terminating March 3, 1849.</i></p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <thead><tr class="bt2 fs_120"> + <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2">A </th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" rowspan="2">STATES.</th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="2"> PRES’T. </th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="2"> V. PRES’T.</th> + </tr><tr class="fs_120 bb"> + <th class="tdc bl"> B </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> C </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> D </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> E </th> + </tr></thead> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maine</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Hampshire</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Massachusetts</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">12</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">12</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rhode Island</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Connecticut</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Vermont</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">36</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New York</td> + <td class="tdc bl">36</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">36</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Jersey</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">26</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Pennsylvania</td> + <td class="tdc bl">26</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">26</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Delaware</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maryland</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">17</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Virginia</td> + <td class="tdc bl">17</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">17</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">North Carolina</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">South Carolina</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Georgia</td> + <td class="tdc bl">10</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">10</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Kentucky</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">12</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">12</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">13</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tennessee</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">13</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">13</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">23</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Ohio</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">23</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">23</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Louisiana</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mississippi</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Indiana</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 12</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 12</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Illinois</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Alabama</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Missouri</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Arkansas</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Michigan</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">275</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Whole No. of Electors </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 170 </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 105 </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 170 </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 105 </td> + </tr><tr class="bb2"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Majority<span class="ws2">138</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub1"><b>COLUMN HEADINGS:</b></li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = No. of Electors from each State.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = James K. Polk, of Tennessee.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(C)</b> = Henry Clay, of Kentucky.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(D)</b> = George M. Dallas, of Pennsylvania.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(E)</b> = T. Frelinghuysen, of New Jersey.</li> +</ul> + +<p>James K. Polk took the oath of office, as President, and entered upon +his duties March 4, 1845.</p> + +<p>George M. Dallas took the oath of office, as Vice-President, and +attended in the Senate, March 4, 1845.</p> + +<p>The most important incidents of Mr. Polk’s administration were the +admission of Texas and the consequent war with Mexico, the latter of +which resulted in extending our territorial boundaries to the Pacific +Ocean, embracing regions of incalculable value.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">ZACHARY TAYLOR,</h2> +</div> + +<p class="center">THE ELEVENTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,</p> + +<p>Was born in Orange County, Virginia, November 24, 1790, and, after +receiving an indifferent education, passed a considerable portion of +his boyhood amid the stirring scenes which were being enacted at that +time on our western border. In 1808, he was appointed a lieutenant +in the United States infantry, and subsequently was promoted to a +captaincy for his efficient services against the Indians. Soon after +the declaration of war, in 1812, he was placed in command of Fort +Harrison, which he so gallantly defended with a handful of men against +the attack of a large body of savages, as to win the brevet rank of +major. So familiar did he become with the Indian character, and with +the mode of warfare of that wily foe, that his services at the West +and South were deemed indispensable in the subjugation and removal +of several hostile tribes. While effecting these desirable objects, +he was occasionally rewarded for his toils and sacrifices by gradual +promotion, and in 1840 attained the rank of brigadier-general. At the +commencement of the troubles with Mexico, in 1845, he was ordered to +occupy a position on the American side of the Rio Grande, but not to +cross that river unless attacked by the Mexicans. He was not, however, +allowed to remain long in repose: the enemy, by attacking Fort Brown, +which he had built on the Rio Grande, opposite Matamoras, soon afforded +him an opportunity to display his skill and valor, and gloriously +did he improve it. The brilliant battles of Palo Alto and Resaca +de la Palma, where he contended successfully against fearful odds, +were precursors to a series of victories which have few parallels in +military annals. The attack on Matamoras, the storming of Monterey, +the sanguinary contest at Buena Vista, and the numerous skirmishes in +which he was engaged, excited universal admiration; and on his return +home, after so signally aiding to “conquer a peace” with Mexico, he was +everywhere received with the most gratifying demonstrations of respect +and affection. In 1848, General Taylor received the nomination of the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</span> +Whig party for the office of President of the United States, and, +being elected, was inaugurated the year following. But the cares and +responsibilities of this position were greater than his constitution +could endure, hardened as it had been both in Indian and civilized +warfare. After the lapse of little more than a year from the time he +entered upon his new career, he sunk under its complicated trials, and +his noble spirit sought refuge in a more congenial sphere, July 9, 1850. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</span></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Election for the Sixteenth Term, commencing March 4, 1849,<br> +and terminating March 3, 1851.</i></p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <thead><tr class="bt2 fs_120"> + <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2">A </th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" rowspan="2">STATES.</th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="2"> PRES’T. </th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="2"> V. PRES’T.</th> + </tr><tr class="fs_120 bb"> + <th class="tdc bl"> B </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> C </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> D </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> E </th> + </tr></thead> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maine</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Hampshire</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Massachusetts</td> + <td class="tdc bl">12</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">12</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rhode Island</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Connecticut</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Vermont</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">36</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New York</td> + <td class="tdc bl">36</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">36</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Jersey</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">26</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Pennsylvania</td> + <td class="tdc bl">26</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">26</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Delaware</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maryland</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">17</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Virginia</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">17</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">17</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">North Carolina</td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">South Carolina</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Georgia</td> + <td class="tdc bl">10</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">10</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Kentucky</td> + <td class="tdc bl">12</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">12</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">13</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tennessee</td> + <td class="tdc bl">13</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">13</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">23</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Ohio</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">23</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">23</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Louisiana</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mississippi</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Indiana</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">12</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">12</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Illinois</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Alabama</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Missouri</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Arkansas</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Michigan</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Florida</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Texas</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Iowa</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Wisconsin</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">290</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Whole No. of Electors </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 163 </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 127 </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 163 </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 127 </td> + </tr><tr class="bb2"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Majority<span class="ws2">146</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub1"><b>COLUMN HEADINGS:</b></li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = No. of Electors from each State.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = Zachary Taylor, of Louisiana.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(C)</b> = Lewis Cass, of Michigan.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(D)</b> = Millard Fillmore, of New York.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(E)</b> = William O. Butler, of Kentucky.</li> +</ul> + +<p>Zachary Taylor took the oath of office, as President, and entered +upon his duties March 4, 1849. He did not, however, long enjoy his +honors—death suddenly closing his earthly career, July 9, 1850.</p> + +<p>Millard Fillmore took the oath of office, as Vice-President, and +entered upon his duties March 4, 1849. Congress being in session at +the time President Taylor died, the Vice-President sent a message to +both houses on the 10th of July, in which he feelingly announced the +melancholy event. On the same day he took the requisite oath, and +entered on the execution of the office of President.</p> + +<p>Willie P. Mangum, of N. C., President <i>pro tem</i> of the Senate, +acted as Vice-President, <i>ex officio</i>, the remainder of the term.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">MILLARD FILLMORE,</h2> +</div> + +<p class="center">THE SUCCESSOR OF GENERAL TAYLOR AS PRESIDENT,</p> + +<p>Was born at Summer Hill, Cayuga County, New York, January 7, 1800, +and did not enjoy the advantages of any other education than what he +derived from the then inefficient common schools of the county. At an +early age he was sent into the wilds of Livingston County to learn a +trade, and here he soon attracted the attention of a friend, who placed +him in a lawyer’s office—thus opening a new, and what was destined to +be a most honorable and distinguished career. In 1827, he was admitted +as an attorney, and two years afterward as counselor in the Supreme +Court. Soon attracting attention, he established himself at Buffalo, +where his talents and business habits secured him an extended practice.</p> + +<p>His first entrance into public life was in January, 1829, when he took +his seat as a member of the Assembly from Erie County. At this time +he distinguished himself for his untiring opposition to imprisonment +for debt, and to this are the people indebted in a great degree for +the expunging of this relic of barbarism from the statute book. Having +gained a high reputation for legislative capacity, in 1833, he was +elected a member of the National House of Representatives; and on the +assembling of the Twenty-seventh Congress, to which he was reëlected by +a larger majority than was ever given to any person in his district, he +was placed in the arduous position of Chairman of the Committee of Ways +and Means. The measures which he brought forward and sustained with +matchless ability, speedily relieved the government from its existing +pecuniary embarrassments. In 1847, he was elected Comptroller of the +State of New York by a larger majority than had ever been given to any +State officer for many years. In 1848, he was selected as a candidate +for Vice-President, General Taylor heading the ticket. On his election +to that high office, he resigned his position as Comptroller, and +entered upon his duties as President of the United States Senate. The +courtesy, ability, and dignity exhibited by him, while presiding over +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</span> +the deliberations of that body, received general commendation. Upon the +sudden death of Gen. Taylor, he became President, and promptly selected +a cabinet, distinguished for its ability, patriotism, and devotion to +the Union, and possessing, in an eminent degree, the confidence of the +country.</p> + +<p>After serving out the constitutional term, Mr. Fillmore returned to +Buffalo, and again resumed those pursuits which had prepared the way to +the elevated position from which he had just retired. He was welcomed +home by troops of friends, with whom he still continues to enjoy an +unabated popularity.</p> + +<p>It should be borne in mind by every aspiring young man, that Mr. +Fillmore is entirely indebted to his own exertions for his success +in life. From a very humble origin, he attained the highest office +in the world, climbing the rugged steep of fame step by step, with +indefatigable industry and untiring perseverance, until he at length +gained the summit, where he is long likely to enjoy his well-earned +position.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">FRANKLIN PIERCE,</h2> +</div> + +<p class="center">THE TWELFTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,</p> + +<p>Was born at Hillsborough, N. H., November 23, 1804, and early received +the advantage of a liberal education. After going through a regular +collegiate course at Bowdoin College, which he entered at the age of +sixteen, he became a law student in the office of Judge Woodbury, at +Portsmouth, whence he was transferred to the law school at Northampton, +where he remained two years, and then finished his studies with Judge +Parker, at Amherst. Although his rise at the bar was not rapid, by +degrees he attained the highest rank as a lawyer and advocate.</p> + +<p>In 1829, he was elected to represent his native town in the State +Legislature, where he served four years, during the two last of which +he held the speakership, and discharged the duties of the office with +universal satisfaction.</p> + +<p>From 1833 to 1837, he represented his State in Congress, and was +then elected to the United States Senate, having barely reached the +requisite age to qualify him for a seat in that body.</p> + +<p>In 1834, he married Miss Jane Means, daughter of the Rev. Dr. Appleton, +formerly President of Bowdoin College, soon after which he removed to +Concord, where he still holds a residence. He was reëlected at the +expiration of his senatorial term, but resigned his seat the year +following, for the purpose of devoting himself exclusively to his legal +business, which had become so extensive as to require all his attention.</p> + +<p>In 1846, he declined the office of Attorney-General, tendered him by +President Polk; but when the war with Mexico broke out, he was active +in raising the New England regiments of volunteers; and afterward +accepted the commission of Brigadier-General, with which he at once +repaired to the field of operations, where he distinguished himself +in several hard-fought battles. At Cerro Gordo and Chapultepec he +displayed an ardor in his country’s cause which extorted praise from +his most inveterate political opponents; and on his return home he was +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</span> +everywhere received with gratifying evidences that his services were +held in grateful remembrance by the people.</p> + +<p>At the Democratic Convention, held in Baltimore in 1852, after trying +in vain to concentrate their votes on a more prominent candidate, that +body unexpectedly nominated General Pierce for the office of President +of the United States, to which he was elected by an unprecedented +majority over his rival, General Scott—receiving 254 votes out of +296. He was duly inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1853, and his +administration was more remarkable for its futile attempts to reconcile +conflicting interests, than for the achievement of any particular +measure of great public utility. However, it will better become his +future than his present biographer to “speak of him as he is; nor aught +extenuate, nor aught set down in malice.” +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</span></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Election for the Seventeenth Term, commencing March 4, 1853,<br> +and terminating March 3, 1857.</i></p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <thead><tr class="bt2 fs_120"> + <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2">A </th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" rowspan="2">STATES.</th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="2"> PRES’T. </th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="2"> V. PRES’T.</th> + </tr><tr class="fs_120 bb"> + <th class="tdc bl"> B </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> C </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> D </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> E </th> + </tr></thead> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maine</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Hampshire</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">13</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Massachusetts</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">13</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">13</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rhode Island</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Connecticut</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Vermont</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">35</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New York</td> + <td class="tdc bl">35</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">35</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Jersey</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">27</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Pennsylvania</td> + <td class="tdc bl">27</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">27</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Delaware</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maryland</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Virginia</td> + <td class="tdc bl">15</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">15</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">North Carolina</td> + <td class="tdc bl">10</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">10</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">South Carolina</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Georgia</td> + <td class="tdc bl">10</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">10</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Kentucky</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">12</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">12</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tennessee</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">12</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">12</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">23</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Ohio</td> + <td class="tdc bl">23</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">23</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Louisiana</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mississippi</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">13</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Indiana</td> + <td class="tdc bl">13</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">13</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Illinois</td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Alabama</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Missouri</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Arkansas</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Michigan</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Florida</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Texas</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Iowa</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Wisconsin</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">California</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">296</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Whole No. of Electors </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 254 </td> + <td class="tdc bl">42</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 254 </td> + <td class="tdc bl">42</td> + </tr><tr class="bb2"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Majority<span class="ws2">149</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub1"><b>COLUMN HEADINGS:</b></li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = No. of Electors from each State.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(C)</b> = Winfield Scott, of New Jersey.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(D)</b> = William R. King, of Alabama.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(E)</b> = Wm. A. Graham, of North Carolina.</li> +</ul> + +<p>Franklin Pierce took the oath of office, as President, and entered upon +his duties March 4, 1853.</p> + +<p>The oath of office was administered to William R. King by a commission +while he was on a visit to Cuba for the benefit of his health; but he +died soon after his return home, and Jesse D. Bright, of Indiana, then +President of the Senate, acted as Vice-President, <i>ex officio</i>, +during the remainder of the term.</p> + +<p>John P. Hale, of N. H., and George W. Julian, of Ind., were nominated +by the “Free Democracy” for President and Vice-President, but they did +not receive a single electoral vote.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">JAMES BUCHANAN,</h2> +</div> + +<p class="center">THIRTEENTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.</p> + +<p>For the high position he so long maintained in the political affairs +of this country, Mr. Buchanan is not alone indebted to his early and +thorough education, but his entire devotion to whatever he undertook, +and his perseverance in surmounting obstacles which would have +intimidated less determined minds, had a large share in promoting his +advancement. He is of Irish parentage, and was born at Stony Batter, +Franklin County, Pennsylvania, April 23, 1791. At the age of seven +years, he removed with his father’s family to Mercersburg, and there +received an education that fitted him for entering Dickinson College, +in 1805, where he graduated two years afterward with the highest +honors. He then studied law with James Hopkins, of Lancaster, and in +1812 was admitted to the bar, at which he attained a high rank and +commanded an extensive practice.</p> + +<p>In 1814, he commenced political life as a member of the Pennsylvania +State Legislature, and in 1820 was sent as a Representative to +Congress, where he remained for ten years—at the expiration of which +he declined a re-nomination.</p> + +<p>In 1831, he was appointed minister to Russia by President Jackson, +of whom he was always the consistent friend and supporter, and he +negotiated a commercial treaty which proved of great advantage to +American commerce.</p> + +<p>In December, 1834, having been elected to the United States Senate, he +took his seat in that body, and continued one of its most efficient +members until 1845, when he accepted the office of Secretary of State, +under Mr. Polk. He held this responsible place until the expiration of +Mr. Polk’s term of service, when he returned home to repose awhile. But +he did not, by any means, become an idle spectator in passing events; +his letters and speeches show that he was no less vigilant as a private +citizen, than as a counselor in the Cabinet, or a Representative and +Senator in Congress.</p> + +<p>On the accession of Mr. Pierce to the Presidency, in 1853, Mr. Buchanan +was appointed minister to England, with which country questions were +then pending that required great prudence and discrimination for their +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</span> +satisfactory adjustment. In his intercourse with the British +diplomatists he was not only discreet, but displayed sound sense, +courtly forbearance, a just assertion of our rights, and the true +dignity of the American character. So entirely unexceptionable was his +whole course while abroad, that, on his return to this country, in +April, 1856—he landed in New York on the sixty-fifth anniversary of +his birthday—he was received with an enthusiasm seldom accorded to +political men.</p> + +<p>In June, 1856, Mr. Buchanan was nominated by the Democratic Convention +at Cincinnati, as a candidate for the Presidency; and although there +were powerful political elements arrayed against him in the succeeding +campaign, he was triumphantly elected to that responsible and honorable +office.</p> + +<p>His administration was attended with unusual difficulties—difficulties +which it would seem he was not fully able to meet. The troubles in +Kansas, arising from the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, and the +opposition made to his views touching the admission of Kansas with +the Lecompton Constitution, by the Douglas wing of the Democratic +party, were matters of sore vexation to him, and tended greatly to +unpopularize the latter part of his public life. But these were +considerations of small moment as compared to the embarrassment which +the Government suffered in consequence of the treacherous intrigues of +some of the members of his Cabinet. His Secretary of War and Secretary +of the Treasury, afterward so conspicuous in the great Rebellion, were +particularly instrumental in crippling the pecuniary and military +resources of the country, and turning them to the benefit of the South. +When treason began to assume a threatening attitude, Buchanan declared +against the right of secession, but at the same time denied the right +of coercion by the Government. This, perhaps, is the most inconsistent, +inexplicable position ever taken by any of the nation’s chief rulers. +On the 4th of March, 1861, Mr. Buchanan retired from the Presidency, +leaving to his successor the highly perplexing task of setting to right +the machinery of a government crippled and weakened in all its parts, +and fully ripe for the most gigantic civil war known to history.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/polk.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="432" > + <p class="f120"><b>JAMES KNOX POLK.</b></p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</span> +It was, at one time, presumed by many that Mr. Buchanan was not only +encouraging the rebellion by his weak, indecisive policy toward armed +traitors, and by winking at the thieving proceedings of some of his +Cabinet officers, but that he was himself leagued with the leaders of +the secession movement, and secretly acted in unison with them.</p> + +<p>While it is true that the unhindered appropriation of millions of +treasure to the furtherance of rebellious schemes, and the large +deposit of choice arms made in Southern arsenals, would indicate an +affiliation of the President with the chief rebels of the South, yet +there has never been adduced any direct proof of such affiliation; and +nothing said or done by Mr. Buchanan since his retirement shows active +sympathy with the Rebellion. There is, however, evidence on every hand +of weakness—an element of character he never manifested prior to +his executive career—of that negative disposition which will, under +circumstances such as surrounded him during the latter part of his +administration, wholly unfit a man for the performance of his duties.</p> + +<p>The subject of the present sketch would, doubtless, have been a +very good executive at a period when the country was undisturbed +by sectional agitation; at a time when there were no conflicting +local interests to stir up and embitter South against North. But the +exigencies of the period during which he sat at the helm of state +demanded a man who could take hold with a strong hand; a man of +Jacksonian character, who, with the loftiest political integrity and +most devoted loyalty, combined a Napoleonic will; a man who, foreseeing +the certain results of the pursuits of a conciliatory course with +rebellion, would have given it a decisive blow in its very infancy.</p> + +<p>But it seems that Mr. Buchanan proposed to deal with secessionists as +an over-fond, weak-minded mother deals with a spoiled child—scolding +and coaxing alternately, satisfied to exhibit her authority by the +former, and confident that she can reform her fondling by the latter. +Perhaps he may be partially excused by some in consideration of the +debt of gratitude he felt he owed to the Southern States, for the +valuable services they had rendered him in his election. But a truly +great executive never allows his feelings to interfere with the +performance of duty. The life of the nation was in jeopardy; that grand +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</span> +superstructure, the American Government, whose foundation stones had +been cemented by the sacred blood of the Revolutionary sires, whose +columns had been reared by the wisest, purest statesmen the world ever +saw, and about whose lofty dome the brightest seraphs of Heaven chanted +their sweetest lays—that great temple around which clustered the hopes +of the liberty-loving world, was threatened with destruction, and there +can hardly be any excuse for him who, having the power to save, refused +to adopt such decisive measures as were essential to salvation.</p> + +<p>It is true that the Southern people had acted a very important part +in the election of Mr. Buchanan, but it is very far from being true +that a majority of these people were in favor of secession. The great +Democratic party was not a party of traitors, either North or South. +The masses of the people of the Southern States were by no means +desirous of severing their connection with the Government of the United +States, as was amply testified in the overwhelming Union majorities +given in North Carolina, Tennessee, and other Southern States, even +after South Carolina had sloughed off, and all the preliminary steps +had been taken by the leading secessionists toward the formation of +a Southern Confederacy. And there is no doubt that had Mr. Buchanan +taken hold of the rebellion, while it was in the larva, with that +determination to crush it which the great Jackson exhibited when South +Carolina proposed her scheme of nullification, it had never seen its +winged existence.</p> + +<p>Buchanan’s administration, in one respect, may possibly yet be +productive of good, in that it may serve to impress the people with the +importance of selecting a man for the chief magistracy who loves the +right and dares to do it.</p> + +<p>He only survived the close of the war about three years, as he died on +the 1st of June, 1868, in the 77th year of his age. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</span></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Election for the Eighteenth Term, commencing March 4, 1857,<br> +and terminating March 3, 1861.</i></p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <thead><tr class="bt2 fs_120"> + <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2">A </th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" rowspan="2">STATES.</th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="3"> PRESIDENT. </th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="3"> VICE_PRES’T.</th> + </tr><tr class="fs_120 bb"> + <th class="tdc bl"> B </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> C </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> D </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> E </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> F </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> G </th> + </tr></thead> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maine</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Hampshire</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">13</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Massachusetts</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">13</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">13</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rhode Island</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Connecticut</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Vermont</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">35</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New York</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">35</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">35</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Jersey</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">27</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Pennsylvania</td> + <td class="tdc bl">27</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">27</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Delaware</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maryland</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Virginia</td> + <td class="tdc bl">15</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">15</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">North Carolina</td> + <td class="tdc bl">10</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">10</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">South Carolina</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Georgia</td> + <td class="tdc bl">10</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">10</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Kentucky</td> + <td class="tdc bl">12</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">12</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tennessee</td> + <td class="tdc bl">12</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">12</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">23</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Ohio</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">23</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">23</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Louisiana</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mississippi</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">13</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Indiana</td> + <td class="tdc bl">13</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">13</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Illinois</td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Alabama</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Missouri</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Arkansas</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Michigan</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Florida</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Texas</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Iowa</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Wisconsin⁠<a id="FNanchor_6_6" href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">California</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">296</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">No. of Electors </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 174 </td> + <td class="tdc bl">114</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 174 </td> + <td class="tdc bl">114</td> + <td class="tdc bl">8</td> + </tr><tr class="bb2"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Majority<span class="ws2">149</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub1"><b>COLUMN HEADINGS:</b></li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = No. of Electors from each State.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(C)</b> = John C. Fremont, of New York.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(D)</b> = Millard Fillmore, of New York.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(E)</b> = John C. Breckenridge, of Kentucky.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(F)</b> = William L. Dayton, of New Jersey.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(G)</b> = Andrew J. Donelson, of Tennessee.</li> +</ul> + +<p>James Buchanan took the oath of office, as President, and entered upon +his duties, March 4, 1857.</p> + +<p>John C. Breckenridge took the oath of office, as Vice-President, and +entered upon his duties, March 4, 1857.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">ABRAHAM LINCOLN,</h2> +</div> + +<p class="center">THE FOURTEENTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,</p> + +<p>Was born in Hardin County, Kentucky, February 12th, 1809. The record of +his boyhood and youth, so far as we have been able to trace it, is not +distinguished by any thing more remarkable than the usual experience +of children of pioneers in a new country. In 1816, he removed with +his parents to what is now Spencer County, Indiana. Here he enjoyed +the advantages of a little schooling—less than a year, however, in +all. Whatever else he afterward learned from books was without the aid +of the school-master—the result of his own energy and indomitable +perseverance.</p> + +<p>In 1832, he served in the Black Hawk war, and, on his return from that +service, was nominated for the Illinois Legislature from the county of +Macon. In 1834, he was elected to the Legislature, and reëlected in +1836, 1838, and 1840. While in the Legislature, he placed himself on +record against slavery; and it is but just to say that the principles +which actuated him then are the moving principles of the great party he +to-day represents as the executive of the nation.</p> + +<p>For many years Mr. Lincoln was a prominent leader of the Whig party +in Illinois, and was on the electoral ticket in several Presidential +campaigns. In 1844, he canvassed the entire State for Henry Clay, of +whom he was a sincere and enthusiastic friend, and exerted himself +powerfully for the favorite of his party. In 1846, he was elected to +Congress, and took his seat on the first Monday in December, 1847, the +only Whig Representative from his State.</p> + +<p>In November, 1860, he was elected President of the United States by the +party known as Republicans.</p> + +<p>On the 11th of February, 1861, he left his home in Springfield, +Illinois, and proceeded to Washington, passing <i>en route</i> the +cities of Toledo, Indianapolis, Cincinnati, Columbus, Steubenville, +Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Buffalo, Albany, Poughkeepsie, New York, +Trenton, Philadelphia, Harrisburg, and Baltimore—at all of which +places, except the last, he was received with great cordiality, and +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</span> +addressed the people. At Baltimore a plot had been formed to +assassinate him; and, in this affair, it seems that some of the most +prominent citizens of that place were implicated. But Mr. Lincoln, +by prompt, shrewd management, reached Washington uninjured, and on +the 4th of March, 1861, was duly inaugurated, and proceeded upon the +duties of his office, notwithstanding the threats of Baltimoreans +that he never should be installed. In his inaugural address, in view +of the threatening attitude assumed by some of the Southern States, +in consequence of the accession of a Republican administration, after +declaring that there never had been any just cause for the apprehension +that such an administration would encroach upon the constitutional +rights of any State, he said that he had “no purpose, directly or +indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States +where it existed; that he, as well as every Member of Congress, was +sworn to support the whole Constitution, one of the provisions of which +is, that ‘no person held to service or labor in one State, under the +laws thereof, escaping into another State, shall, in consequence of any +law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, +but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or +labor may be due;’ that he took his oath to support the Constitution, +without any mental reservation; that while he did not then choose to +specify particular acts of Congress as proper to be enforced, he did +suggest that it would be much safer for all, both in official and +private stations, to conform to and abide by all those acts which stand +unrepealed than to violate any of them, trusting to find impunity in +having them held to be unconstitutional; that he held that, in the +contemplation of universal law and of the Constitution, the union +of the States is perpetual; that no State could, upon its own mere +motion, get out of the Union; that acts of violence within any State or +States against the authority of the United States are insurrectionary +or revolutionary, and that he should, as the Constitution expressly +enjoined upon him, take care that the laws of the Union should be +executed in all the States; that while he should perform this duty +perfectly, so far as practicable, unless restrained by his rightful +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</span> +masters, the American people, he trusted the declaration so to do would +not be regarded as a menace, but only as the express purpose of the +Union to maintain itself.”</p> + +<p>The inaugural address, while considered as clear and explicit by +many, was regarded as very obscure and unsatisfactory by others +(the people of the South), and, on the 13th of April, 1861, Messrs. +Preston, Stuart, and Randolph, appointed by the Virginia Convention, +were formally received by the President, and presented resolutions +requesting that, inasmuch as “great uncertainty prevailed in the public +mind as to the policy” to be pursued by the Federal Executive, he +should communicate to the Convention the course he intended to take in +regard to the “Confederate States.”</p> + +<p>To this request the President replied that, while he was sorry that +dangerous uncertainty should exist respecting his mode of procedure +with the seceded States, he could give no clearer exposition of his +policy than was given in his inaugural address, a careful consideration +of which he recommended to the Virginia Convention.</p> + +<p>Two days after this, Fort Sumter having been reduced by the Confederate +Government, and other demonstrations of a revolutionary character +having been made, the President issued a proclamation calling for +75,000 volunteers, for three months, to suppress the rebellion, and +summoned Congress to assemble in extraordinary session. The call was +heartily responded to, and, in a few days, a vastly greater number +than had been requested offered themselves to their country. Meantime +Washington was placed in a state of defense. Shortly after the +commencement of hostilities, a blockade of all the Southern ports was +declared. This was directly followed by a blockade of Virginia and +North Carolina. On the 3d of May, 1861, the President issued a call +for 42,034 additional volunteers for the term of three years. Congress +having assembled, he addressed a message to that body, asking that at +least 400,000 men and $400,000,000 be placed at his control, that the +work of crushing the rebellion might be expedited. Congress readily +complied, granting more men and money than had been asked. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</span></p> + +<p>On the 16th of August, 1861, the President issued a proclamation +prohibiting all commercial intercourse between the loyal and seceded +States. In the latter part of August, he modified a proclamation +issued by General Fremont, which declared martial law in the State +of Missouri, ordering the confiscation of the property of disloyal +persons, and declaring their slaves free. The two latter of these +measures Mr. Lincoln declared void. For this act he was blamed by many +of his own party at the time.</p> + +<p>Passing some other acts of less importance, we next notice the message +addressed to Congress on the 6th of March, 1862, by the President, +recommending that the Government coöperate with any State desiring a +gradual emancipation of the slaves, by affording it such pecuniary aid +as would enable it to “compensate for the inconveniences, public and +private, produced by such change of system.” This message was hailed +by the radical antislavery party of the country as the initiatory +step toward a final and total abolition of slavery; by conservative +Union men, with indifference; and by the secessionists as a hostile +encroachment upon State rights.</p> + +<p>On the 11th of March, 1862, Mr. Lincoln assumed command of the Army and +Navy of the United States, ordering a general movement of both, and +confining General McClellan to the command of the Department of the +Potomac.</p> + +<p>April 16th, 1862, he approved and signed an act of Congress, abolishing +the institution of slavery in the District of Columbia, which act +“recognized and practically applied” the principles of compensation and +colonization.</p> + +<p>During the month of May, the President issued two proclamations, the +one declaring the ports of Port Royal, Beaufort, and New Orleans +open for trade, the other repudiating an order issued by General +Hunter, emancipating all the slaves in Georgia, Florida, and South +Carolina. This act also produced some dissatisfaction. During the +years 1862-1863, Mr. Lincoln was actively employed in calling out and +furnishing troops, and making important changes in the organization of +the army. It was also during this period that he issued his general +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</span> +emancipation proclamations—the first on the 22d day of September, +1862, declaring that all slaves held in any State, or part of a State +found in actual rebellion against the authority of the United States +on the 1st day of January, 1863, should then and forever thereafter +be free; the second, on the 1st of January, 1863, declaring that, in +accordance with the first proclamation, slavery is abolished in all the +States and counties then in armed rebellion against the Government.</p> + +<p>These measures, while they greatly unpopularized the President with +certain parties in the Northern and Southern border States, were +regarded as the exponents of the true policy by the radicals. His +suspension of the writ of <i>habeas corpus</i>, in certain cases, +September 15th, 1863, also produced considerable stir in political +circles.</p> + +<p>At the Republican Convention which met at Baltimore, in January, +1864, Mr. Lincoln was re-nominated for the Presidency of the United +States—was elected November 8th, and duly inaugurated March 4th, 1865.</p> + +<p>The following note of his inaugural address is from an English journal. +It speaks for itself:</p> + +<p>“On the 4th instant, the day of inaugurating his second term, President +Lincoln read a short State paper, which for political weight, moral +dignity, and unaffected solemnity has had no equal in our time. His +presidency began, he says, with the efforts of both parties to avoid +war. ‘To strengthen, perpetuate, and extend the slave interest was the +object for which the insurgents would rend the Union by war, while +the Government claimed the right to do no more than restrict the +territorial enlargement of it.’ Both parties ‘read the same Bible and +pray to the same God.’</p> + +<p>“The prayer of both can not be answered, that of neither has been +answered fully, for the Almighty has his own purposes. Mr. Lincoln +goes on to confess for the North its partnership in the original guilt +of slavery: ‘Woe unto the world because of its offenses, for it must +needs be that offenses come; but woe unto that man by whom the offenses +cometh! If we shall suppose American slavery one of the offenses which +in the providence of God must needs come, but which, having continued +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</span> +through His appointed time, He now wills to remove, and that He gives +to both North and South this terrible war, as was due to those by whom +the offense came, we will not discern that there is any departure +from those divine attributes which believers in the living God always +ascribe to Him. Fondly do we hope, fervently do we pray, that this +mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Yet, if it be God’s will +that it continue till the wealth piled by bondsmen by two hundred and +fifty years’ unrequited toil shall be sunk, and till every drop of +blood drawn with the lash shall be repaid by another drawn with the +sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said +that the judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether. With +malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right, +as God gives us to see the light, let us strive on to finish the work +we are in, to bind up the nation’s wounds, to care for those who have +borne the battle, and for their widows and orphans. And with all this +let us strive after a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with +all nations.’ No statesman ever uttered words stamped at once with +the seal of so deep a wisdom and so true a simplicity. The ‘village +attorney,’ of whom Sir G. C. Lewis and many other wise men wrote with +so much scorn, in 1861, seems destined to be one of those ‘foolish +things of the world’ which are destined to confound the wise, one of +those weak things which shall ‘confound the things that are mighty.’”</p> + +<p>The rebel General Lee had surrendered. The war was apparently at an +end. Abraham Lincoln, the honored and the great, looked forward to +a speedy restoration of the Union. But while the storm lulled, the +assassin did his work. J. Wilkes Booth shot Abraham Lincoln on the +night of the 13th, and he died April 14th, 1865, honored and lamented +by every true American. The world never before beheld such universal +sorrow. A nation not merely mourned but was clad in the deepest mourning. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</span></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Election for the Nineteenth Term, commencing March 4, 1861,<br> +and terminating March 3, 1865.</i></p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <thead><tr class="bt2 fs_120"> + <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2">A </th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" rowspan="2">STATES.</th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="4"> PRESIDENT. </th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="4"> VICE-PRESIDENT.</th> + </tr><tr class="fs_120 bb"> + <th class="tdc bl"> B </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> C </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> D </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> E </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> F </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> G </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> H </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> J </th> + </tr></thead> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maine</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Hampshire</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">13</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Massachusetts</td> + <td class="tdc bl">13</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">13</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rhode Island</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Connecticut</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Vermont</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">35</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New York</td> + <td class="tdc bl">35</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">35</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Jersey</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">27</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Pennsylvania</td> + <td class="tdc bl">27</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">27</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Delaware</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maryland</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Virginia</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">15</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">15</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">North Carolina</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">10</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">10</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">South Carolina</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Georgia</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">10</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">10</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Kentucky</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">12</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">12</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tennessee</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">12</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">12</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">23</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Ohio</td> + <td class="tdc bl">23</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">23</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Louisiana</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mississippi</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">13</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Indiana</td> + <td class="tdc bl">13</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">13</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Illinois</td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Alabama</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Missouri</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Arkansas</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Michigan</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Florida</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Texas</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Iowa</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Wisconsin</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">California</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Minnesota</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Oregon</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">315</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Whole No. of Electors </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 180 </td> + <td class="tdc bl">72</td> + <td class="tdc bl">39</td> + <td class="tdc bl">12</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 180 </td> + <td class="tdc bl">72</td> + <td class="tdc bl">39</td> + <td class="tdc bl">12</td> + </tr><tr class="bb2"> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Majority<span class="ws2">157</span></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub1"><b>COLUMN HEADINGS:</b></li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = No. of Electors from each State.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(C)</b> = John C. Breckenridge, of Kentucky.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(D)</b> = John Bell, of Tennessee.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(E)</b> = Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(F)</b> = Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(G)</b> = Joseph Lane, of Texas.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(H)</b> = Edward Everett, of Massachusetts.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(J)</b> = Herschel V. Johnson, of Georgia.</li> +</ul> + +<p>Abraham Lincoln took the oath of office as President, and entered upon +his duties, March 4th, 1861. Hannibal Hamlin took the oath of office as +Vice-President, and attended in the Senate as its President, on the 4th +of March, 1861. The accession of Mr. Lincoln to the Presidency was made +the pretext for the great rebellion of 1861. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</span></p> + +<p class="center"><i>Election for the Twentieth Term, commencing March 4, 1865,<br> +and terminating March 3, 1869.</i></p> + +<table class="spb1"> + <thead><tr class="bt2 fs_120"> + <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2">A </th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" rowspan="2">STATES.</th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="2"> PRESIDENT. </th> + <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="2"> V. PRESIDENT.</th> + </tr><tr class="fs_120 bb"> + <th class="tdc bl"> B </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> C </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> D </th> + <th class="tdc bl"> E </th> + </tr></thead> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maine</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Hampshire</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Massachusetts</td> + <td class="tdc bl">12</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">12</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rhode Island</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Connecticut</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Vermont</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">33</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New York</td> + <td class="tdc bl">33</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">33</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Jersey</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">26</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Pennsylvania</td> + <td class="tdc bl">26</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">26</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Delaware</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maryland</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 7</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Virginia</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Western Virginia</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">South Carolina</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">North Carolina</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Georgia</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Kentucky</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tennessee</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">21</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Ohio</td> + <td class="tdc bl">21</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">21</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Louisiana</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mississippi</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">13</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Indiana</td> + <td class="tdc bl">13</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">13</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Illinois</td> + <td class="tdc bl">15</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">15</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Alabama</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Missouri</td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">11</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Arkansas</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Michigan</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Florida</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="greyish"> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Texas</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Iowa</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Wisconsin</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 8</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">California</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 5</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Minnesota</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 4</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Oregon</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Nevada</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Kansas</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 3</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bb2"> + <td class="tdr_wsp">331</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 212 </td> + <td class="tdc bl">21</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 212 </td> + <td class="tdc bl">21</td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub1"><b>COLUMN HEADINGS:</b></li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = No. of Electors from each State.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(C)</b> = Geo. B. McClellan, of Ohio.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(D)</b> = Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(E)</b> = Geo. H. Pendleton, of Ohio.</li> +</ul> + +<p>Virginia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, +Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida and Texas, being in +rebellion, did not vote for President and Vice-President.</p> + +<p>Whole number of Electoral votes cast were 233—for Lincoln and Johnson, +212; for McClellan and Pendleton, 21. Lincoln and Johnson’s majority +191, the greatest majority attained since the organization of the +Government.</p> + +<p>Abraham Lincoln took the oath of office as President and entered upon +his duties March 4, 1865.</p> + +<p>Andrew Johnson took the oath of office as Vice-President, and attended +in the Senate as its President March 4, 1865.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">ANDREW JOHNSON</h2> +</div> + +<p>Was born at Raleigh, North Carolina, December 29th, 1808, and is now in +his sixtieth year. He lost his father when only four years old. At the +age of ten he was apprenticed to a tailor in Raleigh, and served with +him an apprenticeship of seven years. His mother was poor, and had been +unable to give him any educational advantages; but young Andy, whose +unconquerable spirit was not to be restrained by any disadvantages, +became stimulated with a desire for knowledge. He acquired the alphabet +with no other instructions than those obtained from the journeymen with +whom he worked. He learned to read from an old volume of speeches, +loaned him by a friend, and thenceforward, after ten hours’ work with +his goose, needle, and scissors, applied himself with vigor to study +for three or four hours each evening. In 1824, having completed his +apprenticeship, he went to Laurens Court house, South Carolina, where +he worked as journeyman for two years. In 1826, he set out for the +West, taking his mother, whom already, at his early age, and with +his scanty wages, he was supporting. He made his home at Greenville, +Tennessee, where he remained, and commenced business, and where he +became a thriving and popular man. With the indefatigable thirst for +knowledge which had characterized his early career, he still pursued +his studies, and, in the evenings which followed a day of labor, with +his wife as instructress, pushed on in the road to knowledge.</p> + +<p>He entered early into political life, being elected to the first office +he ever held—that of Alderman of the village of Greenville—in 1828. +He was reëlected to the same office in 1829. In 1830, he was elected +Mayor, and retained that position for three years. In 1835, he was sent +to the Legislature, where he chiefly distinguished himself by taking +strong grounds against a scheme of internal improvements, which, he +argued, was extravagant and useless. The measure was popular, however, +and he was defeated in 1837. In 1838, he was a candidate again, and was +this time successful. In 1840, he served as Presidential elector for +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</span> +the State at large on the Democratic ticket, and during the campaign +rendered efficient service to the party as a stump speaker. In 1841, +he was elected to the State Senate, and, in 1843, at the age of +thirty-five, he was elected to Congress, where he held his seat, +being four times reëlected, until 1853. During this time he was +thoroughly identified with the old Democratic party, and supported all +the party measures. In 1853, he was elected Governor, after a very +exciting contest, over Gustavus A. Henry. He was reëlected in 1855, +over Meredith P. Gentry, the Whig candidate. At the expiration of his +Gubernatorial term, in 1857, he was chosen United States Senator by a +Democratic majority in the Legislature of Tennessee. In that body he +commanded the respect of all his compeers, as an able, eloquent, and +patriotic statesman. At the breaking out of the rebellion, Senator +Andrew Johnson still proclaimed his allegiance to the United States, +and continued to hold his seat in the Senate, though his course +subjected him to much unpopularity, and even danger.</p> + +<p>When, in the spring of 1862, our army had penetrated Tennessee to +Nashville, and the northern and central portions of the State were +wrested from rebel control, the President desired the services of a +wise and sagacious man, of unquestionable loyalty, to act as Military +Governor of that State; and he did not have long to look—Andrew +Johnson was at once recognized as the man for the place, and, being +commissioned a Brigadier-General, he repaired to Nashville, where he +for two years discharged the delicate and responsible duty of his +charge with a degree of wisdom and efficiency which challenged general +admiration. Under his administration, the rebellion had steadily been +losing its hold in Tennessee, and loyalty was as constantly cultivated +and developed.</p> + +<p>He was nominated for the Vice-Presidency by the Union Convention at +Baltimore, June 8th, 1864, and was elected November 8, 1864, and was +sworn into office March 4th, 1865.</p> + +<p>President Lincoln died April 15. Andrew Johnson was sworn into office +as President of the United States, on the same day, by Chief Justice Chase. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</span></p> + +<p>Soon after entering upon the duties of his office, he vetoed the Civil +Rights Bill, the Constitutional Amendment, the Military Government +Bill, and all the important bills passed by Congress; also suspended +Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War, from office, during the recess of +Congress; on the assembling of which, he sent them his reasons for +so doing. Upon considering which, they reinstated Secretary Stanton. +Whereupon the President issued an order removing him, and ordering +Major-General Thomas, Adjutant-General of the army, to act as Secretary +<i>ad interim</i>—the same being done without the consent or advice +of the Senate—for which and many other acts committed by him, and +by Congress deemed unconstitutional, the House did, on the 25th of +February, 1868, impeach Andrew Johnson of high crimes and misdemeanors; +and he was accordingly tried for the same by the Senate—the result of +which trial will be found in the <a href="#Page_348">Impeachment Act</a>, on another page.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD<br> OF THE REBELLION.</h2> +</div> + +<p class="center">NOVEMBER, 1860—<span class="smcap">Presidential Election.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 6.</span>—Each of the four political +parties presented its candidate for the Presidency, and the same +number for the Vice-Presidency. The Republican party supported Abraham +Lincoln, of Illinois, and Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine. One wing of the +Democratic party supported S. A. Douglas, of Illinois, and H. V. +Johnson, of Georgia; the other wing sustained John C. Breckenridge, +of Kentucky, and Joseph Lane, of Oregon. The Old Line Whigs and Know +Nothings supported John Bell, of Tennessee, and Edward Everett, of +Massachusetts. The result of the popular vote was as follows:</p> + +<p>Lincoln and Hamlin received 1,857,610; Douglas and Johnson, 1,365,976; +Breckenridge and Lane, 847,553; Bell and Everett, 590,631.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 7.</span>—The news of Mr. Lincoln’s +election received at Charleston, South Carolina, with cheers for a +Southern Confederacy. The “Palmetto Flag” hoisted on the vessels in the +harbor.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 9.</span>—An attempt to seize the arms in +Fort Moultrie.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 10.</span>—A bill was introduced into +the South Carolina Legislature to raise and equip 10,000 men. The +Legislature also ordered the election of a convention, to consider the +question of secession. Jas. Chester, United States Senator from South +Carolina, resigned.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 11.</span>—Senator Hammond, of South +Carolina, resigned.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 15.</span>—Governor Letcher, of Virginia, +called an extra session of the Legislature.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 18.</span>—Georgia Legislature appropriated +$1,000,000 to arm the State. Major Anderson sent to Fort Moultrie to +relieve Colonel Gardner.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 19.</span>—Governor Moore called an extra +session of the Louisiana Legislature. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</span></p> + +<h3>DECEMBER, 1860.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 1.</span>—Florida Legislature ordered the +election of a convention. Great secession meeting in Memphis.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 3.</span>—Congress met. The President +denied the right of a State to secede, and asserted the right of the +General Government to coerce a seceding State.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 5.</span>—Election of delegates to South +Carolina Convention took place. The successful candidates were +secessionists.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 10.</span>—Howell Cobb, Secretary of the +Treasury, resigned. Senator Clay, of Alabama, resigned. The Louisiana +Legislature ordered the election of a convention, and appropriated +$500,000 to arm the State.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 13.</span>—An extra session of the Cabinet +was held to consider the question of reinforcing Fort Moultrie; the +President opposed it, and reinforcements were not sent.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 14.</span>—General Cass, Secretary of +State, resigned.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 17.</span>—South Carolina Convention +assembled.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 18.</span>—The Crittenden Compromise +introduced in the United States Senate.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 19.</span>—Governor Hicks, of Maryland, +refused to receive the Mississippi Commissioner.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 20.</span>—South Carolina Convention +adopted a secession ordinance; the vote unanimous.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 22.</span>—The Crittenden Compromise voted +down in the Senate committee of Thirteen.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 24.</span>—The people of Pittsburg +stop the shipment of ordnance from the arsenal at that place to +Southern forts. Governor Moore called an extra session of the Alabama +Legislature.—Election of members of the Alabama Convention took place; +the majority for secession was over 50,000.—South Carolina members of +Congress resigned.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 26.</span>—Major Anderson left Fort +Moultrie and took possession of Fort Sumter. He had with him only 111 +men. South Carolina Commissioners arrived in Washington. The President +refused to receive them.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 27.</span>—Revenue cutter, William Aiken, +surrendered to the South Carolina authorities.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 28.</span>—South Carolina seized the +Government property in Charleston, took possession of Castle Pinckney +and Fort Moultrie.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 29.</span>—John B. Floyd, Secretary of War, +resigned. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 31.</span>—South Carolina sent +Commissioners to the slave States to make arrangements for a Southern +Confederacy.</p> + +<h3>JANUARY, 1861.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 2.</span>—Governor Ellis, of North +Carolina, took possession of Fort Macon. Georgia troops seized Forts +Pulaski and Jackson, and the United States arsenal at Savannah.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 4.</span>—Governor Moore, of Alabama, +seized Fort Morgan, and the United States arsenal at Mobile. Fast-day, +by proclamation of the President.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 7.</span>—State Conventions of Alabama and +Mississippi, Legislatures of Virginia and Tennessee, assembled.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 8.</span>—Jacob Thompson, Secretary of the +Interior, resigned. Fort Johnson at Wilmington, and Caswell at Oak +Island, seized by North Carolina.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 9.</span>—The steamer Star of the West +fired on by rebel batteries in Charleston harbor, and driven back. +Mississippi Convention passed secession ordinance by vote of 84 to +15.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 10.</span>—Florida Convention adopted +an ordinance of secession by a vote of 62 to 7. Florida seized Fort +McRae.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 11.</span>—Alabama seceded; vote in +Convention, ayes, 61; noes, 39. P. B. Thomas, Secretary of the +Treasury, resigned, and was succeeded by John A. Dix, of New York. +The Governor of Louisiana seized Forts Phillip and Jackson, on the +Mississippi below New Orleans, the United States arsenal at Baton +Rouge, and Forts Pike and Macomb, on Lake Ponchartrain.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 13.</span>—Florida troops took possession +of the Pensacola Navy Yard and Fort Barancas. Lieutenant Slemmer, in +command of Fort Pickens, refused to obey Commodore Armstrong’s order to +surrender the fort to the Florida troops, and thus saved that important +place to the Union.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 16.</span>—The Legislature of Arkansas +called a convention. Colonel Hayne, of South Carolina, demanded of the +President the surrender of Fort Sumter, which was refused. The Missouri +Legislature voted to hold a convention.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 18.</span>—The Legislature of Virginia +appropriated $1,000,000 for the defense of the State.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 19.</span>—Georgia adopted a secession +ordinance by vote of 208 to 89.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 21.</span>—Members of Congress from Alabama +resigned. Jefferson Davis resigned his place in the Senate.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 23.</span>—Georgia members of Congress resigned. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 24.</span>—The rebels seized the U. S. +arsenal at Augusta Georgia.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 26.</span>—Louisiana Legislature passed +secession ordinance by vote of 113 to 17.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 30.</span>—North Carolina Legislature +submitted the convention question to the people. This was the first +instance of the will of the people being consulted in regard to the +question of secession. The revenue cutters Cass, at Mobile, and +McLelland, at New Orleans, surrendered to the rebel authorities.</p> + +<h3>FEBRUARY, 1861.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 1.</span>—Texas Convention passed an +ordinance of secession by vote of 166 to 7, to be submitted to the +people. The Louisiana authorities seized the Mint and Custom House at +New Orleans.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 4.</span>—Delegates from the seceded States +met at Montgomery, Alabama, to organize a Confederate Government. Peace +Congress met at Washington; Ex-President Tyler was chosen President.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 8.</span>—The U. S. arsenal at Little Rock +surrendered to Arkansas.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 9.</span>—Jefferson Davis and A. H. +Stephens elected Provisional President and Vice-President of the +Southern Confederacy.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 13.</span>—The electoral vote counted. +Abraham Lincoln received 180 votes, Stephen A. Douglas 12, John C. +Breckenridge 72, and John Bell 39.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 19.</span>—Fort Kearney, Kansas, seized by +the rebels.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 23.</span>—General Twiggs surrendered +government property in Texas, valued at $1,200,000, to the rebels.</p> + +<h3>MARCH, 1861.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">March 1.</span>—General Twiggs expelled from the +army. Peace Congress adjourned.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">March 2.</span>—Revenue cutter Dodge surrendered +to the rebels at Galveston, Texas.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">March 4.</span>—The ordinance of secession +passed by the Texas Convention and submitted to the people, having been +adopted by a majority of about 40,000, the Convention declared the +State out of the Union.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">March 5.</span>—General Beauregard took command +of the troops at Charleston. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">March 6.</span>—Fort Brown, on the Rio Grande, +was surrendered by special agreement. The Federal troops evacuated the +fort and sailed for Key West and Tortugas.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">March 28.</span>—Vote of Louisiana on secession +made public. For secession, 20,448; against it, 17,926.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">March 30.</span>—Mississippi Convention ratified +the Confederate Constitution by a vote of 78 to 70.</p> + +<h3>APRIL, 1861.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 3.</span>—South Carolina Convention +ratified the Confederate Constitution by a vote of 114 to 16.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 4.</span>—Virginia Convention, by a +vote of 89 to 45, refused to submit an ordinance of secession to the +people.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 7.</span>—All intercourse between Fort +Sumter and Charleston stopped by order of Beauregard. The steamer +Atlantic sailed from New York with troops and supplies.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 8.</span>—The Federal Government notified +the South Carolina authorities that provisions would be sent to Major +Anderson by force, if necessary. The State Department refused to +recognize the Confederate States Commissioners.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 11.</span>—Troops are stationed in +Washington, and the oath of fidelity administered to the men. The +rebel Commissioners left Washington. General Beauregard demanded the +surrender of Fort Sumter. Major Anderson refused.</p> + +<h4>BOMBARDMENT OF FORT SUMTER.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 12.</span>—The rebels had constructed +batteries on Morris Island, Sullivan Island and Cumming’s Point, +besides occupying Fort Moultrie; they had also built a powerful +floating battery, all of which were employed in the attack on Sumter. +Fort Moultrie opened fire at four o’clock in the morning. Fort Sumter +did not reply until seven o’clock. The fire was kept up with vigor by +both sides. Major Anderson had under his command 111 men, including +officers, musicians and laborers. The Legislature appropriated $500,000 +to arm the State. Fort Pickens reinforced.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 13.</span>—The bombardment of Fort Sumter +continued; early in the day the officers’ quarters were fired by a +shell; by noon most of the wood work was on fire; Sumter’s fire was +almost silenced when General Wigfall came with a flag of truce, and +arrangements were made for evacuating the fort. The terms were that the +garrison should take all its individual and company property, that they +should march out with their side arms in their own way, at their own +time, and that they should salute their flag and take it with them. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 14.</span>—Major Anderson and his men +sailed for New York. Governor Yates, of Illinois, called an extra +session of the Legislature, to meet April 22.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 15.</span>—The President issued a +proclamation commanding all persons in arms against the Government +to disperse within twenty days; also calling for 75,000 volunteers. +The New York Legislature authorized the raising of $3,000,000 for +their equipment and support. The President called an extra session of +Congress, to meet July 4th.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 16.</span>—The Governors of Kentucky, +Virginia, Tennessee and Missouri, refused to furnish troops Under the +President’s proclamation.—The Confederate Government called for 32,000 +men.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 17.</span>—Virginia Convention adopted +secession ordinance in secret session by a vote of 60 to 53, to be +submitted to the people on the fourth Thursday of May. Forces were sent +to seize the U. S. Arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, and the Gosport Navy +Yard. All the military power of the State was placed under the control +of the President of the Southern Confederacy. Jefferson Davis issued a +proclamation, offering letters of marque and reprisal to all who wished +to engage in privateering.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 18.</span>—U. S. Arsenal at Harper’s Ferry +destroyed by Lieutenant Jones, to prevent it falling into the hands +of the enemy. Colonel Cake, with 400 men of the 25th Pennsylvania +regiment, arrived in Washington. These were the first troops to enter +the city for its defense.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 19.</span>—Steamer Star of the West seized +by the rebels at Indianola, Texas. The 6th Massachusetts regiment, +while passing through Baltimore, was attacked by a mob; two soldiers +were wounded. The troops fired upon the mob, killing eleven and +wounding many. President Lincoln issued a proclamation declaring the +ports of South Carolina, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, Louisiana and +Texas, in a state of blockade. Maryland, Delaware and Pennsylvania, +added to the military department of Washington, and placed under the +command of General Patterson. City Council of Philadelphia appropriated +$1,000,000 to equip the volunteers and support their families.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 20.</span>—The Governor of North Carolina +seized the Branch Mint at Charlotte. Several bridges on the Northern +Pennsylvania Railroad destroyed by Maryland rebels, to prevent the +passage of troops to Washington. The U. S. Arsenal at Liberty, Mo., +seized by the secessionists and the arms distributed among the +surrounding counties. The Gosport Navy Yard destroyed by General +McCauley, to keep it from the rebels; the war vessels Delaware, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</span> +Pennsylvania, Columbia, Germantown, Merrimac, Raritan, Dolphin and +United States, were scuttled and set on fire; the Cumberland was towed +out. The 4th Massachusetts regiment arrived at Fortress Monroe. A +special meeting of the Pennsylvania Legislature called for the 30th, by +proclamation of Governor Curtin.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 21.</span>—Federal Government took +possession of the Philadelphia and Baltimore Railroad. Senator Andrew +Johnson, of Tennessee, mobbed at Lynchburg, Va.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 22.</span>—U. S. Arsenal at Fayetteville, +N. C., seized by the rebels. Arkansas seized the Arsenal at +Napoleon.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 24.</span>—Fort Smith, Arkansas, seized +by the rebels under Senator Boland. Cairo, Illinois, occupied by Union +troops.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 25.</span>—Major Sibly surrendered 450 +U. S. troops to the rebel Colonel Van Dorn, at Saluria, Texas. A +company of Illinois volunteers, acting under the authority of the +Government, removed 22,000 stand of arms from the Arsenal at St. Louis +to Springfield, Illinois. Governor Letcher proclaims Virginia a member +of the Southern Confederacy.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 27.</span>—The steamer Aelmick, loaded +with powder and munitions of war for the South, seized at Cairo. The +blockade extended to the ports of North Carolina and Virginia. All +officers of the army were required to take the oath of allegiance.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 29.</span>—The Indiana Legislature +appropriated $500,000 to arm the State. The Maryland House of Delegates +voted against secession, 63 to 13. Governor Harris, of Tennessee, +seized bonds and money in the Collector’s hands at Nashville, belonging +to the Federal Government. Three steamships seized at New Orleans by +order of Governor Moore, of Louisiana.</p> + +<h3>MAY, 1861.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 1.</span>—North Carolina Legislature passed +a bill calling a State Convention, to meet on the 20th of May. The +Legislature of Tennessee passed an act, in secret session, authorizing +the Governor to form a league with the Southern Confederacy.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 3.</span>—Governor Letcher called out the +militia to defend Virginia. President Lincoln called for 42,000 three +years’ volunteers; 22,000 troops for the regular army, and 18,000 +seamen. Fourteen companies of Kentucky volunteers offered their +services to the Secretary of War, notwithstanding the Governor’s +refusal. Connecticut Legislature appropriated $2,000,000 for military +purposes.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 4.</span>—General McClellan placed in +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</span> +command of the Department of Ohio, comprising the States of Ohio, +Indiana and Illinois. Union meetings were held in Preston county, Va., +and at Wheeling, Va.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 5.</span>—General Butler took possession of +the Relay House, Maryland.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 6.</span>—Arkansas Convention passed an +ordinance of secession, by vote of 69 to 1. Tennessee Legislature +adopted secession ordinance in secret session, to be submitted to a +vote of the people on the 8th of June.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 10.</span>—A mob attacked the Home Guard +at St. Louis; the Guard fired on the rioters, killing seven. A rebel +force of 800 men, under Gen. Frost, surrendered to Captain (afterwards +General) Lyon, at St. Louis.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 11.</span>—The mob made another attack on +the Home Guard in St. Louis. Blockade of Charleston, S. C., established +by the steamer Niagara.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 13.</span>—A Convention composed of +delegates from 35 counties, met at Wheeling, Virginia, to consider the +policy of forming a new State.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 14.</span>—A schooner loaded with arms for +the rebels, also a large number of guns in Baltimore, seized by the +forces under General Butler. The ship Argo, with a cargo of tobacco +valued at $150,000, captured by the U. S. gunboat Quaker City.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 16.</span>—A bridge on the Baltimore and +Ohio Railroad destroyed. General Scott ordered the fortification of +Arlington Heights.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 17.</span>—Secession spies arrested in +Washington by order of General Scott. Adams Express Company prohibited +from carrying packages or letters south of Washington. Rebels commence +fortifying Harper’s Ferry.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 18.</span>—Military Department of Virginia +created, comprising Eastern Virginia, North and South Carolina; +headquarters at Fortress Monroe, commander General Butler.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 19.</span>—Rebel batteries at Sewell’s Point +attacked by U. S. steamers. Two schooners with rebel troops on board +captured by the U. S. steamer Freeborn.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 20.</span>—Telegraphic dispatches throughout +the North seized by order of the Government. North Carolina secession +ordinance adopted. Governor Magoffin proclaimed the neutrality of +Kentucky.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 22.</span>—Fortifications of Ship Island +destroyed to keep them from the enemy.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 24.</span>—Thirteen thousand troops crossed +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</span> +the Potomac into Virginia. Alexandria occupied by Federal troops. +Colonel Ellsworth shot by Jackson; the murderer was instantly killed. +Arlington Heights occupied by Union troops.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 25.</span>—Union troops destroyed seven +bridges and five miles of railroad from Alexandria to Leesburg.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 26.</span>—Western Virginia gave a large +majority in favor of the Union. The port of New Orleans was blockaded +by the sloop of war Brooklyn. All postal service in the seceded States +suspended.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 31.</span>—The steamers Freeborn and +Anacosta engage the rebel batteries at Acquia Creek.</p> + +<h3>JUNE, 1861.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 1.</span>—Lieutenant Tompkins, with 47 +men, attacked the rebels at Fairfax Court House, killing Captain Marr +and several others. Union loss two killed. The steamers Freeborn and +Anacosta engage the batteries at Acquia Creek the second time. Skirmish +at Williamsport, Maryland, between the rebels and a company of Home +Guards.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 3.</span>—Colonel Kelly defeated the rebels +at Phillippi, Va., killing 15; Colonel Kelly was severely wounded. +Hon. S. A. Douglas died at Chicago. General Beauregard arrived and +assumed command of the Confederate forces at Manassas Junction, Va. +The voluntary contributions in the Northern States to carry on the war +amounted to over $32,000,000.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 6.</span>—Harriet Lane attacked the +batteries at Pig Point, near Fortress Monroe. A company of rebel +cavalry, captured at Alexandria, Va., take the oath of allegiance.</p> + +<h4>BATTLE OF BIG BETHEL.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 10.</span>—Three regiments of Union troops, +under the command of General Pierce, were defeated with a loss of 16 +killed, among them Major Winthrop, and 41 wounded.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 11.</span>—Skirmish at Romney, Va. Wheeling +Convention met.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 14.</span>—Rebels evacuated Harper’s Ferry, +after destroying all available property; the armory machinery was taken +to Richmond.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 15.</span>—Brig Perry arrived at New York +with the privateer Savannah, captured June 4th.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 17.</span>—Wheeling Convention unanimously +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</span> +declared Western Virginia independent of the rebel portion of the +State. A train of cars with 275 Ohio volunteers, under the command of +Colonel Schenck, was fired into from a masked battery near Vienna, +Va,; 8 were killed and 12 wounded. General Lyon defeated the rebels at +Boonville, Mo., with a loss of about 30 killed and 50 wounded; Union +loss 2 killed and 9 wounded.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 10.</span>—A skirmish took place at Cole +Camp, Mo., between a body of secessionists and a company of Home +Guards; the latter were defeated with a loss of 10 killed, 20 wounded +and 30 prisoners. A detachment of U. S. Regulars captured a number of +rebels with their arms and ammunition, at Liberty, Mo.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 20.</span>—Union Convention elected Frank +D. Pierpont Governor of Virginia. General McClellan assumed command in +person of the army in Western Virginia.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 23.</span>—Forty-eight locomotives +belonging to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, valued at $400,000, were +destroyed by the rebels.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 24.</span>—The U. S. gunboat Pawnee +attacked the rebel battery at Mathias Point. A spy arrested at +Washington with a full detail of the number of the troops and +batteries, and the best plan of attack on the city.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 26.</span>—The President acknowledged the +Wheeling government of Virginia.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 27.</span>—George P. Kane, Marshal of +Baltimore police, arrested by General Banks and sent to Fort McHenry. +The steamers Pawnee, Resolute and Freeborn, made a second attack on the +rebel battery at Mathias Point; Captain Ward, commanding the Federal +force, was killed.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 29.</span>—The rebel privateer Sumter +escaped from New Orleans. The rebels made a dash at Harper’s Ferry, +destroying several boats and a railroad bridge.</p> + +<h3>JULY, 1861.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 2.</span>—General Patterson defeated +the Confederates at Falling Water, Va.; Union loss 3 killed and 10 +wounded.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 3.</span>—A rebel company of 94 men +captured at Neosho, Missouri.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 4.</span>—Rebels seized the Louisville and +Nashville Railroad. Congress met in extra session</p> + +<h4>BATTLE OF CARTHAGE, MO.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 5.</span>—Confederates were commanded by +Governor Jackson, the Federal troops, numbering 1,600, by Colonel +Sigel. Colonel Sigel retreated to Springfield; Union loss 13 killed and +31 wounded.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/z_taylor.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="600" > + <p class="f120"><b>ZACHARY TAYLOR.</b></p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 6.</span>—General Fremont appointed to the +command of the Western Department, consisting of the State of Illinois, +and the States and territories west of the Mississippi, and east of the +Rocky Mountains. Headquarters at St. Louis. 45 men belonging to the +3d Ohio regiment, cut their way through an ambuscade near Buchanan, +Virginia.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 10.</span>—Skirmish at Laurel Hill, +Virginia, rebels defeated. Union loss, 2 killed and 2 wounded.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 11.</span>—The following Senators were +expelled from the U. S. Senate: J. M. Mason, R. M. Hunter, of Virginia; +T. L. Clingham and Thomas Bragg, of North Carolina; L. T. Wigfall +and J. U. Hemphill, of Texas; C. B. Mitchell and W. K. Sebastian, of +Arkansas; and A. O. F. Nicholson, of Tennessee.</p> + +<h4>BATTLE OF RICH MOUNTAIN.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 12.</span>—The Federal troops, under +command of Colonel Rosecrans, defeated the enemy under Colonel Pegram. +The rebels lost their wagons, guns, camp equipage, and about 800 +prisoners, besides 150 killed and wounded.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 13.</span>—-The Confederates under General +Garnett were defeated at Carrick’s Ford, Virginia. The rebel General +Garnett was killed. Union loss was 2 killed and 10 wounded.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Battle of Screytown, Va.</span>—The Federals +under Colonel Lowe, were defeated with a loss of 9 killed and 40 +wounded and missing.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 15.</span>—Skirmish at Bunker Hill, +Virginia. The rebel cavalry under Colonel Stuart, made the attack, but +were defeated.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 16.</span>—Skirmish at Millville, Missouri, +and at Barboursville, Virginia. Tilgham, a negro, killed three of a +rebel prize crew on the S. J. Warring, and brought the vessel into New +York. President Lincoln authorized to call the militia and accept the +services of 500,000 men.</p> + +<h4>FIGHT AT BLACKBURN FORD.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 18.</span>—The Federal troops under command +of General Tyler made the attack, but after three hours’ fighting were +ordered back to Centerville; their loss was 19 killed and 64 wounded +and missing. The Department of Maryland created, and General John A. +Dix placed in command. Headquarters at Baltimore.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 19.</span>—General Banks superceded General +Patterson. Headquarters in the field.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 20.</span>—The Confederate Congress met at +Richmond. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</span></p> + +<h4>BATTLE OF BULL RUN.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 21.</span>—The Army of the Potomac, 45,000 +strong, under the command of Brigadier-General McDowell, left its +camp near Washington, July 17. The army was formed in five divisions. +General Tyler commanded the 1st division, Colonel Hunter the 2d, +Colonel Heintzelman the 3d, Colonel Runyon the 4th, and Colonel Miles +the 5th. Colonel Runyon’s division remained in the rear, between +Centerville and Fairfax, and took no part in the battle. The enemy, +in numbers about equal to the attacking force, occupied a position +at Manassas naturally strong, and made doubly so by art. The battle +was commenced on Sunday morning by the Union troops and was fought +skilfully and bravely; the enemy were driven from a portion of their +works, and the chances were decidedly in favor of the Federals; but +the arrival of the rebel General Johnson with large reinforcements, +turned the scale; at the same time a panic seized upon the troops, and +they commenced a shameful and disorderly retreat towards Washington. +The Federal loss was 481 killed, 104 wounded, and 1,216 missing. The +rebel loss, according to General Beauregard, was 269 killed, and 1,483 +wounded.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 22.</span>—General McClellan took command +of the Army of the Potomac. Three Months Volunteers began to return +home.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 24.</span>—Fort Fillmore, New Mexico, +treacherously surrendered to the enemy by Major Lynde, U. S. A. All +the arms and supplies were delivered up, and the soldiers released on +parole.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 25.</span>—General Rosecrans assumed +command of the army in Western Virginia.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 31.</span>—City Council of Cincinnati +appropriated $23,000 to aid in relieving the families of volunteers +from Hamilton county, Ohio.</p> + +<h3>AUGUST, 1861.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 1.</span>—The rebels retreated from +Harper’s Ferry to Leesburg.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 2.</span>—General Lyon defeated the +Confederates at Dug Spring, Missouri. Union loss was 8 killed at 30 +wounded. The vessels engaged in a contraband trade with the rebels of +Virginia and North Carolina were destroyed in Pocomoke Sound</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 3.</span>—Congress passed a bill for +raising $20,000,000 by direct taxation and the Confiscation bill.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 5.</span>—Commodore Alden bombarded +Galveston, Texas.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 6.</span>—The extra session of Congress closed. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 7.</span>—The village of Hampton, Virginia, +destroyed by the rebels. The privateer York burned by the U. S. Gunboat +Union, crew taken prisoners.</p> + +<h4>BATTLE OF WILSON CREEK, MO.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 10.</span>—General Lyon, with 5,000 +Missouri, Iowa and Kansas troops, attacked a Confederate force double +that of his own at Wilson Creek, near Springfield, Missouri. After a +hard fight of six hours, General Lyon being killed, the Union troops, +under the command of Colonel Sigel and Major Sturgis, retired to +Springfield. The enemy did not pursue. Union loss was 223 killed, and +1,012 wounded and missing. General McCulloch, commanding the rebels, +reported 265 killed, and 800 wounded.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 12.</span>—President Lincoln appointed the +30th of September as a fast day.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 14.</span>—General Fremont declared martial +law in St. Louis.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 15.</span>—Jefferson Davis ordered all +Northern men to leave the South in forty days.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 16.</span>—General Wool took command at +Fortress Monroe.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 21.</span>—Colonel Doherty with 300 +Illinois troops, dispersed a rebel force at Charleston, Missouri. Union +loss 1 killed and 6 wounded.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 26.</span>—The 7th Ohio regiment, 900 +strong, were surprised at Summerville, Virginia, while at breakfast, by +the rebels, under General Floyd, but fought their way out, with a loss +of 6 officers. The Hatteras expedition sailed.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 28.</span>—Fort Clark, on the coast of +North Carolina, captured.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 29.</span>—Fort Hatteras surrendered to the +Union forces. Rebel loss was 48 killed, 51 wounded, and 691 prisoners. +The Federals lost none.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 30.</span>—Fort Morgan, at Ocracoke Inlet, +abandoned by the Confederates.</p> + +<h3>SEPTEMBER, 1861.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 1.</span>—Kentucky Legislature met. Union +majority in the Senate, 16; in the House, 52. Fight at Boonville, +Virginia; the rebels were defeated and the town destroyed. Union loss 6 +wounded.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 4.</span>—Confederates under General Polk, +took possession of Columbus, Kentucky. The rebels attempted to cross +the Potomac at Great Falls, but were repulsed. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 6.</span>—General Grant took possession of +Paducah, Ky.</p> + +<h4>BATTLE OF CARNIFEX FERRY.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 10.</span>—General Rosecrans with 4,500 +troops, attacked the rebels under Floyd, in their intrenched camp at +Gauley river, near Carnifex Ferry. After several hours’ fighting, +darkness put an end to the contest. During the night Floyd retreated, +burning the bridge over Gauley river. The Federal loss was 15 killed +and 70 wounded. A naval engagement took place on the Mississippi +between the U. S. gunboats Conestoga and Lexington, and two Confederate +boats, assisted by a battery at Lucas Bend. The battery was silenced, +and the boats driven to Columbus.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 11.</span>—President Lincoln modified +General Fremont’s emancipation proclamation.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 12.</span>—Fight at Cheat Mountain. +Colonel J. A. Washington, proprietor of Mount Vernon, was killed. Union +loss, 9 killed and 12 wounded.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 17.</span>—Accident on the Ohio and +Mississippi railroad, near Huron, Indiana. About 100 of the 19th +Illinois regiment were killed or wounded. Skirmish between the 3d +Iowa regiment and a band of Confederates at Blue Mills, Missouri. +The Federal troops were compelled to fall back, but receiving +reinforcements, rallied, when the rebels retreated. Union loss, 12 +killed and 85 wounded.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 18.</span>—Colonel Frank Blair arrested +by order of General Fremont. Maryland Legislature closed by Provost +Marshal. Secession members sent to Fort McHenry.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 19.</span>—Governor Morehead, Rueben +Merrit, and M. A. Barr, arrested in Louisville, Kentucky, for +treason.</p> + +<h4>BATTLE OF LEXINGTON, MO.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 20.</span>—Colonel Mulligan, with 2,460 +men, occupying the town of Lexington, Missouri, was attacked by a +greatly superior force of the enemy, and after four days was compelled +to surrender. During the siege the whole Union loss was 39 killed and +120 wounded.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 21.</span>—John C. Breckinridge fled from +Frankfort, Kentucky, and joined the rebels. General Lane defeated a +rebel force at Papinsville, Missouri. Federal loss 17 killed.</p> + +<h3>OCTOBER, 1861.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 1.</span>—The propeller Fanny captured by +the rebels at Chicamacomico. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 2.</span>—Fight at Chapmanville, Virginia, +between Colonel Enyartz, Kentucky volunteers, and a party of +Confederates. The latter were defeated and 47 of them taken prisoners. +Union loss 4 killed and 8 wounded.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 3.</span>—General Reynolds made an armed +reconnaissance of the enemy’s position at Greenbriar. After driving +in the rebel pickets and capturing three cannon, General Reynolds +returned to Cheat Mountain, having lost 8 killed and 32 wounded. The +Confederates evacuated Lexington, Missouri.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 4.</span>—A large force of rebels under +Colonel Barlow attacked the 20th Indiana regiment in their camp at +Chicamacomico. The Federals retreated, leaving the wounded in the hands +of the enemy.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 5.</span>—The steamer Monticello shelled +the rebels under Bartow, and drove them to their boats.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 6.</span>—Fight at Flemington, Kentucky, +between the Home Guard and a band of rebels. The latter were +defeated.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 7.</span>—The rebel iron-clad steamer, +Merrimac, made its first appearance within sight of Fortress Monroe.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 9.</span>—Confederates made an attack on +Santa Rosa Island, but were defeated. Union loss was 13 killed and +21 wounded. Colonel Geary, with 400 Pennsylvania troops, crossed the +Potomac at Harper’s Ferry, and captured 21,000 bushels of wheat.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 11.</span>—Rebel steamer Theodore escaped +from Charleston, South Carolina, with Mason and Slidell on board.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 15.</span>—Jeff. Thompson, with a force of +600 men, captured a guard of 50, stationed at Big River Bridge, near +Potosi, Missouri, and destroyed the bridge.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 16.</span>—A small Union force under Major +White recaptured Lexington, Missouri.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 21.</span>—Fight at Fredericktown, +Missouri. The Confederates defeated. Union loss 6 killed and about 60 +wounded.</p> + +<h4>BATTLE OF BALL’S BLUFF.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 21.</span>—Union forces engaged numbered +1,900, commanded by Colonel Baker. General Stone failed to cross the +Potomac to support Colonel Baker. After a severe fight, in which +Colonel Baker was killed, the Federals retreated. Union loss was 223 +killed, 266 wounded, and 455 prisoners, including 100 wounded.</p> + +<h4>BATTLE OF WILD CAT, KY.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 21.</span>—General Zollicoffer, with +6,000 Confederates, <span class="pagenum" id="Page_234">[Pg +234]</span>attacked the Unionists at Camp Wild Cat, Laurel county, +Kentucky, and was repulsed by the forces under General Schoep. Union +loss 4 killed and 21 wounded.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 22.</span>—Skirmish at Buffalo Mills, +Missouri. Rebels lost 17 killed and 90 prisoners.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 25.</span>—General Kelley defeated the +enemy, at Romney, Virginia.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 26.</span>—Gallant charge of Major Zagoni, +with 150 of Fremont’s body guard on a large force of rebels near +Springfield, Missouri. The enemy was routed with a loss of 106 killed +and 27 prisoners. Union loss 52 killed and wounded.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 26.</span>—General Lane captured a rebel +transportation train near Butler, Missouri.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 29.</span>—The second naval expedition, +consisting of 80 vessels, and 15,000 men, sailed from Fortress Monroe. +The naval force was commanded by Commodore Dupont; the land forces were +commanded by General Sherman.</p> + +<h3>NOVEMBER, 1861.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 1.</span>—General Scott resigned as +commander-in-chief of the armies of the United States. General +McClellan was appointed in his place. General Benham defeated the +rebels at Gauley Bridge, Virginia.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 2.</span>—General Hunter superceded John +C. Fremont in the command of the Western Department. The Confederate +schooner Bermuda ran the blockade at Savannah.</p> + +<h4>PORT ROYAL.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 7.</span>—The naval and military forces +under the command of Commodore Dupont and General Sherman, captured +Forts Walker and Beauregard, at Port Royal entrance. They also took +possession of the town of Beaufort and Hilton Island. The Union loss +was 8 killed and 25 wounded.</p> + +<h4>BATTLE OF BELMONT.</h4> + +<p>General Grant, with a force of 2,800, attacked a rebel camp at +Belmont, Missouri, driving the enemy out and destroying the camp, and +taking a quantity of arms; but reinforcements arriving at Columbus, +the Federals were compelled to retreat; their loss was 84 killed, 288 +wounded, and 235 missing.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 8.</span>—Five rebel boats made an attack +on Fort Hatteras, but were repulsed. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 10.</span>—The rebels attack the town +Guyandotte, Virginia, killing some of the Union men, but were driven +off.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 11.</span>—Guyandotte burned by the +Unionists. General Halleck takes command of the Western Department.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 15.</span>—The United States Frigate San +Jacinto arrived at Fortress Monroe with Mason and Slidell, the rebel +commissioners to Europe.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 18.</span>—Confederate Congress met.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 21.</span>—The United States vessel Santee +captured the privateer Royal Yacht, off Galveston, Texas.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 23.</span>—Fort Pickens and the U. S. war +vessels Niagara and Colorado, bombarded the rebel fortifications at +Pensacola. Port of Warrenton burnt.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 26.</span>—Sharp skirmish at Hunter’s Hill, +Virginia. Union loss 28 killed and wounded.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 27.</span>—General McClellan directed the +observance of the Sabbath in all the camps of the U. S. Army.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 29.</span>—Skirmish at Warsaw, Missouri; a +portion of the town destroyed.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 30.</span>—Fight at Salem, Missouri. Rebels +defeated with a loss of 39 killed and wounded.</p> + +<h3>DECEMBER, 1861.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 3.</span>—Congress met.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 4.</span>—John C. Breckinridge expelled from the United States +Senate.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 5.</span>—Engagement between the rebel +gunboats and the Federal vessels, at Cape Hatteras. According to the +reports of the Secretaries of War and Navy, the Union forces numbered +640,537 volunteers, 20,334 regular soldiers, and 22,000 seamen.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 9.</span>—The Confederate Congress passed a +bill admitting Kentucky into the Southern Confederacy. Freestone Point, +Virginia, shelled by the National gunboats; the rebel batteries were +silenced, and the buildings containing stores were destroyed.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 13.</span>—Engagement at Camp Alleghany, +Virginia, in which General Milroy defeated the rebels under Colonel +Johnson. Union loss, 21 killed and 107 wounded.</p> + +<h4>FIGHT AT MUNFORDSVILLE, KY.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 17.</span>—The Union force engaged was a +portion of the 32d Indiana (German) regiment; the Confederates were +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</span> +commanded by General Hindman; battle drawn. Union loss 10 killed and +17 wounded.General Pope captured 360 secessionists at Osceola, +Missouri.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 18.</span>—General Pope captured 1,300 +rebels, a number of horses and wagons, and 1,000 stand of arms, at +Millford, Missouri. Union loss 2 killed and 17 wounded. Stone fleet +sunk in Charleston harbor.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 20.</span>—Battle of Drainsville, Virginia, +in which the rebels were defeated by the Union troops under General +McCall. Union loss 7 killed and 61 wounded.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 27.</span>—Mason and Slidell surrendered to +the British Minister.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 28.</span>—A fight took place at Mount +Zion, Boone county, Missouri. The Confederates were dispersed with +considerable loss in killed, wounded and prisoners. Union loss 3 killed +and 11 wounded.</p> + +<h3>JANUARY, 1862.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 1.</span>—Mason and Slidell left Fort +Warren, for England, in the British steamer Rinaldo. Cannon fight at +Fort Pickens. General Stevens advances from Beaufort to the mainland, +and with the assistance of the gunboats, captured the Coosaw batteries. +Union loss 2 killed and 8 wounded.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 4.</span>—General Milroy defeated the +rebels at Huntersville, Virginia, and captured $80,000 worth of +stores.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 7.</span>—Rebels defeated at Romney. A +force of 300 Union troops sent by General Milroy, captured a large +quantity of stores in Tucker county, Virginia.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 8.</span>—General Palmer defeated +the rebels at Silver Creek, Missouri. Union loss 4 killed and 18 +wounded.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 10.</span>—Colonel Garfield defeated the +rebels under Humphrey Marshall, at Prestonburg, Ky.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 11.</span>—The Burnside expedition sailed +from Fortress Monroe. Naval engagement on the Mississippi between the +Union steamers Essex and St. Louis, and four rebel boats; the latter +were compelled to seek protection under the batteries at Columbus. +Simon Cameron resigned his position as Secretary of War, and E. M. +Stanton appointed in his place.</p> + +<h4>MILL SPRING, KY.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 19.</span>—This battle was fought between +3,000 Union troops under General Schoep, and rebels under General +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</span> +Zollicoffer. The enemy were defeated and General Zollicoffer killed. +Union loss, 39 killed and 127 wounded.</p> + +<h3>FEBRUARY, 1862.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 3.</span>—The Federal Government decided +that the crews of the captured privateers were to be considered as +prisoners of war.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 5.</span>—Jesse D. Bright expelled from the +United States Senate.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 6.</span>—Commodore Foote, with 7 gunboats, +attacked Fort Henry, on the Tennessee river. After fighting an hour and +a half, the rebel commander, General Tilghman, made an unconditional +surrender.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 7.</span>—The expedition under General +Burnside and Commodore Goldsborough reached Roanoke Island, and +commenced the attack on the rebel fortifications.</p> + +<h4>ROANOKE ISLAND.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 8.</span>—General Burnside captured the six +forts on Roanoke Island, taking about 3,000 small arms and destroying +all the Confederate fleet, except two vessels. Union loss was 50 killed +and 212 wounded. 2,500 prisoners and a large quantity of ammunition +were captured.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 9.</span>—General C. P. Stone arrested and +sent to Fort Lafayette.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 10.</span>—Elizabeth City, N. C., +surrendered to General Burnside. The Federal gunboats ascended the +Tennessee river as far as Florence, Alabama, capturing three and +destroying six rebel boats.</p> + +<h4>FORT DONELSON.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 13.</span>—General Curtis took possession +of Springfield, Mo. Fort Donelson invested, and the bombardment +commenced.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 14.</span>—Commodore Foote attacked Fort +Donelson with the gunboats, but was compelled to withdraw.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 15.</span>—The attack on Fort Donelson +renewed by the land forces under General Grant, numbering 40,000. +Bowling Green evacuated by the rebels.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 16.</span>—General Buckner made an +unconditional surrender of Fort Donelson and the troops under his +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</span> +command. Between 12,000 and 15,000 prisoners, 40 cannon, and a large +amount of stores were captured. Union loss was 321 killed, 1,046 +wounded and 150 missing. Skirmish at Independence, Mo.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 18.</span>—General Curtis drove the rebels +across the Arkansas line, capturing a number of prisoners and army +stores.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 21.</span>—The Union troops occupied +Clarksville, Tennessee. Desperate fight at Fort Craig, New Mexico, +between the Union troops under Colonel Canby, and the Texans. The +Federals were defeated with a loss of 62 killed and 162 wounded.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 22.</span>—Jefferson Davis inaugurated +President, and A. H. Stephens Vice-President of the Southern +Confederacy.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 24.</span>—Nashville, Tennessee, occupied +by the Union troops.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 27.</span>—Columbus evacuated by the +Confederates.</p> + +<h3>MARCH, 1862.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">March 1.</span>—Fight at Pittsburgh Landing +between two Union gunboats and a rebel battery.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">March 4.</span>—Brunswick, Ga., Fort Clinch, +Fernandina and St. Mary’s, Fla., were captured by Commodore Dupont. +Andrew Johnson appointed Military Governor of Tennessee.</p> + +<h4>BATTLE OF PEA RIDGE.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">March 6.</span>—The Confederates under Van Dorn, +Price, and McCulloch, attacked General Curtis at Pea Ridge, Arkansas. +The Union army numbered about 12,000.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">March 7.</span>—The battle of Pea Ridge renewed, +lasting all day.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">March 8.</span>—The battle of Pea Ridge ended +in the total defeat of the enemy. Union loss was 212 killed and 926 +wounded. The rebel steamers Merrimac, Jamestown and Yorktown, attacked +the Federal fleet at Hampton Roads, destroying the Cumberland and the +Congress, and damaging several other vessels. The Federal loss, in +addition to the vessels, was 201 killed and 108 wounded.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">March 9.</span>—Duel of the Ironsides in Hampton +Roads. After three hours’ fighting the Merrimac was towed under the +protection of the battery at Sewall’s Point, and never renewed the +contest. The Monitor was uninjured.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">March 11.</span>—General McClellan took command +of the Army of the Potomac; General Fremont of the Mountain Department, +and General Halleck of the Department of the Mississippi. Manassas +occupied by Union troops. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">March 12.</span>—Commodore Dupont took +possession of Jacksonville, Florida. The rebels driven from their works +at Paris, Tennessee.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">March 13.</span>—The Confederates evacuated +their works at New Madrid, Mo., in such haste as to leave 25 pieces +of artillery, and a large quantity of military stores, valued at +$1,000,000.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">March 14.</span>—General Burnside attacked the +rebels in their fortifications at Newbern, N. C. After a fight of four +hours, the enemy retreated, leaving a large quantity of ammunition, +provisions and stores in the hands of the victors. The Union loss was +91 killed and 466 wounded.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">March 16.</span>—Commodore Foote commenced the +attack on Island No. 10. Rebels defeated at Cumberland Mountain, Ky.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">March 18.</span>—Rebel fortifications at Acquia +Creek evacuated. Confederates defeated at Salem, Ark.</p> + +<h4>BATTLE OF WINCHESTER, VA.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">March 23.</span>—The Union force engaged was a +part of General Shield’s army, and numbered about 8,000, commanded by +Colonel Kimball. The fight commenced at ten o’clock in the morning, and +lasted until three o’clock in the afternoon. The rebels were finally +defeated, and retreated to Strasburgh, leaving their dead and wounded +upon the field. The Union loss was 103 killed and 440 wounded.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">March 28.</span>—Fight at Pigeon Ranch, New +Mexico, between 3,000 Union troops under Colonel Hough, and 1,100 +Texans. The battle was a drawn one.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">March 31.</span>—Colonel Buford dispersed the +rebels at Union City, Tennessee.</p> + +<h3>APRIL, 1862.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 6.</span>—The rebels under Generals +Johnson and Beauregard, attacked General Grant’s army at Pittsburgh +Landing. The Union forces were driven back to the river and a number of +prisoners captured.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 7.</span>—The battle of Shiloh renewed. +General Buell arrived during the night with reinforcements. The battle +lasted throughout the day with varied success, but the rebels were +finally defeated and driven to their fortifications at Corinth. The +Federal loss was 1,614 killed, 7,721 wounded and 3,956 missing. The +rebel General Johnson was killed. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 8.</span>—Island No. 10 captured, 5,000 +prisoners, 100 siege guns, 24 pieces of field artillery, 5,000 stands +of small arms, 2,000 hogsheads of sugar and a large quantity of +clothing, tents and ammunition.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 11.</span>—Fort Pulaski, commanding the +entrance to Savannah, surrendered after a bombardment of thirty hours. +General Mitchell occupied Huntsville, Ala., taking 200 prisoners, 15 +locomotives and a large number of cars. The rebel iron-clad Merrimac +makes her second appearance in Hampton Roads, destroying three small +vessels. Congress passed the bill abolishing slavery in the District of +Columbia.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 12.</span>—The enemy attacked General +Milroy at Monterey, Virginia, but were repulsed. General Mitchell +captured 2,000 prisoners at Chattanooga.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 18.</span>—The rebels attacked General +Smith’s division at Yorktown, but were repulsed. Bombardment of +Forts Jackson and Phillip, on the Mississippi below New Orleans, +commenced.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 19.</span>—Fight between General +Burnside’s troops and the enemy, near Elizabeth City, N. C. The latter +were defeated. Union loss 11 killed. General Reno, with 2,000 Union +troops, defeated the enemy at Camden, N. C. Union loss 14 killed and 99 +wounded.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 24.</span>—The Union fleet having removed +the obstructions in the Mississippi, passed Forts Jackson and St. +Phillip on its way to New Orleans.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 25.</span>—Commodore Farragut arrived +at New Orleans and took possession of the city. Fort Macon, Georgia, +surrendered after a bombardment of eleven hours. General C. F. Smith +died at Savannah, Tenn.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 28.</span>—Forts Jackson and St. Phillip +surrendered. In the capture of New Orleans the rebels lost, in addition +to the forts, 13 gunboats, among them the ram Manassas and the +iron-clad Louisiana.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 29.</span>—General Mitchell defeated the +rebels at Bridgeport, Alabama.</p> + +<h3>MAY, 1862.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 3.</span>—The rebels evacuated Yorktown, +Jamestown, and Mulberry and Gloucester Islands, leaving ammunition, +camp equipage and 100 guns behind.</p> + +<h4>BATTLE OF WILLIAMSBURGH, VA.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 5.</span>—The troops were commanded by +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</span> +Generals Hancock and Hooker. The rebels were defeated, and retreated +in the night toward Richmond. Union loss 200 killed and 700 wounded. +General Dumont attacked Morgan’s cavalry at Lebanon, Tenn., killed +66 and took 183 prisoners. Union loss 10 killed, and 26 wounded and +missing.</p> + +<h4>WEST POINT, VA.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 7.</span>—Generals Franklin and Sedgewick, +with a force of 20,000 men, were attacked by General Lee. The rebels +were defeated. Union loss about 300 killed and wounded.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 8.</span>—General Milroy attacked the enemy +at McDowell’s, Va. After a fight of five hours General Milroy was +forced to withdraw. Federal loss 29 killed and about 200 wounded.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 9.</span>—The rebels evacuated Pensacola, +and destroyed the Navy Yard.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 10.</span>—The Federal forces took +possession of Norfolk, Va. The result of this movement was the +destruction of the iron-clad Merrimac and the capture of a number of +guns and a large amount of ammunition. Gosport Navy Yard destroyed by +the rebels. Gunboat fight on the Mississippi, near Fort Wright; the +rebels were repulsed, losing two vessels.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 12.</span>—Natchez, Mississippi, surrendered +to Commodore Farragut.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 16.</span>—The Union gunboats repulsed at +Fort Darling.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 17.</span>—Rebels driven across the +Chickahominy, at Bottom Bridge.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 23.</span>—The rebel Colonel Heath attacked +the Federal troops at Lewisburgh, Va. After an hour’s fighting the +rebels were defeated. Union loss 14 killed and wounded.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 24.</span>—Colonel Kenley, commanding the +Federal troops at Front Royal, Va., was attacked by a large force of +the enemy and defeated with a heavy loss.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 25.</span>—General Banks defeated at +Winchester, Va., and driven across the Potomac.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 27.</span>—Confederates defeated at Hanover, +Va. Union loss 35 killed and 220 wounded.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 29.</span>—Rebels evacuated Corinth, +Miss.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 30.</span>—Union troops took possession of +Corinth.</p> + +<h4>BATTLE OF FAIR OAKS.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 31.</span>—The rebels, under General Johnson, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</span> +attacked the left wing of the Army of the Potomac, commanded by General +Casey, at Fair Oaks. Union forces were driven back.</p> + +<h3>JUNE, 1862.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 1.</span>—Battle of Fair Oaks was renewed, resulting in the +repulse of the rebels. Union loss 890 killed and 4,844 wounded.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 4.</span>—Confederates abandoned their +works at Fort Wright, on the Mississippi.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 6.</span>—Gunboat engagement on the +Mississippi, near Memphis. Seven rebel boats were destroyed or +captured. After the naval battle Memphis surrendered to the Union +troops. Skirmish near Harrisonburg, Virginia; the rebel General Ashby +killed.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 8.</span>—Battle of Cross Keys, Va., +between General Fremont’s army and the Confederate army, commanded by +General Jackson. The latter were defeated.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 16.</span>—Fight on James Island, near +Charleston, S. C. Federals defeated with a loss of 85 killed, 172 +wounded and 128 missing.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 17.</span>—Colonel Fitch destroyed a rebel +battery at St. Charles, Ark. 125 were killed by an explosion on one of +the Federal gunboats.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 18.</span>—Union troops occupied Cumberland +Gap.</p> + +<h4>RICHMOND, VA.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 26.</span>—General Pope assigned to +the command of the Army of Virginia. Commencement of the six days’ +fight before Richmond. The rebels attacked McClellan’s right wing at +Mechanicsville. The day closed, battle undecided.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 27.</span>—Bombardment of Vicksburg +commenced. General Fremont relieved of his command. Battle before +Richmond renewed; the Federals were driven back; loss heavy on both +sides. White House evacuated by the Union troops.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 28.</span>—Incessant fighting all day +between the right wing of the Union army on the Chickahominy, and the +left wing of the rebels; the enemy were repulsed. In the evening the +Unionists were ordered to fall back.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 29.</span>—Battle before Richmond renewed +by an attack on the Union forces at Peach Orchard; the rebels were +driven back, but late in the evening made another attack at Savage’s +Station. The fight continued until nine at night. The Union wounded +fell into the hands of the enemy. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 30.</span>—Battle of White Oak Swamp; heavy +loss on both sides. General McClellan continues his retreat towards +James river. In the afternoon the gunboats opened fire on the enemy, +who were also subsequently charged by General Heintzelman’s corps and +routed, leaving 2,000 prisoners in the hands of the Unionists.</p> + +<h3>JULY, 1862.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 1.</span>—Battle of Malvern Hill, and last +of the Richmond battles. The rebels were repulsed at every point. The +Union loss during the six days’ fighting before Richmond was 1,561 +killed, 7,701 wounded and 5,958 missing. President Lincoln calls for +300,000 additional volunteers.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 7.</span>—Skirmish at Bayou Cache, Ark., +between a portion of General Curtis’s army and the rebels under General +Pike; the latter were defeated. Skirmish at Jasper, Ala.; Federals +defeated.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 9.</span>—Hamilton, North Carolina, +captured by the Federal troops.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 11.</span>—The rebel General Morgan +entered Glasgow, Kentucky, and issued a proclamation calling upon the +Kentuckians to rise. General Halleck appointed commander of all the +land forces of the United States.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 13.</span>—Fight at Murfreesboro, Tenn.; +Union troops surrendered; $30,000 worth of commissary stores captured, +and a number of prisoners taken. General Morgan captured Lebanon, Ky., +burned part of the town and robbed the Bank.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 17.</span>—The rebels under Morgan captured +Cynthiana, Ky., and burned several railroad bridges.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 18.</span>—A band of rebels entered the +town of Newburgh, Ind., and destroyed some hospital stores, took 250 +stand of arms and retreated across the Ohio. The traitor, General +Twiggs, died.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 19.</span>—Severe skirmish at Memphis, +Tenn.; Union loss 6 killed and 32 wounded.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 21.</span>—John S. Phelps appointed +Military Governor of Arkansas.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 22.</span>—The siege of Vicksburg +abandoned. The rebels destroyed a quantity of commissary stores at +Florence, Ala., and burned all the cotton in the place.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 28.</span>—Rebels defeated at Moore’s Hill, +Mo.; Union loss 10 killed and 30 wounded. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</span></p> + +<h3>AUGUST, 1862.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 3.</span>—The rebel General Jeff. Thompson +defeated near Memphis, Tenn. General Halleck ordered General McClellan +to evacuate the Peninsula of Virginia.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 4.</span>—The Secretary of War ordered a +draft of 300,000 men. The rebel ram Arkansas destroyed by her crew.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 5.</span>—General Robert McCook murdered by +the rebels, while wounded and riding in an ambulance. The Confederate +General J. C. Breckinridge made an unsuccessful attack on Baton Rouge, +La. Union loss was 56 killed and 175 wounded and missing.</p> + +<h4>BATTLE OF CEDAR MOUNTAIN.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 10.</span>—Confederates under General +Jackson crossed the Rapidan river, and attacked General Banks at Cedar +Mountain. The contest was short but severe. General Banks held his +position, while the enemy fell back two miles, and did not renew the +fight. The Union army numbered 7,000; their loss was 450 killed, 660 +wounded, and 290 prisoners.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 16.</span>—General McClellan evacuated +Harrison’s Landing.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 19.</span>—General Wright placed in command +of the Department of the Ohio. Colonel Rodney Mason surrendered +Clarksville, Tenn., to an inferior force, without firing a gun.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 25.</span>—Confederates made an +unsuccessful attack on Fort Donelson.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 26.</span>—The rebel General Ewell drove +the Union troops from Manassas.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 27.</span>—General Pope finding his +right turned by General Ewell, fell back towards Warrenton, when he +was joined by General Hooker; overtaking the rebels under Ewell at +Haymarket a severe fight ensued, terminating in the defeat of the +enemy. The Federal gunboats destroy the rebel works at City Point, Va.</p> + +<h4>BATTLE OF GAINSVILLE, OR GROVETON, VA.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 29.</span>—The battle was opened by General +Sigel early in the morning. At 10 <span class="allsmcap">A. M.</span> +both wings of the Union army were hard pressed and the situation +became very critical, when Generals Reno and Kearney arrived with +reinforcements. The fight continued until 6 <span class="allsmcap">P. +M.</span>, when the enemy retired.</p> + +<h4>BATTLE OF RICHMOND, KY.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 30.</span>—The Confederates made the attack +at 6 <span class="allsmcap">A. M.</span> The Union troops under General +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</span> +Manson were defeated with a loss of about 200 killed, 700 wounded, and +2,000 prisoners. Rebels defeated at Bolivar, Tenn.</p> + +<h4>SECOND BATTLE OF BULL RUN.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 30.</span>—The Federal forces under General +Pope defeated.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 31.</span>—Bayou Sara, La., destroyed by +the U. S. gunboat Essex.</p> + +<h3>SEPTEMBER, 1862.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 1.</span>—Fight at Britton’s Lane, Tenn.; +rebels retired leaving their dead on the field. Union loss 5 killed, 78 +wounded, and 92 missing.</p> + +<h4>FIGHT AT CHANTILLY, VA.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 1.</span>—The Union troops were commanded +by Generals Hooker, Reno and Kearney. The rebels retired leaving their +dead and wounded on the field. This was the last fight in which General +Pope’s army was engaged. In the five battles fought since August 26, +the Army of Virginia had lost about 1,000 killed, 6,000 wounded, and +2,000 prisoners. The Union troops evacuated Lexington, Ky.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 2.</span>—General McClellan appointed to +the command of the troops for the defense of Washington.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 5.</span>—Confederates began crossing the +Potomac into Maryland.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 6.</span>—The rebels made an attack on the +Union garrison at Washington, N. C.; were repulsed. Union loss 8 killed +and 36 wounded. Colonel Lowe recaptured Clarksville, Tenn.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 7.</span>—General Banks assigned to +the command of the fortifications in and around Washington. General +McClellan took the field at the head of the Army of the Potomac.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 12.</span>—Fight at Middletown, Md. Union +loss, 80 killed and wounded.</p> + +<h4>BATTLE OF SOUTH MOUNTAIN, MD.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 14.</span>—General McClellan overtook the +enemy at South Mountain, Md. A general engagement took place. The fight +was severe and the loss heavy on both sides, the Unionists losing 443 +killed and 1,806 wounded. General Reno was among the killed. The rebels +retreated towards the Potomac. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 15.</span>—Harper’s Ferry surrendered, +after two days’ fighting, to the enemy, with all the garrison, +consisting of 8,000 men. The rebels attempted to destroy the Green +river bridge, on the Louisville and Nashville R. R., but were +defeated.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 16.</span>—Munfordsville, Ky., captured by +the rebels; about 4,000 taken prisoners.</p> + +<h4>BATTLE OF ANTIETAM, MD.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 17.</span>—The battle was fought on +Antietam Creek, near Sharpsburg, Md., and began early in the morning +and continued until evening. Armies each numbering nearly 100,000 men. +The battle was fought with great determination. During the night the +Confederates retreated, leaving 3,500 prisoners, 39 stand of colors, +and 13 guns in the hands of the victors. The Union loss was 2,010 +killed, 9,416 wounded, and 1,043 missing. Cumberland Gap evacuated by +the Federals.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 18.</span>—Confederates recrossed the +Potomac into Virginia, having been in Maryland two weeks. The rebels +evacuated Harper’s Ferry.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 19.</span>—General Rosecrans commenced an +attack on the rebel forces at Iuka, Miss.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 20.</span>—Confederates evacuated +the place during the night. The Union loss was 135 killed and 527 +wounded.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 21.</span>—General McCook recaptured +Munfordsville, Ky.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 22.</span>—President Lincoln’s +Emancipation Proclamation issued.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 27.</span>—Fight at Augusta, Ky. The Union +garrison, 120 strong, surrendered after a gallant defense. Their loss +was 9 killed, 15 wounded and the rest prisoners.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 29.</span>—General Nelson was shot by +General Jeff. C. Davis at Louisville, Ky.</p> + +<h3>OCTOBER, 1862.</h3> + +<h4>BATTLE OF CORINTH, MISS.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 3.</span>—The rebels under Price and Van +Dorn attacked the Union troops and drove them into the town.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 4.</span>—Battle of Corinth renewed. The +Confederates were defeated with heavy loss. The Union loss was 315 +killed and 1,802 wounded.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 6.</span>—The Confederates attacked General +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</span> +Palmer’s brigade at Lavergne, Tenn., but were defeated. Union loss, 5 +killed and 13 wounded and missing.</p> + +<h4>BATTLE OF PERRYVILLE, KY.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 8.</span>—The advance of Buell’s army was +attacked at Perryville, Ky., by a superior force of the enemy under +Generals Jackson and Perrell. The Confederates retreated during the +night. Union loss was over 3,000 killed and wounded.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 10.</span>—The rebel cavalry under General +Stuart entered Chambersburg, Penn., and captured a quantity of small +arms and clothing.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 18.</span>—The rebel General Morgan +occupied Lexington, Kentucky.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 19.</span>—The Confederate General Forrest +defeated near Gallatin, Tenn.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 22.</span>—Rebel salt works in Florida +destroyed. General Blunt defeated the rebels at Maysville, Ark., +capturing all their artillery. Fight at Pocotaligo, S. C. The Federals +attempted to gain possession of the Charleston and Savannah railroad, +but were repulsed with a loss of 30 killed and 180 wounded.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 27.</span>—Fight at Labadieville, La.; +rebels defeated; Union loss, 17 killed and 74 wounded.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 28.</span>—General Herron defeated the +rebels near Fayetteville, Arkansas.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 30.</span>—General Rosecrans assumed +command of the Army of the Cumberland. General Mitchell died at Port +Royal, South Carolina.</p> + +<h3>NOVEMBER, 1862.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 5.</span>—General McClellan relieved of the +command of the Army of the Potomac, and General Burnside put in his +place.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 11.</span>—General Ransom defeated the +rebels under Woodward, near Garrettsburg, Kentucky. Under the cartel +the following officers were exchanged: U. S. officers—Brigadier +Generals, 3, Colonels, 18, Lieutenant Colonels, 19, Captains, 431, +Lieutenants, 545; Confederate officers—Colonels, 27, Lieutenant +Colonels, 17, Captains, 467, Lieutenants, 1,085. About 24,000 privates +were also exchanged, leaving a balance due the United States of 6,000 +privates.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 16.</span>—President Lincoln enjoined on +the United States forces the orderly observance of the Sabbath.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 17.</span>—A cavalry fight took place near +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</span> +Kingston, North Carolina. The enemy was driven from his position and +his barracks destroyed.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 22.</span>—All political State prisoners +released.</p> + +<h4>BATTLE OF CANE HILL, ARK.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 28.</span>—The Union army, numbering 1,000 +men, was commanded by General Blunt. The rebels were defeated, with a +heavy loss, and retreated to Van Buren.</p> + +<h3>DECEMBER, 1862.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 1.</span>—An expedition sent from Suffolk, +Va., recaptured the Pittsburg Battery, which had been taken from the +Union army on the Peninsula.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 2.</span>—Skirmish near Charleston, Va. +Rebels defeated, losing 70 killed and wounded and 145 prisoners.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 6.</span>—General Banks’ expedition sailed +for New Orleans.</p> + +<h4>BATTLE OF PRAIRIE GROVE, ARK.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 7.</span>—The Union army was commanded by +Generals Blunt and Herron. The rebels were defeated with heavy loss, +and retreated during the night. The Union loss was 495 killed and +500 wounded. The rebel General Morgan captured the 104th Illinois, +the 106th and 108th Ohio, and a number of the 2d Indiana cavalry, at +Hartsville, Tenn. Unionists lost, besides prisoners, 55 killed.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 11.</span>—The city of Fredericksburg +bombarded by the Union troops, under cover of which they crossed the +Rappahannock.</p> + +<h4>BATTLE OF FREDERICKSBURG, VA.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 13.</span>—Confederate works were attacked +by the Union troops in three divisions, under Sumner, Hooker and +Franklin, but were repulsed. Federals lost 1,512 killed, 6,000 wounded, +and 100 prisoners. General Foster left Newbern, N. C., for the purpose +of destroying the railroad at Goldsboro’. He came up with the enemy at +Southwest creek; after a short engagement, they retired to Kingston, +where they were again attacked and driven from their position with +a loss of 11 pieces of artillery and 400 prisoners. Severe skirmish +at Zuric, Va.; rebels defeated and part of their force captured. An +expedition under Commodore Parker destroyed the rebel salt works, also +five schooners and two sloops in Mob Jack Bay. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 16.</span>—General Burnside’s army removed +to the north side of the Rappahannock. General Foster defeated the +rebels at White Hall, N. C.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 17.</span>—The Union troops occupied Baton +Rouge, La. General Foster defeated the rebels at Goldsboro’, N. C. +destroying the railroad bridge.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 19.</span>—The rebels recaptured Holly +Springs, Miss., taking the garrison prisoners, and destroying a large +quantity of ammunition, commissary stores and cotton.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 21.</span>—General Carter left Kentucky +for the purpose of destroying two important railroad bridges in East +Tennessee. The expedition was successful.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 23.</span>—The Confederates attacked +General Sigel at Dumfries, Va., but were repulsed.</p> + +<h4>SECOND ATTACK ON VICKSBURG.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 27.</span>—General Sherman attacked the +advanced works of the enemy about 6 miles from Vicksburg, at the same +time the gunboats attacked the rebel batteries on Haines’ Bluff.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 28.</span>—The Federals drive the rebels +from the first and second lines of defense and advanced to within two +and a half miles of Vicksburg. General Blunt entered Van Buren, Ark., +capturing four steamboats laden with provisions.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 29.</span>—The Confederates attacked +General Sherman with their whole force, and drove him back to the first +lines of defense.</p> + +<h4>BATTLE OF MURFREESBORO’, OR STONE RIVER.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 31.</span>—Skirmishing had been going on +for two days, but to-day the engagement became general. The Union +army numbered 45,000 men, under General Rosecrans. The main attack of +the rebels was made on General Rosecrans’ right, commanded by General +McCook. The division was driven back four miles, and lost 26 guns; +but reinforcements being sent from the left and center, the enemy was +in turn repulsed and the lost ground regained. The iron-clad steamer, +Monitor, foundered on the coast of South Carolina. West Virginia +admitted into the Union as a State.</p> + +<h3>JANUARY, 1863.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 1.</span>—General Sullivan defeated the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</span> +rebels under Van Dorn, at Hunt’s Cross Roads, near Lexington, Tenn. +Early in the morning of January 1st a rebel force of 3,000 men under +the command of General Magruder, made an attack on the Union troops +numbering 300, at Galveston, Texas. At the same time the rebel +batteries and two rebel steamers attacked the blockading fleet. The +fight lasted several hours, resulting in the capture of the troops +on land and the steamer Harriet Lane. The U. S. vessel Westfield got +aground, and was destroyed to prevent its falling into the hands of the +enemy. The explosion took place prematurely, before Commodore Renshaw +had left, and he perished with his vessel.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 3.</span>—Since the hard battle of +December 31st, fighting had been going on between the two armies at +Murfreesboro’. The Confederates made an attack on the Federal lines +Jan. 1st, and another Jan. 2d, but were repulsed in both cases. On the +night of Jan. 3d, they commenced their retreat. The following is the +official statement of the Union loss at the battle of Stone River: +killed 1,697, wounded 6,425, and 3,550 missing. The Federal army +withdrew from before Vicksburg. The Union loss in the second attack on +Vicksburg was about 600 killed, 1,500 wounded and 1,000 missing.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 7.</span>—The Confederates made an attack +on Springfield, Mo., where a large quantity of army stores had been +deposited. The place was bravely defended by General Brown and the +rebels defeated. Union loss 17 killed.</p> + +<h4>ARKANSAS POST.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 10.</span>—The attack was commenced +Saturday night by the Mississippi Squadron, under Admiral Porter. On +the following day the land forces under General McClernand, joined in +the fight, and before night all the fortifications were taken. About +7,000 prisoners, and a large quantity of ammunition were captured. +The Union loss was about 200 killed and wounded. Two rebel iron-clad +vessels made an attack on the blockading fleet at Charleston, South +Carolina. The Mercedita and Keystone were severely injured, and the +inner line of blockaders driven off for a time, but the outer line of +vessels were not disturbed and the blockade was not interrupted.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 12.</span>—Three Federal transports on the +Cumberland river were captured by the enemy. The gunboat Slidel, which +was in company surrendered without firing a gun.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 14.</span>—Fight at Bayou Teche, La., +a number of rebels were captured, and the rebel gunboat Cotton, +destroyed.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 20.</span>—The Morning Light and Velocity, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</span> +blockading Sabine City, Texas, were both captured by the rebels. A few +days after, the Morning Light was destroyed to prevent its recapture by +the Federals.</p> + +<h4>THIRD ATTACK ON VICKSBURG.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 22.</span>—After the capture of Arkansas +Post, General McClernand returned to Vicksburg and resumed the siege +of that place. Work was also resumed on the canal across the point +opposite Vicksburg.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 27.</span>—The iron-clad Montauk, and three +wooden gunboats, made an attack on Fort McAllister, at the mouth of the +Ogeechee river near Savannah, Ga., but failed.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 28.</span>—General Burnside relieved of the +command of the army of the Potomac, and General Hooker appointed in his +place. General Sumner and General Franklin were relieved from duty in +the army of the Potomac.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 31.</span>—The Confederate General Pryor +made an attack on the Union troops under General Peck, at Blackwater, +Va. The rebels were repulsed. The fighting resulted in a Union loss +of 24 killed and 80 wounded. Skirmish at Rover, Tenn., rebels were +defeated with a loss of +12 killed and 300 wounded.</p> + +<h3>FEBRUARY, 1863.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 1.</span>—The gunboats made another attack +on Fort McAllister, but were unsuccessful.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 2.</span>—The Federal ram Queen of the +West, ran the blockade at Vicksburg, but was captured a few days after +by the rebels. Stokes’ Tennessee cavalry and one Kentucky regiment +attacked a rebel camp near Middletown, Tenn., dispersing the enemy and +captured the camp.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 13.</span>—The iron-clad Indianola ran the +blockade at Vicksburg, and was captured by the rebels.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 18.</span>—The gunboats commenced the +bombardment of Vicksburg, but without accomplishing anything.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 26.</span>—A train of 28 cars on the +L. & N. R. R., captured by the rebels at Woodburn, Ky., and +destroyed.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 27.</span>—The rebel steamer Nashville, +while attempting to run the blockade, got aground near Fort McAllister, +and was destroyed by the blockading fleet.</p> + +<h3>MARCH, 1863.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">March 5.</span>—Five regiments of infantry, two +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</span> +of cavalry, and one battery, under the command of Colonel Coburn, +were attacked by a superior force of rebels under Van Dorn, at +Thompson’s Station, near Franklin, Tenn. The unequal contest resulted +unfortunately to the Union cause. The Federal loss was 120 killed, and +1,206 taken prisoners.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">March 7.</span>—General Minty attacked a rebel +cavalry force at Unionville, Tenn., capturing their wagons, horses and +tents, and about 60 prisoners.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">March 9.</span>—A band of rebel cavalry passed +through the Union lines, entered Fairfax, Va., and captured General +Stoughton and a few privates.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">March 13.</span>—The Confederates made an +unsuccessful attempt to recapture Newbern, N. C. Commodore Farragut’s +fleet attempted to pass the rebel batteries at Port Hudson, but only +a part of the vessels succeeded. The Mississippi got aground and was +destroyed.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">March 17.</span>—Two hundred cavalry under +command of General Averill, crossed the Rappahannock, near Kelly’s +Ford, where but a single horseman could cross at once, and in the face +of a most terrible fire from rifle pits and sharpshooters, charged +the rebels in their intrenchments, killing or capturing nearly the +whole force. They then encountered Stuart’s cavalry, and after a +desperate hand-to-hand encounter, of five hours, routed them with great +slaughter, capturing 80 prisoners.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">March 20.</span>—John Morgan with 4,000 men +was totally defeated near Milton, Tenn., by Colonel Hall, with +1,400 mounted men. The negro brigade took Jacksonville, Florida. +Major-General Burnside appointed to command the Department of the +Ohio.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">March 22.</span>—Rebels under Clarke, captured +Mt. Sterling, Ky.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">March 28.</span>—The rebel steamer Iris, +captured by the U. S. steamer Stellin 30 miles north of Charleston, S. C.</p> + +<h3>APRIL, 1863.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 1.</span>—Two hundred and fifty of +Jenkins’ rebel cavalry attacked Point Pleasant. An expedition from +Murfreesboro’ under General Hazen, attacked a rebel camp near Woodbury, +killing and wounding 20, capturing 30 prisoners, 50 horses and a lot of +mules and wagons; the rebels were 600 strong, and under the command of +Colonel Smith.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 6.</span>—General Mitchell with 300 +cavalry dashed into a rebel camp near Nashville, on a sabre charge, +capturing 5, killing 15, and capturing all their tents, arms, horses +and equipments.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/fillmore.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="528" > + <p class="f120"><b>MILLARD FILLMORE.</b></p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</span></p> + +<h4>ATTACK ON CHARLESTON.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 7.</span>—The Federal fleet was composed +of nine iron-clad vessels, under the command of Commodore Dupont. The +fight began in the afternoon of April 7th, and lasted about two hours. +Keokuk was so badly damaged that she sunk in a few hours. Several other +vessels were temporarily disabled. The fleet was then withdrawn.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 10.</span>—General Van Dorn’s forces +attacked General Granger at Franklin, Tenn., and were driven back with +loss.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 17.</span>—General Banks’ command left +Baton Rouge, fought three battles, two on land and one on Grand Lake, +capturing 2,000 prisoners. Our loss was 700. Six vessels of Porter’s +fleet ran by the rebel batteries at Vicksburg.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 18.</span>—Fayetteville, Ark., attacked +by 3,000 rebels, with four pieces of artillery; Union forces numbered +but 2,000. The rebels were repulsed. Our loss was 5 killed and 17 +wounded.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 22.</span>—The ram Queen of the West, +was captured in Grand Lake, with Captain Fuller and all her officers +and crew, numbering 90. General McClellan’s staff disbanded. A small +mounted force under Colonel Wilder, attacked McMinnville, Tenn., at +1 o’clock, <span class="allsmcap">A. M.</span>, surprised the rebel +force under Grigsby, destroyed the railroad depot and bridges, and an +immense quantity of cotton and army supplies, capturing 300 prisoners. +Banks occupied Opelousas and Washington, Miss. The Baltimore and Ohio +R. R. destroyed between Cumberland and Grafton. The advance guard of +Marmaduke’s army, under command of Colonel Newton, was surprised—the +entire regiment being either killed or captured by the Union forces +under Vandever.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 30.</span>—Colonel Mulligan repulsed by +the rebels at Fairmont, Western Virginia, and the B. & O. R. R. +bridges blown up at Fairmont and Cheat river.</p> + +<h3>MAY, 1863.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 1.</span>—General Carter with 5,000 men +crossed the Cumberland, below Somerset, Ky., and attacked the rebel +forces at Monticello, under Pegram, driving them from the field. Rebels +lost 66 men. Marmaduke’s forces driven out of Missouri by Vandever.</p> + +<h4>BATTLE OF PORT GIBSON.</h4> + +<p>Grant defeated General Bowen with a loss of 1,550 men and 5 pieces +of artillery. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</span></p> + +<h4>GRIERSON’S RAID.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 2.</span>—On the morning of the 17th of +April, 1863, the 6th and 7th Illinois cavalry, 900 strong, under +command of Colonel Grierson, of the 6th Illinois, (together with 6 +pieces of artillery,) set out from Lagrange, Tennessee, and pursuing in +the main a Southerly course, marched through the center of Mississippi, +destroying as they went, railroads, bridges, cars, locomotives, and +stores of all kinds, belonging to the rebels, in immense quantities. +Traveling on an average 40 miles a day, they reached Baton Rouge, +Louisiana, on the evening of the 2d of May. They had traveled nearly +800 miles in 16 days, and traversed 17 counties. At several points the +enemy made great attempts to capture them but failed. They brought into +Baton Rouge over 1,000 horses and a large number of cattle; 500 negroes +followed them.</p> + +<h4>FREDERICKSBURG.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 3.</span>—The second attempt to capture +the rebel fortifications at Fredericksburg, Va., was made by the +Army of the Potomac, under General Hooker, and failed. The army +commenced marching April 27th, the main body crossing the Rappahannock +at Kelley’s Ford, about 20 miles north-west of Fredericksburg, +then marching south, crossed the Rapidan, and took their position +at Chancellorville, about 10 miles west of Fredericksburg. Severe +skirmishing took place on Friday and Saturday, May 1st and 2d; but the +main battle was fought on Sunday, May 3d, resulting in the defeat of +the Federal troops. In the meantime General Sedgwick had crossed the +Rappahannock and occupied Fredericksburg. He, too, was defeated, and +compelled to retire to the northern bank of the river. Hooker’s army +recrossed the river on the night of May 5th. The loss on each side was +about 15,000 killed, wounded and prisoners.</p> + +<h4>STONEMAN’S RAID.</h4> + +<p>While the fight was going on near Fredericksburg, General Stoneman, +with a large cavalry force, crossed the Rapidan east of Orange +Court House, and made a bold and partially successful raid into the +enemy’s country. A portion of the railroad between Gordonsville +and Charlottsville was destroyed, and considerable damage done to +the Virginia Central, and Richmond and Fredericksburg R. R. Large +quantities of provisions were destroyed at different points.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 5.</span>—Vallandigham arrested by order of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</span> +General Burnside, at his residence in Dayton, Ohio. Office of the +Dayton Journal destroyed by the mob. Suffolk, Va., abandoned by the +rebel troops, and fortifications destroyed. Alexandria, La., captured +by Admiral Porter. 100 prominent secessionists of St. Louis sent +South.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 8.</span>—Colonel Streight’s command of +1,700 men captured by Forrest’s cavalry, two miles from Cedar Bluff, +Ga., after severe fighting. The rebel General Van Dorn killed by Dr. +Peters, in Manny county, Tennessee.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 9.</span>—Colonel Jacobs, with Kentucky +cavalry, attacked and routed a guerrilla force near Horse Shoe Bend, on +the Cumberland river; killed a number, took 8 prisoners and destroyed +their camp.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 10.</span>—The rebel General Stonewall +Jackson died at Richmond, Va., of wounds and pneumonia.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 11.</span>—The Buell Court of Inquiry +adjourned, after a session of 165 days.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 12.</span>—General McPherson, of Grant’s +command, attacked Raymond, Miss., and took the town after a hard +fight of two hours. The enemy lost 76 killed, 639 wounded, and 186 +prisoners.</p> + +<h4>BATTLE OF JACKSON, MISS.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 13.</span>—Grant defeated Joseph S. Johnson +and captured Jackson, Miss., with 7 cannon, and large quantities of +military stores, besides 400 prisoners. The State Capitol was destroyed +by fire. Colonel W. K. Breckenridge, with only 55 men of the 1st Union +Tennessee cavalry, attacked twice their number of rebels at Linden, +Tennessee, and captured 43 officers and privates, 50 horses, and a +quantity of other property.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 15.</span>—A severe fight near Suffolk, Va., +in which the rebel detachment was defeated. Faulkner’s rebel cavalry +defeated near Holly Springs, Miss.</p> + +<h4>BATTLE OF BAKER’S CREEK, MISS.</h4> + +<p>Between the rebel army under Lieut. General Pemberton, and the Union +forces under General Grant, occurred at Baker’s Creek, Miss., on the +15th of May. About 25,000 men were engaged upon each side. The rebels +met with a disastrous defeat, losing 2,600 in killed and wounded, 2,000 +men prisoners, and 29 pieces of artillery.</p> + +<h4>BATTLE OF BIG BLACK RIVER.</h4> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</span> +<span class="smcap">May 17.</span>—Grant again attacked Pemberton at +Big Black River bridge, and defeated him with a total loss of 2,600 men +and 17 cannon.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 24.</span>—Austin, Mississippi, burned by +Colonel Ellet’s Marine brigade.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 25.</span>—Vallandigham delivered to the +rebels at Murfreesboro’, Tenn. Rebel Navy Yard destroyed at Yazoo +City.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 28.</span>—The gunboat Cincinnati sunk by +the rebel batteries near Vicksburg. She went down with her flag flying. +25 men were killed and wounded, and 15 drowned.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 29.</span>—An immense train consisting +of 600 wagons, 3,000 horses and mules, 1,500 head of cattle, and +6,000 negroes, arrived from the Teche country, within General Banks’ +lines.</p> + +<h3>JUNE, 1863.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 1.</span>—General Hunter removed from +the command of the Department of the South. General Gilmore succeeds +him.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 3.</span>—Colonel Montgomery, of the 2d +South Carolina (colored) regiment, made a most brilliant raid at the +head of 200 men. He passed up the Coosaw river, landing in full view +of two rebel regiments, who fled from the spot. He then penetrated 25 +miles into the interior, and on his return brought away 725 negroes, a +fine lot of blooded horses and other property, valued at $600,000.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 11.</span>—Forrest with 5,000 cavalry and +two batteries of artillery, attacked the Union cavalry at Triune, +Tenn., under command of Colonel R. B. Mitchell. The rebels were +defeated, losing 21 killed and 70 wounded and prisoners. Six of +Mitchell’s men were killed. The notorious blockade runner, Herald, +was sunk at midnight by a broadside from our blockading fleet off +Charleston.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 14.</span>—General Ewell defeated General +Milroy at Winchester, Virginia, with a loss of 2,000 men, and drove him +to Harper’s Ferry.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 17.</span>—The rebel ram, Atlanta, was +decoyed into Wilmington Waters, off the coast of South Carolina, and +captured after a brief fight, by the Weehawken, commanded by Captain +John Rodgers. A division of our cavalry under Colonel Kilpatrick, +encountered General Fitzhugh Lee’s cavalry brigade, consisting of +five regiments, with artillery, near Aldie, Va., and a desperate +hand-to-hand encounter followed, ending in a hasty retreat on the part +of the rebel forces. 100 prisoners were captured.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 21.</span>—General McClernand removed by +Grant, and General Ord put in his place. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 23.</span>—Rebels under Johnston attacked +Osterhaus’ division on Big Black River, Mississippi, and were defeated +with great slaughter.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 24.</span>—Rosecrans advanced from +Murfreesboro’. Liberty Gap taken by Willich’s brigade, with a loss of +75 killed and wounded. Hoover’s Gap taken by Colonel Wilder’s mounted +brigade, with a loss of 53 killed and wounded.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 25.</span>—Another fight at Liberty Gap, +between a rebel division under Claiborne, and Willich, Wilder and +Carter’s brigades. Our loss, 40 killed and 100 wounded, that of the +rebels much greater. The rebels fled in disorder.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 26.</span>—Rear Admiral Foote died in New +York City. Colonel Wilder’s brigade destroyed the Deckert bridge, in +the rear of Bragg, between Tullahoma and Chattanooga.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 28.</span>—General Hooker was relieved of +his command of the Army of the Potomac, at his own request, and General +Meade succeeds him.</p> + +<p>JULY, 1863. BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG, PENN.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 1.</span>—In the latter part of June the +rebel army, under General Lee, invaded Pennsylvania. On the 1st of +July they were attacked by General Meade near Gettysburg, and after a +three days’ battle, driven from the field, leaving 5,000 killed and +wounded in our hands. Meade took 20,000 prisoners. Missouri passed the +Ordinance of Emancipation. Rosecrans drove Bragg from Tullahoma.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 4.</span>—General Prentice, with 3,500 men, +defeated 18,000 rebels under Holmes at Helena, Ark. Union loss less +than 100; that of the rebels 2,400, including 1,600 prisoners.</p> + +<h4>VICKSBURG.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 4.</span>—The siege of Vicksburg by the +Union army under Grant, commenced May 18, and was pressed forward with +almost unprecedented vigor until July 4, when Pemberton surrendered +to General Grant 27,000 prisoners, 132 cannon, and 50,000 stand of +arms.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 5.</span>—John Morgan captured Lebanon, +Kentucky, with 100 prisoners.</p> + +<h4>PORT HUDSON.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 8.</span>—In the month of May General Banks +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</span> +invested Port Hudson. Two grand attacks were made by land and water +on the 27th of May and 14th of June, in which portions of the enemy’s +works were taken. At last, on the 8th of July, the commander, +Major-General Gardner, surrendered with 7,000 prisoners, 60 cannon, +and 10,000 stand of arms.</p> + +<h4>MORGAN’S RAID.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 8.</span>— Morgan, with 5,000 cavalry and +4 pieces of artillery, crossed the Ohio river into Harrison county, +Indiana, and marched rapidly through the southern part of the State +into Ohio, committing numerous depredations. On the 18th he was +overtaken by the troops under Colonels Hobson and Judah, near Pomeroy, +who captured all his artillery and 1,300 prisoners. With a mere +fragment of his command he retreated to Columbiana county, where, on +the 20th, he surrendered to General Shackleford.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 17.</span>—General Sherman attacked +Jackson, Miss., routed Johnson and occupied the city. Large stores +were captured, and also 40 locomotives, and all the rolling stock of +the 3 railroads. General Ransom occupied Natchez. A large quantity of +ammunition, 13 cannon, 2,000 head of cattle, and 4,000 hogsheads of +sugar fell into his hands. A severe fight occurred on Elk creek, Ark., +between General Blunt with 2,400 Union troops, and General Tooper, with +5,000 rebels, in which the former were victorious. Union loss 40, that +of the rebels 184.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 20.</span>—A cavalry expedition sent out +by General Foster, struck the Wilmington and Weldon railroad at Rocky +Mount, N. C., burnt the long bridge over Tar river, tore up two miles +of track, destroyed the depot, a large cotton factory, a valuable +supply train, and 5,000 bales of rebel cotton. A cavalry force under +Colonel Tolland, of the 34th Ohio mounted infantry, burned Wytheville, +Va., after a severe fight, taking 3 cannon, 700 stand of arms, and 120 +prisoners. Our loss was 65, including the brave Colonel Tolland; that +of the rebels 75 killed and many wounded.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 22.</span>—Colonel Wilder, of Rosecrans’ +advance, shelled Chattanooga. Brashear City, La., recaptured by the +Union gunboat Sachem.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 23.</span>—A gallant fight occurred near +Manassas Gap, in which 800 men of General Spinola’s brigade, utterly +routed twice their number of Georgia and North Carolina troops, with +17 cannon.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 23.</span>—Kentucky again invaded. A small +detachment of Union troops at Richmond, under Colonel Sanders, badly +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</span> +cut up by 2,000 rebels under Colonel Pegram, and compelled to retreat +to Lexington. Kit Carson, with a part of the 1st New Mexico regiment, +defeated the Navajoe Indians in a severe fight beyond Fort Canby.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 31.</span>—The Union forces in Kentucky, +under Colonel Saunders, thoroughly routed the rebel troops under Scott +and Pegram.</p> + +<h3>AUGUST, 1863.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">August 2.</span>—A severe though indecisive +cavalry fight occurred at Culpeper, Va., between Buford and Stuart, in +which 100 prisoners were captured by the Union troops.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">August 17.</span>—The rebels having collected +an immense quantity of stores at Grenada, Mississippi, General Hurlbut +sent out an expedition under the command of Lieut. Col. Phillips, of +the 9th Illinois Mounted Infantry, to destroy them. Leaving Lagrange, +Tenn., on the 13th, Col. Phillips attacked the rebel forces at Grenada, +consisting of 2,000 men, under command of General Slimmer, and drove +them in confusion from the place. He then destroyed all the ordnance +and commissary stores, burnt the depot and machine shop, tore up the +railroad track and destroyed 57 locomotives, and more than 400 cars.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">August 20.</span>—The town of Lawrence, Kansas, +was surprised in the middle of the night by 300 guerillas, who had +collected in Cass county, Mo., under the leadership of Quantrill. +The town was set on fire and 182 buildings burned to the ground, and +$2,000,000 worth of property destroyed. 191 persons were killed, many +of whom were helpless women and children; 581 were wounded, many of +them mortally. After the departure of the guerillas, the citizens +organized under General James H. Lane and pursued them to their +headquarters at Grand River, Mo., where they scattered in various +directions. About 80 of the murderers were killed.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">August 22.</span>—Colonel Woodson’s cavalry +made a successful onslaught upon numerous guerilla bands in Arkansas, +capturing Jeff. Thompson with his entire staff. General Blunt, with +4,500 men, attacked General Cooper, with 11,000 rebel troops, in the +Indian Territory, and compelled him to retreat to Red River.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">August 29.</span>—The rebel army in Arkansas, +under General Price, severely pushed by the Union forces under General +Steele. Steele’s advance, under General Davidson, drove 3,000 rebels, +under Marmaduke, out of Brownsville, and across the Arkansas river. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</span></p> + +<h3>SEPTEMBER, 1863.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 1.</span>—General Blunt defeated the rebel +forces in Arkansas under Cooper and Cobell, and captured Fort Smith. +The rebels evacuated Little Rock.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 4.</span>—Burnside occupied Knoxville, +Tenn., and was hailed with delight by the inhabitants.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 8.</span>—A land and naval force under the +command of General Franklin, made an attack on the rebel fortifications +at Sabine City, Texas, but were repulsed with a loss of two small +boats.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 9.</span>—General Crittenden’s Division of +Rosecrans’ army, entered Chattanooga.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 10.</span>—General Burnside captured +Cumberland Gap, with 2,000 prisoners and 14 pieces of artillery, under +the command of Major-General Frazer. General Steele took possession of +Little Rock, Ark.</p> + +<h4>CHICKAMAUGA.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 19.</span>—The battle was commenced by +General Bragg in the morning and continued all day.—At night both +armies occupied nearly the same position that they did in the morning. +On the next day the battle was renewed by the rebels and lasted until +dark. The Union army was defeated and driven back to Chattanooga. +The Federal loss was about 1,800 killed and 9,500 wounded, and 2,500 +prisoners.</p> + +<h3>OCTOBER, 1863.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 9.</span>—Wheeler’s rebel cavalry, which +had come north of the Tennessee river, for the purpose of cutting +Rosecrans’ communications, was defeated with considerable loss, at +Farmington, Tenn., and again near Shelbyville.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 20.</span>—The Departments of the +Cumberland and Mississippi were consolidated and placed under the +command of General Grant. General Rosecrans removed and General Thomas +appointed in his place.</p> + +<h3>NOVEMBER, 1863—CHATTANOOGA.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 25.</span>—The rebel army under Bragg was badly whipped near +Chattanooga, losing about 6,000 prisoners, and 52 guns. The Union loss +was between 3,000 and 4,000 in killed and wounded. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</span></p> + +<h3>DECEMBER, 1863.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 4.</span>—General Longstreet commenced +the siege of Knoxville, November 17th. On the 29th there was a severe +fight, in which the Confederates were defeated. This, with the defeat +of Bragg, at Chattanooga, compelled Longstreet to raise the siege. He +retreated toward Virginia, pursued by Burnside’s forces; while another +army under General Foster, started from Cumberland Gap to cut off their +retreat.</p> + +<h3>FEBRUARY, 1864.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 1.</span>—The Union outposts near Newburn +were attacked by a strong force and fell back in good order, with but +little loss.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 9.</span>—A large number of prisoners, +including Colonel Streight, escaped from Libby Prison, Richmond.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 15.</span>—General W. T. Sherman, with his +command, arrived at Meridian, Miss., on his great raid into the heart +of the enemy’s country. After accomplishing his object in destroying +railroads and stores, he returned to Vicksburg with immense booty.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 20.</span>—The advance into Florida of the +Union forces, about 5,000 strong, under General Seymour, was repulsed +near Olustee, with a loss of 1,200. Rebel loss about the same.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 22.</span>—A heavy reconnoitering force +sent out from Chattanooga by General Grant, met and defeated the enemy +at Tunnel Hill.</p> + +<h3>MARCH, 1864.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">March 8.</span>—General Grant was formally +presented, by the President, with his commission as Lieutenant-General, +and on the 12th was assigned to the command of the armies of the United +States.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">March 15.</span>—The Union forces under General +A. J. Smith, captured Fort De Russey, La., on Red river, with 325 +prisoners, 12 pieces of artillery, 2,000 barrels of powder, with an +immense amount of ammunition and stores.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">March 25.</span>—About 5,000 rebels under +Forrester, captured Paducah, Ky., and fired the place. Union loss, 12 +killed and 40 wounded; rebel loss, 150 killed.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">March 28.</span>—The 54th Illinois regiment +attacked by Coles county copperheads, at Charleston, Ill. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</span></p> + +<h3>APRIL, 1864.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 8.</span>—The advance of General Banks’ +expedition up Red river, under the direction of General Stone, was +repulsed near Shreveport, La.; but on the following day our men +defeated the enemy. Our loss was about 2,000 and the enemy’s the +same.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 12.</span>—General Forrest overpowered +the Union forces at Fort Pillow, compelled them to surrender, and +immediately after commenced an indiscriminate massacre of our wounded +soldiers, both colored and white—not excepting women and children who +had taken refuge in the fort.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 17</span> and 18.—At Plymouth, N. C., the +rebel ram and a battery sunk three Union gunboats.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 23.</span>—The Governors of Ohio, +Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin and Indiana offer to raise for the General +Government 85,000 men for one hundred days.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 26.</span>—Government accept service of +one hundred day men, and appropriated $20,000,000 for their payment.</p> + +<h3>MAY, 1864.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 5.</span>—Draft ordered in Massachusetts, +New Jersey, Ohio, Minnesota, Kentucky and Maryland.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 6.</span>—General Grant crossed the Rapidan, +and Lee fell back toward Richmond.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 7.</span>—Grant still advances driving Lee’s +forces before him.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 8.</span>—Sherman occupied Dalton.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 9.</span>—After 3 days’ hard fighting Lee’s +forces retreated, leaving 3,000 killed and 10,000 wounded on the field, +in possession of the Union army.</p> + +<h4>BATTLE AT SPOTTSYLVANIA COURT HOUSE.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 12.</span>—Union troops victorious. They +capture 4,000 prisoners and 25 pieces of artillery.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 13.</span>—General Sheridan, with cavalry, +reached the rear of the enemy, near Hanover Junction, breaking two +railroads, capturing several locomotives, and destroying Lee’s depot +for supplies at Beaver Dam, containing over 1,000,000 rations.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 15.</span>—Sherman forced Johnson to +evacuate Resaca, after two days’ fighting.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 23.</span>—Army of the Potomac flanked the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</span> +rebels, under Lee, and forced them to evacuate their fortifications +near Spottsylvania Court House. John Morgan enters Kentucky with 4,000 +men.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 27.</span>—Grant crossed the Pamunkey, and +occupied Hanovertown.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 30.</span>—Grant reached Mechanicsville.</p> + +<h4>JUNE, 1864.—BATTLE OF COAL HARBOR.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 3.</span>—In which the rebels are routed +with heavy loss.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 5.</span>—Sherman flanked Johnson and +captured Ackworth Station.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 7.</span>—General Hunter defeats the rebel +General Jones, near Staunton, Va.</p> + +<h4>UNION CONVENTION AT BALTIMORE.</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 8.</span>—Abraham Lincoln and Governor +Andrew Johnson were nominated for President and Vice-President. Morgan +defeated by General Burbridge, near Lexington, Ky.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 11.</span>—Morgan demanded of Governor +Bramlette the surrender of Frankfort, which the Governor refused.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 12.</span>—General Hancock drove the rebels +from Bottom Bridge at the point of the bayonet.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 15.</span>—General Smith attacked with a +force of 15,000 men.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 20.</span>—Rebels strongly reinforced by +Lee.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 23.</span>—Rebels attack Wright and +Hancock, capturing 3 full regiments, after which they are repulsed.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 27.</span>—Sherman made an unsuccessful +attack on the enemy’s position, losing from 2,000 to 3,000 men.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 28.</span>—Left wing of Grant’s army take +possession of the Weldon railroad.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">June 30.</span>—Secretary Chase resigned, and +Hon. Wm. P. Fessenden was appointed to fill the vacancy.</p> + +<h3>JULY, 1864.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 10.</span>—Rebels invade Maryland. The +Union forces under General Wallace, defeated at the Monacacy river.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 13</span> and 15.—The rebels under General +Forrest, defeated in 5 different battles near Pontotoc, Mo.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 17.</span>—The rebel army was driven within +the fortifications at Atlanta. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 20.</span>—The enemy assaulted General +Sherman’s lines 3 times, but were repulsed each time with severe loss. +General Averill defeated the enemy near Winchester, Va.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 22.</span>—A great battle was fought before +Atlanta, resulting in the complete defeat of the Confederates.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 25.</span>—General Crook overtook the +rebels retreating from the Maryland raid, and recaptured a large amount +of stores. After severe fighting on the 23d and 24th July, General +Averill is compelled to fall back to Harper’s Ferry.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">July 30.</span>—A mine containing 6 tons of +powder, under a rebel fort at Petersburg, was exploded, destroying the +fort and garrison.</p> + +<h3>AUGUST, 1864.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">August 5.</span>—Commodore Farragut’s fleet +passed Forts Morgan and Gaines. The rebel ram Tennessee was captured, +and several other vessels destroyed. Shortly after Fort Gaines +surrendered and Fort Powell was evacuated.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">August 7.</span>—General Averill defeated the +enemy at Morefield, Virginia.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">August 15.</span>—The rebel General Wheeler +repulsed at Dalton, Georgia.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">August 18.</span>—The Weldon railroad seized by +General Grant.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">August 23.</span>—Fort Morgan surrendered.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">August 25.</span>—General Hancock, who held the +Weldon railroad south of Reams’ station, was attacked several times, +but repulsed the enemy each time.</p> + +<h3>SEPTEMBER, 1864.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 1.</span>—General Sherman defeated the +enemy at Jonesboro, Georgia.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 2.</span>—The Federal troops took +possession of Atlanta.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 5.</span>—The rebel General John Morgan +was killed near Greenville, Tenn.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 7.</span>—A force of 2,000 rebels defeated +at Readyville, Tennessee.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 19.</span>—General Sheridan gained a +complete victory over the enemy in the Shenandoah valley.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 22.</span>—The battle at Fisher’s Hill was +fought, resulting in the defeat of the rebel army.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 28.</span>—General Grant advanced his +lines on the north side of the James river to within 7 miles of +Richmond. The rebels under General Price invade Missouri. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</span></p> + +<h3>OCTOBER, 1864.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 5.</span>—The rebels attack Allatoona, Ga., +but were repulsed with severe loss.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 7.</span>—The pirate vessel Florida +captured by the U. S. steamer Wachusett.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 8.</span>—The rebels in the Shenandoah +valley are again defeated by Sheridan.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 19.</span>—General Sheridan gained his +fourth victory over the rebels under Early, at Cedar creek, Va.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 23.</span>—The rebel General Price defeated +at Blue river, Missouri.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 28.</span>—General Blunt defeated the +rebels under Price, at Neosho, Mo.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 30.</span>—General Hood made three attacks +on Decatur, Ala., but was repulsed each time.</p> + +<h3>NOVEMBER, 1864.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 3.</span>—The rebel ram Albemarle destroyed +by Lieutenant Cushing. The Confederate army under Hood, attempted to +cross the Tennessee, but were repulsed by the Federal army, under +General Sherman.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 8.</span>—The Presidential election took +place. Lincoln and Johnson received 212, McClellan and Pendleton 21 +electoral votes.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 16.</span>—General Sherman left Atlanta, +and began his march through Georgia, to Savannah.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 30.</span>—The rebel army under General +Hood, attacked the Union troops under General Schofield, at Franklin, +Tenn., but were repulsed with great loss.</p> + +<h3>DECEMBER, 1864.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 13.</span>—Fort McAllister captured by Gen. +Sherman’s army.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 16.</span>—General Thomas defeated the +enemy at Nashville, Tenn., with heavy loss, capturing a large number of +guns and prisoners.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 20.</span>—The rebels under General +Breckinridge defeated in South-Western Virginia, and the salt works +destroyed.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 21.</span>—General Sherman entered the city +of Savannah, capturing 150 cannon, 30,000 bales of cotton, and a large +amount of munitions of war.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 29.</span>—Hood’s army crossed the +Tennessee river, thus ending the Tennessee campaign.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</span></p> + +<h3>JANUARY, 1865.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 3.</span>—Massachusetts ratified +Constitutional Amendment.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 8.</span>—General Butler removed from the +command of the army of the James, and is succeeded by General Ord.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 11.</span>—The garrison at Beverly, Va., +was attacked by a rebel force under General Rosser. The town and a +large portion of the force defending it, were captured.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 16.</span>—Fort Fisher, near Wilmington, N. +C., captured with all its equipments.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 20.</span>—Rebels evacuate Corinth.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 21.</span>—Peace rumors.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 27.</span>—Rebel incendiaries set fire to +the city of Savannah.</p> + +<h3>FEBRUARY, 1865.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 1.</span>—Illinois ratified the +Constitutional Amendment.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 2.</span>—Maryland, Michigan, New York and +Rhode Island, ratified the Constitutional Amendment.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 4.</span>—Illinois Black Laws repealed.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 7.</span>—Maine ratified the Constitutional +Amendment.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 12.</span>—General Sherman occupied +Branchville, S. C.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 13.</span>—Indiana ratified the +Constitutional Amendment.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 17.</span>—Louisiana ratified the +Constitutional Amendment. General Sherman’s victorious columns entered +Columbia, S. C., and burned the city.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 18.</span>—Charleston, S. C., evacuated +and taken possession of by General Gilmore. Great amount of valuable +property destroyed, six thousand bales of cotton. Ammunition stored in +the railroad depot exploded, and many lives were lost. General Gilmore +hoisted the old flag over Fort Sumter.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 19.</span>—Fort Anderson, N. C. taken.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 21.</span>—Wisconsin ratified the +Constitutional Amendment. Fort Armstrong, N. C., taken.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 22.</span>—Wilmington captured.</p> + +<h3>MARCH, 1865.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">March 2.</span>—General Sheridan fought and +captured the rebel General Early, with 1,800 men, between Staunton +and Charlottesville. <span class="pagenum" id="Page_267">[Pg +267]</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">March 10.</span>—General Bragg attacked General +Cox near Kingston, N. C., but was defeated. General Sherman occupied +Fayetteville, N. C.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">March 12.</span>—Mobile attacked.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">March 13.</span>—General Schofield occupied +Kingston.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">March 16.</span>—Rebel General Hardee defeated +at Averysboro’, North Carolina.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">March 17.</span>—Rebel Congress adjourned, +<i>sine die</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">March 19.</span>—Rebel General Johnson defeated +at Bentonville, North Carolina.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">March 25.</span>—Rebels attack General Grant and +got soundly whipped.</p> + +<h3>APRIL, 1865.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 3.</span>—Richmond taken.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 9.</span>—General Lee surrendered. Mobile +captured.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 12.</span>—Salisbury, N. C., captured. +Mobile captured by General Canby, 1,000 prisoners, 150 cannon, 3,000 +bales of cotton. Columbus, Ga., captured.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 13.</span>—Raleigh, N. C., captured. +Governor Vance taken prisoner.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 14.</span>—President Lincoln assassinated. +Secretary Seward stabbed. Arkansas ratified the Constitutional +Amendment.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 15.</span>—President Lincoln died about 7 +o’clock, <span class="allsmcap">A. M.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 16.</span>—Andrew Johnson took the oath +and was declared President of the United States.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 26.</span>—General Johnson surrendered. +The war is over.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">April 27.</span>—Booth, the murderer of +President Lincoln shot and captured. Dead.</p> + +<h3>MAY, 1865.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 8.</span>—Subscriptions to 7-30 loan +$6,183,000.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 9.</span>—Subscriptions to 7-30 loan +$15,165,300.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 10.</span>—Jefferson Davis captured at +Irwinville, 75 miles south-west of Macon, Ga., by the 4th Michigan +cavalry, under Colonel Pritchard, of General Wilson’s command. Also, +his wife, mother, Postmaster-general Regan, Colonel Harrison, Private +Secretary, Colonel Johnson and other military characters. Subscription +to 7-30 loan $17,410,100.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 11.</span>—Subscription to 7-30 loan +$15,411,800.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 12.</span>—Subscription to 7-30 loan +$13,762,100. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 13.</span>—Subscriptions to 7-30 loan +$30,451,950. Total for one week $98,000,000.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 19.</span>—Rebel Governor Watts, of Alabama, +arrested.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 21.</span>—Rebel Governor Letcher, of +Virginia, arrested.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 24.</span>—Grand review of General Sherman’s +army at Washington. Jefferson Davis indicted for treason.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 26.</span>—Kirby Smith surrendered. The last +armed rebel organization has succumbed.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">May 31.</span>—Rebel General Hood and staff surrendered.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">Pay of Officers of the U. S.,<br> Civil and Military.</h2> +<hr class="r10"> +</div> + +<table class="spb1 spa1"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">President</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$25,000</td> + <td class="tdl">per</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">annum</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Private Secretary</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">2,500</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Private Secretary to sign Patents</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">1,500</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Vice-President</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8,000</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>HEADS OF DEPARTMENTS.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Secretary of State</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$8,000</td> + <td class="tdl">per</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">annum</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Secretary of the Treasury</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8,000</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Secretary of War</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8,000</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Secretary of the Navy</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8,000</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Secretary of the Interior</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8,000</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Postmaster-General</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8,000</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Attorney-General</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8,000</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="4">Speaker of House of Representatives,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_wsp">(mileage, 20 cents per mile.)</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$8,000</td> + <td class="tdl">per</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">annum</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">U. S. Senators, Members of Congress,</td> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_wsp">and Delegates from Territories</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5,000</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>JUDICIARY,<br> (SUPREME COURT OF U. S.)</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Chief Justice</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$6,500</td> + <td class="tdl">per</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">annum</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Associate Justices, [8 in number]</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">6,000</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_wsp">(Court meets first Monday in December)</td> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="4"> <br>MINISTERS AND DIPLOMATIC AGENTS<br> OF THE UNITED STATES<br> + IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES—<br>ENVOYS EXTRAORDINARY AND<br>MINISTERS PLENIPOTENTIARY.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Minister to Great Britain</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$17,500</td> + <td class="tdl">per</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">annum</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Minister to Russia</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">12,000</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Minister to France</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">17,500</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Minister to Spain</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">12,000</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Minister to Prussia</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">12,000</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Minister to Austria</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">12,000</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Minister to Italy</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">12,000</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Minister to China</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">12,000</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Minister to Mexico</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">12,000</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Minister to Brazil</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">12,000</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Minister to Chili</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">10,000</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Minister to Peru</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">10,000</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Minister to Nicaragua + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</span></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7,000</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>MINISTERS RESIDENT.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Minister in Portugal</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$7,500</td> + <td class="tdl">per</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">annum</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Minister in Belgium</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7,500</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Minister in Netherlands</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7,500</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Minister in Denmark</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7,500</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Minister in Sweden and Norway</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7,500</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Minister in Switzerland</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7,500</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Minister in Pontif States</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7,500</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Minister in Turkey</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7,500</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Minister in Japan</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7,500</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Minister in Costa Rica</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7,500</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Minister in Guatemala</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7,500</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Minister in Honduras</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7,500</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Minister in Salvador</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7,500</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Minister in New Granada</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7,500</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Minister in Venezuela</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7,500</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Minister in Ecuador</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7,500</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Minister in Argentine Confederation</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7,500</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Minister in Hawaiian Islands</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">7,500</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<table class="spb1 spa2"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">WAR DEPARTMENT.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Secretary of War</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$8,000</td> + <td class="tdl">per</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">annum</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Assistant Secretary of War</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3,000</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Second Assistant Secretary of War</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3,000</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Commander-in-Chief</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5,340</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Adjutant-General</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3,594</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Assistant Adjutant-General</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">2,532</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Second Assistant Adjutant-General</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">1,956</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Third Assistant Adjutant-General</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">1,956</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Fourth Assistant Adjutant-General</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">1,956</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Chief Clerk Adjutant-General’s Bureau</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">1,800</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Inspector General</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">2,532</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Judge Advocate General</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">2,532</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Deputy Judge Advocate</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">1,956</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Quartermaster General</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3,594</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Deputy Quartermaster General</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">2,244</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Assistant Quartermaster</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">2,532</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Chief Clerk Quartermaster’s Bureau</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">1,800</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Chief Engineer</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3,594</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Assistant Engineer</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">1,596</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Chief Clerk of Engineer Bureau</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">1,800</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Provost Marshal General</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">——</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Surgeon General</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3,594</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Assistant Surgeon General</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">2,532</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Chief Clerk Surgeon General’s Bureau</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">1,800</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Chief of Ordnance + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</span></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3,594</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Assistant Chief of Ordnance</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">1,554</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Chief Clerk of Ordnance Bureau</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">1,800</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Paymaster General</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">2,740</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Deputy Paymaster General</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">2,144</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Additional Paymaster</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">1,950</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Chief Clerk Paymaster General’s Bureau</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">1,800</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Commissary General of Subsistence</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">2,532</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Assistant Commissary General</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">1,956</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Second Assistant Commissary General</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">1,956</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Chief Clerk Commissary General’s Bureau  </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">1,800</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<table class="spb1 spa2"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">GENERAL OFFICERS.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Lieutenant-General</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$720 00</td> + <td class="tdl">per</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">month</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Aids-de-camp and military secretary to</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Lieutenant-General, each</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">170 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Major-General</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">445 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Senior Aid-de-camp to General-in-Chief  </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">163 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Aid-de-camp, in addition to pay, etc., of</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Lieutenant or Captain</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">24 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Brigadier-General</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">299 50</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Aid-de-camp, in addition to pay, etc., as</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"></td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Lieutenant</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">11 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>ADJUTANT-GENERAL’S DEPARTMENT.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Adjutant-General—Brigadier-General</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$407 50</td> + <td class="tdl">per</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">month</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Assistant Adjutant-General—Colonel</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">211 00</td> + <td class="tdl">”</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Assistant Adjutant-General—Lt. Colonel</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">187 00</td> + <td class="tdl">”</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Assistant Adjutant-General—Major</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">163 00</td> + <td class="tdl">”</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Judge Advocate General—Colonel</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">211 00</td> + <td class="tdl">”</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Judge Advocate—Major</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">163 00</td> + <td class="tdl">”</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Division Major</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">163 00</td> + <td class="tdl">”</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>INSPECTOR GENERAL’S DEPARTMENT.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Inspector General—Colonel</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$211 00</td> + <td class="tdl">per</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">month</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Assistant Inspector General—Major</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">163 00</td> + <td class="tdl">”</td> + <td class="tdl">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>SIGNAL DEPARTMENT.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Signal Officer—Colonel</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$211 00</td> + <td class="tdl">per</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">month</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>PAY DEPARTMENT.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Paymaster General</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$288 33</td> + <td class="tdl">per</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">month</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Deputy Paymaster General</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">187 00</td> + <td class="tdl">”</td> + <td class="tdl">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Paymaster + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</span></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">163 00</td> + <td class="tdl">”</td> + <td class="tdl">”</td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<table class="spb1 spa2"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">OFFICERS OF THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS,<br> +TOPOGRAPHICAL ENGINEERS, AND<br> ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Chief of Ordinance—Brigadier-General</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$407 50</td> + <td class="tdl">per</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">month</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Colonel</td> + <td class="tdc">211 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Lieutenant Colonel</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">187 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Major</td> + <td class="tdc">163 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Captain</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">129 50</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">First Lieutenant</td> + <td class="tdc">112 83</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Second Lieutenant</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">112 83</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Brevet Second Lieutenant</td> + <td class="tdc">112 83</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>OFFICERS OF MOUNTED DRAGOONS,<br> +CAVALRY, RIFLEMEN, AND<br> LIGHT ARTILLERY.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Colonel</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$211 00</td> + <td class="tdc">per</td> + <td class="tdc">month</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Lieutenant Colonel</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">187 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Major</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">163 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Captain</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">129 50</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">First Lieutenant</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">112 83</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Second Lieutenant</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">112 83</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Brevet Second Lieutenant</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">112 83</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>QUARTERMASTER’S DEPARTMENT.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Quartermaster General—Brigadier General</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$407 50</td> + <td class="tdc">per</td> + <td class="tdc">month</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Assistant Quartermaster General—Colonel</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">211 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Deputy Quartermaster General—Lt. Colonel</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">187 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Quartermaster—Major</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">163 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Assistant Quartermaster—Captain</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">129 50</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>SUBSISTENCE DEPARTMENT.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Commissary General of Subsistence—</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"></td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Brigadier General</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$299 50</td> + <td class="tdc">per</td> + <td class="tdc">month</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Assistant Commissary General—Lt. Colonel</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">187 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Commissary of Subsistence—Major</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">163 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Commissary of Subsistence—Captain</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">129 50</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Assistant Commissary of Subsistence, in addition</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">to pay, etc., as Lieutenant</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">11 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>MEDICAL DEPARTMENT.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Surgeon General—Brigadier General</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$299 50</td> + <td class="tdc">per </td> + <td class="tdc">month</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Assistant Surgeon General</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">211 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Medical Inspector General</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">211 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Medical Inspector</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">187 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Surgeons of ten years’ service</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">199 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Surgeons of less than ten years’ service + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</span></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">163 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Assistant Surgeons of ten years’ service</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">165 50</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Assistant Surgeons of five years’ service</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">129 50</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Assistant Surgeons of less than five years’ service </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">112 83</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="4"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Adjutant, Regimental Quartermaster, and</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Regimental Commissary, in addition</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">to pay of Lieutenant, each</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">10 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<table class="spb1 spa2"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">OFFICERS OF ARTILLERY<br> AND INFANTRY.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Colonel</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$194 00</td> + <td class="tdl">per</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">month</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Lieutenant Colonel</td> + <td class="tdc">170 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Major</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">151 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Captain</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">118 50</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">First Lieutenant</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">108 50</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Second Lieutenant</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">103 50</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Brevet Second Lieutenant</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">103 50</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Adjutant, in addition to pay, etc., of Lieut</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">10 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Regimental Quartermaster, in addition to</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">pay, etc., of Lieutenant</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">10 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>PAY OF NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS, + <br>PRIVATES, ETC.—CAVALRY.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Sergeant-Major</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$21 00</td> + <td class="tdc">per</td> + <td class="tdc">month</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Quartermaster Sergeant</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">21 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Chief Bugler</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">21 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">First Sergeant</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">20 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Sergeant</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">17 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Saddler Sergeant</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">21 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Commissary Sergeant</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">21 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Hospital Steward </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">30 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Corporal</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">14 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Bugler, or Trumpeter</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">13 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Farrier and Blacksmith</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">15 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Private</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">13 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Veterinary Surgeon</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">75 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">African under-cooks</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">10 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>ORDNANCE.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Sergeant</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$34 00</td> + <td class="tdc">per</td> + <td class="tdc">month</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Corporal</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">20 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Wagoner</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">14 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Saddler</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">14 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Private—first class</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">17 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Private—second class + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</span></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">16 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>ARTILLERY AND INFANTRY.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Sergeant-Major</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$21 00</td> + <td class="tdc">per</td> + <td class="tdc">month</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Quartermaster Sergeant</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">21 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Commissary Sergeant</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">21 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">First Sergeant</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">20 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Sergeant</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">17 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Hospital Steward</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">30 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Corporal</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">14 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Artificer, Artillery</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">15 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Private</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">13 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Principal Musician</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">21 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Musician</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">12 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">African under-cooks</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">10 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>SAPPERS AND MINERS, AND<br> PONTOONIERS.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Sergeant</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$34 00</td> + <td class="tdc">per</td> + <td class="tdc">month</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Corporal</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">20 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Private—first class</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">17 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Private—second class</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">16 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Musician</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">12 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">African under-cooks</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">10 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>BRIGADE BANDS.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Leader</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$45 00</td> + <td class="tdc">per</td> + <td class="tdc">month</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Four of the Band</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">34 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Eight of the Band</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">17 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Four of the Band</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">20 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>MISCELLANEOUS.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Medical Cadets</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$30 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Hospital Steward—first class</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">22 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Matron</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">6 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="4">Female nurses 40 cents per day.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + <h2 class="nobreak">PAY OF THE NAVY OF<br> THE UNITED STATES.</h2> +</div> + +<table class="spb1 spa2"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">REAR ADMIRALS—ACTIVE LIST.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">When at sea</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$5,000</td> + <td class="tdl">per</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">annum</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">When on shore duty</td> + <td class="tdc">4,000</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">On leave, or waiting orders</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3,000</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">On Retired List + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</span></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">2,000</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>COMMODORES—ACTIVE LIST.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">When at sea</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$4,000</td> + <td class="tdc">per</td> + <td class="tdc">annum</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">When on shore duty</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">2,800</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">On leave, or waiting orders</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">2,100</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">On Retired List</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">1,600</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>COMMANDERS—ACTIVE LIST.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">When at sea</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$2,800</td> + <td class="tdc">per</td> + <td class="tdc">annum</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">When on shore duty</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">2,240</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">On leave, or waiting orders</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">1,680</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">On Retired List</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">1,400</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>LIEUTENANT COMMANDERS—ACTIVE LIST.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">When at sea</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$2,343</td> + <td class="tdc">per</td> + <td class="tdc">annum</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">When on shore duty</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">1,875</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">On leave, or waiting orders</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">1,500</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">On Retired List</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">1,300</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>LIEUTENANTS—ACTIVE LIST.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">When at sea</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$1,875</td> + <td class="tdc">per</td> + <td class="tdc">annum</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">When on shore duty</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">1,500</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">On leave, or waiting orders</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">1,200</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">On Retired List</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">1,000</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>MASTERS—ACTIVE LIST.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">When at sea</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$1,500</td> + <td class="tdc">per</td> + <td class="tdc">annum</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">When on shore duty</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">1,200</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">On leave, or waiting orders</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">960</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">On Retired List</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">800</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>ENSIGNS—ACTIVE LIST.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">When at sea</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$1,200</td> + <td class="tdc">per</td> + <td class="tdc">annum</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">When on shore duty</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">960</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">On leave, or waiting orders</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">768</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">On Retired List</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">500</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="4"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Midshipmen </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">500</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Fleet Surgeons</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3,300</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">” + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</span></td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<table class="spb1 spa2"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">SURGEONS.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">For second five years after date of</td> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">commission</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$2,400</td> + <td class="tdl">per</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">annum</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>RETIRED SURGEONS.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Surgeons ranking with commanders</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$1,100</td> + <td class="tdc">per</td> + <td class="tdc">annum</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Surgeons ranking with lieutenants</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">1,000</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>RETIRED PASSED AND ASSISTANT<br> SURGEONS.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Passed</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$850</td> + <td class="tdc">per</td> + <td class="tdc">annum</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Assistant</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">650</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>PASSED ASSISTANT SURGEONS.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">On duty at sea</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$1,500</td> + <td class="tdc">per</td> + <td class="tdc">annum</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">On other duty</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">1,400</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">On leave, or waiting orders</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">1,100</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>ASSISTANT SURGEONS.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">On duty at sea</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$1,250</td> + <td class="tdc">per</td> + <td class="tdc">annum</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">On other duty</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">1,050</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">On leave, or waiting orders</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">800</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>PAYMASTERS.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">On duty at sea—for fourth five years after</td> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">date of commission</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$2,900</td> + <td class="tdc">per</td> + <td class="tdc">annum</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>PAYMASTERS RETIRED.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Ranking with Captains</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$1,300</td> + <td class="tdc">per</td> + <td class="tdc">annum</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Ranking with Commanders</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">1,100</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Ranking with Lieutenants</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">1,000</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>ASSISTANT PAYMASTERS.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">On duty at sea—after five years from date</td> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">of commission</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$1,500</td> + <td class="tdc">per</td> + <td class="tdc">annum</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">On leave, or waiting orders</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">800</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>CHAPLAINS,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="4">To be paid as Lieutenants.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>PROFESSORS OF MATHEMATICS.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">On duty</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$1,800</td> + <td class="tdc">per</td> + <td class="tdc">annum</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">On leave, or waiting orders</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">960</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>BOATSWAINS, GUNNERS, CARPENTERS,<br> AND SAILMAKERS.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">On duty at sea—for first three years’ sea</td> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">service from date of appointment.</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$1,000</td> + <td class="tdc">per</td> + <td class="tdc">annum</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">For twelve years’ service and upwards</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">1,450</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">On leave, or waiting orders—for twelve years’</td> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">sea service and upwards</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">1,000</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/pierce.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="591" > + <p class="f120"><b>FRANKLIN PIERCE.</b></p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</span></p> + +<table class="spb1 spa2"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">CHIEF ENGINEERS.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">On duty—for first five years after date</td> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">of commission</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$1,800</td> + <td class="tdl">per</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">annum</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">After fifteen years from date of commission</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">2,600</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">On leave, or waiting orders, after fifteen years</td> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">from date of commission</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">1,500</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>FIRST ASSISTANT ENGINEERS.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">On duty</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$1,500</td> + <td class="tdc">per</td> + <td class="tdc">annum</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">On leave, or waiting orders</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">900</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>SECOND ASSISTANT ENGINEERS.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">On duty</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$1,000</td> + <td class="tdc">per</td> + <td class="tdc">annum</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">On leave, or waiting orders</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">750</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>NAVY AGENT.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Commission not to exceed</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$3,000</td> + <td class="tdc">per</td> + <td class="tdc">annum</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Navy Agent at San Francisco</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">4,000</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Temporary Navy Agents</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Naval Storekeepers</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"></td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="4"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Officers of the Navy on Foreign Stations</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$1,500</td> + <td class="tdc">per</td> + <td class="tdc">annum</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Engineer-in-Chief</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3,000</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Naval Constructors</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">2,600</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">  ”<span class="ws3">”</span><span class="ws3">when not on duty</span></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">1,800</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Secretaries to commanders of squadrons</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">1,500</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Clerks to commanders of squadrons and</td> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">commanders of vessels</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">500</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">At Navy Yards—Boston and New York</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">1,200</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">At Navy Yard—Washington</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">1,200</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">At Navy Yards—Portsmouth, N. H., and Philadelphia</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">1,200</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">At Navy Yard—Mare Island</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">1,500</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>YEOMEN.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">In ships-of-the-line</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$45 00</td> + <td class="tdc">per</td> + <td class="tdc">month</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">In frigates</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">40 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">In sloops</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">30 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">In smaller vessels</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">24 00 + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</span></td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>ARMORERS.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">In ships-of-the-line</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$30 00</td> + <td class="tdc">per</td> + <td class="tdc">month</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">In frigates</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">25 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">In sloops</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">20 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>MATES.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Master’s (Acting)</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$40 00</td> + <td class="tdc">per</td> + <td class="tdc">month</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Boatswains</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">25 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Gunners</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">25 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Carpenters</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">25 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Sailmakers</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">20 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Armorers</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">20 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="4"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Masters-at-Arms</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">25 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Ship’s Corporals</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">20 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Coxswains</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">24 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Quartermasters</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">24 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Quarter Gunners</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">20 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>CAPTAINS.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Of forecastle</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$24 00</td> + <td class="tdc">per</td> + <td class="tdc">month</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Of tops</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">20 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Of afterguard</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">20 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Of hold</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">20 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="4"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Coopers</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">20 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Painters</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">20 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>STEWARDS.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Ship’s</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$30 00</td> + <td class="tdc">per</td> + <td class="tdc">month</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Officers’</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">20 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Surgeons’, where ship’s complement is 400 and over</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">40 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Surgeons’, where ship’s complement is 200</td> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">and under 400</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">33 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Surgeons’, where ship’s complement is under 200</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">25 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Paymaster’s, where ship’s complement is 240 </td> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">and over</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">33 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Assistant Paymaster’s, where complement is</td> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">100 and over</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">33 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Assistant Paymaster’s, where complement is</td> + <td class="tdc" colspan="3"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2">under 100</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">30 00 + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</span></td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>NURSES.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Where complement is less than 200, one nurse</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$14 00</td> + <td class="tdc">per</td> + <td class="tdc">month</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Where complement is over 200, two nurses, each</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">14 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>COOKS.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Ship’s</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$24 00</td> + <td class="tdc">per</td> + <td class="tdc">month</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Officer’s</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">20 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>MUSICIANS.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Masters of the Band</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$20 00</td> + <td class="tdc">per</td> + <td class="tdc">month</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">First class</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">15 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Second class</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">12 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc" colspan="4"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Seamen</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$18 00</td> + <td class="tdc">per</td> + <td class="tdc">month</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Ordinary Seamen</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">14 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Landsmen</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">12 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Boys</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">8-9 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4"> <br>FIREMEN.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">First class</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$30 00</td> + <td class="tdc">per</td> + <td class="tdc">month</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Second class</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">25 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Coal Heavers</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">18 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<table class="spb1 spa2"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">MARINE CORPS.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Colonel Commandant</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$3,186 00</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">per</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp">annum</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Paymaster, with rank of Major</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">2,154 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Adjutant and Inspector, with rank of Major</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">2,154 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Quartermaster, with rank of Major</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">2,154 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Assistant Quartermaster, with rank of Captain </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">1,752 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Colonel</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">2,529 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Lieutenant Colonel</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">2,239 50</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Major</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">2,010 00</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<p class="blockquot fs_90"><span class="smcap">Note.</span>—By a late +act of Congress, the monthly pay of private soldiers has been increased +three dollars, that of non-commissioned officers being proportionately +advanced. And a tax of five per cent. was imposed on the salaries of +commissioned officers, thus, indirectly reducing their pay.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">SCHEDULE OF STAMP DUTIES.</h2> +<hr class="r10"> +</div> + +<table class="spb1"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2"> </td> + <td class="tdr fs_80">Stamp Duties.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Acknowledgment</i> of deeds</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">exempt.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"><i>Affidavit</i></td> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”  in suits or legal proceedings</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">exempt.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Agreement</i> or Appraisement, (for each sheet, or piece of</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">paper on which the same is written)</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Assignment</i> or transfer of mortgage, lease, or policy of</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">  insurance, the same duty as the original instrument.</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”  of patent right</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Bank Checks</i>, drafts or orders, &c., at sight or on demand</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">2 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Bills of Exchange</i>, (Foreign,) drawn in, but payable out</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">of, the United States, each bill of three</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">or more, must be stamped.</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws1">For every bill of each set, where the sum made</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">payable does not exceed one hundred</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">dollars, or the equivalent thereof in</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">any foreign currency in which such bills</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">may be expressed, according to the standard</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">of value fixed by the United States</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">2 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws1">For every additional hundred dollars, or</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">fractional part thereof in excess of one</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">hundred dollars</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">2 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws1">(Foreign,) drawn in, but made payable out</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">of, the United States, (if drawn singly or</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">in duplicate,) pay the same duty as Inland</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Bills of Exchange.</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws1">[The acceptor or acceptors of any Bill of</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">Exchange, or order for the payment of</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">any sum of money drawn, or purporting</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">to be drawn, in any foreign country, but</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">payable in the United States, must, before</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">paying or accepting the same, place</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">thereon a stamp indicating the duty.]</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Bills of Exchange</i>, (Inland,) draft or order, payable</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">otherwise than at sight or on demand, and</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">any promissory note, whether payable on</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">demand or at a time designated, (except + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</span></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">bank notes issued for circulation, and</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">checks made and intended to be, and</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">which shall be, forthwith presented for</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">payment,) for a sum not exceeding one</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">hundred dollars</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws1">For every additional $100, or fractional</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">part thereof</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws1">[The warrant of attorney to confess judgment</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">on a note or bond is exempt from stamp duty,</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">if the note or bond is properly stamped.]</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Bills of Lading</i>, of vessels for ports of the United States</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">or British North America</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">exempt.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws3"> </span>or receipt for goods, to any foreign port</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">10 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Bill of Sale</i> of any vessel, or part thereof, when the</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">consideration does not exceed five</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">hundred dollars</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">50 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws3"> </span>exceeding $500, and not exceeding $1,000</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$1 00</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws3"> </span>exceeding $1,000, for each $500, or fractional</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">part thereof</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">50 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws3"> </span>of personal property, (other than ship or vessel)</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Bond</i>, personal, for the payment of money. (See <i>Mortgage</i>.)</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws3"> </span>official</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$1 00</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws3"> </span>for indemnifying any person for the payment</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">of any sum of money, where the money</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">ultimately recoverable thereupon is $1,000 or less</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">50 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws3"> </span>Where the money recoverable exceeds</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">$1,000, for every additional $1,000, or</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">fractional part thereof</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">50 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Bonds</i>—County, city, and town bonds, railroad and</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">other corporation bonds, and scrip, are</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">subject to stamp duty. (See <i>Mortgage</i>.)</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2"> </span>of any description, other than such as are</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">required in legal proceedings, and such</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">as are not otherwise charged in this Schedule</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">25 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Certificates</i> of deposit in bank, sum not exceeding one</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">hundred dollars</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">2 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>of deposit in bank, sum exceeding one</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">hundred dollars</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>of stock in an incorporated company</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">25 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>general</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>of record upon the instrument recorded</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">exempt. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</span></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>of record upon the book</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">exempt.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>of weight or measurement of animals, coal,</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"> wood, or other articles, except weighers’</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"> and measurers’ returns</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">exempt.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2"> </span>of a qualification of a Justice of the Peace,</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws1"> Commissioner of Deeds, or Notary Public</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>of search of records</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>that certain papers are on file</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>that certain papers can not be found</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>of redemption of land sold for taxes</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>of birth, marriage and death</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>of qualification of school teachers</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>of profits of an incorporated company for a</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">sum not less than $10 and not exceeding $50</span></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">10 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>exceeding $50, and not exceeding $1,000</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">25 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>exceeding $1,000, for every additional</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">$1,000, or fractional part thereof</span></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">25 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>of damage, or otherwise, and all other certificates</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">or documents issued by any port</span></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">warden, marine surveyor, or other person</span></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">acting as such</span></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">25 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Certified Transcripts</i> of judgments, satisfaction of judgments,</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">and all papers recorded or on file.</span></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws1">[N. B.—As a general rule, every certificate</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">which has, or may have, a legal value in</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">any court of law or equity, will require</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">a stamp duty of 5 cts.]</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Charter party</i>, or letter, memorandum, or other writing</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">between the captain, owner, or agent of</span></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">any ship, vessel, or steamer, and any other</span></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">person, relating to the charter of the</span></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">same, if the registered tonnage of said</span></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">ship, vessel, or steamer does not exceed</span></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">one hundred and fifty tons</span></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$1 00</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>exceeding one hundred and fifty tons, and</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">not exceeding three hundred tons</span></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3 00</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>exceeding three hundred tons, and</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3"> not exceeding six hundred tons</span></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5 00</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>exceeding six hundred tons</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">10 00</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Check</i>, draft, or order for the payment of any sum of</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">money exceeding $10, drawn upon any</span></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">person other than a bank, banker, or</span></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">trust company, at sight or on demand</span></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">2 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Contract.</i> (See <i>Agreement</i>.) + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</span></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>Broker’s</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">16 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Conveyance</i>, deed, instrument, or writing, whereby lands,</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">tenements, or other realty sold, shall be</span></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">conveyed, <i>the actual value</i> of which does</span></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">not exceed $500</span></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">50 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>exceeding $500, and not exceeding $1,000</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$1 00 </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>for every additional $500, or fractional part</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">thereof in excess of $1,000</span></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">50 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Endorsement</i> of any negotiable instrument</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">exempt.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Entry</i> of any goods, wares, or merchandise at any custom</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">house, either for consumption or</span></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">warehousing, not exceeding one hundred</span></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">dollars in value</span></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">25 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>exceeding one hundred dollars, and not exceeding</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">five hundred dollars in value</span></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">50 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>exceeding five hundred dollars in value</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$1 00</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>for the withdrawal of any goods or merchandise</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">from bonded warehouse</span></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">50 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Gaugers’</i> returns, if for quantity not exceeding 500 gallons, gross</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">exempt.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>exceeding 500 gallons</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Insurance</i>, (Marine, Inland, and Fire,) where the consideration</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws2"> </span>paid for the insurance, in</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws2"> </span>cash, premium notes, or both, does not</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws2"> </span>exceed $10</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">10 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws2"> </span>(Marine, Inland, and Fire,) exceeding $10,</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws2"> </span>and not exceeding $50</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">25 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>(Marine, Inland, and Fire,) exceeding $50,</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">50 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Insurance</i>, (Life,) when the amount insured does not exceed</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3"> </span>$1,000</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">25 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>(Life,) exceeding $1,000, and not exceeding $5,000</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">50 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>(Life,) exceeding $5,000</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$1 00 </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>(Life,) limited to injury to persons while traveling</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">exempt.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Lease</i> of lands or tenements, where rent does not exceed</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3"> </span>$300 per annum</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">50 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>exceeding $300, for each additional $200, or</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3"> </span>fractional part thereof in excess of $300</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">50 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>perpetual, subject to a stamp duty as a “conveyance,”</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3"> </span>the stamp duty to be measured by resolving the</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3"> </span>annual rental into a capital sum.</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>clause of guaranty of payment of rent, incorporated</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3"> </span>or indorsed, five cents additional. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</span></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Manifest</i> for custom house entry or clearance of the cargo of any</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3"> </span>ship, vessel, or steamer for a foreign port, if the</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3"> </span>registered tonnage of such ship, vessel, or</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3"> </span>steamer does not exceed 300 tons</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$1 00</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>exceeding 300 tons, and not exceeding 600 tons</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">3 00</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>exceeding 600 tons</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5 00</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Measurer’s Returns</i>, if for quantity not exceeding one</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3"> </span>thousand bushels</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">exempt.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>exceeding one thousand bushels</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Mortgage</i>, trust deed, bill of sale, or personal bond for</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3"> </span>the payment of money exceeding $100, and</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3"> </span>not exceeding $500</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">50 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>exceeding $500, for every additional $500, or</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3"> </span>fractional part thereof in excess of $500</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">50 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Pawners’ Checks.</i></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Pension Papers.</i>—Powers of attorney, and all other papers</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3"> </span>relating to applications for bounties, arrearages</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3"> </span>of pay, or pensions, or to receipt thereof</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">exempt.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Passage Ticket</i> from the United States to a foreign port,</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3"> </span>costing not more than $35</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">50 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>from the United States to a foreign port, costing</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"> <span class="ws2"> </span>more than $35, and not exceeding $50</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$1 00 </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>for every additional $50, or fractional part</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"> <span class="ws2"> </span>thereof in excess of $50</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$1 00 </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Power of Attorney</i> to sell or transfer stock, or collect</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"> <span class="ws2"> </span>dividends thereon</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">25 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>to vote at election of incorporated company</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">10 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>to receive or collect rents</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">25 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>to sell, or convey, or rent, or lease real estate</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$1 00 </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>for any purpose</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">50 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Probate of Will</i>, or letters of administration, where the value</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"> <span class="ws2"> </span>of both real and personal estate does not</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"> <span class="ws2"> </span>exceed $2,000</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$1 00 </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>for every additional $1,000, or fractional part</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"> <span class="ws2"> </span>thereof in excess of $2,000</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">50 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>bonds of executors, administrators, guardians,</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"> <span class="ws2"> </span>and trustees, are each subject to a stamp duty of</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">$1 00 </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>certificate of appointment</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">5 cts. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</span></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Protest</i> upon bill, note, check, or draft</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">25 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Promissory Note.</i>—(See <i>Bills of Exchange</i>, Inland.)</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>deposit note to mutual insurance companies,</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"> <span class="ws2"> </span>when policy is subject to duty</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">exempt.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>renewal of, subject to same duty as an original note.</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Quit Claim Deed</i>, to be stamped as a conveyance, except</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3"> </span>when given as a release of a mortgage by the</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3"> </span>mortgagee to the mortgagor, in which case</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3"> </span>it is exempt.</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Receipt</i> for the payment of any sum of money or debt due</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3"> </span>exceeding $20, or for the delivery of any property</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">2 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>for satisfaction of any mortgage or judgment or</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3"> </span>decree of any court</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">exempt.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Sheriff’s</i> return on writ or other process</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">exempt.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Trust Deed</i>, made to secure a debt, to be stamped as a</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3"> </span>mortgage.</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”  conveying estate to uses, to be stamped as conveyance.</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Warehouse Receipt</i> for any goods, wares, or merchandise not</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3"> </span>otherwise provided for, deposited or stored in</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3"> </span>any public or private warehouse, not exceeding</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3"> </span>$500 in value</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">exempt.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>exceeding $500, and not exceeding $1,000</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>exceeding $1,000, for every additional $1,000,</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3"> </span>or fractional part thereof in excess of $1.000</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2"> </span>for any goods, &c. not otherwise provided for,</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3"> </span>stored or deposited in any public or private</td> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3"> </span>warehouse or yard</td> + <td class="tdc">”</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Writs and Legal Documents</i>:</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Writ, or other original process by which suit is</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">commenced in any court of record, either of</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">law or equity</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">50 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Writ, or other original process issued by a court</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">not of record, where the amount claimed</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">is $100 or over</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">50 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Upon every confession of judgment or cognovit</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">for $100, or over, except in cases where the</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">tax for a writ has been paid</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">50 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Writs, or other process on appeals from justices’</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">courts, or other courts of inferior jurisdiction,</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">to a court of record</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">50 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Warrant of distress, when the amount of rent</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">claimed does not exceed $100</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">25 cts. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</span></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Warrant of distress when amount exceeds $100</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">50 cts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Writs, summons, and other process issued by a</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">justice of the peace, police or municipal court,</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">of no greater jurisdiction than a justice of the</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">peace in the same State</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">exempt.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Writs, and other process in any criminal or</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">other suits commenced by the United States</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">in any State</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">exempt.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws1">Official documents, instruments, and papers</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">issued or used by officers of the United</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_ws2">States Government</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp">exempt.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<h3>GENERAL REMARKS.</h3> + +<p>Revenue stamps may be used indiscriminately upon any of the matters or +things enumerated in Schedule B, except proprietary and playing card +stamps, for which a special use has been provided.</p> + +<p>Postage stamps can not be used in payment of the duty chargeable on +instruments.</p> + +<p>It is the duty of the maker of an instrument to affix the stamp +thereto and to cancel the same in the manner required by law. Proper +cancellation is essential.</p> + +<p>Under the provisions of section 158, an instrument subject to stamp +duty, but issued without a stamp or with an insufficient one, may +be so stamped by the Collector as to be as valid to all intents and +purposes (<i>except as against rights acquired in good faith before +such stamping and the recording of the instrument, if a record be +required</i>) as if properly stamped when made or issued. Such an +instrument, issued at a time when and in a place where no collection +district was established, may be stamped by the party who issued it or +by any party having an interest therein at any time prior to January +1, 1867, and the legal effect of the stamp thus affixed will be the +same as though affixed by the Collector. When originals are lost the +necessary stamps may be affixed to copies.</p> + +<p>Suits are commenced in many States by other process than writ, viz.: +summons, warrant, publication, petition, etc., in which cases, these, +as the original processes, severally require stamps.</p> + +<p>The jurat of an affidavit, taken before a Justice of the Peace, Notary +Public, or other officer duly authorized to take affidavits, is held +to be a certificate, and subject to a stamp duty of five cents, except +when taken in suits or legal proceedings.</p> + +<p><i>Certificates of Loan</i>, in which there shall appear any written or +printed evidence of an amount of money to be paid on demand, or at a +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</span> +time designated, are subject to stamp duty as “Promissory Notes.”</p> + +<p>When two or more persons join in the execution of an instrument, the +stamp to which the instrument is liable under the law may be affixed +and cancelled by either of them; and “when more than one signature is +affixed to the same paper, one or more stamps may be affixed thereto +representing the whole amount of the stamp required for such signature.”</p> + +<p>No stamp is required on any warrant of attorney accompanying a bond +or note when such bond or note has affixed thereto the stamp or +stamps denoting the duty required; and whenever any bond or note is +secured by mortgage, but one stamp duty is required on such papers, +such stamp duty being the highest rate required for such instruments, +or either of them. In such case a note or memorandum of the value or +denomination of the stamp affixed should be made upon the margin or in +the acknowledgment of the instrument which is not stamped. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</span></p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">THE CIVIL RIGHTS BILL.</h2> +<hr class="r10"> +</div> + +<p class="blockquot">An Act to protect all persons in the United States +in their civil rights, and furnish the means of their vindication.</p> + +<p><i>Be it enacted, &c.</i>, That all persons born in the United States +and not subject to any foreign power, excluding Indians, not taxed, are +hereby declared to be citizens of the United States; and such citizens +of every race and color, without regard to any previous condition of +slavery or involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime +whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall have the same +right in every State and Territory in the United States to make and +enforce contracts; to sue, be parties, and give evidence; to inherit, +purchase, lease, sell, hold, and convey real and personal property; and +to full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security +of person and property as is enjoyed by white citizens, and shall be +subject to like punishment, pains, and penalties, and to none other, +any law, statute ordinance, regulation, or custom, to the contrary +notwithstanding.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> That any person who, under color +of any law, statute, ordinance, regulation, or custom, shall subject, +or cause to be subjected, any inhabitant of any State or Territory to +the deprivation of any right secured or protected by this act, or to +different punishment, pains, or penalties on account of such person +having at any time been held in a condition of slavery or involuntary +servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall +have been duly convicted, or by reason of his color or race, than is +prescribed for the punishment of white persons, shall be deemed guilty +of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction, shall be punished by fine not +exceeding one thousand dollars, or imprisonment not exceeding one year, +or both, in the discretion of the court.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> That the district courts of +the United States, within their respective districts, shall have, +exclusively of the courts of the several States, cognizance of all +crimes and offences committed against the provisions of this act, and +also, concurrently with the circuit courts of the United States, of all +causes, civil and criminal, affecting persons who are denied or cannot +enforce in the courts or judicial tribunals of the State or locality +where they may be any of the rights secured to them by the first +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</span> +section of this act; and if any suit or prosecution, civil or criminal, +has been or shall be commenced in any State court against any such +person, for any cause whatsoever, or against any officer, civil or +military, or other person, for any arrest or imprisonment, trespasses, +or wrongs done or committed by virtue or under color of authority +derived from this act or the act establishing a bureau for the relief +of freedmen and refugees, and all acts amendatory thereof, or for +refusing to do any act upon the ground that it would be inconsistent +with this act, such defendant shall have the right to remove such +cause for trial to the proper district or circuit court in the manner +prescribed by the “Act relating to <i>habeas corpus</i> and regulating +judicial proceedings in certain cases,” approved March three, eighteen +hundred and sixty-three, and all acts amendatory thereof. The +jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters hereby conferred on the +district and circuit courts of the United States shall be exercised +and enforced in conformity with the laws of the United States, so far +as such laws are suitable to carry the same into effect; but in all +cases where such laws are not adapted to the object, or are deficient +in the provisions necessary to furnish suitable remedies and punish +offences against law, the common law, as modified and changed by +the constitution and statutes of the State wherein the court having +jurisdiction of the cause, civil or criminal, is held, so far as the +same is not inconsistent with the Constitution and laws of the United +States, shall be extended to and govern said courts in the trial +and disposition of such cause, and, if of a criminal nature, in the +infliction of punishment on the party found guilty.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> That the district attorneys, +marshals, and deputy marshals of the United States, the commissioners +appointed by the circuit court and territorial courts of the United +States, with power of arresting, imprisoning, or bailing offenders +against the laws of the United States, the officers and agents of +the Freedmen’s Bureau, and every other officer who may be specially +empowered by the President of the United States, shall be, and they +are hereby, specially authorized and required, at the expense of the +United States, to institute proceedings against all and every person +who shall violate the provisions of this act, and cause him or them to +be arrested and imprisoned, or bailed, as the case may be, for trial +before such court of the United States or territorial court as by +this act has cognizance of the offence. And with a view to affording +reasonable protection to all persons in their constitutional rights +of equality before the law, without distinction of race or color, or +previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude, except as a +punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, +and to the prompt discharge of the duties of this act, it shall be the +duty of the circuit courts of the United States and the superior courts +of the Territories of the United States, from time to time, to increase +the number of commissioners, so as to afford a speedy and convenient +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</span> +means for the arrest and examination of persons charged with a +violation of this act. And such commissioners are hereby authorized and +required to exercise and discharge all the powers and duties conferred +on them by this act, and the same duties with regard to offences +created by this act, as they are authorized by law to exercise with +regard to other offences against the laws of the United States.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 5.</span> That it shall be the duty of +all marshals and deputy marshals to obey and execute all warrants +and precepts issued under the provisions of this act, when to them +directed; and should any marshal or deputy marshal refuse to receive +such warrant or other process when tendered, or to use all proper means +diligently to execute the same, he shall, on conviction thereof, be +fined in the sum of one thousand dollars, to the use of the person +upon whom the accused is alleged to have committed the offence. And +the better to enable the said commissioners to execute their duties +faithfully and efficiently, in conformity with the Constitution of +the United States and the requirements of this act, they are hereby +authorized and empowered, within their counties respectively, to +appoint, in writing, under their hands, any one or more suitable +persons, from time to time, to execute all such warrants and other +process that may be issued by them in the lawful performance of their +respective duties; and the persons so appointed to execute any warrant +or process as aforesaid shall have authority to summon and call to +their aid the bystanders or the <i>posse comitatus</i> of the proper +county, or such portion of the land and naval forces of the United +States, or of the militia, as may be necessary to the performance +of the duty with which they are charged, and to insure a faithful +observance of the clause of the Constitution which prohibits slavery, +in conformity with the provisions of this act; and said warrants shall +run and be executed by said officers anywhere in the State or Territory +within which they are issued.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 6.</span> That any person who shall +knowingly and wilfully obstruct, hinder or prevent any officer, or +other person charged with the execution of any warrant or process +issued under the provisions of this act, or any person or persons +lawfully assisting him or them, from arresting any person for whose +apprehension such warrant or process may have been issued, or shall +rescue or attempt to rescue such person from the custody of the +officer, other person or persons, or those lawfully assisting as +aforesaid, when so arrested pursuant to the authority herein given +and declared, or shall aid, abet, or assist any person so arrested +as aforesaid, directly or indirectly, to escape from the custody of +the officer or other person legally authorized as aforesaid, or shall +harbor or conceal any person for whose arrest a warrant or process +shall have been issued as aforesaid, so as to prevent his discovery and +arrest after notice or knowledge of the fact that a warrant has been +issued for the apprehension of such person, shall, for either of said +offences, be subject to a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars, and +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</span> +imprisonment not exceeding six months, by indictment and conviction +before the district court of the United States for the district in +which said offence may have been committed, or before the proper court +of criminal jurisdiction, if committed within any one of the organized +Territories of the United States.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 7.</span> That the district attorneys, +the marshals, their deputies, and the clerks of the said district and +territorial courts shall be paid for their services the like fees as +may be allowed to them for similar services in other cases; and in all +cases where the proceedings are before a commissioner, he shall be +entitled to a fee of ten dollars in full for his services in each case, +inclusive of all services incident to such arrest and examination. The +person or persons authorized to execute the process to be issued by +such commissioners for the arrest of offenders against the provisions +of this act shall be entitled to a fee of five dollars for each +person he or they may arrest and take before any such commissioner as +aforesaid, with such other fees as may be deemed reasonable by such +commissioner for such other additional services as may be necessarily +performed by him or them, such as attending at the examination, keeping +the prisoner in custody, and providing him with food and lodging during +his detention, and until the final determination of such commissioner, +and in general for performing such other duties as may be required +in the premises; such fees to be made up in conformity with the fees +usually charged by the officers of the courts of justice within the +proper district or county, as near as may be practicable, and paid out +of the treasury of the United States on the certificate of the judge +of the district within which the arrest is made, and to be recoverable +from the defendant as part of the judgment in case of conviction.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 8.</span> That whenever the President of +the United States shall have reason to believe that offences have been, +or are likely to be committed against the provisions of this act within +any judicial district, it shall be lawful for him, in his discretion, +to direct the judge, marshal, and district attorney of such district +to attend at such place within the district, and for such time as he +may designate, for the purpose of the more speedy arrest and trial +of persons charged with a violation of this act; and it shall be the +duty of every judge or other officer, when any such requisition shall +be received by him, to attend at the place and for the time therein +designated.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 9.</span> That it shall be lawful for the +President of the United States, or such person as he may empower for +that purpose, to employ such part of the land or naval forces of the +United States, or of the militia, as shall be necessary to prevent the +violation and enforce the due execution of this act.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 10.</span> That upon all questions of law +arising in any cause under the provisions of this act, a final appeal +may be taken to the Supreme Court of the United States.</p> + +<p>The Bill passed in the Senate over the President’s veto by the vote +of 33 yeas to 15 nays, and in the House by 122 yeas to 41 nays.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT.</h2> +<hr class="r10"> +</div> + +<p class="center">The Amendment proposed to the Constitution, June 8, 1866.</p> + +<h3>ARTICLE XIV.</h3> + +<p><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span> All persons born or +naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction +thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein +they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge +the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor +shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, +without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its +jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> Representatives shall be +apportioned among the several States according to their respective +numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding +Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the +choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United +States, representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial +officers of a State, or the members of the legislature thereof, is +denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one +years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way +abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the +basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion +which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number +of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> No person shall be a senator or +representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, +or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or +under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of +Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any +State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, +to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in +insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to +the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each +house, remove such disability.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> The validity of the public debt +of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</span> +payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing +insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the +United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation +incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, +or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such +debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 5.</span> The Congress shall have power to +enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.</p> + +<p>The Amendment passed the Senate by a vote of 33 yeas to 11 nays; and +the House by a vote of 138 yeas to 36 nays.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT BILL.</h2> +<hr class="r10"> +</div> + +<p class="center"><i>AN ACT for the More Efficient Government of the Rebel States.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="neg-indent"><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, No legal +State government, or adequate protection for life, or property, now +exists in the rebel States of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, +Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana, Florida, Texas, and Arkansas; and,</p> + +<p class="neg-indent"><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, It is +necessary that peace and good order should be enforced in said States +until loyal and republican State governments can be established; +therefore,</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Be it enacted, etc.</i>, That said rebel States shall be divided +into military districts, and made subject to the military authority +of the United States, as hereinafter prescribed; and for that purpose +Virginia shall constitute the first district; North Carolina and South +Carolina the second district; Georgia, Alabama, and Florida the third +district; Mississippi and Arkansas the fourth district; Louisiana and +Texas the fifth district.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> That it shall be the duty of +the President to assign to the command of each of said districts an +officer of the army, not below the rank of brigadier-general, and to +detail a sufficient military force to enable such officer to perform +his duties and enforce his authority within the district to which he is +assigned.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> That it shall be the duty of +each officer assigned, as aforesaid, to protect all persons in their +rights of person and property; to suppress insurrection, disorder, and +violence, and to punish, and cause to be punished, all disturbers of +the public peace, and criminals; and to this end he may allow loyal +civil tribunals to take jurisdiction of and try offenders; or, when +in his judgment it may be necessary, for the trial of offenders, he +shall have power to organize military commissions or tribunals for +that purpose; and all interference under color of State authority with +the exercise of military authority under this act shall be null and +void.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> That all persons put under +military arrest by virtue of this act shall be tried without +unnecessary delay, and no cruel or unusual punishment shall be +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</span> +inflicted, and no sentence of any military commission or tribunal, +hereby authorized, affecting the life or liberty of any person, shall +be executed until it is approved by the officer in command of the +district; and the laws and regulations for the government of the +army shall not be affected by this act, except in so far as they may +conflict with its provisions.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 5.</span> That when the people of any one +of said rebel States shall have formed a constitutional government, in +conformity with the Constitution of the United States in all respects, +framed by a convention of delegates elected by the persons who may vote +upon the ratification or rejection thereof, as hereinafter provided; +and when said constitution, so framed, shall have been ratified by a +majority of the male citizens of said State, twenty-one years old and +upward, of whatever race, color, or previous condition of servitude, +who may have been resident in said State for one year previous to the +day of voting on the question of ratifying such constitution, except +such as may be disfranchised for participating in the rebellion, or for +felony at common law; and when such constitution shall provide that +the elective franchise shall be enjoyed by all such persons that have +the qualifications herein stated, and shall have been submitted to +Congress for examination, and Congress shall have approved the same; +and when said State, by a vote of its legislature elected under said +constitution, shall have adopted the amendment to the Constitution +of the United States, proposed by the Thirty-ninth Congress, and +known as article fourteen, and when said article shall become a +part of the Constitution of the United States, such State shall be +declared entitled to representation in Congress, and senators and +representatives shall be admitted thereupon, on their taking the oath +prescribed by the law; and then and thereafter the preceding sections +of this bill shall be inoperative in said State.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 6</span>, (proposed by Mr. Doolittle,) +provides that the penalty of death shall not be inflicted by the +military power without the approval of the President.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 7.</span> (Shellabarger’s amendment.) +That until the people of said rebel States shall, by law, be admitted +to representation in the Congress of the United States, the civil +governments that may exist therein shall be deemed provisional only, +and shall be in all respects subject to the paramount authority of +the United States, which may at any time abolish, modify, control, +and supersede the same, and in all elections to any office under such +provisional governments all persons shall be entitled to vote, and +none others, who are entitled to vote under the provisions of the +fifth section of this act, and no person shall be eligible to any +office under such provisional governments who would be disqualified +from holding office under the provisions of the third article of said +Constitutional Amendment.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">SUPPLEMENT TO<br> THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT BILL.</h2> +<hr class="r10"> +</div> + +<p class="center"><i>Passed at the First Session of the Fortieth Congress.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="neg-indent"><span class="smcap">An Act</span> supplementary +to an act entitled, “An act to provide for the more efficient +government of the rebel States,” passed March second, eighteen hundred +and sixty-seven, and to facilitate restoration.</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the +United States of America in Congress assembled</i>, That before +the first day of September, eighteen hundred and sixty-seven, the +commanding general in each district defined by an act entitled, +“An act to provide for the more efficient government of the rebel +States,” passed March second, eighteen hundred and sixty-seven, shall +cause a registration to be made of the male citizens of the United +States, twenty-one years of age and upward, resident in each county +or parish in the State or States included in his district, which +registration shall include only those persons who are qualified to +vote for delegates by the act aforesaid, and who shall have taken +and subscribed the following oath or affirmation: “I, ————, do +solemnly swear, (or affirm,) in the presence of Almighty God, that I +am a citizen of the State of ————; that I have resided in said +State for ———— months next preceding this day, and now reside in +the county of ————, or the parish of ————, in said State, (as +the case may be;) that I am twenty-one years old; that I have not been +disfranchised for participation in any rebellion or civil war against +the United States, nor for felony committed against the laws of any +State or of the United States; that I have never been a member of any +State legislature, nor held any executive or judicial office in any +State, and afterward engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the +United States, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof; that I +have never taken an oath as a member of Congress of the United States, +or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State +legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to +support the Constitution of the United States, and afterward engaged +in insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or given aid +or comfort to the enemies thereof; that I will faithfully support the +Constitution and obey the laws of the United States, and will, to the +best of my ability, encourage others so to do, so help me God;” which +oath or affirmation may be administered by any registering officer.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, +That after the completion of the registration hereby provided for in +any State, at such time and places therein as the commanding general +shall appoint and direct, of which at least thirty days’ public notice +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</span> +shall be given, an election shall be held of delegates to a convention +for the purpose of establishing a constitution and civil government for +such State loyal to the Union, said convention in each State, except +Virginia, to consist of the same number of members as the most numerous +branch of the State legislature of such State in the year eighteen +hundred and sixty, to be apportioned among the several districts, +counties, or parishes of such State by the commanding general, giving +to each representation in the ratio of voters registered as aforesaid +as nearly as may be. The convention in Virginia shall consist of the +same number of members as represented the territory now constituting +Virginia in the most numerous branch of the legislature of said +State in the year eighteen hundred and sixty, to be apportioned as +aforesaid.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, +That at said election the registered voters of each State shall vote +for or against a convention to form a constitution therefor under +this act. Those voting in favor of such a convention shall have +written or printed on the ballots by which they vote for delegates, +as aforesaid, the words, “For a convention;” and those voting against +such a convention shall have written or printed on such ballots the +words, “Against a convention.” The persons appointed to superintend +said election, and to make return of the votes given thereat, as herein +provided, shall count and make return of the votes given for and +against a convention; and the commanding general to whom the same shall +have been returned shall ascertain and declare the total vote in each +State for and against a convention. If a majority of the votes given on +that question shall be for a convention, then such convention shall be +held as hereinafter provided; but if a majority of said votes shall be +against a convention, then no such convention shall be held under this +act: <i>Provided</i>, That such convention shall not be held unless a +majority of all such registered voters shall have voted on the question +of holding such convention.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, +That the commanding general of each district shall appoint as many +boards of registration as may be necessary, consisting of three loyal +officers or persons, to make and complete the registration, superintend +the election, and make return to him of the votes, list of voters, +and of the persons elected as delegates, by a plurality of the votes +cast at said election; and upon receiving said returns, he shall open +the same, ascertain the persons elected as delegates, according to +the returns of the officers who conducted said election, and make +proclamation thereof; and if a majority of the votes given on that +question shall be for a convention, the commanding general, within +sixty days from the date of election, shall notify the delegates to +assemble in convention, at a time and place to be mentioned in the +notification; and said convention, when organized, shall proceed to +frame a constitution and civil government according to the provisions +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</span> +of this act, and the act to which it is supplementary; and when the +same shall have been so framed, said constitution shall be submitted +by the convention for ratification to the persons registered under the +provisions of this act, at an election to be conducted by the officers +or persons appointed or to be appointed by the commanding general, as +hereinbefore provided, and to be held after the expiration of thirty +days from the date of notice thereof, to be given by said convention; +and the returns thereof shall be made to the commanding general of the +district.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 5.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, +That if, according to said returns, the constitution shall be ratified +by a majority of the votes of the registered electors qualified as +herein specified, cast at said election, at least one-half of all the +registered voters voting upon the question of such ratification, the +president of the convention shall transmit a copy of the same, duly +certified, to the President of the United States, who shall forthwith +transmit the same to Congress, if then in session, and if not in +session, then immediately upon its next assembling; and if it shall +moreover appear to Congress that the election was one at which all the +registered and qualified electors in the State had an opportunity to +vote freely and without restraint, fear, or the influence of fraud, +and if the Congress shall be satisfied that such constitution meets +the approval of a majority of all the qualified electors in the +State, and if the said constitution shall be declared by Congress +to be in conformity with the provisions of the act to which this +is supplementary, and the other provisions of said act shall have +been complied with, and the said constitution shall be approved by +Congress, the State shall be declared entitled to representation, and +senators and representatives shall be admitted therefrom, as therein +provided.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 6.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, +That all elections in the States mentioned in the said “Act to provide +for the more efficient government of the rebel States,” shall, during +the operation of said act, be by ballot; and all officers making the +said registration of voters and conducting said elections shall, before +entering upon the discharge of their duties, take and subscribe the +oath prescribed by the act approved July second, eighteen hundred +and sixty-two, entitled, “An act to prescribe an oath of office:” +<i>Provided</i>, That if any person shall knowingly and falsely +take and subscribe any oath in this act prescribed, such person so +offending, and being thereof duly convicted, shall be subject to the +pains, penalties, and disabilities which by law are provided for the +punishment of the crime of willful and corrupt perjury.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 7.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, +That all expenses incurred by the several commanding generals, or by +virtue of any orders issued, or appointments made, by them, under or by +virtue of this act, shall be paid out of any moneys in the treasury not +otherwise appropriated.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 8.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, +That the convention for each State shall prescribe the fees, salary, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</span> +and compensation to be paid to all delegates and other officers and +agents herein authorized or necessary to carry into effect the purposes +of this act not herein otherwise provided for, and shall provide for +the levy and collection of such taxes on the property in such State as +may be necessary to pay the same.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 9.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>, +That the word “article,” in the sixth section of the act to which this +is supplementary, shall be construed to mean “section.”</p> + +<p class="author">SCHUYLER COLFAX,  <br> +Speaker of the House of Representatives.<br> +B. F. WADE,<span class="ws3"> </span><br> +President of the Senate <i>pro tempore</i>.</p> + +<p>After the election which was held early in February, 1868, upon the +ratification of a new Constitution for the State of Alabama, the law +was so amended by Congress that a majority of the votes cast (instead +of a majority of the registered voters) should be required to ratify or +reject State constitutions in the seceded States.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/buchanan.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="535" > + <p class="f120"><b>JAMES BUCHANAN.</b></p> +</div> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">HISTORY OF<br> THE NATIONAL BANKS.</h2> +</div> + +<p class="center"><b>DIGEST OF THE LAW, ETC.</b></p> +<hr class="r10"> + +<p><i>Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the +United States of America in Congress assembled</i>, That there shall +be established in the Treasury Department a separate Bureau, the chief +officer of which shall be denominated the Comptroller of the Currency, +who shall be under the general direction of the Secretary of the +Treasury.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 5.</span> That associations for carrying +on the business of banking may be formed by any number of persons, +not less in any case than five, who shall enter into articles of +association, which shall specify in general terms the object for which +the association is formed, and may contain any other provisions, not +inconsistent with the provisions of this act, which the association may +see fit to adopt for the regulation of the business of the association +and the conduct of its affairs, which said articles shall be signed +by the persons uniting to form the association, and a copy of them +forwarded to the Comptroller of the Currency, to be filed and preserved +in his office.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 6.</span> That the persons uniting to form +such an association shall, under their hands, make an organization +certificate, which shall specify—</p> + +<p>First. The name assumed by such association, which name shall be +subject to the approval of the Comptroller.</p> + +<p>Second. The place where its operations of discount and deposit are +to be carried on, designating the State, Territory, or District, and +also the particular county and city, town or village.</p> + +<p>Third. The amount of its capital stock, and the number of shares +into which the same shall be divided.</p> + +<p>Fourth. The names and places of residence of the shareholders, and +the number of shares held by each of them.</p> + +<p>Fifth. A declaration that said certificate is made to enable such +persons to avail themselves of the advantages of this act.</p> + +<p>The said certificate shall be acknowledged before a judge of some +court of record or a notary public, and such certificate, with the +acknowledgment thereof authenticated by the seal of such court or +notary, shall be transmitted to the Comptroller of the Currency, who +shall record and carefully preserve the same in his office. Copies of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</span> +such certificate, duly certified by the Comptroller, and authenticated +by his seal of office, shall be legal and sufficient evidence in all +courts and places within the United States, or the jurisdiction of the +Government thereof, of the existence of such association, and of every +other matter or thing which could be proved by the production of the +original certificate.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 7.</span> That no association shall be +organized under this act, with a less capital than one hundred thousand +dollars, nor in a city whose population exceeds fifty thousand persons, +with a less capital than two hundred thousand dollars: <i>Provided</i>, +That banks with a capital of not less than fifty thousand dollars +may, with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, be organized +in any place, the population of which does not exceed six thousand +inhabitants.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 8.</span> That every association formed, +pursuant to the provisions of this act, shall, from the date of the +execution of its organization certificate, be a body-corporate, but +shall transact no business except such as may be incidental to its +organization and necessarily preliminary, until authorized by the +Comptroller of the Currency to commence the business of banking. Such +association shall have power to adopt a corporate seal, and shall have +succession by the name designated in its organization certificate, +for the period of twenty years from its organization, unless sooner +dissolved according to the provisions of its articles of association, +or by the act of its shareholders owning two-thirds of its stock, or +unless the franchise shall be forfeited by a violation of this act; by +such name it may make contracts, sue and be sued, complain and defend, +in any court of law and equity as fully as natural persons; it may +elect or appoint directors, and by its board of directors appoint a +president, vice-president, cashier, and other officers, define their +duties, require bonds of them, and fix the penalty thereof, dismiss +said officers or any of them at pleasure, and appoint others to fill +their places, and exercise under this act all such incidental powers as +shall be necessary to carry on the business of banking by discounting +and negotiating promissory notes, drafts, bills of exchange, and +other evidences of debt; by receiving deposits; by buying and selling +exchange, coin, and bullion; by loaning money on personal security; by +obtaining, issuing, and circulating notes according to the provisions +of this act; and its board of directors shall also have power to define +and regulate by by-laws, not inconsistent with the provisions of this +act, the manner in which its stock shall be transferred, its directors +elected or appointed, its officers appointed, its property transferred, +its general business conducted, and all the privileges granted by +this act to associations organized under it shall be exercised and +enjoyed; and its usual business shall be transacted at an office or +banking-house located in the place specified in its organization +certificate.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 9.</span> That the affairs of every +association shall be managed by not less than five directors, one of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</span> +whom shall be the president. Every director shall, during his whole +term of service, be a citizen of the United States; and at least +three-fourths of the directors shall have resided in the State, +Territory, or District in which such association is located one year +next preceding their election as directors, and be residents of the +same during their continuance in office. Each director shall own, +in his own right, at least ten shares of the capital stock of the +association of which he is a director.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 11.</span> That in all elections of +directors, and in deciding all questions at meetings of shareholders, +each shareholder shall be entitled to one vote on each share of +stock held by him. Shareholders may vote by proxies duly authorized +in writing; but no officer, clerk, teller, or book-keeper of such +association shall act as proxy; and no shareholders, whose liability is +past due and unpaid, shall be allowed to vote.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 12.</span> That the capital stock of +any association formed under this act shall be divided into shares +of one hundred dollars each, and be deemed personal property and +transferable on the books of the association; and every person becoming +a shareholder by such transfer shall, in proportion to his shares, +succeed to all the rights and liabilities of the prior holder of such +shares, and no change shall be made in the articles of association by +which the rights, remedies, or security of the existing creditors of +the association shall be impaired. The shareholders of each association +formed under the provisions of this act, and of each existing bank or +banking association that may accept the provisions of this act, shall +be held individually responsible, equally and ratably, and not one for +another, for all contracts, debts, and engagements of such association +to the extent of amount of their stock therein at the par value +thereof, in addition to the amount invested in such shares; except that +shareholders of any banking association now existing under State laws, +having not less than five millions of dollars of capital actually paid +in, and a surplus of twenty per centum on hand, both to be determined +by the Comptroller of the Currency, shall be liable only to the amount +invested in their shares; and such surplus of twenty per centum shall +be kept undiminished, and be in addition to the surplus provided for +in this act; and if at any time there shall be a deficiency in said +surplus of twenty per centum, the said banking association shall not +pay any dividends to its shareholders until such deficiency shall be +made good; and in case of such deficiency, the Comptroller of the +Currency may compel said banking association to close up its business +and wind up its affairs under the provisions of this act. And the +Comptroller shall have authority to withhold from an association his +certificate authorizing the commencement of business, whenever he shall +have reason to suppose that the shareholders thereof have formed the +same for any other than the legitimate objects contemplated by this act. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 13.</span> That it shall be lawful for +any association formed under this act, by its articles of association +to provide for an increase of its capital from time to time, as +may be deemed expedient, subject to the limitations of this act: +<i>Provided</i>, That the maximum of such increase in the articles of +association shall be determined by the Comptroller of the Currency; +and no increase of capital shall be valid until the whole amount of +such increase shall be paid in, and notice thereof shall have been +transmitted to the Comptroller of the Currency, and his certificate +obtained specifying the amount of such increase of capital stock, with +his approval thereof, and that it has been duly paid in as part of the +capital of such association. And every association shall have power, +by the vote of shareholders owning two-thirds of its capital stock, to +reduce the capital of such association to any sum not below the amount +required by this act in the formation of associations: <i>Provided</i>, +That by no such reduction shall its capital be brought below the amount +required by this act for its outstanding circulation, nor shall any +such reduction be made until the amount of the proposed reduction has +been reported to the Comptroller of the Currency and his approval +thereof obtained.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 14.</span> That at least fifty per centum +of the capital stock of every association shall be paid in before it +shall be authorized to commence business; and the remainder of the +capital stock of such association shall be paid in installments of +at least ten per centum each on the whole amount of the capital as +frequently as one installment at the end of each succeeding month +from the time it shall be authorized by the Comptroller to commence +business; and the payment of each installment shall be certified +to the Comptroller, under oath, by the president or cashier of the +association.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 16.</span> That every association, after +having complied with the provisions of this act, preliminary to the +commencement of banking business under its provisions, and before it +shall be authorized to commence business, shall transfer and deliver to +the Treasurer of the United States, any United States registered bonds +bearing interest to an amount not less than thirty thousand dollars nor +less than one-third of the capital stock paid in, which bonds shall be +deposited with the Treasurer of the United States, and by him safely +kept in his office until the same shall be otherwise disposed of, in +pursuance of the provisions of this act; and the Secretary of the +Treasury is hereby authorized to receive and cancel any United States +coupon bonds, and to issue in lieu thereof registered bonds of like +amount, bearing a like rate of interest, and having the same time to +run; and the deposit of bonds shall be, by every association, increased +as its capital may be paid up or increased, so that every association +shall at all times have on deposit with the Treasurer registered United +States bonds to the amount of at least one-third of its capital stock +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</span> +actually paid in: <i>Provided</i>, That nothing in this section shall +prevent an association that may desire to reduce its capital or to +close up its business and dissolve its organization from taking up its +bonds upon returning to the Comptroller its circulating notes in the +proportion hereinafter named in this act, nor from taking up any excess +of bonds beyond one-third of its capital stock, and upon which no +circulating notes have been delivered.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 17.</span> That whenever a certificate +shall have been transmitted to the Comptroller of the Currency, as +provided in this act, and the association transmitting the same shall +notify the Comptroller that at least fifty per centum of its capital +stock has been paid in as aforesaid, and that such association has +complied with all the provisions of this act as required to be complied +with before such association shall be authorized to commence the +business of banking, the Comptroller shall examine into the condition +of such association, ascertain especially the amount of money paid in +on account of its capital, the name and place of residence of each +of the directors of such association, and the amount of the capital +stock of which each is the bona fide owner, and generally whether such +association has complied with all the requirements of this act to +entitle it to engage in the business of banking; and shall cause to be +made and attested by the oaths of a majority of the directors and by +the president or cashier of such association, a statement of all the +facts necessary to enable the Comptroller to determine whether such +association is lawfully entitled to commence the business of banking +under this act.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 19.</span> That all transfers of United +States bonds which shall be made by any association under the +provisions of this act shall be made to the Treasurer of the United +States in trust for the association, with a memorandum written or +printed on each bond, and signed by the cashier or some other officer +of the association making the deposit, a receipt therefor to be given +to said association, or by the Comptroller of the Currency, or by a +clerk appointed by him for that purpose, stating that it is held in +trust for the association on whose behalf such transfer is made, and as +a security for the redemption and payment of any circulating notes that +may have been or may be delivered to such association. No assignment or +transfer of any such bonds by the Treasurer shall be deemed valid or +of binding force and effect unless countersigned by the Comptroller of +the Currency. It shall be the duty of the Comptroller of the Currency +to keep in his office a book in which shall be entered the name of +every association from whose accounts such transfer of bonds is made +by the Treasurer, and the name of the party to whom such transfer is +made; and the par value of the bonds so transferred shall be entered +therein; and it shall be the duty of the Comptroller, immediately upon +countersigning and entering the same, to advise by mail the association +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</span> +from whose account such transfer was made of the kind and numerical +designation of the bonds and the amount thereof so transferred.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 21.</span> That upon the transfer and +delivery of bonds to the Treasurer, as provided in the foregoing +section, the association making the same shall be entitled to receive +from the Comptroller of the Currency circulating notes of different +denominations, in blank, registered and countersigned, as hereinafter +provided, equal in amount to ninety per centum of the current market +value of the United States bonds so transferred and delivered, but +not exceeding ninety per centum of the amount of said bonds at the +par value thereof, it bearing interest at a rate not less than five +per centum per annum; and the amount of such circulating notes to be +furnished to each association shall be in proportion to its paid-up +capital, as follows, and no more: To each association whose capital +shall not exceed five hundred thousand dollars, ninety per centum of +such capital; to each association whose capital exceeds five hundred +thousand dollars, but does not exceed one million dollars, eighty per +centum of such capital; to each association whose capital exceeds +one million dollars, but does not exceed three millions of dollars, +seventy-five per centum of such capital; to each association whose +capital exceeds three millions of dollars, sixty per centum of such +capital. And that one hundred and fifty millions of dollars of the +entire amount of circulating notes authorized to be issued shall be +apportioned to associations in the States, in the District of Columbia, +and in the Territories, according to representative population, and +the remainder shall be apportioned by the Secretary of the Treasury +among associations formed in the several States, in the District of +Columbia, and in the Territories, having due regard to the existing +banking capital, resources, and business of such State, District, and +Territory. (Act as amended and approved, March 3, 1865.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 22.</span> That the entire amount of notes +for circulation to be issued under this act shall not exceed three +hundred millions of dollars. In order to furnish suitable notes for +circulation, the Comptroller of the Currency is hereby authorized and +required, under the direction of the Secretary of the Treasury, to +cause plates and dies to be engraved, in the best manner, to guard +against counterfeiting and fraudulent alterations, and to have printed +therefrom, and numbered, such quantity of circulating notes, in blank, +of the denominations of one dollar, two dollars, three dollars, five +dollars, ten dollars, twenty dollars, fifty dollars, one hundred +dollars, five hundred dollars, and one thousand dollars, as may be +required to supply, under this act, the associations entitled to +receive the same; which notes shall express upon their face that they +are secured by United States bonds, deposited with the Treasurer of the +United States by the written or engraved signatures of the Treasurer +and Register, and by the imprint of the seal of the Treasury; and +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</span> +shall also express upon their face the promise of the association +receiving the same to pay on demand, attested by the signatures of +the president or vice-president and cashier. And the said notes shall +bear such devices and such other statements, and shall be in such +form as the Secretary of the Treasury shall, by regulation, direct: +<i>Provided</i>, That not more than one-sixth part of the notes +furnished to an association shall be of a less denomination than five +dollars, and that after specie payments shall be resumed no association +shall be furnished with notes of a less denomination than five +dollars.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 23.</span> That after any such association +shall have caused its promise to pay such notes on demand to be signed +by the president or vice-president, and cashier thereof, in such manner +as to make them obligatory promissory notes, payable on demand, at its +place of business, such association is hereby authorized to issue and +circulate the same as money; and the same shall be received at par in +all parts of the United States in payment of taxes, excises, public +lands, and all other dues to the United States, except for duties on +imports; and also for all salaries and other debts and demands owing +by the United States to individuals, corporations, and associations +within the United States, except interest on the public debt, and in +redemption of the national currency. And no such association shall +issue post notes or any other notes to circulate as money than such as +are authorized by the foregoing provisions of this act.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 24.</span> That it shall be the duty of +the Comptroller of the Currency to receive worn-out or mutilated +circulating notes issued by any such banking association, and also, +on due proof of the destruction of any such circulating notes, to +deliver in place thereof to such association other blank circulating +notes to an equal amount. And such worn-out or mutilated notes, after a +memorandum shall have been entered in the proper books, in accordance +with such regulations as may be established by the Comptroller, as well +as all circulating notes which shall have been paid or surrendered to +be canceled, shall be burned to ashes in the presence of four persons, +one to be appointed by the Secretary of the Treasury, one by the +Comptroller of the Currency, one by the Treasurer of the United States, +and one by the association, under such regulations as the Secretary +of the Treasury may prescribe. And a certificate of such burning, +signed by the parties so appointed, shall be made in the books of the +Comptroller, and a duplicate thereof forwarded to the association whose +notes are thus cancelled.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 26.</span> That the bonds transferred to +and deposited with the Treasurer of the United States, as hereinbefore +provided, by any banking association for the security of its +circulating notes, shall be held exclusively for that purpose, until +such notes shall be redeemed, except as provided in this act; but the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</span> +Comptroller of the Currency shall give to any such banking association +powers of attorney to receive and appropriate to its own use the +interest on the bonds which it shall have so transferred to the +Treasurer; but such powers shall become inoperative whenever such +banking association shall fail to redeem its circulating notes as +aforesaid. Whenever the market or cash value of any bonds deposited +with the Treasurer of the United States, as aforesaid, shall be +reduced below the amount of the circulation issued for the same, the +Comptroller of the Currency is hereby authorized to demand and receive +the amount of such depreciation in other United States bonds at cash +value, or in money, from the association receiving said bills, to be +deposited with the Treasurer of the United States as long as such +depreciation continues. And said Comptroller, upon the terms prescribed +by the Secretary of the Treasury, may permit an exchange to be made of +any of the bonds deposited with the Treasurer by an association for +other bonds of the United States authorized by this act to be received +as security for circulating notes: <i>Provided</i>, that the remaining +bonds which shall have been transferred by the banking association +offering to surrender circulating notes shall be equal to the amount +required for the circulating notes not surrendered by such banking +association, and that the amount of bonds in the hands of the Treasurer +shall not be diminished below the amount required to be kept on deposit +with him by this act: <i>And provided</i>, That there shall have been +no failure by such association to redeem its circulating notes, and no +other violation by such association of the provisions of this act, and +that the market or cash value of the remaining bonds shall not be below +the amount required for the circulation issued for the same.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 27.</span> That it shall be unlawful for +any officer acting under the provisions of this act to countersign or +deliver to any association, or to any other company or person, any +circulating notes contemplated by this act, except as hereinbefore +provided, and in accordance with the true intent and meaning of this +act.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 28.</span> That it shall be lawful for +any such association to purchase, hold, and convey real estate as +follows:</p> + +<p>First. Such as shall be necessary for its immediate accommodation in +the transaction of its business.</p> + +<p>Second. Such as shall be mortgaged to it in good faith by way of +security for debts previously contracted.</p> + +<p>Third. Such as shall be conveyed to it in satisfaction of debts +previously contracted in the course of its dealings.</p> + +<p>Fourth. Such as it shall purchase at sales under judgments, decrees, +or mortgages held by such association, or shall purchase to secure +debts due to said association.</p> + +<p>Such association shall not purchase or hold real estate in any other +case or for any other purpose than as specified in this section. Nor +shall it hold the possession of any real estate under mortgage, or hold +the title and possession of any real estate purchased to secure any +debts due to it for a longer period than five years. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 29.</span> That the total liabilities to +any association, of any person, or of any company, corporation, or firm +for money borrowed, including in the liabilities of a company or firm +the liabilities of the several members thereof, shall at no time exceed +one-tenth part of the amount of the capital stock of such association +actually paid in: <i>Provided</i>, That the discount of bona fide bills +of exchange drawn against actually existing values, and the discount of +commercial or business paper actually owned by the person or persons, +corporation, or firm negotiating the same shall not be considered as +money borrowed.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec 30.</span> That every association may take, +receive, reserve, and charge on any loan or discount made, or upon +any note, bill of exchange, or other evidences of debt, interest at +the rate allowed by the laws of the State or Territory where the bank +is located, and no more, except that where by the laws of any State +a different rate is limited for banks of issue organized under State +laws, the rate so limited shall be allowed for associations organized +in any such State under this act. And when no rate is fixed by the +laws of the State or Territory, the bank may take, receive, reserve, +or charge a rate not exceeding seven per centum, and such interest may +be taken in advance, reckoning the days for which the note, bill, or +other evidence of debt has to run. And the knowingly taking, receiving, +reserving, or charging a rate of interest greater than aforesaid +shall be held and adjudged a forfeiture of the entire interest which +the note, bill, or other evidence of debt carries with it, or which +has been agreed to be paid thereon. And in case a greater rate of +interest has been paid, the person or persons paying the same, or their +legal representatives, may recover back, in any action of debt twice +the amount of the interest thus paid from the association taking or +receiving the same: <i>Provided</i>, That such action is commenced +within two years from the time the usurious transaction occurred. +But the purchase, discount, or sale of a bona fide bill of exchange, +payable at another place than the place of such purchase, discount, or +sale, at not more than the current rate of exchange for sight drafts, +in addition to the interest, shall not be considered as taking or +receiving a greater rate of interest.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 31.</span> That every association in the +cities hereinafter named shall, at all times, have on hand, in lawful +money of the United States, an amount equal to at least twenty-five +per centum of the aggregate amount of its notes in circulation and its +deposits; and every other association shall, at all times, have on +hand, in lawful money of the United States, an amount equal to at least +fifteen per centum of the aggregate amount of its notes in circulation +and of its deposits. And whenever the lawful money of any association +in any of the cities hereinafter named shall be below the amount of +twenty-five per centum of its circulation and deposits, and whenever +the lawful money of any other association shall be below fifteen per +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</span> +centum of its circulation and deposits, such association shall not +increase its liabilities by making any new loans or discounts, +otherwise than by discounting or purchasing bills of exchange payable +at sight, nor make any dividend of its profits until the required +proportion between the aggregate amount of its outstanding notes of +circulation and deposits and its lawful money of the United States +shall be restored: <i>Provided</i>, That three-fifths of said fifteen +per centum may consist of balances due to an association available for +the redemption of its circulating notes from associations approved +by the Comptroller of the Currency, organized under this act, in the +cities of Saint Louis, Louisville, Chicago, Detroit, Milwaukee, New +Orleans, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Pittsburg, Baltimore, Philadelphia, +Boston, New York, Albany, Leavenworth, San Francisco, and Washington +City: <i>Provided, also</i>, That clearing-house certificates, +representing specie or lawful money specially deposited for the purpose +of any clearing-house association, shall be deemed to be lawful money +in the possession of any association belonging to such clearing-house +holding and owning such certificate, and shall be considered to be a +part of the lawful money which such association is required to have +under the foregoing provisions of this section: <i>Provided</i>, That +the cities of Charleston and Richmond may be added to the list of +cities in the national associations, of which other associations may +keep three-fifths of their lawful money, whenever, in the opinion of +the Comptroller of the Currency, the condition of the Southern States +will warrant it. And it shall be competent for the Comptroller of the +Currency to notify any association, whose lawful money reserve as +aforesaid shall be below the amount to be kept on hand as aforesaid, to +make good such reserve; and if such association shall fail for thirty +days thereafter, so as to make good its reserve of lawful money of +the United States, the Comptroller may, with the concurrence of the +Secretary of the Treasury, appoint a receiver to wind up the business +of such association, as provided in this act.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 32.</span> That each association organized +in any of the cities named in the foregoing section shall select, +subject to the approval of the Comptroller of the Currency, an +association in the city of New York, at which it will redeem its +circulating notes at par. And each of such associations may keep +one-half of its lawful money reserve in cash deposits in the city of +New York. And each association, not organized within the cities named +in the preceding section, shall select, subject to the approval of the +Comptroller of the Currency, an association in either of the cities +named in the preceding section, at which it will redeem its circulating +notes at par. And every association formed or existing under the +provisions of this act shall take and receive at par, for any debt or +liability to said association, any and all notes or bills issued by any +association existing under and by virtue of this act.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 35.</span> That no association shall make +any loan or discount on the security of the shares of its own capital +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</span> +stock, nor be the purchaser or holder of any such shares, unless +such security or purchase shall be necessary to prevent loss upon a +debt previously contracted in good faith; and stock so purchased or +acquired, shall, within six months from the time of its purchase, be +sold or disposed of at public or private sale, in default of which a +receiver may be appointed to close up the business of the association, +according to the provisions of this act.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 36.</span> That no association shall, at +any time, be indebted, or in any way liable, to an amount exceeding its +capital stock at such time actually paid in and remaining undiminished +by losses or otherwise, except on the following accounts; that is to +say:</p> + +<p>First. On account of its notes of circulation.</p> + +<p>Second. On account of moneys deposited with, or collected by, such +association.</p> + +<p>Third. On account of bills of exchange or drafts drawn against +money actually on deposit to the credit of such association, or due +thereto.</p> + +<p>Fourth. On account of liabilities to its stockholders for dividends +and reserved profits.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 37.</span> That no association shall, +either directly or indirectly, pledge or hypothecate any of its notes +of circulation, for the purpose of procuring money to be paid in +on its capital stock, or to be used in its banking operations, or +otherwise; nor shall any association use its circulating notes, or any +part thereof, in any manner or form, to create or increase its capital +stock.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 38.</span> That no association or any +member thereof, shall, during the time it shall continue its banking +operations, withdraw, or permit to be withdrawn, either in forms of +dividends or otherwise, any portion of its capital. And if losses +shall at any time have been sustained by any such association equal to +or exceeding its dividend profits then on hand, no dividend shall be +made; and no dividend shall ever be made by any association while it +shall continue its banking operations, to an amount greater than its +net profits then on hand, deducting therefrom its losses and bad debts. +And all debts due to any association on which interest is past due +and unpaid for a period of six months, unless the same shall be well +secured, and shall be in process of collection, shall be considered bad +debt, within the meaning of this act: <i>Provided</i>, That nothing in +this section shall prevent the reduction of the capital stock of the +association under the thirteenth section of this act.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 39.</span> That no association shall at any +time pay out on loans or discounts, or in purchasing drafts or bills of +exchange, or in payment of deposits, or in any other mode pay or put in +circulation the notes of any bank or banking association which shall +not, at any such time, be receivable, at par on deposit and in payment +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</span> +of debts by the association so paying out or circulating such notes, +nor shall it knowingly pay out or put in circulation any notes issued +by any bank or banking association, which, at the time of such paying +out or putting in circulation, is not redeeming its circulating notes +in lawful money of the United States.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 41.</span> And in lieu of all existing +taxes, every association shall pay to the Treasurer of the United +States, in the months of January and July, a duty of one-half of one +per centum each half year from and after the first day of January, +eighteen hundred and sixty-four, upon the average amount of its notes +in circulation, and a duty of one quarter of one per centum each half +year upon the average amount of its deposits, and a duty of one quarter +of one per centum each half year, as aforesaid, on the average amount +of its capital stock beyond the amount invested in United States bonds. +And it shall be the duty of each association, within ten days from the +first days of January and July of each year, to make a return under +the oath of its president or cashier, to the Treasurer of the United +States, in such form as he may prescribe, of the average amount of its +notes in circulation, and of the average amount of its deposits, and of +the average amount of its capital stock beyond the amount invested in +United States bonds, for the six months next preceding said first days +of January and July as aforesaid: <i>Provided</i>, That nothing in this +act shall be construed to prevent all the shares in any of the said +associations, held by any person or body-corporate from being included +in the valuation of the personal property of such person or corporation +in the assessment of taxes imposed by or under State authority at the +place where such bank is located, and not elsewhere, but not at a +greater rate than is assessed upon other moneyed capital in the hands +of individual citizens of such State: <i>Provided further</i>, That +the tax so imposed under the laws of any State upon the shares of any +of the associations authorized by this act shall not exceed the rate +imposed upon the shares in any of the banks organized under authority +of the State where such association is located: <i>Provided, also</i>, +That nothing in this act shall exempt the real estate of associations +from either State, county, or municipal taxes to the same extent, +according to its value, as other real estate is taxed.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 42.</span> That any association may go +into liquidation and be closed by the vote of its shareholders owning +two-thirds of its stock. And whenever such vote shall be taken it shall +be the duty of the board of directors to cause notice of this fact to +be certified, under the seal of the association, by its president or +cashier, to the Comptroller of the Currency, and publication thereof +to be made for a period of two months in a newspaper, published in the +city of New York, and also in a newspaper published in a city or town +in which the association is located; and one year after that time the +outstanding notes of said association shall be redeemed at the Treasury +of the United States, and the said association and the shareholders +thereof shall be discharged from all liabilities therefor. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 44.</span> That any bank incorporated by +special law, or any banking institution organized under a general +law of any State, may, by authority of this act, become a national +association under its provisions, by the name prescribed in its +organization certificate; and in such case the articles of association +and the organization certificate required by this act may be executed +by a majority of the directors of the bank or banking institution; +and said certificate shall declare that the owners of two-thirds +of the capital stock shall have authorized the directors to make +such certificate and to change and convert the said bank or banking +institution into a national association under this act. And a majority +of the directors, after executing said articles of association and +organization certificate, shall have power to execute all other papers, +and to do whatever may be required to make its organization perfect +and complete as a national association. The shares of any such bank +may continue to be for the same amount each as they were before said +conversion, and the directors aforesaid may be the directors of the +association until others are elected or appointed in accordance with +the provisions of this act; and any State bank which is a stockholder +in any other bank, by authority of State laws, may continue to hold +its stock, although either bank, or both, may be organized under and +have accepted the provisions of this act. When the Comptroller shall +give to such association a certificate, under his hand and official +seal, that the provisions of this act have been complied with, and that +it is authorized to commence the business of banking under it, the +association shall have the same powers and privileges, and shall be +subject to the same duties, responsibilities and rules, in all respects +as are prescribed in this act for other associations organized under +it, and shall be held and regarded as an association under this act: +<i>Provided, however</i>, That no such association shall have a less +capital than the amount prescribed for banking associations under this +act.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 45.</span> That all associations under +this act, when designated for that purpose by the Secretary of the +Treasury, shall be depositaries of public money, except receipts from +customs, under such regulations as may be prescribed by the Secretary; +and they may also be employed as financial agents of the Government; +and they shall perform all such reasonable duties, as depositaries +of public moneys and financial agents of the Government, as may be +required of them. And the Secretary of the Treasury shall require of +the associations thus designated satisfactory security, by the deposit +of United States bonds and otherwise, for the safe keeping and prompt +payment of the public money deposited with them, and for the faithful +performance of their duties as financial agents of the Government: +<i>Provided</i>, That every association which shall be selected and +designated as receiver or depositary of the public money, shall take +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</span> +and receive at par all of the national currency bills, by whatever +association issued, which have been paid in to the Government for +internal revenue, or for loans or stocks.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 46.</span> That if any such association +shall at any time fail to redeem, in the lawful money of the United +States, any of its circulating notes, when payment thereof shall be +lawfully demanded during the usual hours of business, at the office of +such association, or at its place of redemption aforesaid, the holder +may cause the same to be protested, in one package, by a notary public, +unless the president or cashier of the association, whose notes are +presented for payment, or the president or cashier of the association +at the place at which they are redeemable, shall offer to waive demand +and notice of the protest, and shall, in pursuance of such offer, +make, sign, and deliver to the party making such demand, an admission +in writing, stating the time of the demand, the amount demanded, and +the fact of the non-payment thereof; and such notary public, on making +such protest, or upon receiving such admission, shall forthwith forward +such admission or notice of protest to the Comptroller of the Currency, +retaining a copy thereof. And after such default, on examination of +the facts by the Comptroller, and notice by him to the association, it +shall not be lawful for the association suffering the same to pay out +any of its notes, discount any notes or bills, or otherwise prosecute +the business of banking, except to receive and safely keep money +belonging to it, and to deliver special deposits. <i>Provided</i>, +That if satisfactory proof be produced to such notary public, that +the payment of any such notes is restrained by order of any court of +competent jurisdiction, such notary public shall not protest the same; +and when the holder of such notes shall cause more than one note or +package to be protested on the same day, he shall not receive pay for +more than one protest.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 56.</span> That all suits and proceedings +arising out of the provisions of this act, in which the United States +or its officers or agents shall be parties, shall be conducted by the +district attorneys of the several districts, under the direction and +supervision of the Solicitor of the Treasury.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 57.</span> That suits, actions, and +proceedings against any association under this act, may be had in any +circuit, district, or territorial court of the United States held +within the district in which such association may be established; or +in any State, county, or municipal court in the county or city in +which said association is located, having jurisdiction in similar +cases: <i>Provided, however</i>, That all proceedings to enjoin the +Comptroller under this act shall be had in a circuit, district, or +territorial court of the United States, held in the district in which +the association is located.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 58.</span> That every person who shall +mutilate, cut, deface, disfigure, or perforate with holes, or shall +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</span> +unite or cement together, or do any other thing to any bank bill, +draft, note, or other evidence of debt, issued by any such association, +or shall cause or procure the same to be done, with intent to render +such bank bill, draft, note, or other evidence of debt unfit to be +reissued by said association, shall, upon conviction, forfeit fifty +dollars to the association who shall be injured thereby, to be +recovered by action in any court having jurisdiction.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 61.</span> That it shall be the duty of +the Comptroller of the Currency to report annually to Congress at the +commencement of its session—</p> + +<p>First. A summary of the state and condition of every association +from whom reports have been received the preceding year, at the several +dates to which such reports refer, with an abstract of the whole amount +of banking capital returned by them, of the whole amount of their debts +and liabilities, the amount of circulating notes outstanding, and the +total amount of means and resources, specifying the amount of lawful +money held by them at the times of their several returns, and such, +other information in relation to said associations as, in his judgment +may be useful.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 110.</span> That there shall be levied, +collected, and paid a duty of one twenty-fourth of one per centum each +month upon the average amount of the deposits of money, subject to +payment by check or draft, or represented by certificates of deposit +or otherwise, whether payable on demand or at some future day, with +any person, bank, association, company or corporation engaged in the +business of banking; and a duty of one twenty-fourth of one per centum +each month, as aforesaid, upon the average amount of the capital of any +bank, association, company or corporation, or person engaged in the +business of banking, beyond the amount invested in United States bonds; +and a duty of one-twelfth of one per centum each month upon the average +amount of circulation issued by any bank, association, corporation, +company or person, including as circulation all certified checks and +all notes and other obligations circulated or intended to circulate, +or to be used as money, but not including that in the vault of the +bank, or redeemed and on deposit for said bank, and an additional duty +of one-sixth of one per centum each month upon the average amount of +such circulation, issued as aforesaid, beyond the amount of ninety +per centum of the capital of any such bank, association, corporation, +company or person, and upon any amount of such circulation beyond the +average amount of the circulation that had been issued as aforesaid +by any such bank, association, corporation, company or person, for +the six months preceding the first day of July, eighteen hundred and +sixty-four. And on the first Monday of August next, and of each month +thereafter, a true and accurate return of the amount of circulation, of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</span> +deposit and of capital, as aforesaid, for the previous month, shall be +made and rendered in duplicate by each of such banks, associations, +corporations, companies or persons, to the assessor of the district +in which any such bank, association, corporation or company may be +located, or in which such person may reside, with a declaration annexed +thereto, and the oath or affirmation of such person, or the president +or cashier of such bank, association, corporation or company, in such +form and manner as may be prescribed by the Commissioner of Internal +Revenue, that the same contains a true and faithful statement of the +amount of circulation, deposits, and capital, as aforesaid, subject +to duty as aforesaid, and shall transmit the duplicate of said return +to the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, and within twenty days +thereafter shall pay to the said Commissioner of Internal Revenue the +duties hereinbefore prescribed upon the said amount of circulation, of +deposits and of capital, as aforesaid. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</span></p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</span></p> +<div class="chapter"> +<h2 class="nobreak fs_110">History of Finances, Loans, Bonds, Legal Tender<br> +Notes of the U. S., etc., from 1841 to the Present Time.</h2> +</div> + +<table class="spb1 bt2"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110 bb" colspan="2"><b>Acts Authorizing Loans, and Synopsis of same.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="12"> <br>Acts of<br> July 21, 1841,<br>and<br>April 15, 1842.</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized a loan of $12,000,000, bearing interest at a</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">rate not exceeding 6 per cent. per annum, and</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">reimbursable at the will of the Secretary, after six</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">months’ notice, or atany time after three years from</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">Jan. 1, 1842. The act of April 15, 1842, authorized</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">the loan of an additional sum of $5,000,000, and made</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">the amount obtained on the loan, after the passage of</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">this act, reimbursable after six months’ notice, or at</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">any time not exceeding twenty years from Jan, 1, 1843.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">This loan was made for the purpose of redeeming</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">outstanding Treasury notes, and to defray any of the</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">public expenses.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="13"> <br>Act of<br>Jan. 28, 1847.</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized the issue of $23,000,000 in Treasury notes,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">bearing interest at a rate not exceeding 6 per cent.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">per annum, with authority to borrow any portion of the</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">amount, and issue bonds therefor, bearing interest at</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">a rate not exceeding 6 per cent. and redeemable after</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">Dec. 31, 1867. The 13th section authorized the funding</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">of these notes into bonds of the same description. The</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">act limited the amount to be borrowed or issued in</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">Treasury notes, and funded as aforesaid, to $23,000,000,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">but authorized the funding of Treasury notes issued</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">under former acts beyond that amount. The excess of</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">the $23,000,000 is made up of Treasury notes funded</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">under the 14th section.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="5"> <br>Act of<br>March 31, 1848.</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized a loan of $16,000,000, bearing interest at a</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">rate not exceeding 6 per cent. per annum, and</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">reimbursable at any time after twenty years from July 1,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">1848. Authority was given to the Secretary to purchase</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">the stock at any time.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="8"> <br>Act of<br>Sept. 9, 1850.</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized the issue of $10,000,000 in bonds, bearing</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">5 per cent. interest, and redeemable at the end of</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">fourteen years, to indemnify the State of Texas for</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">her relinquishment of all claims upon the United States</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">for liability of the debts of Texas, and for compensation</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">for the surrender to the United States of her ships, forts,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">arsenals, custom-houses, &c., which became the property</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">of the United States at the time of annexation.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc">Old funded</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Consisting of unclaimed dividends upon stocks issued</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc">and</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">before the year 1800, and those issued during the war</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc bb">unfunded debts.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">of 1812.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc">Acts prior</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Different issues of Treasury notes.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc bb">to 1857.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="5"> <br>Act of<br>Dec. 23, 1857.</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized an issue of $20,000,000 in Treasury notes,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">bearing interest at a rate not exceeding 6 per cent.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">per annum, and receivable in payment of all public</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">dues, and to be redeemed after the expiration of one</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">year from the date of said notes.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="5"> <br>Act of<br>June 14, 1858.</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized a loan of $20,000,000, bearing interest at a</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">rate not exceeding 5 per cent. per annum, and</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">reimbursable, at the option of the Government, at any</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">time after the expiration of fifteen years from</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">Jan. 1, 1859.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="5"> <br>Act of<br>June 22, 1860.</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized a loan of $21,000,000, bearing interest at</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">a rate not exceeding 6 per cent. per annum, and</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">reimbursable within a period not beyond twenty years,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">and not less than ten years, for the redemption of</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">outstanding Treasury notes, and for no other purpose.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="7"> <br>Act of<br>Dec. 17, 1860.</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized an issue of $10,000,000 in Treasury notes to</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">be redeemed after the expiration of one year from the</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">date of issue, and bearing such a rate of interest as</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">may be offered by the lowest bidders. Authority was</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">given to issue these notes in payment of warrants in</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">favor of public creditors at their par value, bearing</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">six per cent. per annum. + <span class="pagenum" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</span></td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = Rate of interest.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = Price of emission.</li> +</ul> + +<table class="spb1 fs_90"> + <thead><tr class="bt2 bb"> + <th class="tdc"> </th> + <th class="tdc bl">Title.</th> + <th class="tdc bl">Length<br>of Loan.</th> + <th class="tdc bl">When<br>redeemable.</th> + <th class="tdc fs_120 bl">(A)</th> + <th class="tdc fs_120 bl"> (B) </th> + <th class="tdc bl">Amount<br>authorized.</th> + <th class="tdc bl">Amount<br>issued.</th> + <th class="tdc bl">Amount<br>outstanding.</th> + </tr></thead> + <tbody><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdc">Acts of<br>July 21, 1841,<br>and<br>April 15, 1842.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Loan of<br>1842</td> + <td class="tdc bl">20<br>years</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> After Dec. 31, <br>1862.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">6 % per<br>annum.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> $17,000,000</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">$8,000,000</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">$64,768 68</td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdc">Act of<br>Jan. 28, 1847.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Loan of<br>1847</td> + <td class="tdc bl">20<br>years</td> + <td class="tdc bl">After Dec. 31,<br>1867.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">6 % per<br>annum.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">23,000,000</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">28,207,000</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">7,160,200 00</td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdc">Act of<br>March 31,</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Loan of<br>1848</td> + <td class="tdc bl">20<br>years</td> + <td class="tdc bl">After July 1,<br>1868.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">6 % per<br>annum.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">16,000,000</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">16,000,000</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">8,020,941 80</td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdc">Act of<br>Sept. 9, 1859.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Texas<br> indemnity </td> + <td class="tdc bl">15<br>years</td> + <td class="tdc bl">After Dec. 31,<br>1864</td> + <td class="tdc bl">5 % per<br>annum.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">10,000,000</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">5,000,000</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">263,000 00</td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdc">Old funded<br>and<br>unfunded<br>debts.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Old<br>funded<br>debt</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> Demand </td> + <td class="tdc bl">On demand</td> + <td class="tdc bl">5 & 6%.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">113,915 48</td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdc">Acts prior<br>to 1857.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Treas.<br>notes</td> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdc bl">On demand</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1 m. to<br>6 %</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">104,511 64</td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdc">Act of<br>Dec. 23, 1857.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Treas.<br>notes</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1 year</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1 year<br>after<br>date.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">5 to<br> 5½%</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">20,000,000</td> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2,600 00</td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdc">Act of<br>June 14, 1858.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Loan of<br>1858</td> + <td class="tdc bl">15<br>years</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Dec. 31,<br>’73</td> + <td class="tdc bl">5 % per<br>annum.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> 20,000,000 </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> 20,000,000 </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> 20,000,000 00 </td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdc">Act of<br>June 14, 1860.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Loan of<br>1860</td> + <td class="tdc bl">18<br>years</td> + <td class="tdc bl">After Dec. 31,<br>1870.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">5 % per<br>annum.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">21,000,000</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">7,022,000</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">7,022,000 00</td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdc">Act of<br>Dec. 17, 1860.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Treas.<br>notes</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1 year</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1 year<br>afteer<br>date.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">6 and 12<br>% per<br>annum.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">10,000,000</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">10,000,000</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">600 00</td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<p class="spb2"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</span></p> + +<table class="spb1 bt2"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110 bb" colspan="2"><b>Acts Authorizing Loans, and Synopsis of same.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="6"> <br>Acts of<br>Feb. 8, 1861.</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized a loan of $25,000,000, bearing interest at</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">a rate not exceeding 6 per cent. per annum, and</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">reimbursable within a period not beyond twenty years,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">nor less than ten years. This loan was made for the</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">payment of the current expenses, and was to be</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">awarded to the most favorable bidders.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="14"> <br>Act of<br>March 2, 1861.</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized a loan of $10,000,000, bearing interest at</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">a rate not exceeding 6 per cent. per annum, and</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">reimbursable after the expiration of ten years from</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">July 1, 1861. In case proposals for the loan were</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">not acceptable, authority was given to issue the</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">whole amount in Treasury notes, bearing interest at</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">a rate not exceeding 6 per cent. per annum.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">Authority was also given to substitute Treasury</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">notes for the whole or any part of the loans for which</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">the Secretary was by law authorized to contract and</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">issue bonds at the time of the passage of this act,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">and such Treasury notes were to be made receivable</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">in payment of all public dues, and redeemable at</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">any time within two years from March 2, 1861.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="7"> <br>Act of<br>March 2, 1861.</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized an issue, should the Secretary of the</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">Treasury deem it expedient, of $2,800,000, in coupon</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">bonds, bearing interest at the rate of 6 per cent.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">per annum, and redeemable in twenty years, for the</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">payment of expenses incurred by the Territories of</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">Washington and Oregon in the suppression of Indian</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">hostilities during the years 1855 and 1856.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="20"> <br>Acts of<br>July 17, 1861,<br>and<br>August 5, 1861.</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized a loan of $250,000,000, for which could be</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">issued bonds bearing interest at a rate not</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">exceeding 7 per cent. per annum, irredeemable for</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">twenty years, and after that redeemable at the</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">pleasure of the United States; Treasury notes</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">bearing interest at the rate of 7.30 per cent. per</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">annum, payable three years after date, and U. S.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">notes,without interest, payable on demand, to the</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">extent of $50,000,000 (increased by act of Feb. 12,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">1862, to $60,000,000), to bonds and Treasury notes,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">to be issued in such proportions of each as the</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">Secretary may deem advisable. The supplementary act</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">of Aug. 5, 1861, authorized an issue of bonds,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">bearing 6 per cent. interest per annum, and payable</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">at the pleasure of the United States after twenty</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">years from date, which may be issued in exchange</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">for 7.30 Treasury notes, but no such bonds to be</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">issued for a less sum than $500; and the whole</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">amount of such bonds not to exceed the whole amount</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">of 7.30 Treasury notes issued.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top" rowspan="4"> <br>Act of<br>Feb. 25, 1862.</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized the issue of $500,000,000, in 6 per cent.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">bonds, redeemable after five years, and payable</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">twenty years from date, which may be exchanged for</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">United States notes. Also on</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top" rowspan="3">March 3, 1864.</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized the issue of not over $11,000,000</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">additional of similar bonds, to meet subscriptions</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">already made and paid for.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top">June 30, 1864.</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl bb" rowspan="2">On hand, unsold in the United States or Europe.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top bb">January 28, 1865.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top" rowspan="3">Act of<br>Feb. 25, 1862.</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized the issue of $150,000,000, in legal-tender</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">U. S. notes; $50,000,000 of which to be in lieu of</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">demand notes, issued under act of July 17, 1861.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top" rowspan="5"> <br>Act of<br>July 11, 1862.</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized an additional issue of $150,000,000, in</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">legal-tender notes; $35,000,000 of which might be</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">in denominations less than five dollars: $50,000,000</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">of this issue to be reserved to pay temporary loans</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">promptly in case of emergency.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="7"> <br>Resolution<br>of Congress,<br>January 17,<br>1863.</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized the issue of $100,000,000, in United States</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">notes, for the immediate payment of the army and</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">navy, such notes to be a part of the amount</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">provided for in any bill that may hereafter be</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">passed by this Congress. (The amount in this</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">resolution is included in the act of March 3, 1863.)</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws2 bl bb">(<i>Continued on p. 322.</i>)</td> + + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</span> <br> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = Rate of interest.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = Price of emission.</li> +</ul> + +<table class="spb1 fs_90"> + <thead><tr class="bt2 bb"> + <th class="tdc"> </th> + <th class="tdc bl">Title.</th> + <th class="tdc bl">Length<br>of Loan.</th> + <th class="tdc bl">When<br>redeemable.</th> + <th class="tdc fs_120 bl">(A)</th> + <th class="tdc fs_120 bl"> (B) </th> + <th class="tdc bl">Amount<br>authorized.</th> + <th class="tdc bl">Amount<br>issued.</th> + <th class="tdc bl">Amount<br>outstanding.</th> + </tr></thead> + <tbody><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdc">Act of<br>Feb. 8, 1861.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Loan of<br>Feb. 8,<br> 1861.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">20<br>years</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> After June 1,<br>1881.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">6 % per<br>annum.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> $25,000,000</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> $18,415,000</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> $18,415,000 00</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="4"> <br>Act of<br>March 2, 1861.</td> + <td class="tdc bl bb" rowspan="4">Treas’y<br>notes.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">2 years</td> + <td class="tdc bl">2 yrs. after</td> + <td class="tdc bl bb" rowspan="4">6 % p.<br>an’m</td> + <td class="tdc bl bb" rowspan="4">Par.</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl bb" rowspan="4">3,600 00</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">date.</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">22,468,100</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">22,468,100</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc bl">60 days.</td> + <td class="tdc bl bb">60 days</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc bl bb"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl bb"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl bb">12,896,350</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl bb">12,896,350</td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdc">Act of<br>March 2, 1861.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Oregon<br> war</td> + <td class="tdc bl">20 years</td> + <td class="tdc bl">After July 1,<br>1881.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">6 % per<br>annum.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2,800,000</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1,090,850</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1,016,000 00</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc bb" rowspan="5">Acts of<br>July 17, 1861,<br>and<br>August 5, 1861.</td> + <td class="tdc bl bb">20-year<br>sixes.</td> + <td class="tdc bl bb">20 years</td> + <td class="tdc bl">After June 30, 1881.</td> + <td class="tdc bl bb">6 % per<br>annum.</td> + <td class="tdc bl" rowspan="2">—</td> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">50,000,000</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">50,000,000 00</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc bl" rowspan="2">7-30 notes.<br> (two issues) </td> + <td class="tdc bl" rowspan="2">3 years</td> + <td class="tdc bl bt">After Aug. 18, 1864.</td> + <td class="tdc bl" rowspan="2"> 7-30% per <br>annum.</td> + <td class="tdc bl" rowspan="2">——</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">139,999,750</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">139,315,350 00</td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdc bl">After Sept. 30, 1864.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + + <td class="tdc bl">Demand<br>notes.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Pay’ble<br> on demand. </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> Demand</td> + <td class="tdc bl">None.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">—</td> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">60,000,000</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">208,432 00</td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdc bl">20-year<br>sixes.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">20 years.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">After June 30,<br>1881.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">6 % per<br>annum.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Exch’ngeble<br>for 7-30<br>Tr’y notes.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">59,700 00</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc">Act of<br>Feb. 25, 1862.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc">March 3, 1864</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Five-<br>twenties.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">5 or 20<br>years.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">After Ap’l 30,<br>1867.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">6 % per<br>annum</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">515,000,000</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">514,780,500</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">514,780,500 00</td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdc">June 30, 1864.<br>January 28, 1865.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc">Act of<br>Feb. 25, 1862.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc">Act of<br>July 11, 1862.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">U. States<br>notes,<br>new issue.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdc bl">——.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">None.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">450,000,000</td> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">371,783,597 00</td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdc">Resolution<br>of Congress,<br>January 17, 1863.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</span></p> + +<table class="spb1 bt2"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110 bb" colspan="2"><b>Acts Authorizing Loans, and Synopsis of same.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top" rowspan="8"> <br>Act of<br>March 3, 1863.</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">A further issue of $150,000,000, in United States notes,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">for the purpose of converting the Treasury notes which</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">may be issued under this act, and for no other purpose.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">And a further issue, if necessary, for the payment of</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">the army and navy, and other creditors of the Government,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">of $150,000,000, in United States notes, which amount</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">includes the $100,000,000 authorized by the joint</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">resolution of Congress, Jan. 17, 1863.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="7"> <br>Act of<br>April 12, 1866.</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Provided, That of United States notes not more than ten</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">millions of dollars may be retired and canceled within</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">six months from the passage of this act, and thereafter</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">not more than four millions of dollars in any one month:</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">And provided further, That the act to which this is an</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">amendment shall continue in full force in all its</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">provisions, except as modified by this act.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top" rowspan="5"> <br>Act of<br>Feb. 25, 1862.</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized a temporary loan of $25,000,000, in United</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">States notes, for not less than thirty days, payable</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">after ten days’ notice, at 5 per cent. interest per</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">annum. (This was increased to $100,000,000 by the</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">following acts.)</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top" rowspan="3">Act of<br>March 17, 1862.</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized an increase of temporary loans of $25,000,000,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">bearing interest at a rate not exceeding 5 per cent. per</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">annum.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top" rowspan="3">Act of<br>July 11, 1862.</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized a further increase of temporary loans of</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">$50,000,000 making the whole amount authorized</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">$100,000,000.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="3">Act of<br>June 30, 1864.</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized the increase of temporary loans to not</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">exceeding $150,000,000, at a rate not exceeding 6 per</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">cent. per annum.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top" rowspan="8">Act of<br>March 3, 1863.</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized a loan of $300,000,000 for this and $600,000,000</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">for the next fiscal year, for which could be issued</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">bonds running not less than ten, nor more than forty</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">years, principal and interest payable in coin, bearing</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">interest at a rate not exceeding 6 per cent. per annum,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">payable in bonds not exceeding $100 annually, and on</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">all others semi-annually, the whole amount of bonds,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">Treasury notes, and United States notes issued under</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="6">Act of<br>June 30, 1864.</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">this act not to exceed the sum of 900,000,000. And so</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">much of this act as limits the to the current fiscal</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">year is repealed by act of June 30, 1864, which also</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">repeals the authority to borrow money conferred by</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">section 1, except so far as it may affect$75,000,000 of</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">bonds already advertised.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="8"> <br>Act of<br>March 3, 1863.</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">And Treasury notes to the amount of $400,000,000, not</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">exceeding three years to run, with interest at not over</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">6 per cent. per annum, principal and interest payable</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">in lawful money, which may be made a legal-tender for</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">their face value, excluding interest, or convertible into</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">United States notes. Secretary may receive gold on</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">deposit, and issue certificates therefor, in sums not less</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">than twenty dollars.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="8"> <br>Act of<br>March 3, 1864.</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorizes the issue of bonds not exceeding $200,000,000,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">bearing date March 1, 1864, or any subsequent period,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">redeemable at the pleasure of the Government after any</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">period not less than five years, and payable at any</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">period not more than forty years from date, in coin,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">bearing interest not exceeding 6 per cent. yearly,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">payable on bonds not over $100 annually, and on all</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">other bonds semi-annually, in coin.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="6"> <br>Act of<br>March 1, 1862.<br> + <br>Act of<br>March 3, 1863.</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized an issue of certificates of indebtedness,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">payable one year from date, in settlement of audited</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">claims against the Government. Interest 6 per cent. per</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">annum, payable in gold; and by</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Payable in lawful currency on those issued after that date.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">Amount of issue not specified.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="5"> <br>Act of<br>July 17, 1862.</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized an issue of notes of the fractional parts of</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">one dollar, receivable in payment of all dues, except</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">customs, less than five dollars, and exchangeable for</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">United States notes in sums not less than five dollars.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">Amount of issue not specified.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = Rate of interest.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = Price of emission.</li> +</ul> + +<table class="spb1 fs_90"> + <thead><tr class="bt2 bb"> + <th class="tdc"> </th> + <th class="tdc bl">Title.</th> + <th class="tdc bl">Length<br>of Loan.</th> + <th class="tdc bl">When<br>redeemable.</th> + <th class="tdc fs_120 bl">(A)</th> + <th class="tdc fs_120 bl"> (B) </th> + <th class="tdc bl">Amount<br>authorized.</th> + <th class="tdc bl">Amount<br>issued.</th> + <th class="tdc bl">Amount<br>outstanding.</th> + </tr></thead> + <tbody><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdc">Act of<br>March 3,<br> 1863.<br> <br> + Act of<br>April 12,<br>1866.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl bb"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdc_top"> <br>Act of<br>Feb. 25, 1862.<br> <br> + March 17,<br>1862.<br> <br>July 11,<br>1862. <br><br>Act of<br> + June 30,<br>1864.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Tempor’y<br>Loan.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Not<br>less<br>than<br>30 days.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">After ten<br>days’<br>notice.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">4, 5, &<br>6 % per<br>annum.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> $150,000,000</td> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">$20,225,070 00</td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdc_top"> <br>Act of<br>March 3, 1863.<br> <br> + Act of<br>June 30<br>1864.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Loan of<br>1863.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Af’r<br>June 30,<br>1881.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">6 % per<br>annum.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Prem’m<br> <br>4.13<br>per<br>cent.</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">75,000,000</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">$75,000,000</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">75,000,000 00</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top" rowspan="2"> <br>Act of<br>March 3,<br> 1863.</td> + <td class="tdc bl" rowspan="2">Treasury<br>notes.</td> + <td class="tdc bl bb">2 years</td> + <td class="tdc bl bb">2 years<br>after<br>date.</td> + <td class="tdc bl bb">5 % per<br>annum.</td> + <td class="tdc bl bb">Par.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl" rowspan="2">211,000,000</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl" rowspan="2">1,123,830 00</td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdc bl">1 year.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1 year<br>after<br>date.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">5 % per<br>annum.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">400,000,000</td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdc_top"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">Gold<br>certificates</td> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdc bl">On dem’d.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Not specified.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">19,207,520 00</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="2"> <br>Act of<br>March 3, 1864.</td> + <td class="tdc bl bb">Ten-<br>forties.</td> + <td class="tdc bl bb">10 or 40<br>years.</td> + <td class="tdc bl bb">Af’r Feb.<br>28, 1874.</td> + <td class="tdc bl bb">5 % per<br>annum.</td> + <td class="tdc bl bb">Par.</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">200,000,000</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> 172,770,100</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> 171,409,350 00</td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdc bl">Five-<br>twenties.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">5 or 20<br>lyears.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Aft’r Oct.<br>31, 1869.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">6 % per<br>annum.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3,882,500 00</td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdc">Act of<br>March 3,<br>1863.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Certifica’s<br>of<br> indebtedness. </td> + <td class="tdc bl">1 year.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1 year<br>after<br>date.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 6 % per <br>annum.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Not<br>specified.</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">——</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">36,000 00</td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdc">Act of<br>July 17,<br> 1862.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl bb"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdc"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">Postal<br>currency.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Not<br>specified.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl bb">5,497,534 93</td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</span></p> + +<table class="spb1 bt2"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110 bb" colspan="2"><b>Acts Authorizing Loans, and Synopsis of same.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top" rowspan="10"> <br>Act of<br>March 3, 1863.</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized an issue not exceeding $50,000,000, in</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">fractional currency (in lieu of postage or other stamps),</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">exchangeable for United States notes in sums not less</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">than three dollars, and receivable for any dues to the</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">United States less than five dollars, except duties on</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">imports. The whole amount issued, including postage</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">and other stamps issued as currency, not to exceed</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">$50,000,000. Authority was given to prepare it in the</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">Treasury Department, under the supervision of the</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">Secretary.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="4">Act of<br>June 30, 1864.</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized an issue in lieu of the issue under acts of</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">July 17, 1862, and March 3, 1863, the whole amount</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">outstanding under all these acts not to exceed</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">$50,000,000.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="13"> <br>Act of<br>June 30, 1864.</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized an issue of $400,000,000 of bonds, redeemable</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">at the pleasure of the Government, after any period not</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">less than five nor more than thirty years, or, if deemed</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">expedient, made payable at any period nor more than</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">forty years from date. And said bonds shall bear an</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">annual interest not exceeding 6 per centum, payable</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">semi-annually in coin. And the Secretary of the Treasury</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">may dispose of such bonds, or any part thereof, and of</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">any bonds commonly known as five-twenties, remaining</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">unsold, on such terms as he may deem most advisable, for</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">lawful money of the United States, or, at his discretion,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">for Treasury notes, certificates of indebtedness, or</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">certificates of deposit, issued under any act of Congress.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top" rowspan="33"> <br>Act of<br>March 3, 1863.<br> <br>Act of<br>June 30, 1864.</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorizes an issue of Treasury notes, not exceeding three</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">years to run, interest at not over 6 per cent. per annum,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">principal and interest payable in lawful money. Also,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">authorizes the issue of, and in lieu of, an equal amount</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">of bonds authorized by the first section, and as a part</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">of said loan, not exceeding $200,000,000, in Treasury</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">notes of any denomination not less than ten dollars,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">payable at any time not exceeding three years from date,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">or, if thought more expedient, redeemable at any time</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">after three years from date, and bearing interest not</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">exceeding the rate of 7 3-10 per centum, payable in</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">lawful money at maturity, or at the discretion of the</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">Secretary, semi-annually; and such of them as shall be</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">made payable, principal and interest, at maturity, shall</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">be a legal-tender to the same extent as United States</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">notes, for their face value excluding interest, and may</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">be paid to any creditor of the United States, at their</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">face value, excluding interest, or to any creditor</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">willing to receive them at par, including interest; and</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">any Treasury notes issued under the authority of this</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">act, may be made convertible, at the discretion of the</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">Secretary of the Treasury, into any bonds issued under</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">the authority of this act, and the Secretary may redeem,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">and cause to be canceled and destroyed any Treasury</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">notes or United States notes heretofore issued under</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">authority of previous acts of Congress, and substitute</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">in lieu thereof an equal amount of Treasury notes, such</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">as are authorized by this act, or of other United States</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">notes; nor shall any Treasury note bearing interest,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">issued under this act, be a legal-tender, in payment or</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">redemption of any notes issued by any bank, banking</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">association, or banker, calculatedor intended to</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">circulate as money.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="2">Act of Jan. 28,<br> 1865.</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Whole amount may be issued in bonds or Treasury notes, at</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">the discretion of the Secretary.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="8"> <br>Act of<br>March 3, 1865.</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized an issue of $600,000,000 in bonds or Treasury</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">notes; bonds may be made payable at any period not</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">more than forty years from the date of issue, or may be</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">made redeemable at the pleasure of the Government, at</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">or after any period not less than five years nor more</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">than forty years from date, or may be made redeemable</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">and payable as aforesaid, as may be expressed upon their</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">face, and so much thereof as may be issued in Treasury</td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</span></p> +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = Rate of interest.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = Price of emission.</li> +</ul> + +<table class="spb1 fs_90"> + <thead><tr class="bt2 bb"> + <th class="tdc"> </th> + <th class="tdc bl">Title.</th> + <th class="tdc bl">Length<br>of Loan.</th> + <th class="tdc bl">When<br>redeemable.</th> + <th class="tdc fs_120 bl">(A)</th> + <th class="tdc fs_120 bl"> (B) </th> + <th class="tdc bl">Amount<br>authorized.</th> + <th class="tdc bl">Amount<br>issued.</th> + <th class="tdc bl">Amount<br>outstanding.</th> + </tr></thead> + <tbody><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdc">Act of<br>March 3,<br> 1863.<br> <br> + June 30,<br>1864.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> Fractional <br>currency.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">$50,000,000</td> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">$22,809,988 59</td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdc_top"> <br>Act of<br>June 30,<br> 1864.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Five-<br>twenties.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">5 or 20<br>years.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">After Oct.<br>31, 1869.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">6 % per<br>annum.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">—</td> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">125,561,300 00</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top" rowspan="5"> <br>Act of<br>March 3,<br> 1863.<br> <br> + Act of<br>June 30,<br> 1864.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Treasury<br>notes.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">3 years.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">3 years<br> after<br> date.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">6 %<br>comp’d<br>int’est.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> $17,250,000</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc bl">Treasury<br>notes.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">3 years.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">3 years<br> after<br> date.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">6 %<br>comp’d<br>int’est.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">—</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Substit’te<br> redeemed<br> 5 % notes</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">177,045,770</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> 122,394,480 00</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc bl">Treasury<br>notes.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">3 years.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">3 years<br> after<br> date.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">6 %<br>comp’d<br>int’est.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">—</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">22,728,390</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdc bl">—</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> 400,000,000</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc bl">7.30<br>Treas.<br>notes.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">3 years.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">3 years<br> after<br>August.<br>15, 1864.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">7.30 % p.<br>annum.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">234,400,000</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdc_top"> <br>Act of<br>Jan. 28,<br> 1865.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdc_top"> <br>Act of<br>March 3,<br> 1865.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"><a href="#Page_327"><i>See</i><br>p. 327</a></td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</span></p> + +<table class="spb1 bt2"> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdc fs_110 bb" colspan="2"><b>Acts Authorizing Loans, and Synopsis of same.</b></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="12"> <br>Act of<br>March 3,<br> 1863.<br>(<i>Cont’d.</i>)</td> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">notes may be made convertible into any bonds authorized</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">by this act, and be of such denominations, not less than</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">fifty dollars, and bear such dates, and be made</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">redeemable or payable at such periods as the Secretary</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">of the Treasury may deem expedient. The interest on the</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">bonds payable semi-annually; on Treasury notes</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">semi-annually, or annually, or at maturity thereof; and</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">the principal or interest, or both, be made payable in</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">coin or other lawful money; if in coin, not to exceed 6</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">per cent. per annum; when not payable in coin, not to</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">exceed 7 3-10 per cent. per annum. Rate and character</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">to be expressed on bonds or Treasury notes.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="18"> <br>Acts of<br>April 12,<br> 1866.<br> + <br>amendment <br>to act<br>March 3,<br>1865.</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorizes the Secretary of the Treasury, at his</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">discretion, to receive any Treasury notes or other</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">obligations issued under any act of Congress, whether</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">bearing interest or not, in exchange for any description</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">of bonds authorized by the act to which this is an</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">amendment; and also to dispose of any description of</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">bonds authorized by said act, either in the United</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">States or elsewhere, to such an amount, in such manner,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">States or elsewhere, to such an amount, in such manner,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">and at such rates as he may think advisable, for lawful</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">money of the United States, or for any Treasury notes,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">certificates of indebtedness, or certificates of deposit,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">or other representatives of value, which have been or</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">which maybe issued under any act of Congress, the</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">proceeds thereof to be used only for retiring Treasury</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">notes or other obligations issued under any act of</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">Congress: but nothing herein contained shall be</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">construed to authorize any increase of the public debt.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top bb"> <br>Acts of<br>July 1,<br> 1862,<br> + and<br>July 2,<br>1864.</td> + <td class="tdl_top bl bb"> <br> Bonds issued to the Union Pacific Railroad Company,<br> +  in accordance with these acts.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="24"> <br>Act of<br>March 2,<br> 1867.</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">For the purpose of redeeming and retiring any compound</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">interest notes outstanding, the Secretary of the</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">Treasury is authorized to issue temporary loan</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">certificates in the manner prescribed by section four</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">of the act entitled “An act to authorize the issue of</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">United States notes and for the redemption or funding</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">thereof, and for funding the floating debt of the United</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">States,” approved February twenty-fifth, eighteen</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">hundred and sixty-two, bearing interest at a rate not</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">exceeding three per centum per annum, principal and</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">interest payable in lawful money on demand; and said</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">certificates of temporary loan may constitute and be</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">held by any national bank holding or owning the same,</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">as a part of the reserve provided for in sections</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">thirty-one and thirty-two of the act entitled “An act</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">to provide a national currency secured by a pledge of</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">United States bonds, and to provide for the circulation</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">and redemption thereof,” approved June three, eighteen</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">hundred and sixty-four: <i>Provided</i>, That not less</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">than two-fifths of the entire reserve of such bank shall</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">consist of lawful money of the United States: <i>And</i></td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl"><i>provided further</i>, That the amount of such temporary</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">certificates at any time outstanding shall not exceed</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">fifty millions of dollars.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</span></p> + +<ul class="index"> +<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = Rate of interest.</li> +<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = Price of emission.</li> +</ul> + +<table class="spb1 fs_90"> + <thead><tr class="bt2 bb"> + <th class="tdc"> </th> + <th class="tdc bl">Title.</th> + <th class="tdc bl">Length<br>of Loan.</th> + <th class="tdc bl">When<br>redeemable.</th> + <th class="tdc fs_120 bl">(A)</th> + <th class="tdc fs_120 bl"> (B) </th> + <th class="tdc bl">Amount<br>authorized.</th> + <th class="tdc bl">Amount<br>issued.</th> + <th class="tdc bl">Amount<br>outstanding.</th> + </tr></thead> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdc bb" rowspan="5">Act of<br>March 3,<br> 1865.<br>(<i>Cont’d</i>)</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">Af’r Aug.<br>14, 1867.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">$488,647,425 00</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc bl">7.30 Treas.<br>notes,<br>3 issues.</td> + <td class="tdc bl bt bb">3<br>years.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Af’r June<br>14, 1868.</td> + <td class="tdc bl bt bb">7.3-10<br>per<br>cent.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl bt"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl bb">Af’r July<br>14, 1868.</td> + <td class="tdc bl bt"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> $600,000,000</td> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdc bl">Five-<br>twenties.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">5 or 20<br>years.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Aft’r Oct.<br>31, 1870.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">6 % per<br>annum.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">181,427,250 00</td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdc">Acts of<br>April 12,<br> 1866.<br> + amendment <br>to act<br>March 3,<br>1865.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">—— </td> + <td class="tdc bl">—— </td> + <td class="tdc bl">Af’r June<br>30, 1870.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">6 % per<br>annum.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">301,880,250 00</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdc">Acts of<br>July 1,<br> 1862.<br> + and<br>to act<br>July 2,<br>1864.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> Un. Pacific <br>R. R. Co.<br>bonds.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">30 y’rs.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">Aft’r Jan.<br>15, 1895.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">6 % per<br> annum. </td> + <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">14,762,000 00</td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdc"> <br>Act of<br>March 2,<br> 1867.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp over bl"> $2,692,199,215 12</td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">STATISTICAL VIEW OF THE STATES, ETC.</h2> +</div> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="neg-indent"><i>Showing dates of acts creating Territories, +and admitting States—Time of holding general elections—Number +of Representatives in Congress—Date of general elections in the +several States, with number of Representatives and Senators—Terms of +office—Times of meeting—Location of capitals, etc.</i></p> +</div> + +<table class="spb1"> + <thead><tr class=" bb"> + <th class="tdl_ws2" colspan="6">(A) = No. Members of Congress.</th> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <th class="tdc" rowspan="2">States and<br>Territories.</th> + <th class="tdc fs_120 bl" rowspan="2"> A </th> + <th class="tdc bl" colspan="2">Settled.</th> + <th class="tdc bl" colspan="2">Date of Act creating</th> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <th class="tdc bl">By whom.</th> + <th class="tdc bl"> Date. </th> + <th class="tdc bl">Territory.</th> + <th class="tdc bl">State.</th> + </tr></thead> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdl">Alabama</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">17</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">French</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1713</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mar. 3, 1817</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mar. 2, 1819</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Arkansas</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">French</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1670</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mar. 2, 1819</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">June 15, 1836</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">California</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Span’d</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1769</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Sept. 9, 1850</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Connecticut⁠<a id="FNanchor_7_7" href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Engl.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1633</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Delaware⁠<a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Swedes</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1627</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Florida</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Span’d</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1564</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mar. 3, 1823</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mar. 3, 1845</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Georgia⁠<a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Engl.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1733</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Illinois</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">13</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">French</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1749</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Feb. 3, 1809</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Dec. 3, 1818</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Indiana</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">11</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">French</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1730</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">May 7, 1800</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Apr. 19, 1816</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Iowa</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">6</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Amer.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1835</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">June 12, 1838</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mar. 3, 1845</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Kansas</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Amer.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1850</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">May 30, 1854</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Jan. 29, 1861</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Kentucky</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">9</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Vir’ns</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1775</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">June 1, 1792</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Louisiana</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">French</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1699</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mar. 26, 1801</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Feb. 20, 1811</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Maine</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">5</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Engl.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1630</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mar. 15, 1820</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Maryland⁠<a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">5</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Engl.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1634</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Massachusetts⁠<a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">10</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Engl.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1620</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Michigan</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">6</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">French</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1670</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Jan. 11, 1805</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Jan. 26, 1837</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Minnesota</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Amer.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1817</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mar. 3, 1849</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">May 14, 1858</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Mississippi</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">5</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">French</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1716</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Apr. 7, 1798</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Dec. 10, 1817</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Missouri</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">9</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">French</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1763</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mar. 3, 1805</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mar. 6, 1820</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">N. Hampshire⁠<a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Engl.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1623</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">New Jersey⁠<a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">5</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Swedes</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1627</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">New York⁠<a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">31</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Dutch</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1613</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">N. Carolina⁠<a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">8</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Engl.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1650</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Nevada</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Amer.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1860</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mar. 2, 1861</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Oct. 31, 1864</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Nebraska</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Amer.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1850</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">May 30, 1854</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mar. 4, 1867</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Ohio</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">19</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Va & N. Eng </td> + <td class="tdc bl">1788</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">July 13, 1787</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Apr. 30, 1802</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Oregon</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Engl.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1796</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Aug. 14, 1848</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Feb. 12, 1859</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Pennsylvania⁠<a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">24</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Engl.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1682</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Rhode Island⁠<a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Engl.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1631</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">S. Carolina⁠<a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">6</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Engl.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1689</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Tennessee</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">10</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">NC & Va</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1765</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">May 26, 1790</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">June 1, 1796</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Texas</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Span’d</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1690</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Dec. 29, 1845</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Vermont</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Engl.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1763</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mar. 4, 1791</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Virginia⁠<a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">13</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Engl.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1607</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">West Virginia</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Amer.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Dec. 31, 1862</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Wisconsin</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">6</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Amer.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1831</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Apr. 30, 1836 </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Aug. 6, 1846</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Colorado Ter.⁠<a id="FNanchor_8_8" href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Amer.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1860</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mar. 2, 1861</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Dakota Ter.⁠<a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Amer.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1860</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mar. 2, 1861</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">New Mexico T.⁠<a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Span’d</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1598</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Sept. 9, 1850</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Utah Ter.⁠<a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Amer.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1847</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Sept. 9, 1850</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Washington T.⁠<a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Amer.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1848</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mar. 2, 1853</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdl">Columbia, D. of</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Md & Va</td> + <td class="tdc bl">——</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">July 10, 1790</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<table class="spb1"> + <thead><tr> + <th class="tdl_ws2" colspan="4">(B) = Number.</th> + </tr><tr class=" bb"> + <th class="tdl_ws2" colspan="4">(C) = Term. Years.</th> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <th class="tdc" rowspan="2">States and<br>Territories.</th> + <th class="tdc bl" rowspan="2">Time of holding<br>general elections.</th> + <th class="tdc bl" colspan="2"> Representatives.</th> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <th class="tdc fs_120 bl">B</th> + <th class="tdc fs_120 bl">C</th> + </tr></thead> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdl">Alabama</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Mon. Aug.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">100</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Arkansas</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Mon. Aug.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 75</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">California</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tues. after 1st Mon. Sept</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 36</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Connecticut</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Mon. April.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">232</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Delaware</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">2d Tues. Nov.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 21</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Delaware</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">2d Tues. Nov.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 21</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Florida</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Mon. Oct.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 40</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Georgia</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Mon. Oct. bienn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">150</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Illinois</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tues. af. 1st Mon. Nov. bienn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 75</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Indiana</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">2d Tues. Oct.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">100</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Iowa</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">2d Tues. Oct.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 56</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Kansas</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">2d Tues. Nov.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 40</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Kentucky</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Mon. Aug.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">100</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Louisiana</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Mon. Nov.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 88</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Maine</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">2d Mon. Sept.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">151</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Maryland</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Wed. Nov.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 81</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Massachusetts</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tues. af. 1st Mon. Nov.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">240</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Michigan</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tues. af. 1st Mon. Nov.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 74</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Minnesota</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">2d Tues. Oct.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 42</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Mississippi</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Mon. Oct.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 92</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Missouri</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Mon. Aug.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">130</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">N. Hampshire</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">2d Tues. March.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">338</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">New Jersey</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tues. aft. 1st Mon. Nov.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 60</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">New York</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tues. aft. 1st Mon. Nov.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">128</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">N. Carolina</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Thurs. Aug.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">120</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Nevada</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Tu. af. 1st Mon. Nov.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 26</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Nebraska</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 26</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Ohio</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">2d Tues. Oct.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">100</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Oregon</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Mon. June.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 34</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Pennsylvania</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">2d Tues. Oct.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">100</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Rhode Island</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Wed. April.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 72</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">S. Carolina</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">2d Mon. Oct.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">124</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Tennessee</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Thurs. Aug.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 75</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Texas</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Mon. Aug.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 66</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Vermont</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Tues. Sept.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">230</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Virginia</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">4th Thurs. May.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">152</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">West Virginia</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">4th Thurs. Oct.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Wisconsin</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tues. aft. 1st Mon. Nov.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 97</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Colorado Ter.</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 26</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Dakota Ter.</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 26</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">New Mexico T.</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 26</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Utah Ter.</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 26</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Washington T.</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 18</td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdl">Columbia, D. of </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdr_wsp bl"> </td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<table class="spb1"> + <thead><tr> + <th class="tdl_ws2" colspan="6">(D) = Number.</th> + </tr><tr> + <th class="tdl_ws2" colspan="6">(E) = Term. Years.</th> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <th class="tdl_ws2" colspan="6">(F) = Governor’s term of office. Years.</th> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <th class="tdc" rowspan="2">States and<br>Territories.</th> + <th class="tdc bl" colspan="2"> Senators. </th> + <th class="tdc bl" rowspan="2">Time of Meeting of<br>Legislatures.</th> + <th class="tdc fs_120 bl" rowspan="2"> F </th> + <th class="tdc bl" rowspan="2"> State Capitals.</th> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <th class="tdc fs_120 bl" > D </th> + <th class="tdc fs_120 bl" > E </th> + </tr></thead> + <tbody><tr> + <td class="tdl">Alabama</td> + <td class="tdc bl">33</td> + <td class="tdc bl">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">2d Mon. Nov. bienn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">2</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Montgomery.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Arkansas</td> + <td class="tdc bl">25</td> + <td class="tdc bl">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Mon. Nov. bienn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Little Rock.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">California</td> + <td class="tdc bl">16</td> + <td class="tdc bl">2</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Mon. Jan.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">2</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Sacramento.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Connecticut</td> + <td class="tdc bl">21</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Wed. May.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Hartford.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Delaware</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Tues. Jan. bienn. </td> + <td class="tdc bl">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Dover.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Florida</td> + <td class="tdc bl">19</td> + <td class="tdc bl">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">4th Mon. Nov. ”</td> + <td class="tdc bl">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tallahassee.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Georgia</td> + <td class="tdc bl">52</td> + <td class="tdc bl">2</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Mon. Nov. ”</td> + <td class="tdc bl">2</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Milledgeville.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Illinois</td> + <td class="tdc bl">25</td> + <td class="tdc bl">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">2d Mon. Jan.  ”</td> + <td class="tdc bl">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Springfield.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Indiana</td> + <td class="tdc bl">50</td> + <td class="tdc bl">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Th. af. 1st M. Jan. ”</td> + <td class="tdc bl">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Indianapolis.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Iowa</td> + <td class="tdc bl">30</td> + <td class="tdc bl">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">2d Mon. Jan. bienn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">2</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Des Moines.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Kansas</td> + <td class="tdc bl">25</td> + <td class="tdc bl">2</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Wed. Jan.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">2</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Lecompton.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Kentucky</td> + <td class="tdc bl">38</td> + <td class="tdc bl">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Mon. Dec. bienn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Frankfort.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Louisiana</td> + <td class="tdc bl">32</td> + <td class="tdc bl">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">3d Mon. Jan.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Baton Rouge.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Maine</td> + <td class="tdc bl">31</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Wed. Jan.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Augusta.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Maryland</td> + <td class="tdc bl">22</td> + <td class="tdc bl">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Wed. Jan. bienn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Annapolis.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Massachusetts</td> + <td class="tdc bl">40</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Wed. Jan.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Boston.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Michigan</td> + <td class="tdc bl">32</td> + <td class="tdc bl">2</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Wed. Jan. bienn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">2</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Lansing.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Minnesota</td> + <td class="tdc bl">21</td> + <td class="tdc bl">2</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Tu. af. 1st M. Jan. </td> + <td class="tdc bl">2</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">St. Paul.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Mississippi</td> + <td class="tdc bl">32</td> + <td class="tdc bl">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Mon. Nov. bienn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">2</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Jackson.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Missouri</td> + <td class="tdc bl">33</td> + <td class="tdc bl">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Last. Mon. Dec. ”</td> + <td class="tdc bl">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Jefferson City.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">N. Hampshire</td> + <td class="tdc bl">12</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Wed. June.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Concord.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">New Jersey</td> + <td class="tdc bl">21</td> + <td class="tdc bl">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">2d Tues. Jan.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Trenton.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">New York</td> + <td class="tdc bl">32</td> + <td class="tdc bl">2</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Tues. Jan.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">2</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Albany.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">N. Carolina</td> + <td class="tdc bl">50</td> + <td class="tdc bl">2</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">3d Mon. Nov. bienn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">2</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Raleigh.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Nevada</td> + <td class="tdc bl">13</td> + <td class="tdc bl">2</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">12th Dec.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Carson.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Nebraska</td> + <td class="tdc bl">13</td> + <td class="tdc bl">2</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Omaha.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Ohio</td> + <td class="tdc bl">35</td> + <td class="tdc bl">2</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Mon. Jan. bienn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">2</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Columbus.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Oregon</td> + <td class="tdc bl">16</td> + <td class="tdc bl">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">2d Mon. Sept. ”</td> + <td class="tdc bl">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Salem.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Pennsylvania</td> + <td class="tdc bl">33</td> + <td class="tdc bl">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Tues. Jan.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">3</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Harrisburg.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Rhode Island</td> + <td class="tdc bl">32</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Last Tues. May.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Providence.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">S. Carolina</td> + <td class="tdc bl">46</td> + <td class="tdc bl">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">4th Mon. Nov.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">2</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Columbia.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Tennessee</td> + <td class="tdc bl">25</td> + <td class="tdc bl">2</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Mon. Oct. bienn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">2</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Nashville.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Texas</td> + <td class="tdc bl">21</td> + <td class="tdc bl">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Mon. Dec. ”</td> + <td class="tdc bl">2</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Austin.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Vermont</td> + <td class="tdc bl">30</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">2d Tues. Oct.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">1</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Montpelier.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Virginia</td> + <td class="tdc bl">50</td> + <td class="tdc bl">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Mon. Dec. bienn.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Richmond.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">West Virginia</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">20th June.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Wheeling.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Wisconsin</td> + <td class="tdc bl">30</td> + <td class="tdc bl">2</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">2d Wed. Jan.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">2</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Madison.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Colorado Ter.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">13</td> + <td class="tdc bl">2</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Denver.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Dakota Ter.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">13</td> + <td class="tdc bl">2</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Yankton.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">New Mexico T.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">13</td> + <td class="tdc bl">2</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Santa Fe.</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Utah Ter.</td> + <td class="tdc bl">13</td> + <td class="tdc bl">2</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Gt. Salt L. City</td> + </tr><tr> + <td class="tdl">Washington T.</td> + <td class="tdc bl"> 9</td> + <td class="tdc bl">2</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl">4</td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Olympia.</td> + </tr><tr class="bb"> + <td class="tdl">Columbia, D. of </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl"> </td> + <td class="tdc bl"> </td> + <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Washington.</td> + </tr> + </tbody> +</table> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</span></p> +<p>[U. S. Senators serve 6 years, and each State is entitled to two.]</p> +<p>(Position of Southern States represented as they stood before seceding.)</p> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</span></p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</span></p> + <h2 class="nobreak">PLATFORMS OF 1860-1864.</h2> +<hr class="r10"> +</div> + +<h3>PLATFORM OF THE<br> BRECKINRIDGE PARTY OF 1860.</h3> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the platform adopted by the Democratic party at +Cincinnati be affirmed, with the following explanatory resolutions:</p> + +<p>1. That the government of a territory organized by an act of Congress +is provisional and temporary, and during its existence all citizens of +the United States have an equal right to settle with their property +in the territory, without their rights, either in person or property, +being destroyed by congressional or territorial legislation.</p> + +<p>2. That it is the duty of the Federal Government, in all its +departments, to protect the rights of persons and property in the +territories, and wherever else its constitutional authority extends.</p> + +<p>3. That when the settlers in a territory, having an adequate +population, form a State Constitution, the right of sovereignty +commences, and being consummated by their admission into the Union, +they stand on an equality with the people of other States, and a State +thus organized ought to be admitted into the Federal Union, whether its +constitution prohibits or recognizes the institution of slavery.</p> + +<p>4. That the Democratic party are in favor of the acquisition of Cuba, +on such terms as shall be honorable to ourselves and just to Spain, at +the earliest practicable moment.</p> + +<p>5. That the enactments of State Legislatures to defeat the faithful +execution of the Fugitive Slave Law are hostile in character, +subversive of the Constitution, and revolutionary in their effect.</p> + +<p>6. That the Democracy of the United States recognize it as an +imperative duty of the government to protect the naturalized citizen in +all his rights, whether at home or in foreign lands, to the same extent +as its native born citizens. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, One of the greatest necessities +of the age, in a political, commercial, postal, and military point +of view, is a speedy communication between the Pacific and Atlantic +coasts; therefore, be it resolved,</p> + +<p>7. That the National Democratic party do hereby pledge themselves to +use every means in their power to secure the passage of some bill, +to the extent of the Constitutional authority by Congress, for the +construction of a railroad to the Pacific Ocean, at the earliest +practicable moment.</p> + +<h3>PLATFORM OF<br> THE DOUGLAS PARTY OF 1860.</h3> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That we, the Democracy of the Union in Convention +assembled, hereby declare our affirmation of the resolutions +unanimously adopted and declared as a platform of principles by the +Democratic Convention at Cincinnati, in the year 1856, believing that +Democratic principles are unchangeable in their nature when applied +to the same subject matter, and we recommend as our only further +resolutions the following:</p> + +<p>That inasmuch as differences of opinion exist in the Democratic party +as to the nature and extent of the powers of a Territorial Legislature, +and as to the powers and duties of Congress, under the Constitution of +the United States, over the institution of slavery in the territories;</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the Democratic party will abide by the decision +of the Supreme Court of the United States over the institution of +slavery in the territories.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That it is the duty of the United States to afford +ample and complete protection to all its citizens, at home or abroad, +and whether native or foreign born.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That one of the necessities of the age, in a military, +commercial, and postal point of view, is a speedy communication between +the Atlantic and Pacific States, and the Democratic party pledge such +constitutional enactment as will insure the construction of a railroad +to the Pacific coast at the earliest practical period.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the Democratic party are in favor of the +acquisition of the Island of Cuba, on such terms as shall be honorable +to ourselves and just to Spain.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the enactments of State Legislatures to defeat +the faithful execution of the Fugitive Slave Law are hostile in +character, subversive to the Constitution, and revolutionary in their +effect.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That it is in accordance with the Cincinnati Platform, +that during the existence of Territorial Governments, the measure of +restriction, whatever it may be, imposed by the Federal Constitution +on the power of the Territorial Legislature over the subject of the +domestic relations, as the same has been or shall hereafter be decided +by the Supreme Court of the United States, should be respected by all +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</span> +good citizens, and enforced with promptness and fidelity by every +branch of the General Government.</p> + +<h3>THE REPUBLICAN PLATFORM<br> OF 1860.</h3> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That we, the delegated representatives of the +Republican electors of the United States, in Convention assembled, in +the discharge of the duty we owe to our constituents and our country, +unite in the following resolutions:</p> + +<p>1. That the history of the nation during the last four years has +fully established the propriety and necessity of the organization and +perpetuation of the Republican party, and that the causes which called +it into existence are permanent in their nature, and now, more than +ever, demand its peaceful and constitutional triumph.</p> + +<p>2. That the maintenance of the principles promulgated in the +Declaration of Independence, and embodied in the Federal Constitution, +that “all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator +with certain inalienable rights, among which are those of life, liberty +and the pursuit of happiness, and that Governments are instituted among +men to secure the enjoyment of these rights, deriving their just power +from the consent of the governed”—are essential to the preservation +of our republican institutions, and that the Federal Constitution, the +rights of the States, and the union of the States, must and shall be +preserved.</p> + +<p>3. That to the union of the States this nation owes its unprecedented +increase in population, its surprising developments of material +resources; its rapid augmentation of wealth; its happiness at home and +its honor abroad; and we hold in abhorrence all schemes for disunion, +come from whatever source they may; and we congratulate the country +that no Republican member of Congress has uttered or countenanced +the threats of disunion as often made by the Democratic members of +Congress, without rebuke and with applause from their political +associates; and we denounce those threats of disunion in case of a +popular overthrow of their ascendancy, as denying the vital principles +of a free Government, and as an avowal of contemplated treason which +it is the imperative duty of an indignant people sternly to rebuke and +forever silence.</p> + +<p>4. That the maintenance inviolate, of the rights of the States, and +especially of each State, to order and control its own domestic +institutions according to its own judgment exclusively, is essential +to that balance of power on which the perfection and endurance of our +political fabric depends; and we denounce the lawless invasion by armed +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</span> +force of the soil of any State or Territory, no matter under what +pretext, as one of the gravest of crimes.</p> + +<p>5. That the present Democratic Administration has far exceeded our +worst apprehensions in the measureless subserviency to the exactions of +a sectional interest, as especially evinced in its desperate exertions +to force the infamous Lecompton Constitution upon the protesting +people of Kansas, construing the relation between master and servant +to involve an unqualified property in persons; in its attempted +enforcement everywhere, on land and sea, through the intervention of +Congress and of the Federal Courts, of the extreme pretensions of a +purely local interest; and in its general and unvarying abuse of the +power entrusted to it by a confiding people.</p> + +<p>6. That the people justly view with alarm the reckless extravagance +which pervades every department of the Federal Government. That a +return to right economy and accountability is indispensable to arrest +the plunder of the public treasury by favored partisans, while the +recent startling developments of frauds and corruption at the Federal +metropolis show that an entire change of administration is imperatively +demanded.</p> + +<p>7. That the new dogma that the Constitution of its own force carries +slavery into any or all the Territories of the United States, in a +dangerous political heresy, at variance with the explicit provisions +of that instrument itself, with contemporaneous exposition, and with +legislative and judicial precedents, that it is revolutionary in its +tendency and subversive of the peace and harmony of the country.</p> + +<p>8. That the nominal condition of all the territory of the United +States is that of freedom; that as our Republican fathers, when they +had abolished slavery in all our national territory, ordained that +no person should be deprived of life, liberty or property without +due process of law, it becomes our duty by legislation, whenever +such legislation is necessary, to maintain this provision of the +Constitution against all attempts to violate it; and we deny the +authority of Congress, or a Territorial Legislature, or of any +individual, to give legal existence to slavery in any Territory of the +United States.</p> + +<p>9. That we brand the recent re-opening of the African Slave Trade, +under the cover of our national flag, aided by perversions of judicial +power, as a crime against humanity, and a burning shame to our country +and age; and we call upon Congress to take prompt and efficient +measures for the total and final suppression of that execrable traffic.</p> + +<p>10. That in the recent vetoes by their Federal Governors of the acts of +the Legislatures of Kansas and Nebraska, prohibiting slavery in these +Territories, we find a practical illustration of the boasted Democratic +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</span> +principles of non-intervention and Popular Sovereignty, embodied in the +Kansas-Nebraska bill, and a demonstration of the deception and fraud +involved therein.</p> + +<p>11. That Kansas should, of right, be immediately admitted as a State +under the Constitution recently formed and adopted by her people, and +accepted by the House of Representatives.</p> + +<p>12. That while providing revenue for the support of the General +Government, by duties upon imports, sound policy requires such an +adjustment of these imports as to encourage the development of the +industrial interests of the whole country, and we commend that policy +of National Exchange which secures to the working men liberal wages, +agriculture remunerative prices, to merchants and manufacturers an +adequate reward for their skill, labor and enterprise, and to the +nation commercial prosperity and independence.</p> + +<p>13. That we protest against any sale or alienation to others of the +public lands held by actual settlers, and against any view of the free +homestead policy, which regards the settlers as paupers or suppliants +for public bounty, and we demand the passage by Congress of the +complete and satisfactory homestead measure which has already passed +the House.</p> + +<p>14. That the National Republican party is opposed to any change in our +naturalization laws, or any State Legislation, by which the rights of +citizenship hitherto accorded to immigrants from foreign lands shall +be abridged or impaired, and in favor of giving a full and efficient +protection to the rights of all classes of citizens, whether native or +naturalized, both at home and abroad.</p> + +<p>15. That appropriations by Congress for river and harbor improvements +of a national character, is required for the accommodation and security +of an existing commerce, or authorized by the Constitution and +justified by the obligation of the Government to protect the lives and +property of its citizens.</p> + +<p>16. That a railroad to the Pacific ocean is imperatively demanded by +the interests of the whole country; and that the Federal Government +ought to render immediate and efficient aid in its construction, and +that preliminary thereto, a daily overland mail should be promptly +established.</p> + +<p>17. Finally, having thus set forth our distinctive principles and +views, we invite the co-operation of all citizens, however differing in +other questions, who substantially agree with us, in their affirmance +and support.</p> + +<h3>PLATFORM OF THE<br> NATIONAL CONSTITUTIONAL PARTY<br> OF 1860.</h3> + +<p class="center">The Union, the Constitution and the Laws. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</span></p> + +<h3>UNION PLATFORM,<br> ADOPTED AT BALTIMORE<br> JUNE 8, 1864.</h3> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That it is the highest duty of every American citizen +to maintain against all its enemies, the integrity of the Union, and +the paramount authority of the Constitution and laws of the United +States, and that, laying all political opinions aside, we pledge +ourselves, as Union men, animated by a common sentiment, and aiming at +a common object, to do everything in our power to aid the Government +in quelling, by force of arms, the rebellion now raging against its +authority, and bringing to the punishment due to their crimes, the +rebels and traitors arrayed against it.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That we approve the determination of the Government of +the United States not to compromise with rebels, or to offer any terms +of peace, except such as may be based upon an unconditional surrender +of their hostility, &c., and a return to their just allegiance to the +Constitution and laws of the United States, and that we call upon the +Government to maintain this position, and to prosecute the war with the +utmost possible vigor to the complete suppression of the rebellion, +in full reliance upon the self-sacrifices, the patriotism, the heroic +valor, and the undying devotion of the American people to their country +and its free institutions.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That slavery was the cause and now constitutes the +strength of the rebellion, and that as it must be always and everywhere +hostile to the principles of Republican Governments, justice and the +national safety demand its utter and complete extirpation from the +soil of the Republic, and that we uphold and maintain the acts and +proclamations, by which the Government, in its own defence, has aimed +a death blow at this gigantic evil. We are in favor, furthermore, of +such an amendment to the Constitution, to be made by the people in +conformity with its provisions, as shall terminate and forever prohibit +the existence of slavery within the limits of the jurisdiction of the +United States.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the thanks of the American people are due to the +soldiers and sailors of the army and navy, who have periled their lives +in defence of their country, and in vindication of the honor of the +flag; that the nation owes them some permanent recognition of their +patriotism and their valor, and ample and permanent provision for those +of their survivors who have received disabling and honorable wounds +in the service of their country, and that the memories of those who +have fallen in its defense shall be held in grateful and everlasting +remembrance.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/lincoln.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="539" > + <p class="f120"><b>ABRAHAM LINCOLN.</b></p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</span> +<i>Resolved</i>, That we approve and applaud the political wisdom, +the unselfish patriotism and unswerving fidelity to the Constitution +and the principles of American liberty with which Abraham Lincoln +has discharged, under circumstances of unparalleled difficulty, the +great duties and responsibilities of the Presidential office; that we +approve and endorse, as demanded by the emergency and essential to +the preservation of the nation, and as within the Constitution, the +measures and acts which he has adopted to defend the nation against its +open and secret foes; especially the Proclamation of Emancipation, and +the employment, as Union soldiers, of men heretofore held in slavery, +and that we have full confidence in his determination to carry these +and all other Constitutional measures, essential to the salvation of +the country, into full and complete effect.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That we deem it essential to the general welfare, +that harmony should prevail in the national councils, and we regard as +worthy of public confidence and official trust those only who cordially +endorse the principle proclaimed in these resolutions, and which should +characterize the administration of the Government.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the Government owes to all men employed in its +armies, without distinction of color, the full protection of the laws +of war, and any violation of these laws and of the usages of civilized +nations in the time of war, by the rebels now in arms, should be made +the subject of full and prompt redress.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the foreign immigration, which in the past has +added so much to the wealth and development of resources and increase +of power to this nation, the asylum of the oppressed of all nations, +should be fostered and encouraged by a liberal and just policy.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That we are in favor of the speedy construction of the +railroad to the Pacific.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the national faith is pledged for the redemption +of the public debt and must be kept inviolate; and that for this +purpose we recommend economy and rigid responsibilities in the public +expenditures, and a vigorous and just system of taxation; that it +is the duty of every loyal State to sustain the use of the national +currency.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That we approve the position taken by the Government, +that the people of the United States can never regard with indifference +the attempt of European power to overthrow by force, or to supplant by +fraud, the institutions of any Republican government on the Western +Continent, and that they will view with extreme jealousy, as menacing +to the peace and independence of this our country, the efforts of +any such power to obtain new footholds for monarchical governments sustained +by a foreign military force in near proximity to the United States. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</span></p> + +<h3>FREMONT PLATFORM,<br> ADOPTED AT CLEVELAND,<br> MAY 31, 1864.</h3> + +<p>1. That the Federal Union must be preserved.</p> + +<p>2. That the Constitution and laws of the United States must be observed +and obeyed.</p> + +<p>3. That the rebellion must be suppressed by the force of arms, and +without compromise.</p> + +<p>4. That the rights of Free Speech, Free Press, and the Habeas Corpus +must be held inviolate, save in districts where martial law has been +proclaimed.</p> + +<p>5. That the rebellion has destroyed slavery, and the Federal +Constitution should be amended to prohibit its re-establishment.</p> + +<p>6. That the right for asylum, except for crime, and subject to law, +is a recognized principle—a principle of American liberty; that any +violation of it must not be overlooked, and must not go unrebuked.</p> + +<p>7. That the National policy known as the Monroe doctrine has become a +recognized principle, and that the establishment of an anti-republican +government on this continent by a foreign power can not be tolerated.</p> + +<p>8. That the gratitude and support of the nation is due to the faithful +soldiers, and the earnest leaders of the Union army and navy, for their +heroic achievements and valor in defense of our imperiled country and +of civil liberty.</p> + +<p>9. That the one term policy for the Presidency adopted by the people +is strengthened by the existing crisis, and shall be maintained by +constitutional amendments.</p> + +<p>10. That the constitution shall be so amended that the President and +Vice-President shall be elected by a direct vote of the people.</p> + +<p>11. That the reconstruction of the rebellious States belongs to the +people through their representatives in Congress, and not to the +Executive.</p> + +<p>12. That the confiscation of the lands of the rebels and their +distribution among the soldiers and actual settlers is a measure of +justice; that integrity and economy are demanded at all times in the +measures of the government, and that now the want of this is criminal.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC PLATFORM<br> OF 1864.</h2> +</div> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That in the future, as in the past, we will adhere +with unswerving fidelity to the Union under the Constitution as the +only solid foundation of our strength, security and happiness as a +people, and as a framework of government equally conducive to the +welfare and prosperity of all the States, both Northern and Southern.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That this Convention does explicitly declare, as +the sense of the American people, that after four years of failure +to restore the Union by the experiment of war, during which, under +the pretense of military necessity or war power higher than the +Constitution, the Constitution itself has been disregarded in every +part, and public liberty and private right alike trodden down, and +the material prosperity of the country essentially impaired, justice, +humanity, liberty and the public welfare demand that immediate efforts +be made for a cessation of hostilities with a view to an ultimate +convention of the States, or other peaceable means, to the end that at +the earliest practical moment peace may be restored on the basis of the +Federal Union of the States.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the direct interference of the military +authorities of the United States in the recent elections held in +Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri and Delaware was a shameful violation of +the Constitution, and a repetition of such acts in the approaching +election will be held as revolutionary, and resisted with all the means +and power under our control.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the aim and object of the Democratic party is to +preserve the Federal Union and the rights of the States unimpaired, +and they hereby declare that they consider that the administrative +usurpation of extraordinary and dangerous powers not granted by the +Constitution, the subversion of the civil by military law in States not +in insurrection, the arbitrary military arrest, imprisonment, trial and +sentence of American citizens in States where the civil law exists in +full force, the suppression of freedom of speech and of the press, the +denial of the right of asylum, the open and avowed disregard of State +rights, the employment of unusual test oaths, and the interference with, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</span> +and denial of the right of the people to bear arms in their defense, is +calculated to prevent a restoration of the Union and the perpetuation +of the Government deriving its just powers from the consent of the +governed.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the shameful disregard of the Administration to +its duty in respect to our fellow-citizens who now are, and long have +been, prisoners of war in a suffering condition, deserves the severest +reprobation on the score alike of public policy and common humanity.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the sympathy of the Democratic party is heartily +and earnestly extended to the soldiery of our army and sailors of our +navy who are and have been in the field and on the sea, under the flag +of their country, and in the event of its attaining power, they will +receive all the care, protection and regard that the brave soldiers and +sailors of the Republic have so nobly earned.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">LIEUTENANT-GENERAL<br> ULYSSES S. GRANT,</h2> +</div> + +<p>Was born at Mount Pleasant, Clermont county, Ohio. It seems that the +only marked traits of character he exhibited in early boyhood were +energy, industry, will. His educational advantages, at this period, +were those of the common, country school—no more.</p> + +<p>In the year 1839, at the age of seventeen, he entered the United States +Military Academy at West Point, from which he graduated on the 30th day +of January, 1843. During his stay at this Institution he manifested +that untiring industry, close application and unconquerable will which +distinguished his boyhood, and which have constituted so conspicuous +an element of his military character. It appears, however, that he +was never regarded as a genius; and the grade he sustained on the day +of graduation—that of 21 in a class of about 42—would not indicate +extraordinary advancement in the studies assigned him. But it was +remarked by those who conducted him through his Academic course, as +it has been by those who have observed his military career, that he +never lost an inch of the ground gained at each successive step in +his progress. At his graduation it is said he possessed a “practical +knowledge of the use of the rifled musket, the field piece, mortar, +siege, and sea-coast guns, small sword and bayonet, as well as the +construction of field works, and the fabrication of all munitions and +<i>materiel</i> of war.”</p> + +<p>At the close of his Academic course, he entered the United States +regular army as a Brevet Second Lieutenant of infantry. At this time, +the United States being at peace with all nations, Grant was attached +as a Supernumerary Lieutenant to the fourth infantry, then stationed on +the frontier in Missouri and Missouri Territory, and engaged in keeping +down the Indian tribes that at that time were very troublesome to the +early settlers of that region. Here Grant had not been many months when +he was ordered, with his regiment, to join the army of General Taylor, +in Texas. Soon after this, Corpus Christi, an important port on the +Texan shore, was taken possession of by the American army as a base of +operations against the Mexicans, between whom and the United States +disputes respecting certain imaginary boundary lines were fast ripening +into a war; and it was here that Grant received his commission as full +Second Lieutenant of Infantry. This commission dated from the 30th day +of September, 1845. On the 8th day of May, 1846, he participated in the +battle of Palo Alto, and although not noticed in the official reports, +was spoken of by his comrades as having displayed great gallantry. He +was likewise engaged in the subsequent brilliant operations of General +Taylor along the banks of the Rio Grande. On the 23d of September, 1846, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</span> +he took part, with great credit to himself, in the splendid affair at +Monterey. It is a noteworthy fact that, although Grant’s conduct in +every one of these engagements was highly meritorious, he remained in +the back ground, claiming no honors or promotions, but quietly biding +his time.</p> + +<p>After the formal declaration of war by the United States, against +Mexico, he was transferred to the command of General Scott, and +subsequently (March 29, 1847,) participated in the siege of Vera Cruz. +Immediately after this affair, he was appointed the Quartermaster of +his regiment, which office he retained throughout the Mexican campaign. +He was, however, honored with the appointment, on the field, of First +Lieutenant, to date from the 8th of September, 1847, for gallant and +distinguished voluntary services rendered on that day in the famous +battle of Molino del Ray. Congress afterwards wished to confirm the +appointment as a mere brevet, but Grant refused to accept it under such +circumstances.</p> + +<p>On the 13th of September, 1847, he was made Brevet Captain of the +regular army for gallant conduct in the battle of Chepultepec, which +battle occurred on the preceding day. On the 16th of November, 1847, he +was commissioned a First Lieutenant in the fourth regiment of regular +infantry, still retaining his brevet rank of Captain.</p> + +<p>At the close of the Mexican war, Grant, upon the distribution of his +regiment in companies and sections among the various Northern frontier +defences, along the borders of the States of Michigan and New York, +took command of his company in one of these defences. His regiment +having been afterwards consolidated and ordered to the Department of +the Pacific, Grant, with his own and some other companies, was sent +into Oregon to Fort Dallas. He received his full promotion to Captain +of infantry, in August, 1853, and was, shortly afterwards, attached to +the Department of the West; but, not regarding military so favorable +to progress as civil life, he resigned his connection with the United +States army on the 31st day of July, 1854, after which he resided near +the city of St. Louis, Missouri, until the year 1859. Here he resided +on a small farm, occupying himself in winter by hauling wood to the +Carondelet market, and during the summer in the collection of debts, +for which latter business, it is said, he had little capacity.</p> + +<p>In the year 1859, he embarked in the leather trade with his father, +the firm opening business in the city of Galena, Illinois. Grant +continued in the leather business, driving a prosperous trade, up to +the breaking out of the Rebellion in 1861, when he offered his services +to his country, upon the first call for volunteers, and was appointed +by Governor Yates as Commander-in-Chief of the Illinois forces and +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</span> +mustering officer of Illinois volunteers. Desiring active service +in the field, he resigned his appointment as mustering officer, and +accepted the Colonelcy of the 21st regiment of Illinois volunteers, +with a commission dating from June 15, 1861. In August, 1861, Colonel +Grant was promoted to the rank of Brigadier General of volunteers, his +commission dating from May 17, 1861.</p> + +<p>Shortly after this he was appointed commandant of the post at +Cairo—which post included the Missouri shore of the Mississippi river, +from Cape Girardeau to New Madrid, and the opposite shore, to the point +of land on which Cairo stands. This position Grant filled with great +ability, checkmating, by his adroit maneuvering, the efforts of the +rebels to occupy, permanently, southern Kentucky, and conducting those +successful expeditions against Forts Henry and Donelson, which opened +the way to the occupation of Western Tennessee.</p> + +<p>On the 16th of February, 1862, the day after the surrender of Fort +Donelson, he was appointed Major-General of volunteers, and was placed +in command of an expedition up the Tennessee river against the rebels +in and about Corinth, under command of Johnston and Beauregard. This +expedition terminated in the great battle of Shiloh or Pittsburg +Landing—which battle, occupying two days, (April 6th and 7th, 1862,) +was one of the bloodiest of the war, and resulted in the defeat of the +rebels and their retreat upon Corinth.</p> + +<p>For the immense slaughter which attended this battle, General Grant was +very severely censured by the people, generally, throughout the Western +States.</p> + +<p>Soon after this, General Halleck having assumed command of the army +before Corinth, and that place having fallen into the hands of the +United States forces by evacuation, an important change took place in +the army, which resulted in the assignment of General Grant to the +District of West Tennessee, and the promotion of General Halleck to the +office of General-in-Chief. The former soon after formed the plan of +opening the Mississippi river to its mouth. Memphis having been given +up to our troops, the chief obstacle in the way of the prosecution of +the design were Vicksburg and Port Hudson.</p> + +<p>After a series of expeditions and battles, land and naval, in which +the courage and fortitude of the Union troops were no less prominently +exhibited than the superior engineering powers and unyielding +stubbornness of General Grant, Vicksburg was reduced by siege, and was +occupied by Grant on the 4th of July, 1863; and directly after this +(July 8, 1863) followed the surrender of Port Hudson to General N. P. +Banks.</p> + +<p>On the 16th of October, 1863, the Departments of the Ohio, of the +Cumberland, and of the Tennessee were formed into the Military Division +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</span> +of the Mississippi, under the command of General Grant. The +General, however, was not long in this position until, the grade +of Lieutenant-General having been revived, he was promoted to that +office—which office gave him control of the entire forces of the +United States. This appointment was made in February, 1864, and was +immediately followed by the most active, thorough preparations for a +movement upon Richmond by the Army of the Potomac under the personal +command of General Grant, and an expedition against Atlanta under +command of General Sherman. After the battles of the Wilderness, +Spottsylvania Court House and the siege of Petersburg, Lee’s retreat +was cut off by the rapid movements which Grant instituted, and on the +9th of April, just one week after the last great battle, the army of +Northern Virginia capitulated. Soon after the rebel General Johnston +surrendered to General Sherman, on the same terms granted by Grant to +Lee, and the great civil war was ended. Grant was appointed Secretary +of War <i>ad interim</i>, August 12th, 1867, and filled the office with +distinction until January 14, 1868, at which time Secretary Stanton was +reinstated by Congress. On the 21st of May, 1868, he was unanimously +nominated for the Presidential chair by the Republican Convention, +which met at Chicago.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</span></p> + <h2 class="nobreak">THE TENURE-OF-OFFICE BILL.</h2> +<hr class="r10"> +</div> + +<p class="center">(PASSED MARCH 2, 1867.)</p> + +<p><i>Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the +United States of America in Congress assembled</i>, That every person +holding any civil office to which he has been appointed by and with +the advice and consent of the Senate, and every person who shall +hereafter be appointed to any such office, and shall become duly +qualified to act therein, is, and shall be entitled to hold such office +until a successor shall, in like manner, have been appointed and duly +qualified, except as herein otherwise provided: <i>Provided</i>, That +the Secretaries of State, of the Treasury, of War, of the Navy, and +of the Interior, the Postmaster-General, and the Attorney-General +shall hold their offices respectively for and during the term of the +President by whom they may have been appointed, and for one month +thereafter, subject to removal by and with the advice and consent of +the Senate.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> That when any officer, appointed +as aforesaid, excepting Judges of the United States Courts, shall, +during a recess of the Senate, be shown, by evidence satisfactory to +the President to be guilty of misconduct in office, or crime, or for +any reason shall become incapable or legally disqualified to perform +its duties, in such case, and in no other, the President may suspend +such officer and designate some suitable person to perform temporarily +the duties of such office until the next meeting of the Senate, and +until the case shall be acted upon by the Senate, and such person so +designated, shall take the oaths and give the bonds required by law to +be taken and given by the person duly appointed to fill such office, +and in such case it shall be the duty of the President, within twenty +days after the first day of such next meeting of the Senate, to report +to the Senate such suspension with the evidence and reasons for his +actions in the case, and the name of the person so designated to +perform the duties of such office. And if the Senate shall concur in +such suspension, and advise and consent to the removal of such officer, +they shall so certify to the President, who may thereupon remove such +officer, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, appoint +another person to such office. But if the Senate shall refuse to concur +in such suspension, such officer so suspended shall forthwith resume +the functions of his office, and the powers of the person so performing +its duties in his stead shall cease, and the official salary and +emoluments of such officer shall, during such suspension, belong to the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_346">[Pg 346]</span> +person so performing the duties thereof, and not to the officer so +suspended: <i>Provided, however</i>, That the President in case he +shall become satisfied that such suspension was made on insufficient +grounds shall be authorized at any time before reporting such +suspension to the Senate, as above provided, to revoke such suspension +and reinstate such officer in the performance of the duties of his +office.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> That the President shall have +power to fill all vacancies which may happen during the recess of the +Senate by reason of death or resignation, by granting commissions which +shall expire at the end of their next session thereafter. And if no +appointment by and with the advice and consent of the Senate shall +be made to such office so vacant or temporarily filled as aforesaid, +during such next session of the Senate, such office shall remain in +abeyance without any salary, fees, or emoluments attached thereto +until the same shall be filled by appointment thereto by and with the +advice and consent of the Senate, and during such time all the powers +and duties belonging to such office shall be exercised by such other +officer as may by law exercise such powers and duties in case of a +vacancy in such office.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> That nothing in this act +contained shall be construed to extend the term of any office, the +duration of which is limited by law.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 5.</span> That if any person shall, +contrary to the provisions of this act, accept any appointment to, or +employment in, any office, or shall hold or exercise, or attempt to +hold or exercise any such office or employment, he shall be deemed, and +is hereby declared to be guilty of a high misdemeanor, and upon trial +and conviction thereof, he shall be punished therefor by a fine not +exceeding ten thousand dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding five +years, or both said punishments, in the discretion of the court.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 6.</span> That every removal, appointment, +or employment made, had, or exercised contrary to the provisions of +this act, and the making, signing, sealing, countersigning, or issuing +of any commission or letter of authority for or in respect to any such +appointment or employment, shall be deemed and are hereby declared to +be high misdemeanors, and upon trial and conviction thereof, every +person guilty thereof shall be punished by a fine not exceeding ten +thousand dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding five years, or both +said punishments in the discretion of the court: <i>Provided</i>, +That the President shall have power to make out and deliver after +the adjournment of the Senate, commissions for all officers whose +appointments shall have been advised and consented to by the Senate.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 7.</span> That it shall be the duty +of the Secretary of the Senate, at the close of each session +thereof, to deliver to the Secretary of the Treasury, and to each +of his assistants, and to each of the auditors, and to each of the +comptrollers in the treasury, and to the treasurer and to the register +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</span> +of the treasury, a full and complete list, duly certified, of all the +persons who shall have been nominated to and rejected by the Senate +during such session, and a like list of all the offices to which +nominations shall have been made and not confirmed and filled at such +session.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 8.</span> That whenever the President +shall, without the advice and consent of the Senate, designate, +authorize, or employ any person to perform the duties of any office, +he shall forthwith notify the Secretary of the Treasury thereof, and +it shall be the duty of the Secretary of the Treasury thereupon to +communicate such notice to all the proper accounting and disbursing +officers of his department.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 9.</span> That no money shall be paid or +received from the Treasury, or paid or received from or retained out +of any public moneys or funds of the United States, whether in the +Treasury or not to or by or for the benefit of any person appointed +to or authorized to act in or holding or exercising the duties or +functions of any office contrary to the provisions of this act, nor +shall any claim, account, voucher, order, certificate, warrant, or +other instrument providing for or relating to such payment, receipt, +or retention, be presented, passed, allowed, approved, certified, or +paid by any officer of the United States or by any person exercising +the functions or performing the duties of any office or place of +trust under the United States for or in respect to such office or the +exercising or performing the functions or duties thereof; and every +person who shall violate any of the provisions of this section, shall +be guilty of a high misdemeanor, and upon trial and conviction thereof, +shall be punished therefor by a fine not exceeding ten thousand +dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding ten years, or both said +punishments in the discretion of the court.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_348">[Pg 348]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">IMPEACHMENT OF<br> PRESIDENT JOHNSON.</h2> +</div> + +<p>The events which led to the impeachment of President Johnson, may be +briefly stated as follows: On the 21st of February, 1868, the President +issued an order to Mr. Stanton, removing him from office as Secretary +of War, and another to General Lorenzo Thomas, Adjutant-General of the +Army, appointing him Secretary of War <i>ad interim</i>, directing the +one to surrender and the other to receive, all the books, papers, and +public property belonging to the War Department. As these orders fill +an important place in the history of the impeachment, we give them +here. The order to Mr. Stanton reads:</p> + +<p>“By virtue of the power and authority vested in me as President by the +Constitution and laws of the United States, you are hereby removed from +office as Secretary for the Department of War, and your functions as +such will terminate upon the receipt of this communication. You will +transfer to Brevet Major-General Lorenzo Thomas, Adjutant-General of +the Army, who has this day been authorized and empowered to act as +Secretary of War <i>ad interim</i>, all records, books, papers, and +other public property now in your custody and charge.”</p> + +<p>The order to General Thomas reads:</p> + +<p>“The Hon. Edwin M. Stanton having been this day removed from office +as Secretary for the Department of War, you are hereby authorized +and empowered to act as Secretary of War <i>ad interim</i>, and will +immediately enter upon the discharge of the duties pertaining to +that office. Mr. Stanton has been instructed to transfer to you all +the records, books, and other public property now in his custody and +charge.”</p> + +<p>These orders having been officially communicated to the Senate, that +body, after an earnest debate, passed the following resolution:</p> + +<p>“<i>Resolved by the Senate of the United States</i>, That under the +Constitution and laws of the United States the President has no power +to remove the Secretary of War and designate any other officer to +perform the duties of that office.”</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/a_johnson.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="484" > + <p class="f120"><b>ANDREW JOHNSON.</b></p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_349">[Pg 349]</span> +The President, upon the 24th, sent a message to the Senate, arguing +at length that not only under the Constitution, but also under the +laws as now existing, he had the right of removing Mr. Stanton and +appointing another to fill his place. The point of his argument is: +That by a special proviso in the Tenure-of-Office Bill the various +Secretaries of Departments “shall hold their offices respectively +for and during the term of the President by whom they may have been +appointed, and for one month thereafter, subject to removal by and with +the advice of the Senate.” The President affirms that Mr. Stanton was +appointed not by him, but by his predecessor, Mr. Lincoln, and held +office only by the sufferance, not the appointment, of the present +Executive; and that therefore his tenure is, by the express reading of +the law excepted from the general provision, that every person duly +appointed to office “by and with the advice and consent of the Senate,” +etc., shall be “entitled to hold office until a successor shall have +been in like manner appointed and duly qualified, except as herein +otherwise provided.” The essential point of the President’s argument, +therefore, is that, as Mr. Stanton was not appointed by him, he had, +under the Tenure-of-Office Bill, the right at any time to remove him; +the same right which his own successor would have, no matter whether +the incumbent had, by sufferance, not by appointment of the existing +Executive, held the office for weeks or even years. “If,” says the +President, “my successor would have the power to remove Mr. Stanton, +after permitting him to remain a period of two weeks, because he was +not appointed by him, I who have tolerated Mr. Stanton for more than +two years, certainly have the same right to remove him, and upon +the same ground, namely, that he was not appointed by me but by my +predecessor.”</p> + +<p>In the meantime General Thomas presented himself at the War Department +and demanded to be placed in the position to which he had been assigned +by the President. Mr. Stanton refused to surrender his post, and +ordered General Thomas to proceed to the apartment which belonged to +him as Adjutant-General. This order was not obeyed, and so the two +claimants to the Secretaryship of War held their ground. A sort of +legal by-play then ensued. Mr. Stanton entered a formal complaint +before Judge Carter, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the District +of Columbia, charging that General Thomas had illegally exercised +and attempted to exercise the duties of Secretary of War; and had +threatened to “forcibly remove the complainant from the buildings and +apartments of the Secretary of War in the War Department, and forcibly +take possession and control thereof under his pretended appointment +by the President of the United States as Secretary of War <i>ad +interim</i>;” and praying that he might be arrested and held to answer +this charge. General Thomas was accordingly arrested, and held to bail +in the sum of $15,000 to appear before the court on the 24th. Appearing +on that day he was discharged from custody and bail; whereupon he +entered an action against Mr. Stanton for false imprisonment, laying +his damages at $150,000.</p> + +<p>On the 22d of February the House Committee on Reconstruction, through +its Chairman, Mr. Stevens, presented a brief report, merely stating +the fact of the attempted removal by the President of Mr. Stanton, and +closing as follows: +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</span></p> + +<p>“Upon the evidence collected by the Committee, which is hereafter +presented, and in virtue of the powers with which they have been +invested by the House, they are of the opinion that Andrew Johnson, +President of the United States, should be impeached of high crimes and +misdemeanors. They, therefore, recommend to the House the adoption of +the following resolution:</p> + +<p>“<i>Resolved</i>, That Andrew Johnson, President of the United States +be impeached of high crimes and misdemeanors.”</p> + +<p>After earnest debate, the question on the resolution was adopted, on +the 24th, by a vote of 126 to 47. A committee of two members—Stevens +and Bingham—were to notify the Senate of the action of the House; and +another committee of seven—Boutwell, Stevens, Bingham, Wilson, Logan, +Julian, and Ward—to prepare the articles of impeachment. On the 25th +(February) Mr. Stevens thus announced to the Senate the action which +had been taken by the House:</p> + +<p>“In obedience to the order of the House of Representatives we have +appeared before you, and in the name of the House of Representatives +and of all the people of the United States, we do impeach Andrew +Johnson, President of the United States, of high crimes and +misdemeanors in office. And we further inform the Senate that the House +of Representatives will in due time exhibit particular articles of +impeachment against him, to make good the same; and in their name we +demand that the Senate take due order for the appearance of the said +Andrew Johnson to answer to the said impeachment.”</p> + +<p>The Senate thereupon, by a unanimous vote, resolved that this message +from the House should be referred to a select Committee of Seven, to be +appointed by the chair, to consider the same and report thereon. This +Committee subsequently made a report laying down the rules of procedure +to be observed on the trial.</p> + +<p>On the 29th of February the Committee of the House appointed for that +purpose presented the articles of impeachment which they had drawn up. +These, with slight modification, were accepted on the 2d of March. They +comprise nine articles, eight of which are based upon the action of the +President in ordering the removal of Mr. Stanton, and the appointment +of General Thomas as Secretary of War. The general title to the +impeachment is:</p> + +<p>“Articles exhibited by the House of Representatives of the United +States, in the name of themselves and all the people of the United +States, against Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, as +maintenance and support of their impeachment against him for high +crimes and misdemeanors in office.”</p> + +<p>Each of the articles commences with a preamble to the effect that the +President, “unmindful of the high duties of his office, of his oath +of office, and of the requirements of the Constitution that he should +take care that the laws be faithfully executed, did unlawfully and in +violation of the laws and Constitution of the United States, perform +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</span> +the several acts specified in the articles respectively;” closing +with the declaration: “Whereby the said Andrew Johnson, President of +the United States, did then and there commit and was guilty of a high +misdemeanor in office.” The phraseology is somewhat varied. In some +cases the offense charged is designated as a “misdemeanor,” in others +as a “crime.” The whole closes thus:</p> + +<p>“And the House of Representatives, by protestation, saving to +themselves the liberty of exhibiting at any time hereafter any further +articles or other accusation or impeachment against the said Andrew +Johnson, President of the United States, and also of replying to his +answers which he shall make to the articles herein preferred against +him, and of offering proof to the same and every part thereof, and to +all and every other article, accusation, or impeachment which shall be +exhibited by them as the case shall require, do demand that the said +Andrew Johnson may be put to answer the high crimes and misdemeanors +in office herein charged against him, and that such proceedings, +examinations, trials, and judgments may be thereupon had and given as +may be agreeable to law and justice.”</p> + +<p>The following is a summary in brief of the points in the articles of +impeachment, legal and technical phraseology being omitted:</p> + +<p><i>Article 1.</i> Unlawfully ordering the removal of Mr. Stanton +as Secretary of War, in violation of the provisions of the +Tenure-of-Office Act.—<i>Article 2.</i> Unlawfully appointing General +Lorenzo Thomas as Secretary of War <i>ad interim</i>.—<i>Article +3</i> is substantially the same as Article 2, with the addition +that there was at the time of the appointment of General Thomas no +vacancy in the office of Secretary of War.—<i>Article 4</i> charges +the President with “conspiring with one Lorenzo Thomas and other +persons, to the House of Representatives unknown,” to prevent, by +intimidation and threats, Mr. Stanton, the legally-appointed Secretary +of War, from holding that office.—<i>Article 5</i> charges the +President with conspiring with General Thomas and others to hinder +the execution of the Tenure-of-Office Act; and, in pursuance of this +conspiracy, attempting to prevent Mr. Stanton from acting as Secretary +of War.—<i>Article 6</i> charges that the President conspired with +General Thomas and others to take forcible possession of the property +in the War Department.—<i>Article 7</i> repeats the charge, in other +terms, that the President conspired with General Thomas and others to +hinder the execution of the Tenure-of-Office Act, and to prevent Mr. +Stanton from executing the office of Secretary of War.—<i>Article +8</i> again charges the President with conspiring with General +Thomas and others to take possession of the property in the War +Department.—<i>Article 9</i> charges that the President called before +him General Emory, who was in command of the forces in the Department +of Washington, and declared to him that a law, passed on the 30th of +June, 1867, directing that “all orders and instructions relating to +military operations, issued by the President or Secretary of War, shall +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</span> +be issued through the General of the Army, and, in case of his +inability, through the next in rank,” was unconstitutional, and not +binding upon General Emory; the intent being to induce General Emory to +violate the law, and to obey orders issued directly from the President.</p> + +<p>The foregoing articles of impeachment were adopted on the 2d of March, +the votes upon each slightly varying, the average being 125 ayes to +40 nays. The question then came up of appointment of managers on the +part of the House to conduct the impeachment before the Senate. Upon +this question the Democratic members did not vote; 118 votes were cast, +60 being necessary to a choice. The following was the result, the +number of votes cast for each elected manager being given: Stevens, of +Penn., 105; Butler, of Mass., 108; Bingham, of Ohio, 114; Boutwell, +of Mass., 113; Wilson, of Iowa, 112; Williams, of Penn., 107; Logan, +of Ill., 106. The foregoing seven Representatives were, therefore, +duly chosen as Managers of the Bill of Impeachment. The great body of +the Democratic members of the House entered a formal protest against +the whole course of proceedings involved in the impeachment of the +President. They claimed to represent “directly or in principle more +than one-half of the people of the United States.” This protest was +signed by forty-five Representatives.</p> + +<p>On the 3d the Board of Managers presented two additional articles of +impeachment, which were adopted by the House. The first charges, in +substance, that</p> + +<p>“The President, unmindful of the high duties of his office and of +the harmony and courtesies which ought to be maintained between the +executive and legislative branches of the Government of the United +States, designing to set aside the rightful authority and powers of +Congress, did attempt to bring into disgrace the Congress of the United +States and the several branches thereof, to impair and destroy the +regard and respect of all the good people of the United States for the +Congress and legislative power thereof, and to excite the odium and +resentment of all the good people of the United States against Congress +and the laws by it enacted; and in pursuance of his said design openly +and publicly, and before divers assemblages convened in divers parts +thereof to meet and receive said Andrew Johnson as the Chief Magistrate +of the United States, did on the 18th day of August, in the year of +our Lord 1866, and on divers other days and times, as well before as +afterward, make and deliver with a loud voice certain intemperate, +inflammatory, and scandalous harangues, and did therein utter loud +threats and bitter menaces as well against Congress as the laws of the +United States duly enacted thereby.”</p> + +<p>To this article are appended copious extracts from speeches of Mr. +Johnson. The second article is substantially as follows:</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/grant.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="559" > + <p class="f120"><b>GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT.</b></p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_353">[Pg 353]</span> +“The President did, on the 18th day of August, 1866, at the City of +Washington, by public speech, declare and affirm in substance that the +Thirty-ninth Congress of the United States was not a Congress of the +United States, authorized by the Constitution to exercise legislative +power under the same, but, on the contrary, was a Congress of only +a part of the States, thereby denying and intending to deny that +the legislation of said Congress was valid or obligatory upon him, +except in so far as he saw fit to approve the same, and did devise +and contrive means by which he might prevent Edwin M. Stanton from +forthwith resuming the functions of the office of Secretary for the +Department of War; and, also, by further unlawfully devising and +contriving means to prevent the execution of an act entitled ’An act +making appropriations for the support of the army for the fiscal year +ending June 30, 1868, and for other purposes,’ approved March 2, 1867; +and also to prevent the execution of an act entitled ‘An act to provide +for the more efficient government of the rebel States,’ passed March 2, +1867, did commit and was guilty of a high misdemeanor in office.”</p> + +<p>On the 4th of March the Senate notified the House that they were ready +to receive the Managers of the Impeachment. They appeared, and the +articles were formally read. The Senate had meanwhile adopted the rules +of procedure. Chief Justice Chase sent a communication to the Senate +to the effect that this body, when acting upon an impeachment, was +a Court presided over by the Chief Justice, and that all orders and +rules should be framed by the Court. On the 5th the Court was formally +organized. An exception was taken to the eligibility of Mr. Wade as +a member of the Court, on the ground that he was a party interested, +since, in the event of the impeachment being sustained, he, as +President of the Senate, would become Acting President of the United +States. This objection was withdrawn, and Mr. Wade was sworn as a +member of the Court. On the 7th the summons for the President to appear +was formally served upon him. On the 13th the Court was again formally +reopened. The President appeared by his counsel, Hon. Henry Stanbery, +of Ohio; Hon. Wm. M. Evarts, of New York; Hon. Wm. S. Groesbeck, of +Ohio; Hon. Benjamin R. Curtis, of Massachusetts; Hon. Thomas A. R. +Nelson, of Tennessee, who asked for forty days to prepare an answer +to the indictment. This was refused, and ten days granted; it being +ordered that the proceedings should reopen on the 23d. Upon that day +the President appeared by his counsel, and presented his answer to the +articles of impeachment. This reply was in substance as follows:</p> + +<p>The first eight articles in the Bill of Impeachment, as briefly summed +up in our last record, are based upon the action of the President in +ordering the removal of Mr. Stanton, and the temporary appointment +of General Thomas as Secretary of War. The gist of them is contained +in the first article, charging the unlawful removal of Mr. Stanton; +for, this failing, the others would fail also. To this article a +considerable part of the President’s answer is devoted. It is mainly an +amplification of the points put forth in the Message of February 24th, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</span> +in which he gave his reasons for his orders. The President cites the +laws by which this department of the administration was created, +and the rules laid down for the duties pertaining to it; prominent +among which are: that the Secretary shall “conduct the business of +the department in such manner as the President of the United States +shall from time to time order and instruct;” and that he should +“hold the office during the pleasure of the President;” and that +Congress had no legal right to deprive the President of the power to +remove the Secretary. He was, however, aware that the design of the +Tenure-of-Office Bill was to vest this power of removal, in certain +cases, jointly in the Executive and the Senate; and that, while +believing this act to be unconstitutional, yet it having been passed +over his veto by the requisite majority of two-thirds, he considered +it to be his duty to ascertain in how far the case of Mr. Stanton +came within the provisions of this law; after consideration, he came +to the conclusion that the case did not come within the prohibitions +of the law, and that, by that law he still had the right of removing +Mr. Stanton; but that, wishing to have the case decided by the +Supreme Court, he, on the 12th of August, issued the order merely +suspending, not removing, Mr. Stanton, a power expressly granted by +the Tenure-of-Office Act, and appointed General Grant Secretary of War +<i>ad interim</i>. The President then recites the subsequent action +in the case of Mr. Stanton; and, as he avers, still believing that he +had the constitutional power to remove him from office, issued the +order of February 21st, for such removal, designing to thus bring the +matter before the Supreme Court. He then proceeds formally to deny that +at this time Mr. Stanton was in lawful possession of the office of +Secretary of War; and that, consequently, the order for his removal was +in violation of the Tenure-of-Office Act; and that it was in violation +of the Constitution or of any law; or that it constituted any official +crime or misdemeanor.</p> + +<p>In regard to the seven succeeding articles of impeachment the +President, while admitting the facts of the order appointing General +Thomas as Secretary of War <i>ad interim</i>, denies all and every +of the criminal charges therein set forth. So of the ninth article, +charging an effort to induce General Emory to violate the law, the +President denies all such intent, and calls attention to the fact +that while, for urgent reasons, he signed the bill prescribing that +orders to the army should be issued only through the General, he at the +same time declared it to be, in his judgment, unconstitutional; and +affirms that in his interview with General Emory he said no more than +he had before officially said to Congress—that is, that the law was +unconstitutional.</p> + +<p>As to the tenth article, the first of the supplementary ones, the +President, while admitting that he made certain public speeches at the +times and places specified, does not admit that the passages cited are +fair reports of his remarks; denies that he has ever been unmindful of +the courtesies which ought to be maintained between +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</span>the executive and +legislative departments; but he claims the perfect right at all times +to express his views as to all public matters.</p> + +<p>The reply to the eleventh article, the second supplementary one, is +to the same general purport, denying that he ever affirmed that the +Thirty-ninth Congress was not a valid Congress of the United States, +and its acts obligatory only as they were approved by him; and denying +that he had, as charged in the article, contrived unlawful means for +preventing Mr. Stanton from resuming the functions of Secretary of +War, or for preventing the execution of the act making appropriations +for the support of the army, or that to provide for the more efficient +government of the rebel States. In his answer to this article the +President refers to his reply to the first article, in which he sets +forth at length all the steps, and the reasons therefor, relating to +the removal of Mr. Stanton. In brief, the answer of the President to +the articles of impeachment is a general denial of each and every +criminal act charged in the articles of impeachment.</p> + +<p>The counsel for the President then asked for a delay of thirty days +after the replication of the managers of the impeachment should +have been rendered, before the trial should formally proceed. This +was refused, and the managers of the impeachment stated that their +replication would be presented the next day: it was that,</p> + +<p>“The Senate will commence the trial of the President upon the articles +of impeachment exhibited against him on Monday, the 30th day of March, +and proceed therein with all dispatch under the rules of the Senate, +sitting upon the trial of an impeachment.”</p> + +<p>The replication of the House of Representatives was a simple denial of +each and every averment in the answer of the President, closing thus:</p> + +<p>“The House of Representatives ... do say that the said Andrew Johnson, +President of the United States, is guilty of the high crimes and +misdemeanors mentioned in the said articles, and that the said House of +Representatives are ready to prove the same.”</p> + +<p>The trial began, as appointed, on March 30. There being twenty-seven +States represented, there were fifty-four Senators, who constituted +the Court, presided over by Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase, of +Ohio. <span class="smcap">Senators</span>: <i>California</i>, Cole, Conness; +<i>Connecticut</i>, Dixon, Ferry; <i>Delaware</i>, Bayard, Saulsbury; +<i>Indiana</i>, Hendricks, Morton; <i>Illinois</i>, Trumbull, +Yates; <i>Iowa</i>, Grimes, Harlan; <i>Kansas</i>, Pomeroy, Ross; +<i>Kentucky</i>, Davis, McCreery; <i>Maine</i>, Fessenden, Morrill (Lot +M.); <i>Maryland</i>, Johnson, Vickers; <i>Massachusetts</i>, Sumner, +Wilson; <i>Michigan</i>, Chandler, Howard; <i>Minnesota</i>, Norton, +Ramsay; <i>Missouri</i>, Drake, Henderson; <i>Nebraska</i>, Thayer, +Tipton; <i>Nevada</i>, Nye, Stewart; <i>New Hampshire</i>, Cragin, +Patterson (J. W.); <i>New Jersey</i>, Cattell, Frelinghuysen; <i>New +York</i>, Conklin, Morgan; <i>Ohio</i>, Sherman, Wade; <i>Oregon</i>, +Corbett, Williams; <i>Pennsylvania</i>, Buckalew, Cameron; <i>Rhode +Island</i>, Anthony, Sprague; <i>Tennessee</i>, Fowler, Patterson +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</span> +(David); <i>Vermont</i>, Edmunds, Morrill (J. S.); <i>West +Virginia</i>, Van Winkle, Willey; <i>Wisconsin</i>, Doolittle, Howe.</p> + +<p><i>Managers for the Prosecution</i>: Messrs. Bingham, Boutwell, Butler, +Logan, Stevens, Williams, Wilson.</p> + +<p><i>Counsel for the President</i>: Messrs. Curtis, Evarts, Groesbeck, +Nelson, Stanbery.</p> + +<p>The following was the order of procedure: The Senate convened at 11 or +12 o’clock, and was called to order by the president of that body, who, +after prayer, would leave the chair, which was immediately assumed by +the Chief Justice, who wore his official robes. The prosecution was +mainly conducted by Mr. Butler, who examined the witnesses, and, in +conjunction with the others, argued the points of law which came up. +The defense, during the early part of the trial, was mainly conducted +by Mr. Stanbery, who had resigned the office of Attorney-General for +this purpose, but, being taken suddenly ill, Mr. Evarts took his place. +According to the rule at first adopted, the trial was to be opened by +one counsel on each side, and summed up by two on each side; but this +rule was subsequently modified so as to allow as many of the managers and +counsel as chose to sum up, either orally or by filing written arguments.</p> + +<h3>THE PROSECUTION.</h3> + +<p>The whole of the first day (March 30) was occupied by the opening +speech of Mr. Butler. After touching upon the importance of the case, +and the wisdom of the framers of the Constitution in providing for its +possible occurrence, he laid down the following proposition, supporting +it by a copious array of authorities and precedents:</p> + +<p>“We define, therefore, an impeachable high crime or misdemeanor to be +one, in its nature or consequences, subversive of some fundamental or +essential principle of government, or highly prejudicial to the public +interest, and this may consist of a violation of the Constitution, of +law, of an official oath, or of duty, by an act committed or omitted, +or, without violating a positive law, by the abuse of discretionary +powers from improper motives, or for any improper purpose.”</p> + +<p>He then proceeded to discuss the nature and functions of the tribunal +before which the trial is held. He asked: “Is this proceeding a trial, +as that term is understood, so far as relates to the rights and duties +of a court and jury upon an indictment for crime? Is it not rather +more in the nature of an inquest?” The Constitution, he urged, “seems +to have determined it to be the latter, because, under its provisions, +the right to retain and hold office is the only subject to be finally +adjudicated; all preliminary inquiry being carried on solely to +determine that question, and that alone.” He then proceeded to argue +that this body now sitting to determine the accusation, is the Senate +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</span> +of the United States, and not a court. This question is of consequence, +he argued, because, in the latter case, it would be bound by the rules +and precedents of common law statutes; the members of the court would +be liable to challenge on many grounds; and the accused might claim +that he could only be convicted when the evidence makes the fact clear +beyond reasonable doubt, instead of by a preponderance of the evidence. +The fact that in this case the Chief Justice presides, it was argued, +does not constitute the Senate thus acting a court; for in all cases of +impeachment, save that of the President, its regular presiding officer +presides. Moreover, the procedures have no analogy to those of an +ordinary court of justice. The accused merely receives a notice of the +case pending against him. He is not required to appear personally, and +the case will go on without his presence. Mr. Butler thus summed up his +position in this regard:</p> + +<p>“A constitutional tribunal solely, you are bound by no law, either +statute or common, which may limit your constitutional prerogative. You +consult no precedents save those of the law and custom of parliamentary +bodies. You are a law unto yourselves, bound only by the natural principles +of equity and justice, and that <i>salus populi suprema est lex</i>.”</p> + +<p>Mr. Butler then proceeded to consider the articles of impeachment. The +first eight, he says, “set out, in several distinct forms, the acts of +the President in removing Mr. Stanton and appointing General Thomas, +differing, in legal effect, in the purposes for which, and the intent +with which, either or both of the acts were done, and the legal duties +and rights infringed, and the Acts of Congress violated in so doing.” +In respect to all of these articles, Mr. Butler says, referring to his +former definition of what constituted an impeachable high crime:</p> + +<p>“All the articles allege these acts to be in contravention of his oath +of office, and in disregard of the duties thereof. If they are so, +however, the President might have the power to do them under the law. +Still, being so done, they are acts of official misconduct, and, as we +have seen, impeachable. The President has the legal power to do many +acts which, if done in disregard of his duty, or for improper purposes, +then the exercise of that power is an official misdemeanor. For +example, he has the power of pardon; if exercised, in a given case, for +a corrupt motive, as for the payment of money, or wantonly pardoning +all criminals, it would be a misdemeanor.”</p> + +<p>Mr. Butler affirmed that every fact charged in the first article, +and substantially in the seven following, is admitted in the reply +of the President; and also that the general intent to set aside the +Tenure-of-Office Act is therein admitted and justified. He then +proceeded to discuss the whole question of the power of the President +for removals from office, and especially his claim that this power was +imposed upon the President by the Constitution, and that it could not +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</span> +be taken from him, or be vested jointly in him and the Senate, partly +or in whole. This, Mr. Butler affirmed, was the real question at issue +before the Senate and the American people. He said:</p> + +<p>“Has the President, under the Constitution, the more than royal +prerogative at will to remove from office, or to suspend from office, +all executive officers of the United States, either civil, military +or naval, and to fill the vacancies, without any restraint whatever, +or possibility of restraint, by the Senate or by Congress, through +laws duly enacted? The House of Representatives, in behalf of the +people, join issue by affirming that the exercise of such powers +is a high misdemeanor in office. If the affirmative is maintained +by the respondent, then, so far as the first eight articles are +concerned—unless such corrupt purposes are shown as will of themselves +make the exercise of a legal power a crime—the respondent must go, and +ought to go, quit and free.”</p> + +<p>This point as to the legal right of the President to make removals +from office, which constitutes the real burden of the articles of +impeachment, was argued at length. Mr. Butler assumed that the Senate, +by whom, in conjunction with the House, the Tenure-of-Office Act had +been passed over the veto of the President, would maintain the law to +be constitutional. The turning point was whether the special case of +the removal of Mr. Stanton came within the provisions of this law. This +rested upon the proviso of that law, that—</p> + +<p>“The Secretaries shall hold their office during the term of the +President by whom they may have been appointed, and for one month +thereafter, subject to removal by and with the advice and consent of +the Senate.”</p> + +<p>The extended argument upon this point, made by Mr. Butler, was to the +effect that Mr. Stanton having been appointed by Mr. Lincoln, whose +term of office reached to the 4th of March, 1869, that of Mr. Stanton +existed until a month later, unless he was previously removed by +the concurrent action of the President and Senate. The point of the +argument is, that Mr. Johnson is merely serving out the balance of +the term of Mr. Lincoln, cut short by his assassination, so that the +Cabinet officers appointed by Mr. Lincoln held their places, by this +very proviso, during that term and for a month thereafter; for, he +argued, if Mr. Johnson was not merely serving out the balance of Mr. +Lincoln’s term, then he is entitled to the office of President for four +full years, that being the period for which a President is elected. If, +continues the argument, Mr. Stanton’s commission was vacated by the +Tenure-of-Office Act, it ceased on the 4th of April, 1865; or, if the +act had no retroactive effect, still, if Mr. Stanton held office merely +under his commission from Mr. Lincoln, then his functions would have +ceased upon the passage of the bill, March 2, 1867; and, consequently, +Mr. Johnson, in “employing” him after that date as Secretary of War, +was guilty of a high misdemeanor, which would give ground for a new +article of impeachment. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_359">[Pg 359]</span></p> + +<p>After justifying the course of Mr. Stanton in holding on to the +secretaryship in opposition to the wish of the President, on the +ground that “to desert it now would be to imitate the treachery of +his accidental chief,” Mr. Butler proceeded to discuss the reasons +assigned by the President in his answer to the articles of impeachment +for the attempt to remove Mr. Stanton. These, in substance, were, that +the President believed the Tenure-of-Office Act was unconstitutional, +and, therefore, void and of no effect, and that he had the right to +remove him and appoint another person in his place. Mr. Butler urged +that, in all of these proceedings, the President professed to act +upon the assumption that the act was valid, and that his action was +in accordance with its provisions. He then went on to charge that the +appointment of General Thomas as Secretary of War <i>ad interim</i>, +was a separate violation of law. By the act of February 20, 1863, which +repealed all previous laws inconsistent with it, the President was +authorized, in case of the “death, resignation, absence from the seat +of Government, or sickness of the head of an executive department,” +or in any other case where these officers could not perform their +respective duties, to appoint the head of any other executive +department to fulfill the duties of the office “until a successor be +appointed, or until such absence or disability shall cease.” Now, +urged Mr. Butler, at the time of the appointment of General Thomas as +Secretary of War <i>ad interim</i>, Mr. Stanton “had neither died nor +resigned, was not sick nor absent,” and, consequently, General Thomas, +not being the head of a department, but only of a bureau of one of +them, was not eligible to this appointment, and that, therefore, his +appointment was illegal and void.</p> + +<p>The ninth article of impeachment, wherein the President is charged +with endeavoring to induce General Emory to take orders directly from +himself, is dealt with in a rather slight manner. Mr. Butler says, “If +the transaction set forth in this article stood alone, we might well +admit that doubts might arise as to the sufficiency of the proof;” but, +he adds, the surroundings are so pointed and significant as to leave no +doubt in the mind of an impartial man as to the intents and purposes of +the President—these intents being, according to Mr. Butler, “to induce +General Emory to take orders directly from himself, and thus to hinder +the execution of the Civil Tenure Act, and to prevent Mr. Stanton from +holding his office of Secretary of War.”</p> + +<p>As to the tenth article of impeachment, based upon various speeches of +the President, Mr. Butler undertook to show that the reports of these +speeches, as given in the article, were substantially correct; and +accepted the issue made thereupon as to whether they are “decent and +becoming the President of the United States, and do not tend to bring +the office into ridicule and disgrace.”</p> + +<p>After having commented upon the eleventh and closing article, which +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</span> +charges the President with having denied the authority of the +Thirty-ninth Congress, except so far as its acts were approved by him, +Mr. Butler summed up the purport of the articles of impeachment in +these words:</p> + +<p>“The acts set out in the first eight articles are but the culmination +of a series of wrongs, malfeasances, and usurpations committed by the +respondent, and, therefore, need to be examined in the light of his +precedent and concomitant acts to grasp their scope and design. The +last three articles presented show the perversity and malignity with +which he acted, so that the man as he is known may be clearly spread +upon record, to be seen and known of all men hereafter.... We have +presented the facts in the constitutional manner; we have brought the +criminal to your bar, and demand judgment for his so great crimes.”</p> + +<p>The remainder of Monday, and a portion of the following day, were +devoted to the presentation of documentary evidence as to the +proceedings involved in the order for the removal of Mr. Stanton and +the appointment of General Thomas. The prosecution then introduced +witnesses to testify to the interviews between Mr. Stanton and General +Thomas. They then brought forward a witness to show that General Thomas +had avowed his determination to take forcible possession of the War +Office. To this Mr. Stanbery, for the defense, objected. The Chief +Justice decided the testimony to be admissible. Thereupon Senator +Drake took exception to the ruling, on the ground that this question +should be decided by the Senate—not by the presiding officer. The +Chief Justice averred that, in his judgment, it was his duty to decide, +in the first instance, upon any question of evidence, and then, if +any Senator desired, to submit the decision to the Senate. Upon this +objection and appeal arose the first conflict in the Senate as to +the powers of its presiding officer. Mr. Butler argued at length in +favor of the exception. Although, in this case, the decision was in +favor of the prosecution, he objected to the power of the presiding +officer to make it. This point was argued at length by the managers +for the impeachment, who denied the right of the Chief Justice to make +such decision. It was then moved that the Senate retire for private +consultation on this point. There was a tie vote—25 ayes and 25 nays. +The Chief Justice gave his casting vote in favor of the motion for +consultation. The Senate, by a vote of 31 to 19, sustained the Chief +Justice, deciding that “the presiding officer may rule on all questions +of evidence and on incidental questions, which decision will stand as +the judgment of the Senate for decision, or he may, at his option in +the first instance, submit any such question to a vote of the members +of the Senate.” In the further progress of the trial the Chief Justice, +in most important cases, submitted the question directly to the Senate, +without himself giving any decision. Next morning (April 1) Mr. Sumner +offered a resolution to the effect that the Chief Justice, in giving +a casting vote, “acted without authority of the Constitution of the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_361">[Pg 361]</span> +United States.” This was negatived by a vote of 27 to 21, thus deciding +that the presiding officer had the right to give a casting vote. The +witness (Mr. Burleigh, delegate from Dakotah), who had been called to +prove declarations of General Thomas, was then asked whether, at an +interview between them, General Thomas had said any thing as “to the +means by which he intended to obtain, or was directed by the President +to obtain, possession of the War Department.” To this question Mr. +Stanbery objected, on the ground that any statements made by General +Thomas could not be used as evidence against the President. Messrs. +Butler and Bingham argued that the testimony was admissible, on the +ground that there was, as charged, a conspiracy between the President +and General Thomas, and that the acts of one conspirator were binding +upon the other; and, also, that in these acts General Thomas was the +agent of the President. The Senate, by 39 to 11, decided that the +question was admissible. Mr. Burleigh thereupon testified substantially +that General Thomas informed him that he had been directed by the +President to take possession of the War Department; that he was bound +to obey his superior officer; that, if Mr. Stanton objected, he should +use force, and if he bolted the doors they would be broken down. The +witness was then asked whether he had heard General Thomas make any +statement to the clerks of the War Office, to the effect that, when he +came into control, he would relax or rescind the rules of Mr. Stanton. +To this question objection was made by the counsel of the President on +the ground of irrelevancy. The Chief Justice was of opinion that the +question was not admissible, but, if any Senator demanded, he would +submit to the Senate whether it should be asked. The demand having +been made, the Senate, by a vote of 28 to 22, allowed the question +to be put, whereupon Mr. Burleigh testified that General Thomas, in +his presence, called before him the heads of the divisions, and told +them that the rules laid down by Mr. Stanton were arbitrary, and that +he should relax them—that he should not hold them strictly to their +letters of instruction, but should consider them as gentlemen who would +do their duty—that they could come in or go out when they chose. Mr. +Burleigh further testified that, subsequently, General Thomas had said +to him that the only thing which prevented him from taking possession +of the War Department was his arrest by the United States marshal. +Other witnesses were called to prove the declarations of General +Thomas. Mr. Wilkeson testified that General Thomas said to him that +he should demand possession of the War Department, and, in case Mr. +Stanton should refuse to give it up, he should call upon General Grant +for a sufficient force to enable him to do so, and he did not see how +this could be refused. Mr. Karsener, of Delaware, testified that he saw +General Thomas at the President’s house, told him that Delaware, of +which State General Thomas is a citizen, expected him to stand firm; to +which General Thomas replied that he was standing firm, that he would +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</span> +not disappoint his friends, but that, in a few days, he would “kick +that fellow out,” meaning, as the witness supposed, Mr. Stanton.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/colfax.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="547" > + <p class="f120"><b>SCHUYLER COLFAX.</b></p> +</div> + +<p><i>Thursday, April 2d.</i>—Various witnesses were introduced to +testify to the occurrences when General Thomas demanded possession of +the War Department. After this General Emory was called to testify +to the transactions which form the ground of the ninth article of +impeachment. His testimony was to the effect that the President, on +the 22d of February, requested him to call; that, upon so doing, the +President asked respecting any changes that had been made in the +disposition of the troops around Washington; that he informed the +President that no important changes had been made, and that none could +be made without an order from General Grant, as provided for in an +order founded upon a law sanctioned by the President. The President +said that this law was unconstitutional. Emory replied that the +President had approved of it, and that it was not the prerogative of +the officers of the army to decide upon the constitutionality of a law, +and in that opinion he was justified by the opinion of eminent counsel, +and thereupon the conversation ended.</p> + +<p>The prosecution then endeavored to introduce testimony as to the +appointment of Mr. Edmund Cooper, the Private Secretary of the +President, as Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, in support of the +eighth and eleventh articles of impeachment, which charge the President +with an unlawful attempt to control the disposition of certain public +funds. This testimony, by a vote of 27 to 22, was ruled out.</p> + +<p>The prosecution now, in support of the tenth and eleventh articles of +impeachment, charging the President with endeavoring to “set aside +the rightful authority of Congress,” offered a telegraphic dispatch +from the President to Mr. Parsons, at that time (January 17, 1867) +Provisional Governor of Alabama, of which the following is the +essential part:</p> + +<p>“I do not believe the people of the whole country will sustain any set +of individuals in the attempt to change the whole character of our +Government by enabling acts in this way, I believe, on the contrary, +that they will eventually uphold all who have patriotism and courage +to stand by the Constitution, and who place their confidence in the +people. There should be no faltering on the part of those who are +honest in their determination to sustain the several coördinate +departments of the Government in accordance with its original design.”</p> + +<p>The introduction of this was objected to by the counsel for the +President, but admitted by the Senate, the vote being 27 to 17.</p> + +<p>The whole of Friday, and a great part of Saturday, (April 3d and 4th,) +were occupied in the examination of the persons who reported the +various speeches of the President which form the basis of the tenth +article, the result being that the reports were shown to be either +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</span> +substantially or verbally accurate. Then, after some testimony relating +to the forms in which commissions to office were made out, the managers +announced that the case for the prosecution was substantially closed. +The counsel for the President thereupon asked that three working days +should be granted them to prepare for the defense. This, after some +discussion, was granted by the Senate by a vote of 37 to 9, and the +trial was adjourned to Thursday, April 9th.</p> + +<h3>THE DEFENSE.</h3> + +<p>The opening speech for the defense, occupying the whole of Thursday, +and a part of Friday, was made by Mr. Curtis. Reserving, for a time, a +rejoinder to Mr. Butler’s argument as to the functions of the Senate +when sitting as a Court of Impeachment, Mr. Curtis proceeded to a +consideration of the articles of impeachment, in their order, his +purpose being “to ascertain, in the first place, what the substantial +allegations in each of them are, what is the legal proof and effect of +these allegations, and what proof is necessary to be adduced in order +to sustain them.” The speech is substantially an elaboration of and +argument for the points embraced in the answer of the President. The +main stress of the argument related to the first article, which, as +stated by Mr. Curtis, when stripped of all technical language, amounts +exactly to these things:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>“<i>First.</i> That the order set out in the article for +the removal of Mr. Stanton, if executed, would have been a +violation of the Tenure-of-Office Act.</p> + +<p>“<i>Second.</i> That it was a violation of the Tenure-of-Office Act.</p> + +<p>“<i>Third.</i> That it was an intentional violation of the +Tenure-of-Office Act.</p> + +<p>“<i>Fourth.</i> That it was in violation of the Constitution +of the United States.</p> + +<p>“<i>Fifth.</i> That it was intended by the President to be so.</p> +</div> + +<p>“Or, to draw all these into one sentence, which I hope may be +intelligible and clear enough, I suppose the substance of this first +article is that the order for the removal of Mr. Stanton was, and was +intended to be, a violation of the Constitution of the United States. +These are the allegations which it is necessary for the honorable +managers to make out in order to support that article.”</p> + +<p>Mr. Curtis proceeded to argue that the case of Mr. Stanton did not come +within the provisions of the Tenure-of-Office Act, being expressly +excepted by the proviso that Cabinet officers should hold their places +during the term of the President by whom they were appointed, and for +one month thereafter, unless removed by the consent of the Senate. Mr. +Stanton was appointed by Mr. Lincoln, whose term of office came to an +end by his death. He argued at length against the proposition that Mr. +Johnson was merely serving out the remainder of Mr. Lincoln’s term. The +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_364">[Pg 364]</span> +object of this exception, he said, was evident. The Cabinet officers +were to be “the immediate confidential assistants of the President, +for whose acts he was to be responsible, and in whom he was expected +to repose the gravest honor, trust, and confidence; therefore it was +that this act has connected the tenure-of-office of these officers +with that of the President by whom they were appointed.” Mr. Curtis +gave a new interpretation to that clause in the Constitution which +prescribes that the President “may require the opinion, in writing, of +the principal officer in each of the executive departments upon any +subject relating to the duties of their several offices.” He understood +that the word “their” included the President, so that he might call +upon Cabinet officers for advice “relating to the duties of the +office of these principal officers, or relating to the duties of the +President himself.” This, at least, he affirmed, had been the practical +interpretation put upon this clause from the beginning. To confirm his +position as to the intent of the Tenure-of-Office Act in this respect, +Mr. Curtis quoted from speeches made in both houses at the time when +the act was passed. Thus, Senator Sherman said that the act, as passed—</p> + +<p>“Would not prevent the present President from removing the Secretary +of War, the Secretary of the Navy, or the Secretary of State; and, if +I supposed that either of these gentlemen was so wanting in manhood, +in honor, as to hold his place after the politest intimation from the +President of the United States that his services were no longer needed, +I certainly, as a Senator, would consent to his removal at any time, +and so would we all.”</p> + +<p>Mr. Curtis proceeded to argue that there was really no removal of Mr. +Stanton; he still held his place, and so there was “no case of removal +within the statute, and, therefore, no case of violation by removal.” +But, if the Senate should hold that the order for removal was, in +effect, a removal, then, unless the Tenure-of-Office Act gave Mr. +Stanton a tenure-of-office, this removal would not have been contrary +to the provisions of this act. He proceeded to argue that there was +room for grave doubt whether Mr. Stanton’s case came within the +provisions of the Tenure-of-Office Act, and that the President, upon +due consideration, and having taken the best advice within his power, +considering that it did not, and acting accordingly, did not, even if +he was mistaken, commit an act “so willful and wrong that it can be +justly and properly, and for the purposes of this prosecution, termed a +high misdemeanor.” He argued at length that the view of the President +was the correct one, and that “the Senate had nothing whatever to do +with the removal of Mr. Stanton, whether the Senate was in session or not.”</p> + +<p>Mr. Curtis then went on to urge that the President, being sworn to take +care that the laws be faithfully executed, must carry out any law, +even though passed over his veto, except in cases where a law which he +believed to be unconstitutional has cut off a power confided to him, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_365">[Pg 365]</span> +and in regard to which he alone could make an issue which would bring +the matter before a court, so as to cause “a judicial decision to come +between the two branches of the Government, to see which of them is +right.” This, said he, is what the President has done. This argument, +in effect, was an answer to the first eight articles of impeachment.</p> + +<p>The ninth article, charging the President with endeavoring to induce +General Emory to violate the law by receiving orders directly from him, +was very briefly touched upon, it being maintained that, as shown by +the evidence, “the reason why the President sent for General Emory was +not that he might endeavor to seduce that distinguished officer from +his allegiance to the laws and Constitution of his country, but because +he wished to obtain information about military movements which might +require his personal attention.”</p> + +<p>As to the tenth article, based upon the President’s speeches, it was +averred that they were in no way in violation of the Constitution, or +of any law existing at the time when they were made, and were not, +therefore, impeachable offenses.</p> + +<p>The reply to the eleventh article was very brief. The managers had +“compounded it of the materials which they had previously worked up +into others,” and it “contained nothing new that needed notice.” Mr. +Curtis concluded his speech by saying that—</p> + +<p>“This trial is and will be the most conspicuous instance that has ever +been, or even can be expected to be found, of American justice or of +American injustice; of that justice which is the great policy of all +civilized States; of that injustice which is certain to be condemned, +which makes even the wisest man mad, and which, in the fixed and +unalterable order of God’s providence, is sure to return and plague the +inventor.”</p> + +<p>At the close of this opening speech for the defense, General Lorenzo +Thomas was brought forward as a witness. His testimony, elicited upon +examination and cross-examination, was to the effect that, having +received the order appointing him Secretary of War <i>ad interim</i>, +he presented it to Mr. Stanton, who asked, “Do you wish me to vacate +the office at once, or will you give me time to get my private property +together?” to which Thomas replied, “Act your pleasure.” Afterward +Stanton said, “I don’t know whether I will obey your instructions.” +Subsequently Thomas said that he should issue orders as Secretary of +War. Stanton said he should not do so, and afterward gave him a written +direction, not to issue any order except as Adjutant-General. During +the examination of General Thomas a question came up which, in many +ways, recurred upon the trial. He was asked to tell what occurred at +an interview between himself and the President. Objection was made by +Mr. Butler, and the point was argued. The question was submitted to the +Senate, which decided, by a vote of 42 to 10, that it was admissible. +The testimony of General Thomas, from this point, took a wide range, +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_366">[Pg 366]</span> +and, being mainly given in response to questions of counsel, was, +apparently, somewhat contradictory. The substance was that he was +recognized by the President as Secretary of War; that, since the +impeachment, he had acted as such only in attending Cabinet meetings, +but had given no orders; that, when he reported to the President that +Mr. Stanton would not vacate the War Department, the President directed +him to “take possession of the office;” that, without orders from the +President, he had intended to do this by force, if necessary; that, +finding that this course might involve bloodshed, he had abandoned this +purpose, but that, after this, he had, in several cases, affirmed his +purpose to do so, but that these declarations were “merely boast and +brag.” On the following day General Thomas was recalled as a witness, +to enable him to correct certain points in his testimony. The first +was the date of an unimportant transaction; he had given it as taking +place on the 21st of February, whereas it should have been the 22d. The +second was that the words of the President were that he should “take +charge,” not “take possession” of the War Department. In explanation of +the fact that he had repeatedly sworn to the words “take possession,” +he said that these were “put into his mouth.” Finally, General Thomas, +in reply to a direct question from Mr. Butler, said that his testimony +on these points was “all wrong.”</p> + +<p>Lieutenant-General Sherman was then called as a witness. After some +unimportant questions, he was asked in reference to an interview +between himself and the President which took place on the 14th of +January: “At that interview what conversation took place between +the President and you in reference to the removal of Mr. Stanton?” +To this question objection was made by Mr. Butler, and the point +was elaborately argued. The Chief Justice decided that the question +was admissible within the vote of the Senate of the previous day; +the question then was as to the admissibility of evidence as to a +conversation between the President and General Thomas; the present +question was as to a conversation between the President and General +Sherman. “Both questions,” said the Chief Justice, “are asked for the +purpose of procuring the intent of the President in the attempt to +remove Mr. Stanton.” The question being submitted to the Senate, it +was decided, by a vote of 28 to 23, that it should not be admitted. +The examination of General Sherman was continued, the question of the +conversation aforesaid being frequently brought forward, and as often +ruled out by the Senate. The only important fact elicited was that +the President had twice, on the 25th and 30th of January, tendered to +General Sherman the office of Secretary of War <i>ad interim</i>.</p> + +<p>On Monday, April 13th, after transactions of minor importance, +the general matter of the conversations between the President and +General Sherman again came up, upon a question propounded by Senator +Johnson—“When the President tendered to you the office of Secretary of +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_367">[Pg 367]</span> +War <i>ad interim</i>, did he, at the very time of making such tender, +state to you what his purpose in so doing was?” This was admitted by +the Senate, by a vote of 26 to 22. Senator Johnson then added to his +question, “If he did, what did he state his purpose was?” This was +admitted, by a vote of 25 to 26. The testimony of General Sherman, +relating to several interviews, was to the effect that the President +said that the relations between himself and Mr. Stanton were such +that he could not execute the office of President without making +provision to appoint a Secretary of War <i>ad interim</i>, and he +offered that office to him (General Sherman), but did not state that +his purpose was to bring the matter directly into the courts. Sherman +said that, if Mr. Stanton would retire, he might, although against +his own wishes, undertake to administer the office <i>ad interim</i>, +but asked what would be done in case Mr. Stanton would not yield. To +this the President replied, “He will make no opposition; you present +the order, and he will retire. I know him better than you do; he is +cowardly.” General Sherman asked time for reflection, and then gave a +written answer, declining to accept the appointment, but stated that +his reasons were mostly of a personal nature.</p> + +<p>On the 14th the Senate adjourned, on account of the sudden illness +of Mr. Stanbery. It re-assembled on the 15th, but the proceedings +touched wholly upon formal points of procedure and the introduction of +unimportant documentary evidence. On the 16th Mr. Sumner moved that all +evidence not trivial or obviously irrelevant shall be admitted, the +Senate to judge of its value. This was negatived by a vote of 23 to 11.</p> + +<p>The 17th was mainly taken up by testimony as to the reliability of +the reports of the President’s speeches. Mr. Welles, Secretary of the +Navy, was then called to testify to certain proceedings in Cabinet +Council at the time of the appointment of General Thomas. This was +objected to. The Chief Justice decided that it was admissible, and +his decision was sustained by a vote of 26 to 23. The defense then +endeavored to introduce several members of the Cabinet, to show that, +at meetings previous to the removal of Mr. Stanton, it was considered +whether it was not desirable to obtain a judicial determination of the +unconstitutionality of the Tenure-of-Office Act. This question was +raised in several shapes, and its admission, after thorough argument +on both sides, as often refused, in the last instance by a decisive +vote of 30 to 19. The defense considered this testimony of the utmost +importance, as going to show that the President had acted upon the +counsel of his constitutional advisers, while the prosecution claimed +that he could not plead in justification of a violation of the law +that he had been advised by his cabinet, or any one else, that the law +was unconstitutional. His duty was to execute the laws, and, if he +failed to do this, or violated them, he did so at his own risk of the +consequences. With the refusal of this testimony, the case, except the +final summings up and the verdict of the Senate, was virtually closed. +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_368">[Pg 368]</span></p> + +<p>The case had been so fully set forth in the opening speeches of Messrs. +Butler and Curtis, and in the arguments which came up upon points of +testimony, that there remained little for the other counsel except to +restate what had before been said.</p> + +<p>After the evidence had been closed the case was summed up, on the part +of the managers by Messrs. Boutwell, Williams, Stevens, and Bingham in +oral arguments, and Mr. Logan, who filed a written argument, and on +the part of the President by Messrs. Nelson, Groesbeck, Stanbery, and +Evarts. Many of these speeches were distinguished by great brilliancy +and power, but, as no new points were presented, we omit any summary.</p> + +<p>The Court decided to take a vote upon the articles on Tuesday, the 12th +of May, at 12 o’clock, M. A secret session was held on Monday, during +which several Senators made short speeches, giving the grounds upon +which they expected to cast their votes. On Tuesday the Court agreed +to postpone the vote until Saturday, the 16th. Upon that day, at 12 +o’clock, a vote was taken upon the eleventh article, it having been +determined to vote on that article first. The vote resulted in 35 votes +for conviction, and 19 for acquittal.</p> + +<p>The question being put to each Senator, “How say you, is the +respondent, Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, guilty or +not guilty of a high misdemeanor as charged in the article?”—those who +responded guilty were Senators Anthony, Cameron, Cattell, Chandler, +Cole, Conkling, Conness, Corbett, Cragin, Drake, Edmunds, Ferry, +Frelinghuysen, Harlan, Howard, Howe, Morgan, Morrill, of Vermont, +Morrill, of Maine, O. P. Morton, Nye, Patterson, N. H. Pomeroy, Ramsey, +Sherman, Sprague, Stewart, Sumner, Thayer, Tipton, Wade, Willey, +Williams, Wilson, and Yates.</p> + +<p>Those who responded not guilty were Senators Bayard, Buckalew, Davis, +Dixon, Doolittle, Fessenden, Fowler, Grimes, Henderson, Hendricks, +Johnson, M’Creery, Norton, Patterson, of Tennessee, Ross, Saulsbury, +Trumbull, Van Winkle, and Vickers.</p> + +<p>The Constitution requiring a vote of two-thirds to convict, the +President was acquitted on this article. After taking this vote the +Court adjourned until Tuesday, May 26th, when votes were taken upon the +second and third articles, with precisely the same result as on the +eleventh, the vote in each case standing 35 for conviction and 19 for +acquittal. A verdict of acquittal on the second, third, and eleventh +articles was then ordered to be entered on the record, and, without +voting on the other articles, the Court adjourned <i>sine die</i>. So +the trial was ended, and the President acquitted.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_369">[Pg 369]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">THE CHICAGO PLATFORM, 1868.</h2> +<hr class="r10"> +</div> + +<p>The following is the platform as adopted:</p> + +<p>“The National Republican Party of the United States, assembled in +National Convention, in the city of Chicago, on the 20th day of May, +1868, make the following declaration of principles:</p> + +<p>“1. We congratulate the country on the assured success of the +reconstruction policy of Congress, as evinced by the adoption, in the +majority of the States lately in rebellion, of constitutions securing +equal civil and political rights to all; and it is the duty of the +Government to sustain those constitutions and to prevent the people of +such States from being remitted to a state of anarchy.</p> + +<p>“2. The guarantee by Congress of equal suffrage to all loyal men at +the South was demanded by every consideration of public safety, of +gratitude, and of justice, and must be maintained, while the question +of suffrage in all the loyal States properly belongs to the people of +those States.</p> + +<p>“3. We denounce all forms of repudiation as a national crime, and the +national honor requires the payment of the public indebtedness in +the utmost good faith to all creditors at home and abroad, not only +according to the letter but the spirit of the laws under which it was +contracted.</p> + +<p>“4. It is due to the labor of the nation that taxation should be +equalized and reduced as rapidly as the national faith will permit.</p> + +<p>“5. The national debt, contracted, as it has been, for the preservation +of the Union for all time to come, should be extended over a fair +period for redemption; and it is the duty of Congress to reduce the +rate of interest thereon whenever it can be honestly done.</p> + +<p>“6. That the best policy to diminish our burden of debt is to so +improve our credit that capitalists will seek to loan us money at lower +rates of interest than we now pay, and must continue to pay, so long +as repudiation, partial or total, open or covert, is threatened or +suspected.</p> + +<p>“7. The Government of the United States should be administered with the +strictest economy, and the corruptions which have been so shamefully +nursed and fostered by <span class="smcap">Andrew Johnson</span> call +loudly for radical reform.</p> + +<p>“8. We professedly deplore the untimely and tragic death of +<span class="smcap">Abraham Lincoln</span>, and regret the accession of +<span class="smcap">Andrew Johnson</span> to the Presidency, who has +acted treacherously to the people who elected him, and the cause he +was pledged to support—who has usurped high legislative and judicial +functions—who has refused to execute the laws—who has used his high +office to induce other officers to ignore and violate the laws—who has +employed his executive powers to render insecure the property, the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_370">[Pg 370]</span> +peace, liberty, and life of the citizen—who has abused the +pardoning power—who has denounced the National Legislature as +unconstitutional—persistently and corruptly resisted, by every measure +in his power, every proper attempt at the reconstruction of the States +lately in rebellion—who has perverted the public patronage into an +engine of wholesale corruption, and who has been justly impeached for +high crimes and misdemeanors, and properly pronounced guilty thereof by +the vote of thirty-five Senators.</p> + +<p>“9. The doctrine of Great Britain and other European Powers, that +because a man is once a subject he is always so, must be resisted at +every hazard by the United States as a relic of the feudal times, not +authorized by the law of nations, and at war with our national honor +and independence. Naturalized citizens are entitled to be protected in +all their rights of citizenship as though they were native born; and +no citizen of the United States, native or naturalized, must be liable +to arrest and imprisonment by any foreign power for acts done or words +spoken in this country; and if so arrested and imprisoned it is the +duty of the Government to interfere in his behalf.</p> + +<p>“10. Of all who were faithful in the trials of the late war there were +none entitled to more especial honor than the brave soldiers and seamen +who endured the hardships of campaign and cruise, and imperiled their +lives in the service of the country. The bounties and pensions provided +by the laws for these brave defenders of the nation are obligations +never to be forgotten. The widows and orphans of the gallant dead are +the wards of the people, a sacred legacy bequeathed to the nation’s +protecting care.</p> + +<p>“11. Foreign emigration, which in the past has added so much to the +wealth, development, and resources, and increase of power to this +nation, the asylum of the oppressed of all nations, should be fostered +and encouraged by a liberal and just policy.</p> + +<p>“12. This Convention declares itself in sympathy with all the oppressed +people which are struggling for their rights.”</p> + +<p>The following resolutions were also adopted unanimously, and are added +to the declaration of principles:</p> + +<p>“<i>Resolved</i>, That we highly commend the spirit of magnanimity +and forgiveness with which the men who have served in the rebellion, +but now frankly and honestly coöperate with us in restoring the peace +of the country and reconstructing the Southern State governments upon +the basis of impartial justice and equal rights, are received back +into the communion of the loyal people. And we favor the removal of +the disqualifications and restrictions placed upon the late rebels in +the same measure as the spirit of loyalty will direct, and as may be +consistent with the safety of the loyal people.</p> + +<p>“<i>Resolved</i>, That we recognize the great principles laid down in +the immortal Declaration of Independence as the true foundation of +Democratic government: and we hail with gladness every effort toward +making these principles a living reality on every inch of American soil.”</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_371">[Pg 371]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">THE HON. SCHUYLER COLFAX.</h2> +<hr class="r10"> +</div> + +<p>Schuyler Colfax, the popular candidate of the National Union Republican +party for the office of Vice-President, is a native of New York City. +He was born in North Moore Street, March 23, 1823, his father having +died but a short time previous. With but limited means, his widowed +mother could afford to keep him at school but a short time, and, at +the age of ten, he was placed in a mercantile establishment, where +he remained for three years, contributing materially from his small +salary to the support of both himself and mother. In 1836, he and his +mother, in company with others, left their home in this city, and +settled in St. Joseph County, Indiana. Shortly after his arrival in the +West he was appointed Deputy County Auditor for St. Joseph County, and +employed his leisure hours in the study of State law, in which he is +said soon to have become an acknowledged expounder. He read law pretty +thoroughly during these leisure hours, but not with a view to adopting +it as a profession. He had but little idea of what great benefit the +information he was then gaining would prove to him in after years. In +1845, he started a weekly journal at South Bend, the county seat of +St. Joseph County, called the St. Joseph Valley Register, becoming +its sole proprietor and editor. Mr. Lanman, in his Dictionary of +Congress, says “he was bred a printer.” He never was apprenticed to the +printing business, and knew nothing of the practical part of the “art +preservative of all arts” until after he had commenced the publication +of the Register. With his ready tact and quick perception, however, and +great anxiety to economize, for his means were yet very limited, he +soon mastered the art sufficiently to “help out of the drag,” but he +never attained to any great proficiency in the business, his editorial +labors, the business of the office, and other duties soon claiming his +entire attention. The Register prospered, and soon became a source +of profit to its proprietor. It was ably edited, and was a model of +courtesy and dignity. Every paragraph, however small, seemed to have +passed under the supervision of and to reflect the mind and elevated +thoughts of its editor. He continued his connection with this paper +until three or four years ago, writing a regular weekly letter for its +columns during his first two terms in Congress. It was during the early +days of the Register that Mr. Colfax was laying the foundation for the +reputation he has since attained as a debater. A debating club was +formed, which held regular weekly meetings during the winter season, +and it was a rare occurrence, indeed, to find Mr. Colfax absent from +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_372">[Pg 372]</span> +one of these stated gatherings. Politics, the temperance reform, and +other subjects were often as ably debated in this society as kindred +questions are in many deliberate bodies of much greater pretensions +of the present day. The Hon. John D. Defrees, now Superintendent of +Government Printing, and for many years editor and proprietor of +the Indianapolis Journal, to which Mr. Colfax was also attached as +Senate reporter for some time after he commenced the publication of +the Register, was also a participant in these debates. They were +both Whigs, both ardent and sincere advocates of and believers in +the temperance reform, and were, consequently, seldom pitted against +each other in these debates. The attachment formed at this early day +between those gentlemen still continues with unabated fervor. In 1848, +Mr. Colfax was chosen as a delegate, and elected as secretary of the +convention which nominated General Taylor for the Presidency. In +1850, he represented St. Joseph County in the convention which framed +the present Constitution of Indiana. In this convention he opposed, +with all his ability, the adoption of the clause prohibiting free +colored men from settling in the State. His opposition to this measure +was the cause of his defeat the following year, when nominated for +Congress in opposition to Dr. Fitch. But, with all the ability, tact, +and shrewdness of this old political wireworker, he only distanced +his young competitor two hundred votes in a district which had been +strongly democratic for years. In 1852, he was again a delegate to +the Whig National Convention. He took an active part in the campaign +which followed, speaking often, and writing much. In 1854, he was +re-nominated, and elected to Congress, and was, consequently, more +active than ever before. His experience as a debater, and familiarity +with State and National politics, rendered him an overmatch for his +opponents, whom he was always anxious to meet in an open and fair +discussion before the people, where he was always certain of a victory. +In 1856, he was again nominated for Congress, and reëlected by a +handsome majority. His entrance into Congress was in the midst of the +great struggle over the Lecompton Constitution. A writer says of his +maiden speech in the House: “His first speech in Congress went forth +to repel the tide of terror which was sweeping over struggling Kansas, +and clearly showed that even then he was one of the best debaters in +the lower House.” Over 500,000 copies of this speech were printed and +circulated—a compliment, perhaps, never before received by any member +of Congress. He was first chosen Speaker of the Thirty-eighth Congress, +by a vote of 101 to 81. He has been thrice elected to the same +position, each time by an increased majority. He was appointed chairman +of the Committee on Post-offices and Post-roads, on the organization +of the Thirty-seventh Congress, and did much to extend mail facilities +throughout the West. He was one of the first advocates, and is still +one of the warmest friends of the Pacific Railroad. Indeed, he takes a +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_373">[Pg 373]</span> +warm interest in any movement looking to the development of the +boundless resources of the great West. It was, doubtless, the interest +he feels in this section of the country which induced him to take his +celebrated trip “Across the Continent.” His trip was a perilous one, +but his welcome at “the other end of the line” was so spontaneous, +truly genuine, and heart-felt that it more than repaid him for all the +dangers and hardships he passed through. This trip prepared him for +one of the most entertaining lectures ever delivered in this country. +It has been listened to with rapt attention by the people of almost +every city in the North. Pecuniarily, however, it has profited him +but little, for, with that liberality which has ever been a marked +trait in his character, the entire proceeds of a lecture have as often +been donated to some charitable object as they have found their way +into his own pocket. He has now served, in succession, fourteen years +in the House. He was urged, but he declined to accept a seat in the +United States Senate, preferring his presiding chair in the House. As a +presiding officer, he is the most popular the House has had since Henry +Clay. A writer in Putnam’s Magazine truly observes that Mr. Colfax “Has +no eccentricities, but great tact. His talents are administrative and +executive rather than deliberative. He would make good appointments, +and adopt sure policies. He would make a better President or Speaker of +the House than Senator. He knows men well, estimates them correctly, +treats them all fairly and candidly. No man will get through his +business with you in fewer minutes, and yet none is more free from the +horrid <i>brusqueness</i> of busy men. There are heart and kindness in +Mr. Colfax’s politeness. Men leave his presence with the impression +that he is at once an able, honest, and kind man. Political opponents +like him personally, as well as his political friends. We have never +heard that he has any enemies. The breath of slander has been silent +toward his fair, spotless fame. The wife of his youth, after being +for a long time an invalid, sank to her final rest several years ago, +leaving him childless. His mother and sister preside at his receptions, +which for many years have been, not the most brilliant, but the most +popular of any given at the Capital. Socially, Mr. Colfax is frank, +lively, jolly. The everlasting I-hood and us-ness of great men are +forgotten in his presence. His manners are not quite so familiar as +those of Lincoln, but nearly so. They are gentle, natural, graceful, +with a bird-like or business-like quickness of thought and motion. But +they are very far from the high and mighty style of Sumner, or the +judicial coldness of Fessenden, Sherman, and Trumbull. Though manly, +they are genial and winning. American mothers believe in Schuyler +Colfax. There are more babies named for him than for any public man +since Clay.” The intimacy and confidential relations of Mr. Colfax with +Mr. Lincoln are well known. They labored hand in hand as brothers in +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_374">[Pg 374]</span> +the cause of the Union, holding frequent and protracted interviews +on all subjects looking to the overthrow of the rebellion, for there +were no divisions between the executive and legislative branches of +the Government then as there are now. During the darkest hours of that +bloody drama which shall ever remain a reproach upon the people of one +section of the nation, they were ever cheerful and hopeful. Confident +in the justness of the war waged for the preservation of the Union, and +placing a Christian reliance in that Providence which guides and shapes +the destiny of nations, great reverses, which caused others to fear and +tremble, at times, almost to despair, seemed only to inspire them with +greater zeal, and a firmer belief in the ultimate triumph of our cause.</p> + +<p>Mr. Colfax is rather under the medium height, with a form firmly and +compactly molded. His hair is brown, now slightly sprinkled with gray; +eyes blue; forehead high and arching, indicating great perceptive +faculties, and deep veneration. His face is open and frank, and as +yet unmarked by age. He possesses great vitality, and can endure an +extraordinary amount of labor with but little fatigue. This, coupled +with his temperate habits, has caused him to wear his age so well that +but few persons would place him even at forty. He is yet in the prime +and vigor of manhood, with all his cares and responsibilities, as +buoyant as most people at thirty.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_375">[Pg 375]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">DEMOCRATIC PLATFORM.</h2> +<hr class="r10"> +</div> + +<p>The Democratic party, in National Convention assembled, reposing its +trust in the intelligence, patriotism, and discriminating justice +of the people, standing upon the Constitution as the foundation and +limitation of the powers of the Government and the guarantee of the +liberties of the citizen, and recognizing the questions of slavery and +secession as having been settled for all time to come by the war or the +voluntary action of the Southern States in Constitutional Conventions +assembled, and never to be revived or re-agitated, do, with the return +of peace, demand:</p> + +<p>1. The immediate restoration of all the States to their rights in the +Union under the Constitution of the civil Government and the American people.</p> + +<p>2. Amnesty for all past political offenses; the regulation of the +elective franchise in the States by their citizens.</p> + +<p>3. Payment of the public debt of the United States as rapidly as +practicable, all money drawn from the people by taxation, except so +much as is requisite for the necessities of the Government economically +administered being honestly applied to such payment, and where the +obligations of the Government do not expressly state upon their face or +the law under which they were issued does not provide that they shall +be paid in coin they ought, in right and in justice, to be paid in the +lawful money of the United States.</p> + +<p>4. Equal taxation of every species of property according to the value; +reducing Government bonds and other public securities.</p> + +<p>5. One currency for the Government and the people, the laborer and +the office-holder, pensioner and the soldier, the producer and the +bondholder.</p> + +<p>6. Economy in the administration of the Government; the reduction of +the standing army and navy; the abolition of the Freedmen’s Bureau, and +all political instrumentalities designed to secure negro supremacy; +simplification of the system and discontinuance of inquisitorial +modes of assessing and collecting internal revenue, that the burden +of taxation may be equalized and lessened, and the credit of the +Government and the currency made good; the repeal of all enactments for +enrolling the State militia into a national force in time of peace; +and a tariff for revenue upon foreign imports and such equal taxation +under the internal revenue laws as will afford incidental protection to +domestic manufactures as well, without impairing the revenue, impose +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_376">[Pg 376]</span> +the least burden upon and best promote and encourage the great +industrial interests of the country.</p> + +<p>7. Reform of abuses in the Administration; the expulsion of corrupt +men from office; the abrogation of useless offices; the restoration +of the rightful authority to and the independence of the Executive +and Judicial Departments of the Government; the subordination of the +military to the civil power, to the end that the usurpation of Congress +and the despotism of the sword may cease.</p> + +<p>8. Equal rights and protection for naturalized and native born +citizens at home and abroad; the assertion of American nationality, +which will command the respect of foreign powers, furnish an example +and encouragement to people struggling for national integrity, +constitutional liberty, and individual rights; and the maintenance of +the rights of naturalized citizens against the absolute doctrine of +immutable allegiance and the claims of foreign powers to punish them +for alleged crimes committed beyond their jurisdiction. In demanding +these measures and reforms, we arraign the radical party for its +disregard of right and the unparalleled oppression and tyranny which +have marked its career, after the most solemn and unanimous pledge +of both houses of Congress to prosecute the war exclusively for the +maintenance of the Government and the preservation of the Union under +the Constitution. It has repeatedly violated that most sacred pledge +under which was rallied that noble volunteer army which carried our +flag to victory. Instead of restoring the Union it has, so far as it is +in its power, dissolved it, and subjected ten States in time of peace +to military despotism and negro supremacy. It has nullified there the +right of trial by jury; it has abolished the writ of habeas corpus, +that most sacred writ of liberty; it has overthrown the freedom of +speech and of the press; it has substituted arbitrary seizures and +arrests, military trials, secret star chambers and inquisitions for +constitutional tribunals; it has disregarded, in time of peace, the +right of the people to be free from search and seizure; it has entered +the post-office and telegraph office, and even the private rooms +of individuals and seized there their private papers and letters, +without any specification or notice of affidavit, as required by the +organic law. It has converted the American Capitol into a bastile; +it has established a system of spies and official espionage to which +the constitutional monarchies of Europe never dare to resort. It has +abolished the right of appeal on important constitutional questions to +the supreme judicial tribunals, and threatens to curtail or destroy its +original jurisdiction, which is irrevocably vested by the Constitution; +while the learned Chief Justice has been subjected to the most +atrocious calumnies merely because he would not prostitute his high +office to the support of the false and partisan charges against the +President. Its corruption and extravagance have exceeded any thing known +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_377">[Pg 377]</span> +in history, and by its frauds and monopolies it has nearly doubled +the burden of the debt created during the war. It has stripped the +President of his Constitutional power of appointment even of his own +Cabinet. Under its repeated assaults the pillars of the Government are +rocking to their base; and should it succeed in November next, and +inaugurate its President, we will meet as a subjected and conquered +people amid the ruins of liberty and the scattered fragments of the +Constitution; and we do declare and resolve that ever since the people +of the United States threw off all subjection to the British crown, +the privilege and trust of suffrage have belonged to the several +States, and have been granted, regulated, and controlled exclusively +by the political power of each State respectively, and any attempt by +Congress, on any pretext whatever, to deprive any State of this right, +or interfere with this exercise, is a flagrant usurpation of power +which can find no warrant in the Constitution, and if sanctioned by +the people will subvert our form of Government, and can only end in a +single, centralized and consolidated Government, in which the separate +existence of the States will be entirely absorbed, and an unqualified +despotism then be established in place of a Federal Union of coequal +States, and that we regard the reconstruction acts so-called of +Congress such usurpations and unconstitutional, revolutionary and void: +that our soldiers and sailors who carried the flag of our country +to victory against a most gallant and determined foe must ever be +gratefully remembered, and all the guarantees given in their favor must +be faithfully carried into execution; that the public lands should be +distributed widely among the people and should be disposed of either +under the preëmption of the homestead lands and sold in reasonable +quantities, and to none but actual occupants, at the price established +by the Government. When the grants of the public lands may be allowed +necessary for the encouragement of important public improvements, the +proceeds of the sale of such lands, and not the lands themselves, +should be so applied; that the President of the United States, Andrew +Johnson, exercising the power of his high office in resisting the +aggressions of Congress on the constitutional rights of the States and +the people, is entitled to the gratitude of the whole American people, +and on behalf of the Democratic party, we tender him our thanks for his +patriotic efforts in that regard.</p> + +<p>Upon this platform the Democratic party appeal to every patriot, +including all the conservative element, and all who desire to support +the Constitution and restore the Union, forgetting all past differences +of opinion, to unite with us in the present great struggle for the +liberties of the people; and that to all such, to whatever party they +may have heretofore belonged, we extend the right hand of fellowship, +and hail all such coöperating with us as friends and brothers.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_378">[Pg 378]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">HON. HORATIO SEYMOUR,</h2> +<hr class="r10"> +</div> + +<p>The nominee of the Democratic National Convention for the office of +President of the United States, is a native of the State of New York, +having been born in Onondaga County, some time during the year 1811. +He is consequently fifty-seven years of age at the present writing. +His father being a gentleman of wealth, Mr. Seymour received an +excellent education, and after his graduation engaged in the study of +the law. Upon being admitted to the bar, he commenced the practice of +his profession in the town of Utica, Oneida County, and soon became a +popular lawyer. He did not long pursue this occupation, however. The +death of his father made him successor to a large and valuable estate, +attention to the interests of which compelled him to abandon all +professional and public labors. He never after resumed practice.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/h_seymour.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="494" > + <p class="f120"><b>HORATIO SEYMOUR.</b></p> +</div> + +<p>Mr. Seymour’s political predilections were, it may be said, inherited +from his ancestors, all or nearly all of whom were and had been +Democrats from the first formation of the party. To this political +organization the subject of this sketch gave in his adhesion, and has +ever since adhered to and been a prominent member of it. He first +appeared before the public as a candidate for the suffrages of his +fellow-citizens as the Democratic nominee for the office of mayor of +the city of Utica. Although that city had been one of the firmest Whig +strongholds, he was elected by a fair majority, as much owing, though, +to the feeling of dissatisfaction with the opposing candidate, as to +his personal popularity. The election took place in 1842, before he +had quite attained his thirty-first year. During the same year, he +was elected to the lower house of the State Legislature, and served +until 1845, when he declined a reëlection. His ability as a legislator +brought him considerable reputation, and had the effect of extending +his popularity, which had hitherto been confined to a rather limited +extent of territory.</p> + +<p>From 1845 to 1850, Mr. Seymour does not appear to have held any +political office, although he took an active part in politics, stumping +the State for other candidates, and doing all that he could to further +the interests and insure the success of the Democracy. During the +latter year, however, he had attained to sufficient prominence to +warrant his nomination for the office of Governor. His opponent was +Washington Hunt, and after a very exciting contest, Mr. Hunt was +elected by a majority of 262, in a total of 428,966 votes cast. The +balance of the Democratic ticket was elected, and this fact had the +effect of temporarily obscuring Mr. Seymour’s prospects. Still, he soon +recovered from this reverse of fortune, and in 1852, was re-nominated +for the same office. As before, his competitor was Mr. Hunt, whom +he defeated, after an exciting canvass, by a majority of 24,385, +in a total vote of 503,857. This victory added considerably to his +popularity, as it was believed to presage a long lease of power to the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_379">[Pg 379]</span> +Democratic party. His administration was distinguished by his veto +of the Maine Liquor Law bill, which had passed both houses of the +Legislature, and which action on the part of the Governor was regarded +at the time as a bold stroke of policy. But it was not fated that +the Democratic party should longer remain in power. In 1854, four +candidates for gubernatorial honors appeared in the field—Horatio +Seymour, regular Democrat; G. C. Bronson, hard shell Democrat; Myron +H. Clark, Republican, and D. Ullman, Know-Nothing. The split in the +Democratic party resulted in its defeat by a remarkably small majority. +Nearly half a million votes were cast, of which Mr. Clark and Mr. +Seymour received the highest, the former being elected by 309 majority.</p> + +<p>After this defeat, Mr. Seymour returned to private life, nor was his +name mentioned again in connection with public offices until 1856, when +he was spoken of as one of the possible candidates of the Democracy +for the Presidency. The movement, however, came to nothing. He still +took an active part in politics, so far as a vigorous support of all +Democratic candidates was concerned. When the rebellion broke out, Mr. +Seymour took an active part in furthering its suppression, and served +as chairman of the War Committee in his county, aiding in forwarding +troops to the seat of war. In 1862, he was once more nominated by the +Democrats for the office of Governor, and was elected by a majority +of over ten thousand. During his administration he had quite an angry +controversy with the general government on the subject of the draft, +he claiming that the quota of troops from the southern portion of +the State, which gives immense Democratic majorities, was larger in +proportion to the voting population, than that of the northern or +republican sections. The matter was finally settled by a revision of +the draft list. In 1863, the draft riots broke out in New York city, +and Mr. Seymour immediately left Albany for that place. Arriving there, +he addressed the rioters, urging them to disperse and go home quietly, +and promising to do all that he could to stay the execution of the law. +At the same time he organized a force of citizens, which he armed and +kept on duty, until the arrival of troops from Pennsylvania restored +order. In 1864, he was for the fifth time nominated for the office of +Governor, and was defeated by Mr. Fenton by a majority of over eight +thousand.</p> + +<p>Since the close of the war Mr. Seymour has taken an active part +in politics, although he has never been a candidate. In personal +appearance he is quite dignified, and is said to be a very sociable and +hospitable gentleman. As a public speaker he is fluent, eloquent, and +argumentative, and wherever he takes the stump he is always received by +large crowds. Until a late day of the Convention he positively asserted +that he would not accept the nomination of the Democracy for the +Presidency, but it is natural to suppose that he will now reconsider +this resolution after the unanimous vote by which he was nominated.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop"> +<div class="chapter"> +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_380">[Pg 380]</span></p> +<h2 class="nobreak">GENERAL FRANCIS PRESTON BLAIR, JR.</h2> +<hr class="r10"> +</div> + +<p>This gentleman, the Democratic nominee for the Vice-Presidency, is a +native of Lexington, Ky., where he was born, in 1821. He received an +excellent education at Princeton College, N. J., and, after graduation, +returned to his home at St. Louis, Mo., where he soon became actively +engaged in politics. He was the political associate of Thomas Benton, +and was the first man in Missouri to denounce the institution of +slavery in his State. Being elected to the State Legislature, he soon +became distinguished for his opposition to all measures tending to +benefit slavery, and did much toward revolutionizing public sentiment +in St. Louis, where he resided. In 1856, he was elected to Congress +as a Republican, and was reëlected by increased majorities in 1858 +and 1860. Throughout these years he never ceased his efforts against +slavery, and the Kansas Territory difficulty found him an earnest +advocate of free-soil doctrines. At the commencement of the Rebellion +of 1861, he was among the first to organize troops for the defense of +St. Louis and Missouri; and, in conjunction with Captain, afterward +General Lyon, raised the forces known as the Missouri Home Guards, one +of the most important Union organizations at that eventful period of +civil disturbances in that State. He was made commander of the First +Regiment, and assisted in the capture of Camp Jackson, St. Louis, on +May 10, 1861, which capture was among the first of the severe blows +struck at the Rebellion after the fall of Fort Sumter, inasmuch as it +was certainly the first important one. Colonel Blair also took part in +the battle of Boonville, under General Lyon, on June 17, 1861, during +which contest he commanded his regiment. It was at this point that the +rebels, under General Price and Governor Jackson, met with their first +decided defeat in Missouri. His regiment took a very active part in +the battle of Wilson’s Creek, where General Lyon was slain, on August +10, 1861, but, in consequence of his having to occupy his seat in the +special session of Congress, Colonel Blair was not present during that +action.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <img src="images/blair_jr.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="475" > + <p class="f120"><b>FRANCIS P. BLAIR, JR.</b></p> +</div> + +<p>During the sessions of Congress in 1861-2, Colonel Blair was Chairman +of the Committee on Military Affairs, and, as such, did good service +to the country. Upon the close of the session he returned to Missouri, +and commenced the organization of a regiment of artillery, and +afterward, at the request of the Secretary of War, he raised a brigade +of infantry, of which he was placed in command, and commissioned a +brigadier-general in August, 1862. The brigade became attached to the +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_381">[Pg 381]</span> +Fourth Division of the Thirteenth Army Corps, but, subsequently, upon a +reconstruction of General Grant’s forces, was assigned to the Fifteenth +Corps, then commanded by General W. T. Sherman. While under the command +of that brilliant officer, General Blair had charge of the First +Brigade, of General Steele’s division, at the attack upon the defenses +in the rear of Vicksburg, on the 29th of December, 1862. During the +assaults upon the works, General Blair greatly distinguished himself +for his bravery, being the last to leave the heights, although the main +army had been severely repulsed. General Blair commanded his brigade in +General Sherman’s wing of McClernand’s army during the assault upon and +capture of Fort Hindman, on the Arkansas River, on the 10th and 11th of +January, 1863. For the gallantry he displayed at these last mentioned +contests he was promoted to be a major-general of volunteers, with a +commission dating from November 29, 1862. During the month of April, +1863, Major-General Blair was placed in command of a division of +Sherman’s corps, formerly commanded by General David Stuart, who, in +consequence of his appointment not having been confirmed by the Senate, +had resigned the service. At the head of this division, he took part in +all the operations in the vicinity of Vicksburg and in the siege, and +further established his character for bravery.</p> + +<p>During the remainder of the war General Blair took an active and +conspicuous part in nearly all the great battles of the West. His +division gained distinction in the attack on and capture of Jackson, +Miss., and, on the 2d of October, 1863, General Sherman appointed him +to the command of the corps formerly commanded by himself. In his new +capacity he again exhibited many high traits of generalship, and, from +the advance of the army from the Mississippi to the terrible battles +of Missionary Ridge, his corps participated with distinguished valor, +and won for its commander considerable reputation. In the early part of +1864, being desirous of taking his seat in Congress, to which he had +been elected in 1862, General Blair presented his resignation to Mr. +Lincoln, at the request of that gentleman, who urged him to be present +and aid in the organization of the House. During the month of March +following, he reëntered the service, and was placed in command of the +Seventeenth Army Corps. Until the war ended he remained in the field, +serving under General Sherman in the celebrated campaign to Atlanta and +the sea, and winning fresh laurels as a military leader. On the 11th of +July, 1865, he bade farewell to his corps at Louisville and retired to +private life.</p> + +<p>As soon as the war was over and General Blair perceived that the +people of the South were honestly disposed to abide the result of the +conflict in good faith, he urged a liberal and generous treatment +of the ex-rebels. At first he continued his connection with the +republican party, and endeavored to change its course in his State to +a policy of conservatism. The Legislature of Missouri had passed a law +<span class="pagenum" id="Page_382">[Pg 382]</span> +disfranchising all who participated in or gave aid and comfort to the +Rebellion, and another law requiring all the citizens of the State to +take a test oath. Both of these measures were opposed by General Blair +as proscriptive and unconstitutional. He urged that, the war being +over, there was no need of any further rigor toward the men who had +engaged in rebellion, and regarded it as dangerous to the peace and +prosperity of the State to deprive them of the right to vote. With +regard to the test oath, he absolutely refused to subscribe to it, +and, upon presenting himself at the polls in St. Louis, his vote was +refused for that reason. For this act he brought a suit before the +courts for the purpose of testing the constitutionality of the law. +The case is now before the Supreme Court of the United States, and is +not yet decided. Gradually General Blair severed his connection with +the Republican party, after having been a member of that organization +from its incipiency. When the present reconstruction laws of Congress +were passed, he denounced them as despotic, revolutionary, and +unconstitutional, and declared that the people of the South would not +be in the wrong if they resisted their execution. He opposed, with +great earnestness, the policy of universal negro suffrage as a disgrace +and an outrage upon the people, and, in a recent letter, declared that +the first duty of a Democratic President, if elected, would be to +overthrow the present radical governments in the South, and restore +the States to the rule of the whites. This declaration of his has +been severely commented upon by the radical organs, while, from its +boldness, the Democratic papers have scarcely ventured to offer an +opinion.</p> + +<p>General Blair’s military reputation has gained him considerable +popularity in the West, and particularly among the late Union soldiers +in that section of the country. His recent adhesion to the Democratic +party and his bitter opposition to negro suffrage created for a time +considerable surprise when his views were made known, they being +regarded as singular when compared with his former denunciations of +slavery and the Democracy. Indeed, nothing could more fully exemplify +what revolutions sometimes occur in politics and men’s opinions than +his unanimous and enthusiastic nomination.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"> +<p class="f150"><b>Footnotes:</b></p> +<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> +<a id="Footnote_1_1" href="#FNanchor_1_1" class="label">[1]</a> +This clause has been repealed and annulled by the 12th amendment.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> +<a id="Footnote_2_2" href="#FNanchor_2_2" class="label">[2]</a> +This ordinance was drawn up before the Constitution was formed.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> +<a id="Footnote_3_3" href="#FNanchor_3_3" class="label">[3]</a> +This battle resulted in the destruction of the Pequod tribe.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> +<a id="Footnote_4_4" href="#FNanchor_4_4" class="label">[4]</a> +Kaskaskia, the first capital of Illinois, is located on +Kaskaskia River, and is the present site of Vandalia.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> +<a id="Footnote_5_5" href="#FNanchor_5_5" class="label">[5]</a> +Elected by the Senate.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> +<a id="Footnote_6_6" href="#FNanchor_6_6" class="label">[6]</a> +When the Electoral votes were being counted, in Joint Convention of the +Senate and House of Representatives, objections were made to including +the votes of Wisconsin, because the electors did not meet until the day +after that prescribed by law. The President of the Convention stated +that he merely announced that James Buchanan had been elected President +of the United States, without any reference to the contested votes, and +declined expressing an opinion on the subject.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> +<a id="Footnote_7_7" href="#FNanchor_7_7" class="label">[7]</a> +One of the original thirteen States of the Union.</p> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent"> +<a id="Footnote_8_8" href="#FNanchor_8_8" class="label">[8]</a> +Delegates from Territories who may speak on Territorial +questions, but have no vote.</p> +</div></div> + +<div class="chapter"> +<div class="transnote bbox spa2"> +<p class="f120 spa1">Transcriber’s Notes:</p> +<hr class="r10"> +<p>Deprecated spellings or archaeic words were not corrected.</p> +<p>The illustrations have been moved so that they do not break up + paragraphs and so that they are next to the text they illustrate.</p> +<p>Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected.</p> +</div></div> +<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 79072 ***</div> +</body> +</html> |