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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 79072 ***
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber’s Notes:
+
+ Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_
+ in the original text.
+ Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals.
+ Illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs.
+ Deprecated spellings have been preserved.
+ Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: GEORGE WASHINGTON.]
+
+
+
+
+ THE
+ VOTER’S TEXT BOOK,
+
+ COMPRISING A COLLECTION OF THE MOST IMPORTANT
+ DOCUMENTS AND STATISTICS,
+ CONNECTED WITH THE
+ POLITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA,
+
+ COMPILED FROM OFFICIAL RECORDS, WITH
+ BIOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL SKETCHES.
+
+ BY JAMES M. HIATT.
+
+ INDIANAPOLIS, IND.:
+ ASHER, ADAMS & HIGGINS.
+ 1868.
+
+ Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1868,
+ by ASHER, ADAMS & HIGGINS,
+
+ In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the United States,
+ for the District of Indiana.
+
+ STEREOTYPED AT THE FRANKLIN TYPE FOUNDRY, CINCINNATI.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+ PAGE.
+ Formation of the Original Union 5
+ Population of the United States at Decennial Periods 6
+ Declaration of Independence 7
+ Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union 13
+ Constitution of the United States, and Amendments 23
+ Washington’s Addresses 41
+ Missouri Compromise of 1820 65
+ Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 66
+ Kansas and Nebraska Act of 1854 73
+ Ordinance of 1787 86
+ Amnesty Proclamation 94
+ Proposed Crittenden Compromise 97
+ Emancipation Proclamation 99
+ Letter Explaining the same 101
+ Proclamation of Andrew Jackson 106
+ History of each of the States 130
+ Life of Washington 157
+ Electoral Votes for 1st and 2d terms 158
+ Life of John Adams 161
+ Electoral Votes for 3d term 162
+ Life of Jefferson 164
+ Electoral Votes for 4th and 5th terms 166
+ Life of Madison 168
+ Electoral Votes for 6th and 7th terms 170
+ Life of Monroe 172
+ Electoral Votes for 8th and 9th terms 174
+ Life of John Q. Adams 176
+ Electoral Votes for 10th term 178
+ Life of Jackson 179
+ Electoral Votes for 11th and 12th terms 181
+ Life of Van Buren 183
+ Electoral Votes for 13th term 185
+ Life of Harrison 186
+ Electoral Votes for 14th term 188
+ Life of Tyler 190
+ Life of Polk 192
+ Electoral Votes for 15th term 194
+ Life of Taylor 195
+ Electoral Votes for 16th term 197
+ Life of Fillmore 198
+ Life of Pierce 200
+ Electoral Votes for 17th term 202
+ Life of Buchanan 203
+ Electoral Votes for 18th term 207
+ Life of Lincoln 208
+ Electoral Votes for 19th and 20th terms 214
+ Life of Johnson 216
+ Chronological Record of the Rebellion 219
+ Pay of Officers of the United States, Civil and Military 269
+ Schedule of Stamp Duty 280
+ The Civil Rights Bill 289
+ Constitutional Amendment (proposed) 293
+ The Military Government Bill 295
+ Supplement to the same, and Amendment 297
+ History of the National Banks 301
+ History of Finances, Loans, Bonds, Legal-Tender Notes, etc. 318
+ Statistical View of the States, etc. 328
+ Platforms of the Parties for 1860 and 1864 331
+ Life of General U. S. Grant 341
+ Tenure-of-Office Bill 345
+ Impeachment 348
+ Chicago Platform of 1868 369
+ Life of Schuyler Colfax 371
+ Democratic Platform 375
+ Hon. Horatio Seymour 378
+ Gen. Francis Preston Blair, Jr. 380
+
+
+
+
+FORMATION OF THE ORIGINAL UNION.
+
+
+On Monday, the 5th of September, 1774, there were assembled at
+Carpenter’s Hall, in the city of Philadelphia, a number of men who had
+been chosen and appointed by the several colonies in North America
+to hold a Congress for the purpose of discussing certain grievances
+imputed against the mother country. This Congress resolved, on the next
+day, that each colony should have one vote only. On Tuesday, the 2d
+July, 1776, the Congress resolved, “That these United Colonies are, and
+of right ought to be, Free and Independent States,” etc., etc.; and on
+Thursday, the 4th July, the whole Declaration of Independence having
+been agreed upon, it was publicly read to the people. Shortly after,
+on the 9th September, it was resolved that the words “United Colonies”
+should be no longer used, and that the “UNITED STATES OF AMERICA”
+should thenceforward be the style and title of the Union. On Saturday,
+the 15th November, 1777, “Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union
+of the United States of America” were agreed to by the State delegates,
+subject to the ratification of the State legislatures severally. Eight
+of the States ratified these articles on the 9th July, 1778; one on the
+21st July; one on the 24th July; one on the 26th November of the same
+year; one on the 22d February, 1779; and the last one on the 1st March,
+1781. Here was a bond of union between thirteen independent States,
+whose delegates in Congress legislated for the general welfare, and
+executed certain powers so far as they were permitted by the articles
+aforesaid. The following are the names of the Presidents of the
+Continental Congress from 1774 to 1788:
+
+ Peyton Randolph, Virginia 5th Sept., 1774.
+ Henry Middleton, South Carolina 22d Oct., 1774.
+ Peyton Randolph, Virginia 10th May, 1775.
+ John Hancock, Massachusetts 24th May, 1776.
+ Henry Laurens, South Carolina 1st Nov., 1777.
+ John Jay, New York 10th Dec., 1778.
+ Samuel Huntingdon, Connecticut 28th Sept., 1779.
+ Thomas McKean, Delaware 10th July, 1781.
+ John Hanson, Maryland 5th Nov., 1781.
+ Elias Boudinot, New Jersey 4th ” 1782.
+ Thomas Mifflin, Pennsylvania 3d ” 1783.
+ Richard Henry Lee, Virginia 30th ” 1784.
+ Nathaniel Gorham, Massachusetts 6th Jan., 1786.
+ Arthur St. Clair, Pennsylvania 2d Feb., 1787.
+ Cyrus Griffin, Virginia 22d Jan., 1788.
+
+The seat of government was established as follows: At Philadelphia,
+Pa., commencing September 5, 1774, and May 10, 1775; at Baltimore,
+Md., December 20, 1776; at Philadelphia, Pa., March 4, 1777; at
+Lancaster. Pa., September 27, 1777; at York, Pa., September 30, 1777;
+at Philadelphia, Pa., July 2, 1778; at Princeton, N. J., June 30, 1783;
+at Annapolis, Md., November 26, 1783; at Trenton, N. J., November 1,
+1784; and at New York City, N. Y., Jan. 11, 1785.
+
+On the 4th March, 1789, the present Constitution, which had been
+adopted by a convention and ratified by the requisite number of States,
+went into operation.
+
+ POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES AT DECENNIAL PERIODS.
+ ------+------------+---------------------------------+------------
+ | | Colored Persons. |
+ Cens’s| White +---------+-----------+-----------+ Total
+ Years.| Persons. | Free. | Slave. | Total. | Population.
+ ------+------------+---------+-----------+-----------+------------
+ 1790 | 3,172,464 | 59,466 | 697,897 | 757,363 | 3,929,827
+ 1800 | 4,304,489 | 108,395 | 893,041 | 1,001,436 | 5,305,925
+ 1810 | 5,862,004 | 186,446 | 1,191,364 | 1,377,810 | 7,239,814
+ 1820 | 7,861,937 | 238,156 | 1,538,038 | 1,776,194 | 9,638,131
+ 1830 | 10,537,378 | 319,599 | 2,009,043 | 2,328,642 | 12,866,020
+ 1840 | 14,195,695 | 386,303 | 2,487,455 | 2,873,758 | 17,069,453
+ 1850 | 19,553,068 | 434,495 | 3,204,313 | 3,638,808 | 23,191,876
+ 1860 | 26,964,930 | 487,970 | 3,953,760 | 4,441,730 | 31,443,322
+ ======+============+=========+===========+===========+============
+
+
+
+
+ DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.
+
+ IN CONGRESS, TUESDAY, JULY 4, 1776.
+
+
+Agreeably to the order of the day, the Congress resolved itself into
+a committee of the whole, to take into their further consideration
+the Declaration; and, after some time, the President resumed the
+chair, and Mr. Harrison reported that the committee had agreed to a
+declaration, which they desired him to report. (The committee consisted
+of Jefferson, Franklin, John Adams, Sherman, and R. R Livingston.)
+
+The Declaration being read, was agreed to, as follows:
+
+ A DECLARATION
+
+ BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES OF
+ AMERICA, IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED.
+
+When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one
+people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with
+another, and to assume among the powers of the earth the separate and
+equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature’s God entitle
+them, a decent respect for the opinions of mankind requires that they
+should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
+
+We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created
+equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable
+rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of
+happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments are instituted
+among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed;
+that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these
+ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to
+institute a new government, laying its foundation on such principles,
+and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most
+likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will
+dictate that governments long established should not be changed for
+light and transient causes; and, accordingly, all experience hath shown
+that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable,
+than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are
+accustomed. But, when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing
+invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under
+absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off
+such government, and to provide new guards for their future security.
+Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such is
+now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems
+of government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a
+history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having, in direct
+object, the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To
+prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world:
+
+He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for
+the public good.
+
+He has forbidden his Governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing
+importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should
+be obtained; and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend
+to them.
+
+He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large
+districts of people unless those people would relinquish the right of
+representation in the legislature—a right inestimable to them, and
+formidable to tyrants only.
+
+He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual,
+uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records,
+for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his
+measures.
+
+He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly for opposing, with
+manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people.
+
+He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause
+others to be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of
+annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise,
+the State remaining, in the meantime, exposed to all the danger of
+invasion from without, and convulsions within.
+
+He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for
+that purpose, obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners;
+refusing to pass others to encourage their emigration hither, and
+raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands.
+
+He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent
+to laws for establishing judiciary powers.
+
+He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their
+offices and the amount and payment of their salaries.
+
+He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of
+officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance.
+
+He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the
+consent of our legislature.
+
+He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to,
+the civil power.
+
+He has combined, with others, to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign
+to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent
+to their acts of pretended legislation:
+
+For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us;
+
+For protecting them, by mock trial, from punishment, for any murders
+which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States;
+
+For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world;
+
+For imposing taxes on us without our consent;
+
+For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury;
+
+For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offenses;
+
+For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring
+province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging
+its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit
+instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies;
+
+For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and
+altering, fundamentally, the powers of our governments;
+
+For suspending our own legislature, and declaring themselves invested
+with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.
+
+He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his
+protection, and waging war against us.
+
+He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coast, burnt our towns, and
+destroyed the lives of our people.
+
+He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries
+to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun,
+with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the
+most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized
+nation.
+
+He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas,
+to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their
+friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands.
+
+He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored
+to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian
+savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction,
+of all ages, sexes, and conditions.
+
+In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for redress,
+in the most humble terms; our repeated petitions have been answered
+only by repeated injury. A prince, whose character is thus marked by
+every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free
+people.
+
+Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have
+warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their legislature
+to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them
+of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have
+appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured
+them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations,
+which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence.
+They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity.
+We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our
+separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in
+war—in peace, friends.
+
+We, therefore, the representatives of the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
+in GENERAL CONGRESS assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the
+World for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by the
+authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and
+declare, That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, FREE
+AND INDEPENDENT STATES; that they are absolved from all allegiance to
+the British crown, and that all political connections between them and
+the State of Great Britain, is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; and
+that, as _FREE AND INDEPENDENT STATES_, they have full power to levy
+war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do
+all other acts and things which INDEPENDENT STATES may of right do.
+And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the
+protection of DIVINE PROVIDENCE, we mutually pledge to each other, our
+lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor.
+
+The foregoing Declaration was, by order of Congress, engrossed, and
+signed by the following members:
+
+ JOHN HANCOCK.
+
+ _New Hampshire._
+
+ JOSIAH BARTLETT,
+ WILLIAM WHIPPLE,
+ MATTHEW THORNTON.
+
+ _Massachusetts Bay._
+
+ SAMUEL ADAMS,
+ JOHN ADAMS,
+ ROBERT TREAT PAYNE,
+ ELBRIDGE GERRY.
+
+ _Connecticut._
+
+ ROGER SHERMAN,
+ SAMUEL HUNTINGTON,
+ WILLIAM WILLIAMS,
+ OLIVER WOLCOTT.
+
+ _Rhode Island._
+
+ STEPHEN HOPKINS,
+ WILLIAM ELLERY.
+
+ _New York._
+
+ WILLIAM FLOYD,
+ PHILIP LIVINGSTON,
+ FRANCIS LEWIS,
+ LEWIS MORRIS.
+
+ _New Jersey._
+
+ RICHARD STOCKTON,
+ JOHN WITHERSPOON,
+ FRANCIS HOPKINSON,
+ JOHN HART,
+ ABRAHAM CLARK.
+
+ _Pennsylvania._
+
+ ROBERT MORRIS,
+ BENJAMIN RUSH,
+ BENJAMIN FRANKLIN,
+ JOHN MORTON,
+ GEORGE CLYMER,
+ JAMES SMITH,
+ GEORGE TAYLOR,
+ JAMES WILSON,
+ GEORGE ROSS.
+
+ _Delaware_.
+
+ CÆSAR RODNEY,
+ GEORGE READ,
+ THOMAS M’KEAN.
+
+ _Maryland._
+
+ SAMUEL CHASE,
+ WILLIAM PACA,
+ THOMAS STONE,
+ CHARLES CARROLL, OF CARROLL’N.
+
+ _Virginia._
+
+ GEORGE WYTHE,
+ RICHARD HENRY LEE,
+ THOMAS JEFFERSON,
+ BENJAMIN HARRISON,
+ THOMAS NELSON, JUN.,
+ FRANCIS LIGHTFOOT LEE,
+ CARTER BRAXTON.
+
+ _North Carolina._
+
+ WILLIAM HOOPER,
+ JOSEPH HEWES,
+ JOHN PENN.
+
+ _South Carolina._
+
+ EDWARD RUTLEDGE,
+ THOMAS HEYWARD, JUN.,
+ THOMAS LYNCH, JUN.,
+ ARTHUR MIDDLETON.
+
+ _Georgia._
+
+ BUTTON GWINNETT,
+ LYMAN HALL,
+ GEORGE WALTON.
+
+[Illustration: JOHN ADAMS.]
+
+
+
+
+ ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
+ AND
+ PERPETUAL UNION BETWEEN THE STATES.
+
+ The Articles of Confederation reported July 12, ’76,
+ and debated from day to day, and time to time, for two
+ years; were ratified July 9, ’78, by 10 States; by
+ New Jersey, on the 26th of November of the same year;
+ and by Delaware, on the 23d of February following.
+ Maryland, alone, held off two years more, acceding to
+ them March 1, ’81, and thus closing the obligation. The
+ following are the Articles:
+
+_To all whom these Presents shall come, We, the undersigned Delegates
+of the States affixed to our names, send greeting_—Whereas, the
+Delegates of the United States of America, in Congress assembled,
+did, on the 15th day of November, in the year of our Lord, 1777, and
+in the Second Year of the Independence of America, agree to certain
+Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union between the States of New
+Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations,
+Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland,
+Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, in the words
+following, viz.:
+
+ “_Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union
+ between the States of New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay,
+ Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut,
+ New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland,
+ Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and
+ Georgia._”
+
+ARTICLE 1. The style of this Confederacy shall be “The United States of
+America.”
+
+ARTICLE 2. Each State retains its sovereignty, freedom, and
+independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by
+this confederation expressly delegated to the United States in Congress
+assembled.
+
+ARTICLE 3. The said States hereby severally enter into a firm league
+of friendship with each other, for their common defense, the security
+of their liberties, and their mutual and general welfare, binding
+themselves to assist each other against all force offered to, or
+attacks made upon them, or any of them, on account of religion,
+sovereignty, trade, or any other pretense whatever.
+
+ARTICLE 4. The better to secure and perpetuate mutual friendship and
+intercourse among the people of the different States in this Union,
+the free inhabitants of each of these States—paupers, vagabonds, and
+fugitives from justice excepted—shall be entitled to all privileges
+and immunities of free citizens in the several States; and the people
+of each State shall have free ingress and regress to and from any
+other State, and shall enjoy therein all the privileges of trade and
+commerce, subject to the same duties, impositions, and restrictions, as
+the inhabitants thereof respectively, provided that such restriction
+shall not extend so far as to prevent the removal of property, imported
+into any State, to any other State of which the owner is an inhabitant;
+provided, also, that no imposition, duties or restriction shall be laid
+by any State on the property of the United States, or either of them.
+
+If any person guilty of or charged with treason, felony, or other high
+misdemeanor in any State, shall flee from justice, and be found in
+any of the United States, he shall, upon demand of the Governor, or
+executive power of the State from which he fled, be delivered up and
+removed to the State having jurisdiction of his offense.
+
+Full faith and credit shall be given in each of these States, to the
+records, acts, and judicial proceedings of the courts and magistrates
+of every other State.
+
+ARTICLE 5. For the more convenient management of the general interest
+of the United States, Delegates shall be annually appointed, in such
+manner as the legislature of each State shall direct, to meet in
+Congress on the first Monday in November, in every year, with a power
+reserved to each State, to recall its Delegates, or any of them, at
+any time within the year, and to send others in their stead, for the
+remainder of the year.
+
+No state shall be represented in Congress by less than two, nor by more
+than seven members; and no person shall be capable of being a Delegate
+for more than three years in any term of six years; nor shall any
+person, being a Delegate, be capable of holding any office under the
+United States, for which he, or another for his benefit, receives any
+salary, fees or emolument of any kind.
+
+Each State shall maintain its own Delegates in any meeting of the
+States, and while they act as members of the Committee of the States.
+
+In determining questions in the United States, in Congress assembled,
+each State shall have one vote.
+
+Freedom of speech and debate in Congress shall not be impeached or
+questioned in any court or place, out of Congress, and the members
+of Congress shall be protected in their persons from arrests and
+imprisonments, during the time of their going to and from, and
+attendance on Congress, except for treason, felony, or breach of the
+peace.
+
+ARTICLE 6. No State, without the consent of the United States in
+Congress assembled, shall send an embassy to, or receive an embassy
+from, or enter into any conference, agreement, alliance or treaty with
+any King, Prince, or State; nor shall any person holding any office
+of profit or trust under the United States, or any of them, accept of
+any present, emolument, office or title of any kind whatever from any
+King, Prince, or Foreign State; nor shall the United States in Congress
+assembled, or any of them, grant any title of nobility.
+
+No two or more States shall enter into any treaty, confederation or
+alliance whatever between them, without the consent of the United
+States in Congress assembled, specifying accurately the purposes for
+which the same is to be entered into, and how long it shall continue.
+
+No State shall lay any imposts or duties which may interfere with any
+stipulations in treaties, entered into by the United States in Congress
+assembled, with any King, Prince or State, in pursuance of any treaties
+already proposed by Congress, to the Courts of France and Spain.
+
+No vessels of war shall be kept up in time of peace by any State except
+such number only, as shall be deemed necessary by the United States in
+Congress assembled, for the defense of such State, or its trade; nor
+shall any body of forces be kept up by any State, in time of peace,
+except such number only, as in the judgment of the United States in
+Congress assembled, shall be deemed requisite to garrison the forts
+necessary for the defense of such State; but every State shall always
+keep up a well-regulated and disciplined militia, sufficiently armed
+and accoutred, and shall provide and have constantly ready for use, in
+public stores, a due number of field-pieces and tents, and a proper
+quantity of arms, ammunition, and camp equipage.
+
+No State shall engage in any war without the consent of the United
+States in Congress assembled, unless such State be actually invaded by
+enemies, or shall have received certain advice of a resolution being
+formed by some nation of Indians to invade such a State, and the danger
+is so imminent as not to admit of a delay, till the United States
+in Congress assembled can be consulted: nor shall any State grant
+commissions to any ships or vessels of war, nor letters of marque or
+reprisal, except it be after a declaration of war by the United States
+in Congress assembled, and then only against the Kingdom or State,
+and the subjects thereof, against which war has been so declared, and
+under such regulations as shall be established by the United States
+in Congress assembled, unless such State be infested by pirates, in
+which case vessels of war may be fitted out for that occasion, and kept
+so long as the danger shall continue, or until the United States in
+Congress assembled shall determine otherwise.
+
+ARTICLE 7. When land forces are raised by any State for the common
+defense, all officers of, or under the rank of colonel, shall be
+appointed by the legislature of each State respectively, by whom such
+forces shall be raised, or in such manner as such State shall direct,
+and all vacancies shall be filled up by the State which first made the
+appointment.
+
+ARTICLE 8. All charges of war, and all other expenses that shall be
+incurred for the common defense or general welfare, and allowed by the
+United States in Congress assembled, shall be defrayed out of a common
+treasury, which shall be supplied by the several States, in proportion
+to the value of all land within each State, granted to or surveyed for
+any person, as such land and the buildings and improvements thereon
+shall be estimated according to such mode as the United States in
+Congress assembled, shall, from time to time, direct and appoint.
+The taxes for paying that proportion shall be laid and levied by the
+authority and direction of the legislatures of the several States
+within the time agreed upon by the United States in Congress assembled.
+
+ARTICLE 9. The United States in Congress assembled shall have the sole
+and exclusive right and power of determining on peace and war, except
+in the cases mentioned in the 6th article—of sending and receiving
+embassadors—entering into treaties and alliances, provided that no
+treaty of commerce shall be made whereby the legislative power of the
+respective States shall be restrained from imposing such imposts and
+duties on foreigners, as their own people are subjected to, or from
+prohibiting the exportation or importation of any species of goods
+or commodities whatsoever—of establishing rules for deciding in all
+cases what captures on land or water shall be legal, and in what
+manner prizes taken by land or naval forces in the service of the
+United States shall be divided or appropriated—of granting letters of
+marque and reprisal in times of peace—appointing courts for the trial
+of piracies and felonies committed on the high seas and establishing
+courts for receiving and determining finally appeals in all cases of
+captures, provided that no member of Congress shall be appointed a
+judge of any of the said courts.
+
+The United States in Congress assembled shall also be the last resort
+on appeal in all disputes and differences now subsisting or that
+hereafter may arise between two or more States concerning boundary,
+jurisdiction, or any other cause whatever; which authority shall always
+be exercised in the manner following:—Whenever the legislative or
+executive authority or lawful agent of any State in controversy with
+another shall present a petition to Congress, stating the matter in
+question, and praying for a hearing, notice thereof shall be given
+by order of Congress, to the legislative or executive authority of
+the other State in controversy, and a day assigned for the appearance
+of the parties by their lawful agents, who shall then be directed to
+appoint, by joint consent, commissioners or judges to constitute a
+court for hearing and determining the matter in question: but if they
+can not agree, Congress shall name three persons out of each of the
+United States, and from the list of such persons each party shall
+alternately strike out one, the petitioners beginning, until the
+number shall be reduced to thirteen; and from that number not less
+than seven, nor more than nine names, as Congress shall direct, shall
+in the presence of Congress be drawn out by lot, and the persons whose
+names shall be so drawn or any five of them, shall be commissioners
+or judges, to hear and finally determine the controversy, so always
+as a major part of the judges who shall hear the cause shall agree
+in the determination: and if either party shall neglect to attend at
+the day appointed, without showing reasons which Congress shall judge
+sufficient, or being present shall refuse to strike, the Congress
+shall proceed to nominate three persons out of each State, and the
+Secretary of Congress shall strike in behalf of such party absent or
+refusing; and the judgment and sentence of the court to be appointed,
+in the manner above prescribed, shall be final and conclusive; and if
+any of the parties shall refuse to submit to the authority of such
+court, or to appear or defend their claim or cause, the court shall,
+nevertheless, proceed to pronounce sentence or judgment, which shall in
+like manner be final and decisive, the judgment or sentence and other
+proceedings being in either case transmitted to Congress and lodged
+among the acts of Congress for the security of the parties concerned:
+provided that every commissioner, before he sits in judgment, shall
+take an oath, to be administered by one of the judges of the Supreme
+or Superior Court of the State where the cause shall be tried, “well
+and truly to hear and determine the matter in question, according to
+the best of his judgment, without favor, affection, or hope of reward:”
+provided also that no State shall be deprived of territory for the
+benefit of the United States.
+
+All controversies concerning the private right of soil claimed under
+different grants of two or more States, whose jurisdictions as they
+may respect such lands, and the States which passed such grants,
+are adjusted; the said grants or either of them being at the same
+time claimed to have originated antecedent to such settlement of
+jurisdiction, shall, on the petition of either party to the Congress
+of the United States, be finally determined as near as may be in the
+same manner as is before prescribed for deciding disputes respecting
+territorial jurisdiction between different States.
+
+The United States in Congress assembled shall also have the sole
+exclusive right and power of regulating the alloy and value of
+coin struck by their own authority, or by that of the respective
+States—fixing the standard of weights and measures throughout the
+United States—regulating the trade and managing all affairs with
+the Indians, not members of any of the States; provided that the
+legislative right of any State within its own limits be not infringed
+or violated—establishing or regulating post-offices from one State
+to another, throughout all the United States, and exacting such
+postage on the papers passing through the same as may be requisite
+to defray, the expenses of the said office—appointing all officers
+of the land forces, in the service of the United States, excepting
+regimental officers—appointing all the officers of the naval forces,
+and commissioning all officers whatever in the service of the United
+States—making rules for the government and regulation of the said land
+and naval forces, and directing their operations.
+
+The United States in Congress assembled shall have authority to appoint
+a committee, to sit in the recess of Congress, to be denominated “A
+Committee of the States,” and to consist of one delegate from each
+State; and to appoint such other committees and civil officers as may
+be necessary for managing the general affairs of the United States,
+under their direction—to appoint one of their number to preside;
+provided that no person be allowed to serve in the office of president
+more than one year in any term of three years—to ascertain the
+necessary sums of money to be raised for the service of the United
+States, and to appropriate and apply the same for defraying the
+public expenses—to borrow money, or emit bills on the credit of the
+United States, transmitting every half year to the respective States
+an account of the sums of money so borrowed or emitted—to build and
+equip a navy—to agree upon the number of land forces, and to make
+requisitions from each State for its quota, in proportion to the
+number of white inhabitants in such State; which requisition shall be
+binding; and thereupon the legislatures of each State shall appoint the
+regimental officers, raise the men, and clothe, arm, and equip them in
+a soldier-like manner, at the expense of the United States; and the
+officers and men so clothed, armed, and equipped, shall march to the
+place appointed, and within the time agreed on by the United States
+in Congress assembled; but if the United States in Congress assembled
+shall, on consideration of circumstances, judge proper that any State
+should not raise men, or should raise a smaller number than its quota,
+and that any other State should raise a greater number of men than the
+quota thereof, such extra number shall be raised, officered, clothed,
+armed, and equipped in the same manner as the quota of such State,
+unless the legislature of such state shall judge that such extra number
+can not be safely spared out of the same; in which case they shall
+raise, officer, clothe, arm, and equip as many of such extra number as
+they judge can be safely spared. And the officers and men so clothed,
+armed, and equipped, shall march to the place appointed, and within the
+time agreed on by the United States in Congress assembled.
+
+The United States in Congress assembled shall never engage in a war,
+nor grant letters of marque and reprisal in time of peace, nor enter
+into any treaties or alliances, nor coin money, nor regulate the value
+thereof, nor ascertain the sums and expenses necessary for the defense
+and welfare of the United States, or any of them, nor emit bills, nor
+borrow money on the credit of the United States, nor appropriate money,
+nor agree upon the number of vessels of war to be built or purchased,
+or the number of land or sea forces to be raised, nor appoint a
+commander-in-chief of the army or navy unless nine States assent to the
+same; nor shall a question on any other point, except for adjourning
+from day to day, be determined, unless by the votes of a majority of
+the United States in Congress assembled.
+
+The Congress of the United States shall have power to adjourn to any
+time within the year, and to any place within the United States, so
+that no period of adjournment be for a longer duration than the space
+of six months, and shall publish the journal of their proceedings
+monthly, except such parts thereof relating to treaties, alliances,
+or military operations, as in their judgment require secrecy and the
+yeas and nays of the delegates of each State on any question shall be
+entered on the journal when it is desired by any delegate; and the
+delegates of a State, or any of them, at his or their request, shall
+be furnished with a transcript of the said journal, except such parts
+as are above excepted, to lay before the legislatures of the several
+States.
+
+ARTICLE 10. The committee of the States, or any nine of them shall be
+authorized to execute, in the recess of Congress, such of the powers
+of Congress as the United States in Congress assembled, by the consent
+of nine States, shall, from time to time, think expedient to vest them
+with; provided that no power be delegated to the said committee; for
+the exercise of which, by the Articles of Confederation; the voice of
+nine States in the Congress of the United States assembled is requisite.
+
+ARTICLE 11. Canada, acceding to this confederation and joining in the
+measures of the United States, shall be admitted into, and entitled to
+all the advantages of this union; but no other colony shall be admitted
+into the same unless such admission be agreed to by nine States.
+
+ARTICLE 12. All bills of credit emitted, moneys borrowed, and
+debts contracted by, or under the authority of Congress, before
+the assembling of the United States, in pursuance of the present
+confederation, shall be deemed and considered as a charge against the
+United States—for payment and satisfaction whereof, the said United
+States and the public faith are hereby solemnly pledged.
+
+ARTICLE 13. Every State shall abide by the determinations of the
+United States in Congress assembled on all questions which, by this
+confederation, are submitted to them. And the articles of this
+confederation shall be inviolably observed by every State, and the
+union shall be perpetual; nor shall any alteration at any time
+hereafter be made in any of them, unless such alteration be agreed to
+in a Congress of the United States, and be afterward confirmed by the
+legislatures of every State.
+
+_And Whereas_, It hath pleased the Great Governor of the World to
+incline the hearts of the legislatures we respectively represent in
+Congress, to approve of and to authorize us to ratify the said Articles
+of Confederation and perpetual union. Know Ye that we, the undersigned
+delegates, by virtue of the power and authority to us given for that
+purpose, do, by these presents, in the name and in behalf of our
+respective constituents, fully and entirely ratify and confirm each
+and every of the said Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union,
+and all and singular the matters and things therein contained. And
+we do further solemnly plight and engage the faith of our respective
+constituents, that they shall abide by the determinations of the United
+States in Congress assembled on all questions which, by the said
+confederation, are submitted to them. And that the articles thereof
+shall be inviolably observed by the States we respectively represent,
+and that the union shall be perpetual. In witness whereof we have
+hereunto set our hands in Congress. Done at Philadelphia, in the State
+of Pennsylvania, the 9th day of July, in the year of our Lord 1778, and
+in the 3d year of the Independence of America.
+
+
+
+
+ CONSTITUTION
+ OF THE
+ UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
+
+ We, the People of the United States, in order to form a
+ more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic
+ tranquillity, provide for the common defense, promote
+ the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty
+ to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish
+ this Constitution for the United States of America:
+
+
+ ARTICLE I.
+
+SECTION 1. All the legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in
+a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and
+House of Representatives.
+
+SEC. 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members
+chosen every second year by the people of the several States; and the
+electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for
+electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature.
+
+No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the
+age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United
+States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State
+in which he shall be chosen.
+
+Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several
+States which may be included within this Union, according to their
+respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole
+number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term
+of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other
+persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after
+the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within
+every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law
+direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every
+thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one Representative;
+and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire
+shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island
+and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New
+Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia
+ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.
+
+When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the
+Executive authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such
+vacancies.
+
+The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other
+officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment.
+
+SEC. 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two
+Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six
+years; and each Senator shall have one vote.
+
+Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first
+election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three
+classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated
+at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the
+expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration
+of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen, every second year;
+and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the
+recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make
+temporary appointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which
+shall then fill such vacancies.
+
+No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of
+thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and
+who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which
+he shall be chosen.
+
+The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the
+Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided.
+
+The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President
+_pro tempore_, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall
+exercise the office of President of the United States.
+
+The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When
+sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When
+the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall
+preside; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of
+two-thirds of the members present.
+
+Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to
+removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office
+of honor, trust or profit under the United States; but the party
+convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment,
+trial, judgment and punishment, according to law.
+
+SEC. 4. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for
+Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the
+Legislature thereof; but the Congress may, at any time, by law make or
+alter such regulations, except as the places of choosing Senators.
+
+The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such
+meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by
+law appoint a different day.
+
+SEC. 5. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns,
+and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall
+constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn
+from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of
+absent members, in such manner and under such penalties as each House
+may provide.
+
+Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish
+its members for disorderly behavior, and with the concurrence of
+two-thirds, expel a member.
+
+Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time to
+time publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in their judgment,
+require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either House
+on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be
+entered on the journal.
+
+Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the
+consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any
+other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.
+
+SEC. 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation
+for their services, to be ascertained by law and paid out of the
+treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason,
+felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their
+attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to
+and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either
+House, they shall not be questioned in any other place.
+
+No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was
+elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the
+United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof
+shall have been increased during such time, and no person holding any
+office under the United States shall be a member of either House during
+his continuance in office.
+
+SEC. 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of
+Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments
+as on other bills.
+
+Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the
+Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President
+of the United States: If he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he
+shall return it, with his objections, to that House in which it shall
+have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their
+Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration,
+two-thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be
+sent, together with the objections, to the other House, by which it
+shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that
+House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both
+Houses shall be determined by yeas and nay, and the names of the
+persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the Journal
+of each House respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the
+President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been
+presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he
+had signed it, unless the Congress, by their adjournment, prevent its
+return; in which case it shall not be a law.
+
+Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate
+and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of
+adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States;
+and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him; or,
+being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate
+and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations
+prescribed in the case of a bill.
+
+SEC. 8. The Congress shall have Power—
+
+To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the debts
+and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United
+States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout
+the United States;
+
+To borrow money on the credit of the United States;
+
+To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several
+States, and with the Indian tribes;
+
+To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the
+subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States;
+
+To coin money, regulate the value thereof and of foreign coin, and fix
+the standard of weights and measures;
+
+To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and
+current coin of the United States;
+
+To establish post-offices and post-roads;
+
+To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for
+limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their
+respective writings and discoveries;
+
+To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court;
+
+To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas,
+and offenses against the law of nations;
+
+To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules
+concerning captures on land and water;
+
+To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use
+shall be for a longer term than two years;
+
+To provide and maintain a navy;
+
+To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval
+forces;
+
+To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the
+Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions;
+
+To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and
+for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of
+the United States, reserving to the States respectively the appointment
+of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to
+the discipline prescribed by Congress;
+
+To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over
+such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of
+particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of
+the Government of the United States, and to exercise like authority
+over all places purchased by the consent of the Legislature of the
+State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines,
+arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings; and
+
+To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying
+into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by
+this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any
+department or officer thereof.
+
+SEC. 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of
+the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be
+prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred
+and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not
+exceeding ten dollars for each person.
+
+The privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended,
+unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may
+require it.
+
+No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed.
+
+No capitation, or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion
+to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken.
+
+No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State.
+
+No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue
+to the ports of one State over those of another; nor shall vessels
+bound to or from one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties
+in another.
+
+No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of
+appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the
+receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from
+time to time.
+
+No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no
+person holding any office of profit or trust under them shall, without
+the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office,
+or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign State.
+
+SEC. 10. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or
+confederation; grant letters of marque or reprisal; coin money; emit
+bills of credit; make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in
+payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law
+impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility.
+
+No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or
+duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary
+for executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties
+and imposts, laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the
+use of the treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be
+subject to the revision and control of the Congress.
+
+No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of
+tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any
+agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or
+engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as
+will not admit of delay.
+
+
+ARTICLE II.
+
+SECTION 1. The Executive Power shall be vested in a President of the
+United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of
+four years, and, together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same
+term, be elected as follows:
+
+Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof
+may direct, a number of electors equal to the number of Senators and
+Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress; but
+no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or
+profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.
+
+(The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot
+for two persons—of one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same
+State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons
+voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which list they shall
+sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the Government
+of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The
+President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House
+of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then
+be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the
+President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors
+appointed; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and
+have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall
+immediately choose by ballot one of them for President; and if no
+person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said
+House shall, in like manner, choose the President. But, in choosing the
+President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from
+each State having one vote. A quorum for this purpose shall consist of
+a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of
+all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the
+choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes
+of the electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there should remain
+two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by
+ballot the Vice-President.[1])
+
+[1] This clause has been repealed and annulled by the 12th amendment.
+
+The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the
+day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same
+throughout the United States.
+
+No person, except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United
+States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be
+eligible to the office of President; neither stall any person be
+eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of
+thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United
+States.
+
+In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his
+death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties
+of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President;
+and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death,
+resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice-President,
+declaring what officer shall then act as President; and such officer
+shall act accordingly until the disability be removed, or a President
+shall be elected.
+
+The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a
+compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during
+the period for which he shall have been elected; and he shall not
+receive within that period any other emolument from the United States,
+or any of them.
+
+Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the
+following oath or affirmation:
+
+ “I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully
+ execute the office of President of the United States, and
+ will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and
+ defend the Constitution of the United States.”
+
+SEC. 2. The President shall be Commander-in-Chief of the Army and
+Navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States
+when called into the actual service of the United States; he may
+require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of
+the Executive Departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of
+their respective offices; and he shall have power to grant reprieves
+and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of
+impeachment.
+
+He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate,
+to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senate present concur;
+and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the
+Senate, shall appoint Embassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls,
+Judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United
+States whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and
+which shall be established by law; but the Congress may by law vest
+the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in the
+President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.
+
+The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen
+during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, which shall
+expire at the end of their next session.
+
+SEC. 3. He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information
+of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration
+such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on
+extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them; and,
+in case of disagreement between them with respect to the time of
+adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper;
+he shall receive Embassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take
+care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the
+officers of the United States.
+
+SEC. 4. The President, Vice-President, and all Civil Officers of the
+United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and
+conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.
+
+
+ARTICLE III.
+
+SECTION 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in
+one Supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from
+time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the Supreme and
+inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and
+shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation,
+which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.
+
+SEC. 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in Law and
+Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States,
+and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; to
+all cases affecting Embassadors, other public Ministers, and Consuls;
+to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies
+to which the United States shall be a party; to controversies between
+two or more States; between a State and citizens of another State;
+between citizens of different States; between citizens of the same
+State claiming lands under grants of different States; and between
+a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens, or
+subjects.
+
+In all cases affecting Embassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls,
+and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall
+have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned,
+the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and
+fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Congress
+shall make.
+
+The trial of all crimes, except in cases of Impeachment, shall be by
+jury; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes
+shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the
+trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have
+directed.
+
+SEC. 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in
+levying war against them, or adhering to their enemies, giving them
+aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the
+testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in
+open Court.
+
+The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but
+no Attainder of Treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture,
+except during the life of the person attainted.
+
+
+ARTICLE IV.
+
+SECTION 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the
+public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State.
+And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such
+acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.
+
+SEC. 2. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges
+and immunities of citizens in the several States.
+
+A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime,
+who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on
+demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be
+delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the
+crime.
+
+No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws
+thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or
+regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall
+be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may
+be due.
+
+SEC. 3. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but
+no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any
+other State; nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more
+States or parts of States without the consent of the Legislatures of
+the States concerned, as well as of the Congress.
+
+The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules
+and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging
+to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so
+construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or any
+particular State.
+
+SEC. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union
+a republican form of Government, and shall protect each of them against
+invasion; and on application of the Legislature, or of the Executive
+(when the Legislature can not be convened), against domestic violence.
+
+
+ARTICLE V.
+
+The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it
+necessary, shall propose amendments to the Constitution, or, on the
+application of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States,
+shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either
+case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this
+Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of
+the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the
+one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress;
+_Provided_, that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one
+thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first
+and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that
+no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage
+in the Senate.
+
+
+ARTICLE VI.
+
+All debts contracted and engagements entered into before the adoption
+of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States,
+under this Constitution, as under the Confederation.
+
+This Constitution and the laws of the United States which shall be
+made in pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be
+made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme
+law of the land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby,
+any thing in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary
+notwithstanding.
+
+The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members
+of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial
+officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall
+be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution; but no
+religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office
+or public trust under the United States.
+
+
+ARTICLE VII.
+
+The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient
+for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so
+ratifying the same.
+
+DONE in convention, by the unanimous consent of the States present,
+the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand
+seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Independence of the United
+States of America the twelfth. In Witness whereof, we have hereunto
+subscribed our names.
+
+ GEO. WASHINGTON,
+ _Pres’t and Deputy from Virginia._
+
+ _New Hampshire._
+ JOHN LANGDON, NICHOLAS GILMAN.
+
+ _Massachusetts._
+ NATHANIEL GORHAM, RUFUS KING.
+
+ _Connecticut._
+ WM. SAML. JOHNSON, ROGER SHERMAN.
+
+ _New York._
+ ALEXANDER HAMILTON.
+
+
+ _New Jersey._
+ WIL. LIVINGSTON, DAVID BREARLEY,
+ WM. PATERSON, JONA. DAYTON.
+
+ _Pennsylvania._
+
+ B. FRANKLIN, THOMAS MIFFLIN,
+ ROBT. MORRIS, GEO. CLYMER,
+ THO. FITZSIMONS, JARED INGERSOLL,
+ JAMES WILSON, GOUV. MORRIS.
+
+ _Delaware._
+ GEO. READ, GUNNING BEDFORD, JUN’R,
+ JOHN DICKINSON, RICHARD BASSETT.
+ JACO. BROOM,
+
+ _Maryland._
+ JAMES M’HENRY, DAN. OF ST. THOS. JENIFER.
+ DANL. CARROLL,
+
+ _Virginia._
+ JOHN BLAIR, JAMES MADISON, JR.
+
+ _North Carolina._
+ WM. BLOUNT, RICH’D DOBBS SPAIGHT.
+ HU. WILLIAMSON,
+
+ _South Carolina._
+ J. RUTLEDGE, CHARLES COTESWORTH PINCKNEY,
+ CHARLES PINCKNEY, PIERCE BUTLER.
+
+ _Georgia._
+ WILLIAM FEW, ABR. BALDWIN.
+
+ Attest: WILLIAM JACKSON, _Secretary_.
+
+[Illustration: THOMAS JEFFERSON.]
+
+
+ARTICLES,
+
+ In addition to, and amendment of, the Constitution of
+ the United States of America, proposed by Congress,
+ and ratified by the Legislatures of the several
+ States, pursuant to the fifth article of the original
+ Constitution.
+
+
+ARTICLE I.
+
+Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion,
+or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom
+of speech or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to
+assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
+
+
+ARTICLE II.
+
+A well-regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free
+State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be
+infringed.
+
+
+ARTICLE III.
+
+No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, without
+the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be
+prescribed by law.
+
+
+ARTICLE IV.
+
+The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers,
+and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be
+violated, and no warrant shall issue but upon probable cause, supported
+by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be
+searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
+
+
+ARTICLE V.
+
+No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous
+crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in
+cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in
+actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person
+be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life
+or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness
+against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without
+due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use
+without just compensation.
+
+
+ARTICLE VI.
+
+In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a
+speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district
+wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have
+been previously ascertained by law and to be informed of the nature and
+cause of the accusation to be confronted with the witnesses against
+him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor,
+and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.
+
+
+ARTICLE VII.
+
+In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed
+twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no
+fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise reexamined in any Court of the
+United States, than according to the rules of the common law.
+
+
+ARTICLE VIII.
+
+Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor
+cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
+
+
+ARTICLE IX.
+
+The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights, shall not be
+construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
+
+
+ARTICLE X.
+
+The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution,
+nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States
+respectively, or to the people.
+
+
+ARTICLE XI.
+
+The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to
+extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against
+one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens
+or subjects of any foreign State.
+
+
+ARTICLE XII.
+
+The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot
+for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not
+be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves; they shall name
+in their ballot the person voted for as President, and in distinct
+ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make
+distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and all persons
+voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each,
+which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the
+seat of government of the United States, directed to the President
+of the Senate:—The President of the Senate shall, in presence of
+the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates,
+and the votes shall then be counted; The person having the greatest
+number of votes for President shall be the President, if such number
+be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no
+person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest
+numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as
+President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately by
+ballot the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall
+be taken by States, the representation from each State having one; a
+quorum for this shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds
+of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary
+to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a
+President, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before
+the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall
+act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional
+disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of
+votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number
+be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no
+person have a majority, then, from the two highest numbers on the list,
+the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose
+shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a
+majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no
+person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President, shall be
+eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.
+
+
+ARTICLE XIII.
+
+“SECTION 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a
+punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted,
+shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their
+jurisdiction.
+
+“SECTION 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this Article by
+appropriate legislation, approved February 1, 1863.”
+
+ * * * * *
+
+The Constitution was adopted on the 17th of September, 1787, by the
+convention appointed in pursuance of the Resolution of the Congress
+of the Confederation, of the 21st February, 1787, and ratified by the
+conventions of the several States, as follows:
+
+ By Convention of Delaware 7th December, 1787
+ ” ” Pennsylvania 12th December, 1787
+ ” ” New Jersey 18th December, 1787
+ ” ” Georgia 2d January, 1788
+ ” ” Connecticut 9th January, 1788
+ ” ” Massachusetts 6th February, 1788
+ ” ” Maryland 28th April, 1788
+ ” ” South Carolina 28th May, 1788
+ ” ” New Hampshire 21st June, 1788
+ ” ” Virginia 26th June, 1788
+ ” ” New York 26th July, 1788
+ ” ” North Carolina 21st November, 1789
+ ” ” Rhode Island 29th May, 1790
+
+The first ten of the Amendments were proposed on the 25th September,
+1789, and ratified by the constitutional number of States on the
+15th December, 1791; the eleventh, on the 8th January, 1798; and the
+twelfth, on the 25th September, 1804; and the thirteenth, on the ——,
+186-.
+
+
+
+
+WASHINGTON’S ADDRESSES.
+
+
+There were not many occasions during his public career that Washington
+was called upon to exercise his abilities as a writer or an orator;
+but when such occasion did occur, he always acquitted himself with
+a degree of perspicuity and modesty which may be said to have been
+characteristic of himself alone. The addresses which follow mark, as
+it were, four distinct epochs in the history of this unexampled man:
+the first, when he accepted the command of the armies by which our
+national independence was achieved; the second, when he surrendered
+his commission, after having driven the foes of freedom from his
+beloved country; the third, when he assumed the responsible duties of
+President, in which office his high qualities for civil government
+were as conspicuous as had been his military talents in the field; and
+fourth, when he resigned his great trust and took leave of the people
+in his imperishable “Farewell Address,” an inestimable legacy, which
+can not be too frequently conned by every American who values his
+birthright.
+
+
+WASHINGTON’S ELECTION AS COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF.
+
+On the 15th of June, 1775, Washington was unanimously elected by
+Congress to “command all the Continental forces raised, or to be
+raised, for the defense of American liberty,” and when he appeared in
+his place the next day, the President of that body acquainted him with
+his election, in a well-timed address, “and requested that he should
+accept of that employment;” to which Washington replied as follows:
+
+ “MR. PRESIDENT: Though I am truly sensible of the
+ high honor done me, in this appointment, yet I feel great
+ distress, from consciousness that my abilities and military
+ experience may not be equal to the extensive and important
+ trust: However, as the Congress desire it, I will enter upon
+ the momentous duty, and exert every power I possess in their
+ service, and for support of the glorious cause. I beg they
+ will accept my most cordial thanks for this distinguished
+ testimony of their approbation.
+
+ “But lest some unlucky event should happen, unfavorable
+ to my reputation, I beg it may be remembered, by every
+ gentleman in the room, that I, this day, declare, with the
+ utmost sincerity, I do not think myself equal to the command
+ I am honored with.
+
+ “As to pay, sir, I beg leave to assure the Congress,
+ that, as no pecuniary consideration could have tempted me
+ to accept this arduous employment, at the expense of my
+ domestic ease and happiness, I do not wish to make any
+ profit from it. I will keep an exact account of my expenses.
+ Those, I doubt not, they will discharge, and that is all I
+ desire.”
+
+
+WASHINGTON’S RESIGNATION OF HIS COMMISSION.
+
+The War of the Revolution having terminated auspiciously, Washington
+took leave of his officers and army at New York, and repaired to
+Annapolis, Md., where Congress was then in session. On the 20th of
+December, 1783, he transmitted a letter to that body, apprising them
+of his arrival, with the intention of resigning his commission, and
+desiring to know whether it would be most agreeable to receive it in
+writing or at an audience. It was immediately resolved that a public
+entertainment be given him on the 22d, and that he be admitted to an
+audience on the 23d, at 12 o’clock. Accordingly, he attended at that
+time, and, being seated, the President informed him that Congress were
+prepared to receive his communications. Whereupon he arose, and spoke
+as follows:
+
+ “MR. PRESIDENT: The great events on which my
+ resignation depended having at length taken place, I have
+ now the honor of offering my sincere congratulations to
+ Congress, and of presenting myself before them, to surrender
+ into their hands the trust committed to me, and to claim the
+ indulgence of retiring from the service of my country.
+
+ “Happy in the confirmation of our independence and
+ sovereignty, and pleased with the opportunity afforded the
+ United States of becoming a respectable nation, I resign
+ with satisfaction the appointment I accepted with
+ diffidence: a diffidence in my abilities to accomplish
+ so arduous a task; which, however, was superseded by a
+ confidence in the rectitude of our cause, the support of the
+ supreme power of the Union, and the patronage of Heaven.
+
+ “The successful termination of the war has verified the
+ most sanguine expectations; and my gratitude for the
+ interposition of Providence, and the assistance I have
+ received from my countrymen, increases with every review of
+ the momentous contest.
+
+ “While I repeat my obligations to the army in general, I
+ should do injustice to my own feelings not to acknowledge,
+ in this place, the peculiar services and distinguished
+ merits of the gentlemen who have been attached to my
+ person during the war. It was impossible the choice of
+ confidential officers to compose my family should have been
+ more fortunate. Permit me, sir, to recommend, in particular,
+ those who have continued in the service to the present
+ moment, as worthy of the favorable notice and patronage of
+ Congress.
+
+ “I consider it an indispensable duty to close this last
+ act of my official life by commending the interests of our
+ dearest country to the protection of Almighty God, and those
+ who have the superintendence of them to his holy keeping.
+
+ “Having now finished the work assigned me, I retire from
+ the great theater of action, and bidding an affectionate
+ farewell to this august body, under whose orders I have so
+ long acted, I here offer my commission, and take my leave of
+ all the employments of public life.”
+
+
+WASHINGTON’S INAUGURAL ADDRESS.
+
+In accordance with previous arrangements, General Washington met
+Congress in New York, on the 30th of April, 1789, for the purpose of
+being inaugurated as the first President of the United States. The oath
+of office having been administered by the Chancellor of the State of
+New York, in presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, the
+President delivered the following Inaugural Address:
+
+“_Fellow-citizens of the Senate and of the House of Representatives_:
+
+ “Among the vicissitudes incident to life, no event could
+ have filled me with greater anxieties than that of which the
+ notification was transmitted by your order, and received
+ on the 14th day of the present month. On the one hand, I
+ was summoned by my country, whose voice I can never hear
+ but with veneration and love, from a retreat which I had
+ chosen with the fondest predilection, and, in my flattering
+ hopes, with an immutable decision, as the asylum of my
+ declining years—a retreat which was rendered every day more
+ necessary, as well as more dear to me, by the addition of
+ habit to inclination, and of frequent interruptions in my
+ health, to the gradual waste committed on it by time. On the
+ other hand, the magnitude and difficulty of the trust to
+ which the voice of my country called me, being sufficient to
+ awaken, in the wisest and most experienced of her citizens,
+ a distrustful scrutiny into his qualifications, could not
+ but overwhelm with despondency one who, inheriting inferior
+ endowments from nature, and unpracticed in the duties of
+ civil administration, ought to be peculiarly conscious of
+ his own deficiencies. In this conflict of emotion, all I
+ dare aver is, that it has been my faithful study to collect
+ my duty from a just appreciation of every circumstance
+ by which it might be affected. All I dare hope is, that
+ if, in executing this task, I have been too much swayed
+ by a grateful remembrance of former instances, or by an
+ affectionate sensibility to this transcendent proof of
+ the confidence of my fellow-citizens, and have thence too
+ little consulted my incapacity as well as disinclination
+ for the weighty and untried cares before me, my error
+ will be palliated by the motives which misled me, and its
+ consequences be judged by my country, with some share of the
+ partiality in which they originated.
+
+ “Such being the impressions under which I have, in obedience
+ to the public summons, repaired to the present station, it
+ would be peculiarly improper to omit, in this first official
+ act, my fervent supplications to that Almighty Being who
+ rules over the universe—who presides in the councils of
+ nations—and whose providential aids can supply every
+ human defect, that his benediction may consecrate to
+ the liberties and happiness of the people of the United
+ States—a government instituted by themselves for these
+ essential purposes—and may enable every instrument employed
+ in its administration to execute with success the functions
+ allotted to his charge. In tendering this homage to the
+ Great Author of every public and private good, I assure
+ myself that it expresses your sentiments not less than my
+ own; nor those of my fellow-citizens at large, less than
+ either. No people can be bound to acknowledge and adore
+ the invisible hand which conducts the affairs of men more
+ than the people of the United States. Every step by which
+ they have advanced to the character of an independent
+ nation seems to have been distinguished by some token of
+ providential agency; and in the important revolution just
+ accomplished in the system of their united government, the
+ tranquil deliberations, and voluntary consent of so many
+ distinct communities, from which the event has resulted, can
+ not be compared with the means by which most governments
+ have been established without some return of pious
+ gratitude, along with an humble anticipation of the future
+ blessings which the past seem to presage. These reflections,
+ arising out of the present crisis, have forced themselves
+ too strongly on my mind to be suppressed. You will join
+ with me, I trust, in thinking that there are none under
+ the influence of which the proceedings of a new and free
+ government can more auspiciously commence.
+
+ “By the article establishing the executive department, it
+ is made the duty of the President ‘to recommend to your
+ consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and
+ expedient.’ The circumstances under which I now meet you,
+ will acquit me from not entering into that subject farther
+ than to refer to the great constitutional charter under
+ which you are assembled, and which, in defining your powers,
+ designates the objects to which your attention is to be
+ given. It will be more consistent with those circumstances,
+ and far more congenial with the feelings which actuate me,
+ to substitute, in place of a recommendation of particular
+ measures, the tribute that is due to the talents, the
+ rectitude, and the patriotism which adorn the characters
+ selected to devise and adopt them. In these honorable
+ qualifications I behold the surest pledges that as, on one
+ side, no local prejudices or attachments, no separate views,
+ nor party animosities, will misdirect the comprehensive and
+ equal eye which ought to watch over this great assemblage
+ of communities and interests; so, on another, that the
+ foundations of our national policy will be laid in the
+ pure and immutable principles of private morality; and the
+ preëminence of free government be exemplified by all the
+ attributes which can win the affections of its citizens,
+ and command the respect of the world. I dwell on this
+ prospect with every satisfaction which an ardent love
+ for my country can inspire; since there is no truth more
+ thoroughly established than that there exists in the economy
+ and course of nature an indissoluble union between virtue
+ and happiness—between duty and advantage—between the
+ genuine maxims of an honest and magnanimous policy and the
+ solid rewards of public prosperity and felicity; since we
+ ought to be no less persuaded that the propitious smiles of
+ Heaven can never be expected on a nation that disregards
+ the eternal rules of order and right, which Heaven itself
+ has ordained; and since the preservation of the sacred
+ fire of liberty and the destiny of the republican model
+ of government are justly considered as deeply, perhaps as
+ finally, staked on the experiment intrusted to the hands of
+ the American people.
+
+ “Besides the ordinary objects submitted to your care, it
+ will remain with your judgment to decide how far an exercise
+ of the occasional power delegated by the fifth article
+ of the Constitution is rendered expedient at the present
+ juncture by the nature of objections which have been urged
+ against the system, or by the degree of inquietude which
+ has given birth to them. Instead of undertaking particular
+ recommendations on this subject, in which I could be guided
+ by no lights derived from official opportunities, I shall
+ again give way to my entire confidence in your discernment
+ and pursuit of the public good; for, I assure myself, that
+ while you carefully avoid every alteration which might
+ endanger the benefits of an united and effective government,
+ or which ought to await the future lessons of experience, a
+ reverence for the characteristic rights of freemen, and a
+ regard for the public harmony, will sufficiently influence
+ your deliberations on the question, how far the former can
+ be more impregnably fortified, or the latter be safely and
+ advantageously promoted.
+
+ “To the preceding observations I have one to add,
+ which will be most properly addressed to the House of
+ Representatives. It concerns myself, and will, therefore,
+ be as brief as possible: When I was first honored with a
+ call into the service of my country, then on the eve of an
+ arduous struggle for its liberties, the light in which I
+ contemplated my duty required that I should renounce every
+ pecuniary compensation. From this resolution I have in no
+ instance departed, and, being still under the impressions
+ which produced it, I must decline, as inapplicable to
+ myself, any share in the personal emoluments which may be
+ indispensably included in a permanent provision for the
+ executive department, and must accordingly pray that the
+ pecuniary estimates for the station in which I am placed
+ may, during my continuance in it, be limited to such actual
+ expenditures as the public good may be thought to require.
+
+ “Having thus imparted to you my sentiments, as they have
+ been awakened by the occasion which brings us together,
+ I shall take my present leave, but not without resorting
+ once more to the benign Parent of the human race, in humble
+ supplication, that since he has been pleased to favor
+ the American people with opportunities for deliberating
+ in perfect tranquillity, and dispositions for deciding
+ with unparalleled unanimity on a form of government for
+ the security of their Union and the advancement of their
+ happiness, so his Divine blessing may be equally conspicuous
+ in the enlarged views, the temperate consultations, and the
+ wise measures, on which the success of this government must
+ depend.”
+
+
+
+
+WASHINGTON’S FAREWELL ADDRESS.
+
+
+_Friends and Fellow-Citizens_:
+
+The period for a new election of a citizen to administer the Executive
+Government of the United States being not far distant, and the time
+actually arrived when your thoughts must be employed in designating the
+person who is to be clothed with that important trust, it appears to
+me proper, especially as it may conduce to a more distinct expression
+of the public voice, that I should now apprise you of the resolution I
+have formed, to decline being considered among the number of those out
+of whom a choice is to be made.
+
+I beg you, at the same time, to do me the justice to be assured that
+this resolution has not been taken without a strict regard to all the
+considerations appertaining to the relation which binds a dutiful
+citizen to his country; and that, in withdrawing the tender of service,
+which silence in my situation might imply, I am influenced by no
+diminution of zeal for your future interest; no deficiency of grateful
+respect for your past kindness, but am supported by a full conviction
+that the step is compatible with both.
+
+The acceptance of, and continuance hitherto in, the office to which
+your suffrages have twice called me, have been a uniform sacrifice
+of inclination to the opinion of duty, and to a deference for what
+appeared to be your desire. I constantly hoped that it would have
+been much earlier in my power, consistently with motives which I was
+not at liberty to disregard, to return to that retirement from which
+I had been reluctantly drawn. The strength of my inclination to do
+this, previous to the last election, had even led to the preparation
+of an address to declare it to you; but mature reflection on the then
+perplexed and critical posture of our affairs with foreign nations, and
+the unanimous advice of persons entitled to my confidence, impelled me
+to abandon the idea.
+
+I rejoice that the state of your concerns, external as well as
+internal, no longer renders the pursuit of inclination incompatible
+with the sentiment of duty or propriety; and am persuaded, whatever
+partiality may be retained for my services, that, in the present
+circumstances of our country, you will not disapprove my determination
+to retire.
+
+The impressions with which I undertook the arduous trust were
+explained on the proper occasion. In the discharge of this trust, I
+will only say that I have with good intentions contributed toward the
+organization and administration of the Government the best exertions
+of which a very fallible judgment was capable. Not unconscious in the
+outset of the inferiority of my qualifications, experience, in my own
+eyes—perhaps still more in the eyes of others—has strengthened the
+motives to diffidence of myself; and every day the increasing weight
+of years admonishes me more and more, that the shade of retirement
+is as necessary to me as it will be welcome. Satisfied that if any
+circumstances have given peculiar value to my services, they were
+temporary, I have the consolation to believe that, while choice and
+prudence invite me to quit the political scene, patriotism does not
+forbid it.
+
+In looking forward to the moment which is intended to terminate the
+career of my public life, my feelings do not permit me to suspend the
+deep acknowledgment of that debt of gratitude which I owe to my beloved
+country for the many honors it has conferred upon me; still more for
+the steadfast confidence with which it has supported me; and for the
+opportunities I have thence enjoyed of manifesting my inviolable
+attachment, by services faithful and persevering, though in usefulness
+unequal to my zeal. If benefits have resulted to our country from
+these services, let it always be remembered to your praise, and as an
+instructive example in our annals that, under circumstances in which
+the passions, agitated in every direction, were liable to mislead;
+amid appearances sometimes dubious, vicissitudes of fortune often
+discouraging; in situations in which, not unfrequently, want of success
+has countenanced the spirit of criticism—the constancy of your support
+was the essential prop of the efforts, and a guarantee of the plans,
+by which they were effected. Profoundly penetrated with this idea, I
+shall carry it with me to my grave, as a strong incitement to unceasing
+vows, that Heaven may continue to you the choicest tokens of its
+beneficence; that your union and brotherly affection may be perpetual;
+that the free Constitution, which is the work of your hands, may be
+sacredly maintained; that its administration, in every department,
+may be stamped with wisdom and virtue; that, in fine, the happiness
+of the people of these States, under the auspices of liberty, may be
+made complete by so careful a preservation and so prudent a use of this
+blessing as will acquire to them the glory of recommending it to the
+applause, the affection, and the adoption of every nation which is yet
+a stranger to it.
+
+Here, perhaps, I ought to stop; but a solicitude for your welfare,
+which can not end but with my life, and the apprehension of danger
+natural to that solicitude, urge me, on an occasion like the
+present, to offer to your solemn contemplation, and to recommend to
+your frequent review, some sentiments which are the result of much
+reflection, of no inconsiderable observation, and which appear to me
+all-important to the permanency of our felicity as a people. These
+will be afforded to you with the more freedom, as you can only see in
+them the disinterested warnings of a parting friend, who can possibly
+have no personal motive to bias his counsel; nor can I forget, as an
+encouragement to it, your indulgent reception of my sentiments on a
+former and not dissimilar occasion.
+
+Interwoven as is the love of liberty with every ligament of your
+hearts, no recommendation of mine is necessary to fortify or confirm
+the attachment.
+
+The unity of government which constitutes you one people, is also now
+dear to you. It is justly so; for it is a main pillar in the edifice
+of your real independence—the support of your tranquillity at home,
+your peace abroad, of your safety, of your prosperity, of that very
+liberty which you so highly prize. But as it is easy to foresee that,
+from different causes and from different quarters, much pains will be
+taken, many artifices employed, to weaken in your minds the conviction
+of this truth; as this is the point in your political fortress
+against which the batteries of internal and external enemies will be
+most constantly and actively (though often covertly and insidiously)
+directed, it is of infinite moment that you should properly estimate
+the immense value of your National Union to your collective and
+individual happiness; that you should cherish a cordial, habitual, and
+immovable attachment to it; accustoming yourselves to think and speak
+of it as of the palladium of your political safety and prosperity;
+watching for its preservation with jealous anxiety; discountenancing
+whatever may suggest even a suspicion that it can, in any event, be
+abandoned; and indignantly frowning upon the first dawning of every
+attempt to alienate any portion of our country from the rest, or to
+enfeeble the sacred ties which now link together the various parts.
+
+For this you have every inducement of sympathy and interest. Citizens
+by birth or choice, of a common country, that country has a right
+to concentrate your affections. The name of _American_, which
+belongs to you in your national capacity, must always exalt the just
+pride of patriotism, more than any appellation derived from local
+discriminations. With slight shades of difference, you have the same
+religion, manners, habits, and political principles. You have, in a
+common cause, fought and triumphed together; the independence and
+liberty you possess are the work of joint counsels and joint efforts—of
+common dangers, sufferings and successes.
+
+But these considerations, however powerfully they address themselves
+to your sensibility, are greatly outweighed by those which apply more
+immediately to your interest; here every portion of our country finds
+the most commanding motives for carefully guarding and preserving the
+union of the whole.
+
+The North, in an unrestrained intercourse with the South, protected
+by the equal laws of a common government, finds, in the productions
+of the latter, great additional resources of maritime and commercial
+enterprise, and precious materials of manufacturing industry. The
+South, in the same intercourse, benefiting by the agency of the North,
+sees its agriculture grow and its commerce expand. Turning partly into
+its own channels the seamen of the North, it finds its particular
+navigation invigorated; and while it contributes, in different ways,
+to nourish and increase the general mass of the national navigation,
+it looks forward to the protection of a maritime strength to which
+itself is unequally adapted. The East, in like intercourse with the
+West, already finds—and in the progressive improvement of interior
+communication by land and water, will more and more find—a valuable
+vent for the commodities which it brings from abroad or manufactures at
+home. The West derives from the East supplies requisite to its growth
+and comfort; and what is, perhaps, of still greater consequence, it
+must, of necessity, owe the secure enjoyment of indispensable outlets
+for its own productions, to the weight, influence, and the future
+maritime strength of the Atlantic side of the Union, directed by an
+indissoluble community of interest as one nation. Any other tenure by
+which the West can hold this essential advantage, whether derived from
+its own separate strength, or from an apostate and unnatural connection
+with any foreign power, must be intrinsically precarious.
+
+While, then, every part of our country thus feels an immediate and
+particular interest in UNION, all the parts combined can not fail
+to find, in the united mass of means and efforts, greater strength,
+greater resource, proportionately greater security from external
+danger, a less frequent interruption of their peace by foreign nations;
+and what is of inestimable value, they must derive from union an
+exemption from those broils and wars between themselves, which so
+frequently afflict neighboring countries, not tied together by the
+same government; which their own rivalship alone would be sufficient
+to produce, but which opposite foreign alliances, attachments, and
+intrigues would stimulate and embitter. Hence, likewise, they will
+avoid the necessity of those overgrown military establishments, which,
+under any form of government, are inauspicious to liberty, and which
+are to be regarded as particularly hostile to republican liberty; in
+this sense it is that your union ought to be considered as a main prop
+of your liberty, and that the love of the one ought to endear to you
+the preservation of the other.
+
+These considerations speak a persuasive language to every reflecting
+and virtuous mind, and exhibit the continuance of the Union as a
+primary object of patriotic desire. Is there a doubt, whether a common
+government can embrace so large a sphere? Let experience solve it.
+To listen to mere speculation, in such a case, were criminal. We are
+authorized to hope, that a proper organization of the whole, with
+the auxiliary agency of governments for the respective subdivisions,
+will afford a happy issue to the experiment. It is well worth a fair
+and full experiment. With such powerful and obvious motives to Union,
+affecting all parts of our country, while experience shall not have
+demonstrated its impracticability, there will always be reason to
+distrust the patriotism of those who, in any quarter, may endeavor to
+weaken its bands.
+
+In contemplating the causes which may disturb our Union, it occurs, as
+a matter of serious concern, that any ground should have been furnished
+for characterizing parties by geographical discriminations—Northern
+and Southern, Atlantic and Western—whence designing men may endeavor
+to excite a belief that there is a real difference of local interests
+and views. One of the expedients of party to acquire influence within
+particular districts, is to misrepresent the opinions and aims of other
+districts. You can not shield yourself too much against the jealousies
+and heart-burnings which spring from these misrepresentations; they
+tend to render alien to each other those who ought to be bound together
+by fraternal affection. The inhabitants of our western country have
+lately had a useful lesson on this head; they have seen in the
+negotiation of the Executive, and in the unanimous ratification by the
+Senate, of the treaty with Spain, and in the universal satisfaction
+at that event throughout the United States, a decisive proof how
+unfounded were the suspicions propagated among them of a policy in the
+General Government, and in the Atlantic States, unfriendly to their
+interests in regard to the Mississippi; they have been witnesses to
+the formation of two treaties—that with Great Britain, and that with
+Spain—which secure to them every thing they could desire in respect to
+our foreign relations, toward confirming their prosperity. Will it not
+be their wisdom to rely for the preservation of these advantages on the
+Union by which they were procured? Will they not henceforth be deaf
+to those advisers, if such there be, who would sever them from their
+brethren, and connect them with aliens?
+
+To the efficacy and permanency of your Union, a Government for the
+whole is indispensable. No alliance, however strict between the parts,
+can be an adequate substitute; they must inevitably experience the
+infractions and interruptions which all alliances, in all time, have
+experienced. Sensible of this momentous truth, you have improved upon
+your first essay, by the adoption of a Constitution of Government
+better calculated than your former for an intimate Union, and for the
+efficacious management of your common concerns. This Government, the
+offspring of our own choice, uninfluenced and unawed, adopted upon
+full investigation and mature deliberation, completely free in its
+principles, in the distribution of its powers, uniting security with
+energy, and containing within itself a provision for its own amendment,
+has a just claim to your confidence and your support. Respect its
+authority, compliance with its laws, acquiescence in its measures, are
+duties enjoined by the fundamental maxims of true liberty. The basis of
+our political systems, is the right of the people to make and to alter
+their constitutions of Government; but the Constitution which at any
+time exists, till changed by an explicit and authentic act of the whole
+people, is sacredly obligatory upon all. The very idea of the power and
+the right of the people to establish Government, presupposes the duty
+of every individual to obey the established Government.
+
+All obstructions to the execution of the laws, all combinations and
+associations, under whatever plausible character, with the real design
+to direct, control, counteract, or awe the regular deliberation
+and action of the constituted authorities, are destructive to this
+fundamental principle, and of fatal tendency. They serve to organize
+faction, to give it an artificial and extraordinary force, to put in
+the place of the delegated will of the nation the will of a party,
+often a small but artful and enterprising minority of the community;
+and, according to the alternate triumphs of different parties, to
+make the public administration the mirror of the ill-concerted and
+incongruous projects of faction, rather than the organ of consistent
+and wholesome plans, digested by common counsels, and modified by
+mutual interests.
+
+However combinations and associations of the above description may now
+and then answer popular ends, they are likely, in the course of time
+and things, to become potent engines, by which cunning, ambitious, and
+unprincipled men, will be enabled to subvert the power of the people,
+and to usurp for themselves the reins of Government; destroying,
+afterward, the very engines which had lifted them to unjust dominion.
+
+Toward the preservation of your Government, and the permanency of
+your present happy state, it is requisite, not only that you steadily
+discountenance irregular oppositions, to its acknowledged authority,
+but also that you resist, with care, the spirit of innovation upon
+its principles, however specious the pretexts. One method of assault
+may be to effect, in the forms’ Constitution, alterations which will
+impair the energy of the system, and thus to undermine what can not be
+directly overthrown. In all the changes to which you may be invited,
+remember that time and habit are at least as necessary to fix the
+true character of Governments as of other human institutions; that
+experience is the surest standard by which to test the real tendency of
+the existing constitution of a country; that facility in changes, upon
+the credit of mere hypothesis and opinion, exposes to perpetual change,
+from the endless variety of hypothesis and opinion; and remember,
+especially, that for the efficient management of your common interests,
+in a country so extensive as ours, a Government of as much vigor as
+is consistent with the perfect security of liberty, is indispensable.
+Liberty itself will find in such a Government, with powers properly
+distributed and adjusted, its surest guardian. It is, indeed, little
+else than a name, where the Government is too feeble to withstand the
+enterprises of faction, to confine each member of the society within
+the limits prescribed by the laws, and to maintain all in the secure
+and tranquil enjoyment of the rights of person and property.
+
+I have already intimated to you the danger of parties in the State,
+with particular reference to the founding of them on geographical
+discriminations. Let me now take a more comprehensive view, and warn
+you, in the most solemn manner, against the baneful effects of the
+spirit of party generally.
+
+This spirit, unfortunately, is inseparable from our nature, having
+its root in the strongest passions of the human mind. It exists under
+different shapes, in all Governments, more or less stifled, controlled,
+or repressed; but in those of the popular form it is seen in its
+greatest rankness, and is truly their worst enemy.
+
+The alternate domination of one faction over another, sharpened by the
+spirit of revenge, natural to party dissension, which, in different
+ages and countries, has perpetrated the most horrid enormities, is
+itself a frightful despotism. But this leads, at length, to a more
+formal and permanent despotism. The disorders and miseries which
+result, gradually incline the minds of men to seek security and repose
+in the absolute power of an individual; and, sooner or later, the
+chief of some prevailing faction, more able or more fortunate than
+his competitors, turns this disposition to the purposes of his own
+elevation on the ruins of public liberty.
+
+Without looking forward to an extremity of this kind, (which,
+nevertheless, ought not to be entirely out of sight,) the common and
+continual mischiefs of the spirit of party are sufficient to make it
+the interest and duty of a wise people to discourage and restrain it.
+
+It serves always to distract the public counsels, and enfeeble the
+public administration. It agitates the community with ill-founded
+jealousies and false alarms; kindles the animosities of one part
+against another; foments, occasionally, riot and insurrection. It opens
+the door to foreign influence and corruption, which find a facilitated
+access to the Government itself, through the channels of party
+passions. Thus the policy and the will of one country are subjected to
+the policy and will of another.
+
+There is an opinion that parties, in free countries, are useful checks
+upon the administration of the Government, and serve to keep alive
+the spirit of liberty. This, within certain limits, is probably true;
+and in Governments of a monarchical cast, patriotism may look with
+indulgence, if not with favor, upon the spirit of party. But in those
+of the popular character, in Governments purely elective, it is a
+spirit not to be encouraged. From their natural tendency, it is certain
+there will always be enough of that spirit for every salutary purpose.
+And there being constant danger of excess, the effort ought to be, by
+force of public opinion, to mitigate and assuage it. A fire not to be
+quenched, it demands a uniform vigilance to prevent its bursting into a
+flame, lest, instead of warming, it should consume.
+
+It is important, likewise, that the habits of thinking, in a
+free country, should inspire caution in those intrusted with its
+administration to confine themselves within their respective
+constitutional spheres, avoiding in the exercise of one department, to
+encroach upon another. The spirit of encroachment tends to consolidate
+the powers of all the departments in one, and thus to create, whatever
+the form of Government, a real despotism. A just estimate of that love
+of power, and proneness to abuse it which predominates in the human
+heart, is sufficient to satisfy us of the truth of this position. The
+necessity of reciprocal checks in the exercise of political power,
+by dividing and distributing it into different depositories, and
+constituting each the guardian of public weal, against invasions by
+the others, has been evinced by experiments, ancient and modern, some
+of them in our own country, and under our own eyes. To preserve them
+must be as necessary as to institute them. If, in the opinion of the
+people, the distribution or modification of the constitutional powers
+be, in any particular, wrong, let it be corrected by an amendment in
+the way which the Constitution designates. But let there be no change
+by usurpation; for though this, in one instance, may be the instrument
+of good, it is the customary weapon by which free Governments are
+destroyed. The precedent must always greatly overbalance, in permanent
+evil, any partial or transient benefit which the use can, at any time,
+yield.
+
+Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to political prosperity,
+religion and morality are indispensable supports. In vain would that
+man claim the tribute of patriotism, who should labor to subvert these
+great pillars of human happiness, these firmest props of the duties
+of men and citizens. The mere politician, equally with the pious man,
+ought to respect and to cherish them. A volume could not trace all
+their connections with private and public felicity. Let it simply be
+asked, Where is the security for property, for reputation, for life,
+if the sense of religious obligation _desert_ the oaths which are the
+instruments of investigation in the courts of justice? And let us
+with caution indulge the supposition, that morality can be maintained
+without religion. Whatever may be conceded to the influence of refined
+education on minds of peculiar structure, reason and experience both
+forbid us to expect that national morality can prevail in exclusion of
+religious principles.
+
+It is substantially true, that virtue or morality is a necessary
+spring of popular Government. The rule, indeed, extends with more or
+less force to every species of free Government. Who, that is a sincere
+friend to it, can look with indifference upon attempts to shake the
+foundation of the fabric?
+
+Promote, then, as an object of primary importance, institutions for the
+general diffusion of knowledge. In proportion as the structure of a
+Government gives force to public opinion, it is essential that public
+opinion should be enlightened.
+
+As a very important source of strength and security, cherish public
+credit. One method to preserve it is to use it as sparingly as
+possible; avoiding occasions of expense by cultivating peace, but
+remembering also that timely disbursements, to prepare for danger,
+frequently prevent much greater disbursements to repel it; avoiding,
+likewise, the accumulation of debt, not only by shunning occasion of
+expense, but by vigorous exertions in time of peace to discharge the
+debts which unavoidable wars may have occasioned, not ungenerously
+throwing upon posterity the burden which we ourselves ought to bear.
+The execution of these maxims belong to your representatives, but it
+is necessary that public opinion should coöperate. To facilitate to
+them the performance of their duty, it is essential that you should
+practically bear in mind, that toward the payment of debts there must
+be revenue; that to have revenue there must be taxes; that no taxes
+can be devised which are not more or less inconvenient and unpleasant;
+that the intrinsic embarrassment inseparable from the selection of
+the proper objects (which is always a choice of difficulties) ought
+to be a decisive motive for a candid construction of the conduct of
+the Government in making it, and for a spirit of acquiescence in the
+measures for obtaining revenue, which the public exigencies may at that
+time dictate.
+
+Observe good faith and justice toward all nations; cultivate peace and
+harmony with all; religion and morality enjoin this conduct: and can
+it be that good policy does not equally enjoin it? It will be worthy
+of a free, enlightened, and, at no distant period, a great nation,
+to give to mankind the magnanimous and too novel example of a people
+always guided by an exalted justice and benevolence. Who can doubt
+that, in the course of time and things, the fruits of such a plan
+would richly repay any temporary advantages which might be lost by a
+steady adherence to it? Can it be that Providence has not connected
+the permanent felicity of a nation with its virtue? The experiment, at
+least, is recommended by every sentiment which ennobles human nature.
+Alas! is it to be rendered impossible by its vices?
+
+In the execution of such a plan, nothing is more essential than
+that permanent inveterate antipathies against particular nations,
+and passionate attachment for others, should be excluded; and that,
+in place of them, just and amicable feelings toward all should be
+cultivated. The nation which indulges toward another an habitual
+hatred, or an habitual fondness, is, in some degree, a slave. It is a
+slave to its animosity or its affection, either of which is sufficient
+to lead it astray from its duty and its interest. Antipathy in one
+nation against another, disposes each more readily to offer insult and
+injury, to lay hold of slight causes of umbrage, and to be haughty and
+intractable when accidental or trifling occasions of dispute occur.
+Hence frequent collisions, obstinate, envenomed, and bloody contests.
+The nation, prompted by ill-will and resentment, sometimes impels to
+war the Government contrary to the best calculations of policy. The
+Government sometimes participates in the national propensity, and
+adopts, through passion, what reason would reject; at other times it
+makes the animosity of the nation subservient to projects of hostility,
+instigated by pride, ambition, and other sinister and pernicious
+motives. The peace often, sometimes perhaps the liberty, of nations has
+been the victim.
+
+So, likewise, a passionate attachment of one nation to another produces
+a variety of evils. Sympathy for the favorite nation, facilitating the
+illusion of an imaginary common interest, in cases where no real common
+interest exists, and infusing into one the enmities of the other,
+betrays the former into a participation in the quarrels and wars of the
+latter, without adequate inducement or justification. It leads also
+to concessions to the favorite nation of privileges denied to others,
+which is apt doubly to injure the nation making the concessions; by
+unnecessarily parting with what ought to have been retained, and by
+exciting jealousy, ill-will, and a disposition to retaliate in the
+parties from whom equal privileges are withheld; and it gives to
+ambitious, corrupted, or deluded citizens (who devote themselves to the
+favorite nation) facility to betray, or sacrifice the interest of their
+own country, without odium, sometimes even with popularity; gilding
+with the appearance of virtuous sense of obligation, a commendable
+deference for public opinion, or a laudable zeal for public good the
+base or foolish compliances of ambition, corruption, or infatuation.
+
+[Illustration: JAMES MADISON.]
+
+As avenues to foreign influence, in innumerable ways, such attachments
+are particularly alarming to the truly enlightened and independent
+patriot. How many opportunities do they afford to tamper with domestic
+factions, to practice the art of seduction, to mislead public opinion,
+to influence or awe the public councils! Such an attachment of a small
+or weak, toward a great and powerful nation, dooms the former to be the
+satellite of the latter.
+
+Against the insidious wiles of foreign influence (I conjure you to
+believe me, fellow-citizens) the jealousy of a free people ought to be
+_constantly_ awake; since history and experience prove that foreign
+influence is one of the most baneful foes of Republican Government. But
+that jealousy, to be useful, must be impartial, else it becomes the
+instrument of the very influence to be avoided, instead of a defense
+against it. Excessive partiality for one foreign nation, and excessive
+dislike for another, cause those whom they actuate to see danger only
+on one side, and serve to veil, and even second the arts of influence
+on the other. Real patriots, who may resist the intrigues of the
+favorite, are liable to become suspected and odious; while its tools
+and dupes usurp the applause and confidence of the people to surrender
+their interests.
+
+The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations, is,
+in extending our commercial relations, to have with them as little
+political connection as possible. So far as we have already formed
+engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us
+stop.
+
+Europe has a set of primary interests, which to us have none, or a very
+remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies,
+the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns. Hence,
+therefore, it must be unwise in us to implicate ourselves, by
+artificial ties, in the ordinary vicissitudes of her politics, or the
+ordinary combinations and collisions of her friendships or enmities.
+
+Our detached and distant situation invites and enables us to pursue
+a different course. If we remain one people, under an efficient
+Government, the period is not far off when we may defy material
+injury from external annoyance; when we may take such an attitude
+as will cause the neutrality we may at any time resolve upon, to
+be scrupulously respected; when belligerent nations, under the
+impossibility of making acquisitions upon us, will not lightly hazard
+the giving us provocation; when we may choose peace or war, as our
+interest, guided by justice, shall counsel.
+
+Why forego the advantages of such a peculiar situation? Why quit our
+own to stand upon foreign ground? Why, by interweaving our destiny with
+that of any part of Europe, entangle our peace and prosperity in the
+toils of European ambition, rivalship, interest, humor, or caprice?
+
+It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any
+portion of the foreign world; so far, I mean, as we are now at liberty
+to do it; for let me not be understood as capable of patronizing
+infidelity to existing engagements. I hold the maxim no less applicable
+to public than to private affairs, that honesty is always the best
+policy. I repeat it, therefore, let those engagements be observed in
+their genuine sense. But, in my opinion, it is unnecessary, and would
+be unwise to extend them.
+
+Taking care always to keep ourselves, by suitable establishments, on
+a respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to temporary
+alliances for extraordinary emergencies.
+
+Harmony and a liberal intercourse with all nations, are recommended
+by policy, humanity, and interest. But even our commercial policy
+should hold an equal and impartial hand; neither seeking nor granting
+exclusive favors or preferences; consulting the natural course of
+things; diffusing and diversifying, by gentle means, the streams of
+commerce, but forcing nothing; establishing, with powers so disposed,
+in order to give trade a stable course, to define the rights of our
+merchants, and to enable the Government to support conventional rules
+of intercourse, the best that present circumstances and mutual opinions
+will permit, but temporary, and liable to be, from time to time,
+abandoned or varied, as experience and circumstances shall dictate;
+constantly keeping in view, that it is folly in one nation to look for
+disinterested favors from another; that it must pay, with a portion
+of its independence, for whatever it may accept under that character;
+that by such acceptance it may place itself in the condition of having
+given equivalents for nominal favors, and yet of being reproached with
+ingratitude for not giving more. There can be no greater error than to
+expect, or calculate upon, real favors from nation to nation. It is
+an illusion which experience must cure, which a just pride ought to
+discard.
+
+In offering to you, my countrymen, these counsels of an old and
+affectionate friend, I dare not hope they will make the strong and
+lasting impression I could wish—that they will control the usual
+current of the passions, or prevent our nation from running the course
+which has hitherto marked the destiny of nations—but if I may even
+flatter myself that they may be productive of some partial benefit,
+some occasional good, that they may now and then recur to moderate
+the fury of party spirit, to warn against the mischief of foreign
+intrigues, to guard against the impostures of pretended patriotism,
+this hope will be a full recompense for the solicitude for your welfare
+by which they have been dictated.
+
+How far, in the discharge of my official duties, I have been guided
+by the principles which have been delineated, the public records, and
+other evidences of my conduct, must witness to you and the world. To
+myself the assurance of my own conscience is, that I have at least
+believed myself to be guided by them.
+
+In relation to this still subsisting war in Europe, my proclamation of
+the 22d of April, 1793, is the index to my plan. Sanctioned by your
+approving voice, and by that of your Representatives in both Houses
+of Congress, the spirit of that measure has continually governed me,
+uninfluenced by any attempts to deter or divert me from it.
+
+After deliberate examination, with the aid of the best lights I
+could obtain, I was well satisfied that our country, under all the
+circumstances of the case, had a right to take—and was bound in duty
+and interest to take—a neutral position. Having taken it, I determined,
+as far as should depend upon me, to maintain it with moderation,
+perseverance, and firmness.
+
+The considerations which respect the right to hold this conduct, it is
+not necessary on this occasion to detail. I will only observe that,
+according to my understanding of the matter, that right, so far from
+being denied by any of the belligerent powers, has been virtually
+admitted by all.
+
+The duty of holding a neutral conduct may be inferred, without any
+thing more, from the obligation which justice and humanity impose
+on every nation, in cases in which it is free to act, to maintain
+inviolate the relations of peace and amity toward other nations.
+
+The inducements of interest, for observing that conduct, will best be
+referred to your own reflections and experience. With me, a predominant
+motive has been to endeavor to gain time to our country to settle
+and mature its yet recent institutions, and to progress, without
+interruption, to that degree of strength and consistency which is
+necessary to give it, humanly speaking, the command of its own fortunes.
+
+Though in reviewing the incidents of my administration, I am
+unconscious of intentional error, I am, nevertheless, too sensible of
+my defects not to think it probable that I may have committed many
+errors. Whatever they may be, I fervently beseech the Almighty to
+avert or mitigate the evils to which they may tend. I shall also carry
+with me the hope, that my country will never cease to view them with
+indulgence; and that, after forty-five years of my life dedicated to
+its service with an upright zeal, the faults of incompetent abilities
+will be consigned to oblivion, as myself must soon be to the mansions
+of rest.
+
+Relying on its kindness in this, as in other things, and actuated by
+that fervent love toward it which is so natural to a man who views
+in it the native soil of himself and his progenitors, I anticipate,
+with pleasing expectation, that retreat in which I promise myself to
+realize, without alloy, the sweet enjoyment of partaking, in the midst
+of my fellow-citizens, the benign influence of good laws under a free
+Government—the ever-favorite object of my heart—and the happy reward,
+as I trust, of our mutual cares, labors, and dangers.
+
+ GEORGE WASHINGTON.
+ UNITED STATES, 17th September, 1796.
+
+
+
+
+MISSOURI COMPROMISE OF 1820.
+
+
+When Missouri applied for admission into the Union, a proposition
+was started in Congress to prohibit the introduction of slavery into
+the new State. This had the effect of arraying the South against the
+North—the slaveholding against the non-slaveholding States—and the
+whole subject of slavery became the exciting topic of debate throughout
+the country. The question was finally settled by a _Compromise_, which
+tolerated slavery in Missouri, but otherwise prohibited it in all the
+territory of the United States north and west of the northern limits of
+Arkansas.
+
+As the principle then settled has often since been the prolific source
+of much sectional controversy and angry debate, and as it is desirable
+that every one should be familiar with the _real_ provisions of the
+act by which Missouri was admitted, we have concluded to insert here
+so much of the law as is necessary to a full understanding of the
+subject. All the sections, except the following, relate entirely to the
+formation of the Missouri territory, in the usual form of territorial
+bills:
+
+“SEC. 8. That in all that territory ceded by France to the United
+States, under the name of Louisiana, which lies north of thirty-six
+degrees and thirty minutes north latitude, not included within the
+limits of the State contemplated by this act, slavery and involuntary
+servitude, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes, whereof the
+parties shall be duly convicted, shall be, and is hereby, forever
+prohibited. _Provided always_, That any person escaping into the
+same, from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed, in any State or
+Territory of the United States, such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed
+and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor or service as
+aforesaid.”
+
+
+
+
+FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW OF 1850.
+
+ An Act to amend, and supplementary to, the Act entitled,
+ “An Act respecting Fugitives from Justice, and persons
+ escaping from the Service of their Masters,” and
+ approved February 12, 1793.
+
+
+_Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
+States of America in Congress assembled_, That the persons who have
+been, or may hereafter be, appointed Commissioners, in virtue of any
+Act of Congress, by the Circuit Courts of the United States, and who,
+in consequence of such appointment, are authorized to exercise the
+powers that any justice of the peace, or other magistrate of any of
+the United States, may exercise in respect to offenders for any crime
+or offense against the United States, by arresting, imprisoning, or
+bailing the same, under, and by virtue of, the thirty-third section
+of the act of the twenty-fourth of September, seventeen hundred and
+eighty-nine, entitled, “An Act to establish the judicial courts of the
+United States,” shall be, and are hereby, authorized and required to
+exercise and discharge all the powers and duties conferred by this Act.
+
+SEC. 2. That the Superior Court of each organized Territory of the
+United States shall have the same power to appoint Commissioners to
+take acknowledgments of bail and affidavits, and to take depositions
+of witnesses in civil causes, which is now possessed by the Circuit
+Court of the United States; and all Commissioners who shall hereafter
+be appointed for such purposes by the Superior Court of any organized
+Territory of the United States shall possess all the powers, and
+exercise all the duties, conferred by law upon the Commissioners
+appointed by the Circuit Courts of the United States for similar
+purposes, and shall moreover exercise and discharge all the powers and
+duties conferred by this Act.
+
+SEC. 3. That the Circuit Courts of the United States, and the Superior
+Courts of each organized territory of the United States, shall, from
+time to time, enlarge the number of Commissioners with a view to afford
+reasonable facilities to reclaim fugitives from labor, and to the
+prompt discharge of the duties imposed by this Act.
+
+SEC. 4. That the Commissioners above named shall have concurrent
+jurisdiction with the Judges of the Circuit and District Courts of
+the United States, in their respective circuits and districts within
+the several States, and the Judges of the Superior Courts of the
+territories severally and collectively; in term time and vacation; and
+shall grant certificates to such claimants, upon satisfactory proof
+being made, with authority to take and remove such fugitives from
+service or labor, under the restrictions herein contained, to the State
+or Territory from which such persons may have escaped or fled.
+
+SEC. 5. That it shall be the duty of all marshals and deputy marshals
+to obey and execute all warrants and precepts issued under the
+provisions of this act when to them directed; and should any marshal
+or deputy marshal refuse to receive such warrant, or other process,
+when tendered, or to use all proper means diligently to execute the
+same, he shall, on conviction thereof, be fined in the sum of one
+thousand dollars, to the use of such claimant, on the motion of such
+claimant, by the Circuit or District Court for the district of such
+marshal; and after the arrest of such fugitive, by such marshal or
+his deputy, or while at any time in his custody, under the provisions
+of this act, should such fugitive escape, whether with or without the
+assent of such marshal or his deputy, such marshal shall be liable, on
+his official bond, to be prosecuted, for the benefit of such claimant,
+for the full value of the service or labor of said fugitive in the
+State, Territory, or district whence he escaped; and, the better to
+enable said Commissioners, when thus appointed, to execute their
+duties faithfully and efficiently, in conformity with the requirements
+of the Constitution of the United States, and of this Act, they are
+hereby authorized and empowered, within their counties respectively,
+to appoint, in writing under their hands, any one or more suitable
+persons, from time to time, to execute all such warrants and other
+process as may be issued by them in the lawful performance of their
+respective duties; with authority to such Commissioners, or the persons
+to be appointed by them, to execute process as aforesaid, to summon and
+call to their aid the bystanders, or _posse commitatus_ of the proper
+county, when necessary to insure a faithful observance of the clause
+of the Constitution referred to, in conformity with the provisions of
+this Act; and all good citizens are commanded to aid and assist in the
+prompt and efficient execution of this law whenever their services may
+be required, as aforesaid, for that purpose; and said warrants shall
+run, and be executed by said officers, anywhere in the State within
+which they are issued.
+
+SEC. 6. That when a person held to service or labor in any State or
+Territory of the United States has heretofore or shall hereafter escape
+into another State or Territory of the United States, the person or
+persons to whom such service or labor may be due, or his, her, or their
+agent or attorney, duly authorized by power of attorney, in writing
+acknowledged and certified under the seal of some legal officer or
+Court of the State or Territory in which the same may be executed, may
+pursue and reclaim such fugitive person, either by procuring a warrant
+from some one of the Courts, Judges, or Commissioners aforesaid, of
+the proper circuit, district, or county, for the apprehension of such
+fugitive from service or labor, or by seizing and arresting such
+fugitive where the same can be done without process, and by taking or
+causing such person to be taken forthwith before such Court, Judge, or
+Commissioner, whose duty it shall be to hear and determine the case of
+such claimant in a summary manner; and, upon satisfactory proof being
+made, by deposition or affidavit in writing, to be taken and certified
+by such Court, Judge, or Commissioner, or by other satisfactory
+testimony, duly taken and certified by some Court, Magistrate, Justice
+of the Peace, or other legal officer authorized to administer an oath
+and take depositions under the laws of the State or Territory from
+which such person owing service or labor may have escaped, with a
+certificate of such magistracy, or other authority as aforesaid, with
+the seal of the proper Court or officer thereto attached, which seal
+shall be sufficient to establish the competency of the proof, and with
+proof, also by affidavit, of the identity of the person whose service
+or labor is claimed to be due as aforesaid, that the person so arrested
+does in fact owe service or labor to the person or persons claiming him
+or her, in the State or Territory from which such fugitive may have
+escaped as aforesaid, and that said person escaped, to make out and
+deliver to said claimant, his or her agent or attorney, a certificate
+setting forth the substantial facts as to the service or labor due
+from such fugitive to the claimant, and of his or her escape from the
+State or Territory in which such service or labor was due to the State
+or Territory in which he or she was arrested, with authority to such
+claimant, or his or her agent or attorney, to use such reasonable force
+and restraint as may be necessary, under the circumstances of the case,
+to take and remove such fugitive person back to the State or Territory
+whence he or she may have escaped as aforesaid. In no trial or hearing
+under this Act shall the testimony of such alleged fugitive be admitted
+in evidence; and the certificates in this and the first [fourth]
+section mentioned shall be conclusive of the right of the person or
+persons in whose favor granted to remove such fugitive to the State
+or Territory from which he escaped, and shall prevent all molestation
+of such person or persons by any process issued by any Court, Judge,
+Magistrate, or other person whomsoever.
+
+SEC. 7. That any person who shall knowingly and willingly obstruct,
+hinder, or prevent such claimant, his agent or attorney, or any person
+or persons lawfully assisting him, her, or them, from arresting such
+a fugitive from service or labor, either with or without process as
+aforesaid, or shall rescue or attempt to rescue such fugitive from
+service or labor from the custody of such claimant, his or her agent or
+attorney, or other person or persons lawfully assisting as aforesaid,
+when so arrested pursuant to the authority herein given and declared,
+or shall aid, abet, or assist such person so owing service or labor as
+aforesaid, directly or indirectly, to escape from such claimant, his
+agent or attorney, or other person or persons legally authorized as
+aforesaid; or shall harbor or conceal such fugitive so as to prevent
+the discovery and arrest of such person, after notice or knowledge
+of the fact that such person was a fugitive from service or labor as
+aforesaid, shall, for either of said offenses, be subject to a fine
+not exceeding one thousand dollars, and imprisonment not exceeding
+six months, by indictment and conviction before the District Court
+of the United States for the district in which such offense may have
+been committed, or before the proper court of criminal jurisdiction,
+if committed within any one of the organized Territories of the United
+States, and shall moreover forfeit and pay, by way of civil damages
+to the party injured by such illegal conduct, the sum of one thousand
+dollars for each fugitive so lost as aforesaid, to be recovered as
+aforesaid, to be recovered by action of debt in any of the District
+or Territorial Courts aforesaid, within whose jurisdiction the said
+offense may have been committed.
+
+SEC. 8. That the marshals, their deputies, and the clerks of the said
+District and Territorial Courts, shall be paid for their services the
+like fees as may be allowed to them for similar services in other
+cases; and where such services are rendered exclusively in the arrest,
+custody, and delivery of the fugitive to the claimant, his or her agent
+or attorney, or where such supposed fugitive may be discharged out of
+custody for the want of sufficient proof as aforesaid, then such fees
+are to be paid in the whole by such claimant, his agent or attorney;
+and in all cases where the proceedings are before a Commissioner, he
+shall be entitled to a fee of ten dollars in full for his services in
+each case, upon the delivery of the said certificate to the claimant,
+his or her agent or attorney; or a fee of five dollars in cases where
+the proof shall not, in the opinion of such Commissioner, warrant such
+certificate and delivery, inclusive of all services incident to such
+arrest and examination, to be paid in either case by the claimant,
+his or her agent or attorney. The person or persons authorized to
+execute the process to be issued by such Commissioner for the arrest
+and detention of fugitives from service or labor as aforesaid shall
+also be entitled to a fee of five dollars each for each person he or
+they may arrest and take before any such Commissioner, as aforesaid,
+at the instance and request of such claimant, with such other fees
+as may be deemed reasonable by such Commissioners for such other
+additional services as may be necessarily performed by him or them,
+such as attending at the examination, keeping the fugitive in custody,
+providing him with food and lodging during his detention and until
+the final determination of such Commissioner; and, in general, for
+performing such other duties as may be required by such claimant, his
+or her attorney or agent, or Commissioner in the premises. Such fees to
+be made up in conformity with the fees usually charged by the officers
+of the courts of justice within the proper district or county, as near
+as may be practicable, and paid by such claimants, their agents or
+attorneys, whether such supposed fugitives from service or labor be
+ordered to be delivered to such claimants by the final determination of
+such Commissioner or not.
+
+SEC. 9. That, upon affidavit made by the claimant of such fugitive,
+his agent or attorney, after such certificate has been issued, that he
+has reason to apprehend that such fugitive will be rescued by force
+from his or her possession before he can be taken beyond the limits
+of the State in which the arrest is made, it shall be the duty of the
+officer making the arrest to retain such fugitive in his custody, and
+to remove him to the State whence he fled, and there to deliver him to
+said claimant, his agent or attorney. And, to this end, the officer
+aforesaid is hereby authorized and required to employ so many persons
+as he may deem necessary to overcome such force, and to retain them in
+his service so long as circumstances may require. The said officer and
+his assistants, while so employed, to receive the same compensation
+and to be allowed the same expenses as are now allowed by law for
+transportation of criminals, to be certified by the Judge of the
+district within which the arrest is made, and paid out of the treasury
+of the United States.
+
+SEC. 10. That when any person held to service or labor in any State or
+Territory, or in the District of Columbia, shall escape therefrom,
+the party to whom such service or labor may be due, his, her, or
+their agent or attorney, may apply to any court of record therein, or
+Judge thereof in vacation, and make satisfactory proof to such court,
+or Judge in vacation, of the escape aforesaid, and that the person
+escaping owed service or labor to such party. Whereupon the court
+shall cause a record to be made of the matters so proved, and also a
+general description of the person so escaping, with such convenient
+certainty as may be; and a transcript of such record authenticated
+by the attestation of the clerk and of the seal of the said court,
+being produced in any other State, Territory, or District in which
+the person so escaping may be found, and, being exhibited to any
+Judge, Commissioner, or other officer authorized by the law of the
+United States to cause persons escaping from service or labor to
+be delivered up, shall be held and taken to be full and conclusive
+evidence of the fact of the escape, and that the service or labor of
+the person escaping is due to the party in such record mentioned.
+And upon the production, by the said party, of other and further
+evidence, if necessary, either oral or by affidavit, in addition to
+what is contained in the said record of the identity of the person
+escaping, he or she shall be delivered up to the claimant. And the
+said Court, Commissioner, Judge, or other person authorized by this
+Act to grant certificates to claimants of fugitives, shall, upon
+the production of the record and other evidences aforesaid, grant
+to such claimant a certificate of his right to take any such person
+identified and proved to be owing service or labor as aforesaid, which
+shall authorize such claimant to seize or arrest and transport such
+person to the State or Territory from which he escaped: _Provided_,
+That nothing herein contained shall be construed as requiring the
+production of a transcript of such record as evidence as aforesaid.
+But, in its absence, the claim shall be heard and determined upon other
+satisfactory proofs competent in law.
+
+_Approved September 18, 1850._
+
+[The above law was repealed by the 38th Congress, 1864.]
+
+
+
+
+KANSAS AND NEBRASKA ACT OF 1854.
+
+An Act to Organize the Territories of Nebraska and Kansas.
+
+
+_Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
+States of America in Congress assembled_, That all that part of the
+territory of the United States included within the following limits,
+except such portions thereof as are hereinafter expressly exempted
+from the operations of this Act, to wit: beginning at a point on the
+Missouri River where the fortieth parallel of north latitude crosses
+the same; thence west on said parallel to the east boundary of the
+Territory of Utah on the summit of the Rocky Mountains; thence on
+said summit northward to the forty-ninth parallel of north latitude;
+thence east on said parallel to the western boundary of the Territory
+of Minnesota; thence southward on said boundary to the Missouri River;
+thence down the main channel of said river to the place of beginning,
+be, and the same is hereby, created into a temporary government by
+the name of the Territory of Nebraska; and when admitted as a State
+or States, the said Territory, or any portion of the same, shall be
+received into the Union with or without slavery, as their Constitution
+may prescribe at the time of their admission: _Provided_, That nothing
+in this Act contained shall be construed to inhibit the Government
+of the United States from dividing said Territory into two or more
+Territories, in such manner and at such times as Congress shall deem
+convenient and proper, or from attaching any portion of said Territory
+to any other State or Territory of the United States: _Provided,
+further_, That nothing in this Act contained shall be construed to
+impair the rights of person or property now pertaining to the Indians
+in said Territory, so long as such rights shall remain unextinguished
+by treaty between the United States and such Indians, or to include any
+Territory which, by treaty with any Indian tribe, is not, without the
+consent of said tribe, to be included within the Territorial limits or
+jurisdiction of any State or Territory; but all such Territory shall be
+excepted out of the boundaries, and constitute no part of the Territory
+of Nebraska, until said tribe shall signify their assent to the
+President of the United States to be included within the said Territory
+of Nebraska, or to affect the authority of the Government of the United
+States to make any regulations respecting such Indians, their lands,
+property or other rights, by treaty, law, or otherwise, which it would
+have been competent to the Government to make if this Act had never
+passed.
+
+SEC. 2. That the executive power and authority in and over said
+Territory of Nebraska shall be vested in a Governor, who shall hold
+his office for four years, and until his successor shall be appointed
+and qualified, unless sooner removed by the President of the United
+States. The Governor shall reside within said Territory, and shall be
+commander-in-chief of the militia thereof. He may grant pardons and
+respites for offenses against the laws of said Territory, and reprieves
+for offenses against the laws of the United States, until the decision
+of the President can be made known thereon; he shall commission all
+officers who shall be appointed to office under the laws of the said
+Territory, and shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed.
+
+SEC. 3. That there shall be a Secretary of said Territory, who shall
+reside therein, and hold his office for five years, unless sooner
+removed by the President of the United States; he shall record and
+preserve all the laws and proceedings of the Legislative Assembly
+hereinafter constituted, and all the acts and proceedings of the
+Governor in his executive department; he shall transmit one copy of the
+laws and journals of the Legislative Assembly within thirty days after
+the end of each session, and one copy of the executive proceedings and
+official correspondence semi-annually, on the first days of January
+and July in each year, to the President of the United States, and two
+copies of the laws to the President of the Senate and to the Speaker
+of the House of Representatives, to be deposited in the libraries of
+Congress; and, in case of the death, removal, resignation, or absence
+of the Governor from the Territory, the Secretary shall be, and he is
+hereby duly authorized and required to execute and perform all the
+powers and duties of the Governor during such vacancy or absence, or
+until another Governor shall be duly appointed and qualified to fill
+such vacancy.
+
+SEC. 4. That the legislative power and authority of said Territory
+shall be vested in the Governor and a Legislative Assembly. The
+Legislative Assembly shall consist of a Council and House of
+Representatives. The Council shall consist of thirteen members, having
+the qualifications of voters, as hereinafter prescribed, whose term of
+service shall continue two years. The House of Representatives shall,
+at its first session, consist of twenty-six members, possessing the
+same qualifications as prescribed for members of the Council, and whose
+term of service shall continue one year. The number of Representatives
+may be increased by the Legislative Assembly, from time to time, in
+proportion to the increase of qualified voters: _Provided_, That the
+whole number shall never exceed thirty-nine; an apportionment shall
+be made as nearly equal as practicable, among the several counties
+or districts, for the election of the Council and Representatives,
+giving each section of the Territory representation in the ratio of
+its qualified voters as nearly as may be. And the members of the
+Council and of the House of Representatives shall reside in, and be
+inhabitants of, the district or county, or counties, for which they may
+be elected respectively. Previous to the first election, the Governor
+shall cause a census or enumeration of the inhabitants and qualified
+voters of the several counties and districts of the Territory, to
+be taken by such persons and in such mode as the Governor shall
+designate and appoint; and the persons so appointed shall receive a
+reasonable compensation therefor. And the first election shall be
+held at such times and places, and be conducted in such manner, both
+as to the persons who shall superintend such election and the returns
+thereof, as the Governor shall appoint and direct; and he shall at
+the same time declare the number of members of the Council and House
+of Representatives to which each of the counties or districts shall
+be entitled under this Act. The persons having the highest number
+of legal votes in each of said Council districts for members of the
+Council, shall be declared by the Governor to be duly elected to the
+Council; and the persons having the highest number of legal votes for
+the House of Representatives, shall be declared by the Governor to be
+duly elected members of said House: _Provided_, That, in case two or
+more persons voted for shall have an equal number of votes, and in case
+a vacancy shall otherwise occur in either branch of the Legislative
+Assembly, the Governor shall order a new election; and the persons
+thus elected to the Legislative Assembly shall meet at such place and
+on such day as the Governor shall appoint; but thereafter, the time,
+place, and manner of holding and conducting all elections by the
+people, and the apportioning the representation in the several counties
+or districts to the Council and House of Representatives, according to
+the number of qualified voters, shall be prescribed by law, as well as
+the day of the commencement of the regular sessions of the Legislative
+Assembly: _Provided_, That no session in any one year shall exceed the
+term of forty days, except the first session, which may continue sixty
+days.
+
+SEC. 5. That every free white male inhabitant, above the age of
+twenty-one years, who shall be an actual resident of said Territory,
+and shall possess the qualifications hereinafter prescribed, shall be
+entitled to vote at the first election, and shall be eligible to any
+office within the said Territory; but the qualifications of voters, and
+of holding office, at all subsequent elections, shall be such as shall
+be prescribed by the Legislative Assembly: _Provided_, That the right
+of suffrage and of holding office shall be exercised only by citizens
+of the United States and those who shall have declared on oath their
+intention to become such, and shall have taken an oath to support the
+Constitution of the United States and the provisions of this act: _And
+provided, further_, That no officer, soldier, seaman, or marine, or
+other person in the army or navy of the United States, or attached to
+troops in the service of the United States, shall be allowed to vote or
+hold office in said Territory, by reason of being on service therein.
+
+SEC. 6. That the legislative power of the Territory shall extend to all
+rightful subjects of legislation consistent with the Constitution of
+the United States and the provisions of this Act; but no law shall be
+passed interfering with the primary disposal of the soil; no tax shall
+be imposed upon the property of the United States; nor shall the lands
+or other property of non-residents be taxed higher than the lands or
+other property of residents. Every bill which shall have passed the
+Council and House of Representatives of said Territory, shall, before
+it become a law, be presented to the Governor of the Territory; if he
+approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it, with his
+objections, to the House in which it originated, who shall enter the
+objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it.
+If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that House shall agree
+to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to
+the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if
+approved by two-thirds of that House, it shall become a law. But in all
+such cases the votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and
+nays, to be entered on the journal of each House respectively. If any
+bill shall not be returned by the Governor within three days (Sundays
+excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be
+a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Assembly, by
+adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law.
+
+SEC. 7. That all township, district, and county officers, not herein
+otherwise provided for, shall be appointed or elected, as the case may
+be, in such manner as shall be provided by the Governor and Legislative
+Assembly of the Territory of Nebraska. The Governor shall nominate,
+and, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Council,
+appoint all officers not herein otherwise provided for; and in the
+first instance the Governor alone may appoint all said officers, who
+shall hold their offices until the end of the first session of the
+Legislative Assembly; and shall lay off the necessary districts for
+members of the Council and House of Representatives, and all other
+officers.
+
+SEC. 8. That no member of the Legislative Assembly shall hold, or be
+appointed to any office which may have been created, or the salary or
+emoluments of which shall have been increased, while he was a member,
+during the term for which he was elected, and for one year after the
+expiration of such term; but this restriction shall not be applicable
+to members of the first Legislative Assembly; and no person holding a
+commission or appointment under the United States, except postmasters,
+shall be a member of the Legislative Assembly, or shall hold any office
+under the government of said Territory.
+
+SEC. 9. That the judicial power of said Territory shall be vested in
+a Supreme Court, District Courts, Probate Courts, and in Justices of
+the Peace. The Supreme Court shall consist of a Chief Justice and two
+Associate Justices, any two of whom shall constitute a quorum, and
+who shall hold a term at the seat of government of said Territory
+annually, and they shall hold their offices during the period of four
+years, and until their successors shall be appointed and qualified.
+The said Territory shall be divided into three judicial districts,
+and a District Court shall be held in each of said districts by one
+of the Justices of the Supreme Court, at such times and places as
+may be prescribed by law; and the said Judges shall, after their
+appointments, respectively reside in the district which be assigned
+them. The jurisdiction of the several courts herein provided for—both
+appellate and original—and that of the Probate Courts and of Justices
+of the Peace, shall be limited by law: _Provided_, That Justices of the
+Peace shall not have jurisdiction of the matter in controversy when the
+title or boundaries of lands may be in dispute, or where the debt or
+sum claimed shall exceed one hundred dollars; and the said Supreme and
+District Courts, respectively, shall possess chancery as well as common
+law jurisdiction. Each District Court, or the judge thereof, shall
+appoint its clerk, who shall also be the register in chancery, and
+shall keep his office at the place where the Court may be held. Writs
+of error, bills of exception, and appeals, shall be allowed in all
+cases from the final decisions of said District Courts to the Supreme
+Court, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law; but in no
+case removed to the Supreme Court shall trial by jury be allowed by
+said Court. The Supreme Court, or the Justices thereof, shall appoint
+its own clerk, and every clerk shall hold his office at the pleasure
+of the Court for which he shall have been appointed. Writs of error
+and appeals from the final decision of said Supreme Court shall be
+allowed, and may be taken to the Supreme Court of the United States
+in the same manner and under the same regulations as from the Circuit
+Courts of the United States, where the value of the property, or the
+amount in controversy, to be ascertained by the oath or affirmation of
+either party, or other competent witness, shall exceed one thousand
+dollars; except only that in all cases involving title to slaves, the
+said writs of error or appeals shall be allowed and decided by the said
+Supreme Court, without regard to the value of the matter, property, or
+title in controversy; and except also that a writ of error or appeal
+shall also be allowed to the Supreme Court of the United States, from
+the decisions of the said Supreme Court created by this act, or of any
+judge thereof, or of the District Courts created by this Act, or of any
+judge thereof, upon any writ of _habeas corpus_, involving the question
+of personal freedom: _Provided_, That nothing herein contained shall
+be construed to apply to or affect provisions of the “Act respecting
+fugitives from justice, and persons escaping from the service of their
+masters,” (approved February 12, 1793,) and the “Act to amend and
+supplementary to the aforesaid Act,” (approved September 18, 1850;)
+and each of the said District Courts shall have and exercise the same
+jurisdiction in all cases arising under the Constitution and laws of
+the United States as is vested in the Circuit and District Courts of
+the United States; and the said Supreme and District Courts of the said
+Territory, and the respective judges thereof, shall and may grant writs
+of _habeas corpus_ in all cases in which the same are granted by the
+judges of the United States in the District of Columbia; and the first
+six days of every term of said courts, or so much thereof as shall be
+necessary, shall be appropriated to the trial of causes arising under
+the said Constitution and laws; and writs of error and appeal in all
+such cases shall be made to the Supreme Court of said Territory, the
+same as in other cases. The said clerk shall receive, in all such
+cases, the same fees which the clerks of the District Courts of Utah
+Territory now receive for similar services.
+
+SEC. 10. That the provisions of an Act entitled “an Act respecting
+fugitives from justice, and persons escaping from the service of their
+masters,” (approved February 12, 1793,) and the provisions of the Act
+entitled “an Act to amend, and supplementary to the aforesaid Act,”
+(approved September 18, 1850,) be, and the same are hereby, declared to
+extend to and be in full force within the limits of said Territory of
+Nebraska.
+
+SEC. 11. That there shall be appointed an attorney for said Territory,
+who shall continue in office for four years, and until his successor
+shall be appointed and qualified, unless sooner removed by the
+President, and who shall receive the same fees and salary as the
+attorney of the United States for the present Territory of Utah. There
+shall also be a marshal for the Territory appointed, who shall hold
+his office for four years, and until his successor shall be appointed
+and qualified, unless sooner removed by the President, and who shall
+execute all processes issuing from the said courts when exercising
+their jurisdiction as Circuit and District Courts of the United States;
+he shall perform the duties, be subject to the same regulations and
+penalties, and be entitled to the same fees as the marshal of the
+District Court of the United States for the present Territory of Utah,
+and shall, in addition, be paid two hundred dollars annually as a
+compensation for extra services.
+
+SEC. 12. That the Governor, Secretary, Chief Justice, and Associate
+Justices, Attorney, and Marshal, shall be nominated, and—by and with
+the advice and consent of the Senate—appointed by the President of
+the United States. The Governor and Secretary, to be appointed as
+aforesaid, shall, before they act as such, respectively take an oath
+or affirmation before the District Judge or some Justice of the Peace
+in the limits of said Territory, duly authorized to administer oaths
+and affirmations by the laws now in force therein, or before the
+Chief Justice or some Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the
+United States, to support the Constitution of the United States, and
+faithfully discharge the duties of their respective offices, which said
+oaths, when so taken, shall be certified by the person by whom the same
+shall have been taken; and such certificates shall be received and
+recorded by the said Secretary among the executive proceedings; and the
+Chief Justice, and Associate Justices, and all other civil officers
+in said Territory, before they act as such, shall take a like oath or
+affirmation before the said Governor or Secretary, or some Judge or
+Justice of the Peace of the Territory, who may be duly commissioned
+and qualified, which said oath or affirmation shall be certified and
+transmitted by the person taking the same to the Secretary, to be by
+him recorded as aforesaid; and afterward, the like oath or affirmation
+shall be taken, certified, and recorded in such manner and form as
+may be prescribed by law. The Governor shall receive an annual salary
+of two thousand five hundred dollars. The Chief Justice and Associate
+Justices shall receive an annual salary of two thousand dollars. The
+Secretary shall receive an annual salary of two thousand dollars. The
+said salaries shall be paid quarter-yearly, from the dates of the
+respective appointments, at the treasury of the United States; but
+no such payment shall be made until said officers shall have entered
+upon the duties of their respective appointments. The members of the
+Legislative Assembly shall be entitled to receive three dollars each
+per day during their attendance at the sessions thereof, and three
+dollars each for every twenty miles’ travel in going to and returning
+from the said sessions, estimated according to the nearest usually
+traveled route; and an additional allowance of three dollars shall be
+paid to the presiding officer of each House for each day he shall so
+preside. And a chief clerk, one assistant clerk, a sergeant-at-arms,
+and door-keeper may be chosen for each House; and the chief clerk
+shall receive four dollars per day, and the said other officers three
+dollars per day, during the session of the Legislative Assembly; but
+no other officer shall be paid by the United States: _Provided_, That
+there shall be but one session of the Legislature annually, unless,
+on an extraordinary occasion, the Governor shall think proper to call
+the Legislature together. There shall be appropriated, annually, the
+usual sum, to be expended by the Governor, to defray the contingent
+expenses of the Territory, including the salary of a Clerk of the
+Executive Department; and there shall also be appropriated, annually,
+a sufficient sum, to be expended by the Secretary of the Territory,
+and upon an estimate to be made by the Secretary of the Treasury of
+the United States, to defray the expenses of the Legislative Assembly,
+the printing of the laws, and other incidental expenses; and the
+Governor and Secretary of the Territory shall, in the disbursement of
+all moneys intrusted to them, be governed solely by the instructions
+of the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States, and shall,
+semi-annually, account to the said Secretary for the manner in which
+the aforesaid moneys shall have been expended; and no expenditure
+shall be made by said Legislative Assembly for objects not specially
+authorized by the Acts of Congress making the appropriations, nor
+beyond the sums thus appropriated for such objects.
+
+SEC. 13. That the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Nebraska
+shall hold its first session at such time and place in said Territory
+as the Governor thereof shall appoint and direct; and at said first
+session, or as soon thereafter as they shall deem expedient, the
+Governor and Legislative Assembly shall proceed to locate and establish
+the seat of government for said Territory at such place as they may
+deem eligible; which place, however, shall thereafter be subject to be
+changed by the said Governor and Legislative Assembly.
+
+SEC. 14. That a delegate to the House of Representatives of the United
+States, to serve for the term of two years, who shall be a citizen of
+the United States, may be elected by the voters qualified to elect
+members of the Legislative Assembly, who shall be entitled to the same
+rights and privileges as are exercised and enjoyed by the delegates
+from the several other Territories of the United States to the said
+House of Representatives; but the delegate first elected shall hold
+his seat only during the term of the Congress to which he shall be
+elected. The first election shall be held at such time and places,
+and be conducted in such manner as the Governor shall appoint and
+direct; and at all subsequent elections the times, places, and manner
+of holding the elections shall be prescribed by law. The person having
+the greatest number of votes shall be declared by the Governor to be
+duly elected, and a certificate thereof shall be given accordingly.
+That the Constitution, and all the laws of the United States which are
+not locally inapplicable, shall have the same force and effect within
+the said Territory of Nebraska as elsewhere within the United States,
+except the eighth section of the act preparatory to the admission
+of Missouri into the Union, (approved March 6, 1820,) which, being
+inconsistent with the principle of non-intervention by Congress with
+slavery in the States and Territories—as recognized by the legislation
+of 1850, commonly called the Compromise Measures—is hereby declared
+inoperative and void; it being the true intent and meaning of this act
+not to legislate slavery into any Territory or State, nor to exclude
+it therefrom, but to leave the people thereof perfectly free to form
+and regulate their domestic institutions in their own way, subject only
+to the Constitution of the United States: _Provided_, That nothing
+herein contained shall be construed to revive or put in force any law
+or regulation which may have existed prior to the act of March 6, 1820,
+either protecting, establishing, prohibiting, or abolishing slavery.
+
+SEC. 15. That there shall hereafter be appropriated, as has been
+customary for the territorial governments, a sufficient amount, to be
+expended under the direction of the said Governor of the Territory of
+Nebraska, not exceeding the sums heretofore appropriated for similar
+objects, for the erection of suitable public buildings at the seat
+of government, and for the purchase of a library, to be kept at the
+seat of government, for the use of the Governor, Legislative Assembly,
+Judges of the Supreme Court, Secretary, Marshal, and Attorney of said
+Territory, and such other persons, and under such regulations, as shall
+be prescribed by law.
+
+SEC. 16. That when the lands in said Territory shall be surveyed under
+the direction of the Government of the United States, preparatory
+to bringing the same into market, sections numbered sixteen and
+thirty-six, in each township in said Territory, shall be, and the
+same are hereby, reserved for the purpose of being applied to schools
+in said Territory, and in the States and Territories hereafter to be
+erected out of the same.
+
+SEC. 17. That, until otherwise provided by law, the Governor of said
+Territory may define the judicial districts of said Territory, and
+assign the judges who may be appointed for said Territory to the
+several districts; and also appoint the times and places for holding
+courts in the several counties or subdivisions in each of said judicial
+districts by proclamation, to be issued by him; but the Legislative
+Assembly, at their first or any subsequent session, may organize,
+alter, or modify such judicial districts, and assign the judges, and
+alter the times and places of holding the courts, as to them shall seem
+proper and convenient.
+
+SEC. 18. That all officers to be appointed by the President, by and
+with the advice and consent of the Senate, for the Territory of
+Nebraska, who, by virtue of the provisions of any law now existing, or
+which may be enacted during the present Congress, are required to give
+security for moneys that may be intrusted with them for disbursements,
+shall give security, at such time and place, and in such manner as the
+Secretary of Treasury may prescribe.
+
+[Illustration: JAMES MONROE]
+
+SEC. 19. That all that part of the territory of the United States
+included within the following limits, except such portions thereof as
+are hereinafter expressly exempted from the operations of this act,
+to wit: beginning at a point on the western boundary of the State of
+Missouri, where the thirty-seventh parallel of north latitude crosses
+the same; thence west on said parallel to the eastern boundary of New
+Mexico; thence north on said boundary to latitude thirty-eight; thence
+following said boundary westward to the east boundary of the Territory
+of Utah, on the summit of the Rocky Mountains; thence northward on
+said summit to the fortieth parallel of latitude; thence east on said
+parallel to the western boundary of the State of Missouri; thence south
+with the western boundary of said State to the place of beginning, be,
+and the same is hereby, created into a temporary government by the name
+of the Territory of Kansas; and when admitted as a State or States, the
+said Territory, or any portion of the same, shall be received into the
+Union with or without slavery, as the Constitution may prescribe at the
+time of their admission: _Provided_, That nothing in this Act contained
+shall be construed to inhibit the Government of the United States from
+dividing said Territory into two or more Territories, in such manner
+and at such times as Congress shall deem convenient and proper, or
+from attaching any portion of said Territory to any other State or
+Territory of the United States: _Provided, further_, That nothing in
+this Act contained shall be so construed as to impair the rights of
+persons or property now pertaining to the Indians in said Territory,
+so long as such rights shall remain unextinguished by treaty between
+the United States and such Indians, or to include any Territory which,
+by treaty with any Indian tribe, is not, without the consent of said
+tribe, to be included within the territorial limits or jurisdiction of
+any State or Territory; but all such territory shall be excepted out
+of the boundaries, and constitute no part of the Territory of Kansas,
+until said tribe shall signify their assent to the President of the
+United States to be included within the said Territory of Kansas, or
+to affect the authority of the Government of the United States to make
+any regulation respecting such Indians, their lands, property, or
+other rights, by treaty, law, or otherwise, which it would have been
+competent to the government to make if this act had never passed.
+
+[With the single exception of the location of the seat of government
+for Kansas at Fort Leavenworth, provided for in section 31, the ensuing
+sixteen sections, relative to the organization and government of the
+Territory, are precisely similar to the sections already recited,
+providing for the government of Nebraska Territory. The final section
+of the act, which has a general reference to both Territories, is as
+follows:]
+
+SEC. 37. _And be it further enacted_, That all treaties, laws, and
+other engagements made by the Government of the United States with
+the Indian tribes inhabiting the Territories embraced within this
+act, shall be faithfully and rigidly observed, notwithstanding any
+thing contained in this act; and that the existing agencies and
+superintendencies of said Indians be continued, with the same powers
+and duties which are now prescribed by law, except that the President
+of the United States may, at his discretion, change the location of the
+office of superintendent.
+
+
+
+
+ORDINANCE OF 1787.
+
+
+IN CONGRESS, JULY 13, 1787.
+
+An Ordinance for the government of the territory of the United States,
+north-west of the river Ohio.
+
+_Be it ordained_, by the United States in Congress assembled, that
+the said Territory, for the purpose of temporary government, be one
+district; subject, however, to be divided into two districts, as future
+circumstances may, in the opinion of Congress, make it expedient.
+
+_Be it ordained_, by the authority aforesaid, that the estates both
+of resident and non-resident proprietors in the said Territory,
+dying intestate, shall descend to, and be distributed among their
+children, and the descendants of a deceased child in equal parts; the
+descendants of a deceased child or grand-child, to take the share of
+their deceased parent, in equal parts, among them, and where there
+shall be no children or descendants, then in equal parts to the next
+of kin, in equal degree; and among collaterals, the children of a
+deceased brother or sister of the intestate shall have, in equal parts,
+among them, their deceased parent’s share; and there shall in no case
+be a distinction between kindred of the whole and half blood; saving
+in all cases to the widow of the intestate her third part of the real
+estate for life, and one-third part of the personal estate; and this
+law relative to descents and dower shall remain in full force until
+altered by the Legislature of the district. And until the Governor and
+judges shall adopt laws as hereinafter mentioned, estates in the said
+territory may be devised or bequeathed by wills in writing, signed and
+sealed by him or her, in whom the estate may be (being of full age),
+and attested by three witnesses; and real estates may be conveyed by
+lease or release, or bargain and sale, signed, sealed, and delivered by
+the person, being of full age, in whom the estate may, and attested by
+two witnesses, provided such wills be duly proved, and such conveyances
+be acknowledged, or the execution thereof duly proved, and be recorded
+within one year after proper magistrates, courts, and registers shall
+be appointed for that purpose, and personal property may be transferred
+by delivery, saving, however, to the French and Canadian inhabitants,
+and other settlers of the Kaskaskias, Saint Vincents, and the
+neighboring villages, who have heretofore professed themselves citizens
+of Virginia, their laws and customs now in force among them, relative
+to descent and conveyance of property.
+
+_Be it ordained_, by the authority aforesaid, that there shall be
+appointed, from time to time, by Congress, a Governor, whose commission
+shall continue in force for the term of three years, unless sooner
+revoked by Congress; he shall reside in the district and have a
+freehold estate therein, in one thousand acres of land, while in the
+exercise of his office. There shall be appointed, from time to time,
+by Congress, a Secretary, whose commission shall continue in force for
+four years, unless sooner revoked; he shall reside therein, and have
+a freehold estate therein, in five hundred acres of land, while in
+the exercise of his office; it shall be his duty to keep and preserve
+the acts and laws passed by the Legislature, and the public records
+of the district, and the proceedings of the Governor in his executive
+department, and transmit authentic copies of such acts and proceedings,
+every six months, to the Secretary of Congress. There shall also be
+appointed a court, to consist of three judges, any two of whom to form
+a court, who shall have a common law jurisdiction, and reside in the
+district, and have each therein a freehold estate in five hundred acres
+of land, while in the exercise of their offices; and their commissions
+shall continue in force during good behavior.
+
+The Governor and judges, or a majority of them, shall adopt and
+publish in the district such laws of the original States, criminal
+and civil, as may be necessary, and best suited to the circumstances
+of the district, and report them to Congress, from time to time,
+which laws shall be in force in the district until the organization
+of the General Assembly therein, unless disapproved by Congress; but
+afterward, the Legislature shall have authority to alter them as they
+shall think fit.
+
+The Governor, for the time being, shall be commander-in-chief of the
+militia, appoint and commission all officers in the same, below the
+rank of general officers. All general officers shall be appointed and
+commissioned by Congress.
+
+Previous to the organization of the General Assembly, the Governor
+shall appoint such magistrates and other civil officers, in each
+county or township, as he shall find necessary for the preservation
+of the peace and good order in the same. After the General Assembly
+shall be organized, the powers and duties of magistrates and other
+civil officers shall be regulated and defined by the said Assembly;
+but all magistrates and other civil officers, not herein otherwise
+directed, shall, during the continuance of this temporary government,
+be appointed by the Governor.
+
+For the prevention of crimes and injuries, the laws to be adopted
+or made, shall have force in all parts of the district, and for the
+execution of process, criminal and civil, the Governor shall make
+proper divisions thereof; and shall proceed, from time to time, as
+circumstances may require, to lay out the parts of the district in
+which the Indian titles shall have been extinguished, into counties and
+townships, subject, however, to such alterations as may hereafter be
+made by the Legislature.
+
+So soon as there shall be five thousand free male inhabitants, of full
+age, in the district, upon giving proof thereof to the Governor, they
+shall receive authority, with time and place, to elect representatives
+from their counties or townships, to represent them in the General
+Assembly; _Provided_, That for every five hundred free male inhabitants
+there shall be one representative, and so on progressively with the
+number of free male inhabitants, shall the right of representation
+increase, until the number of representatives shall amount to
+twenty-five, after which the number and proportion of representatives
+shall be regulated by the Legislature; _Provided_, That no person
+be eligible or qualified to act as a representative, unless he shall
+have been a citizen of one of the United States three years and be
+a resident in the district, or unless he shall have resided in the
+district three years, and in either case shall likewise hold in
+his own right, in fee simple, two hundred acres of land within the
+same; _Provided_, also, that a freehold in fifty acres of land in
+the district, having been a citizen of one of the States, and being
+resident in the district, or the like freehold and two years’ residence
+in the district, shall be necessary to qualify a man as an elector of a
+representative.
+
+The representative thus elected, shall serve for the term of two years,
+and in case of the death of a representative, or removal from office,
+the Governor shall issue a writ to the county or township for which he
+was a member, to elect another in his stead, to serve for the residue
+of the term.
+
+The General Assembly, or Legislature, shall consist of the Governor,
+Legislative Council, and a House of Representatives. The Legislative
+Council shall consist of five members, to continue in office five
+years, unless sooner removed by Congress, any three of whom to be
+a quorum, and the members of the Council, shall be nominated and
+appointed in the following manner, to wit: as soon as representatives
+shall be elected, the Governor shall appoint a time and place for them
+to meet together, and, when met, they shall nominate ten persons,
+residents in the district, and each possessed of a freehold in five
+hundred acres of land, and return their names to Congress, five of
+whom Congress shall appoint and commission to serve as aforesaid; and
+whenever a vacancy shall happen in the Council, by death or removal
+from office, the House of Representatives shall nominate two persons
+qualified as aforesaid, for each vacancy, and return their names to
+Congress, one of whom Congress shall appoint and commission for the
+residue of the term; and every five years, four months at least before
+the expiration of the time of service of the Council, the said House
+shall nominate ten persons qualified as aforesaid, and return their
+names to Congress, five of whom Congress shall appoint and commission
+to serve as members of the Council five years, unless sooner removed.
+And the Governor, Legislative Council, and House of Representatives,
+shall have authority to make laws in all cases for the good government
+of the district, not repugnant to the principles and articles in this
+ordinance established and declared. And all bills having passed by
+a majority in the House, and by a majority in the Council, shall be
+referred to the Governor for his assent; but no bill or legislative act
+whatever, shall be of any force without his assent. The Governor shall
+have power to convene, prorogue, and dissolve the assembly, when in his
+opinion it shall be expedient.
+
+The Governor, Judges, Legislative Council, Secretary, and such other
+officers as Congress shall appoint in the district, shall take an oath
+or affirmation of fidelity, and of office—the Governor before the
+President of Congress, and all other officers before the Governor. As
+soon as a Legislature shall be formed in the District, the Council and
+House, assembled in one room, shall have authority, by joint ballot,
+to elect a delegate to Congress, who shall have a seat in Congress,
+with the right of debating, but not of voting, during this temporary
+government.
+
+And for extending the fundamental principles of civil and religious
+liberty, which form the basis whereon these republics, their laws and
+constitutions, are elected; _to fix and establish those principles as
+the basis of all laws, constitutions, and governments, which_ FOREVER
+_hereafter shall be formed in the said Territory_; to provide also for
+the establishment of States, and for their admission to a share in the
+Federal Council on an equal footing with the original States, at as
+early periods as may be consistent with the general interest:
+
+_It is hereby ordained and declared_, by the authority aforesaid, that
+the following articles shall be considered as articles of compact
+between the original States and the people and States in the said
+Territory, and forever remain unalterable, unless by common consent;
+viz.:
+
+ARTICLE I. No person, demeaning himself in a peaceable and orderly
+manner, shall ever be molested on account of his mode of worship or
+religious sentiments in the said Territory.
+
+ART. II. The inhabitants of the said Territory shall always be entitled
+to the benefit of the writ of _habeas corpus_ and of the trial by jury;
+of a proportionate representation of the people in the Legislature,
+and of judicial proceedings according to the course of the common law;
+all persons shall be bailable unless for capital offenses, where the
+proof shall be evident, or the presumption great; all fines shall be
+moderate, and no cruel or unusual punishments shall be inflicted; no
+man shall be deprived of his liberty or property but by the judgment of
+his peers or the law of the land; and should the public exigencies make
+it necessary for the common preservation to take any person’s property,
+or to demand his particular services, full compensation shall be made
+for the same; and, in the just preservation of rights and property,
+it is understood and declared, that no law ought ever to be made, or
+have force in the said territory, that shall, in any manner whatever,
+interfere with or affect private contracts or engagements, _bona fide_,
+and, without fraud, previously formed.
+
+ART. III. Religion, morality, and knowledge being necessary to good
+government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of
+education shall forever be encouraged. The utmost good faith shall
+always be observed toward the Indians; their lands and property shall
+never be taken from them without their consent; and in their property,
+rights, and liberty, they never shall be invaded or disturbed, unless
+in just and lawful wars authorized by Congress; but laws founded in
+justice and humanity shall, from time to time, be made, for preventing
+wrongs being done to them, and for preserving peace and friendship with
+them.
+
+ART. IV. The said Territory, and the States which may be formed
+therein, shall forever remain a part of this Confederacy of the United
+States of America; subject to the Articles of Confederation,[2] and to
+such alterations therein as shall be constitutionally made; and to all
+the acts and ordinances of the United States in Congress assembled,
+conformable thereto. The inhabitants and settlers in the said Territory
+shall be subject to pay a part of the Federal debts contracted, or to
+be contracted, and a proportional part of the expenses of government,
+to be apportioned on them by Congress, according to the same common
+rule and measure by which apportionments thereof shall be made on
+the other States; and the taxes for paying their proportion shall be
+laid and levied by the authority and direction of the Legislatures
+of the District, or Districts, or new States, as in the original
+States, within the time agreed upon by the United States in Congress
+assembled. The Legislatures of those Districts, or new States, shall
+never interfere with the primary disposal of the soil by the United
+States in Congress assembled, nor with any regulations Congress may
+find necessary for securing the title in such soil to the _bona fide_
+purchasers. No tax shall be imposed on lands the property of the United
+States; and in no case shall non-resident proprietors be taxed higher
+than residents. The navigable waters leading into the Mississippi and
+St. Lawrence, and the carrying places between the same, shall be common
+highways, and forever free, as well to the inhabitants of the said
+Territory as to the citizens of the United States, and those of any
+other States that may be admitted into the confederacy, without any
+tax, impost, or duty therefor.
+
+[2] This ordinance was drawn up before the Constitution was formed.
+
+ART. V. There shall be formed in the said Territory not less than
+three, nor more than five States; and the boundaries of the States,
+as soon as Virginia shall alter her act of session and consent to
+the same, shall become fixed and established as follows, to wit: The
+western State shall be bounded by the Mississippi, the Ohio, and Wabash
+Rivers; a direct line drawn from the Wabash and Post Vincents due north
+to the territorial line between the United States and Canada, and by
+the said territorial line to the Lake of the Woods and Mississippi.
+The middle State shall be bounded by the said direct line, the Wabash
+from Post Vincents to the Ohio, by the Ohio, by direct line drawn due
+north from the mouth of the Great Miami to the said territorial line,
+and by said territorial line. The eastern State shall be bounded by
+the last mentioned direct line, the Ohio, Pennsylvania, and the said
+territorial line; _Provided_, however, and it is further understood and
+declared, that the boundaries of these three States shall be subject so
+far to be altered, and, if Congress shall hereafter find it expedient,
+they shall have authority to form one or two States in that part of the
+said Territory which lies north of an east and west line drawn through
+the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan; and whenever any of
+the said States shall have sixty thousand free inhabitants therein,
+such States shall be admitted, by their delegates, into the Congress
+of the United States, on an equal footing with the original States in
+all respects whatsoever; and shall be at liberty to form a permanent
+constitution and State government; _Provided_, the constitution and
+government so to be formed shall be republican, and in conformity to
+the principles contained in these articles; and, so far as it can be
+consistent with the general interest of the confederacy, such admission
+shall be allowed at an earlier period, and when there may be a less
+number of free inhabitants in the State than sixty thousand.
+
+ART. VI. There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in
+the said Territory, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes whereof
+the party shall have been duly convicted; _Provided_, always, that any
+person escaping into the same, from whom labor or service is lawfully
+claimed in any of the original States, such fugitive may be lawfully
+reclaimed and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor or
+service as aforesaid.
+
+_Be it ordained_, by the authority aforesaid, that the resolutions of
+the 23d of April, 1784, relative to the subject of this ordinance, be,
+and the same are hereby repealed, and declared null and void.
+
+ NOTE.—By this ordinance, Virginia ceded to the
+ United States the territory now composing the States of
+ Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michigan, making
+ the ordinance the fundamental law of these States.
+
+
+
+
+AMNESTY PROCLAMATION.
+
+
+_By the President of the United Slates of America_:
+
+WHEREAS, The President of the United States, on the 8th day of
+December, 1863, and on the 26th day of March, 1864, did, with the
+object of suppressing the existing rebellion, to induce all persons
+to return to their loyalty and to restore the authority of the United
+States, issued Proclamations offering amnesty and pardon to certain
+persons who had directly or by implication engaged in said rebellion,
+and
+
+WHEREAS, Many persons who had so engaged in the said rebellion, have,
+since the issue of said Proclamation, failed or neglected to take the
+benefits offered thereby; and whereas, many persons who have been
+justly deprived of all claim to amnesty and pardon thereunder by reason
+of their participation directly or by implication in said rebellion,
+and continued hostile to the Government of the United States since the
+date of said Proclamation, now desire to apply for and obtain amnesty
+and pardon; to the end, therefore, that the authority of the Government
+of the United States may be restored, and that peace, order, and
+freedom may be established.
+
+I, Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, do proclaim
+and declare that I hereby grant to all persons who have directly
+or indirectly participated in the existing rebellion, except as
+hereinafter excepted, amnesty and pardon, with the restoration of all
+the rights of property, except as to slaves, except in cases where
+legal proceedings under the laws of the United States, providing for
+the confiscation of property of persons engaged in the rebellion,
+have been instituted; but on the condition, nevertheless, that every
+such person shall take and subscribe the following oath, which shall
+be registered for permanent preservation, and shall be the tenor and
+effect of the following, to wit:
+
+“I do solemnly swear or affirm, in the presence of Almighty God, that
+I will henceforth faithfully defend the Constitution of the United
+States and the Union of the States thereunder; and that I will in like
+manner abide by and faithfully support all laws and proclamations which
+have been made during the existing rebellion, with reference to the
+emancipation of slavery, so help me God.”
+
+The following classes of persons are excepted from the benefits of this
+proclamation:
+
+_First_—All who are, or shall have been, pretended civil or diplomatic
+officers or otherwise, domestic or foreign agents of the pretended
+Confederate Government.
+
+_Second_—All who left judicial stations under the United States to aid
+the rebellion.
+
+_Third_—All who shall have been military or naval officers of said
+pretended Confederate Government above the rank of Colonel in the Army,
+or Lieutenant in the Navy.
+
+_Fourth_—All who left seats in the Congress of the United States to aid
+the rebellion.
+
+_Fifth_—All who resigned or tendered the resignation of their
+commissions in the Army or Navy of the United States, to evade the duty
+in resisting the rebellion.
+
+_Sixth_—All who have engaged in any way in treating otherwise than
+lawfully as prisoners of war, persons found in the United States
+service, as officers, soldiers, seamen, or in other capacities.
+
+_Seventh_—All persons who have been or are absentees from the United
+States for the purpose of aiding the rebellion.
+
+_Eighth_—All military or naval officers in the rebel service who were
+educated by the Government in the military academy at West Point, or in
+the United States Naval Academy.
+
+_Ninth_—All persons who hold the pretended offices of Governors of
+States in insurrection against the United States.
+
+_Tenth_—All persons who left their homes within the jurisdiction and
+protection of the United States and passed beyond the Federal military
+lines into the so-called Confederate States for the purpose of aiding
+the rebellion.
+
+_Eleventh_—All persons who have engaged in the destruction of the
+commerce of the United States upon the high seas, and all persons who
+have made raids into the United States from Canada, or been engaged in
+destroying the commerce of the United States upon the lakes and rivers
+that separate the British Provinces from the United States.
+
+_Twelfth_—All persons who, at the time when they seek to obtain the
+benefits hereof, by taking the oath prescribed, are in military, naval
+or civil confinement or custody, or under bond of the military or naval
+authorities, or agents of the United States, as prisoners of war, or
+persons detailed for offenses of any kind, either before or after the
+conviction.
+
+_Thirteenth_—All persons who have voluntarily participated in said
+rebellion, and the estimate value of whose taxable property is over
+$20,000.
+
+_Fourteenth_—All persons who have taken the oath of Amnesty as
+prescribed in the President’s Proclamation, December 28th, 1863, or
+the Oath of Allegiance to the Government of the United States since
+the date of said Proclamation, and who have not thenceforward kept and
+maintained the same inviolate. Provided that special application may
+be made to the President for pardon by any person belonging to the
+excepted class, and such clemency will be liberally extended as may
+be consistent with the facts, and the peace and dignity of the United
+States. The Secretary of State will establish rules and regulations
+for administering and recording said Amnesty Oath, so as to insure its
+benefits to the people, and guard the Government against fraud.
+
+[Illustration: SEAL]
+
+IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the Seal
+of the United States to be affixed. Done at the City of Washington,
+this 29th day of May, A. D. 1865, and of the Independence of the United
+States, the eighty-ninth. (Signed.)
+
+ By the President: ANDREW JOHNSON.
+ W. H. SEWARD, _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+
+PROPOSED CRITTENDEN COMPROMISE.
+
+
+At the commencement of the Congressional session of 1860, the
+portentous clouds of civil war, gathering and blackening in the
+southern horizon of our national sky, filled the hearts of the stoutest
+patriots with the most gloomy apprehensions, and cast a melancholy
+shadow over every Union-loving soul throughout the country, somewhat
+akin to that which hovers over an affectionate son or daughter, upon
+the approaching dissolution of a cherished, devoted mother. The
+following compromise, offered by Senator Crittenden, December 19, 1860,
+is one of the many measures proposed in Congress for adjusting the
+difficulties of that period:
+
+_Resolved, By the Senate and House of Representatives_, That the
+following articles be proposed and submitted as an amendment to the
+Constitution, which shall be valid as a part of the Constitution, when
+ratified by the conventions of three-fourths of the people of the
+States:
+
+1st. In all the territory now or hereafter acquired, north of 36° 30′,
+slavery, or involuntary servitude, except for the punishment of crime,
+is prohibited; while in all the territory south of that, slavery is
+hereby recognized as existing, and shall not be interfered with by
+Congress, but shall be protected as property by all the departments of
+the territorial government during its continuance. All the territory
+north or south of said line, within such boundaries as Congress may
+prescribe, when it contains a population necessary for a member of
+Congress, with a Republican form of government, shall be admitted into
+the Union on an equality with the original States, with or without
+slavery, as the Constitution of the State shall prescribe.
+
+2d. Congress shall have no power to abolish slavery in the State
+permitting it.
+
+3d. Congress shall have no power to abolish slavery in the District
+of Columbia while ′t exists in Virginia and Maryland, or either; nor
+shall Congress at any time prohibit the officers of Government, or
+members of Congress, whose duties require them to live in the District
+of Columbia, bringing slaves there and using them as such.
+
+4th. Congress shall have no power to hinder the transportation of
+slaves from one State to another, whether by land, navigable river, or
+sea.
+
+5th. Congress shall have the power, by law, to pay any owner the
+full value of any fugitive slave, in all cases where the marshal is
+prevented from discharging his duty by force or rescue, made after
+arrest. In all such cases the owner shall have the power to sue the
+county in which the rescue or violence was made; and the county shall
+have the right to sue the individuals who committed the wrong, in the
+same manner as the owner would sue.
+
+6th. No future amendment or amendments shall affect the preceding
+article; and Congress shall never have power to interfere with slavery
+within the States where it is permitted.
+
+
+
+
+EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION.
+
+
+_Whereas_, On the twenty-second day of September, in the year of our
+Lord, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, a proclamation was
+issued by the President of the United States, containing among other
+things the following, to wit:
+
+That, on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord, one
+thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves
+within any State, or designated part of a State, the people whereof
+shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then,
+thenceforth and forever free, and the Executive Government of the
+United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof,
+will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, or any of
+them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom.
+
+That the Executive will, on the first day of January aforesaid, by
+proclamation, designate the States and parts of States, if any, in
+which the people therein respectively shall then be in rebellion
+against the United States, and the fact that any State, or the people
+thereof, shall on that day be in good faith represented in the
+Congress of the United States by members chosen thereto, at elections
+wherein a majority of the qualified voters of such States shall have
+participated, shall, in the absence of strong countervailing testimony,
+be deemed conclusive evidence that such State and the people thereof
+are not then in rebellion against the United States.
+
+Now, therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States,
+by virtue of the power in me vested as Commander-in-Chief of the Army
+and Navy of the United States, in time of actual armed rebellion
+against the authority and Government of the United States, and as a
+fit necessary war measure for suppressing said rebellion, do, on this
+first day of January, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight
+hundred and sixty-three, and in accordance with my purpose so to do,
+publicly proclaimed for the full period of one hundred days from the
+day of the first above-mentioned order, and designate, as the States
+and parts of States wherein the people thereof respectively are this
+day in rebellion against the United States, the following, to wit:
+Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, except the parishes of St. Bernard,
+Plaquemines, Jefferson, St. John, St. Charles, St. James, Ascension,
+Assumption, Terre Bonne, Lafourche, St. Mary, St. Martin and Orleans,
+including the city of New Orleans. Mississippi, Alabama, Florida,
+Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia, except the
+forty-eight counties designated as West Virginia, and also the counties
+of Berkeley, Accomac, Northampton, Elizabeth City, York, Princess
+Ann, and Norfolk, including the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth, and
+which excepted parts are, for the present, left precisely as if this
+proclamation were not issued.
+
+And by virtue of the power, and for the purpose aforesaid, I do order
+and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated
+States and parts of States are, and henceforward, shall be free; and
+that the Executive Government of the United States, including the
+military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the
+freedom of said persons.
+
+And I hereby enjoin upon the people so declared to be free to abstain
+from all violence, unless in necessary self-defense; and I recommend
+to them that, in all cases, when allowed, they labor faithfully for
+reasonable wages.
+
+And I further declare and make known that such persons of suitable
+condition will be received into the armed service of the United States,
+to garrison forts, positions, stations, and other places, and to man
+vessels of all sorts in said service.
+
+And upon this, sincerely believed to be an act of justice, warranted
+by the Constitution upon military necessity, I invoke the considerate
+judgment of mankind and the gracious favor of Almighty God.
+
+In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.
+
+[Illustration: SEAL]
+
+Done at the City of Washington, this first day of January, in the year
+of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, and of the
+Independence of the United States of America the eighty-seventh.
+
+ By the President: ABRAHAM LINCOLN.
+ WILLIAM H. SEWARD, _Secretary of State_.
+
+ LETTER FROM THE PRESIDENT EXPLAINING THE
+ EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION.
+
+The following letter, written in August, 1863, in answer to an
+invitation to attend a meeting of unconditional Union men held in
+Illinois, gives at length the President’s views at that time on his
+Emancipation Proclamation:
+
+EXECUTIVE MANSION, WASHINGTON, August 26th, 1863.
+
+MY DEAR SIR: Your letter inviting me to attend a mass-meeting of
+unconditional Union men, to be held at the capitol of Illinois on the
+third day of September, has been received. It would be very agreeable
+to me to thus meet my old friends at my own home, but I can not just
+now be absent from this city so long as a visit there would require.
+The meeting is to be of all those who maintain unconditional devotion
+to the Union; and I am sure my old political friends will thank me for
+tendering, as I do, the nation’s gratitude to those other noble men
+whom no partisan malice or partisan hope can make false to the nation’s
+life. There are those who are dissatisfied with me. To such I would
+say, You desire peace, and you blame me that you do not have it. But
+how can we attain it? There are but three conceivable ways: First, to
+suppress the rebellion by force of arms. This I am trying to do. Are
+you for it? If you are, so far we are agreed. If you are not for it,
+a second way is to give up the Union. I am against this. If you are,
+you should say so, plainly. If you are not for force, nor yet for
+dissolution, there only remains some imaginable compromise. I do not
+believe that any compromise, embracing the maintenance of the Union, is
+now possible. All that I learn leads to a directly opposite belief. The
+strength of the rebellion is its military—its army. The army dominates
+all the country and all the people within its range. Any offer of
+any terms made by any man or men within that range, in opposition to
+that army, is simply nothing for the present, because such man or men
+have no power whatever to enforce their side of a compromise, if one
+were made with them. To illustrate: Suppose refugees from the South
+and peace men of the North get together in convention, and frame
+and proclaim a compromise embracing a restoration of the Union; in
+what way can that compromise be used to keep General Lee’s army out
+of Pennsylvania? General Meade’s army can keep Lee’s army out of
+Pennsylvania, and, I think, can ultimately drive it out of existence.
+But no paper compromise, to which the controllers of Lee’s army are not
+agreed, can at all affect that army. In an effort at such compromise we
+would waste time, which the enemy would improve to our disadvantage,
+and that would be all. A compromise, to be effective, must be made
+either with those who control the rebel army, or with the people, first
+liberated from the domination of that army by the success of our army.
+Now, allow me to assure you that no word or intimation from the rebel
+army, or from any of the men controlling it, in relation to any peace
+compromise, has ever come to my knowledge or belief. All charges and
+intimations to the contrary are deceptive and groundless. And I promise
+you that if any such proposition shall hereafter come, it shall not be
+rejected and kept secret from you. I freely acknowledge myself to be
+the servant of the people, according to the bond of service, the United
+States Constitution, and that, as such, I am responsible to them.
+But, to be plain: You are dissatisfied with me about the negro. Quite
+likely there is a difference of opinion between you and myself upon
+that subject. I certainly wish that all men could be free, while you,
+I suppose, do not. Yet I have neither adopted nor proposed any measure
+which is not consistent with even your view, provided you are for the
+Union. I suggested compensated emancipation; to which you replied that
+you wished not to be taxed to buy negroes. But I have not asked you to
+be taxed to buy negroes, except in such way as to save you from greater
+taxation, to save the Union exclusively by other means.
+
+You dislike the Emancipation Proclamation, and perhaps would have it
+retracted. You say it is unconstitutional. I think differently: I think
+that the Constitution invests the Commander-in-Chief with the law of
+war in time of war. The most that can be said, if so much, is, that the
+slaves are property. Is there—has there ever been—any question that,
+by the law of war, property, both of enemies and friends, may be taken
+when needed? And is it not needed whenever taking it helps us, or hurts
+the enemy? Armies, the world over, destroy enemies’ property when they
+can not use it; and even destroy their own to keep it from the enemy.
+Civilized belligerents do all in their power to help themselves or hurt
+the enemy, except a few things regarded as barbarous or cruel. Among
+the exceptions are the massacre of vanquished foes and non-combatants,
+male and female. But the proclamation, as law, is valid, or is not
+valid. If it is not valid, it needs no retraction; if it is valid,
+it can not be retracted, any more than the dead can be brought to
+life. Some of you profess to think that its retraction would operate
+favorably for the Union. Why better after the retraction than before
+the issue? There was more than a year and a half of trial to suppress
+the rebellion before the proclamation was issued, the last one hundred
+days of which passed under an explicit notice that it was coming,
+unless averted by those in revolt returning to their allegiance. The
+war has certainly progressed as favorably for us since the issue of the
+proclamation as before. I know as fully as one can know the opinion of
+others, that some of the commanders of our armies in the field, who
+have given us our most important victories, believe the emancipation
+policy and the aid of colored troops to be the heaviest blows yet
+dealt to the rebellion, and that at least one of these important
+successes could not have been achieved when it was but for the aid of
+black soldiers. Among the commanders holding these views are some
+who have never had any affinity with what is called abolitionism or
+with “Republican party politics,” but who hold them purely as military
+opinions. I submit their opinions as being entitled to some weight
+against the objections often urged, that emancipation and arming the
+blacks are unwise as military measures, and were not adopted as such
+in good faith. You say that you will not fight to free negroes. Some
+of them seem to be willing to fight for you—but no matter. Fight
+you, then, exclusively, to save the Union. I issued the proclamation
+on purpose to aid you in saving the Union. Whenever you shall have
+conquered all resistance to the Union, if I shall urge you to continue
+fighting, it will be an apt time then for you to declare that you will
+not fight to free negroes. I thought that, in your struggle for the
+Union, to whatever extent the negroes should cease helping the enemy,
+to that extent it weakened the enemy in his resistance to you. Do you
+think differently? I thought that whatever negroes can be got to do as
+soldiers, leaves just so much less for white soldiers to do in saving
+the Union. Does it appear otherwise to you? But negroes, like other
+people, act upon motives. Why should they do any thing for us if we
+will not do any thing for them? If they stake their lives for us, they
+must be prompted by the strongest motive, even the promise of freedom.
+And, the promise being made, must be kept. The signs look better. The
+Father of Waters again goes unvexed to the sea. Thanks to the great
+North-west for it. Not yet wholly to them. Three hundred miles up they
+met New England, Empire, Keystone, and Jersey, hewing their way right
+and left. The Sunny South, too, in more colors than one, also lent a
+hand. On the spot, their part of the history was jotted down in black
+and white. The job was a great national one, and let none be blamed who
+bore an honorable part in it; and, while those who have cleared the
+great river may well be proud, even that is not all. It is hard to say
+that any thing has been more bravely or better done than at Antietam,
+Murfreesboro, Gettysburg, and on many fields of less note. Nor must
+Uncle Sam’s web-fleet be forgotten. At all the waters’ margins they
+have been present—not only on the deep sea, the broad bay, and the
+rapid river, but also up the narrow, muddy bayou; and, wherever the
+ground was a little damp, they have been, and made their tracks. Thanks
+to all. For the great republic—for the principles by which it lives and
+keeps alive—for man’s vast future—thanks to all. Peace does not appear
+so far distant as it did. I hope it will come soon, and come to stay;
+and so come as to be worth keeping in all future time. It will then
+have proved that among freemen there can be no successful appeal from
+the ballot to the bullet, and that they who take such appeal are sure
+to lose their case and pay the cost. And then there will be some black
+men who can remember that, with silent tongue, and clenched teeth, and
+steady eye, and well-poised bayonet, they have helped mankind on to
+this great consummation; while I fear that there will be some white
+men unable to forget that, with malignant heart and deceitful speech,
+they have striven to hinder it. Still, let us not be over-sanguine of
+a speedy final triumph. Let us be quite sober. Let us diligently apply
+the means, never doubting that a just God, in His own good time, will
+give us the rightful result.
+
+ Yours, very truly, A. LINCOLN.
+
+
+
+
+PROCLAMATION OF ANDREW JACKSON.
+
+
+_The President of the United States to the nullifiers of South
+Carolina_:
+
+WHEREAS, A convention assembled in the State of South Carolina have
+passed an ordinance, by which they declare, “that the several acts
+and parts of acts of the Congress of the United States, purporting to
+be laws for the imposing of duties and imposts on the importation of
+foreign commodities, and now having actual operation and effect within
+the United States, and more especially,” two acts for the same purposes
+passed on the 29th of May, 1828, and on the 14th of July, 1832, “are
+unauthorized by the Constitution of the United States, and violate the
+true meaning and intent thereof, and are null and void, and no law,”
+nor binding on the citizens of that State or its officers; and by the
+said ordinance, it is further declared to be unlawful for any of the
+constituted authorities of the State or of the United States to enforce
+the payment of the duties imposed by the said acts with the same State,
+and that it is the duty of the Legislature to pass such laws as may be
+necessary to give full effect to the said ordinance:
+
+AND, WHEREAS, By the said ordinance, it is further ordained that in
+no case of law or equity decided in the courts of said State, wherein
+shall be drawn in question the validity of the said ordinance, or of
+the acts of the Legislature that may be passed to give it effect, or of
+the said laws of the United States, no appeal shall be allowed to the
+Supreme Court of the United States, nor shall any copy of the record be
+permitted or allowed for that purpose; and that any person attempting
+to take such appeal shall be punished as for a contempt of court:
+
+And, finally, the said ordinance declares that the people of South
+Carolina will maintain the said ordinance at every hazard; and that
+they will consider the passage of any act, by Congress, abolishing or
+closing the ports of the said State, or otherwise obstructing the free
+ingress or egress of vessels to and from the said ports, or any other
+act of the Federal Government to coerce the State, shut up her ports,
+destroy or harass her commerce, or to enforce the said act otherwise
+than through the civil tribunals of the country, as inconsistent with
+the longer continuance of South Carolina in the Union, and that the
+people of the said State will thenceforth hold themselves absolved
+from all further obligation to maintain or preserve their political
+connection with the people of the other States, and will forthwith
+proceed to organize a separate government and do all other acts and
+things which sovereign and independent States may of right do.
+
+AND, WHEREAS, The said ordinance prescribes to the people of South
+Carolina a course of conduct in direct violation of their duty as
+citizens of the United States, contrary to the laws of their country,
+subversive of its Constitution, and having for its object the
+destruction of the Union—that Union, which, coeval with our political
+existence, led our fathers, without any other ties to unite them
+than those of patriotism and a common cause, through a sanguinary
+struggle to a glorious independence—that sacred Union, hitherto
+inviolate, which, perfected by our happy Constitution, has brought
+us, by the favor of Heaven, to a state of prosperity at home, and
+high consideration abroad, rarely, if ever, equaled in the history
+of nations. To preserve this bond of our political existence from
+destruction, to maintain inviolate this state of national honor and
+prosperity, and to justify the confidence my fellow-citizens have
+reposed in me, I, ANDREW JACKSON, President of the United States, have
+thought proper to issue this, my PROCLAMATION, stating my views of
+the Constitution and laws applicable to the measures adopted by the
+Convention of South Carolina, and to the reasons they have put forth
+to sustain them, declaring the course which duty will require me to
+pursue, and, appealing to the understanding and patriotism of the
+people, warn them of the consequences that must inevitably result from
+an observance of the dictates of the convention.
+
+Strict duty would require of me nothing more than the exercise of
+those powers with which I am now, or may hereafter be invested, for
+preserving the peace of the Union, and for the execution of the laws.
+But the imposing aspect which opposition has assumed in this case, by
+clothing itself with State authority, and the deep interest which the
+people of the United States must all feel in preventing a resort to
+stronger measures, while there is a hope that any thing will be yielded
+to reasoning and remonstrance, perhaps demand, and will certainly
+justify, a full exposition to South Carolina and the nation of the
+views I entertain of this important question, as well as a distinct
+enunciation of the course which my sense of duty will require me to
+pursue.
+
+The ordinance is founded, not on the indefeasible right of resisting
+acts which are plainly unconstitutional, and too oppressive to be
+endured; but on the strange position that any one State may not only
+declare an act void, but prohibit its execution—that they may do this
+consistently with the Constitution—that the true construction of that
+instrument permits a State to retain its place in the Union, and yet be
+bound by no other of its laws than those it may choose to consider as
+constitutional. It is true, they add, that to justify this abrogation
+of law, it must be palpably contrary to the Constitution; but it is
+evident, that to give the right of resisting laws of that description,
+coupled with the uncontrolled right to decide what laws deserve that
+character, is to give the power of resisting all laws. For, as by the
+theory, there is no appeal, the reasons alleged by the State, good
+or bad, must prevail. If it should be said that public opinion is a
+sufficient check against the abuse of this power, it may be asked why
+it is not deemed a sufficient guard against an unconstitutional act
+of Congress? There is, however, a restraint in this last case, which
+makes the assumed power of a State more indefensible, and which does
+not exist in the other. There are two appeals from an unconstitutional
+act passed by Congress—one to the judiciary, the other to the people
+and the States. There is no appeal from the State decision in theory,
+and the practical illustration shows that the courts are closed against
+an application to review it, both judges and jurors being sworn to
+decide in its favor. But reasoning on this subject is superfluous,
+when our social compact, in express terms, declares that the laws of
+the United States, its Constitution, and treaties made under it, are
+the supreme law of the land; and, for the greater caution, adds “that
+the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any thing in the
+Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding.”
+And it may be asserted, without fear of refutation, that no Federal
+Government could exist without a similar provision. Look for a
+moment to the consequence. If South Carolina considers the revenues
+unconstitutional, and has a right to prevent their execution in the
+port of Charleston, there would be a clear constitutional objection to
+their collection in every other port, and no revenue could be collected
+anywhere; for all imposts must be equal. It is no answer to repeat,
+that an unconstitutional law is no law, so long as the question of its
+legality is to be decided by the State itself; for every law operating
+injuriously upon any local interest will be, perhaps, thought, and
+certainly represented, as unconstitutional; and, as has been shown,
+there is no appeal.
+
+[Illustration: JOHN QUINCY ADAMS.]
+
+If this doctrine had been established at an earlier day, the
+Union would have been dissolved in its infancy. The excise law in
+Pennsylvania, the embargo and non-intercourse law in the eastern
+States, the carriage tax in Virginia, were all deemed unconstitutional,
+and were more unequal in their operation than any of the laws now
+complained of; but fortunately none of those States discovered that
+they had the right now claimed by South Carolina. The war into which we
+were forced to support the dignity of the nation and the rights of our
+citizens, might have ended in defeat and disgrace instead of victory
+and honor, if the States who supposed it a ruinous and unconstitutional
+measure, had thought they possessed the right of nullifying the act by
+which it was declared, and denying supplies for its prosecution. Hardly
+and unequally as those measures bore upon several members of the Union,
+to the legislatures of none did this efficient and peaceable remedy, as
+it is called, suggest itself. The discovery of this important feature
+in our Constitution was reserved to the present day. To the statesmen
+of South Carolina belongs the invention, and upon the citizens of that
+State will unfortunately fall the evils of reducing it to practice.
+
+If the doctrine of a State veto upon the laws of the Union carries with
+it internal evidence of its impracticable absurdity, our constitutional
+history will also afford abundant proof that it would have been
+repudiated with indignation had it been proposed to form a feature in
+our Government.
+
+In our colonial state, although dependent on another power, we very
+early considered ourselves as connected by common interest with
+each other. Leagues were formed for common defense, and, before the
+Declaration of Independence, we were known in our aggregate character
+as the United Colonies of America. That decisive and important step
+was taken jointly. We declared ourselves a nation by a joint, not by
+several acts, and when the terms of our Confederation were reduced to
+form, it was that of a solemn league of several States, by which they
+agreed that they would collectively form one nation for the purpose of
+conducting some certain domestic concerns and all foreign relations. In
+the instrument forming that Union is found an article which declares
+that “every State shall abide by the determination of Congress on all
+questions which, by that Confederation, should be submitted to them.”
+
+Under the Confederation, then, no State could legally annul a decision
+of the Congress, or refuse to submit to its execution; but no provision
+was made to enforce these decisions. Congress made requisitions, but
+they were not complied with. The Government could not operate on
+individuals. They had no judiciary, no means of collecting revenue.
+
+But the defects of the Confederation need not be detailed. Under
+its operation we could scarcely be called a nation. We had neither
+prosperity at home nor consideration abroad. This state of things
+could not be endured, and our present happy Constitution was formed,
+but formed in vain, if this fatal doctrine prevails. It was formed
+for important objects that are announced in the preamble made in the
+name and by the authority of the people of the United States, whose
+delegates framed, and whose conventions approved it. The most important
+among those objects, that which is placed first in rank, on which all
+others rest, is, “to form a more perfect Union.” Now, is it possible
+that even if there were no express provision giving supremacy to the
+Constitution and laws of the United States—can it be conceived, that an
+instrument made for the purpose of “forming a more perfect Union” than
+that of the Confederation, could be so constructed by the assembled
+wisdom of our country as to substitute for that Confederation a form of
+government dependent for its existence on the local interest, the party
+spirit of a State, or of a prevailing faction in a State? Every man of
+plain, unsophisticated understanding, who hears the question, will give
+such an answer as will preserve the Union. Metaphysical subtlety, in
+pursuit of an impracticable theory, could alone have devised one that
+is calculated to destroy it.
+
+I consider, then, the power to annul a law of the United States,
+assumed by one State, incompatible with the existence of the Union,
+contradicted expressly by the letter of the Constitution, unauthorized
+by its spirit, inconsistent with every principle on which it was
+founded, and destructive of the great object for which it was formed.
+
+After this general view of the leading principle, we must examine the
+particular application of it which is made in the ordinance.
+
+The preamble rests its justification on these grounds: It assumes,
+as a fact, that the obnoxious laws, although they purport to be laws
+for raising revenue, were in reality intended for the protection of
+manufactures, which purpose it asserts to be unconstitutional; that the
+operation of these laws is unequal; that the amount raised by them is
+greater than is required by the wants of the Government; and, finally,
+that the proceeds are to be applied to objects unauthorized by the
+Constitution. These are the only causes alleged to justify an open
+opposition to the laws of the country, and a threat of seceding from
+the Union, if any attempt should be made to enforce them. The first
+virtually acknowledges that the law in question was passed under a
+power expressly given by the Constitution to lay and collect imposts;
+but its constitutionality is drawn in question from the motives of
+those who passed it. However apparent this purpose may be in the
+present case, nothing can be more dangerous than to admit the position
+that an unconstitutional purpose, entertained by the members who assent
+to a law enacted under constitutional power, shall make the law void:
+for how is that purpose to be ascertained? How often may bad purposes
+be falsely imputed—in how many cases are they concealed by false
+professions—in how many is no declaration of motive made? Admit this
+doctrine, and you give to the States an uncontrolled right to decide,
+and every law may be annulled under this pretext. If, therefore, the
+absurd and dangerous doctrine should be admitted, that a State may
+annul an unconstitutional law, or one that it deems such, it will not
+apply to the present case.
+
+The next objection is, that the laws in question operate unequally.
+This objection may be made with truth to every law that has been or
+may be passed. The wisdom of man never yet contrived a system of
+taxation that would operate with perfect equality. If the unequal
+operation of a law makes it unconstitutional, and if all laws of that
+description may be abrogated by any State for that cause, then indeed
+is the Federal Constitution unworthy the slightest effort for its
+preservation. We have hitherto relied on it as the perpetual bond of
+our Union. We have received it as the work of the assembled wisdom of
+the nation. We have trusted to it as the sheet anchor of our safety in
+the stormy times of conflict with a foreign or domestic foe. We have
+looked to it with sacred awe as the palladium of our liberties, and
+with all the solemnities of religion have pledged to each other our
+lives and fortunes here, and our hopes of happiness hereafter, in its
+defense and support. Were we mistaken, my countrymen, in attaching
+this importance to the Constitution of our country? Was our devotion
+paid to the wretched, inefficient, clumsy, contrivance which this new
+doctrine would make it? Did we pledge ourselves to the support of an
+airy nothing—a bubble, that must be blown away by the first breath
+of dissatisfaction? Was this self-destroying, visionary theory, the
+work of the profound statesmen, the exalted patriots, to whom the task
+of constitutional reform was intrusted? Did the name of Washington
+sanction, did the States deliberately ratify such an anamoly in the
+history of fundamental legislation? No. We were not mistaken. The
+letter of this great instrument is free from this radical fault; its
+language directly contradicts the imputation; its spirit—its evident
+intent, contradicts it. No, we did not err! Our Constitution does not
+contain the absurdity of giving power to make laws, and another power
+to resist them. The sages whose memory will always be reverenced, have
+given us a practical, and, as they hoped, a permanent constitutional
+compact. The Father of his Country did not affix his revered name to
+so palpable an absurdity. Nor did the States, when they severally
+ratified it, do so under the impression that a veto on the laws of the
+United States, was reserved to them, or that they could exercise it by
+implication. Search the debates in all their conventions, examine the
+speeches of the most zealous opposers of federal authority, look at
+the amendments that were proposed; they are all silent—not a syllable
+uttered, not a vote given, not a motion made, to correct the explicit
+supremacy given to the laws of the Union over those of the States, or
+to show that implication, as is now contended, could defeat it. No, we
+have not erred! The Constitution is still the object of our reverence,
+the bond of our Union, our defense in danger, the source of our
+prosperity in peace; it shall descend as we received it, uncorrupted,
+by sophistical construction, to our posterity, and the sacrifices of
+local interest, of State prejudices, of personal animosities, that were
+made to bring it into existence, will again be patriotically offered
+for its support.
+
+The two remaining objections made by the ordinance to these laws,
+are that the sums intended to be raised by them are greater than are
+required, and that the proceeds will be unconstitutionally employed.
+
+The Constitution has given, expressly, to Congress the right of raising
+revenue, and of determining the sum the public exigencies will require.
+The States have no control over the exercise of this right, other than
+that which results from the power of changing the representatives who
+abuse it, and thus procure redress. Congress may, undoubtedly, abuse
+this discretionary power; but the same may be said of others with
+which they are vested. Yet this discretion must exist somewhere. The
+Constitution has given it to the representatives of all the people,
+checked by the representatives of the States and by the executive
+power. The South Carolina construction gives it to the legislature
+or the convention of a single State, where neither the people of the
+different States, nor the States in their separate capacity, nor the
+chief magistrate elected by the people, have any representation.
+Which is the most discreet disposition of the power? I do not ask
+you, fellow-citizens, which is the constitutional disposition; that
+instrument speaks a language not to be misunderstood. But if you were
+assembled in general convention, which would you think the safest
+depository of this discretionary power in the last resort? Would you
+add a clause giving it to each of the States, or would you sanction
+the wise provisions already made by your Constitution? If this should
+be the result of your deliberations when providing for the future, are
+you, can you be ready to risk all that we hold dear to establish, for
+a temporary and a local purpose, that which you must acknowledge to be
+destructive, and even absurd, as a general provision? Carry out the
+consequences of this right vested in the different States, and you must
+perceive that the crisis your conduct presents at this day would recur
+whenever any law of the United States displeased any of the States, and
+that we should soon cease to be a nation.
+
+The ordinance, with the same knowledge of the future that characterizes
+a former objection, tells you that the proceeds of the tax will
+be unconstitutionally applied. If this could be ascertained with
+certainty, the objection would, with more propriety, be reserved for
+the law so applying the proceeds, but surely can not be urged against
+the laws levying the duty.
+
+These are the allegations contained in the ordinance. Examine them
+seriously, my fellow-citizens; judge for yourselves. I appeal to you
+to determine whether they are so clear, so convincing, as to leave
+no doubt of their correctness; and even if you should come to this
+conclusion, how far they justify the reckless, destructive course
+which you are directed to pursue. Review these objections, and the
+conclusions drawn from them, once more. What are they? Every law, then,
+for raising revenue, according to the South Carolina ordinance, may be
+rightfully annulled, unless it be so framed as no law ever will or can
+be framed. Congress has the right to pass laws for raising a revenue,
+and each State has a right to oppose their execution—two rights
+directly opposed to each other; and yet is this absurdity supposed
+to be contained in an instrument drawn for the express purpose of
+avoiding collisions between the States and the General Government, by
+an assembly of the most enlightened statesmen and purest patriots ever
+embodied for a similar purpose.
+
+In vain have these sages declared that Congress shall have power to
+lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises; in vain have
+they provided that they shall have power to pass laws which shall be
+necessary and proper to carry those powers into execution; that those
+laws and that Constitution shall be the “supreme law of the land, and
+that the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any thing in the
+Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding.”
+In vain have the people of the several States solemnly sanctified
+these provisions, made them their paramount law, and individually
+sworn to support them whenever they were called on to execute any
+office. Vain provision! ineffectual restrictions! vile profanation
+of oaths! miserable mockery of legislation! if the bare majority of
+the voters in any one State may, on a real or supposed knowledge of
+the intent with which a law has been passed, declare themselves free
+from its operation—say here it gives too little, there too much, and
+operates unequally—here it suffers articles to be free that ought
+to be taxed—there it taxes those that ought to be free—in this case
+the proceeds are intended to be applied to purposes which we do not
+approve—in that the amount raised is more than is wanted. Congress, it
+is true, is invested by the Constitution with the right of deciding
+these questions according to their sound discretion; Congress is
+composed of the representatives of all the States, and of all the
+people of all the States; but we, part of the people of one State, to
+whom the Constitution has given no power on the subject, from whom it
+has expressly taken it away—we, who have solemnly agreed that this
+Constitution shall be our law—we, most of whom have sworn to support
+it—we now abrogate this law, and swear, and force others to swear that
+it shall not be obeyed; and we do this, not because Congress have no
+right to pass such laws—this we do not allege—but because they have
+passed them with improper views. They are unconstitutional from the
+motives of those who passed them, which we can never with certainty
+know; from their unequal operation, although it is impossible,
+from the nature of things, that they should be equal; and from the
+disposition which we presume may be made of their proceeds, although
+that disposition has not been declared. This is the plain meaning of
+the ordinance, in relation to laws which it abrogates for alleged
+unconstitutionality. But it does not stop there. It repeals, in
+express terms, an important part of the Constitution itself, and of
+laws passed to give it effect, which have never been alleged to be
+unconstitutional. The Constitution declares that the judicial powers
+of the United States extend to cases arising under the laws of the
+United States; and that such laws, the Constitution and treaties, shall
+be paramount to the State Constitutions and laws. The judiciary act
+prescribes the mode by which the case may be brought before a court of
+the United States by appeal, when a State tribunal shall decide against
+this provision of the Constitution. The ordinance declares that there
+shall be no appeal, makes the State law paramount to the Constitution
+and laws of the United States, forces judges and jurors to swear that
+they will disregard their provisions, and even makes it penal in a suit
+to attempt relief by appeal. It further declares that it shall not be
+lawful for the authorities of the United States, or of that State, to
+enforce the payment of duties imposed by the revenue laws within its
+limits.
+
+Here is a law of the United States, not even pretended to be
+unconstitutional, repealed by the authority of a small majority of the
+voters of a single State. Here is a provision of the Constitution,
+which is solemnly abrogated by the same authority.
+
+On such expositions and reasonings, the ordinance grounds not only an
+assertion of the right to annul the laws, of which it complains, but to
+enforce it by a threat of seceding from the Union, if any attempt is
+made to execute them.
+
+This right to secede is deduced from the nature of the Constitution,
+which they say is a compact between sovereign States, who have
+preserved their whole sovereignty, and therefore are subject to no
+superior; that because they made the compact, they can break it, when,
+in their opinion, it has been departed from by other States. Fallacious
+as this course of reasoning is, it enlists State pride, and finds
+advocates in the honest prejudices of those who have not studied the
+nature of our government sufficiently to see the radical error on which
+it rests.
+
+The people of the United States formed the Constitution, acting through
+the State Legislatures in forming the compact, to meet and discuss
+its provisions, and acting in separate conventions when they ratified
+those provisions; but the terms used in its construction show it to
+be a government in which the people of all the States collectively
+are represented. We are _one people_ in the choice of President and
+Vice-President. Here the States have no other agency than to direct
+the mode in which the votes shall be given. The candidates having a
+majority of all the votes are chosen. The electors of a majority of
+States may have given their votes for one candidate, and yet another
+may be chosen. The people, then, and not the States, are represented in
+the executive branch.
+
+In the House of Representatives there is this difference: that
+the people of one State do not, as in the case of President and
+Vice-President, all vote for the same officers. The people of all
+the States do not vote for all the members, each State electing only
+its own Representatives. But this creates no national distinction.
+When chosen, they are all Representatives of the United States,
+not representatives of the particular State from whence they
+come. They are paid by the United States, not by the State; nor
+are they accountable to it for any act done in the performance of
+their legislative functions; and however they may, in practice, as
+it is their duty to do, consult and prefer the interests of their
+particular constituents, when they come in conflict with any other
+partial or local interest, yet it is the first and highest duty of a
+Representative of the United States to promote the general good.
+
+The Constitution of the United States, then, forms a _government_, not
+a league; and whether it be formed by compact between the States, or
+in any other manner, its character is the same. It is a government in
+which all the people are represented, which operates directly on the
+people individually, not upon the States; they retained all the power
+they did not grant. But each State having expressly parted with so many
+powers, as to constitute jointly with the other States a single nation,
+can not, from that period, possess any right to secede, because such
+secession does not break a league, but destroys the unity of a nation;
+and any injury to that unity is not only a breach, which would result
+from the contravention of a compact, but it is an offense against the
+whole Union. To say that any State may at pleasure secede from the
+Union, is to say that the United States are not a nation; because
+it would be a solecism to contend, that any part of a nation might
+dissolve its connection with the other parts, to their injury or ruin,
+without committing any offense. Secession, like any other revolutionary
+act, may be morally justified by the extremity of oppression; but
+to call it a constitutional right is confounding the meaning of the
+terms; and can only be done through gross error, or to deceive those
+who are willing to assert a right, but would pause before they made a
+revolution, or incur the penalties consequent on a failure.
+
+Because the Union was formed by compact, it is said the parties to that
+compact may, when they feel themselves aggrieved, depart from it; but
+it is precisely because it is a compact that they can not. A compact
+is an agreement or binding obligation. It may, by its terms, have
+a sanction or penalty for its breach, or it may not. If it contains
+no sanction, it may be broken, with no other consequences than moral
+guilt; if it have a sanction, then the breach incurs the designated or
+implied penalty. A league between independent nations generally has no
+sanction other than a moral one; or, if it should contain a penalty,
+as there is no common superior, it can not be enforced. A government,
+on the contrary, always has a sanction, express or implied; and, in
+our case, it is both necessarily implied and expressly given. An
+attempt, by force of arms, to destroy a government, is an offense, by
+whatever means the constitutional compact may have been formed; and
+such government has the right, by the law of self-defense, to pass acts
+for punishing the offender, unless that right is modified, restrained,
+or resumed by the constitutional act. In our system, although it is
+modified in the case of treason, yet authority is expressly given to
+pass all laws necessary to carry its powers into effect; and, under
+this grant, provision has been made for punishing acts which obstruct
+the due administration of the laws.
+
+It would seem superfluous to add any thing to show the nature of that
+Union which connects us; but as erroneous opinions on this subject
+are the foundation of doctrines the most destructive to our peace, I
+must give further development to my views on this subject. No one,
+fellow-citizens, has a higher reverence for the reserved rights of the
+States than the magistrate who now addresses you; no one would make
+greater personal sacrifices or official exertion to defend them from
+violation; but equal care must be taken to prevent, on their part, an
+improper interference with, or resumption of, the rights they have
+vested in the nation. The line has not been so distinctly drawn as to
+avoid doubts, in some cases, of the exercise of power. Men of the best
+intentions and soundest views may differ in their construction of some
+parts of the Constitution; but there are others on which dispassionate
+reflection can leave no doubt. Of this nature appears to be the assumed
+right of secession. It rests, as we have seen, on the alleged undivided
+sovereignty of the States, and on their having formed, in this
+sovereign capacity, a compact, which is called the Constitution, from
+which, because they made it, they have the right to secede. Both of
+these positions are erroneous, and some of the arguments to prove them
+so have been anticipated.
+
+The States severally have not retained their entire sovereignty. It
+has been shown that, in becoming parts of a nation, not members of a
+league, they surrendered many of their essential parts of sovereignty.
+The right to make treaties, declare war, levy taxes, exercise exclusive
+judicial and legislative powers, were, all of them, functions of
+sovereign power. The States, then, for all these purposes, were no
+longer sovereign. The allegiance of their citizens was transferred,
+in the first instance, to the Government of the United States; they
+became American citizens, and owed obedience to the Constitution of the
+United States, and to laws made in conformity with the powers it vested
+in Congress. This last position has not been, and can not be, denied.
+How, then, can that State be said to be sovereign and independent whose
+citizens owe obedience to laws not made by it, and whose magistrates
+are sworn to disregard those laws when they come in conflict with
+those passed by another? What shows conclusively that the States can
+not be said to have reserved an undivided sovereignty is, that they
+expressly ceded the right to punish treason—not treason against their
+separate power, but treason against the United States. Treason is an
+offense against sovereignty, and sovereignty must reside with the
+power to punish it. But the reserved rights of the States are not less
+sacred because they have, for their common interest, made the General
+Government the depository of these powers.
+
+The unity of our political character (as has been shown for another
+purpose) commenced with its very existence. Under the royal government
+we had no separate character; our opposition to its oppressions
+began as _united colonies_. We were the United States, under the
+Confederation, and the name was perpetuated, and the Union rendered
+more perfect by the Federal Constitution. In none of these stages did
+we consider ourselves in any other light than as forming one nation.
+Treaties and alliances were made in the name of all. Troops were raised
+for the joint defense. How, then, with all these proofs, that, under
+all changes of our position, we had, for designated purposes, and with
+defined powers, created national governments; how is it that the most
+perfect of those several modes of union should now be considered as a
+mere league, that may be dissolved at pleasure? It is from an abuse
+of terms. “Compact” is used as synonymous with “league,” although the
+true term is not employed, because it would at once show the fallacy of
+the reasoning. It would not do to say that our Constitution was only a
+league; but it is labored to prove it a compact (which in one sense it
+is), and then to argue that, as a league is a compact, every compact
+between nations must, of course, be a league, and that from such an
+engagement every sovereign power has a right to recede. But it has been
+shown that, in this sense, the States are not sovereign, and that even
+if they were, and the national Constitution had been formed by compact,
+there would be no right in any one State to exonerate itself from its
+obligations.
+
+So obvious are the reasons which forbid this secession, that it is
+necessary only to allude to them. The Union was formed for the benefit
+of all. It was produced by mutual sacrifices of interests and opinions.
+Can those sacrifices be recalled? Can the States, who magnanimously
+surrender their title to the territories in the West, recall the grant?
+Will the inhabitants of the inland States agree to pay the duties that
+may be imposed, without their assent, by those on the Atlantic or the
+Gulf for their own benefit? Shall there be a free port in one State,
+and onerous duties in another? No one believes that any right exists,
+in a single State, to involve the others in these and countless other
+evils contrary to the engagements solemnly made. Every one must see
+that the other States, in self-defense, must oppose it, at all hazards.
+
+These are the alternatives that are presented by the convention: A
+repeal of all the acts for raising revenue, leaving the Government
+without the means of support, or an acquiescence in the dissolution
+of our Union by the secession of one of its members. When the first
+was proposed, it was known that it could not be listened to for a
+moment. It was known, if force was applied to oppose the execution
+of the laws, that it must be repelled by force; that Congress could
+not, without involving itself in disgrace and the country in ruin,
+accede to the proposition; and yet, if this is not done on a given
+day, or if any attempt is made to execute the laws, the State is,
+by the ordinance, declared to be out of the Union. The majority of
+a convention, assembled for the purpose, have dictated these terms,
+or rather this rejection of all terms, in the name of the people of
+South Carolina. It is true that the Governor of the State speaks of
+the submission of their grievances to a convention of all the States,
+which, he says, they “sincerely and anxiously seek and desire.” Yet
+this obvious and constitutional mode of obtaining the sense of the
+other States, on the construction of the Federal compact, and amending
+it if necessary, has never been attempted by those who have urged the
+State on to this destructive measure. The State might have proposed to
+call for a general convention of the other States; and Congress, if
+a sufficient number of them concurred, must have called it. But the
+first magistrate of South Carolina, when he expressed a hope that, “on
+a review by Congress and the functionaries of the General Government
+of the merits of the controversy,” such a convention will be accorded
+to them, must have known that neither Congress, nor any functionary
+of the General Government, has authority to call such a convention,
+unless it be demanded by two-thirds of the States. This suggestion,
+then, is another instance of the reckless inattention to the provisions
+of the Constitution with which this crisis has been madly hurried on;
+or of the attempt to persuade the people that a constitutional remedy
+has been sought and refused. If the Legislature of South Carolina
+“anxiously desire” a general convention to consider their complaints,
+why have they not made application for it in the way the Constitution
+points out? The assertion that they “earnestly seek” it is completely
+negatived by the omission.
+
+This, then, is the position in which we stand. A small majority of the
+citizens of one State in the Union have elected delegates to a State
+convention; that convention has ordained that all the revenue laws
+of the United States must be repealed, or that they are no longer a
+member of this Union. The Governor of that State has recommended to
+the Legislature the raising of an army to carry the secession into
+effect, and that he may be empowered to give clearances to vessels in
+the name of the State. No act of violent opposition to the laws has
+yet been committed, but such a state of things is hourly apprehended;
+and it is the intent of this instrument to proclaim, not only that
+the duty imposed on me by the Constitution “to take care that the
+laws be faithfully executed,” shall be performed to the extent of the
+powers already vested in me by law, or of such others as the wisdom
+of Congress shall devise and intrust to me for that purpose, but to
+warn the citizens of South Carolina, who have been deluded into an
+opposition to the laws, of the danger they will incur by obedience
+to the illegal and disorganizing ordinance of the convention; to
+exhort those who have refused to support it to persevere in their
+determination to uphold the Constitution and laws of their country; and
+to point out to all the perilous situation into which the good people
+of that State have been led, and that the course they are urged to
+pursue is one of ruin and disgrace to the very State whose rights they
+affect to support.
+
+Fellow-citizens of my native State, let me not only admonish you, as
+the First Magistrate of our common country, not to incur the penalty of
+its laws, but use the influence that a father would over his children
+whom he saw rushing to certain ruin. In that paternal language, with
+that paternal feeling, let me tell you, my countrymen, that you are
+deluded by men who are either deceived themselves, or wish to deceive
+you. Mark under what pretenses you have been led on to the brink of
+insurrection and treason, and on which you stand! First, a diminution
+of the value of your staple commodity, lowered by over-production in
+other quarters, and the consequent diminution in the value of your
+lands, were the sole effect of the tariff laws.
+
+The effect of those laws was confessedly injurious, but the evil
+was greatly exaggerated by the unfounded theory you were taught to
+believe, that its burdens were in proportion to your exports, not to
+your consumption of imported articles. Your pride was roused by the
+assertion that a submission to those laws was a state of vassalage,
+and that resistance to them was equal, in patriotic merit, to the
+opposition our fathers offered to the oppressive laws of Great Britain.
+You were told that this opposition might be peaceably—might be
+constitutionally made; that you might enjoy all the advantages of the
+Union, and bear none of its burdens. Eloquent appeals to your passions,
+to your State pride, to your native courage, to your sense of real
+injury, were used, to prepare you for the period when the mask, which
+concealed the hideous features of disunion, should be taken off. It
+fell, and you were made to look with complacency on objects which, not
+long since, you would have regarded with horror. Look back to the arts
+which have brought you to this state—look forward to the consequences
+to which it must inevitably lead! Look back to what was first told
+you as an inducement to enter into this dangerous course. The great
+political truth was repeated to you, that you had the revolutionary
+right of resisting all laws that were palpably unconstitutional and
+intolerably oppressive; it was added that the right to nullify a law
+rested on the same principle, but that it was a peaceable remedy!
+This character which was given to it, made you receive, with too much
+confidence, the assertions that were made of the unconstitutionality
+of the law and its oppressive effects. Mark, my fellow-citizens, that,
+by the admission of your leaders, the unconstitutionality must be
+_palpable_, or it will not justify either resistance or nullification!
+What is the meaning of the word _palpable_, in the sense in which it is
+here used? that which is apparent to every one; that which no man of
+ordinary intellect will fail to perceive. Is the unconstitutionality
+of these laws of that description? Let those among your leaders who
+once approved and advocated the principle of protective duties, answer
+the question; and let them choose whether they will be considered as
+incapable, then, of perceiving that which must have been apparent to
+every man of common understanding, or as imposing on your confidence,
+and endeavoring to mislead you now. In either case, they are unsafe
+guides in the perilous path they urge you to tread. Ponder well on
+this circumstance, and you will know how to appreciate the exaggerated
+language they address to you. They are not champions of liberty,
+emulating the fame of our revolutionary fathers; nor are you an
+oppressed people, contending, as they repeat to you, against worse than
+colonial vassalage.
+
+You are free members of a flourishing and happy Union. There is no
+settled design to oppress you. You have, indeed, felt the unequal
+operation of laws which may have been unwisely, not unconstitutionally
+passed; but that inequality must necessarily be removed. At the very
+moment when you were madly urged on to the unfortunate course you
+have begun, a change in public opinion had commenced. The nearly
+approaching payment of the public debt, and the consequent necessity
+of a diminution of duties, had already produced a considerable
+reduction, and that, too, on some articles of general consumption in
+your State. The importance of this change was underrated, and you are
+authoritatively told that no further alleviation of your burdens were
+to be expected at the very time when the condition of the country
+imperiously demanded such a modification of the duties as should
+reduce them to a just and equitable scale. But, as if apprehensive
+of the effect of this change in allaying your discontents, you were
+precipitated into the fearful state in which you now find yourselves.
+
+I have urged you to look back to the means that were used to hurry
+you on to the position you have now assumed, and forward to the
+consequences it will produce. Something more is necessary. Contemplate
+the condition of that country of which you still form an important
+part. Consider its Government, uniting in one bond of common interest
+and general protection so many different States—giving to all their
+inhabitants the proud title of American citizens; protecting their
+commerce; securing their literature and their arts; facilitating their
+intercommunication; defending their frontiers, and making their names
+respected in the remotest parts of the earth. Consider the extent of
+its territory; its increasing and happy population; its advance in
+arts, which render life agreeable; and the sciences, which elevate
+the mind! See education spreading the lights of religion, morality,
+and general information into every cottage in this wide extent of our
+Territories and States! Behold it as the asylum where the wretched
+and the oppressed find a refuge and support! Look on this picture of
+happiness and honor, and say: “_We, too, are citizens of America!_
+Carolina is one of these proud States—her arms have defended—her
+best blood has cemented this happy Union!” And then add, if you can,
+without horror and remorse, “this happy Union we will dissolve; this
+picture of peace and prosperity we will deface; this free intercourse
+we will interrupt; these fertile fields we will deluge with blood;
+the protection of that glorious flag we renounce; the very name of
+Americans we discard.” And for what, mistaken men—for what do you
+throw away these inestimable blessings? for what would you exchange
+your share in the advantages and honor of the Union? For the dream of
+separate independence—a dream interrupted by bloody conflicts with
+your neighbors, and a vile dependence on a foreign power. If your
+leaders could succeed in establishing a separation, what would be your
+situation? Are you united at home—are you free from the apprehension of
+civil discord, with all its fearful consequences? Do our neighboring
+republics, every day suffering some new revolution, or contending with
+some new insurrection—do they excite your envy? But the dictates of a
+high duty obliges me solemnly to announce that you can not succeed. The
+laws of the United States must be executed. I have no discretionary
+power on the subject—my duty is emphatically pronounced in the
+Constitution. Those who told you that you might peaceably prevent their
+execution, deceived you—they could not have been deceived themselves.
+They know that a forcible opposition could alone prevent the execution
+of the laws, and they know that such opposition must be repelled.
+Their object is disunion; but be not deceived by names; disunion, by
+armed force, is _treason_. Are you really ready to incur its guilt?
+If you are, on the heads of the instigators of the act be the dreadful
+consequences—on their heads be the dishonor, but on yours may fall
+the punishment; on your unhappy State will inevitably fall all the
+evils of the conflict you force upon the government of your country.
+It can not accede to the mad project of disunion, of which you would
+be the first victims—its First Magistrate can not, if he would, avoid
+the performance of his duty; the consequences must be fearful to you,
+distressing to your fellow-citizens here, and to the friends of good
+government throughout the world. Its enemies have beheld our prosperity
+with a vexation they could not conceal—it was a standing refutation of
+their slavish doctrines, and they will point to our discord with the
+triumph of malignant joy. It is yet in your power to disappoint them.
+There is yet time to show that the descendants of the Pinckneys, the
+Sumters, the Rutledges, and of the thousand other names, which adorn
+the pages of your revolutionary history, will not abandon that Union,
+to support which so many of them fought, and bled, and died.
+
+I adjure you, as you honor their memory—as you love the cause of
+freedom, to which they dedicated their lives—as you prize the peace of
+your country, the lives of its best citizens, and your own fair fame,
+to retrace your steps. Snatch from the archives of your State the
+disorganizing edict of its convention—bid its members to re-assemble,
+and promulgate the decided expressions of your will to remain in the
+path which alone can conduct you to safety, prosperity, and honor.
+Tell them that, compared to disunion, all other evils are light,
+because that brings with it an accumulation of all. Declare that you
+will never take the field unless the star-spangled banner of your
+country shall float over you; that you will not be stigmatized when
+dead, and dishonored and scorned while you live, as the authors of the
+first attack on the Constitution of your country. Its destroyers you
+can not be. You may disturb its peace—you may interrupt the course of
+its prosperity—you may cloud its reputation for stability; but its
+tranquillity will be restored, its prosperity will return, and the
+stain upon its national character will be transferred, and remain an
+eternal blot on the memory of those who caused the disorder.
+
+Fellow-citizens of the United States! The threat of unhallowed
+disunion—the names of those once respected, by whom it is uttered—the
+array of military force to support it—denotes the approach of a crisis
+in our affairs, on which the continuance of our unexampled prosperity,
+our political existence, and perhaps that of all free governments,
+may depend. The conjuncture demanded a free, a full, and explicit
+enunciation, not only of my intentions, but of my principles of action:
+and as the claim was asserted of a right by a State to annul the
+laws of the Union, and even to secede from it at pleasure, a frank
+exposition of my opinions in relation to the origin and form of our
+government, and the construction I give to the instrument by which it
+was created, seemed to be proper. Having the fullest confidence in the
+justness of the legal and constitutional opinion of my duties, which
+has been expressed, I rely, with equal confidence, on your undivided
+support in my determination to execute the laws—to preserve the Union
+by all constitutional means—to arrest, if possible, by moderate but
+firm measures, the necessity of a recourse to force; and, if it be the
+will of Heaven, that the recurrence of its primeval curse on man for
+the shedding of a brother’s blood should fall upon our land, that it be
+not called down by any offensive act on the part of the United States.
+
+Fellow-citizens! the momentous case is before you. On your undivided
+support of your Government depends the decision of the great question
+it involves, whether your sacred Union will be preserved, and the
+blessings it secures to us as one people shall be perpetuated. No
+one can doubt that the unanimity with which that decision will be
+expressed, will be such as to inspire new confidence in republican
+institutions, and that the prudence, the wisdom, and the courage which
+it will bring to their defense will transmit them unimpaired and
+invigorated to our children.
+
+May the Great Ruler of Nations grant that the signal blessings with
+which He has favored ours, may not, by the madness of party or personal
+ambition, be disregarded and lost; and may His wise providence bring
+those who have produced this crisis to see their folly, before they
+feel the misery of civil strife, and inspire a returning veneration
+for that Union, which, if we may dare to penetrate His designs, He has
+chosen as the only means of attaining the high destinies to which we
+may reasonably aspire.
+
+In testimony whereof, I have caused the seal of the United States to be
+hereunto affixed, having signed the same with my hand.
+
+Done at the city of Washington, this 10th day of December, in the year
+of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and thirty-two, and of the
+Independence of the United States the fifty-seventh.
+
+ By the President: ANDREW JACKSON.
+ EDWD. LIVINGSTON, _Secretary of State_.
+
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF THE STATES.
+
+
+VIRGINIA.
+
+“The Old Dominion,” so distinguished as being the native State of
+the Father of American Liberty, and the “Mother of Presidents,”
+really seemed at one time, to be peculiarly favorable to the birth
+and development of statesmen. It has furnished no less than five
+Presidents, among whom are Washington, Monroe, Madison, and Jefferson.
+It was the first Colony, on the Continent, settled by the English. In
+1607, a company formed under the patronage of James I, obtained a grant
+to make settlements in America, between the 34th and 38th degrees of
+north latitude. In May, 1607, a colony of one hundred and five persons,
+under direction of this company, arrived off the coast of South
+Virginia. Their intention had been to form a settlement on Roanoke,
+now in North Carolina; but being driven north by a violent storm, they
+discovered and entered the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. Passing up this
+bay they named its capes—Henry and Charles—in honor of the king’s two
+sons. They were commanded by Capt. Christopher Newport, an experienced
+and distinguished navigator. Passing up James River, they arrived at a
+peninsula, upon which they landed and established Jamestown.
+
+After promulgating a code of laws which had been formed by the London
+company, Capt. Newport sailed for England, leaving the colony under the
+care of Capt. John Smith, whose subsequent relations to the settlement
+became so important, and without whose efforts the enterprise would
+doubtless have proved a failure. The colonists seem to have been very
+poorly adapted to the labor required at their hands. Too many of them
+were _gentlemen_, and came, it appears, only to enrich themselves by
+gathering gold, which, they had heard, was very abundant.
+
+Through a series of difficulties, which it is rarely the lot of man
+to encounter, this colony progressed; the settlers awhile quarreling
+among themselves, and awhile contending against savages and famine, for
+bare existence, until the period of the Revolution, in which it was
+one of the first colonies to take active part, furnishing to the young
+republic many of its most efficient military chieftains and statesmen.
+It ratified the Constitution June 26, 1788. After the Revolution its
+course was for many years one of great prosperity. But, unfortunately,
+the year 1861 found the majority of its statesmen arrayed against the
+Government, on the side of secession, and on the 15th of April, 1861,
+she seceded from the Union. On the 17th of June, 1861, all the counties
+lying between the Alleghany Mountains and the Ohio River, were, by a
+convention held at Wheeling, declared independent of the old State
+government, and were organized into a new State, called West Virginia,
+which remains loyal. The capital of the old State was selected as the
+seat of government of the so-called Confederate States of America.
+
+
+MASSACHUSETTS.
+
+Massachusetts was settled in the year 1620, by the Puritans. These
+people, having been severely persecuted in England, had previously
+taken refuge in Holland; but for various reasons they determined,
+after remaining in Holland a season, to emigrate to the New World.
+Unfortunately, they started at a very unpropitious season of the year,
+arriving at New England in the winter. The severity of the climate,
+their scarcity of food at times, operated seriously against their
+comfort and progress. It is said that they were frequently threatened
+with starvation. At one time the entire company had but one pint of
+Indian corn, which being divided equally among them, allowed to each
+person eight grains. But, unlike the early settlers of Virginia,
+they were all working men, and good economists. From the time of the
+landing at Plymouth, up to 1691, this first settlement was known as the
+Plymouth Colony. Meantime, another settlement had been formed, styled
+the Massachusetts Colony. Both were for some years under the control
+of a London company. In 1691, Massachusetts and Plymouth Colonies
+were united, and thenceforward their history is one. The people of
+Massachusetts were, during the early part of their colonial existence,
+sorely vexed, at times, by the Indians, especially by the Pequods.
+They, unfortunately, had imbibed, during their own persecutions, too
+much of the spirit of conscription, and, although themselves refugees
+from religious bigotry, sullied much of their history prior to the
+Revolution by punishing what they called heresy in the Quakers and
+Baptists. During 1774 and 1775, Massachusetts took a very prominent
+part in favor of colonial rights, and was the first State to manifest
+the spirit of resentment toward Great Britain. Its history during the
+War for Independence is one of glory. It adopted the Constitution June
+6, 1788.
+
+
+NEW HAMPSHIRE.
+
+This State was a part of Massachusetts up to the year 1680. It was,
+however, settled in 1624, the first settlement being formed at Dover
+by the English. In 1680, it was erected into a separate colony, and
+its first legislative assembly met this year. John Mason was its first
+Governor. It suffered severely from Indian wars, and its progress,
+during the first years of its existence, was slow. In 1742 it contained
+only six hundred persons liable to taxation. Its first Constitution
+was formed in 1683. It suffered from the effects of an insurrection
+in 1686, although prior and subsequent to this affair, it seems to
+have been one of the most peaceful and quiet of the colonies. It
+is distinguished for its excellent pastures, towering hills, and
+fine cattle. The White Mountains are the highest in New England.
+It took a prominent and active part in the Revolution. It ratified
+the Constitution June 21, 1788, since which time it has been highly
+prosperous. Its present population is 326,073. Its course during the
+rebellion has been highly commendable.
+
+[Illustration: ANDREW JACKSON.]
+
+
+MARYLAND.
+
+In 1632, Sir George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) visited America, explored
+a tract of country lying on the Chesapeake Bay, belonging to what was
+then called South Virginia, and returned to England to procure a grant
+for it. But before the patent was made out, he died, and it was given
+to his son Cecil. The province was named by King Charles I, in the
+patent, in honor of his Queen, Henrietta Maria. A part of the province
+appears to have been included in the grant made some time afterward to
+William Penn, and to have caused much contention between the successors
+of Penn and Baltimore.
+
+In March, 1634, Leonard Calvert, the brother of Cecil, arrived at the
+mouth of the Potomac River, bringing with him two hundred emigrants,
+most of whom were Roman Catholic gentlemen. Leaving the vessel, he
+ascended in a pinnace as far as Piskataqua, an Indian village nearly
+opposite Mount Vernon. The Indian Sachem gave him full liberty
+to settle there if he chose; but not deeming it safe, he began a
+settlement lower down on a branch of the Potomac, at the Indian town of
+Yoacomoco. The settlement was called St. Mary’s.
+
+Maryland made a very fortunate beginning. The colonists arrived in time
+to make a crop for that year. Their neighbors in Virginia supplied them
+with cattle, and protected them in great part from the Indians, while
+their own kind and consistent course materially promoted their happy
+relations with the savages.
+
+The charter which had been granted them was very liberal—ceding to
+them the full power of legislation, without any interference on the
+part of the Crown. In 1635, they made laws for their government, which
+were somewhat modified in 1639. In 1650, they had an upper and lower
+legislative assembly, as had their Virginia neighbors.
+
+Ten or twelve years after its settlement, Maryland was disturbed by an
+insurrection, headed by one Clayborne; but this difficulty was soon
+settled. It played a conspicuous part in the Revolution, and adopted
+the Constitution April 28, 1788. Its progress has been fair, its
+present population being 687,049. Its geographical position and the
+mixed political character of its people caused it to assume a rather
+dubious attitude at the commencement of the rebellion of 1861. Some of
+its best statesmen, however, were among the most uncompromising friends
+of the Union.
+
+
+NEW YORK.
+
+Captain Henry Hudson, the famous voyager, discovered what is now New
+York, together with a considerable extent of territory contiguous to
+it, in the year 1609. Although an Englishman by nativity, Hudson was
+at this time employed by the Dutch, (Hollanders) who, consequently,
+claimed the territory. Meantime the English set up a claim to it, as
+being part of North Virginia. They also claimed it on account of Hudson
+being an Englishman. The Dutch, however, determined to hold it, and in
+1610 opened a trade with the natives at Manhattan Island, on the spot
+where the city of New York now stands. They erected a fort on or near
+the site of Albany, named the country in general, New Netherlands, and
+the station at Manhattan, New Amsterdam. The Dutch retained the country
+until the year 1664.
+
+It seems that, up to this time, they claimed not only the present
+territory of New York, but also that of Connecticut and New Jersey.
+The liberal governments of the surrounding colonies stood in great
+contrast with the despotic one imposed by the Dutch Government upon
+their American colonists. And when, in 1664, the English squadron
+dispatched by James, Duke of York, with instructions to take possession
+of the province of New Netherlands, appeared before New Amsterdam,
+the inhabitants were willing to capitulate without resistance. Peter
+Stuyvesant, their Governor, and an able executive, made vain efforts
+to rouse them to defense, and was forced to surrender. The English
+Government was now acknowledged over the whole of New Netherlands, the
+capital receiving the name of New York, as well as the province. From
+this time forward to the Revolutionary War, New York remained in the
+hands of the English, and was under the control of a very arbitrary
+succession of Governors. The progress of the colony was steady, in
+numbers, wealth, and civilization. It took an active part in the
+Revolution, and adopted its Constitution July 26, 1788. After this it
+outstripped every other State in the Union in every thing pertaining
+to wealth and greatness, save education, in which matter no State can
+compare with Massachusetts. At the commencement of the great Rebellion,
+this noble State showed herself truly worthy to be ranked as the Empire
+State. She has furnished the Government more money than any other
+State. Her population is 3,880,735.
+
+
+CONNECTICUT.
+
+In the year 1633, the Puritans of Massachusetts, having heard very
+flattering reports of the valley of Connecticut, resolved to make an
+effort to settle it. Accordingly, a company of them sailed for the
+Connecticut River, taking with them the frame of a house. Meantime the
+Dutch, claiming the territory as theirs, built a fort on the river
+where Hartford now stands, to prevent the emigrants from passing up.
+The Yankees, however, with that steady perseverance which has always
+marked their course, proceeded on their way, paying no attention to
+the Dutch fort, whose only demonstration was an unexecuted threat to
+fire on the emigrants if they passed it. Landing where Farmington
+River enters the Connecticut, they founded the town of Windsor. Other
+settlements were subsequently formed at Westerfield, Hartford, and
+Watertown. The first general court was held at Hartford, in the year
+1636. The province suffered severely from the depredations of the
+Pequod Indians, with which tribe a great and decisive battle was
+ultimately fought on the river Mystic, in the year 1636.[3] During
+this year the towns of Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield, met in
+convention and formed a Government, electing John Haynes the first
+Governor of the colony.
+
+[3] This battle resulted in the destruction of the Pequod tribe.
+
+Its course from this period forward was one of great prosperity. It
+stood in the front rank during the war for Independence, and in no case
+was ever known to flinch from duty. It ratified the Constitution June
+9, 1788. Its present population is 460,147.
+
+At the commencement of the Rebellion, in 1861, its voice was for the
+Union and the Government of the Fathers. Its aid in behalf of freedom
+has been earnest and efficient.
+
+
+RHODE ISLAND.
+
+In June, 1636, Roger Williams, an earnest, enthusiastic advocate of
+religious liberty in the broadest sense, having been banished by the
+Puritans of Massachusetts from that colony, went to what is now known
+as Rhode Island, purchased the present site of Providence of the
+Narragansett Indians, and founded a colony, of which he was at once
+pastor, teacher, and father. He donated land to any whom he thought
+worthy, and Providence Plantation, as it was long called, became an
+asylum for persecuted Christians of all denominations, especially the
+Baptists. The first settlement in Rhode Island proper, was formed
+by William Codington, in the year 1636. Up to 1640, the citizens of
+Rhode Island made their own laws in general convention. But, in 1644,
+Roger Williams, with the aid of Gov. Vane, of Massachusetts, procured
+a charter for two settlements, under the name of Rhode Island and
+Providence Plantations. The Constitution framed under this charter
+was a good one; and lasted until the year 1818. For many years the
+legislative assembly of this colony met twice a year.
+
+Rhode Island is distinguished as the smallest State in the Union. It
+did noble service in the war for Independence, but did not, for some
+reason, adopt the Constitution till the 29th of May, 1790. It has been
+a highly prosperous State; is distinguished for its good schools and
+large manufactories.
+
+At the breaking out of the Rebellion in 1861, it stepped nobly forward
+in defense of the Government, sending its own Governor to Washington at
+the head of a regiment of volunteers. Its population is 174,620.
+
+
+NEW JERSEY,
+
+At first, formed a part of the Dutch province of New Netherlands.
+But soon after the latter came into the hands of the English, the
+Territory of New Jersey was transferred to Lord Berkley and Sir George
+Carteret, by the Duke of York. The first permanent settlement was
+formed at Elizabethtown, in 1664, by emigrants from Long Island. Philip
+Carteret arrived in the colony in 1665, and became its first Governor.
+The province had very little trouble with the Indians. Many emigrants
+from New England and New York soon arrived, and for a series of years
+the colony advanced in prosperity. It enjoyed the blessings flowing
+from a liberal form of government.
+
+In the year 1685, the Duke of York became the King of England, under
+the title of James II, and disregarding his former pledges, assumed,
+in 1688, the government of New Jersey, placing it under the control of
+Sir Edmund Andros, whom he had already made Governor of New York and
+New England. This state of things was terminated by the revolution in
+England, but left New Jersey for years in a very precarious condition.
+In 1702, its proprietors having resigned their claims, it became a
+royal province, and was united to New York. In 1738 it became again
+a separate province, and so continued until the Revolution, in which
+it took a very active part in favor of liberty. It ratified the
+Constitution December 18, 1787. Thenceforward its career has been
+a highly prosperous one. Its strength has been put forth to aid in
+crushing the great Rebellion. Population 672,075.
+
+
+DELAWARE.
+
+Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, formed a plan of establishing
+colonies in America as early as the year 1626. But as he died on the
+field of Leutzen, during the German war in 1633, without carrying
+his scheme into effect, his minister took it up, and employed Peter
+Minuets, the first Governor of New Netherlands, to carry it into
+effect. In 1638, a small Swedish colony arrived under the direction
+of Minuets, and settled on Christian Creek, near the present town of
+Wilmington. Notwithstanding the remonstrances of the Dutch Government
+of New Netherlands, who claimed the territory, the Swedes continued
+to extend their settlements from this time until they preëmpted all
+the territory from Cape Henlopen to the falls of the Delaware. At this
+time the colony was called New Sweden. In 1651, Governor Stuyvesant,
+to check the aggressive movements of the Swedes, built a fort near the
+present site of New Castle, of which the Swedes afterward obtained
+possession by stratagem. Enraged at this movement, the Government of
+Holland ordered Stuyvesant to reduce the Swedes to submission, which
+he speedily accomplished with six hundred men, in 1655. The province
+was soon after annexed to New Netherlands. Delaware was, after it fell
+into the hands of the English, included in the grant made to William
+Penn, in 1692. It remained attached to Pennsylvania till 1691, when
+it was allowed a separate government. It was reunited to Pennsylvania
+in 1692. In 1703, it was again separated, having its own legislature,
+though the same Governor presided over both colonies. The ancient forms
+of the government were preserved through the revolutionary struggle. It
+ratified the Constitution December 7, 1787.
+
+Its position, at the commencement of the rebellion of 1861, was
+somewhat dubious. It being a northerly slave State, was somewhat
+divided as to where its interests lay. It, however, finally came out
+somewhat decidedly for the Union, although its entire strength has not
+been exerted against the rebellion. Its population is 112,216.
+
+
+THE CAROLINAS.
+
+In the year 1563, the coast of Carolina was explored, and named after
+Charles IX, of France. The first attempt to settle it was made by the
+celebrated and accomplished Sir Walter Raleigh, in 1585, twenty-two
+years before the settlement of Jamestown, and thirty-five years before
+the Puritans landed at Plymouth. This effort failed, on account of the
+incapacity of the Governor appointed by Raleigh, and the ill-behavior
+of the colonists toward the natives.
+
+The first successful attempt was made sometime between 1640 and 1650,
+under the direction of Governor Berkley. The settlement was made in
+Albemarle County, by a few Virginia planters. In 1663, a large tract
+of land, lying between the 30th and 36th degrees of north latitude,
+having the Atlantic Ocean for its eastern boundary, was conveyed by
+Charles II, to Lord Clarendon and associates, under whose auspices a
+settlement was made near the mouth of Cape Fear River, in the year
+1665, by emigrants from Barbadoes. Sir James Yeomans was appointed
+Governor. A settlement was made at Port Royal, South Carolina, in
+1670; and in 1671, a few persons located at what was then called Old
+Charleston, which place was abandoned in 1680, and the foundation of
+the present city of Charleston laid, several miles nearer the sea.
+
+All the various settlements here mentioned went under the general name
+of Carolina, until 1571, when a division was made, and the northern
+and southern portions were called by their distinctive names, North
+and South Carolina. These States were the scenes of many revolutionary
+tragedies. South Carolina, in particular, although the home of Sumter,
+and Marion, and Rutledge, was replete with tories, (royalists) who
+spared no efforts to annoy the infant Republic, and play into the hands
+of the British Government. South Carolina ratified the Constitution
+May 23, 1788, but threatened to break the compact in 1832, and was
+only prevented by the stern will of President Jackson. After this the
+State did nothing worthy of note until December 20, 1860, when it
+seceded from the Union, taking the lead in the great Rebellion. Present
+population 703,708.
+
+North Carolina ratified the Constitution November 21, 1789, and seceded
+from the Union May 21, 1861. Population 992,622.
+
+
+PENNSYLVANIA.
+
+The Old Keystone State, and one of the most wealthy and prosperous
+in the Union, was settled by the Quakers, under the direction of Wm.
+Penn, at Philadelphia, in the year 1682. The founder of this colony
+showed himself a philosopher, a philanthropist, a thorough political
+economist, at the very commencement of his labors. He put the province
+under the government of a Council of Three and a House of Delegates,
+chosen by the freemen, who, according to his arrangement, were all
+those who acknowledged the existence of one God. He pursued such a
+course with the natives as won their confidence and esteem. No Quaker
+was ever murdered by an Indian; and to this day the “sons of Wm. Penn”
+are everywhere respected by the savage. The treaty Penn made with
+the Indians was never violated. In framing the colonial government,
+he provided for the largest religious liberty, allowing every one
+to worship according to the dictates of his own conscience. Up to
+1684, Delaware, as before mentioned, was included in Penn’s grant.
+But about this time he procured a new charter, more strictly defining
+the rights and limits of Pennsylvania, and Delaware was detached.
+For seventy years prosperity smiled upon this colony, during much
+of which time Penn was, according to the historian, its governor,
+magistrate, preacher and teacher. It was troubled with no Indian wars
+till 1754, when Penn’s example and teachings began to be forgotten. The
+population, owing to a considerable influx from Sweden, Germany, and
+some other countries, began, at a later date, to assume a more varied
+aspect; and when the colonies rebelled against the mother country,
+Pennsylvania contained sufficient “fighting” material to lend valuable
+assistance to the cause of liberty.
+
+She adopted the Constitution December 12th, 1787, since which time her
+increase in wealth, and advancement in general improvement has been
+almost without a parallel. Her vast coal fields and rich iron mines
+constitute a source of eternal wealth. Upon the breaking out of the
+rebellion of 1861, her position in favor of the Union was well defined.
+
+Her population is 2,906,115.
+
+
+GEORGIA.
+
+General James Oglethorpe, and a company of twenty-one others, received,
+in the year 1732, from George II, of England, a grant for all the land
+between the Savannah and the Altamaha Rivers. In January, 1733, a
+company of one hundred and fourteen men, women, and children, arrived
+at Charleston, S. C., destined for Georgia. They were kindly treated
+by the Charlestonians, and were greatly assisted by them in their
+labor of forming a colony. The first laws made for the province by the
+twenty-two grantees, prohibited the importation of rum, trade with
+the Indians, and the use of negroes. They also provided that lands
+should go back to the original owners in case the purchaser had no
+male heirs. Although the first, second, and third of these provisions
+were undoubtedly wholesome, the fourth was highly objectionable, and
+tended very much to retard the progress of the colony. In the year
+1740, General Oglethorpe, as commander-in-chief of the forces in
+Georgia, at the head of two thousand men, invaded Florida with the
+intention of forcibly annexing it to Georgia; but he was soon repelled
+from the territory, and returned home bootless. The Spanish, in turn,
+with two sail of vessels and three thousand men, invaded Georgia in
+1742, and were likewise forced to return home thwarted. The progress
+of this colony was for many years very slow; the people manifesting
+that indolence and indifference which is still too prominent a
+characteristic of Georgians. It was mainly on the side of freedom
+during the revolution.
+
+It ratified the Constitution January 9th, 1788. Since the Revolution,
+the State has manifested but little life as compared with its sisters,
+and its secession from the Union, May 19th, 1861, was followed by
+speedy ruin.
+
+
+VERMONT.
+
+The territory of which this State is composed began to be settled in
+the year 1731, but was for some years considered as a part of New
+Hampshire. It was also claimed at one time by New York, and a contest
+arose between that State and New Hampshire, which was adjusted by the
+King of England in a manner by no means satisfactory to the settlers.
+The result was a quarrel between Vermont and the Crown, in which the
+Green Mountain Boys, led by Col. Ethan Allen, resisted the officers
+of justice, as well as the New York militia, who were called out to
+sustain them.
+
+The province appears not to have had even a territorial government
+until 1777, at which time a convention of delegates met at Westminster,
+and declared themselves an independent State, under the name of New
+Connecticut. Previous to this time, however, they had rendered material
+aid to the Revolution. In May, 1755, Col. Allen, at the head of two
+hundred and seventy men, reduced Fort Ticonderoga and Crown Point,
+and thus became complete masters of Lake Champlain. During the whole
+period of the Revolution the State did good service in the cause of
+liberty, although it remained independent. Some time subsequent to its
+declaration of independence its name was changed to Vermont. As it was
+not one of the original States, it did not ratify the Constitution,
+but, upon application, was admitted to the Union during the second
+session of Congress, in the year 1791. It has been a highly prosperous
+State, and added much to the luster of the Union in its palmy days
+of peace. It fully sustained its Revolutionary reputation at the
+commencement of the Rebellion of 1861. Its population is 315,098.
+
+
+KENTUCKY
+
+Was settled, in the year 1775, by Daniel Boone and a number of
+associates from North Carolina. The trials and adventures of these
+hardy pioneers, and especially those of Boone, constitute one of
+the most romantic leaves in the history of the West. For over two
+years, previous to 1775, Boone was busily employed in surveying
+Kentucky, building roads and forts. One of the latter he erected at
+Boonesborough; to which place he removed his family, in 1775. Boone
+said that his wife and daughter were the first white women who ever
+stood on the banks of the Kentucky River. For a number of years after
+Boone’s settlement, he and his associates experienced many difficulties
+with the natives—Boone’s daughter being at one time captured by
+the Indians, though shortly afterward rescued by her father. But,
+notwithstanding the difficulties with the savages, the young territory
+grew rapidly in population and wealth, and on June 1st, 1792, was
+admitted to the Union. Having a fertile soil, and affording excellent
+pasturage, she has far outstripped most of her slaveholding sisters in
+general improvement.
+
+Her position for some time after the commencement of the Rebellion
+was by no means promotive of her prosperity. Owing to her attempt
+to observe strict neutrality, she became the scene of many guerrilla
+outrages, and has suffered, perhaps, more than any other State during
+the struggle.
+
+Her population is 1,115,684.
+
+
+TENNESSEE.
+
+Was, for some time, a part of North Carolina. It was made a territorial
+government in the year 1790, and was admitted into the Union in 1796.
+The first permanent white inhabitants of Tennessee went there, in
+the year 1775, and built Fort Louden, now in Blount County. They
+were, in 1760, attacked by the savages, and two hundred persons were
+massacred. But, in 1767, the natives were reduced to submission by
+Colonel Grant, and a treaty was made with them, which encouraged
+emigration. Settlements were formed on Holston River in 1765, which,
+although frequently attacked by the Indians, made very fair progress.
+Colonel John Sevier, with the Tennessee militia and a few Virginia
+soldiers, gained a decisive victory over the savages, and, from this
+time forward, though more or less harassed by the Indians, the progress
+of the State, in population and improvement, was rapid. North Carolina
+gave up the Territory in 1789, and, in 1790, Congress recognized it
+as a separate province. It has great extent of territory, and, up to
+1861, was considered as among the greatest of the agricultural States.
+At this time, however, it was seduced by the voice of the siren,
+Secession, and on the 24th of June, 1861, formally seceded from the
+Union. It should be stated, however, in justice to the State, that the
+eastern portion of it was generally loyal, and was only dragged out of
+the Union by force. It has, since the Rebellion, been readmitted into
+the Union.
+
+
+OHIO.
+
+Ohio was admitted to the Union on the 29th of November, 1802, the
+State containing, at the time, 72,000 inhabitants—2,000 more than
+was required in order to its admission. It was settled in the spring
+of 1788, one year after it, with a vast additional extent of
+North-western territory, had been ceded, by Virginia, to the United
+States.
+
+The year 1788 was a famous year for emigration. It witnessed the
+passage of no less than 20,000 persons down the Ohio River. The company
+which settled Ohio consisted of forty persons, under General Rufus
+Putnam. They built a stockade fort at Marietta, of sufficient strength
+to resist the attacks of the natives, cleared several acres of ground,
+and planted a crop. They were joined by twenty additional families in
+the autumn. Both these companies were New England people.
+
+For a number of years they were not troubled by the savages, nor
+did any of their number trouble the Indians, except in one or two
+instances. The earliest settlers of Cincinnati arrived there, about
+twenty in number in 1790. Until the year 1795, the attempts made to
+settle most parts of Ohio were attended with great difficulties,
+on account of Indian wars. Marietta, however, formed an exception
+to this rule. After the great victory which General Wayne achieved
+over the savages during Washington’s administration, the population
+increased rapidly. Unembarrassed by any centralizing or aristocratic
+institutions, possessed of the finest natural resources, and vitalized
+by an enterprising population, Ohio, after its admission into the
+Union, made an advancement of which any State might well be proud. In
+population it is the third State in the Union, numbering 2,390,502.
+
+At the breaking out of the Rebellion, Ohio took its position staunchly
+for the Union, and has done much during the war for the restoration of
+the authority of the Government over the seceded States.
+
+
+LOUISIANA.
+
+Was ceded by Spain to France in the year 1802, and was bought by the
+United States of the latter power, in 1803, at a cost of $15,000,000.
+Governor Clayborne took possession of it the same year. It was settled
+by the French, at Iberville, in 1699, and was admitted into the Union
+April 8th, 1812. It is an important State, in that it holds the keys
+of entrance to the mouth of the Mississippi. In the year 1860, nearly
+one-half of its population was slave. It seceded from the Union on the
+26th of January, 1861. Its population in 1860 was 708,002. It has been
+a very forward State in the great Rebellion.
+
+
+INDIANA.
+
+About the year 1690, a French settlement, the first in Indiana, was
+made at Vincennes, that place being within the territory claimed, at
+that time, by the French, upon priority of discovery by La Salle.
+Indiana was long the residence of various Indian tribes, and the
+theater of Indian wars. By the terms of the treaty of the peace of
+1763, it, with the rest of the North-western Territory, was ceded to
+Great Britain. It was still claimed by the Indians, but, by various
+treaties, extensive tracts were obtained for settlement. The Indians,
+however, retained possession of many parts of the State up to the year
+1812, and to that portion known as the Indian Reserve, even later. It
+was erected into a Territory in 1809, and on the 11th of December,
+1816, was admitted into the Union. Its population—1,350,428, in the
+year 1860—is an indication of its progress. In the matter of education,
+Indiana is somewhat behind some of her Western sisters, but her efforts
+in behalf of the Government during the great Rebellion shall halo her
+future with glory.
+
+
+MISSISSIPPI.
+
+The territory comprising the present States of Mississippi and Alabama
+having been divided, that portion lying next the river was, in 1817,
+admitted into the Union as a State, under the name Mississippi, while
+the eastern portion was organized as a Territory, and named Alabama.
+The whole of this territory was explored, first by Ferdinand De Soto,
+and afterward by La Salle. It suffered greatly during the wars of the
+Natchez Indians. The Choctaws, for a long time, retained possession
+of the northern portion of it, and were, to some extent, civilized.
+Mississippi was settled by the French, in 1716, at Natchez. Its
+population—791,305—shows fair progress. On the 9th of January, 1861, it
+went the way of the seceding States, since which time, its course, like
+theirs, has been downward.
+
+
+ILLINOIS.
+
+This most thriving and prosperous State came into the Union on the 3d
+of December, 1818. Until 1809 it was a part of Indiana, at which time
+it became a separate territory, and so remained till received into
+the Union. This State has been little disturbed by civil divisions or
+by Indian wars. Its most serious troubles arose from the appearance,
+within its borders, of the Mormons, in 1838, and from attempts made to
+curb their irregularities. This singular people, believing themselves
+to be ill-treated, assembled to the number of 700, under their leaders,
+in a remote part of the State, and proposed fighting for their rights.
+But a body of three hundred troops marched against and captured them.
+The whole sect was ultimately reduced to submission, and banished
+the State. It was explored by La Salle, and settled by the French at
+Kaskaskia,[4] in 1720. Its growth has been immense. Its population, in
+1860, was 1,711,951. Its history has been one of the most glorious of
+the loyal States during the great Rebellion.
+
+[4] Kaskaskia, the first capital of Illinois, is located on Kaskaskia
+River, and is the present site of Vandalia.
+
+
+ALABAMA
+
+Was admitted to the Union on the 14th of December, 1819. It has a deep,
+rich soil, and in many places a healthful climate. It remained till
+the Revolution a mere hunting-ground of the savages. From the peace
+of 1783 to 1802 it was claimed by Georgia, and lands were sold to
+settlers and speculators accordingly. In the year 1802, Georgia ceded
+all her western territory to the United States for $1,250,000. In 1800,
+the present State of Alabama became a part of Mississippi Territory,
+from which it was separated when Mississippi became a State. It
+was settled, in 1711, at Mobile, by the French, being a part of the
+territory explored by La Salle in his Mississippi tour. It formally
+seceded from the Union, January 11, 1861.
+
+
+MAINE.
+
+In the year 1638, the same year in which New Haven was settled,
+Ferdinand Gorges procured a charter of the King of England for all
+the lands from the borders of New Hampshire, on the south-west, to
+Sagadahoc, on the Kennebeck River, on the north-east, under the name
+of the Province of Maine. It remained a separate province till 1652,
+when it became a part of Massachusetts. Various attempts were made,
+between 1785 and 1802 to form it into an independent State; but these
+efforts failed. In 1819 a large majority of the people were in favor of
+separating from Massachusetts. A convention was called, a Constitution
+prepared and adopted, and, in 1820, Maine was received into the Union.
+It is, by no means, an agricultural State, but its extensive fisheries
+and great lumber trade have greatly enriched it, and its progress in
+morality has, perhaps, been superior to that of any other State. It is
+the only State in the Union that has an efficient prohibitory liquor
+law. It proved itself true to the Government in 1861, and there is no
+danger of its ever ceasing to be so.
+
+It was settled in 1625, at Bristol, by the English. Its population is
+628,279.
+
+
+MISSOURI.
+
+This great, though crippled, State was admitted into the Union on the
+10th of August, 1821. It, with all the territory then belonging to the
+United States, west of the Mississippi, was included in the purchase of
+Louisiana, made in 1803. Louisiana afterward was divided into Orleans
+Territory, Louisiana proper, and Missouri Territory. In 1819, Missouri
+Territory was divided into Arkansas, on the south, and Missouri on the
+north; and it was about this time that the latter took the requisite
+steps toward framing a State Constitution. It will be remembered that
+this is the State, the discussion of the propriety of the admission of
+which raised such a storm in Congress in 1820.
+
+Being a border slave State, it was nearly equally divided on the
+question of secession in 1861, and thus, like Kentucky, has been
+overrun by both Southern and Northern troops during the Rebellion, and
+has been the scene of much bloodshed and ruin. It was settled in 1764,
+at St. Louis, by the French. Its population is 1,182,012.
+
+
+FLORIDA.
+
+The Peninsular States, discovered and explored by Ponce de Leon, a
+voyager with Columbus, and whose name was suggested to the discoverer
+by the abundance and beauty of its wild flora, was, from 1512 to 1819,
+with the exception of the interval between 1763 and 1783, a province
+of Spain. The first attempt to settle it was made in the year 1565,
+at St. Augustine, which is said to be the oldest town in America, by
+the Spaniards. This effort was attended with many difficulties, the
+colonists contending, for the first few years, alternately with the
+horrors of savage warfare and famine, at times being forced to subsist
+on roots and acorns. In 1819 it was transferred to the United States
+by treaty, which treaty was, after much delay, ratified by Spain, and
+with still more delay by the United States. Possession of the colony
+was granted the Government in July, 1821. The territory contained, in
+1840, a population of 54,477, and on the 3d of March, 1845, became a
+State, and was received into the Union. Florida was the theater of the
+Seminole war, which cost the United States so much blood and treasure.
+It went the way of the seceding States, January 7th, 1861. Florida,
+like the Indian’s gun, has “cost more than she has come to.” Her
+population in 1860, was 140,425.
+
+
+ARKANSAS.
+
+This State lies South of Missouri, and was once attached to it. It
+has a fine climate and prolific soil. The first settlement of whites
+within its limits was made at Arkansas Post, in the year 1685. The
+earlier inhabitants were French. Its progress, for many years, was very
+slow. It was not till about the year 1829 that the tide of emigration
+began to flow from the Atlantic States in that direction. Little Rock,
+the early seat of government and the present capital, was laid out
+in the year 1820, during which year the first steamboat ascended the
+Arkansas River. The boat was eight days in going from New Orleans to
+the village of Arkansas—a distance of scarcely one hundred miles above
+the mouth of the Arkansas River. The State once contained the remnants
+of several powerful tribes of Indians. By a treaty made between the
+Cherokees and the United States, the former agreed to give up all
+their lands east of the Mississippi River, and to retire to a region
+guaranteed to them in the present State of Arkansas.
+
+The State was admitted into the Union on the 15th of June, 1836. It
+seceded May 6th, 1861, and has since been the retreat of guerrillas,
+and the scene of some sanguinary battles.
+
+
+MICHIGAN.
+
+Was admitted into the Union January 26th, 1837. It had the requisite
+population (60,000) before this, but there were some difficulties
+in the way of its admission. In 1837 it contained 200,000; in 1840,
+212,267, and in 1850, 851,470. The territory, when first discovered by
+the whites, contained a tribe of Indians called Hurons by the French,
+and Iroquois by the Indians themselves. Many of them were converted to
+Christianity, by the untiring labors of Catholic missionaries, as early
+as 1648. It was not, however, till 1670 that the French took possession
+of the territory. It was a portion of the extensive tract explored by
+the assiduous, daring La Salle. Its progress, while it belonged to the
+French, was very slow. It was not until 1763, when, by treaty, it was
+ceded to Great Britain, that much was done in the way of civilizing
+and improving it. Comparatively little, in fact, was done until 1783,
+when the territory was ceded by England to the United States. Until
+1800 it was, for purposes of Government, considered a part of the
+Great North-western Territory. After Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois had
+been severally detached, the remainder, in 1805, became a distinct
+territory, the first Governor of which was General Hull, by appointment
+of President Jefferson. Michigan suffered much from the war of 1812.
+For about two years nearly the whole territory was the theater of
+sanguinary conflicts. It was exposed to the barbarity of the enemy and
+their Indian allies. Since then, however, its enterprising inhabitants
+have brought it up to a degree of improvement which few States of its
+age can boast. Its strength was offered the Government in 1861, and it
+continues as well as it began. Its population, in 1860, was 749,113.
+
+
+IOWA.
+
+This State derives its name from the Indians. It was included in the
+Louisiana purchase. It was first settled at Dubuque, by the French,
+in the year 1686. This settlement, however, does not seem to have
+been permanent, nor productive of any real good to the territory. In
+1833 Burlington was settled by emigrants from the eastern States. It
+formed a part of Missouri from 1804 to 1821, when it was included in
+Michigan Territory. It subsequently belonged to Wisconsin Territory. It
+was admitted into the Union March 3d, 1845. It is a highly prosperous
+State, having a vast extent of rich soil and excellent pasturage.
+It is faithful to the Union; placed itself in the front rank at the
+commencement of the Rebellion.
+
+
+TEXAS.
+
+The territory of Texas was explored by Ponce de Leon and La Salle.
+After Mexico became independent of Spain, a grant which had been
+made to Moses Austin, a native of Connecticut, comprising a large
+tract of this province, was confirmed by the new Republic; and, being
+transferred by Moses Austin, at his death, to his son, Stephen, was
+subsequently enlarged by a further grant. Emigration from the United
+States was encouraged, and in 1830 nearly ten thousand Americans
+were settled in Texas. The prosperity of these inhabitants excited
+the jealousy of Mexico, and under the administration of Santa Anna,
+an unjust, oppressive policy was adopted toward Texas. Remonstrance
+proving useless, the people of the territory declared themselves
+independent. The revolution began in 1835, by a battle at Gonzales, in
+which five hundred Texans defeated over one thousand Mexicans. Other
+engagements followed, the result of which was the dispersion of the
+Mexican army. Santa Anna now redoubled his efforts, and appearing in
+March, 1835, with a force of eight thousand men, several bloody battles
+followed. On the 21st of April, having under his immediate command one
+thousand and five hundred men, he was met by General Sam. Houston,
+with eight hundred men, and totally defeated, on the banks of the San
+Jacinto. Santa Anna himself was captured the next day in the woods,
+when he acknowledged the independence of Texas, though the Mexican
+Congress refused to ratify the act. Active hostilities, however, were
+now abandoned, and the independence of Texas was acknowledged by the
+United States, Great Britain, and other European countries. It was in
+this condition of things that Texas was annexed to the United States.
+On the 24th of December, 1845, it was admitted into the Union, which
+act was ratified by the Texan Legislature, July 4th, 1846. But Mexico,
+still regarding Texas as a revolted province, refused to acknowledge
+the validity of this measure. The result was a war between Mexico and
+the United States, which terminated on the 2d of February, 1848, in a
+treaty by which the latter power, in consideration of the payment of a
+debt of $3,500,000, due from Mexico to the citizens of Texas, acquired
+New Mexico, Texas, and California. The progress of Texas from this time
+till the eve of the great Rebellion, was almost unprecedented, no less
+than twenty-five thousand Germans having emigrated to that State in
+five years’ time. These, however, owing to the jealousy aroused against
+them by their having demonstrated the superiority of free labor,
+even in a slave State, were obliged to migrate to Mexico in the year
+1860. By this and other oppressive acts on the part of the advocates
+of slavery, Texas, purchased by the blood and treasure of the United
+States, was driven into the whirlpool of secession, March 4th, 1861.
+Its population, in 1860, was 604,215. The first settlement within its
+borders was made by the Spaniards, at St. Antonia de Bexar, in 1690.
+
+
+WISCONSIN.
+
+Was admitted into the Union May 29th, 1848. It was a part of the
+extensive territory ceded by France to Great Britain in the treaty of
+1763. At the close of the Revolution it was given up by Great Britain
+to the United States. It was erected into a territory in 1836, the
+portion now forming the State of Iowa being detached in 1838. Its
+natural resources are extraordinary, the climate being very healthful,
+and the soil unsurpassed in fertility. It was settled in the year 1669,
+at Green Bay, by the French. It is thoroughly loyal to the Union. In
+1860, it had a population of 775,881.
+
+
+MINNESOTA.
+
+Lies north of Iowa, and extends to the Canadian boundary. On the
+north-east it touches Lake Superior, and, to the west, is bounded by
+Dakotah Territory. It comprises the head waters of the Mississippi,
+and abounds in rivers and lakes, teeming with fish. Its soil is highly
+prolific, and its forests are among the finest in the world. Its name
+is derived from Minnisotah, the Indian name of St. Peter’s River.
+Primarily discovered by La Salle, it, for some years, belonged to the
+French, and at a very early period was traversed by their traders and
+soldiers. It was ceded to Great Britain by the treaty of 1763, and
+to the United States at the peace of 1783. It received a territorial
+government in 1849, and was admitted into the Union in May, 1858. It
+has still, within its borders, several bands of the Chippewas, with
+whom considerable trouble has been experienced since the breaking out
+of the rebellion. It is, however, a thrifty, growing State, and is
+thoroughly loyal. It was settled in 1846, at St. Paul, by emigrants
+from the eastern States.
+
+
+OREGON.
+
+Was admitted into the Union in the year 1859. It, primarily, included
+Washington Territory, and, with the latter, comprised the extensive
+tract lying between the British Possessions, on the north, and
+California, on the south; the Rocky Mountains, on the east, and the
+Pacific Ocean, on the west. The coasts of this region were discovered
+by the Spaniards in the 16th century. In 1792, Capt. Grey, of Boston,
+discovered and entered the Columbia River, and thus the United States
+acquired the right of sovereignty over the territory. The exploration
+of the country from the Missouri to the Columbia, by Lewis and Clark,
+government appointees, in 1804-5-6, strengthened this claim. The
+British, however, laid claim to the northern part of the territory,
+which gave rise to a threatening dispute between Great Britain and
+the United States. But the difficulty was adjusted by a treaty in
+1846, establishing the boundary of 49°, north latitude. The State
+still contains the Flathead, Pend Oreille, Spokane, Shoshane, and
+other tribes of Indians, who are, for the most part, in the savage
+state, though the Christian missionaries have done much in the way of
+civilizing a portion of them. The furs of this region, those of the
+badger, beaver, bear, fisher-fox, lynx, martin, mink, muskrat, etc.,
+have long been a great source of revenue.
+
+The American fur companies established trading posts in Oregon at an
+early period, that of Astoria being founded in 1810, under the auspices
+of the late John Jacob Astor, of New York. It was settled, at Astoria,
+by emigrants from the Eastern States, in the year 1811. Its population
+amounted to 52,465 in 1860.
+
+
+KANSAS.
+
+About the development of this young State cluster some of the most
+important events of American history. Its territorial organization,
+by the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, in 1854, reopened the
+agitation of the slavery question, which seeming to have acquired fresh
+vigor and virulence from the sleep it had enjoyed under the Missouri
+Compromise, thoroughly aroused the old animosities between the pro
+and antislavery elements of our national politics. From 1854 to 1857
+it was the theater of political tragedies, the bare mention of which
+may well put the blush of shame upon even the most fool-hardy partisan;
+and the historian has well said that these dire afflictions might have
+been expected when the bill organizing Kansas Territory was passed.
+No sooner was it decided that this territory was open alike to the
+abolitionist and the slave-holder, than the Emigrant Aid Societies
+of New England and the pro-slavery organizations of the South began
+pouring streams of settlers into it of opposite political views,
+entertaining the most hostile feelings, each party toward the other;
+and, as the legitimate result, came a civil war, which lasted about
+two years, and which, in some of its incidents would have shamed even
+savages.
+
+The Territory made application to Congress, in 1857, for a place in
+the Union, but the Constitution under which it asked admission (the
+one framed at Lecompton) was known to be a fraudulent affair, and
+hence Kansas was rejected. The discussion of this Constitution caused
+a permanent division of the Democratic party. The Constitution was
+rejected by the people of Kansas by a majority of 10,000. Kansas
+was, however received into the Union, in 1861, under a free State
+Constitution, formed at Topeka.
+
+
+CALIFORNIA.
+
+Was admitted into the Union on the 7th of September, 1850. The alarming
+discussion which occurred upon the question of admission was what gave
+rise to the compromise measures of 1850, popularly styled the _Omnibus
+Bill_. The measures are presented in detail in another part of this
+work.
+
+General Fremont, with a small but dauntless band of rangers, conquered
+California in 1846, having defeated, on frequent occasions, vastly
+superior forces of Mexicans. Its resources as a farming country early
+attracted attention. But when, in February, 1848, it was published
+that gold in quantities had been found on a branch of the Sacramento,
+the swarm of emigrants which rushed in, comprising representatives
+from every State in the Union, and from nearly all the nations of
+Europe, was almost incalculable. From a small village, San Francisco
+was rapidly inflated to a large city. In many places towns sprang up
+like mushrooms. Owing to the fact that its population had been thrown
+hastily together, from so many places, and in consequence of the want
+of a government, California was, for some time, the scene of many dark
+crimes and hideous outrages. Never was the want of wholesome legal
+restraint more keenly felt than here. The Constitution of California
+was framed by a convention of delegates in 1849. It took a firm stand
+for the Union in 1861. The first settlement, within its limits, was
+made at San Diego, by the Spanish, in 1764. It furnishes annually to
+the Government, seventy to eighty millions of dollars in gold.
+
+
+WEST VIRGINIA.
+
+On Virginia’s passing the ordinance of secession, mass meetings were
+immediately held in West Virginia, to take into consideration the best
+means of preserving their allegiance to the United States. A convention
+of nearly five hundred delegates assembled there early in May, 1861,
+which declared the ordinance of secession to be null and void, and
+elected delegates to a general convention, to meet at Wheeling, to
+devise such measures as the welfare of the people might demand. On the
+20th of August, 1861, the convention passed an ordinance to provide
+for the formation of a new State out of a portion of the territory of
+Virginia. In compliance with its provisions, delegates were elected
+to a constitutional convention, which assembled at Wheeling, November
+26, 1861, which proceeded to draft a Constitution, which was submitted
+to the people on the first Thursday of April, 1862. The vote in favor
+was 18,862; that against 514. On the 31st of December, 1862, Congress
+passed an act admitting West Virginia into the Union on an equal
+footing with the original States, in all respects whatever, allowing
+them three members in the House of Representatives of the United
+States. On the 1st of November, 1862, the State had furnished to the
+Federal Army nearly 20,000 men.
+
+
+NEVADA.
+
+This Territory having formed a State Constitution, under an enabling
+act previously passed by Congress, was admitted as a member of the
+Federal Union, on an equal footing with the original States. The
+State convention was held at so late a period of the year, that it
+was necessary to telegraph the Constitution to Washington, in order
+that it might be received there in time to secure the admission of
+the State previous to the Presidential election. Immediately upon its
+reception, President Lincoln issued a proclamation, dated October
+31st, A. D. 1864, in which he “declared and proclaimed that the said
+State of Nevada is admitted into the Union, on an equal footing with
+the original States,” etc. The vote of the State at the Presidential
+election, in 1864, was 16,420—of which Mr. Lincoln received 9,826,
+and General McClellan 6,594. Majority for Mr. Lincoln, 3,232. This
+new State is probably the richest in the Union in respect to mineral
+resources. No region in the world is richer in argentiferous leads.
+Her silver mines are her great source of wealth. The Washoe region
+maintains the preëminence in these mineral resources.
+
+
+NEBRASKA.
+
+Nebraska was organized into a Territory in 1850. The first settlers
+were Americans. In the last few years it has increased in wealth
+and population more rapidly than any of the adjoining States or
+Territories. Probably the chief cause of this has been occasioned by
+the Pacific Railroad passing directly through the State from east to
+west. It is impossible, at the present time, to estimate the advantage
+it will be to the State in developing its resources. The value of its
+minerals in the western portion of the State is incalculable. It has
+fair prospects of becoming one of the richest mineral and agricultural
+States in the Union. Omaha, the capital, is a city of considerable
+commercial importance, being located at the junction of the Missouri
+River and the Pacific Railroad. In 1866, the Territory applied for
+admission into the Union, but, on account of the word “white” being
+used in its Constitution, it was rejected. The word was then stricken
+out, after which it was admitted, February, 1867—the bill for admission
+having been passed over the President’s veto.
+
+[Illustration: MARTIN VAN BUREN.]
+
+
+
+
+GEORGE WASHINGTON,
+
+THE FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.
+
+
+The most exemplary character, perhaps, that ever adorned any era in
+history, and who received in his life-time the noble appellations of
+“the Founder of a Republic,” and “the Father of his Country,” was
+born in the county of Westmoreland, Virginia, on the 22d of February,
+1732. His early instruction was domestic and scanty, but full of good
+discipline and sound principles; and as his father died when he was
+only ten years old, he had no subsequent opportunities for acquiring
+a thorough literary or scientific education. However, as his mind
+was naturally mathematical and philosophical, he prepared himself
+to be useful to his fellow-citizens as a civil engineer; and as the
+country was wild, and much of it then unsurveyed, he occasionally
+found agreeable and profitable employment in surveying different parts
+of his native State. He also directed much of his attention to the
+science of arms, in the use of which every young man was instructed,
+in order to repel the incursions of the Indians, who were often led on
+by skillful Frenchmen. At the age of nineteen, he was appointed one of
+the adjutant-generals of Virginia, which gave him the rank of major,
+and soon after he was advanced to a colonelcy, and sent by Governor
+Dinwiddie to the Ohio with dispatches to the French commander, who was
+erecting fortifications from Canada to New Orleans, in violation of
+existing treaties. The Governor was so much pleased with the faithful
+discharge of this duty, that he ordered his journal, which extended
+to only eighty days, to be printed; but, small as it was, it afforded
+evidence of great sagacity, fortitude, and a sound judgment, and firmly
+laid the foundation of his future fame.
+
+In the spring of 1755, Washington was persuaded to accompany General
+Braddock as an aid, with the rank of Colonel, in his disastrous
+expedition against Fort Du Quesne; and had his advice been followed on
+that occasion, the result would have been different.
+
+ ELECTORAL VOTES FOR
+ PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.
+
+_Election for the First Term, commencing March 4, 1789, and terminating
+March 3, 1793._
+
+ ===+====================+====+====+==+==+==+==+==+==+==+==+==+===
+ | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ A | STATES. | B | C | D| E| F| G| H| J| K| L| M| N
+ | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ ---+--------------------+----+----+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+---
+ 5 | New Hampshire | 5 | 5 | | | | | | | | | |
+ 10 | Massachusetts | 10 | 10 | | | | | | | | | |
+ 7 | Connecticut | 7 | 5 | 2| | | | | | | | |
+ 6 | New Jersey | 6 | 1 | | 5| | | | | | | |
+ 10 | Pennsylvania | 10 | 8 | | | 2| | | | | | |
+ 3 | Delaware | 3 | | | 3| | | | | | | |
+ 6 | Maryland | 6 | | | | | 6| | | | | |
+ 10 | Virginia | 10 | 5 | | 1| 1| | 3| | | | |
+ 7 | South Carolina | 7 | | | | 1| | | 6| | | |
+ 5 | Georgia | 5 | | | | | | | | 2| 1| 1| 1
+ ----+--------------------+----+----+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+----
+ 69 | Whole No. Electors | 69 | 34 | 2| 9| 4| 6| 3| 6| 2| 1| 1| 1
+ | Majority 35 | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ ====+====================+====+====+==+==+==+==+==+==+==+==+==+====
+
+ COLUMN HEADINGS:
+ (A) = No. of Electors from each State.
+ (B) = George Washington, of Virginia.
+ (C) = John Adams, of Massachusetts.
+ (D) = Samuel Huntington, of Connecticut.
+ (E) = John Jay, of New York.
+ (F) = John Hancock, of Massachusetts.
+ (G) = F R. H. Harrison, Maryland.
+ (H) = George Clinton, of New York.
+ (J) = John Rutledge, of South Carolina.
+ (K) = John Milton, of Georgia.
+ (L) = James Armstrong, of Georgia.
+ (M) = Edward Telfair, of Georgia.
+ (N) = Benjamin Lincoln, of Massachusetts.
+
+The first Congress under the Constitution was convened at the “Federal
+Hall,” situated at the head of Broad, fronting on Wall street, (where
+the Custom House now stands,) in the city of New York, on the first
+Wednesday, being March 4, 1789—Senators and Representatives having been
+elected from the eleven States which had ratified the Constitution;
+but, owing to the absence of a quorum, the House was not organized till
+the 1st of April, and, for a like reason, the Senate was not organized
+till the 6th; when the latter body “proceeded by ballot to the choice
+of a President, for the sole purpose of opening and counting the
+[electoral] votes for President of the United States.” John Langdon,
+of New Hampshire, was chosen President _pro tem._ of the Senate, and
+Samuel Alyne Otis, of Massachusetts, Secretary; after which, proper
+measures were taken to notify the successful individuals of their
+election.
+
+George Washington took the oath of office, as President, and entered
+upon his duties April 30, 1789.
+
+(For his Inaugural Address, see p. 41.)
+
+John Adams, Vice-President, entered upon his duties in the Senate April
+21, 1789, and took the oath of office June 3, 1789.
+
+_Election for the Second Term, commencing March 4, 1793, and
+terminating March 3, 1797._
+
+ ===+=========================+=====+=====+=====+=====+===
+ | | | | | |
+ A | | B | C | D | E | F
+ | | | | | |
+ | STATES. | | | | |
+ ---+-------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+---
+ 6 | New Hampshire | 6 | 6 | | |
+ 16 | Massachusetts | 16 | 16 | | |
+ 4 | Rhode Island | 4 | 4 | | |
+ 9 | Connecticut | 9 | 9 | | |
+ 3 | Vermont | 3 | 3 | | |
+ 12 | New York | 12 | | 12 | |
+ 7 | New Jersey | 7 | 7 | | |
+ 15 | Pennsylvania | 15 | 14 | 1 | |
+ 3 | Delaware | 3 | 3 | | |
+ 8 | Maryland | 8 | 8 | | |
+ 21 | Virginia | 21 | | 21 | |
+ 4 | Kentucky | 4 | | | 4 |
+ 12 | North Carolina | 12 | | 12 | |
+ 8 | South Carolina | 8 | 7 | | | 1
+ 4 | Georgia | 4 | | 4 | |
+ ----+-------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+---
+ 132 | Whole No. of Electors | 132 | 77 | 50 | 4 | 1
+ | Majority 67 | | | | |
+ ===+=========================+=====+=====+=====+====+====
+
+ COLUMN HEADINGS:
+ (A) = No. of Electors from each State.
+ (B) = George Washington, of Virginia.
+ (C) = John Adams, of Massachusetts.
+ (D) = George Clinton, of New York.
+ (E) = Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia.
+ (F) = Aaron Burr, of New York.
+
+George Washington, re-elected President, took the oath of office for a
+second term, and entered upon his duties March 4, 1793.
+
+John Adams, re-elected Vice-President, took the oath of office, and
+entered upon his duties in the Senate December 2, 1793.
+
+After the expiration of his second Presidential term, Washington
+retired to the tranquil shades of Mount Vernon, fondly indulging the
+hope that the remainder of his days would be peacefully enjoyed in his
+much cherished home; but these pleasing anticipations were not allowed
+to remain long undisturbed. In 1798 the conduct of the French Directory
+and its emissaries led to frequent difficulties with this country,
+which were calculated to provoke a war; and the opinion was universally
+entertained that he who had formerly so well acquitted himself, must
+be again called to the command of our armies. Accordingly, early in
+July, the rank and title of “Lieutenant-General and Commander-in-Chief
+of all the armies raised, or to be raised, in the United States,” was
+conferred upon him; and the Secretary of War, Mr. McHenry, immediately
+waited upon him to tender the commission. In a letter to President
+Adams, accepting this “new proof of public confidence”, he makes a
+reservation that he shall not be called into the field until the army
+is in a situation to require his presence, and adds: “I take the
+liberty also to mention, that I must decline having my acceptance
+considered as drawing after it any immediate charge upon the public,
+and that I cannot receive any emoluments annexed to the appointment,
+before entering into a situation to incur expense.”
+
+Three years afterward (1758) Washington commanded the Virginians in
+another expedition against the fort, which terminated successfully. At
+the close of this campaign he left the army, and was soon after married
+to Mrs. Martha Custis (the widow of Colonel Daniel Parke Custis), whose
+maiden name was Dandridge, and whose intelligent and patriotic conduct,
+as wife and widow, will ever be gratefully remembered in American
+annals.
+
+In 1759, he was elected to the House of Burgesses, and continued to
+be returned to that body, with the exception of occasional intervals,
+until 1774, when he was sent to represent Virginia in the Continental
+Congress. His well-tempered zeal and military skill, which enabled him
+to suggest the most proper means for national defense, if the country
+were urged to extremities, soon fixed all eyes upon him, as one well
+qualified to direct in the hour of peril; and accordingly, after the
+first scene of the revolutionary drama was opened at Lexington and
+Concord, and an army had concentrated at Cambridge, he was, on the 15th
+of June, 1775, unanimously appointed Commander-in-Chief of the American
+forces. The self-sacrificing spirit which governed his future course is
+too well known to require any elucidation.
+
+After bringing the war to a successful termination, he hastened to
+Annapolis, where Congress was then in session, and on the 23d of
+December, 1783, formally resigned his commission.
+
+In May, 1787, he was elected to the Convention which met at
+Philadelphia for the purpose of forming a Constitution, and was at once
+called upon to preside over its deliberations. After that admirable
+instrument was adopted by the people, he was unanimously elected the
+first President of the United States for four years; at the expiration
+of which he was unanimously reëlected for a second term.
+
+On the 12th of December, 1799, he was seized with an inflammation in
+the throat, which grew worse the next day, and terminated his life on
+the 14th, in the 68th year of his age.
+
+
+
+
+JOHN ADAMS,
+
+THE SECOND PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,
+
+
+And whose fame as a patriot and statesman is imperishable, was born
+at Braintree, Massachusetts, October 19, 1735. He early displayed
+superior capacity for learning, and graduated at Cambridge College with
+great credit. After qualifying himself for the legal profession, he
+was admitted to practice in 1761, and soon attained that distinction
+to which his talents were entitled. From the commencement of the
+troubles with Great Britain, in 1769, he was among the most active
+in securing the freedom of his country. Being elected to the first
+Continental Congress, he took a prominent part in all the war measures
+that were then originated, and, subsequently, suggested the appointment
+of Washington as commander-in-chief of the army. He was one of the
+committee which reported the Declaration of Independence, in 1776, and
+the next year visited France, as commissioner, to form a treaty of
+alliance and commerce with that country. Although the object had been
+accomplished before his arrival, his visit had, otherwise, a favorable
+effect on the existing position of affairs; and he was afterward
+appointed to negotiate a treaty of peace with Great Britain, which,
+after many laborious and fruitless efforts, was finally accomplished
+in 1783. In 1785, he was sent to England as the first minister from
+this country, and, on his return, was elected first Vice-President, in
+which office he served two terms, and was then, in 1797, elected to
+succeed Washington as President. Many occurrences tended to embarrass
+his administration and to render it unpopular; but it is now generally
+admitted to have been characterized by patriotism and vigor equal
+to the emergencies which then existed. His political opponents,
+however, managed to defeat his reëlection, and he was succeeded in
+the Presidency by Mr. Jefferson, in 1801; after which he retired to
+his farm at Quincy, where his declining years were passed in the
+gratification of his unabated love for reading and contemplation,
+and where he was constantly cheered by an interesting circle of
+friendship and affection. The semi-centennial anniversary of American
+Independence (July 4, 1826) was remarkable, not merely for the event
+which it commemorated, but for the decease of two of the most active
+participants in the measures by which independence was achieved. On
+that day, Adams and Jefferson were both gathered to their fathers,
+within about four hours of each other, “cheered by the benediction of
+their country, to whom they left the inheritance of their fame and the
+memory of their bright example.”
+
+_Election for the Third Term, commencing March 4, 1797, and terminating
+March 3, 1801._
+
+ ===+================+===+===+===+===+===+===+===+===+===+===+==+==+==
+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ A | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ | STATES. | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | J | K | L | M| N| O
+ ---+----------------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+--+--+--
+ 6 |New Hampshire | 6 | | | | | 6| | | | | | |
+ 16 |Massachusetts |16 | | 13| | | 1| | | 2| | | |
+ 4 |Rhode Island | 4 | | | | | 4| | | | | | |
+ 9 |Connecticut | 9 | | 4| | | | 5| | | | | |
+ 4 |Vermont | 4 | | 4| | | | | | | | | |
+ 12 |New York |12 | | 12| | | | | | | | | |
+ 7 |New Jersey | 7 | | 7| | | | | | | | | |
+ 15 |Pennsylvania | 1 | 14| 2| 13| | | | | | | | |
+ 3 |Delaware | 3 | | 3| | | | | | | | | |
+ 11 |Maryland | 7 | 4| 4| 3| | | | | | | | | 2
+ 21 |Virginia | 1 | 20| 1| 1| 15| | | 3| | | 1| |
+ 4 |Kentucky | | 4| | 4| | | | | | | | |
+ 12 |North Carolina | 1 | 11| 1| 6| | | | | | 3| 1| |
+ 8 |South Carolina | | 8| 8| | | | | | | | | 1|
+ 4 |Georgia | | 4| | | | | | 4| | | | |
+ 3 |Tennessee | | 3| | 3| | | | | | | | |
+ ---|----------------+---+---+---+-------+---+---+---+---+---+--+--+--
+ 139|No. of Electors.| 71| 68| 59| 30| 15| 11| 5| 7| 2| 3| 2| 1| 2
+ |Majority 70 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+ ===+================+===+===+===+===+===+===+===+===+===+===+==+==+==
+
+ COLUMN HEADINGS:
+ (A) = No. of Electors from each State.
+ (B) = John Adams, of Massachusetts.
+ (C) = Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia.
+ (D) = Thos. Pinckney, of South Carolina.
+ (E) = Aaron Burr, of New York.
+ (F) = Samuel Adams, of Massachusetts.
+ (G) = Oliver Ellsworth, of Connecticut.
+ (H) = John Jay, of New York.
+ (J) = George Clinton, of New York.
+ (K) = S. Johnston, of North Carolina.
+ (L) = James Iredell, of North Carolina.
+ (M) = Geo. Washington, of Virginia.
+ (N) = C. C. Pinckney, of South Carolina.
+ (O) = John Henry, of Maryland.
+
+John Adams, elected President, took the oath of office, and entered
+upon his duties, March 4, 1797.
+
+Thomas Jefferson, elected Vice-President, took the oath of office, and
+entered upon his duties in the Senate, March 4, 1797.
+
+The administration of Mr. Adams encountered the most virulent
+opposition, both domestic and foreign. France, still in the confusion
+following her revolution, made improper demands on our country, which
+not being complied with, she commenced seizing American property on
+the high seas. Our people, taking different sides, were about equally
+divided—some approving and others deprecating the course pursued by
+France. Letters of marque and reprisal were issued by our government,
+and a navy was raised with surprising promptitude. This had the desired
+effect, peace being thereby secured; and the aggressor was taught that
+the Americans were friends in peace, but were not fearful of war when
+it could not be honorably averted.
+
+The Indians on our western frontiers also caused much trouble; but at
+length, being severely chastised by General Wayne, they sued for peace,
+which was granted in 1795.
+
+In 1800 the seat of government was removed from Philadelphia to
+Washington City, which had been designated by Washington, under a law
+of Congress, as the most central situation.
+
+As has been noticed elsewhere, Mr. Adams deemed it prudent, in the
+early part of his administration, when impending difficulties with
+France seemed to render war inevitable, to offer Washington the
+commission of Lieutenant-General and Commander-in-Chief of the army,
+which he accepted as a matter of duty, and held until his death, but
+fortunately never found it necessary to take the field.
+
+
+
+
+THOMAS JEFFERSON,
+
+THE THIRD PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,
+
+
+Was born at Shadwell, Albemarle County, Virginia (near Monticello, the
+seat where he died), April 13, 1743. He was educated at William and
+Mary’s College, and graduated with distinction when quite young. He
+was a great lover of learning, and particularly of natural philosophy.
+With the celebrated George Wythe, he commenced the study of the law,
+and became a favorite pupil. Mr. Jefferson was never distinguished as
+an advocate, but was considered a good lawyer. Soon after he came to
+the bar he was elected a member of the House of Burgesses, and, in that
+body, was duly appreciated for his learning and aptitude for business.
+He at once took fire at British oppression, and, in 1774, he employed
+his pen in discussing the whole course of the British ministry. The
+work was admired, and made a text book by his countrymen. In June,
+1775, he took his seat in the Continental Congress, from Virginia.
+In that body he soon became conspicuous, and was considered a firm
+friend of American liberty. In 1776, he was chosen chairman of the
+committee that drafted the Declaration of Independence. This instrument
+is nearly all his own, and was sanctioned by his coadjutors, with
+few alterations. In 1778, Mr. Jefferson was appointed embassador to
+France, to form a treaty with that government, but ill-health prevented
+his accepting this office. He succeeded Patrick Henry, in 1779, as
+Governor of Virginia, and continued in that station two years. In 1781
+he composed his notes on Virginia. In 1783 he was sent to France to
+join the ministers of our country, Mr. Adams and Dr. Franklin. In 1785
+he succeeded Dr. Franklin as embassador, and continued performing the
+duties of that office for two years, when he retired, and returned
+home. In 1789 he was made Secretary of State, under Washington, in
+which situation he was highly distinguished for his talents. This
+station he resigned in 1793, and retired to private life. In 1797 he
+was elected Vice-President of the United States, and took his seat as
+President of the Senate, on the following 4th of March. In 1801, he
+was President of the United States, which office he held for eight
+years. After completing his second term, he retired to private life,
+in which he spent his days in philosophical pursuits, until the 4th
+of July, 1826, when he expired, just fifty years after penning the
+Declaration of Independence. His course was one of his own. Never lived
+there a politician who did more than Thomas Jefferson to bring his
+fellow-citizens to his own opinions.
+
+_Election for the Fourth Term, commencing March 4, 1801, and
+terminating March 3, 1805._
+
+ ====+===================+=====+=====+=====+=====+====
+ A | STATES. | B | C | D | E | F
+ ----+-------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+----
+ 6 | New Hampshire | | | 6 | 6 |
+ 16 | Massachusetts | | | 16 | 16 |
+ 4 | Rhode Island | | | 4 | 3 | 1
+ 9 | Connecticut | | | 9 | 9 |
+ 4 | Vermont | | | 4 | 4 |
+ 12 | New York | 12 | 12 | | |
+ 7 | New Jersey | | | 7 | 7 |
+ 15 | Pennsylvania | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 |
+ 3 | Delaware | | | 3 | 3 |
+ 10 | Maryland | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
+ 21 | Virginia | 21 | 21 | | |
+ 4 | Kentucky | 4 | 4 | | |
+ 12 | North Carolina | 8 | 8 | 4 | 4 |
+ 3 | Tennessee | 3 | 3 | | |
+ 8 | South Carolina | 8 | 8 | | |
+ 4 | Georgia | 4 | 4 | | |
+ ----+-------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+----
+ 138 | No. of Electors | 73 | 73 | 65 | 64 | 1
+ | Majority 70 | | | | |
+ ====+===================+=====+=====+=====+=====+====
+
+ COLUMN HEADINGS:
+ (A) = No. of Electors from each State.
+ (B) = Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia.
+ (C) = Aaron Burr, of New York.
+ (D) = John Adams, of Massachusetts.
+ (E) = C. C. Pinckney, of South Carolina.
+ (F) = John Jay, of New York.
+
+The electoral vote for Thos. Jefferson and Aaron Burr being equal, no
+choice was made by the people, and on the 11th of February, 1801, the
+House of Representatives proceeded to the choice of President in the
+manner prescribed by the Constitution. On the first ballot eight States
+voted for Thos. Jefferson, six for Aaron Burr, and the votes of two
+States were divided. The balloting continued till the 17th of February,
+when the thirty-fifth ballot, as had all previously, resulted the same
+as the first. After the thirty-sixth ballot, the Speaker declared that
+the votes of ten States had been given for Thos. Jefferson, the votes
+of four States for Aaron Burr, and the votes of two States in blank;
+and that, consequently, Thomas Jefferson had been elected for the term
+of four years.
+
+Thomas Jefferson, thus elected President, took the oath of office, and
+entered upon his duties, March 4, 1801.
+
+In his inaugural address, Mr. Jefferson used the following memorable
+expression: “We have called by different names brethren of the same
+principle. We are all republicans: we are all federalists. If there
+be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union, or to change
+its republican form, let them stand, undisturbed, as monuments of the
+safety with which ERROR OF OPINION MAY BE TOLERATED, WHERE REASON IS
+LEFT FREE TO COMBAT IT.”
+
+Aaron Burr, elected Vice-President, took the oath of office, and
+entered upon his duties in the Senate, March 4, 1801.
+
+_Election for the Fifth Term, commencing March 4, 1805, and terminating
+March 3, 1809._
+
+ ====+=========================+===========+===========
+ | | PRESID’T. | V. PRES’T.
+ A | STATES. +-----+-----+-----+-----
+ | | A | B | C | D
+ ----+-------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----
+ 7 | New Hampshire | 7 | | 7 |
+ 19 | Massachusetts | 19 | | 19 |
+ 4 | Rhode Island | 4 | | 4 |
+ 9 | Connecticut | | 9 | | 9
+ 6 | Vermont | 6 | | 6 |
+ 19 | New York | 19 | | 19 |
+ 8 | New Jersey | 8 | | 8 |
+ 20 | Pennsylvania | 20 | | 20 |
+ 3 | Delaware | | 3 | | 3
+ 11 | Maryland | 9 | 2 | 9 | 2
+ 24 | Virginia | 24 | | 24 |
+ 14 | North Carolina | 14 | | 14 |
+ 10 | South Carolina | 10 | | 10 |
+ 6 | Georgia | 6 | | 6 |
+ 5 | Tennessee | 5 | | 5 |
+ 8 | Kentucky | 8 | | 8 |
+ 3 | Ohio | 3 | | 3 |
+ ----+-------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----
+ 176 | Whole No. of Electors | 162 | 14 | 162 | 14
+ | Majority 89 | | | |
+ ====+=========================+=====+=====+=====+=====
+
+ COLUMN HEADINGS:
+ (A) = No. of Electors from each State.
+ (B) = Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia.
+ (C) = Charles C. Pinckney, of South Carolina.
+ (D) = George Clinton, of New York.
+ (E) = Rufus King, of New York.
+
+Thomas Jefferson, elected President, took the oath of office for a
+second term, and entered upon his duties March 4, 1805.
+
+George Clinton, elected Vice-President, took the oath of office, and
+entered upon his duties in the Senate, March 4, 1805.
+
+Among the most important acts of Mr. Jefferson’s administration was the
+purchase of Louisiana from France for $15,000,000, which territory was
+surrendered to our Government in December, 1803.
+
+In November, 1808, the celebrated “ORDERS IN COUNCIL” were issued
+by the British Government, which prohibited all trade with France
+and her allies; and, as a retaliatory measure, in December following
+Bonaparte issued his “MILAN DECREE,” interdicting all trade with
+England and her colonies—thus subjecting almost every American vessel
+on the ocean to capture. In requital for these tyrannous proceedings,
+and that England and France might both feel their injustice, Congress
+decreed an embargo; but as this failed to obtain from either power an
+acknowledgment of our rights, and was also ruinous to our commerce with
+other nations, it was repealed in March, 1809.
+
+
+
+
+JAMES MADISON,
+
+THE FOURTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,
+
+
+Was born in Orange County, Virginia, March 16, 1751. His studies,
+preparatory to entering Princeton College, were pursued under the most
+favorable circumstances, he being provided with the most accomplished
+instructors, and he graduated with high honor in 1771. On returning
+to Virginia, he zealously commenced the study of the law, which he
+subsequently abandoned for political life.
+
+In 1776, he was elected to the General Assembly of Virginia, and from
+this period, for more than forty years, he was continually in office,
+serving his State and his country in various capacities, from that of a
+State Legislator to that of President.
+
+In 1778, he was elected by the Legislature to the executive council
+of the State, where he rendered important aid to Henry and Jefferson,
+Governors of Virginia, during the time he held a seat in the council;
+and by his probity of character, faithfulness in the discharge of duty,
+and amiableness of deportment, he won the approbation of these great
+men. In the winter of 1779-80, he took his seat in the Continental
+Congress, and became immediately an active and leading member, as the
+journal of that body abundantly testifies.
+
+In 1784-5-6, he was a member of the Legislature of Virginia. In
+1787, he became a member of the Convention held in Philadelphia, for
+the purpose of preparing a Constitution for the Government of the
+United States. Perhaps no member of that body had more to do with the
+formation of that noble instrument, the Constitution of the United
+States of America, than Mr. Madison.
+
+It was during the recess between the proposition of the Constitution
+by the Convention of 1787, and its adoption by the States, that that
+celebrated work, “The Federalist,” made its appearance. This is known
+to be the joint production of Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James
+Madison. The same year he was elected to Congress, and held his seat
+until the Continental Congress passed away among the things that were.
+He was a member of the State Convention of Virginia which met to adopt
+the Constitution, and on the establishment of the new Congress under
+the Constitution, he was chosen a member, retaining his seat until the
+close of Washington’s administration.
+
+In 1801, as one of the presidential electors, he had the gratification
+of voting for his illustrious friend Jefferson, who immediately
+offered him a place in his cabinet, which was accepted. Accordingly,
+he entered on the discharge of his duties as Secretary of State, which
+duties he continued to perform during the whole of Mr. Jefferson’s
+administration, and on the retirement of that great statesman, in 1809,
+he succeeded to the Presidency, in which office he served two terms.
+
+Mr. Madison then retired to his peaceful home in Virginia, where he
+passed the remainder of his days in favorite pastimes, loved by the
+many and respected by all, until the 28th of June, 1826, when the
+last survivor of the framers of our Constitution was gathered to his
+fathers, full of years and glory.
+
+_Election for the Sixth Term, commencing March 4, 1809, and terminating
+March 3, 1813._
+
+ ===+=========================+==============+=======================
+ | | PRESIDENT. | VICE-PRESIDENT.
+ A | STATES. +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+---
+ | | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | J
+ ---+-------------------------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+---
+ 7| New Hampshire | | | 7 | | | | | 7
+ 19| Massachusetts | | | 19 | | | | | 19
+ 4| Rhode Island | | | 4 | | | | | 4
+ 9| Connecticut | | | 9 | | | | | 9
+ 6| Vermont | 6 | | | | | | 6 |
+ 19| New York | 13 | 6 | | 13 | 3 | 3 | |
+ 8| New Jersey | 8 | | | 8 | | | |
+ 20| Pennsylvania | 20 | | | 20 | | | |
+ 3| Delaware | | | 3 | | | | | 3
+ 11| Maryland | 9 | | 2 | 9 | | | | 2
+ 24| Virginia | 24 | | | 24 | | | |
+ 14| North Carolina | 11 | | 3 | 11 | | | | 3
+ 10| South Carolina | 10 | | | 10 | | | |
+ 6| Georgia | 6 | | | 6 | | | |
+ 7| Kentucky | 7 | | | 7 | | | |
+ 5| Tennessee | 5 | | | 5 | | | |
+ 3| Ohio | 3 | | | | | | 3 |
+ ---+-------------------------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+---
+ 175| Whole No. of Electors |122 | 6 | 47 |113 | 3 | 3 | 9 | 47
+ | Majority 88 | | | | | | | |
+ ====================================================================
+
+ COLUMN HEADINGS:
+ (A) = No. of Electors from each State.
+ (B) = James Madison, of Virginia.
+ (C) = George Clinton, of New York.
+ (D) = C. C. Pinckney, of South Carolina.
+ (E) = George Clinton, of New York.
+ (F) = James Madison, of Virginia.
+ (G) = James Monroe, of Virginia.
+ (H) = John Langdon, of New Hampshire.
+ (J) = Rufus King, of New York.
+
+James Madison took the oath of office, as President, and entered upon
+his duties March 4, 1809.
+
+George Clinton, elected Vice-President, took the oath of office, and
+attended in the Senate, March 4, 1809.
+
+Our national position, especially in regard to England and France,
+was certainly a very perplexing one when Mr. Madison came to the
+Presidency. We were not only threatened by enemies abroad, but were
+harassed by a savage foe on our western frontier, probably urged on by
+British influence, and led by the famous chief Tecumseh and his brother
+the Prophet. These last were finally subdued in 1811; but our European
+foes were more troublesome. After all peaceful means had failed to
+check the aggressions of England, and when at length “patience had
+ceased to be a virtue,” war was declared against that country, June 19,
+1812. The events of that war it is not within our province to record;
+and it is sufficient to say, that they greatly elevated the American
+character in the estimation of both friends and enemies.
+
+_Election for the Seventh Term, commencing March 4, 1813, and
+terminating March 3, 1817._
+
+ ====+=========================+===========+===========
+ | | PRESID’T. | V. PRES’T.
+ A | STATES. +-----+-----+-----+-----
+ | | B | C | D | E
+ ----+-------------------------+-----+-----+----+------
+ 8 | New Hampshire | | 8 | 1 | 7
+ 22 | Massachusetts | | 22 | 2 | 20
+ 4 | Rhode Island | | 4 | | 4
+ 9 | Connecticut | | 9 | | 9
+ 8 | Vermont | 8 | | 8 |
+ 29 | New York | | 29 | | 29
+ 8 | New Jersey | | 8 | | 8
+ 25 | Pennsylvania | 25 | | 25 |
+ 4 | Delaware | | 4 | | 4
+ 11 | Maryland | 6 | 5 | 6 | 5
+ 25 | Virginia | 25 | | 25 |
+ 15 | North Carolina | 15 | | 15 |
+ 11 | South Carolina | 11 | | 11 |
+ 8 | Georgia | 8 | | 8 |
+ 12 | Kentucky | 12 | | 12 |
+ 8 | Tennessee | 8 | | 8 |
+ 7 | Ohio | 7 | | 7 |
+ 3 | Louisiana | 3 | | 3 |
+ ----+-------------------------+-----|-----|-----|-----
+ 217 | Whole No. of Electors | 128 | 89 | 131 | 86
+ | Majority 109 | | | |
+ ====+=========================+=====+=====+=====+=====
+
+ COLUMN HEADINGS:
+ (A) = No. of Electors from each State.
+ (B) = James Madison, of Virginia.
+ (C) = De Witt Clinton, of New York.
+ (D) = Elbridge Gerry, of Massachusetts.
+ (E) = Jared Ingersoll, of Pennsylvania.
+
+James Madison, elected President for a second term. [There is no notice
+on the Journals of Congress of his having taken the oath.]
+
+Elbridge Gerry, elected Vice-President, attended in the Senate on the
+24th of May, 1813, and exhibited a certificate of his having taken the
+oath of office prescribed by law, which was read.
+
+The war into which the country had been forced was brought to a close
+by the treaty of Ghent, which was signed December 24, 1814; but this
+treaty had scarcely been ratified, when it became necessary to commence
+another war for the protection of American commerce and seamen against
+Algerine piracies. In May, 1815, a squadron under Commodore Decatur
+sailed for the Mediterranean, where the naval force of Algiers was
+cruising for American vessels. After capturing two of the enemy’s
+best frigates in that sea, Decatur proceeded to the Bay of Algiers,
+and there dictated a treaty which secured the United States from any
+further molestation from that quarter. Similar treaties were also
+concluded with the other Barbary powers.
+
+
+
+
+JAMES MONROE,
+
+THE FIFTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,
+
+
+One of the few exalted characters that served his country in both a
+civil and military capacity, was born in Westmoreland county, Virginia,
+April 26, 1758, and was educated at William and Mary’s College, whence
+he graduated in 1776, and commenced the study of the law. Anxious
+to aid in the struggle for independence, which had then just began,
+he abandoned his studies, and entered the army as a cadet—joining a
+corps under the gallant General Mercer. He soon distinguished himself
+in several well-fought battles, and rapid promotion followed, until
+he reached the rank of captain. He was at Harlem Heights, and White
+Plains, and shared the perils and fatigues of the distressing retreat
+of Washington through New Jersey, as well as the glory of the victory
+over the Hessians at Trenton, where he received a musket-ball in the
+shoulder; notwithstanding which, he valiantly “fought out the fight.”
+He subsequently accepted the post of an aid to Lord Stirling, with
+the rank of Major, in which position he saw much hard service—being
+engaged in almost every conflict for the two succeeding campaigns,
+and displaying great courage and coolness at the bloody battles of
+Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth.
+
+Aspiring to a separate command, he obtained permission to raise a
+regiment in his native State; for which purpose he left the army, and
+returned to Virginia, where he encountered so many unexpected and
+discouraging obstacles, that he finally relinquished the enterprise,
+and resumed his law studies in the office of Mr. Jefferson.
+
+In 1780, he was elected to the Virginia Legislature, and in the
+following year was made one of Governor Jefferson’s council, in which
+he continued until 1783, when, at the age of twenty-four years, he
+became a member of the Continental Congress. After serving three years
+in that body, he was again returned to the State Legislature.
+
+In 1788, while a member of the Convention to decide upon the adoption
+of the new Constitution, he voted in the minority against that
+instrument; but this vote did not at all affect his popularity. Two
+years afterward he was elected United States Senator, and in 1794 he
+was sent envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the Court
+of Versailles. After settling the cession of Louisiana to the United
+States, he went to England to succeed Mr. King as minister at the court
+of St. James. The affair of the frigate Chesapeake placing him in an
+uncomfortable situation, he returned to the United States, and, in
+1810, was once more elected to the Virginia Legislature. He was soon
+after chosen Governor of that State, in which office he remained until
+Mr. Madison called him to assume the duties of Secretary of State in
+his cabinet. In 1817, he was elected President of the United States,
+and in 1821 was unanimously reëlected, with the exception of a single
+vote in New Hampshire. His administration was a prosperous and quiet
+one.
+
+He united with Jefferson and Madison in founding the University of
+Virginia; and when the convention was formed for the revision of the
+Constitution of his State, he was called to preside over its action.
+Not long after this, he went to reside with a beloved daughter (the
+wife of Samuel L. Gouverneur, Esq.) in New York City, where he lived
+until the anniversary of Independence, in 1831, when, “amidst the
+pealing joy and congratulations of that proud day, he passed quietly
+and in glory away.”
+
+_Election for the Eighth Term, commencing March 4, 1817, and
+terminating March 3, 1821._
+
+ ====+========================+===========+========================
+ | | PRESID’T. | VICE-PRESIDENT.
+ A | STATES. +-----+-----+----+----+----+----+----
+ | | B | C | D | E | F | G | H
+ ----+------------------------+-----+-----+----+----+----+----+----
+ 8 | New Hampshire | 8 | | 8 | | | |
+ 22 | Massachusetts | | 22 | | 22 | | |
+ 4 | Rhode Island | 4 | | 4 | | | |
+ 9 | Connecticut | | 9 | | | 5 | 4 |
+ 8 | Vermont | 8 | | 8 | | | |
+ 29 | New York | 29 | | 29 | | | |
+ 8 | New Jersey | 8 | | 8 | | | |
+ 25 | Pennsylvania | 25 | | 25 | | | |
+ 3 | Delaware | | 3 | | | | | 3
+ 8 | Maryland | 8 | | 8 | | | |
+ 25 | Virginia | 25 | | 25 | | | |
+ 15 | North Carolina | 15 | | 15 | | | |
+ 11 | South Carolina | 11 | | 11 | | | |
+ 8 | Georgia | 8 | | 8 | | | |
+ 12 | Kentucky | 12 | | 12 | | | |
+ 8 | Tennessee | 8 | | 8 | | | |
+ 8 | Ohio | 8 | | 8 | | | |
+ 3 | Louisiana | 3 | | 3 | | | |
+ 3 | Indiana | 3 | | 3 | | | |
+ ----+------------------------+-----+-----+----+----+----+----+----
+ 217 | Whole No. of Electors | 183 | 34 | 83 | 22 | 5 | 4 | 3
+ | Majority 109 | | | | | | |
+ ====+========================+=====+=====+====+====+====+====+====
+
+ COLUMN HEADINGS:
+ (A) = No. of Electors from each State.
+ (B) = James Monroe, of Virginia.
+ (C) = Rufus King, of New York.
+ (D) = D. D. Tompkins, of New York.
+ (E) = John E. Howard, of Maryland.
+ (F) = James Ross, of Pennsylvania.
+ (G) = John Marshall, of Virginia.
+ (H) = Rob’t G. Harper, of Maryland.
+
+James Monroe took the oath of office, as President, and entered upon
+his duties March 4, 1817.
+
+Daniel D. Tompkins, elected Vice-President, took the oath of office,
+and attended in the Senate, March 4, 1817.
+
+The Seminole and a few of the Creek Indians commenced depredations on
+the frontiers of Georgia and Alabama towards the close of 1817, for
+which they were severely chastised by a force under General Jackson,
+and gladly sued for peace.
+
+In February, 1819, a treaty was negotiated at Washington, by which
+Spain ceded to the United States East and West Florida and the adjacent
+Islands. In the same year the southern portion of Missouri Territory
+was set off under the name of Arkansas, for which a territorial
+government was formed; and Alabama was constituted a State, and
+admitted into the Union.
+
+Early in 1820 the province of Maine, which had been connected with
+Massachusetts since 1652, was separated from it and was admitted into
+the Union as an independent State.
+
+_Election for the Ninth Term, commencing March 4, 1821, and terminating
+March 3, 1825._
+
+ ====+===================+===========+===========================
+ | | PRESID’T. | VICE-PRESIDENT.
+ A | STATES. +-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---
+ | | B | C | D | E | F | G | H
+ ----+-------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---
+ 8 | New Hampshire | 7 | 1 | 7 | | | 1 |
+ 15 | Massachusetts | 15 | | 7 | 8 | | |
+ 4 | Rhode Island | 4 | | 4 | | | |
+ 9 | Connecticut | 9 | | 9 | | | |
+ 8 | Vermont | 8 | | 8 | | | |
+ 29 | New York | 29 | | 29 | | | |
+ 8 | New Jersey | 8 | | 8 | | | |
+ 25 | Pennsylvania | 24 | | 24 | | | |
+ 4 | Delaware | 4 | | | | | | 4
+ 11 | Maryland | 11 | | 10 | | 1 | |
+ 25 | Virginia | 25 | | 25 | | | |
+ 15 | North Carolina | 15 | | 15 | | | |
+ 11 | South Carolina | 11 | | 11 | | | |
+ 8 | Georgia | 8 | | 8 | | | |
+ 12 | Kentucky | 12 | | 12 | | | |
+ 7 | Tennessee | 7 | | 7 | | | |
+ 8 | Ohio | 8 | | 8 | | | |
+ 3 | Louisiana | 3 | | 3 | | | |
+ 3 | Indiana | 3 | | 3 | | | |
+ 2 | Mississippi | 2 | | 2 | | | |
+ 3 | Illinois | 3 | | 3 | | | |
+ 3 | Alabama | 3 | | 3 | | | |
+ 9 | Maine | 9 | | 9 | | | |
+ 3 | Missouri | 3 | | 3 | | | |
+ ----+-------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+---
+ 236 | No. of Electors | 231 | 1 | 218 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 4
+ | Majority 118 | | | | | | |
+ ====+===================+=====+=====+=====+=====+=====+=====+===
+
+ COLUMN HEADINGS:
+ (A) = No. of Electors from each State.
+ (B) = James Monroe, of Virginia.
+ (C) = John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts.
+ (D) = Daniel D. Tompkins, of New York.
+ (E) = Richard Stockton, of New Jersey.
+ (F) = Robert C. Harper, of Maryland.
+ (G) = Richard Rush, of Pennsylvania.
+ (H) = Daniel Rodney, of Delaware.
+
+James Monroe was re-elected President, but there is no notice on the
+Journals of Congress that he again took the oath of office.
+
+Daniel D. Tompkins was re-elected Vice-President, but there is no
+record of his having taken the oath of office.
+
+Public attention was much occupied in 1824-5 by a visit from the
+venerable General Lafayette, who, after the lapse of nearly half a
+century from the period of his military career, was again welcomed with
+every token of respect that could be devised for honoring the “Nation’s
+Guest.” He landed in New York in August, 1824, and after remaining
+there a short time, set out on a tour through all the States. Upwards
+of a year was taken up in accomplishing this gratifying object; and in
+September, 1825, he sailed from Washington in the frigate Brandywine
+for his native home.
+
+
+
+
+JOHN QUINCY ADAMS,
+
+THE SIXTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,
+
+
+Was born at Quincy, Massachusetts, July 11, 1767, and received the
+advantages of a pretty thorough education before entering Harvard
+College, which was not until the year 1786. After graduating with
+marked credit, he commenced the study of law at Newburyport, in the
+office of the Hon. Theophilus Parsons, for many years Chief Justice
+of Massachusetts. While pursuing his studies he found leisure to
+write several newspaper essays, which attracted much attention, and
+displayed a maturity of taste and judgment seldom attained so early in
+life. In 1794, Washington appointed him minister to the Netherlands,
+and subsequently transferred him to Portugal. He was afterward, at
+different periods, minister to Prussia, Russia, and England; and was
+one of the commissioners who negotiated the treaty of peace with Great
+Britain, at Ghent, in 1815. In 1817, he was appointed Secretary of
+State, in which office he continued during Mr. Monroe’s administration,
+eight years; when he was elected by the House of Representatives
+President of the United States—the people having failed in making a
+choice. Like his father, he encountered strong opposition, and only
+served one term in this office, being defeated in a reëlection by
+General Jackson. He then retired to his farm at Quincy, but did not
+remain long in private life; for, two years afterward, he was chosen
+Representative in Congress, and continued to be reëlected until his
+death, which occurred in the Capitol, at Washington, February 23,
+1848. Two days previous to this sad event, while engaged in his duties
+in the House of Representatives, he received a paralytic stroke,
+which apparently deprived him of all consciousness. He was borne to
+the Speaker’s room, where he received every attention that could be
+bestowed by anxious and devoted friends, but all in vain—his hour was
+come. The last words he was heard to utter were, “This is the last of
+earth.”
+
+Mr. Adams was a man of rare gifts and rich acquisitions. A diligent
+student, and economical of his time, he found opportunity, amid all his
+public cares, to cultivate his tastes for literature and the sciences.
+He was one of the finest classical and belles-lettres scholars of his
+time, and filled the chair of Professor of Rhetoric and Belles-lettres
+in Harvard College for several years. Even in his old age, he often
+astonished his hearers with the elegant classical allusions and
+rhetorical tropes with which he enriched and embellished his own
+productions.
+
+_Election for the Tenth Term, commencing March 4, 1825, and terminating
+March 3, 1829._
+
+ ====================================================================
+ | | PRESIDENT. | VICE-PRESIDENT.
+ A | STATES. +---+---+---+----+---+---+---+---+---+--
+ | | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | J | K | L
+ ----+-----------------------+---+---+---+----+---+---+---+---+---+--
+ 8 | New Hampshire | | 8| | | 7| | | 1| |
+ 15 | Massachusetts | | 15| | | 15| | | | |
+ 4 | Rhode Island | | 4| | | 4| | | | |
+ 8 | Connecticut | | 8| | | | | | 8| |
+ 7 | Vermont | | 7| | | 7| | | | |
+ 36 | New York | 1| 26| 5| 4| 29| 7| | | |
+ 8 | New Jersey | 8| | | | 8| | | | |
+ 28 | Pennsylvania | 28| | | | 28| | | | |
+ 3 | Delaware | | 1| 2| | 1| | | | | 2
+ 11 | Maryland | 7| 3| 1| | 10| | | 1| |
+ 24 | Virginia | | | 24| | | | 24| | |
+ 15 | North Carolina | 15| | | | 15| | | | |
+ 11 | South Carolina | 11| | | | 11| | | | |
+ 9 | Georgia | | | 9| | | | | | 9|
+ 14 | Kentucky | | | | 14| 7| 7| | | |
+ 11 | Tennessee | 11| | | | 11| | | | |
+ 16 | Ohio | | | | 16| | 16| | | |
+ 5 | Louisiana | 3| 2| | | 5| | | | |
+ 5 | Indiana | 5| | | | 5| | | | |
+ 3 | Mississippi | 3| | | | 3| | | | |
+ 3 | Illinois | 2| 1| | | 3| | | | |
+ 5 | Alabama | 5| | | | 5| | | | |
+ 9 | Maine | | 9| | | 9| | | | |
+ 3 | Missouri | | | | 3| | | | 3| |
+ ----+-----------------------+---+---+---+----+---+---+---+---+---+--
+ 261 | Whole No. of Electors | 99| 84| 41| 37|183| 30| 24| 13| 9| 2
+ | Majority 131 | | | | | | | | | |
+ ====================================================================
+
+ COLUMN HEADINGS:
+ (A) = No. of Electors from each State.
+ (B) = Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee.
+ (C) = John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts.
+ (D) = Wm. H. Crawford, of Georgia.
+ (E) = Henry Clay, of Kentucky.
+ (F) = John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina.
+ (G) = Nathan Sanford, of New York.
+ (H) = Nathaniel Macon, of North Carolina.
+ (J) = Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee.
+ (K) = Henry Clay, of Kentucky.
+ (L) = Martin Van Buren, of New York.
+
+Neither candidate for the Presidency having received a majority of
+the electoral votes, it devolved upon the House of Representatives to
+choose a President from the three highest on the list of those voted
+for, which three were Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and William
+H. Crawford. Twenty-four tellers (one member from each State) were
+appointed, who, after examining the ballots, announced that the votes
+of thirteen States had been given for John Quincy Adams; the votes
+of seven States for Andrew Jackson; and the votes of four States for
+William H. Crawford. The Speaker then declared that John Quincy Adams,
+having received a majority of the votes of all the States, was duly
+elected President of the United States for four years, commencing on
+the 4th of March, 1825; on which day Mr. Adams took the oath of office,
+and entered upon his duties.
+
+John C. Calhoun, having been elected Vice-President, took the oath of
+office, and attended in the Senate, March 4, 1825.
+
+
+
+
+ANDREW JACKSON,
+
+THE SEVENTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,
+
+
+A statesman of rare integrity, and a general of invincible skill
+and courage, was born at Waxhaw, Lancaster County, South Carolina,
+in 1767, and while yet a mere lad, did something toward achieving
+the independence of his country. It is said that he commenced his
+military career at the age of fourteen years, and was soon after taken
+prisoner, together with an elder brother. During his captivity, he was
+ordered by a British officer to perform some menial service, which he
+promptly refused, and for this refusal was “severely wounded with the
+sword which the Englishman disgraced.” He was educated for the bar,
+and commenced practice at Nashville, Tennessee, but relinquished his
+legal pursuits to “gain a name in arms.” In the early part of the war
+of 1812, Congress, having voted to accept fifty thousand volunteers,
+General Jackson appealed to the militia of Tennessee, when twenty-five
+hundred enrolled their names, and presented themselves to Congress,
+with General Jackson at their head. They were accepted, and ordered to
+Natchez, to watch the operations of the British in lower Mississippi.
+Not long after, he received orders from headquarters to disband his men
+and send them to their homes. To obey, he foresaw, would be an act of
+great injustice to his command, and reflect disgrace on the country,
+and he resolved to disobey. He accordingly broke up his camp, and
+returned to Nashville, bringing all his sick with him, whose wants on
+the way he relieved with his private means, and there disbanded his
+troops in the midst of their homes.
+
+He was soon called to the field once more, and his commission marked
+out his course of duty on the field of Indian warfare. Here for years
+he labored, and fought, and diplomatized, with the most consummate
+wisdom and undaunted courage. It was about this time that the treaty of
+the “Hickory Ground” occurred, which gave him the familiar sobriquet of
+“Old Hickory.”
+
+The crowning glory of his whole military career was the battle of New
+Orleans; which will ever occupy one of the brightest pages in American
+history.
+
+At the close of the war he returned to his home in Nashville; but in
+1818 was again called on by his country to render his military services
+in the expulsion of the Seminoles. His conduct during this campaign has
+been both bitterly condemned and highly applauded. An attempt in the
+House of Representatives to inflict a censure on the old hero for the
+irregularities of this campaign, after a long and bitter debate, was
+defeated by a large majority.
+
+In 1828, and again in 1832, General Jackson was elected to fill the
+Presidential chair; thus occupying that elevated position for eight
+successive years. He then retired to his hospitable mansion (“the
+Hermitage”), near Nashville, “loaded with wealth and honors bravely
+won,” where he continued to realize all the enjoyments that are
+inseparable from a well-spent life, until death translated him to those
+higher rewards, which “earth can neither give nor take away.” He died
+June 8, 1845, and his last hours were soothed by a trustful reliance on
+the Savior of the world for salvation.
+
+[Illustration: WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON.]
+
+_Election for the Eleventh Term, commencing March 4, 1829, and
+terminating March 3, 1833._
+
+ ========+=========================+===========+================
+ | | PRESID’T. | VICE PRESID’T.
+ | +-----+-----+-----+-----+----
+ A | STATES. | B | C | D | E | F
+ ----+-------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+----
+ 9 | Maine | 1 | 8 | 1 | 8 |
+ 8 | New Hampshire | | 8 | | 8 |
+ 15 | Massachusetts | | 15 | | 15 |
+ 4 | Rhode Island | | 4 | | 4 |
+ 8 | Connecticut | | 8 | | 8 |
+ 7 | Vermont | | 7 | | 7 |
+ 36 | New York | 20 | 16 | 20 | 16 |
+ 8 | New Jersey | | 8 | | 8 |
+ 28 | Pennsylvania | 28 | | 28 | |
+ 3 | Delaware | | 3 | | 3 |
+ 11 | Maryland | 5 | 6 | 5 | 6 |
+ 24 | Virginia | 24 | | 24 | |
+ 15 | North Carolina | 15 | | 15 | |
+ 11 | South Carolina | 11 | | 11 | |
+ 9 | Georgia | 9 | | 2 | | 7
+ 14 | Kentucky | 14 | | 14 | |
+ 11 | Tennessee | 11 | | 11 | |
+ 16 | Ohio | 16 | | 16 | |
+ 5 | Louisiana | 5 | | 5 | |
+ 3 | Mississippi | 3 | | 3 | |
+ 5 | Indiana | 5 | | 5 | |
+ 3 | Illinois | 3 | | 3 | |
+ 5 | Alabama | 5 | | 5 | |
+ 3 | Missouri | 3 | | 3 | |
+ ----+-------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+----
+ 261 | Whole No. of Electors | 178 | 83 | 171 | 83 | 7
+ | Majority 131 | | | | |
+ ====+=========================+=====+=====+=====+=====+====
+
+ COLUMN HEADINGS:
+ (A) = No. of Electors from each State.
+ (B) = Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee.
+ (C) = John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts.
+ (D) = John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina.
+ (E) = Richard Rush, of Pennsylvania.
+ (F) = William Smith, of South Carolina.
+
+Andrew Jackson took the oath of office, as President, and entered upon
+his duties March 4, 1829.
+
+John C. Calhoun took the oath of office, as Vice-President, and
+presided in the Senate March 4, 1829.
+
+A series of unfortunate political and social occurrences soon led to a
+rupture of that cordiality which had formerly existed between these two
+distinguished individuals, the consequences of which were peculiarly
+disastrous to the political aspirations of Mr. Calhoun, who was never
+afterwards regarded with much favor beyond the immediate limits of his
+own State.
+
+NOTE.—It was during this administration that the doctrine of State’s
+rights was so strongly urged by Calhoun, and to this period may be
+dated the origin of the great rebellion of 1861.
+
+_Election for the Twelfth Term, commencing March 4, 1833, and
+terminating March 3, 1837._
+
+ ====+=======================+================+=====================
+ | | PRESIDENT. | VICE-PRESIDENT.
+ A | STATES. +----+---+---+---+----+---+---+---+----
+ | | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | J | K
+ ----+-----------------------+----+---+---+---+----+---+---+---+----
+ 10 | Maine | 10| | | | 10| | | |
+ 7 | New Hampshire | 7| | | | 7| | | |
+ 14 | Massachusetts | | 14| | | | 14| | |
+ 4 | Rhode Island | | 4| | | | 4| | |
+ 8 | Connecticut | | 8| | | | 8| | |
+ 7 | Vermont | | | | 7 | | | | | 7
+ 42 | New York | 42| | | | 42| | | |
+ 8 | New Jersey | 8| | | | 8| | | |
+ 30 | Pennsylvania | 30| | | | | | 30| |
+ 3 | Delaware | | 3| | | | 3| | |
+ 10 | Maryland | 5| 5| | | 5| 5| | |
+ 23 | Virginia | 23| | | | 23| | | |
+ 15 | North Carolina | 15| | | | 15| | | |
+ 11 | South Carolina | | | 11| | | | | 11|
+ 11 | Georgia | 11| | | | 11| | | |
+ 15 | Kentucky | | 15| | | | 15| | |
+ 15 | Tennessee | 15| | | | 15| | | |
+ 21 | Ohio | 21| | | | 21| | | |
+ 5 | Louisiana | 5| | | | 5| | | |
+ 4 | Mississippi | 4| | | | 4| | | |
+ 9 | Indiana | 9| | | | 9| | | |
+ 5 | Illinois | 5| | | | 5| | | |
+ 7 | Alabama | 7| | | | 7| | | |
+ 4 | Missouri | 4| | | | 4| | | |
+ ----+-----------------------+----+---+---+---+----+---+---+---+----
+ 288 |Whole No. of Electors | 221| 49| 11| 7 | 191| 49| 30| 11| 7
+ |Majority 145 | | | | | | | | |
+ ====+=======================+====+===+===+===+====+===+===+===+====
+
+ COLUMN HEADINGS:
+ (A) = No. of Electors from each State.
+ (B) = Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee.
+ (C) = Henry Clay, of Kentucky.
+ (D) = John Floyd, of Virginia.
+ (E) = William Wirt, of Maryland.
+ (F) = Martin Van Buren, of New York.
+ (G) = John Sergeant, of Pennsylvania.
+ (H) = William Wilkins, of Pennsylvania.
+ (J) = Henry Lee, of Massachusetts.
+ (K) = Amos Ellmaker, of Pennsylvania.
+
+Andrew Jackson, re-elected President, took the oath of office, and
+continued his duties, March 4, 1833.
+
+Martin Van Buren, having been elected Vice-President, took the oath of
+office, and attended in the Senate, March 4, 1833.
+
+Early in June, 1833, the President left Washington on a tour through
+the Northern States, and was everywhere received with an enthusiasm
+that evinced the cordial approval of his administration by the people.
+One of his first measures, on returning to the seat of government, was
+the removal of the public moneys from the United States Bank, for which
+act he encountered the most virulent hostility of a small majority
+of the Senate, who passed resolutions censuring his course. But this
+injustice has not been perpetuated; for on the 16th of January, 1837,
+these partisan resolutions were expunged from the records by order of a
+handsome majority.
+
+
+
+
+MARTIN VAN BUREN,
+
+THE EIGHTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,
+
+
+Was born in the flourishing town of Kinderhook, New York, September
+5, 1782, and early received the best education that could then be
+obtained in the schools in his immediate vicinity. Having sufficiently
+prepared himself for the study of law, he entered the office of Francis
+Sylvester, in his native town, where he remained about six years. But
+law did not engross his whole time: he found leisure occasionally to
+peer into the mysteries of political economy, and finally arrived at
+the conclusion that his chances for fame and fortune were at least
+equal in the arena of politics to any thing he might accomplish by a
+strict adherence to legal pursuits. Fully impressed with this idea, he
+early set about cultivating what little popularity could be gained in
+his limited sphere, and so won upon the confidence of his neighbors and
+friends as to be appointed, while yet in his _teens_, a delegate to a
+convention in his native county, in which important political measures
+were to be acted upon.
+
+In 1808, he was appointed Surrogate of Columbia County, the first
+public office he ever held; and in 1812 and 1816 he was elected to the
+State Senate, in which body he became a distinguished leader of the
+Madison party, and one of its most eloquent supporters.
+
+In 1821, he was elected to the United States Senate, in which he held
+his seat for nearly eight years, and became remarkable not only for his
+close attention to business, but also for his devotion to the great
+principles of the Democratic party.
+
+In 1828, he was elected Governor of his native State, and entered
+upon the duties of that office, on the first of January, 1829; but
+he filled the gubernatorial chair for only a few weeks. In March
+following, when General Jackson was elevated to the Presidency, he
+tendered Mr. Van Buren the post of Secretary of State, which was
+accepted. At the expiration of two years he resigned his seat in the
+Cabinet, and was immediately appointed minister to England; but when
+his nomination was submitted to the Senate (June 25, 1831) it was
+rejected by the casting vote of the Vice-President (Mr. Calhoun), and,
+of course, he was recalled. As his friends attributed his rejection
+to personal and political rancor, it only served to raise Mr. Van
+Buren in the estimation of his political adherents, and the result was
+that, in May following, he was nominated, with great unanimity, for
+the Vice-Presidency, by the Democratic Convention, at Baltimore. His
+triumphant election was regarded not merely as a high compliment to
+himself, but as a wholesome rebuke to his opponents.
+
+In 1836, he was put in nomination for the chief magistracy, to which
+he was elected, by a large majority, over General Harrison; but, at
+the next Presidential election, the tables were turned, and he only
+received sixty votes out of two hundred and ninety-four.
+
+After his defeat, he returned to Kinderhook, where he remained some
+time, and then visited Europe, with one of his sons, whose restoration
+to health was the principal object of his journey. Not long after his
+return he consented to become once more a candidate for the Presidency,
+and, in 1848, received the nomination of the Free-soil party, but did
+not secure a single electoral vote.
+
+_Election for the Thirteenth Term, commencing March 4, 1837, and
+terminating March 3, 1841._
+
+
+ ===========================+==================+====================
+ | | PRESIDENT. | VICE-PRESIDENT.
+ A | STATES. +----+---+---+--+--+------+----+----+---
+ | | B | C | D | E| F| G | H | J | K
+ ---+-----------------------+----+---+---+--+--+------+----+----+---
+ 10 | Maine | 10 | | | | | 10 | | |
+ 7 | New Hampshire | 7 | | | | | 7 | | |
+ 14 | Massachusetts | | | |14| | | 14 | |
+ 4 | Rhode Island | 4 | | | | | 4 | | |
+ 8 | Connecticut | 8 | | | | | 8 | | |
+ 7 | Vermont | | 7| | | | | 7 | |
+ 42 | New York | 42 | | | | | 42 | | |
+ 8 | New Jersey | | 8| | | | | 8 | |
+ 30 | Pennsylvania | 30 | | | | | 30 | | |
+ 3 | Delaware | | 3| | | | | 3 | |
+ 10 | Maryland | | 10| | | | | | 10 |
+ 23 | Virginia | 23 | | | | | | | | 23
+ 15 | North Carolina | 15 | | | | | 15 | | |
+ 11 | South Carolina | | | | |11| | | 11 |
+ 11 | Georgia | | | 11| | | | | 11 |
+ 15 | Kentucky | | 15| | | | | 15 | |
+ 15 | Tennessee | | | 15| | | | | 15 |
+ 21 | Ohio | | 21| | | | | 21 | |
+ 5 | Louisiana | 5 | | | | | 5 | | |
+ 4 | Mississippi | 4 | | | | | 4 | | |
+ 9 | Indiana | | 9| | | | | 9 | |
+ 5 | Illinois | 5 | | | | | 5 | | |
+ 7 | Alabama | 7 | | | | | 7 | | |
+ 4 | Missouri | 4 | | | | | 4 | | |
+ 3 | Arkansas | 3 | | | | | 3 | | |
+ 3 | Michigan | 3 | | | | | 3 | | |
+ ---+-----------------------+----+---+---+--+--+------+----+----+---
+ 294 |Whole No. of Electors |170 | 73| 26|14|11|147[5]| 77 | 47 | 23
+ |Majority 148 | | | | | | | | |
+ ===========================+====+===+===+==+==+======+====+====+===
+
+ COLUMN HEADINGS:
+ (A) = No. of Electors from each State.
+ (B) = Martin Van Buren, of New York.
+ (C) = Wm. H. Harrison, of Ohio.
+ (D) = Hugh L. White, of Tennessee.
+ (E) = Daniel Webster, of Massachusetts.
+ (F) = Willie P. Mangum, of North Carolina.
+ (G) = Rich’d M. Johnson, of Kentucky.
+ (H) = Francis Granger, of New York.
+ (J) = John Tyler, of Virginia.
+ (K) = William Smith, of Alabama.
+
+[5] Elected by the Senate.
+
+Martin Van Buren, elected President, took the oath of office, and
+entered upon his duties, March 4, 1837.
+
+Richard M. Johnson, elected Vice-President, took the oath of office,
+and attended in the Senate, March 4, 1837.
+
+Urged by the unprecedented financial embarrassments which were
+experienced in every branch of industry, and especially by the
+mercantile class, Mr. Van Buren’s first measure was to convene a
+special meeting of Congress early in September, ’37, which continued
+in session forty days, but accomplished very little. A bill
+authorizing the issue of $10,000,000 in treasury notes was passed;
+but the Independent Treasury bill (the great financial measure of
+the administration) was then rejected, although afterwards (in 1840)
+adopted.
+
+
+
+
+WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON,
+
+THE NINTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,
+
+
+Was born in Charles City County, Virginia, February 9, 1773, and was
+educated for the medical profession at Hampden Sydney College. He
+graduated at a time when our north-western frontier was suffering
+much from the neighboring Indians, and, believing that he could be of
+greater service in repelling the savage invaders than in pursuing his
+studies, he accepted an ensign’s commission from President Washington,
+and joined the army. He was promoted to a lieutenancy in 1792, and his
+skill and bravery were highly commended by General Wayne, under whose
+command he was engaged in several actions. After the bloody battle of
+Miami Rapids, he was rewarded with the rank of captain, and immediately
+placed in command of Fort Washington. In 1797, he resigned his
+commission for the purpose of accepting the office of Secretary of the
+North-west Territory, from which he was elected a delegate to Congress
+in 1799.
+
+When a territorial government was formed for Indiana, he was
+appointed the first Governor, and continued in that office till 1813.
+To his civil and military duties he added those of Commissioner
+and Superintendent of Indian Affairs; and, in the course of his
+administration, he concluded thirteen important treaties with the
+different tribes. On the 7th of November, 1811, he gained the
+celebrated battle of Tippecanoe, the news of which was received
+throughout the country with a burst of enthusiasm. During the war of
+1812, he was made commander of the North-western army of the United
+States, and he bore a conspicuous part in the leading events in the
+campaign of 1812-13—the defense of Fort Meigs, and the victory of the
+Thames. In 1814, he was appointed, in conjunction with his companions
+in arms, Governor Shelby and General Cass, to treat with the Indians
+in the North-west, at Greenville; and, in the following year, he
+was placed at the head of a commission to treat with various other
+important tribes.
+
+In 1816, he was elected a member of Congress from Ohio, and, in 1828,
+he was sent minister plenipotentiary to the republic of Colombia.
+On his return, he took up his residence at North Bend, on the Ohio,
+where he lived upon his farm, in comparative retirement, till 1836,
+when he became a candidate for the Presidency; and, although defeated
+on the first trial, four years afterward he was elected by a large
+majority, and inaugurated in 1841. But he did not long survive this
+crowning honor, as he died on the 4th of April, just one month after
+entering upon his duties. His funeral obsequies were performed on the
+7th, and an immense concourse assembled to pay their testimony of
+respect. Funeral services and processions also took place in most of
+the principal cities throughout the country. As General Harrison was
+the first President who died while in office, his successor, Mr. Tyler,
+recommended that the 14th of May be observed as a day of fasting and
+prayer, and accordingly it was so observed.
+
+_Election for the Fourteenth Term, commencing March 4, 1841, and
+terminating March 3, 1845._
+
+ ====+===================+===========+=====================
+ | | PRESID’T. | VICE-PRESID’T.
+ A | STATES. +-----+-----+-----+-----+----+----
+ | | B | C | D | E | F | G
+ ----+-------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+----+----
+ 10 | Maine | 10 | | 10 | | |
+ 7 | New Hampshire | | 7 | | 7 | |
+ 14 | Massachusetts | 14 | | 14 | | |
+ 4 | Rhode Island | 4 | | 4 | | |
+ 8 | Connecticut | 8 | | 8 | | |
+ 7 | Vermont | 7 | | 7 | | |
+ 42 | New York | 42 | | 42 | | |
+ 8 | New Jersey | 8 | | 8 | | |
+ 30 | Pennsylvania | 30 | | 30 | | |
+ 3 | Delaware | 3 | | 3 | | |
+ 10 | Maryland | 10 | | 10 | | |
+ 23 | Virginia | | 23 | | 22 | | 1
+ 15 | North Carolina | 15 | | 15 | | |
+ 11 | South Carolina | | 11 | | | 11 |
+ 11 | Georgia | 11 | | 11 | | |
+ 15 | Kentucky | 15 | | 15 | | |
+ 15 | Tennessee | 15 | | 15 | | |
+ 21 | Ohio | 21 | | 21 | | |
+ 5 | Louisiana | 5 | | 5 | | |
+ 4 | Mississippi | 4 | | 4 | | |
+ 9 | Indiana | 9 | | 9 | | |
+ 5 | Illinois | | 5 | | 5 | |
+ 7 | Alabama | | 7 | | 7 | |
+ 4 | Missouri | | 4 | | 4 | |
+ 3 | Arkansas | | 3 | | 3 | |
+ 3 | Michigan | 3 | | 3 | | |
+ ----+-------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+----+----
+ 294 |No. of Electors | 234 | 60 | 234 | 48 | 11 | 1
+ |Majority 148 | | | | | |
+ ====+===================+=====+=====+=====+=====+====+====
+
+ COLUMN HEADINGS:
+ (A) = No. of Electors from each State.
+ (B) = Wm. H. Harrison, of Ohio.
+ (C) = Martin Van Buren, of New York.
+ (D) = John Tyler, of Virginia.
+ (E) = Rich’d M. Johnson, of Kentucky.
+ (F) = L. W. Tazewell, of Virginia.
+ (G) = James K. Polk, of Tennessee.
+
+William H. Harrison, elected President, took the oath of office, and
+entered upon his duties, March 4, 1841.
+
+John Tyler, elected Vice-President, took the oath of office, and
+attended in the Senate, March 4, 1841.
+
+Soon after his inauguration, President Harrison issued a proclamation,
+convening Congress for an extra session on the 31st of May, to consider
+“sundry weighty and important matters, chiefly growing out of the state
+of the revenue and finances of the country.” But he did not live to
+submit his remedial plans—dying, after a very brief illness, on the
+4th of April, exactly one month after coming into office. He was the
+first President who had died during his official term, and a messenger
+was immediately dispatched with a letter, signed by all the members
+of the Cabinet, conveying the melancholy intelligence to the Vice
+President, then at Williamsburg, Va. By extraordinary means he reached
+Washington at five o’clock on the morning of the 6th, and at twelve
+o’clock the Heads of Departments waited upon him, to pay their official
+and personal respects. After signifying his deep feeling of the public
+calamity sustained by the death of President Harrison, and expressing
+his profound sensibility of the heavy responsibilities so suddenly
+devolved upon himself, he made known his wishes that the several Heads
+of Departments would continue to till the places which they then
+respectively occupied, and his confidence that they would afford all
+the aid in their power to enable him to carry on the administration of
+the government successfully. Mr. Tyler afterwards took and subscribed
+the following oath of office:
+
+ “I do solemnly swear, that I will faithfully execute the
+ office of President of the United States, and will, to
+ the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the
+ Constitution of the United States.
+ JOHN TYLER.
+ “APRIL 6, 1841.”
+
+Pursuant to the proclamation of President Harrison, Congress met on the
+31st of May, and continued in session until the 13th of September. On
+the 27th of July a bill for the establishment of “The Fiscal Bank of
+the United States,” passed the Senate by a vote of 26 to 23, and was
+concurred in by the House of Representatives on the 6th of August—128
+to 91. President Tyler, however, returned the bill on the 16th, with
+his objections, and it was lost for lack of a constitutional majority.
+But the friends of a national bank were not to be deterred from their
+purpose by a single repulse: another bill (about the same in substance)
+was immediately hurried through both Houses, under the title of “The
+Fiscal Corporation of the United States,” but this shared the fate of
+its predecessor.
+
+A Senate bill for the establishment of a uniform system of bankruptcy
+throughout the United States, was concurred in by the House on the
+18th of August, and became a law; but, meeting with very general
+condemnation, it was soon after repealed.
+
+A bill was also passed at this extra session for the distribution of
+the proceeds of the sales of the public lands among the several States,
+in proportion to population.
+
+In 1842 an important treaty, adjusting the north-eastern boundary of
+the United States, was negotiated at Washington between Mr. Webster,
+on the part of this country, and Lord Ashburton, on the part of Great
+Britain.
+
+During the last year of Mr. Tyler’s administration much excitement
+prevailed on the proposed annexation of Texas to the Union, which
+was strongly resisted at the North, on the ground that the South
+and southern institutions would thereby gain increased power in the
+national councils. A treaty of annexation, signed by the President,
+was rejected by the Senate, but measures were taken by which Texas was
+admitted the year following.
+
+
+
+
+JOHN TYLER,
+
+THE SUCCESSOR OF GENERAL HARRISON AS PRESIDENT,
+
+
+Was born at Williamsburg, Virginia, March 29, 1790, and at the age of
+twelve years entered William and Mary’s College, where he graduated
+with distinguished merit five years afterward. Few have commenced life
+at so early a period as Mr. Tyler—he having been admitted to the bar
+when only nineteen, and elected to the Virginia Legislature before
+attaining his twenty-second year. In 1816, he was sent to Congress; in
+1825, elected Governor of Virginia; and in 1827, became United States
+Senator; in which capacity he firmly supported the administration of
+General Jackson—voting against the tariff bill of 1828, and against
+rechartering the United States Bank. Notwithstanding this last vote,
+the friends of the bank, presuming upon his well-known conservatism, at
+the special session of Congress called by his predecessor, introduced a
+bill for the establishment of the “Fiscal Bank of the United States,”
+which passed both Houses by small majorities, and which Mr. Tyler
+felt bound to veto. But this did not dishearten the friends of the
+measure, who modified and rechristened their financial plan, which,
+under the name of “Fiscal Corporation of the United States,” again
+passed both houses of Congress, and was again vetoed by the President.
+Of course, a large portion of the party that elected him were greatly
+dissatisfied with his course, and their denunciation of his alleged
+faithlessness were “loud and deep.” To add to the embarrassments which
+were accumulating around him, all the members of his Cabinet, with the
+exception of Mr. Webster, resigned their places; but even this implied
+rebuke did not shake his integrity of purpose. An equally efficient
+phalanx of talent was called to his aid, and he had the satisfaction
+of seeing that his views were indorsed by a large number of leading
+statesmen. It has often been asserted that Mr. T. had pledged himself
+to sustain the financial schemes of the bank and its friends; but
+this has always been denied, and circumstances certainly warrant
+the conclusion that the assertion is unfounded. So gross and bitter
+were the assaults made upon him, that he felt called upon to defend
+himself from their violence; and, after declaring his determination
+to do his duty, regardless of party ties, he said, “I appeal from
+the vituperation of the present day to the pen of impartial history,
+in confidence that neither my motives nor my acts will bear the
+interpretation which, for sinister motives, has been placed upon them.”
+On the expiration of his official term, he retired to his estate at
+Williamsburg.
+
+
+
+
+JAMES KNOX POLK,
+
+THE TENTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,
+
+
+Was born at Mecklenberg, North Carolina, November 2, 1795, and there
+received the rudiments of his early education. In 1806, his father
+removed to Nashville, Tennessee, taking his family with him, and
+here it was that Mr. Polk pursued those preliminary studies which
+were requisite to qualify him for the legal profession. After due
+preparation, he entered the office of Hon. Felix Grundy, under whose
+able instruction he made such rapid progress, that he was admitted
+to practice in 1820. His duties at the bar did not prevent him from
+taking part in the political affairs of the day; and in this sphere his
+comprehensive views and zealous devotion to Democracy soon secured him
+a widely-extended popularity, which resulted in his election to the
+Legislature of Tennessee, in 1823. In 1825, while yet in his thirtieth
+year, he was chosen a member of Congress, in which body he remained
+fourteen years—being honored with the Speakership for several sessions.
+So well satisfied were his constituents with his congressional course,
+that he was elected Governor by a large majority, but some questions of
+local policy subsequently defeated his reëlection.
+
+In 1844, he was unexpectedly nominated for the office of President
+of the United States by the Democratic Convention at Baltimore;
+and, having received sixty-five electoral votes more than his rival
+candidate, Mr. Clay, he was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1845.
+
+Soon after Mr. Polk assumed the reins of government, the country
+became involved in a war with Mexico, which was little more than a
+series of victories wherever the American banner was displayed, and
+which resulted in important territorial acquisitions. The ostensible
+ground for this war, on the part of Mexico, was the admission of
+Texas into the Union, which was one of the first acts of Mr. Polk’s
+administration. The Mexicans, however, paid dearly for asserting their
+frivolous claim to Texas as a revolted province, and the prompt and
+energetic course pursued by Mr.Polk was sanctioned and sustained by a
+large majority of the people.
+
+[Illustration: JOHN TYLER.]
+
+But notwithstanding the advantageous issue of the war, the acquisition
+of Texas, and the satisfactory settlement of several vexed questions
+of long standing, Mr. Polk was not nominated for a second term—various
+extraneous matters leading to the selection of another candidate.
+Perhaps it was fortunate for the country and for himself that he was
+permitted to retire to the more congenial enjoyment of private life;
+for his health had become very much impaired, and he did not long
+survive after reaching his home in Nashville. He died June 15, 1849.
+
+_Election for the Fifteenth Term, commencing March 4, 1845, and
+terminating March 3, 1849._
+
+ ===+=======================+===========+===========
+ | | PRES’T. | V. PRES’T.
+ A | STATES. +-----+-----+-----+----
+ | | B | C | D | E
+ ---+-----------------------+-----+-----+-----+----
+ 9 | Maine | 9 | | 9 |
+ 6 | New Hampshire | 6 | | 6 |
+ 12 | Massachusetts | | 12 | | 12
+ 4 | Rhode Island | | 4 | | 4
+ 6 | Connecticut | | 6 | | 6
+ 6 | Vermont | | 6 | | 6
+ 36 | New York | 36 | | 36 |
+ 7 | New Jersey | | 7 | | 7
+ 26 | Pennsylvania | 26 | | 26 |
+ 3 | Delaware | | 3 | | 3
+ 8 | Maryland | | 8 | | 8
+ 17 | Virginia | 17 | | 17 |
+ 11 | North Carolina | | 11 | | 11
+ 9 | South Carolina | 9 | | 9 |
+ 10 | Georgia | 10 | | 10 |
+ 12 | Kentucky | | 12 | | 12
+ 13 | Tennessee | | 13 | | 13
+ 23 | Ohio | | 23 | | 23
+ 6 | Louisiana | 6 | | 6 |
+ 6 | Mississippi | 6 | | 6 |
+ 12 | Indiana | 12 | | 12 |
+ 9 | Illinois | 9 | | 9 |
+ 9 | Alabama | 9 | | 9 |
+ 7 | Missouri | 7 | | 7 |
+ 3 | Arkansas | 3 | | 3 |
+ 5 | Michigan | 5 | | 5 |
+ ---+-----------------------+-----+-----+-----+----
+ 275 | Whole No. of Electors | 170 | 105 | 170 | 105
+ | Majority 138 | | | |
+ ===+=======================+=====+=====+=====+====
+
+ COLUMN HEADINGS:
+ (A) = No. of Electors from each State.
+ (B) = James K. Polk, of Tennessee.
+ (C) = Henry Clay, of Kentucky.
+ (D) = George M. Dallas, of Pennsylvania.
+ (E) = T. Frelinghuysen, of New Jersey.
+
+James K. Polk took the oath of office, as President, and entered upon
+his duties March 4, 1845.
+
+George M. Dallas took the oath of office, as Vice-President, and
+attended in the Senate, March 4, 1845.
+
+The most important incidents of Mr. Polk’s administration were the
+admission of Texas and the consequent war with Mexico, the latter of
+which resulted in extending our territorial boundaries to the Pacific
+Ocean, embracing regions of incalculable value.
+
+
+
+
+ZACHARY TAYLOR,
+
+THE ELEVENTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,
+
+
+Was born in Orange County, Virginia, November 24, 1790, and, after
+receiving an indifferent education, passed a considerable portion of
+his boyhood amid the stirring scenes which were being enacted at that
+time on our western border. In 1808, he was appointed a lieutenant
+in the United States infantry, and subsequently was promoted to a
+captaincy for his efficient services against the Indians. Soon after
+the declaration of war, in 1812, he was placed in command of Fort
+Harrison, which he so gallantly defended with a handful of men against
+the attack of a large body of savages, as to win the brevet rank of
+major. So familiar did he become with the Indian character, and with
+the mode of warfare of that wily foe, that his services at the West
+and South were deemed indispensable in the subjugation and removal
+of several hostile tribes. While effecting these desirable objects,
+he was occasionally rewarded for his toils and sacrifices by gradual
+promotion, and in 1840 attained the rank of brigadier-general. At the
+commencement of the troubles with Mexico, in 1845, he was ordered to
+occupy a position on the American side of the Rio Grande, but not to
+cross that river unless attacked by the Mexicans. He was not, however,
+allowed to remain long in repose: the enemy, by attacking Fort Brown,
+which he had built on the Rio Grande, opposite Matamoras, soon afforded
+him an opportunity to display his skill and valor, and gloriously
+did he improve it. The brilliant battles of Palo Alto and Resaca
+de la Palma, where he contended successfully against fearful odds,
+were precursors to a series of victories which have few parallels in
+military annals. The attack on Matamoras, the storming of Monterey,
+the sanguinary contest at Buena Vista, and the numerous skirmishes in
+which he was engaged, excited universal admiration; and on his return
+home, after so signally aiding to “conquer a peace” with Mexico, he was
+everywhere received with the most gratifying demonstrations of respect
+and affection. In 1848, General Taylor received the nomination of the
+Whig party for the office of President of the United States, and,
+being elected, was inaugurated the year following. But the cares and
+responsibilities of this position were greater than his constitution
+could endure, hardened as it had been both in Indian and civilized
+warfare. After the lapse of little more than a year from the time he
+entered upon his new career, he sunk under its complicated trials, and
+his noble spirit sought refuge in a more congenial sphere, July 9, 1850.
+
+_Election for the Sixteenth Term, commencing March 4, 1849, and
+terminating March 3, 1851._
+
+
+ ===+=======================+===========+===========
+ | | PRES’T. | V. PRES’T.
+ A | STATES. +-----+-----+-----+-----
+ | | B | C | D | E
+ ---+-----------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----
+ 9 | Maine | | 9 | | 9
+ 6 | New Hampshire | | 6 | | 6
+ 12 | Massachusetts | 12 | | 12 |
+ 4 | Rhode Island | 4 | | 4 |
+ 6 | Connecticut | 6 | | 6 |
+ 6 | Vermont | 6 | | 6 |
+ 36 | New York | 36 | | 36 |
+ 7 | New Jersey | 7 | | 7 |
+ 26 | Pennsylvania | 26 | | 26 |
+ 3 | Delaware | 3 | | 3 |
+ 8 | Maryland | 8 | | 8 |
+ 17 | Virginia | | 17 | | 17
+ 11 | North Carolina | 11 | | 11 |
+ 9 | South Carolina | | 9 | | 9
+ 10 | Georgia | 10 | | 10 |
+ 12 | Kentucky | 12 | | 12 |
+ 13 | Tennessee | 13 | | 13 |
+ 23 | Ohio | | 23 | | 23
+ 6 | Louisiana | 6 | | 6 |
+ 6 | Mississippi | | 6 | | 6
+ 12 | Indiana | | 12 | | 12
+ 9 | Illinois | | 9 | | 9
+ 9 | Alabama | | 9 | | 9
+ 7 | Missouri | | 7 | | 7
+ 3 | Arkansas | | 3 | | 3
+ 5 | Michigan | | 5 | | 5
+ 3 | Florida | 3 | | 3 |
+ 4 | Texas | | 4 | | 4
+ 4 | Iowa | | 4 | | 4
+ 4 | Wisconsin | | 4 | | 4
+ ---+-----------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----
+ 290 | Whole No. of Electors | 163 | 127 | 163 | 127
+ | Majority 146 | | | |
+ ===+=======================+=====+=====+=====+=====
+
+ COLUMN HEADINGS:
+ (A) = No. of Electors from each State.
+ (B) = Zachary Taylor, of Louisiana.
+ (C) = Lewis Cass, of Michigan.
+ (D) = Millard Fillmore, of New York.
+ (E) = William O. Butler, of Kentucky.
+
+Zachary Taylor took the oath of office, as President, and entered
+upon his duties March 4, 1849. He did not, however, long enjoy his
+honors—death suddenly closing his earthly career, July 9, 1850.
+
+Millard Fillmore took the oath of office, as Vice-President, and
+entered upon his duties March 4, 1849. Congress being in session at
+the time President Taylor died, the Vice-President sent a message to
+both houses on the 10th of July, in which he feelingly announced the
+melancholy event. On the same day he took the requisite oath, and
+entered on the execution of the office of President.
+
+Willie P. Mangum, of N. C., President _pro tem_ of the Senate, acted as
+Vice-President, _ex officio_, the remainder of the term.
+
+
+
+
+MILLARD FILLMORE,
+
+THE SUCCESSOR OF GENERAL TAYLOR AS PRESIDENT,
+
+
+Was born at Summer Hill, Cayuga County, New York, January 7, 1800,
+and did not enjoy the advantages of any other education than what he
+derived from the then inefficient common schools of the county. At an
+early age he was sent into the wilds of Livingston County to learn a
+trade, and here he soon attracted the attention of a friend, who placed
+him in a lawyer’s office—thus opening a new, and what was destined to
+be a most honorable and distinguished career. In 1827, he was admitted
+as an attorney, and two years afterward as counselor in the Supreme
+Court. Soon attracting attention, he established himself at Buffalo,
+where his talents and business habits secured him an extended practice.
+
+His first entrance into public life was in January, 1829, when he took
+his seat as a member of the Assembly from Erie County. At this time
+he distinguished himself for his untiring opposition to imprisonment
+for debt, and to this are the people indebted in a great degree for
+the expunging of this relic of barbarism from the statute book. Having
+gained a high reputation for legislative capacity, in 1833, he was
+elected a member of the National House of Representatives; and on the
+assembling of the Twenty-seventh Congress, to which he was reëlected by
+a larger majority than was ever given to any person in his district, he
+was placed in the arduous position of Chairman of the Committee of Ways
+and Means. The measures which he brought forward and sustained with
+matchless ability, speedily relieved the government from its existing
+pecuniary embarrassments. In 1847, he was elected Comptroller of the
+State of New York by a larger majority than had ever been given to any
+State officer for many years. In 1848, he was selected as a candidate
+for Vice-President, General Taylor heading the ticket. On his election
+to that high office, he resigned his position as Comptroller, and
+entered upon his duties as President of the United States Senate. The
+courtesy, ability, and dignity exhibited by him, while presiding over
+the deliberations of that body, received general commendation. Upon
+the sudden death of Gen. Taylor, he became President, and promptly
+selected a cabinet, distinguished for its ability, patriotism, and
+devotion to the Union, and possessing, in an eminent degree, the
+confidence of the country.
+
+After serving out the constitutional term, Mr. Fillmore returned to
+Buffalo, and again resumed those pursuits which had prepared the way to
+the elevated position from which he had just retired. He was welcomed
+home by troops of friends, with whom he still continues to enjoy an
+unabated popularity.
+
+It should be borne in mind by every aspiring young man, that Mr.
+Fillmore is entirely indebted to his own exertions for his success
+in life. From a very humble origin, he attained the highest office
+in the world, climbing the rugged steep of fame step by step, with
+indefatigable industry and untiring perseverance, until he at length
+gained the summit, where he is long likely to enjoy his well-earned
+position.
+
+
+
+
+FRANKLIN PIERCE,
+
+THE TWELFTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,
+
+
+Was born at Hillsborough, N. H., November 23, 1804, and early received
+the advantage of a liberal education. After going through a regular
+collegiate course at Bowdoin College, which he entered at the age of
+sixteen, he became a law student in the office of Judge Woodbury, at
+Portsmouth, whence he was transferred to the law school at Northampton,
+where he remained two years, and then finished his studies with Judge
+Parker, at Amherst. Although his rise at the bar was not rapid, by
+degrees he attained the highest rank as a lawyer and advocate.
+
+In 1829, he was elected to represent his native town in the State
+Legislature, where he served four years, during the two last of which
+he held the speakership, and discharged the duties of the office with
+universal satisfaction.
+
+From 1833 to 1837, he represented his State in Congress, and was
+then elected to the United States Senate, having barely reached the
+requisite age to qualify him for a seat in that body.
+
+In 1834, he married Miss Jane Means, daughter of the Rev. Dr. Appleton,
+formerly President of Bowdoin College, soon after which he removed to
+Concord, where he still holds a residence. He was reëlected at the
+expiration of his senatorial term, but resigned his seat the year
+following, for the purpose of devoting himself exclusively to his legal
+business, which had become so extensive as to require all his attention.
+
+In 1846, he declined the office of Attorney-General, tendered him by
+President Polk; but when the war with Mexico broke out, he was active
+in raising the New England regiments of volunteers; and afterward
+accepted the commission of Brigadier-General, with which he at once
+repaired to the field of operations, where he distinguished himself
+in several hard-fought battles. At Cerro Gordo and Chapultepec he
+displayed an ardor in his country’s cause which extorted praise from
+his most inveterate political opponents; and on his return home he was
+everywhere received with gratifying evidences that his services were
+held in grateful remembrance by the people.
+
+At the Democratic Convention, held in Baltimore in 1852, after trying
+in vain to concentrate their votes on a more prominent candidate, that
+body unexpectedly nominated General Pierce for the office of President
+of the United States, to which he was elected by an unprecedented
+majority over his rival, General Scott—receiving 254 votes out of
+296. He was duly inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1853, and his
+administration was more remarkable for its futile attempts to reconcile
+conflicting interests, than for the achievement of any particular
+measure of great public utility. However, it will better become his
+future than his present biographer to “speak of him as he is; nor aught
+extenuate, nor aught set down in malice.”
+
+_Election for the Seventeenth Term, commencing March 4, 1853, and
+terminating March 3, 1857._
+
+ ====+=========================+===========+===========
+ | | PRES’T. | V. PRES’T.
+ A | STATES. +-----+-----+-----+-----
+ | | B | C | D | E
+ ----+-------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----
+ 8 | Maine | 8 | | 8 |
+ 5 | New Hampshire | 5 | | 5 |
+ 13 | Massachusetts | | 13 | | 13
+ 4 | Rhode Island | 4 | | 4 |
+ 6 | Connecticut | 6 | | 6 |
+ 5 | Vermont | | 5 | | 5
+ 35 | New York | 35 | | 35 |
+ 7 | New Jersey | 7 | | 7 |
+ 27 | Pennsylvania | 27 | | 27 |
+ 3 | Delaware | 3 | | 3 |
+ 8 | Maryland | 8 | | 8 |
+ 15 | Virginia | 15 | | 15 |
+ 10 | North Carolina | 10 | | 10 |
+ 8 | South Carolina | 8 | | 8 |
+ 10 | Georgia | 10 | | 10 |
+ 12 | Kentucky | | 12 | | 12
+ 12 | Tennessee | | 12 | | 12
+ 23 | Ohio | 23 | | 23 |
+ 6 | Louisiana | 6 | | 6 |
+ 7 | Mississippi | 7 | | 7 |
+ 13 | Indiana | 13 | | 13 |
+ 11 | Illinois | 11 | | 11 |
+ 9 | Alabama | 9 | | 9 |
+ 9 | Missouri | 9 | | 9 |
+ 4 | Arkansas | 4 | | 4 |
+ 6 | Michigan | 6 | | 6 |
+ 3 | Florida | 3 | | 3 |
+ 4 | Texas | 4 | | 4 |
+ 4 | Iowa | 4 | | 4 |
+ 5 | Wisconsin | 5 | | 5 |
+ 4 | California | 4 | | 4 |
+ ----+-------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----
+ 296 | Whole No. of Electors | 254 | 42 | 254 | 42
+ | Majority 149 | | | |
+ ====+=========================+=====+=====+=====+=====
+
+ COLUMN HEADINGS:
+ (A) = No. of Electors from each State.
+ (B) = Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire.
+ (C) = Winfield Scott, of New Jersey.
+ (D) = William R. King, of Alabama.
+ (E) = Wm. A. Graham, of North Carolina.
+
+Franklin Pierce took the oath of office, as President, and entered upon
+his duties March 4, 1853.
+
+The oath of office was administered to William R. King by a commission
+while he was on a visit to Cuba for the benefit of his health; but he
+died soon after his return home, and Jesse D. Bright, of Indiana, then
+President of the Senate, acted as Vice-President, _ex officio_, during
+the remainder of the term.
+
+John P. Hale, of N. H., and George W. Julian, of Ind., were nominated
+by the “Free Democracy” for President and Vice-President, but they did
+not receive a single electoral vote.
+
+
+
+
+JAMES BUCHANAN,
+
+THIRTEENTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.
+
+
+For the high position he so long maintained in the political affairs
+of this country, Mr. Buchanan is not alone indebted to his early and
+thorough education, but his entire devotion to whatever he undertook,
+and his perseverance in surmounting obstacles which would have
+intimidated less determined minds, had a large share in promoting his
+advancement. He is of Irish parentage, and was born at Stony Batter,
+Franklin County, Pennsylvania, April 23, 1791. At the age of seven
+years, he removed with his father’s family to Mercersburg, and there
+received an education that fitted him for entering Dickinson College,
+in 1805, where he graduated two years afterward with the highest
+honors. He then studied law with James Hopkins, of Lancaster, and in
+1812 was admitted to the bar, at which he attained a high rank and
+commanded an extensive practice.
+
+In 1814, he commenced political life as a member of the Pennsylvania
+State Legislature, and in 1820 was sent as a Representative to
+Congress, where he remained for ten years—at the expiration of which he
+declined a re-nomination.
+
+In 1831, he was appointed minister to Russia by President Jackson,
+of whom he was always the consistent friend and supporter, and he
+negotiated a commercial treaty which proved of great advantage to
+American commerce.
+
+In December, 1834, having been elected to the United States Senate, he
+took his seat in that body, and continued one of its most efficient
+members until 1845, when he accepted the office of Secretary of State,
+under Mr. Polk. He held this responsible place until the expiration of
+Mr. Polk’s term of service, when he returned home to repose awhile. But
+he did not, by any means, become an idle spectator in passing events;
+his letters and speeches show that he was no less vigilant as a private
+citizen, than as a counselor in the Cabinet, or a Representative and
+Senator in Congress.
+
+On the accession of Mr. Pierce to the Presidency, in 1853, Mr. Buchanan
+was appointed minister to England, with which country questions were
+then pending that required great prudence and discrimination for
+their satisfactory adjustment. In his intercourse with the British
+diplomatists he was not only discreet, but displayed sound sense,
+courtly forbearance, a just assertion of our rights, and the true
+dignity of the American character. So entirely unexceptionable was
+his whole course while abroad, that, on his return to this country,
+in April, 1856—he landed in New York on the sixty-fifth anniversary
+of his birthday—he was received with an enthusiasm seldom accorded to
+political men.
+
+In June, 1856, Mr. Buchanan was nominated by the Democratic Convention
+at Cincinnati, as a candidate for the Presidency; and although there
+were powerful political elements arrayed against him in the succeeding
+campaign, he was triumphantly elected to that responsible and honorable
+office.
+
+His administration was attended with unusual difficulties—difficulties
+which it would seem he was not fully able to meet. The troubles in
+Kansas, arising from the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, and the
+opposition made to his views touching the admission of Kansas with
+the Lecompton Constitution, by the Douglas wing of the Democratic
+party, were matters of sore vexation to him, and tended greatly to
+unpopularize the latter part of his public life. But these were
+considerations of small moment as compared to the embarrassment which
+the Government suffered in consequence of the treacherous intrigues of
+some of the members of his Cabinet. His Secretary of War and Secretary
+of the Treasury, afterward so conspicuous in the great Rebellion, were
+particularly instrumental in crippling the pecuniary and military
+resources of the country, and turning them to the benefit of the South.
+When treason began to assume a threatening attitude, Buchanan declared
+against the right of secession, but at the same time denied the right
+of coercion by the Government. This, perhaps, is the most inconsistent,
+inexplicable position ever taken by any of the nation’s chief rulers.
+On the 4th of March, 1861, Mr. Buchanan retired from the Presidency,
+leaving to his successor the highly perplexing task of setting to right
+the machinery of a government crippled and weakened in all its parts,
+and fully ripe for the most gigantic civil war known to history.
+
+[Illustration: JAMES KNOX POLK.]
+
+It was, at one time, presumed by many that Mr. Buchanan was not only
+encouraging the rebellion by his weak, indecisive policy toward armed
+traitors, and by winking at the thieving proceedings of some of his
+Cabinet officers, but that he was himself leagued with the leaders of
+the secession movement, and secretly acted in unison with them.
+
+While it is true that the unhindered appropriation of millions of
+treasure to the furtherance of rebellious schemes, and the large
+deposit of choice arms made in Southern arsenals, would indicate an
+affiliation of the President with the chief rebels of the South, yet
+there has never been adduced any direct proof of such affiliation; and
+nothing said or done by Mr. Buchanan since his retirement shows active
+sympathy with the Rebellion. There is, however, evidence on every
+hand of weakness—an element of character he never manifested prior to
+his executive career—of that negative disposition which will, under
+circumstances such as surrounded him during the latter part of his
+administration, wholly unfit a man for the performance of his duties.
+
+The subject of the present sketch would, doubtless, have been a
+very good executive at a period when the country was undisturbed
+by sectional agitation; at a time when there were no conflicting
+local interests to stir up and embitter South against North. But the
+exigencies of the period during which he sat at the helm of state
+demanded a man who could take hold with a strong hand; a man of
+Jacksonian character, who, with the loftiest political integrity and
+most devoted loyalty, combined a Napoleonic will; a man who, foreseeing
+the certain results of the pursuits of a conciliatory course with
+rebellion, would have given it a decisive blow in its very infancy.
+
+But it seems that Mr. Buchanan proposed to deal with secessionists as
+an over-fond, weak-minded mother deals with a spoiled child—scolding
+and coaxing alternately, satisfied to exhibit her authority by the
+former, and confident that she can reform her fondling by the latter.
+Perhaps he may be partially excused by some in consideration of the
+debt of gratitude he felt he owed to the Southern States, for the
+valuable services they had rendered him in his election. But a truly
+great executive never allows his feelings to interfere with the
+performance of duty. The life of the nation was in jeopardy; that grand
+superstructure, the American Government, whose foundation stones had
+been cemented by the sacred blood of the Revolutionary sires, whose
+columns had been reared by the wisest, purest statesmen the world ever
+saw, and about whose lofty dome the brightest seraphs of Heaven chanted
+their sweetest lays—that great temple around which clustered the hopes
+of the liberty-loving world, was threatened with destruction, and there
+can hardly be any excuse for him who, having the power to save, refused
+to adopt such decisive measures as were essential to salvation.
+
+It is true that the Southern people had acted a very important part
+in the election of Mr. Buchanan, but it is very far from being true
+that a majority of these people were in favor of secession. The great
+Democratic party was not a party of traitors, either North or South.
+The masses of the people of the Southern States were by no means
+desirous of severing their connection with the Government of the United
+States, as was amply testified in the overwhelming Union majorities
+given in North Carolina, Tennessee, and other Southern States, even
+after South Carolina had sloughed off, and all the preliminary steps
+had been taken by the leading secessionists toward the formation of
+a Southern Confederacy. And there is no doubt that had Mr. Buchanan
+taken hold of the rebellion, while it was in the larva, with that
+determination to crush it which the great Jackson exhibited when South
+Carolina proposed her scheme of nullification, it had never seen its
+winged existence.
+
+Buchanan’s administration, in one respect, may possibly yet be
+productive of good, in that it may serve to impress the people with the
+importance of selecting a man for the chief magistracy who loves the
+right and dares to do it.
+
+He only survived the close of the war about three years, as he died on
+the 1st of June, 1868, in the 77th year of his age.
+
+_Election for the Eighteenth Term, commencing March 4, 1857, and
+terminating March 3, 1861._
+
+ ====+===================+==============+===================
+ | | PRESIDENT. | VICE-PRES’T.
+ A | STATES. +-----+-----+--+--+-----+----+-----
+ | | B | C | D | E | F | G
+ ----+-------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----
+ 8 | Maine | | 8 | | | 8 |
+ 5 | New Hampshire | | 5 | | | 5 |
+ 13 | Massachusetts | | 13 | | | 13 |
+ 4 | Rhode Island | | 4 | | | 4 |
+ 6 | Connecticut | | 6 | | | 6 |
+ 5 | Vermont | | 5 | | | 5 |
+ 35 | New York | | 35 | | | 35 |
+ 7 | New Jersey | 7 | | | 7 | |
+ 27 | Pennsylvania | 27 | | | 27 | |
+ 3 | Delaware | 3 | | | 3 | |
+ 8 | Maryland | | | 8 | | | 8
+ 15 | Virginia | 15 | | | 15 | |
+ 10 | North Carolina | 10 | | | 10 | |
+ 8 | South Carolina | 8 | | | 8 | |
+ 10 | Georgia | 10 | | | 10 | |
+ 12 | Kentucky | 12 | | | 12 | |
+ 12 | Tennessee | 12 | | | 12 | |
+ 23 | Ohio | | 23 | | | 23 |
+ 6 | Louisiana | 6 | | | 6 | |
+ 7 | Mississippi | 7 | | | 7 | |
+ 13 | Indiana | 13 | | | 13 | |
+ 11 | Illinois | 11 | | | 11 | |
+ 9 | Alabama | 9 | | | 9 | |
+ 9 | Missouri | 9 | | | 9 | |
+ 4 | Arkansas | 4 | | | 4 | |
+ 6 | Michigan | | 6 | | | 6 |
+ 3 | Florida | 3 | | | 3 | |
+ 4 | Texas | 4 | | | 4 | |
+ 4 | Iowa | | 4 | | | 4 |
+ 5 | Wisconsin[6] | | 5 | | | 5 |
+ 4 | California | 4 | | | 4 | |
+ ----+-------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----
+ 296 |No. of Electors | 174 | 114 | 8 | 174 | 114 | 8
+ |Majority 149 | | | | | |
+ ====+===================+====+====+====+====+====+====+====
+
+ COLUMN HEADINGS:
+ (A) = No. of Electors from each State.
+ (B) = James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania.
+ (C) = John C. Fremont, of New York.
+ (D) = Millard Fillmore, of New York.
+ (E) = John C. Breckenridge, of Kentucky.
+ (F) = William L. Dayton, of New Jersey.
+ (G) = Andrew J. Donelson, of Tennessee.
+
+[6] When the Electoral votes were being counted, in Joint Convention
+of the Senate and House of Representatives, objections were made to
+including the votes of Wisconsin, because the electors did not meet
+until the day after that prescribed by law. The President of the
+Convention stated that he merely announced that James Buchanan had been
+elected President of the United States, without any reference to the
+contested votes, and declined expressing an opinion on the subject.
+
+James Buchanan took the oath of office, as President, and entered upon
+his duties, March 4, 1857.
+
+John C. Breckenridge took the oath of office, as Vice-President, and
+entered upon his duties, March 4, 1857.
+
+
+
+
+ABRAHAM LINCOLN,
+
+THE FOURTEENTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,
+
+
+Was born in Hardin County, Kentucky, February 12th, 1809. The record of
+his boyhood and youth, so far as we have been able to trace it, is not
+distinguished by any thing more remarkable than the usual experience
+of children of pioneers in a new country. In 1816, he removed with
+his parents to what is now Spencer County, Indiana. Here he enjoyed
+the advantages of a little schooling—less than a year, however, in
+all. Whatever else he afterward learned from books was without the
+aid of the school-master—the result of his own energy and indomitable
+perseverance.
+
+In 1832, he served in the Black Hawk war, and, on his return from that
+service, was nominated for the Illinois Legislature from the county of
+Macon. In 1834, he was elected to the Legislature, and reëlected in
+1836, 1838, and 1840. While in the Legislature, he placed himself on
+record against slavery; and it is but just to say that the principles
+which actuated him then are the moving principles of the great party he
+to-day represents as the executive of the nation.
+
+For many years Mr. Lincoln was a prominent leader of the Whig party
+in Illinois, and was on the electoral ticket in several Presidential
+campaigns. In 1844, he canvassed the entire State for Henry Clay, of
+whom he was a sincere and enthusiastic friend, and exerted himself
+powerfully for the favorite of his party. In 1846, he was elected to
+Congress, and took his seat on the first Monday in December, 1847, the
+only Whig Representative from his State.
+
+In November, 1860, he was elected President of the United States by the
+party known as Republicans.
+
+On the 11th of February, 1861, he left his home in Springfield,
+Illinois, and proceeded to Washington, passing _en route_ the cities of
+Toledo, Indianapolis, Cincinnati, Columbus, Steubenville, Pittsburgh,
+Cleveland, Buffalo, Albany, Poughkeepsie, New York, Trenton,
+Philadelphia, Harrisburg, and Baltimore—at all of which places, except
+the last, he was received with great cordiality, and addressed the
+people. At Baltimore a plot had been formed to assassinate him; and, in
+this affair, it seems that some of the most prominent citizens of that
+place were implicated. But Mr. Lincoln, by prompt, shrewd management,
+reached Washington uninjured, and on the 4th of March, 1861, was
+duly inaugurated, and proceeded upon the duties of his office,
+notwithstanding the threats of Baltimoreans that he never should
+be installed. In his inaugural address, in view of the threatening
+attitude assumed by some of the Southern States, in consequence of
+the accession of a Republican administration, after declaring that
+there never had been any just cause for the apprehension that such
+an administration would encroach upon the constitutional rights of
+any State, he said that he had “no purpose, directly or indirectly,
+to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it
+existed; that he, as well as every Member of Congress, was sworn to
+support the whole Constitution, one of the provisions of which is,
+that ‘no person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws
+thereof, escaping into another State, shall, in consequence of any law
+or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but
+shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or
+labor may be due;’ that he took his oath to support the Constitution,
+without any mental reservation; that while he did not then choose to
+specify particular acts of Congress as proper to be enforced, he did
+suggest that it would be much safer for all, both in official and
+private stations, to conform to and abide by all those acts which stand
+unrepealed than to violate any of them, trusting to find impunity in
+having them held to be unconstitutional; that he held that, in the
+contemplation of universal law and of the Constitution, the union
+of the States is perpetual; that no State could, upon its own mere
+motion, get out of the Union; that acts of violence within any State or
+States against the authority of the United States are insurrectionary
+or revolutionary, and that he should, as the Constitution expressly
+enjoined upon him, take care that the laws of the Union should be
+executed in all the States; that while he should perform this duty
+perfectly, so far as practicable, unless restrained by his rightful
+masters, the American people, he trusted the declaration so to do
+would not be regarded as a menace, but only as the express purpose of
+the Union to maintain itself.”
+
+The inaugural address, while considered as clear and explicit by
+many, was regarded as very obscure and unsatisfactory by others
+(the people of the South), and, on the 13th of April, 1861, Messrs.
+Preston, Stuart, and Randolph, appointed by the Virginia Convention,
+were formally received by the President, and presented resolutions
+requesting that, inasmuch as “great uncertainty prevailed in the public
+mind as to the policy” to be pursued by the Federal Executive, he
+should communicate to the Convention the course he intended to take in
+regard to the “Confederate States.”
+
+To this request the President replied that, while he was sorry that
+dangerous uncertainty should exist respecting his mode of procedure
+with the seceded States, he could give no clearer exposition of his
+policy than was given in his inaugural address, a careful consideration
+of which he recommended to the Virginia Convention.
+
+Two days after this, Fort Sumter having been reduced by the Confederate
+Government, and other demonstrations of a revolutionary character
+having been made, the President issued a proclamation calling for
+75,000 volunteers, for three months, to suppress the rebellion, and
+summoned Congress to assemble in extraordinary session. The call was
+heartily responded to, and, in a few days, a vastly greater number
+than had been requested offered themselves to their country. Meantime
+Washington was placed in a state of defense. Shortly after the
+commencement of hostilities, a blockade of all the Southern ports was
+declared. This was directly followed by a blockade of Virginia and
+North Carolina. On the 3d of May, 1861, the President issued a call
+for 42,034 additional volunteers for the term of three years. Congress
+having assembled, he addressed a message to that body, asking that at
+least 400,000 men and $400,000,000 be placed at his control, that the
+work of crushing the rebellion might be expedited. Congress readily
+complied, granting more men and money than had been asked.
+
+On the 16th of August, 1861, the President issued a proclamation
+prohibiting all commercial intercourse between the loyal and seceded
+States. In the latter part of August, he modified a proclamation
+issued by General Fremont, which declared martial law in the State
+of Missouri, ordering the confiscation of the property of disloyal
+persons, and declaring their slaves free. The two latter of these
+measures Mr. Lincoln declared void. For this act he was blamed by many
+of his own party at the time.
+
+Passing some other acts of less importance, we next notice the message
+addressed to Congress on the 6th of March, 1862, by the President,
+recommending that the Government coöperate with any State desiring a
+gradual emancipation of the slaves, by affording it such pecuniary aid
+as would enable it to “compensate for the inconveniences, public and
+private, produced by such change of system.” This message was hailed
+by the radical antislavery party of the country as the initiatory
+step toward a final and total abolition of slavery; by conservative
+Union men, with indifference; and by the secessionists as a hostile
+encroachment upon State rights.
+
+On the 11th of March, 1862, Mr. Lincoln assumed command of the Army and
+Navy of the United States, ordering a general movement of both, and
+confining General McClellan to the command of the Department of the
+Potomac.
+
+April 16th, 1862, he approved and signed an act of Congress, abolishing
+the institution of slavery in the District of Columbia, which act
+“recognized and practically applied” the principles of compensation and
+colonization.
+
+During the month of May, the President issued two proclamations, the
+one declaring the ports of Port Royal, Beaufort, and New Orleans
+open for trade, the other repudiating an order issued by General
+Hunter, emancipating all the slaves in Georgia, Florida, and South
+Carolina. This act also produced some dissatisfaction. During the
+years 1862-1863, Mr. Lincoln was actively employed in calling out and
+furnishing troops, and making important changes in the organization of
+the army. It was also during this period that he issued his general
+emancipation proclamations—the first on the 22d day of September,
+1862, declaring that all slaves held in any State, or part of a State
+found in actual rebellion against the authority of the United States
+on the 1st day of January, 1863, should then and forever thereafter
+be free; the second, on the 1st of January, 1863, declaring that, in
+accordance with the first proclamation, slavery is abolished in all the
+States and counties then in armed rebellion against the Government.
+
+These measures, while they greatly unpopularized the President with
+certain parties in the Northern and Southern border States, were
+regarded as the exponents of the true policy by the radicals. His
+suspension of the writ of _habeas corpus_, in certain cases, September
+15th, 1863, also produced considerable stir in political circles.
+
+At the Republican Convention which met at Baltimore, in January,
+1864, Mr. Lincoln was re-nominated for the Presidency of the United
+States—was elected November 8th, and duly inaugurated March 4th, 1865.
+
+The following note of his inaugural address is from an English journal.
+It speaks for itself:
+
+“On the 4th instant, the day of inaugurating his second term, President
+Lincoln read a short State paper, which for political weight, moral
+dignity, and unaffected solemnity has had no equal in our time. His
+presidency began, he says, with the efforts of both parties to avoid
+war. ‘To strengthen, perpetuate, and extend the slave interest was the
+object for which the insurgents would rend the Union by war, while
+the Government claimed the right to do no more than restrict the
+territorial enlargement of it.’ Both parties ‘read the same Bible and
+pray to the same God.’
+
+“The prayer of both can not be answered, that of neither has been
+answered fully, for the Almighty has his own purposes. Mr. Lincoln
+goes on to confess for the North its partnership in the original guilt
+of slavery: ‘Woe unto the world because of its offenses, for it must
+needs be that offenses come; but woe unto that man by whom the offenses
+cometh! If we shall suppose American slavery one of the offenses which
+in the providence of God must needs come, but which, having continued
+through His appointed time, He now wills to remove, and that He gives
+to both North and South this terrible war, as was due to those by whom
+the offense came, we will not discern that there is any departure
+from those divine attributes which believers in the living God always
+ascribe to Him. Fondly do we hope, fervently do we pray, that this
+mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Yet, if it be God’s will
+that it continue till the wealth piled by bondsmen by two hundred and
+fifty years’ unrequited toil shall be sunk, and till every drop of
+blood drawn with the lash shall be repaid by another drawn with the
+sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said
+that the judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether. With
+malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right,
+as God gives us to see the light, let us strive on to finish the work
+we are in, to bind up the nation’s wounds, to care for those who have
+borne the battle, and for their widows and orphans. And with all this
+let us strive after a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with
+all nations.’ No statesman ever uttered words stamped at once with
+the seal of so deep a wisdom and so true a simplicity. The ‘village
+attorney,’ of whom Sir G. C. Lewis and many other wise men wrote with
+so much scorn, in 1861, seems destined to be one of those ‘foolish
+things of the world’ which are destined to confound the wise, one of
+those weak things which shall ‘confound the things that are mighty.’”
+
+The rebel General Lee had surrendered. The war was apparently at an
+end. Abraham Lincoln, the honored and the great, looked forward to
+a speedy restoration of the Union. But while the storm lulled, the
+assassin did his work. J. Wilkes Booth shot Abraham Lincoln on the
+night of the 13th, and he died April 14th, 1865, honored and lamented
+by every true American. The world never before beheld such universal
+sorrow. A nation not merely mourned but was clad in the deepest
+mourning.
+
+_Election for the Nineteenth Term, commencing March 4, 1861, and
+terminating March 3, 1865._
+
+ ====+======================+===================+====================
+ | | PRESIDENT. | VICE-PRESIDENT.
+ A | +-----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+---
+ | STATES. | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | J
+ ----+----------------------+-----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+---
+ 8 | Maine | 8 | | | | 8 | | |
+ 5 | New Hampshire | 5 | | | | 5 | | |
+ 13 | Massachusetts | 13 | | | | 13 | | |
+ 4 | Rhode Island | 4 | | | | 4 | | |
+ 6 | Connecticut | 6 | | | | 6 | | |
+ 5 | Vermont | 5 | | | | 5 | | |
+ 35 | New York | 35 | | | | 35 | | |
+ 7 | New Jersey | 4 | | | 3 | 4 | | | 3
+ 27 | Pennsylvania | 27 | | | | 27 | | |
+ 3 | Delaware | | 3 | | | | 3 | |
+ 8 | Maryland | | 8 | | | | 8 | |
+ 15 | Virginia | | | 15 | | | | 15 |
+ 10 | North Carolina | | 10 | | | | 10 | |
+ 8 | South Carolina | | 8 | | | | 8 | |
+ 10 | Georgia | | 10 | | | | 10 | |
+ 12 | Kentucky | | | 12 | | | | 12 |
+ 12 | Tennessee | | | 12 | | | | 12 |
+ 23 | Ohio | 23 | | | | 23 | | |
+ 6 | Louisiana | | 6 | | | | 6 | |
+ 7 | Mississippi | | 7 | | | | 7 | |
+ 13 | Indiana | 13 | | | | 13 | | |
+ 11 | Illinois | 11 | | | | 11 | | |
+ 9 | Alabama | | 9 | | | | 9 | |
+ 9 | Missouri | | | | 9 | | | | 9
+ 4 | Arkansas | | 4 | | | | 4 | |
+ 6 | Michigan | 6 | | | | 6 | | |
+ 3 | Florida | | 3 | | | | 3 | |
+ 4 | Texas | | 4 | | | | 4 | |
+ 4 | Iowa | 4 | | | | 4 | | |
+ 5 | Wisconsin | 5 | | | | 5 | | |
+ 4 | California | 4 | | | | 4 | | |
+ 4 | Minnesota | 4 | | | | 4 | | |
+ 3 | Oregon | 3 | | | | 3 | | |
+ ----+----------------------+-----+----+----+----+-----+----+----+---
+ 315 | Whole No. of Electors| 180 | 72 | 39 | 12 | 180 | 72 | 39 | 12
+ | Majority 157| | | | | | | |
+ ====+======================+=====+====+====+====+=====+====+====+===
+
+ COLUMN HEADINGS:
+ (A) = No. of Electors from each State.
+ (B) = Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois.
+ (C) = John C. Breckenridge, of Kentucky.
+ (D) = John Bell, of Tennessee.
+ (E) = Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois.
+ (F) = Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine.
+ (G) = Joseph Lane, of Texas.
+ (H) = Edward Everett, of Massachusetts.
+ (J) = Herschel V. Johnson, of Georgia.
+
+Abraham Lincoln took the oath of office as President, and entered upon
+his duties, March 4th, 1861. Hannibal Hamlin took the oath of office as
+Vice-President, and attended in the Senate as its President, on the 4th
+of March, 1861. The accession of Mr. Lincoln to the Presidency was made
+the pretext for the great rebellion of 1861.
+
+_Election for the Twentieth Term, commencing March 4, 1865, and
+terminating March 3, 1869._
+
+ ===+================+==========+======+==============
+ | | PRESIDENT. | V. PRESIDENT.
+ A | STATES. +------+-----+-------+------
+ | | B | C | D | E
+ ---+---------------------+------+-----+-------+------
+ 7 | Maine | 7 | | 7 |
+ 5 | New Hampshire | 5 | | 5 |
+ 12 | Massachusetts | 12 | | 12 |
+ 4 | Rhode Island | 4 | | 4 |
+ 6 | Connecticut | 6 | | 6 |
+ 5 | Vermont | 5 | | 5 |
+ 33 | New York | 33 | | 33 |
+ 7 | New Jersey | | 7 | | 7
+ 26 | Pennsylvania | 26 | | 26 |
+ 3 | Delaware | | 3 | | 3
+ 7 | Maryland | 7 | | 7 |
+ 15 | Virginia | | | |
+ 5 | Western Virginia | 5 | | 5 |
+ 8 | South Carolina | | | |
+ 10 | North Carolina | | | |
+ 10 | Georgia | | | |
+ 11 | Kentucky | | 11 | | 11
+ 12 | Tennessee | | | |
+ 21 | Ohio | 21 | | 21 |
+ 6 | Louisiana | | | |
+ 7 | Mississippi | | | |
+ 13 | Indiana | 13 | | 13 |
+ 15 | Illinois | 15 | | 15 |
+ 9 | Alabama | | | |
+ 11 | Missouri | 11 | | 11 |
+ 4 | Arkansas | | | |
+ 8 | Michigan | 8 | | 8 |
+ 3 | Florida | | | |
+ 4 | Texas | | | |
+ 8 | Iowa | 8 | | 8 |
+ 8 | Wisconsin | 8 | | 8 |
+ 5 | California | 5 | | 5 |
+ 4 | Minnesota | 4 | | 4 |
+ 3 | Oregon | 3 | | 3 |
+ 3 | Nevada | 3 | | 3 |
+ 3 | Kansas | 3 | | 3 |
+ ----+--------------------+------+-----+-------+------
+ 331 | | 212 | 21 | 212 | 21
+ ====+====================+======+=====+=======+======
+
+ COLUMN HEADINGS:
+ (A) = No. of Electors from each State.
+ (B) = Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois.
+ (C) = Geo. B. McClellan, of Ohio.
+ (D) = Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee.
+ (E) = Geo. H. Pendleton, of Ohio.
+
+Virginia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee,
+Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida and Texas, being in
+rebellion, did not vote for President and Vice-President.
+
+Whole number of Electoral votes cast were 233—for Lincoln and Johnson,
+212; for McClellan and Pendleton, 21. Lincoln and Johnson’s majority
+191, the greatest majority attained since the organization of the
+Government.
+
+Abraham Lincoln took the oath of office as President and entered upon
+his duties March 4, 1865.
+
+Andrew Johnson took the oath of office as Vice-President, and attended
+in the Senate as its President March 4, 1865.
+
+
+
+
+ANDREW JOHNSON
+
+
+Was born at Raleigh, North Carolina, December 29th, 1808, and is now in
+his sixtieth year. He lost his father when only four years old. At the
+age of ten he was apprenticed to a tailor in Raleigh, and served with
+him an apprenticeship of seven years. His mother was poor, and had been
+unable to give him any educational advantages; but young Andy, whose
+unconquerable spirit was not to be restrained by any disadvantages,
+became stimulated with a desire for knowledge. He acquired the alphabet
+with no other instructions than those obtained from the journeymen with
+whom he worked. He learned to read from an old volume of speeches,
+loaned him by a friend, and thenceforward, after ten hours’ work with
+his goose, needle, and scissors, applied himself with vigor to study
+for three or four hours each evening. In 1824, having completed his
+apprenticeship, he went to Laurens Court house, South Carolina, where
+he worked as journeyman for two years. In 1826, he set out for the
+West, taking his mother, whom already, at his early age, and with
+his scanty wages, he was supporting. He made his home at Greenville,
+Tennessee, where he remained, and commenced business, and where he
+became a thriving and popular man. With the indefatigable thirst for
+knowledge which had characterized his early career, he still pursued
+his studies, and, in the evenings which followed a day of labor, with
+his wife as instructress, pushed on in the road to knowledge.
+
+He entered early into political life, being elected to the first office
+he ever held—that of Alderman of the village of Greenville—in 1828.
+He was reëlected to the same office in 1829. In 1830, he was elected
+Mayor, and retained that position for three years. In 1835, he was sent
+to the Legislature, where he chiefly distinguished himself by taking
+strong grounds against a scheme of internal improvements, which, he
+argued, was extravagant and useless. The measure was popular, however,
+and he was defeated in 1837. In 1838, he was a candidate again, and
+was this time successful. In 1840, he served as Presidential elector
+for the State at large on the Democratic ticket, and during the
+campaign rendered efficient service to the party as a stump speaker.
+In 1841, he was elected to the State Senate, and, in 1843, at the
+age of thirty-five, he was elected to Congress, where he held his
+seat, being four times reëlected, until 1853. During this time he was
+thoroughly identified with the old Democratic party, and supported all
+the party measures. In 1853, he was elected Governor, after a very
+exciting contest, over Gustavus A. Henry. He was reëlected in 1855,
+over Meredith P. Gentry, the Whig candidate. At the expiration of his
+Gubernatorial term, in 1857, he was chosen United States Senator by a
+Democratic majority in the Legislature of Tennessee. In that body he
+commanded the respect of all his compeers, as an able, eloquent, and
+patriotic statesman. At the breaking out of the rebellion, Senator
+Andrew Johnson still proclaimed his allegiance to the United States,
+and continued to hold his seat in the Senate, though his course
+subjected him to much unpopularity, and even danger.
+
+When, in the spring of 1862, our army had penetrated Tennessee to
+Nashville, and the northern and central portions of the State were
+wrested from rebel control, the President desired the services of a
+wise and sagacious man, of unquestionable loyalty, to act as Military
+Governor of that State; and he did not have long to look—Andrew
+Johnson was at once recognized as the man for the place, and, being
+commissioned a Brigadier-General, he repaired to Nashville, where he
+for two years discharged the delicate and responsible duty of his
+charge with a degree of wisdom and efficiency which challenged general
+admiration. Under his administration, the rebellion had steadily been
+losing its hold in Tennessee, and loyalty was as constantly cultivated
+and developed.
+
+He was nominated for the Vice-Presidency by the Union Convention at
+Baltimore, June 8th, 1864, and was elected November 8, 1864, and was
+sworn into office March 4th, 1865.
+
+President Lincoln died April 15. Andrew Johnson was sworn into office
+as President of the United States, on the same day, by Chief Justice
+Chase.
+
+Soon after entering upon the duties of his office, he vetoed the Civil
+Rights Bill, the Constitutional Amendment, the Military Government
+Bill, and all the important bills passed by Congress; also suspended
+Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War, from office, during the recess of
+Congress; on the assembling of which, he sent them his reasons for
+so doing. Upon considering which, they reinstated Secretary Stanton.
+Whereupon the President issued an order removing him, and ordering
+Major-General Thomas, Adjutant-General of the army, to act as Secretary
+_ad interim_—the same being done without the consent or advice of the
+Senate—for which and many other acts committed by him, and by Congress
+deemed unconstitutional, the House did, on the 25th of February, 1868,
+impeach Andrew Johnson of high crimes and misdemeanors; and he was
+accordingly tried for the same by the Senate—the result of which trial
+will be found in the Impeachment Act, on another page.
+
+
+
+
+CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD OF THE REBELLION.
+
+
+NOVEMBER, 1860—PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION.
+
+NOV. 6.—Each of the four political parties presented its candidate
+for the Presidency, and the same number for the Vice-Presidency. The
+Republican party supported Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, and Hannibal
+Hamlin, of Maine. One wing of the Democratic party supported S. A.
+Douglas, of Illinois, and H. V. Johnson, of Georgia; the other wing
+sustained John C. Breckenridge, of Kentucky, and Joseph Lane, of
+Oregon. The Old Line Whigs and Know Nothings supported John Bell, of
+Tennessee, and Edward Everett, of Massachusetts. The result of the
+popular vote was as follows:
+
+Lincoln and Hamlin received 1,857,610; Douglas and Johnson, 1,365,976;
+Breckenridge and Lane, 847,553; Bell and Everett, 590,631.
+
+NOV. 7.—The news of Mr. Lincoln’s election received at Charleston,
+South Carolina, with cheers for a Southern Confederacy. The “Palmetto
+Flag” hoisted on the vessels in the harbor.
+
+NOV. 9.—An attempt to seize the arms in Fort Moultrie.
+
+NOV. 10.—A bill was introduced into the South Carolina Legislature to
+raise and equip 10,000 men. The Legislature also ordered the election
+of a convention, to consider the question of secession. Jas. Chester,
+United States Senator from South Carolina, resigned.
+
+NOV. 11.—Senator Hammond, of South Carolina, resigned.
+
+NOV. 15.—Governor Letcher, of Virginia, called an extra session of the
+Legislature.
+
+NOV. 18.—Georgia Legislature appropriated $1,000,000 to arm the State.
+Major Anderson sent to Fort Moultrie to relieve Colonel Gardner.
+
+NOV. 19.—Governor Moore called an extra session of the Louisiana
+Legislature.
+
+DECEMBER, 1860.
+
+DEC. 1.—Florida Legislature ordered the election of a convention. Great
+secession meeting in Memphis.
+
+DEC. 3.—Congress met. The President denied the right of a State to
+secede, and asserted the right of the General Government to coerce a
+seceding State.
+
+DEC. 5.—Election of delegates to South Carolina Convention took place.
+The successful candidates were secessionists.
+
+DEC. 10.—Howell Cobb, Secretary of the Treasury, resigned. Senator
+Clay, of Alabama, resigned. The Louisiana Legislature ordered the
+election of a convention, and appropriated $500,000 to arm the State.
+
+DEC. 13.—An extra session of the Cabinet was held to consider the
+question of reinforcing Fort Moultrie; the President opposed it, and
+reinforcements were not sent.
+
+DEC. 14.—General Cass, Secretary of State, resigned.
+
+DEC. 17.—South Carolina Convention assembled.
+
+DEC. 18.—The Crittenden Compromise introduced in the United States
+Senate.
+
+DEC. 19.—Governor Hicks, of Maryland, refused to receive the
+Mississippi Commissioner.
+
+DEC. 20.—South Carolina Convention adopted a secession ordinance; the
+vote unanimous.
+
+DEC. 22.—The Crittenden Compromise voted down in the Senate committee
+of Thirteen.
+
+DEC. 24.—The people of Pittsburg stop the shipment of ordnance from
+the arsenal at that place to Southern forts. Governor Moore called an
+extra session of the Alabama Legislature.—Election of members of the
+Alabama Convention took place; the majority for secession was over
+50,000.—South Carolina members of Congress resigned.
+
+DEC. 26.—Major Anderson left Fort Moultrie and took possession of Fort
+Sumter. He had with him only 111 men. South Carolina Commissioners
+arrived in Washington. The President refused to receive them.
+
+DEC. 27.—Revenue cutter, William Aiken, surrendered to the South
+Carolina authorities.
+
+DEC. 28.—South Carolina seized the Government property in Charleston,
+took possession of Castle Pinckney and Fort Moultrie.
+
+DEC. 29.—John B. Floyd, Secretary of War, resigned.
+
+DEC. 31.—South Carolina sent Commissioners to the slave States to make
+arrangements for a Southern Confederacy.
+
+JANUARY, 1861.
+
+JAN. 2.—Governor Ellis, of North Carolina, took possession of Fort
+Macon. Georgia troops seized Forts Pulaski and Jackson, and the United
+States arsenal at Savannah.
+
+JAN. 4.—Governor Moore, of Alabama, seized Fort Morgan, and the United
+States arsenal at Mobile. Fast-day, by proclamation of the President.
+
+JAN. 7.—State Conventions of Alabama and Mississippi, Legislatures of
+Virginia and Tennessee, assembled.
+
+JAN. 8.—Jacob Thompson, Secretary of the Interior, resigned. Fort
+Johnson at Wilmington, and Caswell at Oak Island, seized by North
+Carolina.
+
+JAN. 9.—The steamer Star of the West fired on by rebel batteries in
+Charleston harbor, and driven back. Mississippi Convention passed
+secession ordinance by vote of 84 to 15.
+
+JAN. 10.—Florida Convention adopted an ordinance of secession by a vote
+of 62 to 7. Florida seized Fort McRae.
+
+JAN. 11.—Alabama seceded; vote in Convention, ayes, 61; noes, 39. P. B.
+Thomas, Secretary of the Treasury, resigned, and was succeeded by John
+A. Dix, of New York. The Governor of Louisiana seized Forts Phillip
+and Jackson, on the Mississippi below New Orleans, the United States
+arsenal at Baton Rouge, and Forts Pike and Macomb, on Lake Ponchartrain.
+
+JAN. 13.—Florida troops took possession of the Pensacola Navy Yard and
+Fort Barancas. Lieutenant Slemmer, in command of Fort Pickens, refused
+to obey Commodore Armstrong’s order to surrender the fort to the
+Florida troops, and thus saved that important place to the Union.
+
+JAN. 16.—The Legislature of Arkansas called a convention. Colonel
+Hayne, of South Carolina, demanded of the President the surrender of
+Fort Sumter, which was refused. The Missouri Legislature voted to hold
+a convention.
+
+JAN. 18.—The Legislature of Virginia appropriated $1,000,000 for the
+defense of the State.
+
+JAN. 19.—Georgia adopted a secession ordinance by vote of 208 to 89.
+
+JAN. 21.—Members of Congress from Alabama resigned. Jefferson Davis
+resigned his place in the Senate.
+
+JAN. 23.—Georgia members of Congress resigned.
+
+JAN. 24.—The rebels seized the U. S. arsenal at Augusta Georgia.
+
+JAN. 26.—Louisiana Legislature passed secession ordinance by vote of
+113 to 17.
+
+JAN. 30.—North Carolina Legislature submitted the convention question
+to the people. This was the first instance of the will of the people
+being consulted in regard to the question of secession. The revenue
+cutters Cass, at Mobile, and McLelland, at New Orleans, surrendered to
+the rebel authorities.
+
+FEBRUARY, 1861.
+
+FEB. 1.—Texas Convention passed an ordinance of secession by vote of
+166 to 7, to be submitted to the people. The Louisiana authorities
+seized the Mint and Custom House at New Orleans.
+
+FEB. 4.—Delegates from the seceded States met at Montgomery, Alabama,
+to organize a Confederate Government. Peace Congress met at Washington;
+Ex-President Tyler was chosen President.
+
+FEB. 8.—The U. S. arsenal at Little Rock surrendered to Arkansas.
+
+FEB. 9.—Jefferson Davis and A. H. Stephens elected Provisional
+President and Vice-President of the Southern Confederacy.
+
+FEB. 13.—The electoral vote counted. Abraham Lincoln received 180
+votes, Stephen A. Douglas 12, John C. Breckenridge 72, and John Bell 39.
+
+FEB. 19.—Fort Kearney, Kansas, seized by the rebels.
+
+FEB. 23.—General Twiggs surrendered government property in Texas,
+valued at $1,200,000, to the rebels.
+
+MARCH, 1861.
+
+MARCH 1.—General Twiggs expelled from the army. Peace Congress
+adjourned.
+
+MARCH 2.—Revenue cutter Dodge surrendered to the rebels at Galveston,
+Texas.
+
+MARCH 4.—The ordinance of secession passed by the Texas Convention and
+submitted to the people, having been adopted by a majority of about
+40,000, the Convention declared the State out of the Union.
+
+MARCH 5.—General Beauregard took command of the troops at Charleston.
+
+MARCH 6.—Fort Brown, on the Rio Grande, was surrendered by special
+agreement. The Federal troops evacuated the fort and sailed for Key
+West and Tortugas.
+
+MARCH 28.—Vote of Louisiana on secession made public. For secession,
+20,448; against it, 17,926.
+
+MARCH 30.—Mississippi Convention ratified the Confederate Constitution
+by a vote of 78 to 70.
+
+
+APRIL, 1861.
+
+APRIL 3.—South Carolina Convention ratified the Confederate
+Constitution by a vote of 114 to 16.
+
+APRIL 4.—Virginia Convention, by a vote of 89 to 45, refused to submit
+an ordinance of secession to the people.
+
+APRIL 7.—All intercourse between Fort Sumter and Charleston stopped by
+order of Beauregard. The steamer Atlantic sailed from New York with
+troops and supplies.
+
+APRIL 8.—The Federal Government notified the South Carolina authorities
+that provisions would be sent to Major Anderson by force, if necessary.
+The State Department refused to recognize the Confederate States
+Commissioners.
+
+APRIL 11.—Troops are stationed in Washington, and the oath of fidelity
+administered to the men. The rebel Commissioners left Washington.
+General Beauregard demanded the surrender of Fort Sumter. Major
+Anderson refused.
+
+BOMBARDMENT OF FORT SUMTER.
+
+APRIL 12.—The rebels had constructed batteries on Morris Island,
+Sullivan Island and Cumming’s Point, besides occupying Fort Moultrie;
+they had also built a powerful floating battery, all of which were
+employed in the attack on Sumter. Fort Moultrie opened fire at four
+o’clock in the morning. Fort Sumter did not reply until seven o’clock.
+The fire was kept up with vigor by both sides. Major Anderson had
+under his command 111 men, including officers, musicians and laborers.
+The Legislature appropriated $500,000 to arm the State. Fort Pickens
+reinforced.
+
+APRIL 13.—The bombardment of Fort Sumter continued; early in the day
+the officers’ quarters were fired by a shell; by noon most of the
+wood work was on fire; Sumter’s fire was almost silenced when General
+Wigfall came with a flag of truce, and arrangements were made for
+evacuating the fort. The terms were that the garrison should take all
+its individual and company property, that they should march out with
+their side arms in their own way, at their own time, and that they
+should salute their flag and take it with them.
+
+APRIL 14.—Major Anderson and his men sailed for New York. Governor
+Yates, of Illinois, called an extra session of the Legislature, to meet
+April 22.
+
+APRIL 15.—The President issued a proclamation commanding all persons
+in arms against the Government to disperse within twenty days; also
+calling for 75,000 volunteers. The New York Legislature authorized the
+raising of $3,000,000 for their equipment and support. The President
+called an extra session of Congress, to meet July 4th.
+
+APRIL 16.—The Governors of Kentucky, Virginia, Tennessee and Missouri,
+refused to furnish troops Under the President’s proclamation.—The
+Confederate Government called for 32,000 men.
+
+APRIL 17.—Virginia Convention adopted secession ordinance in secret
+session by a vote of 60 to 53, to be submitted to the people on the
+fourth Thursday of May. Forces were sent to seize the U. S. Arsenal at
+Harper’s Ferry, and the Gosport Navy Yard. All the military power of
+the State was placed under the control of the President of the Southern
+Confederacy. Jefferson Davis issued a proclamation, offering letters of
+marque and reprisal to all who wished to engage in privateering.
+
+APRIL 18.—U. S. Arsenal at Harper’s Ferry destroyed by Lieutenant
+Jones, to prevent it falling into the hands of the enemy. Colonel Cake,
+with 400 men of the 25th Pennsylvania regiment, arrived in Washington.
+These were the first troops to enter the city for its defense.
+
+APRIL 19.—Steamer Star of the West seized by the rebels at Indianola,
+Texas. The 6th Massachusetts regiment, while passing through Baltimore,
+was attacked by a mob; two soldiers were wounded. The troops fired
+upon the mob, killing eleven and wounding many. President Lincoln
+issued a proclamation declaring the ports of South Carolina, Florida,
+Georgia, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas, in a state of blockade.
+Maryland, Delaware and Pennsylvania, added to the military department
+of Washington, and placed under the command of General Patterson. City
+Council of Philadelphia appropriated $1,000,000 to equip the volunteers
+and support their families.
+
+APRIL 20.—The Governor of North Carolina seized the Branch Mint at
+Charlotte. Several bridges on the Northern Pennsylvania Railroad
+destroyed by Maryland rebels, to prevent the passage of troops
+to Washington. The U. S. Arsenal at Liberty, Mo., seized by the
+secessionists and the arms distributed among the surrounding counties.
+The Gosport Navy Yard destroyed by General McCauley, to keep it
+from the rebels; the war vessels Delaware, Pennsylvania, Columbia,
+Germantown, Merrimac, Raritan, Dolphin and United States, were
+scuttled and set on fire; the Cumberland was towed out. The 4th
+Massachusetts regiment arrived at Fortress Monroe. A special meeting of
+the Pennsylvania Legislature called for the 30th, by proclamation of
+Governor Curtin.
+
+APRIL 21.—Federal Government took possession of the Philadelphia and
+Baltimore Railroad. Senator Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, mobbed at
+Lynchburg, Va.
+
+APRIL 22.—U. S. Arsenal at Fayetteville, N. C., seized by the rebels.
+Arkansas seized the Arsenal at Napoleon.
+
+APRIL 24.—Fort Smith, Arkansas, seized by the rebels under Senator
+Boland. Cairo, Illinois, occupied by Union troops.
+
+APRIL 25.—Major Sibly surrendered 450 U. S. troops to the rebel Colonel
+Van Dorn, at Saluria, Texas. A company of Illinois volunteers, acting
+under the authority of the Government, removed 22,000 stand of arms
+from the Arsenal at St. Louis to Springfield, Illinois. Governor
+Letcher proclaims Virginia a member of the Southern Confederacy.
+
+APRIL 27.—The steamer Aelmick, loaded with powder and munitions of war
+for the South, seized at Cairo. The blockade extended to the ports of
+North Carolina and Virginia. All officers of the army were required to
+take the oath of allegiance.
+
+APRIL 29.—The Indiana Legislature appropriated $500,000 to arm the
+State. The Maryland House of Delegates voted against secession, 63
+to 13. Governor Harris, of Tennessee, seized bonds and money in the
+Collector’s hands at Nashville, belonging to the Federal Government.
+Three steamships seized at New Orleans by order of Governor Moore, of
+Louisiana.
+
+MAY, 1861.
+
+MAY 1.—North Carolina Legislature passed a bill calling a State
+Convention, to meet on the 20th of May. The Legislature of Tennessee
+passed an act, in secret session, authorizing the Governor to form a
+league with the Southern Confederacy.
+
+MAY 3.—Governor Letcher called out the militia to defend Virginia.
+President Lincoln called for 42,000 three years’ volunteers; 22,000
+troops for the regular army, and 18,000 seamen. Fourteen companies
+of Kentucky volunteers offered their services to the Secretary of
+War, notwithstanding the Governor’s refusal. Connecticut Legislature
+appropriated $2,000,000 for military purposes.
+
+MAY 4.—General McClellan placed in command of the Department of Ohio,
+comprising the States of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. Union meetings
+were held in Preston county, Va., and at Wheeling, Va.
+
+MAY 5.—General Butler took possession of the Relay House, Maryland.
+
+MAY 6.—Arkansas Convention passed an ordinance of secession, by vote of
+69 to 1. Tennessee Legislature adopted secession ordinance in secret
+session, to be submitted to a vote of the people on the 8th of June.
+
+MAY 10.—A mob attacked the Home Guard at St. Louis; the Guard fired on
+the rioters, killing seven. A rebel force of 800 men, under Gen. Frost,
+surrendered to Captain (afterwards General) Lyon, at St. Louis.
+
+MAY 11.—The mob made another attack on the Home Guard in St. Louis.
+Blockade of Charleston, S. C., established by the steamer Niagara.
+
+MAY 13.—A Convention composed of delegates from 35 counties, met at
+Wheeling, Virginia, to consider the policy of forming a new State.
+
+MAY 14.—A schooner loaded with arms for the rebels, also a large number
+of guns in Baltimore, seized by the forces under General Butler. The
+ship Argo, with a cargo of tobacco valued at $150,000, captured by the
+U. S. gunboat Quaker City.
+
+MAY 16.—A bridge on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad destroyed. General
+Scott ordered the fortification of Arlington Heights.
+
+MAY 17.—Secession spies arrested in Washington by order of General
+Scott. Adams Express Company prohibited from carrying packages or
+letters south of Washington. Rebels commence fortifying Harper’s Ferry.
+
+MAY 18.—Military Department of Virginia created, comprising Eastern
+Virginia, North and South Carolina; headquarters at Fortress Monroe,
+commander General Butler.
+
+MAY 19.—Rebel batteries at Sewell’s Point attacked by U. S. steamers.
+Two schooners with rebel troops on board captured by the U. S. steamer
+Freeborn.
+
+MAY 20.—Telegraphic dispatches throughout the North seized by order of
+the Government. North Carolina secession ordinance adopted. Governor
+Magoffin proclaimed the neutrality of Kentucky.
+
+MAY 22.—Fortifications of Ship Island destroyed to keep them from the
+enemy.
+
+MAY 24.—Thirteen thousand troops crossed the Potomac into Virginia.
+Alexandria occupied by Federal troops. Colonel Ellsworth shot by
+Jackson; the murderer was instantly killed. Arlington Heights occupied
+by Union troops.
+
+MAY 25.—Union troops destroyed seven bridges and five miles of railroad
+from Alexandria to Leesburg.
+
+MAY 26.—Western Virginia gave a large majority in favor of the Union.
+The port of New Orleans was blockaded by the sloop of war Brooklyn. All
+postal service in the seceded States suspended.
+
+MAY 31.—The steamers Freeborn and Anacosta engage the rebel batteries
+at Acquia Creek.
+
+JUNE, 1861.
+
+JUNE 1.—Lieutenant Tompkins, with 47 men, attacked the rebels at
+Fairfax Court House, killing Captain Marr and several others. Union
+loss two killed. The steamers Freeborn and Anacosta engage the
+batteries at Acquia Creek the second time. Skirmish at Williamsport,
+Maryland, between the rebels and a company of Home Guards.
+
+JUNE 3.—Colonel Kelly defeated the rebels at Phillippi, Va.,
+killing 15; Colonel Kelly was severely wounded. Hon. S. A. Douglas
+died at Chicago. General Beauregard arrived and assumed command
+of the Confederate forces at Manassas Junction, Va. The voluntary
+contributions in the Northern States to carry on the war amounted to
+over $32,000,000.
+
+JUNE 6.—Harriet Lane attacked the batteries at Pig Point, near Fortress
+Monroe. A company of rebel cavalry, captured at Alexandria, Va., take
+the oath of allegiance.
+
+BATTLE OF BIG BETHEL.
+
+JUNE 10.—Three regiments of Union troops, under the command of General
+Pierce, were defeated with a loss of 16 killed, among them Major
+Winthrop, and 41 wounded.
+
+JUNE 11.—Skirmish at Romney, Va. Wheeling Convention met.
+
+JUNE 14.—Rebels evacuated Harper’s Ferry, after destroying all
+available property; the armory machinery was taken to Richmond.
+
+JUNE 15.—Brig Perry arrived at New York with the privateer Savannah,
+captured June 4th.
+
+JUNE 17.—Wheeling Convention unanimously declared Western Virginia
+independent of the rebel portion of the State. A train of cars with 275
+Ohio volunteers, under the command of Colonel Schenck, was fired into
+from a masked battery near Vienna, Va,; 8 were killed and 12 wounded.
+General Lyon defeated the rebels at Boonville, Mo., with a loss of
+about 30 killed and 50 wounded; Union loss 2 killed and 9 wounded.
+
+JUNE 10.—A skirmish took place at Cole Camp, Mo., between a body of
+secessionists and a company of Home Guards; the latter were defeated
+with a loss of 10 killed, 20 wounded and 30 prisoners. A detachment
+of U. S. Regulars captured a number of rebels with their arms and
+ammunition, at Liberty, Mo.
+
+JUNE 20.—Union Convention elected Frank D. Pierpont Governor of
+Virginia. General McClellan assumed command in person of the army in
+Western Virginia.
+
+JUNE 23.—Forty-eight locomotives belonging to the Baltimore and Ohio
+Railroad, valued at $400,000, were destroyed by the rebels.
+
+JUNE 24.—The U. S. gunboat Pawnee attacked the rebel battery at Mathias
+Point. A spy arrested at Washington with a full detail of the number of
+the troops and batteries, and the best plan of attack on the city.
+
+JUNE 26.—The President acknowledged the Wheeling government of Virginia.
+
+JUNE 27.—George P. Kane, Marshal of Baltimore police, arrested by
+General Banks and sent to Fort McHenry. The steamers Pawnee, Resolute
+and Freeborn, made a second attack on the rebel battery at Mathias
+Point; Captain Ward, commanding the Federal force, was killed.
+
+JUNE 29.—The rebel privateer Sumter escaped from New Orleans. The
+rebels made a dash at Harper’s Ferry, destroying several boats and a
+railroad bridge.
+
+JULY, 1861.
+
+JULY 2.—General Patterson defeated the Confederates at Falling Water,
+Va.; Union loss 3 killed and 10 wounded.
+
+JULY 3.—A rebel company of 94 men captured at Neosho, Missouri.
+
+JULY 4.—Rebels seized the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. Congress
+met in extra session
+
+BATTLE OF CARTHAGE, MO.
+
+JULY 5.—Confederates were commanded by Governor Jackson, the Federal
+troops, numbering 1,600, by Colonel Sigel. Colonel Sigel retreated to
+Springfield; Union loss 13 killed and 31 wounded.
+
+[Illustration: ZACHARY TAYLOR.]
+
+JULY 6.—General Fremont appointed to the command of the Western
+Department, consisting of the State of Illinois, and the States and
+territories west of the Mississippi, and east of the Rocky Mountains.
+Headquarters at St. Louis. 45 men belonging to the 3d Ohio regiment,
+cut their way through an ambuscade near Buchanan, Virginia.
+
+JULY 10.—Skirmish at Laurel Hill, Virginia, rebels defeated. Union
+loss, 2 killed and 2 wounded.
+
+JULY 11.—The following Senators were expelled from the U. S. Senate: J.
+M. Mason, R. M. Hunter, of Virginia; T. L. Clingham and Thomas Bragg,
+of North Carolina; L. T. Wigfall and J. U. Hemphill, of Texas; C. B.
+Mitchell and W. K. Sebastian, of Arkansas; and A. O. F. Nicholson, of
+Tennessee.
+
+BATTLE OF RICH MOUNTAIN.
+
+JULY 12.—The Federal troops, under command of Colonel Rosecrans,
+defeated the enemy under Colonel Pegram. The rebels lost their wagons,
+guns, camp equipage, and about 800 prisoners, besides 150 killed and
+wounded.
+
+JULY 13.—-The Confederates under General Garnett were defeated at
+Carrick’s Ford, Virginia. The rebel General Garnett was killed. Union
+loss was 2 killed and 10 wounded.
+
+BATTLE OF SCREYTOWN, VA.—The Federals under Colonel Lowe, were defeated
+with a loss of 9 killed and 40 wounded and missing.
+
+JULY 15.—Skirmish at Bunker Hill, Virginia. The rebel cavalry under
+Colonel Stuart, made the attack, but were defeated.
+
+JULY 16.—Skirmish at Millville, Missouri, and at Barboursville,
+Virginia. Tilgham, a negro, killed three of a rebel prize crew on the
+S. J. Warring, and brought the vessel into New York. President Lincoln
+authorized to call the militia and accept the services of 500,000 men.
+
+FIGHT AT BLACKBURN FORD.
+
+JULY 18.—The Federal troops under command of General Tyler made
+the attack, but after three hours’ fighting were ordered back to
+Centerville; their loss was 19 killed and 64 wounded and missing. The
+Department of Maryland created, and General John A. Dix placed in
+command. Headquarters at Baltimore.
+
+JULY 19.—General Banks superceded General Patterson. Headquarters in
+the field.
+
+JULY 20.—The Confederate Congress met at Richmond.
+
+BATTLE OF BULL RUN.
+
+JULY 21.—The Army of the Potomac, 45,000 strong, under the command
+of Brigadier-General McDowell, left its camp near Washington, July
+17. The army was formed in five divisions. General Tyler commanded
+the 1st division, Colonel Hunter the 2d, Colonel Heintzelman the 3d,
+Colonel Runyon the 4th, and Colonel Miles the 5th. Colonel Runyon’s
+division remained in the rear, between Centerville and Fairfax, and
+took no part in the battle. The enemy, in numbers about equal to the
+attacking force, occupied a position at Manassas naturally strong, and
+made doubly so by art. The battle was commenced on Sunday morning by
+the Union troops and was fought skilfully and bravely; the enemy were
+driven from a portion of their works, and the chances were decidedly
+in favor of the Federals; but the arrival of the rebel General Johnson
+with large reinforcements, turned the scale; at the same time a panic
+seized upon the troops, and they commenced a shameful and disorderly
+retreat towards Washington. The Federal loss was 481 killed, 104
+wounded, and 1,216 missing. The rebel loss, according to General
+Beauregard, was 269 killed, and 1,483 wounded.
+
+JULY 22.—General McClellan took command of the Army of the Potomac.
+Three Months Volunteers began to return home.
+
+JULY 24.—Fort Fillmore, New Mexico, treacherously surrendered to the
+enemy by Major Lynde, U. S. A. All the arms and supplies were delivered
+up, and the soldiers released on parole.
+
+JULY 25.—General Rosecrans assumed command of the army in Western
+Virginia.
+
+JULY 31.—City Council of Cincinnati appropriated $23,000 to aid in
+relieving the families of volunteers from Hamilton county, Ohio.
+
+AUGUST, 1861.
+
+AUG. 1.—The rebels retreated from Harper’s Ferry to Leesburg.
+
+AUG. 2.—General Lyon defeated the Confederates at Dug Spring, Missouri.
+Union loss was 8 killed at 30 wounded. The vessels engaged in a
+contraband trade with the rebels of Virginia and North Carolina were
+destroyed in Pocomoke Sound
+
+AUG. 3.—Congress passed a bill for raising $20,000,000 by direct
+taxation and the Confiscation bill.
+
+AUG. 5.—Commodore Alden bombarded Galveston, Texas.
+
+AUG. 6.—The extra session of Congress closed.
+
+AUG. 7.—The village of Hampton, Virginia, destroyed by the rebels. The
+privateer York burned by the U. S. Gunboat Union, crew taken prisoners.
+
+BATTLE OF WILSON CREEK, MO.
+
+AUG. 10.—General Lyon, with 5,000 Missouri, Iowa and Kansas troops,
+attacked a Confederate force double that of his own at Wilson Creek,
+near Springfield, Missouri. After a hard fight of six hours, General
+Lyon being killed, the Union troops, under the command of Colonel Sigel
+and Major Sturgis, retired to Springfield. The enemy did not pursue.
+Union loss was 223 killed, and 1,012 wounded and missing. General
+McCulloch, commanding the rebels, reported 265 killed, and 800 wounded.
+
+AUG. 12.—President Lincoln appointed the 30th of September as a fast
+day.
+
+AUG. 14.—General Fremont declared martial law in St. Louis.
+
+AUG. 15.—Jefferson Davis ordered all Northern men to leave the South in
+forty days.
+
+AUG. 16.—General Wool took command at Fortress Monroe.
+
+AUG. 21.—Colonel Doherty with 300 Illinois troops, dispersed a rebel
+force at Charleston, Missouri. Union loss 1 killed and 6 wounded.
+
+AUG. 26.—The 7th Ohio regiment, 900 strong, were surprised at
+Summerville, Virginia, while at breakfast, by the rebels, under General
+Floyd, but fought their way out, with a loss of 6 officers. The
+Hatteras expedition sailed.
+
+AUG. 28.—Fort Clark, on the coast of North Carolina, captured.
+
+AUG. 29.—Fort Hatteras surrendered to the Union forces. Rebel loss was
+48 killed, 51 wounded, and 691 prisoners. The Federals lost none.
+
+AUG. 30.—Fort Morgan, at Ocracoke Inlet, abandoned by the Confederates.
+
+SEPTEMBER, 1861.
+
+SEPT. 1.—Kentucky Legislature met. Union majority in the Senate, 16; in
+the House, 52. Fight at Boonville, Virginia; the rebels were defeated
+and the town destroyed. Union loss 6 wounded.
+
+SEPT. 4.—Confederates under General Polk, took possession of Columbus,
+Kentucky. The rebels attempted to cross the Potomac at Great Falls, but
+were repulsed.
+
+SEPT. 6.—General Grant took possession of Paducah, Ky.
+
+BATTLE OF CARNIFEX FERRY.
+
+SEPT. 10.—General Rosecrans with 4,500 troops, attacked the rebels
+under Floyd, in their intrenched camp at Gauley river, near Carnifex
+Ferry. After several hours’ fighting, darkness put an end to the
+contest. During the night Floyd retreated, burning the bridge over
+Gauley river. The Federal loss was 15 killed and 70 wounded. A naval
+engagement took place on the Mississippi between the U. S. gunboats
+Conestoga and Lexington, and two Confederate boats, assisted by a
+battery at Lucas Bend. The battery was silenced, and the boats driven
+to Columbus.
+
+SEPT. 11.—President Lincoln modified General Fremont’s emancipation
+proclamation.
+
+SEPT. 12.—Fight at Cheat Mountain. Colonel J. A. Washington, proprietor
+of Mount Vernon, was killed. Union loss, 9 killed and 12 wounded.
+
+SEPT. 17.—Accident on the Ohio and Mississippi railroad, near
+Huron, Indiana. About 100 of the 19th Illinois regiment were killed
+or wounded. Skirmish between the 3d Iowa regiment and a band of
+Confederates at Blue Mills, Missouri. The Federal troops were compelled
+to fall back, but receiving reinforcements, rallied, when the rebels
+retreated. Union loss, 12 killed and 85 wounded.
+
+SEPT. 18.—Colonel Frank Blair arrested by order of General Fremont.
+Maryland Legislature closed by Provost Marshal. Secession members sent
+to Fort McHenry.
+
+SEPT. 19.—Governor Morehead, Rueben Merrit, and M. A. Barr, arrested in
+Louisville, Kentucky, for treason.
+
+BATTLE OF LEXINGTON, MO.
+
+SEPT. 20.—Colonel Mulligan, with 2,460 men, occupying the town of
+Lexington, Missouri, was attacked by a greatly superior force of the
+enemy, and after four days was compelled to surrender. During the siege
+the whole Union loss was 39 killed and 120 wounded.
+
+SEPT. 21.—John C. Breckinridge fled from Frankfort, Kentucky, and
+joined the rebels. General Lane defeated a rebel force at Papinsville,
+Missouri. Federal loss 17 killed.
+
+OCTOBER, 1861.
+
+OCT. 1.—The propeller Fanny captured by the rebels at Chicamacomico.
+
+OCT. 2.—Fight at Chapmanville, Virginia, between Colonel Enyartz,
+Kentucky volunteers, and a party of Confederates. The latter were
+defeated and 47 of them taken prisoners. Union loss 4 killed and 8
+wounded.
+
+OCT. 3.—General Reynolds made an armed reconnaissance of the enemy’s
+position at Greenbriar. After driving in the rebel pickets and
+capturing three cannon, General Reynolds returned to Cheat Mountain,
+having lost 8 killed and 32 wounded. The Confederates evacuated
+Lexington, Missouri.
+
+OCT. 4.—A large force of rebels under Colonel Barlow attacked the
+20th Indiana regiment in their camp at Chicamacomico. The Federals
+retreated, leaving the wounded in the hands of the enemy.
+
+OCT. 5.—The steamer Monticello shelled the rebels under Bartow, and
+drove them to their boats.
+
+OCT. 6.—Fight at Flemington, Kentucky, between the Home Guard and a
+band of rebels. The latter were defeated.
+
+OCT. 7.—The rebel iron-clad steamer, Merrimac, made its first
+appearance within sight of Fortress Monroe.
+
+OCT. 9.—Confederates made an attack on Santa Rosa Island, but were
+defeated. Union loss was 13 killed and 21 wounded. Colonel Geary, with
+400 Pennsylvania troops, crossed the Potomac at Harper’s Ferry, and
+captured 21,000 bushels of wheat.
+
+OCT. 11.—Rebel steamer Theodore escaped from Charleston, South
+Carolina, with Mason and Slidell on board.
+
+OCT. 15.—Jeff. Thompson, with a force of 600 men, captured a guard of
+50, stationed at Big River Bridge, near Potosi, Missouri, and destroyed
+the bridge.
+
+OCT. 16.—A small Union force under Major White recaptured Lexington,
+Missouri.
+
+OCT. 21.—Fight at Fredericktown, Missouri. The Confederates defeated.
+Union loss 6 killed and about 60 wounded.
+
+BATTLE OF BALL’S BLUFF.
+
+OCT. 21.—Union forces engaged numbered 1,900, commanded by Colonel
+Baker. General Stone failed to cross the Potomac to support Colonel
+Baker. After a severe fight, in which Colonel Baker was killed, the
+Federals retreated. Union loss was 223 killed, 266 wounded, and 455
+prisoners, including 100 wounded.
+
+BATTLE OF WILD CAT, KY.
+
+OCT. 21.—General Zollicoffer, with 6,000 Confederates, attacked the
+Unionists at Camp Wild Cat, Laurel county, Kentucky, and was repulsed
+by the forces under General Schoep. Union loss 4 killed and 21 wounded.
+
+OCT. 22.—Skirmish at Buffalo Mills, Missouri. Rebels lost 17 killed and
+90 prisoners.
+
+OCT. 25.—General Kelley defeated the enemy, at Romney, Virginia.
+
+OCT. 26.—Gallant charge of Major Zagoni, with 150 of Fremont’s body
+guard on a large force of rebels near Springfield, Missouri. The enemy
+was routed with a loss of 106 killed and 27 prisoners. Union loss 52
+killed and wounded.
+
+OCT. 26.—General Lane captured a rebel transportation train near
+Butler, Missouri.
+
+OCT. 29.—The second naval expedition, consisting of 80 vessels, and
+15,000 men, sailed from Fortress Monroe. The naval force was commanded
+by Commodore Dupont; the land forces were commanded by General Sherman.
+
+NOVEMBER, 1861.
+
+NOV. 1.—General Scott resigned as commander-in-chief of the armies
+of the United States. General McClellan was appointed in his place.
+General Benham defeated the rebels at Gauley Bridge, Virginia.
+
+NOV. 2.—General Hunter superceded John C. Fremont in the command of the
+Western Department. The Confederate schooner Bermuda ran the blockade
+at Savannah.
+
+PORT ROYAL.
+
+NOV. 7.—The naval and military forces under the command of Commodore
+Dupont and General Sherman, captured Forts Walker and Beauregard, at
+Port Royal entrance. They also took possession of the town of Beaufort
+and Hilton Island. The Union loss was 8 killed and 25 wounded.
+
+BATTLE OF BELMONT.
+
+General Grant, with a force of 2,800, attacked a rebel camp at Belmont,
+Missouri, driving the enemy out and destroying the camp, and taking a
+quantity of arms; but reinforcements arriving at Columbus, the Federals
+were compelled to retreat; their loss was 84 killed, 288 wounded, and
+235 missing.
+
+NOV. 8.—Five rebel boats made an attack on Fort Hatteras, but were
+repulsed.
+
+NOV. 10.—The rebels attack the town Guyandotte, Virginia, killing some
+of the Union men, but were driven off.
+
+NOV. 11.—Guyandotte burned by the Unionists. General Halleck takes
+command of the Western Department.
+
+NOV. 15.—The United States Frigate San Jacinto arrived at Fortress
+Monroe with Mason and Slidell, the rebel commissioners to Europe.
+
+NOV. 18.—Confederate Congress met.
+
+NOV. 21.—The United States vessel Santee captured the privateer Royal
+Yacht, off Galveston, Texas.
+
+NOV. 23.—Fort Pickens and the U. S. war vessels Niagara and Colorado,
+bombarded the rebel fortifications at Pensacola. Port of Warrenton
+burnt.
+
+NOV. 26.—Sharp skirmish at Hunter’s Hill, Virginia. Union loss 28
+killed and wounded.
+
+NOV. 27.—General McClellan directed the observance of the Sabbath in
+all the camps of the U. S. Army.
+
+NOV. 29.—Skirmish at Warsaw, Missouri; a portion of the town destroyed.
+
+NOV. 30.—Fight at Salem, Missouri. Rebels defeated with a loss of 39
+killed and wounded.
+
+DECEMBER, 1861.
+
+DEC. 3.—Congress met.
+
+DEC. 4.—John C. Breckinridge expelled from the United States Senate.
+
+DEC. 5.—Engagement between the rebel gunboats and the Federal vessels,
+at Cape Hatteras. According to the reports of the Secretaries of War
+and Navy, the Union forces numbered 640,537 volunteers, 20,334 regular
+soldiers, and 22,000 seamen.
+
+DEC. 9.—The Confederate Congress passed a bill admitting Kentucky into
+the Southern Confederacy. Freestone Point, Virginia, shelled by the
+National gunboats; the rebel batteries were silenced, and the buildings
+containing stores were destroyed.
+
+DEC. 13.—Engagement at Camp Alleghany, Virginia, in which General
+Milroy defeated the rebels under Colonel Johnson. Union loss, 21 killed
+and 107 wounded.
+
+FIGHT AT MUNFORDSVILLE, KY.
+
+DEC. 17.—The Union force engaged was a portion of the 32d Indiana
+(German) regiment; the Confederates were commanded by General Hindman;
+battle drawn. Union loss 10 killed and 17 wounded. General Pope
+captured 360 secessionists at Osceola, Missouri.
+
+DEC. 18.—General Pope captured 1,300 rebels, a number of horses and
+wagons, and 1,000 stand of arms, at Millford, Missouri. Union loss 2
+killed and 17 wounded. Stone fleet sunk in Charleston harbor.
+
+DEC. 20.—Battle of Drainsville, Virginia, in which the rebels were
+defeated by the Union troops under General McCall. Union loss 7 killed
+and 61 wounded.
+
+DEC. 27.—Mason and Slidell surrendered to the British Minister.
+
+DEC. 28.—A fight took place at Mount Zion, Boone county, Missouri. The
+Confederates were dispersed with considerable loss in killed, wounded
+and prisoners. Union loss 3 killed and 11 wounded.
+
+JANUARY, 1862.
+
+JAN. 1.—Mason and Slidell left Fort Warren, for England, in the British
+steamer Rinaldo. Cannon fight at Fort Pickens. General Stevens advances
+from Beaufort to the mainland, and with the assistance of the gunboats,
+captured the Coosaw batteries. Union loss 2 killed and 8 wounded.
+
+JAN. 4.—General Milroy defeated the rebels at Huntersville, Virginia,
+and captured $80,000 worth of stores.
+
+JAN. 7.—Rebels defeated at Romney. A force of 300 Union troops sent by
+General Milroy, captured a large quantity of stores in Tucker county,
+Virginia.
+
+JAN. 8.—General Palmer defeated the rebels at Silver Creek, Missouri.
+Union loss 4 killed and 18 wounded.
+
+JAN. 10.—Colonel Garfield defeated the rebels under Humphrey Marshall,
+at Prestonburg, Ky.
+
+JAN. 11.—The Burnside expedition sailed from Fortress Monroe. Naval
+engagement on the Mississippi between the Union steamers Essex and
+St. Louis, and four rebel boats; the latter were compelled to seek
+protection under the batteries at Columbus. Simon Cameron resigned his
+position as Secretary of War, and E. M. Stanton appointed in his place.
+
+MILL SPRING, KY.
+
+JAN. 19.—This battle was fought between 3,000 Union troops under
+General Schoep, and rebels under General Zollicoffer. The enemy were
+defeated and General Zollicoffer killed. Union loss, 39 killed and 127
+wounded.
+
+FEBRUARY, 1862.
+
+FEB. 3.—The Federal Government decided that the crews of the captured
+privateers were to be considered as prisoners of war.
+
+FEB. 5.—Jesse D. Bright expelled from the United States Senate.
+
+FEB. 6.—Commodore Foote, with 7 gunboats, attacked Fort Henry, on
+the Tennessee river. After fighting an hour and a half, the rebel
+commander, General Tilghman, made an unconditional surrender.
+
+FEB. 7.—The expedition under General Burnside and Commodore
+Goldsborough reached Roanoke Island, and commenced the attack on the
+rebel fortifications.
+
+ROANOKE ISLAND.
+
+FEB. 8.—General Burnside captured the six forts on Roanoke Island,
+taking about 3,000 small arms and destroying all the Confederate fleet,
+except two vessels. Union loss was 50 killed and 212 wounded. 2,500
+prisoners and a large quantity of ammunition were captured.
+
+FEB. 9.—General C. P. Stone arrested and sent to Fort Lafayette.
+
+FEB. 10.—Elizabeth City, N. C., surrendered to General Burnside. The
+Federal gunboats ascended the Tennessee river as far as Florence,
+Alabama, capturing three and destroying six rebel boats.
+
+FORT DONELSON.
+
+FEB. 13.—General Curtis took possession of Springfield, Mo. Fort
+Donelson invested, and the bombardment commenced.
+
+FEB. 14.—Commodore Foote attacked Fort Donelson with the gunboats, but
+was compelled to withdraw.
+
+FEB. 15.—The attack on Fort Donelson renewed by the land forces under
+General Grant, numbering 40,000. Bowling Green evacuated by the rebels.
+
+FEB. 16.—General Buckner made an unconditional surrender of Fort
+Donelson and the troops under his command. Between 12,000 and 15,000
+prisoners, 40 cannon, and a large amount of stores were captured.
+Union loss was 321 killed, 1,046 wounded and 150 missing. Skirmish at
+Independence, Mo.
+
+FEB. 18.—General Curtis drove the rebels across the Arkansas line,
+capturing a number of prisoners and army stores.
+
+FEB. 21.—The Union troops occupied Clarksville, Tennessee. Desperate
+fight at Fort Craig, New Mexico, between the Union troops under Colonel
+Canby, and the Texans. The Federals were defeated with a loss of 62
+killed and 162 wounded.
+
+FEB. 22.—Jefferson Davis inaugurated President, and A. H. Stephens
+Vice-President of the Southern Confederacy.
+
+FEB. 24.—Nashville, Tennessee, occupied by the Union troops.
+
+FEB. 27.—Columbus evacuated by the Confederates.
+
+MARCH, 1862.
+
+MARCH 1.—Fight at Pittsburgh Landing between two Union gunboats and a
+rebel battery.
+
+MARCH 4.—Brunswick, Ga., Fort Clinch, Fernandina and St. Mary’s, Fla.,
+were captured by Commodore Dupont. Andrew Johnson appointed Military
+Governor of Tennessee.
+
+BATTLE OF PEA RIDGE.
+
+MARCH 6.—The Confederates under Van Dorn, Price, and McCulloch,
+attacked General Curtis at Pea Ridge, Arkansas. The Union army numbered
+about 12,000.
+
+MARCH 7.—The battle of Pea Ridge renewed, lasting all day.
+
+MARCH 8.—The battle of Pea Ridge ended in the total defeat of the
+enemy. Union loss was 212 killed and 926 wounded. The rebel steamers
+Merrimac, Jamestown and Yorktown, attacked the Federal fleet at Hampton
+Roads, destroying the Cumberland and the Congress, and damaging several
+other vessels. The Federal loss, in addition to the vessels, was 201
+killed and 108 wounded.
+
+MARCH 9.—Duel of the Ironsides in Hampton Roads. After three hours’
+fighting the Merrimac was towed under the protection of the battery
+at Sewall’s Point, and never renewed the contest. The Monitor was
+uninjured.
+
+MARCH 11.—General McClellan took command of the Army of the Potomac;
+General Fremont of the Mountain Department, and General Halleck of the
+Department of the Mississippi. Manassas occupied by Union troops.
+
+MARCH 12.—Commodore Dupont took possession of Jacksonville, Florida.
+The rebels driven from their works at Paris, Tennessee.
+
+MARCH 13.—The Confederates evacuated their works at New Madrid, Mo., in
+such haste as to leave 25 pieces of artillery, and a large quantity of
+military stores, valued at $1,000,000.
+
+MARCH 14.—General Burnside attacked the rebels in their fortifications
+at Newbern, N. C. After a fight of four hours, the enemy retreated,
+leaving a large quantity of ammunition, provisions and stores in the
+hands of the victors. The Union loss was 91 killed and 466 wounded.
+
+MARCH 16.—Commodore Foote commenced the attack on Island No. 10. Rebels
+defeated at Cumberland Mountain, Ky.
+
+MARCH 18.—Rebel fortifications at Acquia Creek evacuated. Confederates
+defeated at Salem, Ark.
+
+BATTLE OF WINCHESTER, VA.
+
+MARCH 23.—The Union force engaged was a part of General Shield’s army,
+and numbered about 8,000, commanded by Colonel Kimball. The fight
+commenced at ten o’clock in the morning, and lasted until three o’clock
+in the afternoon. The rebels were finally defeated, and retreated to
+Strasburgh, leaving their dead and wounded upon the field. The Union
+loss was 103 killed and 440 wounded.
+
+MARCH 28.—Fight at Pigeon Ranch, New Mexico, between 3,000 Union troops
+under Colonel Hough, and 1,100 Texans. The battle was a drawn one.
+
+MARCH 31.—Colonel Buford dispersed the rebels at Union City, Tennessee.
+
+APRIL, 1862.
+
+APRIL 6.—The rebels under Generals Johnson and Beauregard, attacked
+General Grant’s army at Pittsburgh Landing. The Union forces were
+driven back to the river and a number of prisoners captured.
+
+APRIL 7.—The battle of Shiloh renewed. General Buell arrived during
+the night with reinforcements. The battle lasted throughout the day
+with varied success, but the rebels were finally defeated and driven
+to their fortifications at Corinth. The Federal loss was 1,614 killed,
+7,721 wounded and 3,956 missing. The rebel General Johnson was killed.
+
+APRIL 8.—Island No. 10 captured, 5,000 prisoners, 100 siege guns, 24
+pieces of field artillery, 5,000 stands of small arms, 2,000 hogsheads
+of sugar and a large quantity of clothing, tents and ammunition.
+
+APRIL 11.—Fort Pulaski, commanding the entrance to Savannah,
+surrendered after a bombardment of thirty hours. General Mitchell
+occupied Huntsville, Ala., taking 200 prisoners, 15 locomotives and a
+large number of cars. The rebel iron-clad Merrimac makes her second
+appearance in Hampton Roads, destroying three small vessels. Congress
+passed the bill abolishing slavery in the District of Columbia.
+
+APRIL 12.—The enemy attacked General Milroy at Monterey, Virginia, but
+were repulsed. General Mitchell captured 2,000 prisoners at Chattanooga.
+
+APRIL 18.—The rebels attacked General Smith’s division at Yorktown,
+but were repulsed. Bombardment of Forts Jackson and Phillip, on the
+Mississippi below New Orleans, commenced.
+
+APRIL 19.—Fight between General Burnside’s troops and the enemy, near
+Elizabeth City, N. C. The latter were defeated. Union loss 11 killed.
+General Reno, with 2,000 Union troops, defeated the enemy at Camden, N.
+C. Union loss 14 killed and 99 wounded.
+
+APRIL 24.—The Union fleet having removed the obstructions in the
+Mississippi, passed Forts Jackson and St. Phillip on its way to New
+Orleans.
+
+APRIL 25.—Commodore Farragut arrived at New Orleans and took possession
+of the city. Fort Macon, Georgia, surrendered after a bombardment of
+eleven hours. General C. F. Smith died at Savannah, Tenn.
+
+APRIL 28.—Forts Jackson and St. Phillip surrendered. In the capture of
+New Orleans the rebels lost, in addition to the forts, 13 gunboats,
+among them the ram Manassas and the iron-clad Louisiana.
+
+APRIL 29.—General Mitchell defeated the rebels at Bridgeport, Alabama.
+
+MAY, 1862.
+
+MAY 3.—The rebels evacuated Yorktown, Jamestown, and Mulberry and
+Gloucester Islands, leaving ammunition, camp equipage and 100 guns
+behind.
+
+BATTLE OF WILLIAMSBURGH, VA.
+
+MAY 5.—The troops were commanded by Generals Hancock and Hooker. The
+rebels were defeated, and retreated in the night toward Richmond. Union
+loss 200 killed and 700 wounded. General Dumont attacked Morgan’s
+cavalry at Lebanon, Tenn., killed 66 and took 183 prisoners. Union loss
+10 killed, and 26 wounded and missing.
+
+WEST POINT, VA.
+
+MAY 7.—Generals Franklin and Sedgewick, with a force of 20,000 men,
+were attacked by General Lee. The rebels were defeated. Union loss
+about 300 killed and wounded.
+
+MAY 8.—General Milroy attacked the enemy at McDowell’s, Va. After a
+fight of five hours General Milroy was forced to withdraw. Federal loss
+29 killed and about 200 wounded.
+
+MAY 9.—The rebels evacuated Pensacola, and destroyed the Navy Yard.
+
+MAY 10.—The Federal forces took possession of Norfolk, Va. The result
+of this movement was the destruction of the iron-clad Merrimac and the
+capture of a number of guns and a large amount of ammunition. Gosport
+Navy Yard destroyed by the rebels. Gunboat fight on the Mississippi,
+near Fort Wright; the rebels were repulsed, losing two vessels.
+
+MAY 12.—Natchez, Mississippi, surrendered to Commodore Farragut.
+
+MAY 16.—The Union gunboats repulsed at Fort Darling.
+
+MAY 17.—Rebels driven across the Chickahominy, at Bottom Bridge.
+
+MAY 23.—The rebel Colonel Heath attacked the Federal troops at
+Lewisburgh, Va. After an hour’s fighting the rebels were defeated.
+Union loss 14 killed and wounded.
+
+MAY 24.—Colonel Kenley, commanding the Federal troops at Front Royal,
+Va., was attacked by a large force of the enemy and defeated with a
+heavy loss.
+
+MAY 25.—General Banks defeated at Winchester, Va., and driven across
+the Potomac.
+
+MAY 27.—Confederates defeated at Hanover, Va. Union loss 35 killed and
+220 wounded.
+
+MAY 29.—Rebels evacuated Corinth, Miss.
+
+MAY 30.—Union troops took possession of Corinth.
+
+BATTLE OF FAIR OAKS.
+
+MAY 31.—The rebels, under General Johnson, attacked the left wing of
+the Army of the Potomac, commanded by General Casey, at Fair Oaks.
+Union forces were driven back.
+
+JUNE, 1862.
+
+JUNE 1.—Battle of Fair Oaks was renewed, resulting in the repulse of
+the rebels. Union loss 890 killed and 4,844 wounded.
+
+JUNE 4.—Confederates abandoned their works at Fort Wright, on the
+Mississippi.
+
+JUNE 6.—Gunboat engagement on the Mississippi, near Memphis. Seven
+rebel boats were destroyed or captured. After the naval battle Memphis
+surrendered to the Union troops. Skirmish near Harrisonburg, Virginia;
+the rebel General Ashby killed.
+
+JUNE 8.—Battle of Cross Keys, Va., between General Fremont’s army and
+the Confederate army, commanded by General Jackson. The latter were
+defeated.
+
+JUNE 16.—Fight on James Island, near Charleston, S. C. Federals
+defeated with a loss of 85 killed, 172 wounded and 128 missing.
+
+JUNE 17.—Colonel Fitch destroyed a rebel battery at St. Charles, Ark.
+125 were killed by an explosion on one of the Federal gunboats.
+
+JUNE 18.—Union troops occupied Cumberland Gap.
+
+RICHMOND, VA.
+
+JUNE 26.—General Pope assigned to the command of the Army of Virginia.
+Commencement of the six days’ fight before Richmond. The rebels
+attacked McClellan’s right wing at Mechanicsville. The day closed,
+battle undecided.
+
+JUNE 27.—Bombardment of Vicksburg commenced. General Fremont relieved
+of his command. Battle before Richmond renewed; the Federals were
+driven back; loss heavy on both sides. White House evacuated by the
+Union troops.
+
+JUNE 28.—Incessant fighting all day between the right wing of the Union
+army on the Chickahominy, and the left wing of the rebels; the enemy
+were repulsed. In the evening the Unionists were ordered to fall back.
+
+JUNE 29.—Battle before Richmond renewed by an attack on the Union
+forces at Peach Orchard; the rebels were driven back, but late in the
+evening made another attack at Savage’s Station. The fight continued
+until nine at night. The Union wounded fell into the hands of the enemy.
+
+JUNE 30.—Battle of White Oak Swamp; heavy loss on both sides. General
+McClellan continues his retreat towards James river. In the afternoon
+the gunboats opened fire on the enemy, who were also subsequently
+charged by General Heintzelman’s corps and routed, leaving 2,000
+prisoners in the hands of the Unionists.
+
+JULY, 1862.
+
+JULY 1.—Battle of Malvern Hill, and last of the Richmond battles.
+The rebels were repulsed at every point. The Union loss during the
+six days’ fighting before Richmond was 1,561 killed, 7,701 wounded
+and 5,958 missing. President Lincoln calls for 300,000 additional
+volunteers.
+
+JULY 7.—Skirmish at Bayou Cache, Ark., between a portion of General
+Curtis’s army and the rebels under General Pike; the latter were
+defeated. Skirmish at Jasper, Ala.; Federals defeated.
+
+JULY 9.—Hamilton, North Carolina, captured by the Federal troops.
+
+JULY 11.—The rebel General Morgan entered Glasgow, Kentucky, and issued
+a proclamation calling upon the Kentuckians to rise. General Halleck
+appointed commander of all the land forces of the United States.
+
+JULY 13.—Fight at Murfreesboro, Tenn.; Union troops surrendered;
+$30,000 worth of commissary stores captured, and a number of prisoners
+taken. General Morgan captured Lebanon, Ky., burned part of the town
+and robbed the Bank.
+
+JULY 17.—The rebels under Morgan captured Cynthiana, Ky., and burned
+several railroad bridges.
+
+JULY 18.—A band of rebels entered the town of Newburgh, Ind., and
+destroyed some hospital stores, took 250 stand of arms and retreated
+across the Ohio. The traitor, General Twiggs, died.
+
+JULY 19.—Severe skirmish at Memphis, Tenn.; Union loss 6 killed and 32
+wounded.
+
+JULY 21.—John S. Phelps appointed Military Governor of Arkansas.
+
+JULY 22.—The siege of Vicksburg abandoned. The rebels destroyed a
+quantity of commissary stores at Florence, Ala., and burned all the
+cotton in the place.
+
+JULY 28.—Rebels defeated at Moore’s Hill, Mo.; Union loss 10 killed and
+30 wounded.
+
+AUGUST, 1862.
+
+AUG. 3.—The rebel General Jeff. Thompson defeated near Memphis, Tenn.
+General Halleck ordered General McClellan to evacuate the Peninsula of
+Virginia.
+
+AUG. 4.—The Secretary of War ordered a draft of 300,000 men. The rebel
+ram Arkansas destroyed by her crew.
+
+AUG. 5.—General Robert McCook murdered by the rebels, while wounded and
+riding in an ambulance. The Confederate General J. C. Breckinridge made
+an unsuccessful attack on Baton Rouge, La. Union loss was 56 killed and
+175 wounded and missing.
+
+BATTLE OF CEDAR MOUNTAIN.
+
+AUG. 10.—Confederates under General Jackson crossed the Rapidan river,
+and attacked General Banks at Cedar Mountain. The contest was short
+but severe. General Banks held his position, while the enemy fell back
+two miles, and did not renew the fight. The Union army numbered 7,000;
+their loss was 450 killed, 660 wounded, and 290 prisoners.
+
+AUG. 16.—General McClellan evacuated Harrison’s Landing.
+
+AUG. 19.—General Wright placed in command of the Department of the
+Ohio. Colonel Rodney Mason surrendered Clarksville, Tenn., to an
+inferior force, without firing a gun.
+
+AUG. 25.—Confederates made an unsuccessful attack on Fort Donelson.
+
+AUG. 26.—The rebel General Ewell drove the Union troops from Manassas.
+
+AUG. 27.—General Pope finding his right turned by General Ewell,
+fell back towards Warrenton, when he was joined by General Hooker;
+overtaking the rebels under Ewell at Haymarket a severe fight ensued,
+terminating in the defeat of the enemy. The Federal gunboats destroy
+the rebel works at City Point, Va.
+
+BATTLE OF GAINSVILLE, OR GROVETON, VA.
+
+AUG. 29.—The battle was opened by General Sigel early in the morning.
+At 10 A. M. both wings of the Union army were hard pressed and the
+situation became very critical, when Generals Reno and Kearney arrived
+with reinforcements. The fight continued until 6 P. M., when the enemy
+retired.
+
+BATTLE OF RICHMOND, KY.
+
+AUG. 30.—The Confederates made the attack at 6 A. M. The Union troops
+under General Manson were defeated with a loss of about 200 killed,
+700 wounded, and 2,000 prisoners. Rebels defeated at Bolivar, Tenn.
+
+SECOND BATTLE OF BULL RUN.
+
+AUG. 30.—The Federal forces under General Pope defeated.
+
+AUG. 31.—Bayou Sara, La., destroyed by the U. S. gunboat Essex.
+
+SEPTEMBER, 1862.
+
+SEPT. 1.—Fight at Britton’s Lane, Tenn.; rebels retired leaving their
+dead on the field. Union loss 5 killed, 78 wounded, and 92 missing.
+
+FIGHT AT CHANTILLY, VA.
+
+SEPT. 1.—The Union troops were commanded by Generals Hooker, Reno
+and Kearney. The rebels retired leaving their dead and wounded on
+the field. This was the last fight in which General Pope’s army
+was engaged. In the five battles fought since August 26, the Army
+of Virginia had lost about 1,000 killed, 6,000 wounded, and 2,000
+prisoners. The Union troops evacuated Lexington, Ky.
+
+SEPT. 2.—General McClellan appointed to the command of the troops for
+the defense of Washington.
+
+SEPT. 5.—Confederates began crossing the Potomac into Maryland.
+
+SEPT. 6.—The rebels made an attack on the Union garrison at Washington,
+N. C.; were repulsed. Union loss 8 killed and 36 wounded. Colonel Lowe
+recaptured Clarksville, Tenn.
+
+SEPT. 7.—General Banks assigned to the command of the fortifications in
+and around Washington. General McClellan took the field at the head of
+the Army of the Potomac.
+
+SEPT. 12.—Fight at Middletown, Md. Union loss, 80 killed and wounded.
+
+BATTLE OF SOUTH MOUNTAIN, MD.
+
+SEPT. 14.—General McClellan overtook the enemy at South Mountain, Md.
+A general engagement took place. The fight was severe and the loss
+heavy on both sides, the Unionists losing 443 killed and 1,806 wounded.
+General Reno was among the killed. The rebels retreated towards the
+Potomac.
+
+SEPT. 15.—Harper’s Ferry surrendered, after two days’ fighting, to
+the enemy, with all the garrison, consisting of 8,000 men. The rebels
+attempted to destroy the Green river bridge, on the Louisville and
+Nashville R. R., but were defeated.
+
+SEPT. 16.—Munfordsville, Ky., captured by the rebels; about 4,000 taken
+prisoners.
+
+BATTLE OF ANTIETAM, MD.
+
+SEPT. 17.—The battle was fought on Antietam Creek, near Sharpsburg,
+Md., and began early in the morning and continued until evening. Armies
+each numbering nearly 100,000 men. The battle was fought with great
+determination. During the night the Confederates retreated, leaving
+3,500 prisoners, 39 stand of colors, and 13 guns in the hands of the
+victors. The Union loss was 2,010 killed, 9,416 wounded, and 1,043
+missing. Cumberland Gap evacuated by the Federals.
+
+SEPT. 18.—Confederates recrossed the Potomac into Virginia, having been
+in Maryland two weeks. The rebels evacuated Harper’s Ferry.
+
+SEPT. 19.—General Rosecrans commenced an attack on the rebel forces at
+Iuka, Miss.
+
+SEPT. 20.—Confederates evacuated the place during the night. The Union
+loss was 135 killed and 527 wounded.
+
+SEPT. 21.—General McCook recaptured Munfordsville, Ky.
+
+SEPT. 22.—President Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation issued.
+
+SEPT. 27.—Fight at Augusta, Ky. The Union garrison, 120 strong,
+surrendered after a gallant defense. Their loss was 9 killed, 15
+wounded and the rest prisoners.
+
+SEPT. 29.—General Nelson was shot by General Jeff. C. Davis at
+Louisville, Ky.
+
+OCTOBER, 1862.
+
+BATTLE OF CORINTH, MISS.
+
+OCT. 3.—The rebels under Price and Van Dorn attacked the Union troops
+and drove them into the town.
+
+OCT. 4.—Battle of Corinth renewed. The Confederates were defeated with
+heavy loss. The Union loss was 315 killed and 1,802 wounded.
+
+OCT. 6.—The Confederates attacked General Palmer’s brigade at
+Lavergne, Tenn., but were defeated. Union loss, 5 killed and 13
+wounded and missing.
+
+
+BATTLE OF PERRYVILLE, KY.
+
+OCT. 8.—The advance of Buell’s army was attacked at Perryville, Ky.,
+by a superior force of the enemy under Generals Jackson and Perrell.
+The Confederates retreated during the night. Union loss was over 3,000
+killed and wounded.
+
+OCT. 10.—The rebel cavalry under General Stuart entered Chambersburg,
+Penn., and captured a quantity of small arms and clothing.
+
+OCT. 18.—The rebel General Morgan occupied Lexington, Kentucky.
+
+OCT. 19.—The Confederate General Forrest defeated near Gallatin, Tenn.
+
+OCT. 22.—Rebel salt works in Florida destroyed. General Blunt defeated
+the rebels at Maysville, Ark., capturing all their artillery. Fight
+at Pocotaligo, S. C. The Federals attempted to gain possession of the
+Charleston and Savannah railroad, but were repulsed with a loss of 30
+killed and 180 wounded.
+
+OCT. 27.—Fight at Labadieville, La.; rebels defeated; Union loss, 17
+killed and 74 wounded.
+
+OCT. 28.—General Herron defeated the rebels near Fayetteville, Arkansas.
+
+OCT. 30.—General Rosecrans assumed command of the Army of the
+Cumberland. General Mitchell died at Port Royal, South Carolina.
+
+NOVEMBER, 1862.
+
+NOV. 5.—General McClellan relieved of the command of the Army of the
+Potomac, and General Burnside put in his place.
+
+NOV. 11.—General Ransom defeated the rebels under Woodward, near
+Garrettsburg, Kentucky. Under the cartel the following officers
+were exchanged: U. S. officers—Brigadier Generals, 3, Colonels, 18,
+Lieutenant Colonels, 19, Captains, 431, Lieutenants, 545; Confederate
+officers—Colonels, 27, Lieutenant Colonels, 17, Captains, 467,
+Lieutenants, 1,085. About 24,000 privates were also exchanged, leaving
+a balance due the United States of 6,000 privates.
+
+NOV. 16.—President Lincoln enjoined on the United States forces the
+orderly observance of the Sabbath.
+
+NOV. 17.—A cavalry fight took place near Kingston, North Carolina. The
+enemy was driven from his position and his barracks destroyed.
+
+NOV. 22.—All political State prisoners released.
+
+BATTLE OF CANE HILL, ARK.
+
+NOV. 28.—The Union army, numbering 1,000 men, was commanded by General
+Blunt. The rebels were defeated, with a heavy loss, and retreated to
+Van Buren.
+
+DECEMBER, 1862.
+
+DEC. 1.—An expedition sent from Suffolk, Va., recaptured the Pittsburg
+Battery, which had been taken from the Union army on the Peninsula.
+
+DEC. 2.—Skirmish near Charleston, Va. Rebels defeated, losing 70 killed
+and wounded and 145 prisoners.
+
+DEC. 6.—General Banks’ expedition sailed for New Orleans.
+
+
+BATTLE OF PRAIRIE GROVE, ARK.
+
+DEC. 7.—The Union army was commanded by Generals Blunt and Herron. The
+rebels were defeated with heavy loss, and retreated during the night.
+The Union loss was 495 killed and 500 wounded. The rebel General Morgan
+captured the 104th Illinois, the 106th and 108th Ohio, and a number of
+the 2d Indiana cavalry, at Hartsville, Tenn. Unionists lost, besides
+prisoners, 55 killed.
+
+DEC. 11.—The city of Fredericksburg bombarded by the Union troops,
+under cover of which they crossed the Rappahannock.
+
+BATTLE OF FREDERICKSBURG, VA.
+
+DEC. 13.—Confederate works were attacked by the Union troops in three
+divisions, under Sumner, Hooker and Franklin, but were repulsed.
+Federals lost 1,512 killed, 6,000 wounded, and 100 prisoners. General
+Foster left Newbern, N. C., for the purpose of destroying the railroad
+at Goldsboro’. He came up with the enemy at Southwest creek; after
+a short engagement, they retired to Kingston, where they were again
+attacked and driven from their position with a loss of 11 pieces of
+artillery and 400 prisoners. Severe skirmish at Zuric, Va.; rebels
+defeated and part of their force captured. An expedition under
+Commodore Parker destroyed the rebel salt works, also five schooners
+and two sloops in Mob Jack Bay.
+
+DEC. 16.—General Burnside’s army removed to the north side of the
+Rappahannock. General Foster defeated the rebels at White Hall, N. C.
+
+DEC. 17.—The Union troops occupied Baton Rouge, La. General Foster
+defeated the rebels at Goldsboro’, N. C. destroying the railroad bridge.
+
+DEC. 19.—The rebels recaptured Holly Springs, Miss., taking the
+garrison prisoners, and destroying a large quantity of ammunition,
+commissary stores and cotton.
+
+DEC. 21.—General Carter left Kentucky for the purpose of destroying
+two important railroad bridges in East Tennessee. The expedition was
+successful.
+
+DEC. 23.—The Confederates attacked General Sigel at Dumfries, Va., but
+were repulsed.
+
+SECOND ATTACK ON VICKSBURG.
+
+DEC. 27.—General Sherman attacked the advanced works of the enemy about
+6 miles from Vicksburg, at the same time the gunboats attacked the
+rebel batteries on Haines’ Bluff.
+
+DEC. 28.—The Federals drive the rebels from the first and second lines
+of defense and advanced to within two and a half miles of Vicksburg.
+General Blunt entered Van Buren, Ark., capturing four steamboats laden
+with provisions.
+
+DEC. 29.—The Confederates attacked General Sherman with their whole
+force, and drove him back to the first lines of defense.
+
+BATTLE OF MURFREESBORO’, OR STONE RIVER.
+
+DEC. 31.—Skirmishing had been going on for two days, but to-day the
+engagement became general. The Union army numbered 45,000 men, under
+General Rosecrans. The main attack of the rebels was made on General
+Rosecrans’ right, commanded by General McCook. The division was driven
+back four miles, and lost 26 guns; but reinforcements being sent from
+the left and center, the enemy was in turn repulsed and the lost ground
+regained. The iron-clad steamer, Monitor, foundered on the coast of
+South Carolina. West Virginia admitted into the Union as a State.
+
+JANUARY, 1863.
+
+JAN. 1.—General Sullivan defeated the rebels under Van Dorn, at Hunt’s
+Cross Roads, near Lexington, Tenn. Early in the morning of January 1st
+a rebel force of 3,000 men under the command of General Magruder, made
+an attack on the Union troops numbering 300, at Galveston, Texas. At
+the same time the rebel batteries and two rebel steamers attacked the
+blockading fleet. The fight lasted several hours, resulting in the
+capture of the troops on land and the steamer Harriet Lane. The U. S.
+vessel Westfield got aground, and was destroyed to prevent its falling
+into the hands of the enemy. The explosion took place prematurely,
+before Commodore Renshaw had left, and he perished with his vessel.
+
+JAN. 3.—Since the hard battle of December 31st, fighting had been going
+on between the two armies at Murfreesboro’. The Confederates made an
+attack on the Federal lines Jan. 1st, and another Jan. 2d, but were
+repulsed in both cases. On the night of Jan. 3d, they commenced their
+retreat. The following is the official statement of the Union loss
+at the battle of Stone River: killed 1,697, wounded 6,425, and 3,550
+missing. The Federal army withdrew from before Vicksburg. The Union
+loss in the second attack on Vicksburg was about 600 killed, 1,500
+wounded and 1,000 missing.
+
+JAN. 7.—The Confederates made an attack on Springfield, Mo., where a
+large quantity of army stores had been deposited. The place was bravely
+defended by General Brown and the rebels defeated. Union loss 17 killed.
+
+ARKANSAS POST.
+
+JAN. 10.—The attack was commenced Saturday night by the Mississippi
+Squadron, under Admiral Porter. On the following day the land forces
+under General McClernand, joined in the fight, and before night all the
+fortifications were taken. About 7,000 prisoners, and a large quantity
+of ammunition were captured. The Union loss was about 200 killed and
+wounded. Two rebel iron-clad vessels made an attack on the blockading
+fleet at Charleston, South Carolina. The Mercedita and Keystone were
+severely injured, and the inner line of blockaders driven off for a
+time, but the outer line of vessels were not disturbed and the blockade
+was not interrupted.
+
+JAN. 12.—Three Federal transports on the Cumberland river were captured
+by the enemy. The gunboat Slidel, which was in company surrendered
+without firing a gun.
+
+JAN. 14.—Fight at Bayou Teche, La., a number of rebels were captured,
+and the rebel gunboat Cotton, destroyed.
+
+JAN. 20.—The Morning Light and Velocity, blockading Sabine City,
+Texas, were both captured by the rebels. A few days after, the Morning
+Light was destroyed to prevent its recapture by the Federals.
+
+THIRD ATTACK ON VICKSBURG.
+
+JAN. 22.—After the capture of Arkansas Post, General McClernand
+returned to Vicksburg and resumed the siege of that place. Work was
+also resumed on the canal across the point opposite Vicksburg.
+
+JAN. 27.—The iron-clad Montauk, and three wooden gunboats, made an
+attack on Fort McAllister, at the mouth of the Ogeechee river near
+Savannah, Ga., but failed.
+
+JAN. 28.—General Burnside relieved of the command of the army of the
+Potomac, and General Hooker appointed in his place. General Sumner and
+General Franklin were relieved from duty in the army of the Potomac.
+
+JAN. 31.—The Confederate General Pryor made an attack on the Union
+troops under General Peck, at Blackwater, Va. The rebels were repulsed.
+The fighting resulted in a Union loss of 24 killed and 80 wounded.
+Skirmish at Rover, Tenn., rebels were defeated with a loss of 12 killed
+and 300 wounded.
+
+FEBRUARY, 1863.
+
+FEB. 1.—The gunboats made another attack on Fort McAllister, but were
+unsuccessful.
+
+FEB. 2.—The Federal ram Queen of the West, ran the blockade at
+Vicksburg, but was captured a few days after by the rebels. Stokes’
+Tennessee cavalry and one Kentucky regiment attacked a rebel camp near
+Middletown, Tenn., dispersing the enemy and captured the camp.
+
+FEB. 13.—The iron-clad Indianola ran the blockade at Vicksburg, and was
+captured by the rebels.
+
+FEB. 18.—The gunboats commenced the bombardment of Vicksburg, but
+without accomplishing anything.
+
+FEB. 26.—A train of 28 cars on the L. & N. R. R., captured by the
+rebels at Woodburn, Ky., and destroyed.
+
+FEB. 27.—The rebel steamer Nashville, while attempting to run the
+blockade, got aground near Fort McAllister, and was destroyed by the
+blockading fleet.
+
+MARCH, 1863.
+
+MARCH 5.—Five regiments of infantry, two of cavalry, and one battery,
+under the command of Colonel Coburn, were attacked by a superior force
+of rebels under Van Dorn, at Thompson’s Station, near Franklin, Tenn.
+The unequal contest resulted unfortunately to the Union cause. The
+Federal loss was 120 killed, and 1,206 taken prisoners.
+
+MARCH 7.—General Minty attacked a rebel cavalry force at Unionville,
+Tenn., capturing their wagons, horses and tents, and about 60 prisoners.
+
+MARCH 9.—A band of rebel cavalry passed through the Union lines,
+entered Fairfax, Va., and captured General Stoughton and a few privates.
+
+MARCH 13.—The Confederates made an unsuccessful attempt to recapture
+Newbern, N. C. Commodore Farragut’s fleet attempted to pass the rebel
+batteries at Port Hudson, but only a part of the vessels succeeded. The
+Mississippi got aground and was destroyed.
+
+MARCH 17.—Two hundred cavalry under command of General Averill, crossed
+the Rappahannock, near Kelly’s Ford, where but a single horseman could
+cross at once, and in the face of a most terrible fire from rifle pits
+and sharpshooters, charged the rebels in their intrenchments, killing
+or capturing nearly the whole force. They then encountered Stuart’s
+cavalry, and after a desperate hand-to-hand encounter, of five hours,
+routed them with great slaughter, capturing 80 prisoners.
+
+MARCH 20.—John Morgan with 4,000 men was totally defeated near Milton,
+Tenn., by Colonel Hall, with 1,400 mounted men. The negro brigade took
+Jacksonville, Florida. Major-General Burnside appointed to command the
+Department of the Ohio.
+
+MARCH 22.—Rebels under Clarke, captured Mt. Sterling, Ky.
+
+MARCH 28.—The rebel steamer Iris, captured by the U. S. steamer Stellin
+30 miles north of Charleston, S. C.
+
+APRIL, 1863.
+
+APRIL 1.—Two hundred and fifty of Jenkins’ rebel cavalry attacked
+Point Pleasant. An expedition from Murfreesboro’ under General Hazen,
+attacked a rebel camp near Woodbury, killing and wounding 20, capturing
+30 prisoners, 50 horses and a lot of mules and wagons; the rebels were
+600 strong, and under the command of Colonel Smith.
+
+APRIL 6.—General Mitchell with 300 cavalry dashed into a rebel camp
+near Nashville, on a sabre charge, capturing 5, killing 15, and
+capturing all their tents, arms, horses and equipments.
+
+[Illustration: MILLARD FILLMORE.]
+
+ATTACK ON CHARLESTON.
+
+APRIL 7.—The Federal fleet was composed of nine iron-clad vessels,
+under the command of Commodore Dupont. The fight began in the afternoon
+of April 7th, and lasted about two hours. Keokuk was so badly damaged
+that she sunk in a few hours. Several other vessels were temporarily
+disabled. The fleet was then withdrawn.
+
+APRIL 10.—General Van Dorn’s forces attacked General Granger at
+Franklin, Tenn., and were driven back with loss.
+
+APRIL 17.—General Banks’ command left Baton Rouge, fought three
+battles, two on land and one on Grand Lake, capturing 2,000 prisoners.
+Our loss was 700. Six vessels of Porter’s fleet ran by the rebel
+batteries at Vicksburg.
+
+APRIL 18.—Fayetteville, Ark., attacked by 3,000 rebels, with four
+pieces of artillery; Union forces numbered but 2,000. The rebels were
+repulsed. Our loss was 5 killed and 17 wounded.
+
+APRIL 22.—The ram Queen of the West, was captured in Grand Lake, with
+Captain Fuller and all her officers and crew, numbering 90. General
+McClellan’s staff disbanded. A small mounted force under Colonel
+Wilder, attacked McMinnville, Tenn., at 1 o’clock, A. M., surprised the
+rebel force under Grigsby, destroyed the railroad depot and bridges,
+and an immense quantity of cotton and army supplies, capturing 300
+prisoners. Banks occupied Opelousas and Washington, Miss. The Baltimore
+and Ohio R. R. destroyed between Cumberland and Grafton. The advance
+guard of Marmaduke’s army, under command of Colonel Newton, was
+surprised—the entire regiment being either killed or captured by the
+Union forces under Vandever.
+
+APRIL 30.—Colonel Mulligan repulsed by the rebels at Fairmont, Western
+Virginia, and the B. & O. R. R. bridges blown up at Fairmont and Cheat
+river.
+
+MAY, 1863.
+
+MAY 1.—General Carter with 5,000 men crossed the Cumberland, below
+Somerset, Ky., and attacked the rebel forces at Monticello, under
+Pegram, driving them from the field. Rebels lost 66 men. Marmaduke’s
+forces driven out of Missouri by Vandever.
+
+BATTLE OF PORT GIBSON.
+
+Grant defeated General Bowen with a loss of 1,550 men and 5 pieces of
+artillery.
+
+GRIERSON’S RAID.
+
+MAY 2.—On the morning of the 17th of April, 1863, the 6th and 7th
+Illinois cavalry, 900 strong, under command of Colonel Grierson, of
+the 6th Illinois, (together with 6 pieces of artillery,) set out from
+Lagrange, Tennessee, and pursuing in the main a Southerly course,
+marched through the center of Mississippi, destroying as they went,
+railroads, bridges, cars, locomotives, and stores of all kinds,
+belonging to the rebels, in immense quantities. Traveling on an average
+40 miles a day, they reached Baton Rouge, Louisiana, on the evening
+of the 2d of May. They had traveled nearly 800 miles in 16 days, and
+traversed 17 counties. At several points the enemy made great attempts
+to capture them but failed. They brought into Baton Rouge over 1,000
+horses and a large number of cattle; 500 negroes followed them.
+
+FREDERICKSBURG.
+
+MAY 3.—The second attempt to capture the rebel fortifications at
+Fredericksburg, Va., was made by the Army of the Potomac, under General
+Hooker, and failed. The army commenced marching April 27th, the main
+body crossing the Rappahannock at Kelley’s Ford, about 20 miles
+north-west of Fredericksburg, then marching south, crossed the Rapidan,
+and took their position at Chancellorville, about 10 miles west of
+Fredericksburg. Severe skirmishing took place on Friday and Saturday,
+May 1st and 2d; but the main battle was fought on Sunday, May 3d,
+resulting in the defeat of the Federal troops. In the meantime General
+Sedgwick had crossed the Rappahannock and occupied Fredericksburg. He,
+too, was defeated, and compelled to retire to the northern bank of the
+river. Hooker’s army recrossed the river on the night of May 5th. The
+loss on each side was about 15,000 killed, wounded and prisoners.
+
+STONEMAN’S RAID.
+
+While the fight was going on near Fredericksburg, General Stoneman,
+with a large cavalry force, crossed the Rapidan east of Orange
+Court House, and made a bold and partially successful raid into the
+enemy’s country. A portion of the railroad between Gordonsville
+and Charlottsville was destroyed, and considerable damage done to
+the Virginia Central, and Richmond and Fredericksburg R. R. Large
+quantities of provisions were destroyed at different points.
+
+MAY 5.—Vallandigham arrested by order of General Burnside, at his
+residence in Dayton, Ohio. Office of the Dayton Journal destroyed
+by the mob. Suffolk, Va., abandoned by the rebel troops, and
+fortifications destroyed. Alexandria, La., captured by Admiral Porter.
+100 prominent secessionists of St. Louis sent South.
+
+MAY 8.—Colonel Streight’s command of 1,700 men captured by Forrest’s
+cavalry, two miles from Cedar Bluff, Ga., after severe fighting. The
+rebel General Van Dorn killed by Dr. Peters, in Manny county, Tennessee.
+
+MAY 9.—Colonel Jacobs, with Kentucky cavalry, attacked and routed a
+guerrilla force near Horse Shoe Bend, on the Cumberland river; killed a
+number, took 8 prisoners and destroyed their camp.
+
+MAY 10.—The rebel General Stonewall Jackson died at Richmond, Va., of
+wounds and pneumonia.
+
+MAY 11.—The Buell Court of Inquiry adjourned, after a session of 165
+days.
+
+MAY 12.—General McPherson, of Grant’s command, attacked Raymond, Miss.,
+and took the town after a hard fight of two hours. The enemy lost 76
+killed, 639 wounded, and 186 prisoners.
+
+BATTLE OF JACKSON, MISS.
+
+MAY 13.—Grant defeated Joseph S. Johnson and captured Jackson, Miss.,
+with 7 cannon, and large quantities of military stores, besides 400
+prisoners. The State Capitol was destroyed by fire. Colonel W. K.
+Breckenridge, with only 55 men of the 1st Union Tennessee cavalry,
+attacked twice their number of rebels at Linden, Tennessee, and
+captured 43 officers and privates, 50 horses, and a quantity of other
+property.
+
+MAY 15.—A severe fight near Suffolk, Va., in which the rebel detachment
+was defeated. Faulkner’s rebel cavalry defeated near Holly Springs,
+Miss.
+
+BATTLE OF BAKER’S CREEK, MISS.
+
+Between the rebel army under Lieut. General Pemberton, and the Union
+forces under General Grant, occurred at Baker’s Creek, Miss., on the
+15th of May. About 25,000 men were engaged upon each side. The rebels
+met with a disastrous defeat, losing 2,600 in killed and wounded, 2,000
+men prisoners, and 29 pieces of artillery.
+
+BATTLE OF BIG BLACK RIVER.
+
+MAY 17.—Grant again attacked Pemberton at Big Black River bridge, and
+defeated him with a total loss of 2,600 men and 17 cannon.
+
+MAY 24.—Austin, Mississippi, burned by Colonel Ellet’s Marine brigade.
+
+MAY 25.—Vallandigham delivered to the rebels at Murfreesboro’, Tenn.
+Rebel Navy Yard destroyed at Yazoo City.
+
+MAY 28.—The gunboat Cincinnati sunk by the rebel batteries near
+Vicksburg. She went down with her flag flying. 25 men were killed and
+wounded, and 15 drowned.
+
+MAY 29.—An immense train consisting of 600 wagons, 3,000 horses and
+mules, 1,500 head of cattle, and 6,000 negroes, arrived from the Teche
+country, within General Banks’ lines.
+
+JUNE, 1863.
+
+JUNE 1.—General Hunter removed from the command of the Department of
+the South. General Gilmore succeeds him.
+
+JUNE 3.—Colonel Montgomery, of the 2d South Carolina (colored)
+regiment, made a most brilliant raid at the head of 200 men. He passed
+up the Coosaw river, landing in full view of two rebel regiments, who
+fled from the spot. He then penetrated 25 miles into the interior, and
+on his return brought away 725 negroes, a fine lot of blooded horses
+and other property, valued at $600,000.
+
+JUNE 11.—Forrest with 5,000 cavalry and two batteries of artillery,
+attacked the Union cavalry at Triune, Tenn., under command of Colonel
+R. B. Mitchell. The rebels were defeated, losing 21 killed and 70
+wounded and prisoners. Six of Mitchell’s men were killed. The notorious
+blockade runner, Herald, was sunk at midnight by a broadside from our
+blockading fleet off Charleston.
+
+JUNE 14.—General Ewell defeated General Milroy at Winchester, Virginia,
+with a loss of 2,000 men, and drove him to Harper’s Ferry.
+
+JUNE 17.—The rebel ram, Atlanta, was decoyed into Wilmington Waters,
+off the coast of South Carolina, and captured after a brief fight, by
+the Weehawken, commanded by Captain John Rodgers. A division of our
+cavalry under Colonel Kilpatrick, encountered General Fitzhugh Lee’s
+cavalry brigade, consisting of five regiments, with artillery, near
+Aldie, Va., and a desperate hand-to-hand encounter followed, ending in
+a hasty retreat on the part of the rebel forces. 100 prisoners were
+captured.
+
+JUNE 21.—General McClernand removed by Grant, and General Ord put in
+his place.
+
+JUNE 23.—Rebels under Johnston attacked Osterhaus’ division on Big
+Black River, Mississippi, and were defeated with great slaughter.
+
+JUNE 24.—Rosecrans advanced from Murfreesboro’. Liberty Gap taken by
+Willich’s brigade, with a loss of 75 killed and wounded. Hoover’s Gap
+taken by Colonel Wilder’s mounted brigade, with a loss of 53 killed and
+wounded.
+
+JUNE 25.—Another fight at Liberty Gap, between a rebel division under
+Claiborne, and Willich, Wilder and Carter’s brigades. Our loss, 40
+killed and 100 wounded, that of the rebels much greater. The rebels
+fled in disorder.
+
+JUNE 26.—Rear Admiral Foote died in New York City. Colonel Wilder’s
+brigade destroyed the Deckert bridge, in the rear of Bragg, between
+Tullahoma and Chattanooga.
+
+JUNE 28.—General Hooker was relieved of his command of the Army of the
+Potomac, at his own request, and General Meade succeeds him.
+
+JULY, 1863. BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG, PENN.
+
+JULY 1.—In the latter part of June the rebel army, under General Lee,
+invaded Pennsylvania. On the 1st of July they were attacked by General
+Meade near Gettysburg, and after a three days’ battle, driven from the
+field, leaving 5,000 killed and wounded in our hands. Meade took 20,000
+prisoners. Missouri passed the Ordinance of Emancipation. Rosecrans
+drove Bragg from Tullahoma.
+
+JULY 4.—General Prentice, with 3,500 men, defeated 18,000 rebels under
+Holmes at Helena, Ark. Union loss less than 100; that of the rebels
+2,400, including 1,600 prisoners.
+
+VICKSBURG.
+
+JULY 4.—The siege of Vicksburg by the Union army under Grant, commenced
+May 18, and was pressed forward with almost unprecedented vigor until
+July 4, when Pemberton surrendered to General Grant 27,000 prisoners,
+132 cannon, and 50,000 stand of arms.
+
+JULY 5.—John Morgan captured Lebanon, Kentucky, with 100 prisoners.
+
+PORT HUDSON.
+
+JULY 8.—In the month of May General Banks invested Port Hudson. Two
+grand attacks were made by land and water on the 27th of May and 14th
+of June, in which portions of the enemy’s works were taken. At last, on
+the 8th of July, the commander, Major-General Gardner, surrendered with
+7,000 prisoners, 60 cannon, and 10,000 stand of arms.
+
+MORGAN’S RAID.
+
+JULY 8.— Morgan, with 5,000 cavalry and 4 pieces of artillery, crossed
+the Ohio river into Harrison county, Indiana, and marched rapidly
+through the southern part of the State into Ohio, committing numerous
+depredations. On the 18th he was overtaken by the troops under Colonels
+Hobson and Judah, near Pomeroy, who captured all his artillery and
+1,300 prisoners. With a mere fragment of his command he retreated
+to Columbiana county, where, on the 20th, he surrendered to General
+Shackleford.
+
+JULY 17.—General Sherman attacked Jackson, Miss., routed Johnson and
+occupied the city. Large stores were captured, and also 40 locomotives,
+and all the rolling stock of the 3 railroads. General Ransom occupied
+Natchez. A large quantity of ammunition, 13 cannon, 2,000 head of
+cattle, and 4,000 hogsheads of sugar fell into his hands. A severe
+fight occurred on Elk creek, Ark., between General Blunt with 2,400
+Union troops, and General Tooper, with 5,000 rebels, in which the
+former were victorious. Union loss 40, that of the rebels 184.
+
+JULY 20.—A cavalry expedition sent out by General Foster, struck the
+Wilmington and Weldon railroad at Rocky Mount, N. C., burnt the long
+bridge over Tar river, tore up two miles of track, destroyed the depot,
+a large cotton factory, a valuable supply train, and 5,000 bales of
+rebel cotton. A cavalry force under Colonel Tolland, of the 34th Ohio
+mounted infantry, burned Wytheville, Va., after a severe fight, taking
+3 cannon, 700 stand of arms, and 120 prisoners. Our loss was 65,
+including the brave Colonel Tolland; that of the rebels 75 killed and
+many wounded.
+
+JULY 22.—Colonel Wilder, of Rosecrans’ advance, shelled Chattanooga.
+Brashear City, La., recaptured by the Union gunboat Sachem.
+
+JULY 23.—A gallant fight occurred near Manassas Gap, in which 800 men
+of General Spinola’s brigade, utterly routed twice their number of
+Georgia and North Carolina troops, with 17 cannon.
+
+JULY 23.—Kentucky again invaded. A small detachment of Union troops at
+Richmond, under Colonel Sanders, badly cut up by 2,000 rebels under
+Colonel Pegram, and compelled to retreat to Lexington. Kit Carson, with
+a part of the 1st New Mexico regiment, defeated the Navajoe Indians in
+a severe fight beyond Fort Canby.
+
+JULY 31.—The Union forces in Kentucky, under Colonel Saunders,
+thoroughly routed the rebel troops under Scott and Pegram.
+
+AUGUST, 1863.
+
+AUGUST 2.—A severe though indecisive cavalry fight occurred at
+Culpeper, Va., between Buford and Stuart, in which 100 prisoners were
+captured by the Union troops.
+
+AUGUST 17.—The rebels having collected an immense quantity of stores at
+Grenada, Mississippi, General Hurlbut sent out an expedition under the
+command of Lieut. Col. Phillips, of the 9th Illinois Mounted Infantry,
+to destroy them. Leaving Lagrange, Tenn., on the 13th, Col. Phillips
+attacked the rebel forces at Grenada, consisting of 2,000 men, under
+command of General Slimmer, and drove them in confusion from the place.
+He then destroyed all the ordnance and commissary stores, burnt the
+depot and machine shop, tore up the railroad track and destroyed 57
+locomotives, and more than 400 cars.
+
+AUGUST 20.—The town of Lawrence, Kansas, was surprised in the middle
+of the night by 300 guerillas, who had collected in Cass county,
+Mo., under the leadership of Quantrill. The town was set on fire and
+182 buildings burned to the ground, and $2,000,000 worth of property
+destroyed. 191 persons were killed, many of whom were helpless women
+and children; 581 were wounded, many of them mortally. After the
+departure of the guerillas, the citizens organized under General James
+H. Lane and pursued them to their headquarters at Grand River, Mo.,
+where they scattered in various directions. About 80 of the murderers
+were killed.
+
+AUGUST 22.—Colonel Woodson’s cavalry made a successful onslaught upon
+numerous guerilla bands in Arkansas, capturing Jeff. Thompson with his
+entire staff. General Blunt, with 4,500 men, attacked General Cooper,
+with 11,000 rebel troops, in the Indian Territory, and compelled him to
+retreat to Red River.
+
+AUGUST 29.—The rebel army in Arkansas, under General Price, severely
+pushed by the Union forces under General Steele. Steele’s advance,
+under General Davidson, drove 3,000 rebels, under Marmaduke, out of
+Brownsville, and across the Arkansas river.
+
+SEPTEMBER, 1863.
+
+SEPT. 1.—General Blunt defeated the rebel forces in Arkansas under
+Cooper and Cobell, and captured Fort Smith. The rebels evacuated Little
+Rock.
+
+SEPT. 4.—Burnside occupied Knoxville, Tenn., and was hailed with
+delight by the inhabitants.
+
+SEPT. 8.—A land and naval force under the command of General Franklin,
+made an attack on the rebel fortifications at Sabine City, Texas, but
+were repulsed with a loss of two small boats.
+
+SEPT. 9.—General Crittenden’s Division of Rosecrans’ army, entered
+Chattanooga.
+
+SEPT. 10.—General Burnside captured Cumberland Gap, with 2,000
+prisoners and 14 pieces of artillery, under the command of
+Major-General Frazer. General Steele took possession of Little Rock,
+Ark.
+
+CHICKAMAUGA.
+
+SEPT. 19.—The battle was commenced by General Bragg in the morning
+and continued all day.—At night both armies occupied nearly the same
+position that they did in the morning. On the next day the battle
+was renewed by the rebels and lasted until dark. The Union army was
+defeated and driven back to Chattanooga. The Federal loss was about
+1,800 killed and 9,500 wounded, and 2,500 prisoners.
+
+OCTOBER, 1863.
+
+OCT. 9.—Wheeler’s rebel cavalry, which had come north of the Tennessee
+river, for the purpose of cutting Rosecrans’ communications, was
+defeated with considerable loss, at Farmington, Tenn., and again near
+Shelbyville.
+
+OCT. 20.—The Departments of the Cumberland and Mississippi were
+consolidated and placed under the command of General Grant. General
+Rosecrans removed and General Thomas appointed in his place.
+
+NOVEMBER, 1863—CHATTANOOGA.
+
+NOV. 25.—The rebel army under Bragg was badly whipped near Chattanooga,
+losing about 6,000 prisoners, and 52 guns. The Union loss was between
+3,000 and 4,000 in killed and wounded.
+
+DECEMBER, 1863.
+
+DEC. 4.—General Longstreet commenced the siege of Knoxville, November
+17th. On the 29th there was a severe fight, in which the Confederates
+were defeated. This, with the defeat of Bragg, at Chattanooga,
+compelled Longstreet to raise the siege. He retreated toward Virginia,
+pursued by Burnside’s forces; while another army under General Foster,
+started from Cumberland Gap to cut off their retreat.
+
+FEBRUARY, 1864.
+
+FEB. 1.—The Union outposts near Newburn were attacked by a strong force
+and fell back in good order, with but little loss.
+
+FEB. 9.—A large number of prisoners, including Colonel Streight,
+escaped from Libby Prison, Richmond.
+
+FEB. 15.—General W. T. Sherman, with his command, arrived at Meridian,
+Miss., on his great raid into the heart of the enemy’s country. After
+accomplishing his object in destroying railroads and stores, he
+returned to Vicksburg with immense booty.
+
+FEB. 20.—The advance into Florida of the Union forces, about 5,000
+strong, under General Seymour, was repulsed near Olustee, with a loss
+of 1,200. Rebel loss about the same.
+
+FEB. 22.—A heavy reconnoitering force sent out from Chattanooga by
+General Grant, met and defeated the enemy at Tunnel Hill.
+
+MARCH, 1864.
+
+MARCH 8.—General Grant was formally presented, by the President, with
+his commission as Lieutenant-General, and on the 12th was assigned to
+the command of the armies of the United States.
+
+MARCH 15.—The Union forces under General A. J. Smith, captured Fort De
+Russey, La., on Red river, with 325 prisoners, 12 pieces of artillery,
+2,000 barrels of powder, with an immense amount of ammunition and
+stores.
+
+MARCH 25.—About 5,000 rebels under Forrester, captured Paducah, Ky.,
+and fired the place. Union loss, 12 killed and 40 wounded; rebel loss,
+150 killed.
+
+MARCH 28.—The 54th Illinois regiment attacked by Coles county
+copperheads, at Charleston, Ill.
+
+APRIL, 1864.
+
+APRIL 8.—The advance of General Banks’ expedition up Red river, under
+the direction of General Stone, was repulsed near Shreveport, La.; but
+on the following day our men defeated the enemy. Our loss was about
+2,000 and the enemy’s the same.
+
+APRIL 12.—General Forrest overpowered the Union forces at Fort
+Pillow, compelled them to surrender, and immediately after commenced
+an indiscriminate massacre of our wounded soldiers, both colored and
+white—not excepting women and children who had taken refuge in the fort.
+
+APRIL 17 and 18.—At Plymouth, N. C., the rebel ram and a battery sunk
+three Union gunboats.
+
+APRIL 23.—The Governors of Ohio, Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin and Indiana
+offer to raise for the General Government 85,000 men for one hundred
+days.
+
+APRIL 26.—Government accept service of one hundred day men, and
+appropriated $20,000,000 for their payment.
+
+MAY, 1864.
+
+MAY 5.—Draft ordered in Massachusetts, New Jersey, Ohio, Minnesota,
+Kentucky and Maryland.
+
+MAY 6.—General Grant crossed the Rapidan, and Lee fell back toward
+Richmond.
+
+MAY 7.—Grant still advances driving Lee’s forces before him.
+
+MAY 8.—Sherman occupied Dalton.
+
+MAY 9.—After 3 days’ hard fighting Lee’s forces retreated, leaving
+3,000 killed and 10,000 wounded on the field, in possession of the
+Union army.
+
+BATTLE AT SPOTTSYLVANIA COURT HOUSE.
+
+MAY 12.—Union troops victorious. They capture 4,000 prisoners and 25
+pieces of artillery.
+
+MAY 13.—General Sheridan, with cavalry, reached the rear of the enemy,
+near Hanover Junction, breaking two railroads, capturing several
+locomotives, and destroying Lee’s depot for supplies at Beaver Dam,
+containing over 1,000,000 rations.
+
+MAY 15.—Sherman forced Johnson to evacuate Resaca, after two days’
+fighting.
+
+MAY 23.—Army of the Potomac flanked the rebels, under Lee, and forced
+them to evacuate their fortifications near Spottsylvania Court House.
+John Morgan enters Kentucky with 4,000 men.
+
+MAY 27.—Grant crossed the Pamunkey, and occupied Hanovertown.
+
+MAY 30.—Grant reached Mechanicsville.
+
+JUNE, 1864.—BATTLE OF COAL HARBOR.
+
+JUNE 3.—In which the rebels are routed with heavy loss.
+
+JUNE 5.—Sherman flanked Johnson and captured Ackworth Station.
+
+JUNE 7.—General Hunter defeats the rebel General Jones, near Staunton,
+Va.
+
+UNION CONVENTION AT BALTIMORE.
+
+JUNE 8.—Abraham Lincoln and Governor Andrew Johnson were nominated for
+President and Vice-President. Morgan defeated by General Burbridge,
+near Lexington, Ky.
+
+JUNE 11.—Morgan demanded of Governor Bramlette the surrender of
+Frankfort, which the Governor refused.
+
+JUNE 12.—General Hancock drove the rebels from Bottom Bridge at the
+point of the bayonet.
+
+JUNE 15.—General Smith attacked with a force of 15,000 men.
+
+JUNE 20.—Rebels strongly reinforced by Lee.
+
+JUNE 23.—Rebels attack Wright and Hancock, capturing 3 full regiments,
+after which they are repulsed.
+
+JUNE 27.—Sherman made an unsuccessful attack on the enemy’s position,
+losing from 2,000 to 3,000 men.
+
+JUNE 28.—Left wing of Grant’s army take possession of the Weldon
+railroad.
+
+JUNE 30.—Secretary Chase resigned, and Hon. Wm. P. Fessenden was
+appointed to fill the vacancy.
+
+JULY, 1864.
+
+JULY 10.—Rebels invade Maryland. The Union forces under General
+Wallace, defeated at the Monacacy river.
+
+JULY 13 and 15.—The rebels under General Forrest, defeated in 5
+different battles near Pontotoc, Mo.
+
+JULY 17.—The rebel army was driven within the fortifications at Atlanta.
+
+JULY 20.—The enemy assaulted General Sherman’s lines 3 times, but were
+repulsed each time with severe loss. General Averill defeated the enemy
+near Winchester, Va.
+
+JULY 22.—A great battle was fought before Atlanta, resulting in the
+complete defeat of the Confederates.
+
+JULY 25.—General Crook overtook the rebels retreating from the Maryland
+raid, and recaptured a large amount of stores. After severe fighting
+on the 23d and 24th July, General Averill is compelled to fall back to
+Harper’s Ferry.
+
+JULY 30.—A mine containing 6 tons of powder, under a rebel fort at
+Petersburg, was exploded, destroying the fort and garrison.
+
+AUGUST, 1864.
+
+AUGUST 5.—Commodore Farragut’s fleet passed Forts Morgan and Gaines.
+The rebel ram Tennessee was captured, and several other vessels
+destroyed. Shortly after Fort Gaines surrendered and Fort Powell was
+evacuated.
+
+AUGUST 7.—General Averill defeated the enemy at Morefield, Virginia.
+
+AUGUST 15.—The rebel General Wheeler repulsed at Dalton, Georgia.
+
+AUGUST 18.—The Weldon railroad seized by General Grant.
+
+AUGUST 23.—Fort Morgan surrendered.
+
+AUGUST 25.—General Hancock, who held the Weldon railroad south of
+Reams’ station, was attacked several times, but repulsed the enemy each
+time.
+
+SEPTEMBER, 1864.
+
+SEPT. 1.—General Sherman defeated the enemy at Jonesboro, Georgia.
+
+SEPT. 2.—The Federal troops took possession of Atlanta.
+
+SEPT. 5.—The rebel General John Morgan was killed near Greenville, Tenn.
+
+SEPT. 7.—A force of 2,000 rebels defeated at Readyville, Tennessee.
+
+SEPT. 19.—General Sheridan gained a complete victory over the enemy in
+the Shenandoah valley.
+
+SEPT. 22.—The battle at Fisher’s Hill was fought, resulting in the
+defeat of the rebel army.
+
+SEPT. 28.—General Grant advanced his lines on the north side of the
+James river to within 7 miles of Richmond. The rebels under General
+Price invade Missouri.
+
+OCTOBER, 1864.
+
+OCT. 5.—The rebels attack Allatoona, Ga., but were repulsed with severe
+loss.
+
+OCT. 7.—The pirate vessel Florida captured by the U. S. steamer
+Wachusett.
+
+OCT. 8.—The rebels in the Shenandoah valley are again defeated by
+Sheridan.
+
+OCT. 19.—General Sheridan gained his fourth victory over the rebels
+under Early, at Cedar creek, Va.
+
+OCT. 23.—The rebel General Price defeated at Blue river, Missouri.
+
+OCT. 28.—General Blunt defeated the rebels under Price, at Neosho, Mo.
+
+OCT. 30.—General Hood made three attacks on Decatur, Ala., but was
+repulsed each time.
+
+NOVEMBER, 1864.
+
+NOV. 3.—The rebel ram Albemarle destroyed by Lieutenant Cushing. The
+Confederate army under Hood, attempted to cross the Tennessee, but were
+repulsed by the Federal army, under General Sherman.
+
+NOV. 8.—The Presidential election took place. Lincoln and Johnson
+received 212, McClellan and Pendleton 21 electoral votes.
+
+NOV. 16.—General Sherman left Atlanta, and began his march through
+Georgia, to Savannah.
+
+NOV. 30.—The rebel army under General Hood, attacked the Union troops
+under General Schofield, at Franklin, Tenn., but were repulsed with
+great loss.
+
+DECEMBER, 1864.
+
+DEC. 13.—Fort McAllister captured by Gen. Sherman’s army.
+
+DEC. 16.—General Thomas defeated the enemy at Nashville, Tenn., with
+heavy loss, capturing a large number of guns and prisoners.
+
+DEC. 20.—The rebels under General Breckinridge defeated in
+South-Western Virginia, and the salt works destroyed.
+
+DEC. 21.—General Sherman entered the city of Savannah, capturing 150
+cannon, 30,000 bales of cotton, and a large amount of munitions of war.
+
+DEC. 29.—Hood’s army crossed the Tennessee river, thus ending the
+Tennessee campaign.
+
+JANUARY, 1865.
+
+JAN. 3.—Massachusetts ratified Constitutional Amendment.
+
+JAN. 8.—General Butler removed from the command of the army of the
+James, and is succeeded by General Ord.
+
+JAN. 11.—The garrison at Beverly, Va., was attacked by a rebel force
+under General Rosser. The town and a large portion of the force
+defending it, were captured.
+
+JAN. 16.—Fort Fisher, near Wilmington, N. C., captured with all its
+equipments.
+
+JAN. 20.—Rebels evacuate Corinth.
+
+JAN. 21.—Peace rumors.
+
+JAN. 27.—Rebel incendiaries set fire to the city of Savannah.
+
+FEBRUARY, 1865.
+
+FEB. 1.—Illinois ratified the Constitutional Amendment.
+
+FEB. 2.—Maryland, Michigan, New York and Rhode Island, ratified the
+Constitutional Amendment.
+
+FEB. 4.—Illinois Black Laws repealed.
+
+FEB. 7.—Maine ratified the Constitutional Amendment.
+
+FEB. 12.—General Sherman occupied Branchville, S. C.
+
+FEB. 13.—Indiana ratified the Constitutional Amendment.
+
+FEB. 17.—Louisiana ratified the Constitutional Amendment. General
+Sherman’s victorious columns entered Columbia, S. C., and burned the
+city.
+
+FEB. 18.—Charleston, S. C., evacuated and taken possession of by
+General Gilmore. Great amount of valuable property destroyed, six
+thousand bales of cotton. Ammunition stored in the railroad depot
+exploded, and many lives were lost. General Gilmore hoisted the old
+flag over Fort Sumter.
+
+FEB. 19.—Fort Anderson, N. C. taken.
+
+FEB. 21.—Wisconsin ratified the Constitutional Amendment. Fort
+Armstrong, N. C., taken.
+
+FEB. 22.—Wilmington captured.
+
+MARCH, 1865.
+
+MARCH 2.—General Sheridan fought and captured the rebel General Early,
+with 1,800 men, between Staunton and Charlottesville.
+
+MARCH 10.—General Bragg attacked General Cox near Kingston, N. C., but
+was defeated. General Sherman occupied Fayetteville, N. C.
+
+MARCH 12.—Mobile attacked.
+
+MARCH 13.—General Schofield occupied Kingston.
+
+MARCH 16.—Rebel General Hardee defeated at Averysboro’, North Carolina.
+
+MARCH 17.—Rebel Congress adjourned, _sine die_.
+
+MARCH 19.—Rebel General Johnson defeated at Bentonville, North Carolina.
+
+MARCH 25.—Rebels attack General Grant and got soundly whipped.
+
+APRIL, 1865.
+
+APRIL 3.—Richmond taken.
+
+APRIL 9.—General Lee surrendered. Mobile captured.
+
+APRIL 12.—Salisbury, N. C., captured. Mobile captured by General Canby,
+1,000 prisoners, 150 cannon, 3,000 bales of cotton. Columbus, Ga.,
+captured.
+
+APRIL 13.—Raleigh, N. C., captured. Governor Vance taken prisoner.
+
+APRIL 14.—President Lincoln assassinated. Secretary Seward stabbed.
+Arkansas ratified the Constitutional Amendment.
+
+APRIL 15.—President Lincoln died about 7 o’clock, A. M.
+
+APRIL 16.—Andrew Johnson took the oath and was declared President of
+the United States.
+
+APRIL 26.—General Johnson surrendered. The war is over.
+
+APRIL 27.—Booth, the murderer of President Lincoln shot and captured.
+Dead.
+
+MAY, 1865.
+
+MAY 8.—Subscriptions to 7-30 loan $6,183,000.
+
+MAY 9.—Subscriptions to 7-30 loan $15,165,300.
+
+MAY 10.—Jefferson Davis captured at Irwinville, 75 miles south-west of
+Macon, Ga., by the 4th Michigan cavalry, under Colonel Pritchard, of
+General Wilson’s command. Also, his wife, mother, Postmaster-general
+Regan, Colonel Harrison, Private Secretary, Colonel Johnson and other
+military characters. Subscription to 7-30 loan $17,410,100.
+
+MAY 11.—Subscription to 7-30 loan $15,411,800.
+
+MAY 12.—Subscription to 7-30 loan $13,762,100.
+
+MAY 13.—Subscriptions to 7-30 loan $30,451,950. Total for one week
+$98,000,000.
+
+MAY 19.—Rebel Governor Watts, of Alabama, arrested.
+
+MAY 21.—Rebel Governor Letcher, of Virginia, arrested.
+
+MAY 24.—Grand review of General Sherman’s army at Washington. Jefferson
+Davis indicted for treason.
+
+MAY 26.—Kirby Smith surrendered. The last armed rebel organization has
+succumbed.
+
+MAY 31.—Rebel General Hood and staff surrendered.
+
+
+
+
+Pay of Officers of the U. S., Civil and Military.
+
+
+EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT.
+
+ President $25,000 per annum
+ Private Secretary 2,500 ” ”
+ Private Secretary to sign Patents 1,500 ” ”
+ Vice-President 8,000 ” ”
+
+
+HEADS OF DEPARTMENTS.
+
+ Secretary of State $8,000 per annum
+ Secretary of the Treasury 8,000 ” ”
+ Secretary of War 8,000 ” ”
+ Secretary of the Navy 8,000 ” ”
+ Secretary of the Interior 8,000 ” ”
+ Postmaster-General 8,000 ” ”
+ Attorney-General 8,000 ” ”
+
+
+LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT.
+
+ Speaker of House of Representatives,
+ (mileage, 20 cents per mile.) $8,000 per annum
+ U. S. Senators, Members of Congress, 5,000 ” ”
+ and Delegates from Territories
+
+
+JUDICIARY, (SUPREME COURT OF U. S.)
+
+ Chief Justice $6,500 per annum
+ Associate Justices, [8 in number] 6,000 ” ”
+ (Court meets first Monday in December)
+
+ MINISTERS AND DIPLOMATIC AGENTS OF THE UNITED STATES
+ IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES—ENVOYS EXTRAORDINARY AND
+ MINISTERS PLENIPOTENTIARY.
+
+ Minister to Great Britain $17,500 per annum
+ Minister to Russia 12,000 ” ”
+ Minister to France 17,500 ” ”
+ Minister to Spain 12,000 ” ”
+ Minister to Prussia 12,000 ” ”
+ Minister to Austria 12,000 ” ”
+ Minister to Italy 12,000 ” ”
+ Minister to China 12,000 ” ”
+ Minister to Mexico 12,000 ” ”
+ Minister to Brazil 12,000 ” ”
+ Minister to Chili 10,000 ” ”
+ Minister to Peru 10,000 ” ”
+ Minister to Nicaragua 7,000 ” ”
+
+
+MINISTERS RESIDENT.
+
+ Minister in Portugal $7,500 per annum
+ Minister in Belgium 7,500 ” ”
+ Minister in Netherlands 7,500 ” ”
+ Minister in Denmark 7,500 ” ”
+ Minister in Sweden and Norway 7,500 ” ”
+ Minister in Switzerland 7,500 ” ”
+ Minister in Pontif States 7,500 ” ”
+ Minister in Turkey 7,500 ” ”
+ Minister in Japan 7,500 ” ”
+ Minister in Costa Rica 7,500 ” ”
+ Minister in Guatemala 7,500 ” ”
+ Minister in Honduras 7,500 ” ”
+ Minister in Salvador 7,500 ” ”
+ Minister in New Granada 7,500 ” ”
+ Minister in Venezuela 7,500 ” ”
+ Minister in Ecuador 7,500 ” ”
+ Minister in Argentine Confederation 7,500 ” ”
+ Minister in Hawaiian Islands 7,500 ” ”
+
+
+WAR DEPARTMENT.
+
+ Secretary of War $8,000 per annum
+ Assistant Secretary of War 3,000 ” ”
+ Second Assistant Secretary of War 3,000 ” ”
+ Commander-in-Chief 5,340 ” ”
+ Adjutant-General 3,594 ” ”
+ Assistant Adjutant-General 2,532 ” ”
+ Second Assistant Adjutant-General 1,956 ” ”
+ Third Assistant Adjutant-General 1,956 ” ”
+ Fourth Assistant Adjutant-General 1,956 ” ”
+ Chief Clerk Adjutant-General’s Bureau 1,800 ” ”
+ Inspector General 2,532 ” ”
+ Judge Advocate General 2,532 ” ”
+ Deputy Judge Advocate 1,956 ” ”
+ Quartermaster General 3,594 ” ”
+ Deputy Quartermaster General 2,244 ” ”
+ Assistant Quartermaster 2,532 ” ”
+ Chief Clerk Quartermaster’s Bureau 1,800 ” ”
+ Chief Engineer 3,594 ” ”
+ Assistant Engineer 1,596 ” ”
+ Chief Clerk of Engineer Bureau 1,800 ” ”
+ Provost Marshal General ——
+ Surgeon General 3,594 ” ”
+ Assistant Surgeon General 2,532 ” ”
+ Chief Clerk Surgeon General’s Bureau 1,800 ” ”
+ Chief of Ordnance 3,594 ” ”
+ Assistant Chief of Ordnance 1,554 ” ”
+ Chief Clerk of Ordnance Bureau 1,800 ” ”
+ Paymaster General 2,740 ” ”
+ Deputy Paymaster General 2,144 ” ”
+ Additional Paymaster 1,950 ” ”
+ Chief Clerk Paymaster General’s Bureau 1,800 ” ”
+ Commissary General of Subsistence 2,532 ” ”
+ Assistant Commissary General 1,956 ” ”
+ Second Assistant Commissary General 1,956 ” ”
+ Chief Clerk Commissary General’s Bureau 1,800 ” ”
+
+
+GENERAL OFFICERS.
+
+ Lieutenant-General $720 00 per month
+ Aids-de-camp and military secretary to
+ Lieutenant-General, each 170 00 ” ”
+ Major-General 445 00 ” ”
+ Senior Aid-de-camp to General-in-Chief 163 00 ” ”
+ Aid-de-camp, in addition to pay, etc., of
+ Lieutenant or Captain 24 00 ” ”
+ Brigadier-General 299 50 ” ”
+ Aid-de-camp, in addition to pay, etc., as
+ Lieutenant 11 00 ” ”
+
+
+ADJUTANT-GENERAL’S DEPARTMENT.
+
+ Adjutant-General—Brigadier-General $407 50 per month
+ Assistant Adjutant-General—Colonel 211 00 ” ”
+ Assistant Adjutant-General—Lt. Colonel 187 00 ” ”
+ Assistant Adjutant-General—Major 163 00 ” ”
+ Judge Advocate General—Colonel 211 00 ” ”
+ Judge Advocate—Major 163 00 ” ”
+ Division Major 163 00 ” ”
+
+
+INSPECTOR GENERAL’S DEPARTMENT.
+
+ Inspector General—Colonel $211 00 per month
+ Assistant Inspector General—Major 163 00 ” ”
+
+
+SIGNAL DEPARTMENT.
+
+ Signal Officer—Colonel $211 00 per month
+
+
+PAY DEPARTMENT.
+
+ Paymaster General $288 33 per month
+ Deputy Paymaster General 187 00 ” ”
+ Paymaster 163 00 ” ”
+
+
+OFFICERS OF THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS, TOPOGRAPHICAL ENGINEERS, AND
+ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT.
+
+ Chief of Ordinance—Brigadier-General $407 50 per month
+ Colonel 211 00 ” ”
+ Lieutenant Colonel 187 00 ” ”
+ Major 163 00 ” ”
+ Captain 129 50 ” ”
+ First Lieutenant 112 83 ” ”
+ Second Lieutenant 112 83 ” ”
+ Brevet Second Lieutenant 112 83 ” ”
+
+
+OFFICERS OF MOUNTED DRAGOONS, CAVALRY, RIFLEMEN, AND LIGHT ARTILLERY.
+
+ Colonel $211 00 per month
+ Lieutenant Colonel 187 00 ” ”
+ Major 163 00 ” ”
+ Captain 129 50 ” ”
+ First Lieutenant 112 83 ” ”
+ Second Lieutenant 112 83 ” ”
+ Brevet Second Lieutenant 112 83 ” ”
+
+
+QUARTERMASTER’S DEPARTMENT.
+
+ Quartermaster General—Brigadier General $407 50 per month
+ Assistant Quartermaster General—Colonel 211 00 ” ”
+ Deputy Quartermaster General—Lt. Colonel 187 00 ” ”
+ Quartermaster—Major 163 00 ” ”
+ Assistant Quartermaster—Captain 129 50 ” ”
+
+
+SUBSISTENCE DEPARTMENT.
+
+ Commissary General of Subsistence—
+ Brigadier General $299 50 per month
+ Assistant Commissary General—Lt. Colonel 187 00 ” ”
+ Commissary of Subsistence—Major 163 00 ” ”
+ Commissary of Subsistence—Captain 129 50 ” ”
+ Assistant Commissary of Subsistence,
+ in addition to pay, etc., as Lieutenant 11 00 ” ”
+
+
+MEDICAL DEPARTMENT.
+
+ Surgeon General—Brigadier General $299 50 per month
+ Assistant Surgeon General 211 00 ” ”
+ Medical Inspector General 211 00 ” ”
+ Medical Inspector 187 00 ” ”
+ Surgeons of ten years’ service 199 00 ” ”
+ Surgeons of less than ten years’ service 163 00 ” ”
+ Assistant Surgeons of ten years’ service 165 50 ” ”
+ Assistant Surgeons of five years’ service 129 50 ” ”
+ Assistant Surgeons of less than five years’
+ service 112 83 ” ”
+
+ Adjutant, Regimental Quartermaster, and
+ Regimental Commissary, in addition to
+ pay of Lieutenant, each 10 00 ” ”
+
+
+OFFICERS OF ARTILLERY AND INFANTRY.
+
+ Colonel $194 00 per month
+ Lieutenant Colonel 170 00 ” ”
+ Major 151 00 ” ”
+ Captain 118 50 ” ”
+ First Lieutenant 108 50 ” ”
+ Second Lieutenant 103 50 ” ”
+ Brevet Second Lieutenant 103 50 ” ”
+ Adjutant, in addition to pay, etc., of Lieut 10 00 ” ”
+ Regimental Quartermaster, in addition to
+ pay, etc., of Lieutenant 10 00 ” ”
+
+
+PAY OF NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS, PRIVATES, ETC.—CAVALRY.
+
+ Sergeant-Major $21 00 per month
+ Quartermaster Sergeant 21 00 ” ”
+ Chief Bugler 21 00 ” ”
+ First Sergeant 20 00 ” ”
+ Sergeant 17 00 ” ”
+ Saddler Sergeant 21 00 ” ”
+ Commissary Sergeant 21 00 ” ”
+ Hospital Steward 30 00 ” ”
+ Corporal 14 00 ” ”
+ Bugler, or Trumpeter 13 00 ” ”
+ Farrier and Blacksmith 15 00 ” ”
+ Private 13 00 ” ”
+ Veterinary Surgeon 75 00 ” ”
+ African under-cooks 10 00 ” ”
+
+
+ORDNANCE.
+
+ Sergeant $34 00 per month
+ Corporal 20 00 ” ”
+ Wagoner 14 00 ” ”
+ Saddler 14 00 ” ”
+ Private—first class 17 00 ” ”
+ Private—second class 16 00 ” ”
+
+
+ARTILLERY AND INFANTRY.
+
+ Sergeant-Major $21 00 per month
+ Quartermaster Sergeant 21 00 ” ”
+ Commissary Sergeant 21 00 ” ”
+ First Sergeant 20 00 ” ”
+ Sergeant 17 00 ” ”
+ Hospital Steward 30 00 ” ”
+ Corporal 14 00 ” ”
+ Artificer, Artillery 15 00 ” ”
+ Private 13 00 ” ”
+ Principal Musician 21 00 ” ”
+ Musician 12 00 ” ”
+ African under-cooks 10 00 ” ”
+
+
+SAPPERS AND MINERS, AND PONTOONIERS.
+
+ Sergeant $34 00 per month
+ Corporal 20 00 ” ”
+ Private—first class 17 00 ” ”
+ Private—second class 16 00 ” ”
+ Musician 12 00 ” ”
+ African under-cooks 10 00 ” ”
+
+
+BRIGADE BANDS.
+
+ Leader $45 00 per month
+ Four of the Band 34 00 ” ”
+ Eight of the Band 17 00 ” ”
+ Four of the Band 20 00 ” ”
+
+
+MISCELLANEOUS.
+
+ Medical Cadets $30 00 ” ”
+ Hospital Steward—first class 22 00 ” ”
+ Matron 6 00 ” ”
+ Female nurses 40 cents per day.
+
+
+
+
+PAY OF THE NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES.
+
+
+REAR ADMIRALS—ACTIVE LIST.
+
+ When at sea $5,000 per annum
+ When on shore duty 4,000 ” ”
+ On leave, or waiting orders 3,000 ” ”
+ On Retired List 2,000 ” ”
+
+
+COMMODORES—ACTIVE LIST.
+
+ When at sea $4,000 per annum
+ When on shore duty 2,800 ” ”
+ On leave, or waiting orders 2,100 ” ”
+ On Retired List 1,600 ” ”
+
+
+COMMANDERS—ACTIVE LIST.
+
+ When at sea $2,800 per annum
+ When on shore duty 2,240 ” ”
+ On leave, or waiting orders 1,680 ” ”
+ On Retired List 1,400 ” ”
+
+
+LIEUTENANT COMMANDERS—ACTIVE LIST.
+
+ When at sea $2,343 per annum
+ When on shore duty 1,875 ” ”
+ On leave, or waiting orders 1,500 ” ”
+ On Retired List 1,300 ” ”
+
+
+LIEUTENANTS—ACTIVE LIST.
+
+ When at sea $1,875 per annum
+ When on shore duty 1,500 ” ”
+ On leave, or waiting orders 1,200 ” ”
+ On Retired List 1,000 ” ”
+
+
+MASTERS—ACTIVE LIST.
+
+ When at sea $1,500 per annum
+ When on shore duty 1,200 ” ”
+ On leave, or waiting orders 960 ” ”
+ On Retired List 800 ” ”
+
+
+ENSIGNS—ACTIVE LIST.
+
+ When at sea $1,200 per annum
+ When on shore duty 960 ” ”
+ On leave, or waiting orders 768 ” ”
+ On Retired List 500 ” ”
+
+ Midshipmen 500 ” ”
+ Fleet Surgeons 3,300 ” ”
+
+
+SURGEONS.
+
+ For second five years after date of commission $2,400 per annum
+
+
+RETIRED SURGEONS.
+
+ Surgeons ranking with commanders $1,100 per annum
+ Surgeons ranking with lieutenants 1,000 ” ”
+
+
+RETIRED PASSED AND ASSISTANT SURGEONS.
+
+ Passed $850 per annum
+ Assistant 650 ” ”
+
+
+PASSED ASSISTANT SURGEONS.
+
+ On duty at sea $1,500 per annum
+ On other duty 1,400 ” ”
+ On leave, or waiting orders 1,100 ” ”
+
+
+ASSISTANT SURGEONS.
+
+ On duty at sea $1,250 per annum
+ On other duty 1,050 ” ”
+ On leave, or waiting orders 800 ” ”
+
+
+PAYMASTERS.
+
+ On duty at sea—for fourth five years after
+ date of commission $2,900 per annum
+
+
+PAYMASTERS RETIRED.
+
+ Ranking with Captains $1,300 per annum
+ Ranking with Commanders 1,100 ” ”
+ Ranking with Lieutenants 1,000 ” ”
+
+
+ASSISTANT PAYMASTERS.
+
+ On duty at sea—after five years from date of
+ commission $1,500 per annum
+ On leave, or waiting orders 800 ” ”
+
+
+CHAPLAINS,
+
+ To be paid as Lieutenants.
+
+
+PROFESSORS OF MATHEMATICS.
+
+ On duty $1,800 per annum
+ On leave, or waiting orders 960 ” ”
+
+
+BOATSWAINS, GUNNERS, CARPENTERS, AND SAILMAKERS.
+
+ On duty at sea—for first three years’
+ sea service from date of appointment. $1,000 per annum
+ For twelve years’ service and upwards 1,450 ” ”
+ On leave, or waiting orders—for twelve years’
+ sea service and upwards 1,000 ” ”
+
+[Illustration: FRANKLIN PIERCE.]
+
+
+CHIEF ENGINEERS.
+
+ On duty—for first five years after date of
+ commission $1,800 per annum
+ After fifteen years from date of commission 2,600 ” ”
+ On leave, or waiting orders, after fifteen years
+ from date of commission 1,500 ” ”
+
+
+FIRST ASSISTANT ENGINEERS.
+
+ On duty $1,500 per annum
+ On leave, or waiting orders 900 ” ”
+
+
+SECOND ASSISTANT ENGINEERS.
+
+ On duty $1,000 per annum
+ On leave, or waiting orders 750 ” ”
+
+
+NAVY AGENT.
+
+ Commission not to exceed $3,000 per annum
+ Navy Agent at San Francisco 4,000 ” ”
+ Temporary Navy Agents
+ Naval Storekeepers
+
+ Officers of the Navy on Foreign Stations $1,500 per annum
+ Engineer-in-Chief 3,000 ” ”
+ Naval Constructors 2,600 ” ”
+ ” ” when not on duty 1,800 ” ”
+ Secretaries to commanders of squadrons 1,500 ” ”
+ Clerks to commanders of squadrons and
+ commanders of vessels 500 ” ”
+ At Navy Yards—Boston and New York 1,200 ” ”
+ At Navy Yard—Washington 1,200 ” ”
+ At Navy Yards—Portsmouth, N. H., and
+ Philadelphia 1,200 ” ”
+ At Navy Yard—Mare Island 1,500 ” ”
+
+
+YEOMEN.
+
+ In ships-of-the-line $45 00 per month
+ In frigates 40 00 ” ”
+ In sloops 30 00 ” ”
+ In smaller vessels 24 00 ” ”
+
+
+ARMORERS.
+
+ In ships-of-the-line $30 00 per month
+ In frigates 25 00 ” ”
+ In sloops 20 00 ” ”
+
+
+MATES.
+
+ Master’s (Acting) $40 00 per month
+ Boatswains 25 00 ” ”
+ Gunners 25 00 ” ”
+ Carpenters 25 00 ” ”
+ Sailmakers 20 00 ” ”
+ Armorers 20 00 ” ”
+
+ Masters-at-Arms 25 00 ” ”
+ Ship’s Corporals 20 00 ” ”
+ Coxswains 24 00 ” ”
+ Quartermasters 24 00 ” ”
+ Quarter Gunners 20 00 ” ”
+
+
+CAPTAINS.
+
+ Of forecastle $24 00 per month
+ Of tops 20 00 ” ”
+ Of afterguard 20 00 ” ”
+ Of hold 20 00 ” ”
+
+ Coopers 20 00 ” ”
+ Painters 20 00 ” ”
+
+
+STEWARDS.
+
+ Ship’s $30 00 per month
+ Officers’ 20 00 ” ”
+ Surgeons’, where ship’s complement is 400
+ and over 40 00 ” ”
+ Surgeons’, where ship’s complement is 200
+ and under 400 33 00 ” ”
+ Surgeons’, where ship’s complement is under
+ 200 25 00 ” ”
+ Paymaster’s, where ship’s complement is 240
+ and over 33 00 ” ”
+ Assistant Paymaster’s, where complement is
+ 100 and over 33 00 ” ”
+ Assistant Paymaster’s, where complement is
+ under 100 30 00 ” ”
+
+
+NURSES.
+
+ Where complement is less than 200, one nurse $14 00 per month
+ Where complement is over 200, two nurses, each 14 00 ” ”
+
+
+COOKS.
+
+ Ship’s $24 00 per month
+ Officer’s 20 00 ” ”
+
+
+MUSICIANS.
+
+ Masters of the Band $20 00 per month
+ First class 15 00 ” ”
+ Second class 12 00 ” ”
+
+ Seamen $18 00 per month
+ Ordinary Seamen 14 00 ” ”
+ Landsmen 12 00 ” ”
+ Boys 8-9 00 ” ”
+
+
+FIREMEN.
+
+ First class $30 00 per month
+ Second class 25 00 ” ”
+ Coal Heavers 18 00 ” ”
+
+
+MARINE CORPS.
+
+ Colonel Commandant $3,186 00 per annum
+ Paymaster, with rank of Major 2,154 00 ” ”
+ Adjutant and Inspector, with rank of
+ Major 2,154 00 ” ”
+ Quartermaster, with rank of Major 2,154 00 ” ”
+ Assistant Quartermaster, with rank of
+ Captain 1,752 00 ” ”
+ Colonel 2,529 00 ” ”
+ Lieutenant Colonel 2,239 50 ” ”
+ Major 2,010 00 ” ”
+
+NOTE.—By a late act of Congress, the monthly pay of private soldiers
+has been increased three dollars, that of non-commissioned officers
+being proportionately advanced. And a tax of five per cent. was imposed
+on the salaries of commissioned officers, thus, indirectly reducing
+their pay.
+
+
+
+
+SCHEDULE OF STAMP DUTIES.
+
+
+ Stamp Duties.
+ _Acknowledgment_ of deeds exempt.
+ _Affidavit_ 5 cts.
+ ” in suits or legal proceedings exempt.
+ _Agreement_ or Appraisement, (for each sheet, or piece of
+ paper on which the same is written) 5 cts.
+ _Assignment_ or transfer of mortgage, lease, or policy of
+ insurance, the same duty as the original
+ instrument.
+ ” of patent right 5 cts.
+ _Bank Checks_, drafts or orders, &c., at sight or on demand 2 cts.
+ _Bills of Exchange_, (Foreign,) drawn in, but payable out
+ of, the United States, each bill of three
+ or more, must be stamped.
+ For every bill of each set, where the sum
+ made payable does not exceed one hundred
+ dollars, or the equivalent thereof in
+ any foreign currency in which such bills
+ may be expressed, according to the standard
+ of value fixed by the United States 2 cts.
+ For every additional hundred dollars, or
+ fractional part thereof in excess of one
+ hundred dollars 2 cts.
+ (Foreign,) drawn in, but made payable out
+ of, the United States, (if drawn singly or
+ in duplicate,) pay the same duty as Inland
+ Bills of Exchange.
+ [The acceptor or acceptors of any Bill of
+ Exchange, or order for the payment of
+ any sum of money drawn, or purporting
+ to be drawn, in any foreign country, but
+ payable in the United States, must, before
+ paying or accepting the same, place
+ thereon a stamp indicating the duty.]
+ _Bills of Exchange_, (Inland,) draft or order, payable
+ otherwise than at sight or on demand, and
+ any promissory note, whether payable on
+ demand or at a time designated, (except
+ bank notes issued for circulation, and
+ checks made and intended to be, and
+ which shall be, forthwith presented for
+ payment,) for a sum not exceeding one
+ hundred dollars 5 cts.
+ For every additional $100, or fractional
+ part thereof 5 cts.
+ [The warrant of attorney to confess judgment
+ on a note or bond is exempt from
+ stamp duty, if the note or bond is properly
+ stamped.]
+ _Bills of Lading_, of vessels for ports of the United States
+ or British North America exempt.
+ ” or receipt for goods, to any foreign port 10 cts.
+ _Bill of Sale_ of any vessel, or part thereof, when the
+ consideration does not exceed five hundred
+ dollars 50 cts.
+ ” exceeding $500, and not exceeding $1,000 $1 00
+ ” exceeding $1,000, for each $500, or fractional
+ part thereof 50 cts.
+ ” of personal property, (other than ship or
+ vessel) 5 cts.
+ _Bond_, personal, for the payment of money. (See _Mortgage_.)
+ ” official $1 00
+ ” for indemnifying any person for the payment
+ of any sum of money, where the
+ money ultimately recoverable thereupon
+ is $1,000 or less 50 cts.
+ ” Where the money recoverable exceeds
+ $1,000, for every additional $1,000, or
+ fractional part thereof 50 cts.
+ _Bonds_—County, city, and town bonds, railroad and
+ other corporation bonds, and scrip, are
+ subject to stamp duty. (See _Mortgage_.)
+ ” of any description, other than such as are
+ required in legal proceedings, and such
+ as are not otherwise charged in this
+ Schedule 25 cts.
+ _Certificates_ of deposit in bank, sum not exceeding one
+ hundred dollars 2 cts.
+ ” of deposit in bank, sum exceeding one
+ hundred dollars 5 cts.
+ ” of stock in an incorporated company 25 cts.
+ ” general 5 cts.
+ ” of record upon the instrument recorded exempt.
+ ” of record upon the book exempt.
+ ” of weight or measurement of animals, coal,
+ wood, or other articles, except weighers’
+ and measurers’ returns exempt.
+ ” of a qualification of a Justice of the Peace,
+ Commissioner of Deeds, or Notary Public 5 cts.
+ ” of search of records 5 cts.
+ ” that certain papers are on file 5 cts.
+ ” that certain papers can not be found 5 cts.
+ ” of redemption of land sold for taxes 5 cts.
+ ” of birth, marriage and death 5 cts.
+ ” of qualification of school teachers 5 cts.
+ ” of profits of an incorporated company for
+ a sum not less than $10 and not exceeding
+ $50 10 cts.
+ ” exceeding $50, and not exceeding $1,000 25 cts.
+ ” exceeding $1,000, for every additional
+ $1,000, or fractional part thereof 25 cts.
+ ” of damage, or otherwise, and all other certificates
+ or documents issued by any port
+ warden, marine surveyor, or other person
+ acting as such 25 cts.
+ _Certified Transcripts_ of judgments, satisfaction of
+ judgments, and all papers recorded or on file. 5 cts.
+ [N. B.—As a general rule, every certificate
+ which has, or may have, a legal value in
+ any court of law or equity, will require
+ a stamp duty of 5 cts.]
+ _Charter party_, or letter, memorandum, or other writing
+ between the captain, owner, or agent of
+ any ship, vessel, or steamer, and any other
+ person, relating to the charter of the
+ same, if the registered tonnage of said
+ ship, vessel, or steamer does not exceed
+ one hundred and fifty tons $1 00
+ ” exceeding one hundred and fifty tons, and
+ not exceeding three hundred tons 3 00
+ ” exceeding three hundred tons, and not exceeding
+ six hundred tons 5 00
+ ” exceeding six hundred tons 10 00
+ _Check_, draft, or order for the payment of any sum of
+ money exceeding $10, drawn upon any
+ person other than a bank, banker, or
+ trust company, at sight or on demand 2 cts.
+ _Contract._ (See _Agreement_.)
+ ” Broker’s 16 cts.
+ _Conveyance_, deed, instrument, or writing, whereby lands,
+ tenements, or other realty sold, shall be
+ conveyed, _the actual value_ of which does
+ not exceed $500 50 cts.
+ ” exceeding $500, and not exceeding $1,000 $1 00
+ ” for every additional $500, or fractional part
+ thereof in excess of $1,000 50 cts.
+ _Endorsement_ of any negotiable instrument exempt.
+ _Entry_ of any goods, wares, or merchandise at any custom
+ house, either for consumption or
+ warehousing, not exceeding one hundred
+ dollars in value 25 cts.
+ ” exceeding one hundred dollars, and not exceeding
+ five hundred dollars in value 50 cts.
+ ” exceeding five hundred dollars in value $1 00
+ ” for the withdrawal of any goods or merchandise
+ from bonded warehouse 50 cts.
+ _Gaugers’_ returns, if for quantity not exceeding 500 exempt.
+ gallons, gross
+ ” exceeding 500 gallons ”
+ _Insurance_, (Marine, Inland, and Fire,) where the consideration
+ paid for the insurance, in
+ cash, premium notes, or both, does not
+ exceed $10 10 cts.
+ ” (Marine, Inland, and Fire,) exceeding $10,
+ and not exceeding $50 25 cts.
+ ” (Marine, Inland, and Fire,) exceeding $50, 50 cts.
+ _Insurance_, (Life,) when the amount insured does not exceed
+ $1,000 25 cts.
+ ” (Life,) exceeding $1,000, and not exceeding
+ $5,000 50 cts.
+ ” (Life,) exceeding $5,000 $1 00
+ ” (Life,) limited to injury to persons while
+ traveling exempt.
+ _Lease_ of lands or tenements, where rent does not exceed
+ $300 per annum 50 cts.
+ ” exceeding $300, for each additional $200,
+ or fractional part thereof in excess of
+ $300 50 cts.
+ ” perpetual, subject to a stamp duty as a
+ “conveyance,” the stamp duty to be
+ measured by resolving the annual rental
+ into a capital sum.
+ ” clause of guaranty of payment of rent, incorporated
+ or indorsed, five cents additional.
+ _Manifest_ for custom house entry or clearance of the
+ cargo of any ship, vessel, or steamer for
+ a foreign port, if the registered tonnage
+ of such ship, vessel, or steamer does not
+ exceed 300 tons $1 00
+ ” exceeding 300 tons, and not exceeding 600
+ tons 3 00
+ ” exceeding 600 tons 5 00
+ _Measurer’s Returns_, if for quantity not exceeding one
+ thousand bushels exempt.
+ ” exceeding one thousand bushels ”
+ _Mortgage_, trust deed, bill of sale, or personal bond for
+ the payment of money exceeding $100,
+ and not exceeding $500 50 cts.
+ ” exceeding $500, for every additional $500,
+ or fractional part thereof in excess of
+ $500 50 cts.
+ _Pawners’ Checks._ 5 cts.
+ _Pension Papers._—Powers of attorney, and all other papers
+ relating to applications for bounties,
+ arrearages of pay, or pensions, or to receipt
+ thereof exempt.
+ _Passage Ticket_ from the United States to a foreign port,
+ costing not more than $35 50 cts.
+ ” from the United States to a foreign port,
+ costing more than $35, and not exceeding
+ $50 $1 00
+ ” for every additional $50, or fractional part
+ thereof in excess of $50 $1 00
+ _Power of Attorney_ to sell or transfer stock, or collect
+ dividends thereon 25 cts.
+ ” to vote at election of incorporated company 10 cts.
+ ” to receive or collect rents 25 cts.
+ ” to sell, or convey, or rent, or lease real $1 00
+ ” estate for any purpose 50 cts.
+ _Probate of Will_, or letters of administration, where the
+ value of both real and personal estate
+ does not exceed $2,000 $1 00
+ ” for every additional $1,000, or fractional
+ part thereof in excess of $2,000 50 cts.
+ ” bonds of executors, administrators, guardians,
+ and trustees, are each subject to
+ a stamp duty of $1 00
+ ” certificate of appointment 5 cts.
+ _Protest_ upon bill, note, check, or draft 25 cts.
+
+ _Promissory Note._—(See _Bills of Exchange_, Inland.)
+ ” deposit note to mutual insurance companies,
+ when policy is subject to duty exempt.
+ ” renewal of, subject to same duty as an original
+ note.
+ _Quit Claim Deed_, to be stamped as a conveyance, except
+ when given as a release of a mortgage
+ by the mortgagee to the mortgagor,
+ in which case it is exempt.
+ _Receipt_ for the payment of any sum of money or debt
+ due exceeding $20, or for the delivery of
+ any property 2 cts.
+ ” for satisfaction of any mortgage or judgment
+ or decree of any court exempt.
+ _Sheriff’s_ return on writ or other process exempt.
+ _Trust Deed_, made to secure a debt, to be stamped as a
+ mortgage.
+ ” conveying estate to uses, to be stamped as
+ conveyance.
+ _Warehouse Receipt_ for any goods, wares, or merchandise
+ not otherwise provided for, deposited or
+ stored in any public or private warehouse,
+ not exceeding $500 in value exempt.
+ ” exceeding $500, and not exceeding $1,000 ”
+ ” exceeding $1,000, for every additional
+ $1,000, or fractional part thereof in excess
+ of $1.000 ”
+ ” for any goods, &c. not otherwise provided
+ for, stored or deposited in any public or
+ private warehouse or yard ”
+ _Writs and Legal Documents_:
+ Writ, or other original process by which
+ suit is commenced in any court of record,
+ either of law or equity 50 cts.
+ Writ, or other original process issued by
+ a court not of record, where the amount
+ claimed is $100 or over 50 cts.
+ Upon every confession of judgment or cognovit
+ for $100, or over, except in cases
+ where the tax for a writ has been paid 50 cts.
+ Writs, or other process on appeals from
+ justices’ courts, or other courts of inferior
+ jurisdiction, to a court of record 50 cts.
+ Warrant of distress, when the amount of
+ rent claimed does not exceed $100 25 cts.
+ Warrant of distress when amount exceeds $100 50 cts.
+ Writs, summons, and other process issued
+ by a justice of the peace, police or municipal
+ court, of no greater jurisdiction
+ than a justice of the peace in the same
+ State exempt.
+ Writs, and other process in any criminal
+ or other suits commenced by the United
+ States in any State exempt.
+ Official documents, instruments, and papers
+ issued or used by officers of the United
+ States Government exempt.
+
+
+GENERAL REMARKS.
+
+Revenue stamps may be used indiscriminately upon any of the matters or
+things enumerated in Schedule B, except proprietary and playing card
+stamps, for which a special use has been provided.
+
+Postage stamps can not be used in payment of the duty chargeable on
+instruments.
+
+It is the duty of the maker of an instrument to affix the stamp
+thereto and to cancel the same in the manner required by law. Proper
+cancellation is essential.
+
+Under the provisions of section 158, an instrument subject to stamp
+duty, but issued without a stamp or with an insufficient one, may be so
+stamped by the Collector as to be as valid to all intents and purposes
+(_except as against rights acquired in good faith before such stamping
+and the recording of the instrument, if a record be required_) as if
+properly stamped when made or issued. Such an instrument, issued at a
+time when and in a place where no collection district was established,
+may be stamped by the party who issued it or by any party having an
+interest therein at any time prior to January 1, 1867, and the legal
+effect of the stamp thus affixed will be the same as though affixed
+by the Collector. When originals are lost the necessary stamps may be
+affixed to copies.
+
+Suits are commenced in many States by other process than writ, viz.:
+summons, warrant, publication, petition, etc., in which cases, these,
+as the original processes, severally require stamps.
+
+The jurat of an affidavit, taken before a Justice of the Peace, Notary
+Public, or other officer duly authorized to take affidavits, is held
+to be a certificate, and subject to a stamp duty of five cents, except
+when taken in suits or legal proceedings.
+
+_Certificates of Loan_, in which there shall appear any written or
+printed evidence of an amount of money to be paid on demand, or at a
+time designated, are subject to stamp duty as “Promissory Notes.”
+
+When two or more persons join in the execution of an instrument, the
+stamp to which the instrument is liable under the law may be affixed
+and cancelled by either of them; and “when more than one signature is
+affixed to the same paper, one or more stamps may be affixed thereto
+representing the whole amount of the stamp required for such signature.”
+
+No stamp is required on any warrant of attorney accompanying a bond
+or note when such bond or note has affixed thereto the stamp or
+stamps denoting the duty required; and whenever any bond or note is
+secured by mortgage, but one stamp duty is required on such papers,
+such stamp duty being the highest rate required for such instruments,
+or either of them. In such case a note or memorandum of the value or
+denomination of the stamp affixed should be made upon the margin or in
+the acknowledgment of the instrument which is not stamped.
+
+
+
+
+THE CIVIL RIGHTS BILL.
+
+An Act to protect all persons in the United States in their civil
+rights, and furnish the means of their vindication.
+
+
+_Be it enacted, &c._, That all persons born in the United States and
+not subject to any foreign power, excluding Indians, not taxed, are
+hereby declared to be citizens of the United States; and such citizens
+of every race and color, without regard to any previous condition of
+slavery or involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime
+whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall have the same
+right in every State and Territory in the United States to make and
+enforce contracts; to sue, be parties, and give evidence; to inherit,
+purchase, lease, sell, hold, and convey real and personal property; and
+to full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security
+of person and property as is enjoyed by white citizens, and shall be
+subject to like punishment, pains, and penalties, and to none other,
+any law, statute ordinance, regulation, or custom, to the contrary
+notwithstanding.
+
+SEC. 2. That any person who, under color of any law, statute,
+ordinance, regulation, or custom, shall subject, or cause to be
+subjected, any inhabitant of any State or Territory to the deprivation
+of any right secured or protected by this act, or to different
+punishment, pains, or penalties on account of such person having
+at any time been held in a condition of slavery or involuntary
+servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall
+have been duly convicted, or by reason of his color or race, than is
+prescribed for the punishment of white persons, shall be deemed guilty
+of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction, shall be punished by fine not
+exceeding one thousand dollars, or imprisonment not exceeding one year,
+or both, in the discretion of the court.
+
+SEC. 3. That the district courts of the United States, within their
+respective districts, shall have, exclusively of the courts of the
+several States, cognizance of all crimes and offences committed against
+the provisions of this act, and also, concurrently with the circuit
+courts of the United States, of all causes, civil and criminal,
+affecting persons who are denied or cannot enforce in the courts or
+judicial tribunals of the State or locality where they may be any of
+the rights secured to them by the first section of this act; and if any
+suit or prosecution, civil or criminal, has been or shall be commenced
+in any State court against any such person, for any cause whatsoever,
+or against any officer, civil or military, or other person, for any
+arrest or imprisonment, trespasses, or wrongs done or committed by
+virtue or under color of authority derived from this act or the act
+establishing a bureau for the relief of freedmen and refugees, and all
+acts amendatory thereof, or for refusing to do any act upon the ground
+that it would be inconsistent with this act, such defendant shall have
+the right to remove such cause for trial to the proper district or
+circuit court in the manner prescribed by the “Act relating to _habeas
+corpus_ and regulating judicial proceedings in certain cases,” approved
+March three, eighteen hundred and sixty-three, and all acts amendatory
+thereof. The jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters hereby
+conferred on the district and circuit courts of the United States shall
+be exercised and enforced in conformity with the laws of the United
+States, so far as such laws are suitable to carry the same into effect;
+but in all cases where such laws are not adapted to the object, or are
+deficient in the provisions necessary to furnish suitable remedies and
+punish offences against law, the common law, as modified and changed
+by the constitution and statutes of the State wherein the court having
+jurisdiction of the cause, civil or criminal, is held, so far as the
+same is not inconsistent with the Constitution and laws of the United
+States, shall be extended to and govern said courts in the trial
+and disposition of such cause, and, if of a criminal nature, in the
+infliction of punishment on the party found guilty.
+
+SEC. 4. That the district attorneys, marshals, and deputy marshals of
+the United States, the commissioners appointed by the circuit court
+and territorial courts of the United States, with power of arresting,
+imprisoning, or bailing offenders against the laws of the United
+States, the officers and agents of the Freedmen’s Bureau, and every
+other officer who may be specially empowered by the President of the
+United States, shall be, and they are hereby, specially authorized and
+required, at the expense of the United States, to institute proceedings
+against all and every person who shall violate the provisions of this
+act, and cause him or them to be arrested and imprisoned, or bailed,
+as the case may be, for trial before such court of the United States
+or territorial court as by this act has cognizance of the offence. And
+with a view to affording reasonable protection to all persons in their
+constitutional rights of equality before the law, without distinction
+of race or color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary
+servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall
+have been duly convicted, and to the prompt discharge of the duties
+of this act, it shall be the duty of the circuit courts of the United
+States and the superior courts of the Territories of the United States,
+from time to time, to increase the number of commissioners, so as to
+afford a speedy and convenient means for the arrest and examination of
+persons charged with a violation of this act. And such commissioners
+are hereby authorized and required to exercise and discharge all the
+powers and duties conferred on them by this act, and the same duties
+with regard to offences created by this act, as they are authorized by
+law to exercise with regard to other offences against the laws of the
+United States.
+
+SEC. 5. That it shall be the duty of all marshals and deputy marshals
+to obey and execute all warrants and precepts issued under the
+provisions of this act, when to them directed; and should any marshal
+or deputy marshal refuse to receive such warrant or other process
+when tendered, or to use all proper means diligently to execute the
+same, he shall, on conviction thereof, be fined in the sum of one
+thousand dollars, to the use of the person upon whom the accused is
+alleged to have committed the offence. And the better to enable the
+said commissioners to execute their duties faithfully and efficiently,
+in conformity with the Constitution of the United States and the
+requirements of this act, they are hereby authorized and empowered,
+within their counties respectively, to appoint, in writing, under
+their hands, any one or more suitable persons, from time to time, to
+execute all such warrants and other process that may be issued by them
+in the lawful performance of their respective duties; and the persons
+so appointed to execute any warrant or process as aforesaid shall have
+authority to summon and call to their aid the bystanders or the _posse
+comitatus_ of the proper county, or such portion of the land and naval
+forces of the United States, or of the militia, as may be necessary
+to the performance of the duty with which they are charged, and to
+insure a faithful observance of the clause of the Constitution which
+prohibits slavery, in conformity with the provisions of this act; and
+said warrants shall run and be executed by said officers anywhere in
+the State or Territory within which they are issued.
+
+SEC. 6. That any person who shall knowingly and wilfully obstruct,
+hinder or prevent any officer, or other person charged with the
+execution of any warrant or process issued under the provisions of this
+act, or any person or persons lawfully assisting him or them, from
+arresting any person for whose apprehension such warrant or process
+may have been issued, or shall rescue or attempt to rescue such person
+from the custody of the officer, other person or persons, or those
+lawfully assisting as aforesaid, when so arrested pursuant to the
+authority herein given and declared, or shall aid, abet, or assist any
+person so arrested as aforesaid, directly or indirectly, to escape
+from the custody of the officer or other person legally authorized
+as aforesaid, or shall harbor or conceal any person for whose arrest
+a warrant or process shall have been issued as aforesaid, so as to
+prevent his discovery and arrest after notice or knowledge of the fact
+that a warrant has been issued for the apprehension of such person,
+shall, for either of said offences, be subject to a fine not exceeding
+one thousand dollars, and imprisonment not exceeding six months, by
+indictment and conviction before the district court of the United
+States for the district in which said offence may have been committed,
+or before the proper court of criminal jurisdiction, if committed
+within any one of the organized Territories of the United States.
+
+SEC. 7. That the district attorneys, the marshals, their deputies, and
+the clerks of the said district and territorial courts shall be paid
+for their services the like fees as may be allowed to them for similar
+services in other cases; and in all cases where the proceedings are
+before a commissioner, he shall be entitled to a fee of ten dollars in
+full for his services in each case, inclusive of all services incident
+to such arrest and examination. The person or persons authorized to
+execute the process to be issued by such commissioners for the arrest
+of offenders against the provisions of this act shall be entitled to
+a fee of five dollars for each person he or they may arrest and take
+before any such commissioner as aforesaid, with such other fees as may
+be deemed reasonable by such commissioner for such other additional
+services as may be necessarily performed by him or them, such as
+attending at the examination, keeping the prisoner in custody, and
+providing him with food and lodging during his detention, and until the
+final determination of such commissioner, and in general for performing
+such other duties as may be required in the premises; such fees to be
+made up in conformity with the fees usually charged by the officers of
+the courts of justice within the proper district or county, as near
+as may be practicable, and paid out of the treasury of the United
+States on the certificate of the judge of the district within which the
+arrest is made, and to be recoverable from the defendant as part of the
+judgment in case of conviction.
+
+SEC. 8. That whenever the President of the United States shall have
+reason to believe that offences have been, or are likely to be
+committed against the provisions of this act within any judicial
+district, it shall be lawful for him, in his discretion, to direct the
+judge, marshal, and district attorney of such district to attend at
+such place within the district, and for such time as he may designate,
+for the purpose of the more speedy arrest and trial of persons charged
+with a violation of this act; and it shall be the duty of every judge
+or other officer, when any such requisition shall be received by him,
+to attend at the place and for the time therein designated.
+
+SEC. 9. That it shall be lawful for the President of the United States,
+or such person as he may empower for that purpose, to employ such part
+of the land or naval forces of the United States, or of the militia,
+as shall be necessary to prevent the violation and enforce the due
+execution of this act.
+
+SEC. 10. That upon all questions of law arising in any cause under the
+provisions of this act, a final appeal may be taken to the Supreme
+Court of the United States.
+
+The Bill passed in the Senate over the President’s veto by the vote of
+33 yeas to 15 nays, and in the House by 122 yeas to 41 nays.
+
+
+
+
+CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT.
+
+The Amendment proposed to the Constitution, June 8, 1866.
+
+ARTICLE XIV.
+
+
+SECTION 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and
+subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States
+and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce
+any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens
+of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life,
+liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any
+person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
+
+SEC. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States
+according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of
+persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right
+to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and
+Vice-President of the United States, representatives in Congress,
+the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of
+the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of
+such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United
+States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion
+or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in
+the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the
+whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.
+
+SEC. 3. No person shall be a senator or representative in Congress,
+or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil
+or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having
+previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of
+the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an
+executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution
+of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion
+against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof.
+But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove such
+disability.
+
+SEC. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States,
+authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and
+bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall
+not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall
+assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection
+or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or
+emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims
+shall be held illegal and void.
+
+SEC. 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate
+legislation, the provisions of this article.
+
+The Amendment passed the Senate by a vote of 33 yeas to 11 nays; and
+the House by a vote of 138 yeas to 36 nays.
+
+
+
+
+THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT BILL.
+
+_AN ACT for the More Efficient Government of the Rebel States._
+
+
+ WHEREAS, No legal State government, or
+ adequate protection for life, or property, now
+ exists in the rebel States of Virginia, North
+ Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama,
+ Louisiana, Florida, Texas, and Arkansas; and,
+
+ WHEREAS, It is necessary that peace and good
+ order should be enforced in said States until
+ loyal and republican State governments can be
+ established; therefore,
+
+_Be it enacted, etc._, That said rebel States shall be divided into
+military districts, and made subject to the military authority of the
+United States, as hereinafter prescribed; and for that purpose Virginia
+shall constitute the first district; North Carolina and South Carolina
+the second district; Georgia, Alabama, and Florida the third district;
+Mississippi and Arkansas the fourth district; Louisiana and Texas the
+fifth district.
+
+SEC. 2. That it shall be the duty of the President to assign to the
+command of each of said districts an officer of the army, not below the
+rank of brigadier-general, and to detail a sufficient military force
+to enable such officer to perform his duties and enforce his authority
+within the district to which he is assigned.
+
+SEC. 3. That it shall be the duty of each officer assigned, as
+aforesaid, to protect all persons in their rights of person and
+property; to suppress insurrection, disorder, and violence, and to
+punish, and cause to be punished, all disturbers of the public peace,
+and criminals; and to this end he may allow loyal civil tribunals to
+take jurisdiction of and try offenders; or, when in his judgment it
+may be necessary, for the trial of offenders, he shall have power
+to organize military commissions or tribunals for that purpose; and
+all interference under color of State authority with the exercise of
+military authority under this act shall be null and void.
+
+SEC. 4. That all persons put under military arrest by virtue of
+this act shall be tried without unnecessary delay, and no cruel or
+unusual punishment shall be inflicted, and no sentence of any military
+commission or tribunal, hereby authorized, affecting the life or
+liberty of any person, shall be executed until it is approved by the
+officer in command of the district; and the laws and regulations for
+the government of the army shall not be affected by this act, except in
+so far as they may conflict with its provisions.
+
+SEC. 5. That when the people of any one of said rebel States shall
+have formed a constitutional government, in conformity with the
+Constitution of the United States in all respects, framed by a
+convention of delegates elected by the persons who may vote upon the
+ratification or rejection thereof, as hereinafter provided; and when
+said constitution, so framed, shall have been ratified by a majority
+of the male citizens of said State, twenty-one years old and upward,
+of whatever race, color, or previous condition of servitude, who may
+have been resident in said State for one year previous to the day of
+voting on the question of ratifying such constitution, except such
+as may be disfranchised for participating in the rebellion, or for
+felony at common law; and when such constitution shall provide that
+the elective franchise shall be enjoyed by all such persons that have
+the qualifications herein stated, and shall have been submitted to
+Congress for examination, and Congress shall have approved the same;
+and when said State, by a vote of its legislature elected under said
+constitution, shall have adopted the amendment to the Constitution
+of the United States, proposed by the Thirty-ninth Congress, and
+known as article fourteen, and when said article shall become a
+part of the Constitution of the United States, such State shall be
+declared entitled to representation in Congress, and senators and
+representatives shall be admitted thereupon, on their taking the oath
+prescribed by the law; and then and thereafter the preceding sections
+of this bill shall be inoperative in said State.
+
+SEC. 6, (proposed by Mr. Doolittle,) provides that the penalty of death
+shall not be inflicted by the military power without the approval of
+the President.
+
+SEC. 7. (Shellabarger’s amendment.) That until the people of said rebel
+States shall, by law, be admitted to representation in the Congress of
+the United States, the civil governments that may exist therein shall
+be deemed provisional only, and shall be in all respects subject to
+the paramount authority of the United States, which may at any time
+abolish, modify, control, and supersede the same, and in all elections
+to any office under such provisional governments all persons shall be
+entitled to vote, and none others, who are entitled to vote under the
+provisions of the fifth section of this act, and no person shall be
+eligible to any office under such provisional governments who would
+be disqualified from holding office under the provisions of the third
+article of said Constitutional Amendment.
+
+
+
+
+SUPPLEMENT TO THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT BILL.
+
+_Passed at the First Session of the Fortieth Congress._
+
+
+ AN ACT supplementary to an act entitled, “An
+ act to provide for the more efficient government of
+ the rebel States,” passed March second, eighteen
+ hundred and sixty-seven, and to facilitate
+ restoration.
+
+_Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
+States of America in Congress assembled_, That before the first day of
+September, eighteen hundred and sixty-seven, the commanding general in
+each district defined by an act entitled, “An act to provide for the
+more efficient government of the rebel States,” passed March second,
+eighteen hundred and sixty-seven, shall cause a registration to be made
+of the male citizens of the United States, twenty-one years of age
+and upward, resident in each county or parish in the State or States
+included in his district, which registration shall include only those
+persons who are qualified to vote for delegates by the act aforesaid,
+and who shall have taken and subscribed the following oath or
+affirmation: “I, ————, do solemnly swear, (or affirm,) in the presence
+of Almighty God, that I am a citizen of the State of ————; that I have
+resided in said State for ———— months next preceding this day, and now
+reside in the county of ————, or the parish of ————, in said State, (as
+the case may be;) that I am twenty-one years old; that I have not been
+disfranchised for participation in any rebellion or civil war against
+the United States, nor for felony committed against the laws of any
+State or of the United States; that I have never been a member of any
+State legislature, nor held any executive or judicial office in any
+State, and afterward engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the
+United States, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof; that I
+have never taken an oath as a member of Congress of the United States,
+or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State
+legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to
+support the Constitution of the United States, and afterward engaged
+in insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or given aid
+or comfort to the enemies thereof; that I will faithfully support the
+Constitution and obey the laws of the United States, and will, to the
+best of my ability, encourage others so to do, so help me God;” which
+oath or affirmation may be administered by any registering officer.
+
+SEC. 2. _And be it further enacted_, That after the completion of the
+registration hereby provided for in any State, at such time and places
+therein as the commanding general shall appoint and direct, of which
+at least thirty days’ public notice shall be given, an election shall
+be held of delegates to a convention for the purpose of establishing a
+constitution and civil government for such State loyal to the Union,
+said convention in each State, except Virginia, to consist of the same
+number of members as the most numerous branch of the State legislature
+of such State in the year eighteen hundred and sixty, to be apportioned
+among the several districts, counties, or parishes of such State by
+the commanding general, giving to each representation in the ratio of
+voters registered as aforesaid as nearly as may be. The convention in
+Virginia shall consist of the same number of members as represented the
+territory now constituting Virginia in the most numerous branch of the
+legislature of said State in the year eighteen hundred and sixty, to be
+apportioned as aforesaid.
+
+SEC. 3. _And be it further enacted_, That at said election the
+registered voters of each State shall vote for or against a convention
+to form a constitution therefor under this act. Those voting in favor
+of such a convention shall have written or printed on the ballots
+by which they vote for delegates, as aforesaid, the words, “For a
+convention;” and those voting against such a convention shall have
+written or printed on such ballots the words, “Against a convention.”
+The persons appointed to superintend said election, and to make return
+of the votes given thereat, as herein provided, shall count and make
+return of the votes given for and against a convention; and the
+commanding general to whom the same shall have been returned shall
+ascertain and declare the total vote in each State for and against
+a convention. If a majority of the votes given on that question
+shall be for a convention, then such convention shall be held as
+hereinafter provided; but if a majority of said votes shall be against
+a convention, then no such convention shall be held under this act:
+_Provided_, That such convention shall not be held unless a majority of
+all such registered voters shall have voted on the question of holding
+such convention.
+
+SEC. 4. _And be it further enacted_, That the commanding general of
+each district shall appoint as many boards of registration as may be
+necessary, consisting of three loyal officers or persons, to make and
+complete the registration, superintend the election, and make return
+to him of the votes, list of voters, and of the persons elected as
+delegates, by a plurality of the votes cast at said election; and
+upon receiving said returns, he shall open the same, ascertain the
+persons elected as delegates, according to the returns of the officers
+who conducted said election, and make proclamation thereof; and if a
+majority of the votes given on that question shall be for a convention,
+the commanding general, within sixty days from the date of election,
+shall notify the delegates to assemble in convention, at a time and
+place to be mentioned in the notification; and said convention, when
+organized, shall proceed to frame a constitution and civil government
+according to the provisions of this act, and the act to which it is
+supplementary; and when the same shall have been so framed, said
+constitution shall be submitted by the convention for ratification to
+the persons registered under the provisions of this act, at an election
+to be conducted by the officers or persons appointed or to be appointed
+by the commanding general, as hereinbefore provided, and to be held
+after the expiration of thirty days from the date of notice thereof, to
+be given by said convention; and the returns thereof shall be made to
+the commanding general of the district.
+
+SEC. 5. _And be it further enacted_, That if, according to said
+returns, the constitution shall be ratified by a majority of the votes
+of the registered electors qualified as herein specified, cast at said
+election, at least one-half of all the registered voters voting upon
+the question of such ratification, the president of the convention
+shall transmit a copy of the same, duly certified, to the President of
+the United States, who shall forthwith transmit the same to Congress,
+if then in session, and if not in session, then immediately upon its
+next assembling; and if it shall moreover appear to Congress that the
+election was one at which all the registered and qualified electors
+in the State had an opportunity to vote freely and without restraint,
+fear, or the influence of fraud, and if the Congress shall be satisfied
+that such constitution meets the approval of a majority of all the
+qualified electors in the State, and if the said constitution shall
+be declared by Congress to be in conformity with the provisions of
+the act to which this is supplementary, and the other provisions of
+said act shall have been complied with, and the said constitution
+shall be approved by Congress, the State shall be declared entitled
+to representation, and senators and representatives shall be admitted
+therefrom, as therein provided.
+
+SEC. 6. _And be it further enacted_, That all elections in the States
+mentioned in the said “Act to provide for the more efficient government
+of the rebel States,” shall, during the operation of said act, be by
+ballot; and all officers making the said registration of voters and
+conducting said elections shall, before entering upon the discharge
+of their duties, take and subscribe the oath prescribed by the act
+approved July second, eighteen hundred and sixty-two, entitled, “An
+act to prescribe an oath of office:” _Provided_, That if any person
+shall knowingly and falsely take and subscribe any oath in this act
+prescribed, such person so offending, and being thereof duly convicted,
+shall be subject to the pains, penalties, and disabilities which by law
+are provided for the punishment of the crime of willful and corrupt
+perjury.
+
+SEC. 7. _And be it further enacted_, That all expenses incurred by the
+several commanding generals, or by virtue of any orders issued, or
+appointments made, by them, under or by virtue of this act, shall be
+paid out of any moneys in the treasury not otherwise appropriated.
+
+SEC. 8. _And be it further enacted_, That the convention for each State
+shall prescribe the fees, salary, and compensation to be paid to all
+delegates and other officers and agents herein authorized or necessary
+to carry into effect the purposes of this act not herein otherwise
+provided for, and shall provide for the levy and collection of such
+taxes on the property in such State as may be necessary to pay the same.
+
+SEC. 9. _And be it further enacted_, That the word “article,” in the
+sixth section of the act to which this is supplementary, shall be
+construed to mean “section.”
+
+ SCHUYLER COLFAX,
+ Speaker of the House of Representatives.
+ B. F. WADE,
+ President of the Senate _pro tempore_.
+
+After the election which was held early in February, 1868, upon the
+ratification of a new Constitution for the State of Alabama, the law
+was so amended by Congress that a majority of the votes cast (instead
+of a majority of the registered voters) should be required to ratify or
+reject State constitutions in the seceded States.
+
+[Illustration: JAMES BUCHANAN.]
+
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF THE NATIONAL BANKS.
+
+DIGEST OF THE LAW, ETC.
+
+
+_Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
+United States of America in Congress assembled_, That there shall be
+established in the Treasury Department a separate Bureau, the chief
+officer of which shall be denominated the Comptroller of the Currency,
+who shall be under the general direction of the Secretary of the
+Treasury.
+
+SEC. 5. That associations for carrying on the business of banking may
+be formed by any number of persons, not less in any case than five,
+who shall enter into articles of association, which shall specify in
+general terms the object for which the association is formed, and may
+contain any other provisions, not inconsistent with the provisions of
+this act, which the association may see fit to adopt for the regulation
+of the business of the association and the conduct of its affairs,
+which said articles shall be signed by the persons uniting to form the
+association, and a copy of them forwarded to the Comptroller of the
+Currency, to be filed and preserved in his office.
+
+SEC. 6. That the persons uniting to form such an association shall,
+under their hands, make an organization certificate, which shall
+specify—
+
+First. The name assumed by such association, which name shall be
+subject to the approval of the Comptroller.
+
+Second. The place where its operations of discount and deposit are to
+be carried on, designating the State, Territory, or District, and also
+the particular county and city, town or village.
+
+Third. The amount of its capital stock, and the number of shares into
+which the same shall be divided.
+
+Fourth. The names and places of residence of the shareholders, and the
+number of shares held by each of them.
+
+Fifth. A declaration that said certificate is made to enable such
+persons to avail themselves of the advantages of this act.
+
+The said certificate shall be acknowledged before a judge of some
+court of record or a notary public, and such certificate, with the
+acknowledgment thereof authenticated by the seal of such court or
+notary, shall be transmitted to the Comptroller of the Currency, who
+shall record and carefully preserve the same in his office. Copies of
+such certificate, duly certified by the Comptroller, and authenticated
+by his seal of office, shall be legal and sufficient evidence in all
+courts and places within the United States, or the jurisdiction of the
+Government thereof, of the existence of such association, and of every
+other matter or thing which could be proved by the production of the
+original certificate.
+
+SEC. 7. That no association shall be organized under this act, with a
+less capital than one hundred thousand dollars, nor in a city whose
+population exceeds fifty thousand persons, with a less capital than
+two hundred thousand dollars: _Provided_, That banks with a capital
+of not less than fifty thousand dollars may, with the approval of the
+Secretary of the Treasury, be organized in any place, the population of
+which does not exceed six thousand inhabitants.
+
+SEC. 8. That every association formed, pursuant to the provisions of
+this act, shall, from the date of the execution of its organization
+certificate, be a body-corporate, but shall transact no business
+except such as may be incidental to its organization and necessarily
+preliminary, until authorized by the Comptroller of the Currency to
+commence the business of banking. Such association shall have power
+to adopt a corporate seal, and shall have succession by the name
+designated in its organization certificate, for the period of twenty
+years from its organization, unless sooner dissolved according to
+the provisions of its articles of association, or by the act of its
+shareholders owning two-thirds of its stock, or unless the franchise
+shall be forfeited by a violation of this act; by such name it may
+make contracts, sue and be sued, complain and defend, in any court
+of law and equity as fully as natural persons; it may elect or
+appoint directors, and by its board of directors appoint a president,
+vice-president, cashier, and other officers, define their duties,
+require bonds of them, and fix the penalty thereof, dismiss said
+officers or any of them at pleasure, and appoint others to fill their
+places, and exercise under this act all such incidental powers as
+shall be necessary to carry on the business of banking by discounting
+and negotiating promissory notes, drafts, bills of exchange, and
+other evidences of debt; by receiving deposits; by buying and selling
+exchange, coin, and bullion; by loaning money on personal security; by
+obtaining, issuing, and circulating notes according to the provisions
+of this act; and its board of directors shall also have power to define
+and regulate by by-laws, not inconsistent with the provisions of this
+act, the manner in which its stock shall be transferred, its directors
+elected or appointed, its officers appointed, its property transferred,
+its general business conducted, and all the privileges granted by
+this act to associations organized under it shall be exercised and
+enjoyed; and its usual business shall be transacted at an office or
+banking-house located in the place specified in its organization
+certificate.
+
+SEC. 9. That the affairs of every association shall be managed by not
+less than five directors, one of whom shall be the president. Every
+director shall, during his whole term of service, be a citizen of the
+United States; and at least three-fourths of the directors shall have
+resided in the State, Territory, or District in which such association
+is located one year next preceding their election as directors, and be
+residents of the same during their continuance in office. Each director
+shall own, in his own right, at least ten shares of the capital stock
+of the association of which he is a director.
+
+SEC. 11. That in all elections of directors, and in deciding all
+questions at meetings of shareholders, each shareholder shall be
+entitled to one vote on each share of stock held by him. Shareholders
+may vote by proxies duly authorized in writing; but no officer, clerk,
+teller, or book-keeper of such association shall act as proxy; and no
+shareholders, whose liability is past due and unpaid, shall be allowed
+to vote.
+
+SEC. 12. That the capital stock of any association formed under
+this act shall be divided into shares of one hundred dollars each,
+and be deemed personal property and transferable on the books of
+the association; and every person becoming a shareholder by such
+transfer shall, in proportion to his shares, succeed to all the rights
+and liabilities of the prior holder of such shares, and no change
+shall be made in the articles of association by which the rights,
+remedies, or security of the existing creditors of the association
+shall be impaired. The shareholders of each association formed under
+the provisions of this act, and of each existing bank or banking
+association that may accept the provisions of this act, shall be held
+individually responsible, equally and ratably, and not one for another,
+for all contracts, debts, and engagements of such association to the
+extent of amount of their stock therein at the par value thereof,
+in addition to the amount invested in such shares; except that
+shareholders of any banking association now existing under State laws,
+having not less than five millions of dollars of capital actually paid
+in, and a surplus of twenty per centum on hand, both to be determined
+by the Comptroller of the Currency, shall be liable only to the amount
+invested in their shares; and such surplus of twenty per centum shall
+be kept undiminished, and be in addition to the surplus provided for
+in this act; and if at any time there shall be a deficiency in said
+surplus of twenty per centum, the said banking association shall not
+pay any dividends to its shareholders until such deficiency shall be
+made good; and in case of such deficiency, the Comptroller of the
+Currency may compel said banking association to close up its business
+and wind up its affairs under the provisions of this act. And the
+Comptroller shall have authority to withhold from an association his
+certificate authorizing the commencement of business, whenever he shall
+have reason to suppose that the shareholders thereof have formed the
+same for any other than the legitimate objects contemplated by this act.
+
+SEC. 13. That it shall be lawful for any association formed under this
+act, by its articles of association to provide for an increase of its
+capital from time to time, as may be deemed expedient, subject to the
+limitations of this act: _Provided_, That the maximum of such increase
+in the articles of association shall be determined by the Comptroller
+of the Currency; and no increase of capital shall be valid until the
+whole amount of such increase shall be paid in, and notice thereof
+shall have been transmitted to the Comptroller of the Currency, and his
+certificate obtained specifying the amount of such increase of capital
+stock, with his approval thereof, and that it has been duly paid in
+as part of the capital of such association. And every association
+shall have power, by the vote of shareholders owning two-thirds of its
+capital stock, to reduce the capital of such association to any sum not
+below the amount required by this act in the formation of associations:
+_Provided_, That by no such reduction shall its capital be brought
+below the amount required by this act for its outstanding circulation,
+nor shall any such reduction be made until the amount of the proposed
+reduction has been reported to the Comptroller of the Currency and his
+approval thereof obtained.
+
+SEC. 14. That at least fifty per centum of the capital stock of every
+association shall be paid in before it shall be authorized to commence
+business; and the remainder of the capital stock of such association
+shall be paid in installments of at least ten per centum each on the
+whole amount of the capital as frequently as one installment at the end
+of each succeeding month from the time it shall be authorized by the
+Comptroller to commence business; and the payment of each installment
+shall be certified to the Comptroller, under oath, by the president or
+cashier of the association.
+
+SEC. 16. That every association, after having complied with the
+provisions of this act, preliminary to the commencement of banking
+business under its provisions, and before it shall be authorized to
+commence business, shall transfer and deliver to the Treasurer of the
+United States, any United States registered bonds bearing interest to
+an amount not less than thirty thousand dollars nor less than one-third
+of the capital stock paid in, which bonds shall be deposited with the
+Treasurer of the United States, and by him safely kept in his office
+until the same shall be otherwise disposed of, in pursuance of the
+provisions of this act; and the Secretary of the Treasury is hereby
+authorized to receive and cancel any United States coupon bonds, and
+to issue in lieu thereof registered bonds of like amount, bearing a
+like rate of interest, and having the same time to run; and the deposit
+of bonds shall be, by every association, increased as its capital may
+be paid up or increased, so that every association shall at all times
+have on deposit with the Treasurer registered United States bonds to
+the amount of at least one-third of its capital stock actually paid in:
+_Provided_, That nothing in this section shall prevent an association
+that may desire to reduce its capital or to close up its business and
+dissolve its organization from taking up its bonds upon returning to
+the Comptroller its circulating notes in the proportion hereinafter
+named in this act, nor from taking up any excess of bonds beyond
+one-third of its capital stock, and upon which no circulating notes
+have been delivered.
+
+SEC. 17. That whenever a certificate shall have been transmitted to
+the Comptroller of the Currency, as provided in this act, and the
+association transmitting the same shall notify the Comptroller that
+at least fifty per centum of its capital stock has been paid in
+as aforesaid, and that such association has complied with all the
+provisions of this act as required to be complied with before such
+association shall be authorized to commence the business of banking,
+the Comptroller shall examine into the condition of such association,
+ascertain especially the amount of money paid in on account of its
+capital, the name and place of residence of each of the directors of
+such association, and the amount of the capital stock of which each
+is the bona fide owner, and generally whether such association has
+complied with all the requirements of this act to entitle it to engage
+in the business of banking; and shall cause to be made and attested
+by the oaths of a majority of the directors and by the president or
+cashier of such association, a statement of all the facts necessary
+to enable the Comptroller to determine whether such association is
+lawfully entitled to commence the business of banking under this act.
+
+SEC. 19. That all transfers of United States bonds which shall be made
+by any association under the provisions of this act shall be made to
+the Treasurer of the United States in trust for the association, with a
+memorandum written or printed on each bond, and signed by the cashier
+or some other officer of the association making the deposit, a receipt
+therefor to be given to said association, or by the Comptroller of the
+Currency, or by a clerk appointed by him for that purpose, stating
+that it is held in trust for the association on whose behalf such
+transfer is made, and as a security for the redemption and payment
+of any circulating notes that may have been or may be delivered to
+such association. No assignment or transfer of any such bonds by the
+Treasurer shall be deemed valid or of binding force and effect unless
+countersigned by the Comptroller of the Currency. It shall be the
+duty of the Comptroller of the Currency to keep in his office a book
+in which shall be entered the name of every association from whose
+accounts such transfer of bonds is made by the Treasurer, and the name
+of the party to whom such transfer is made; and the par value of the
+bonds so transferred shall be entered therein; and it shall be the
+duty of the Comptroller, immediately upon countersigning and entering
+the same, to advise by mail the association from whose account such
+transfer was made of the kind and numerical designation of the bonds
+and the amount thereof so transferred.
+
+SEC. 21. That upon the transfer and delivery of bonds to the Treasurer,
+as provided in the foregoing section, the association making the same
+shall be entitled to receive from the Comptroller of the Currency
+circulating notes of different denominations, in blank, registered
+and countersigned, as hereinafter provided, equal in amount to ninety
+per centum of the current market value of the United States bonds so
+transferred and delivered, but not exceeding ninety per centum of the
+amount of said bonds at the par value thereof, it bearing interest
+at a rate not less than five per centum per annum; and the amount of
+such circulating notes to be furnished to each association shall be
+in proportion to its paid-up capital, as follows, and no more: To
+each association whose capital shall not exceed five hundred thousand
+dollars, ninety per centum of such capital; to each association whose
+capital exceeds five hundred thousand dollars, but does not exceed
+one million dollars, eighty per centum of such capital; to each
+association whose capital exceeds one million dollars, but does not
+exceed three millions of dollars, seventy-five per centum of such
+capital; to each association whose capital exceeds three millions of
+dollars, sixty per centum of such capital. And that one hundred and
+fifty millions of dollars of the entire amount of circulating notes
+authorized to be issued shall be apportioned to associations in the
+States, in the District of Columbia, and in the Territories, according
+to representative population, and the remainder shall be apportioned by
+the Secretary of the Treasury among associations formed in the several
+States, in the District of Columbia, and in the Territories, having due
+regard to the existing banking capital, resources, and business of such
+State, District, and Territory. (Act as amended and approved, March 3,
+1865.)
+
+SEC. 22. That the entire amount of notes for circulation to be issued
+under this act shall not exceed three hundred millions of dollars. In
+order to furnish suitable notes for circulation, the Comptroller of
+the Currency is hereby authorized and required, under the direction
+of the Secretary of the Treasury, to cause plates and dies to be
+engraved, in the best manner, to guard against counterfeiting and
+fraudulent alterations, and to have printed therefrom, and numbered,
+such quantity of circulating notes, in blank, of the denominations of
+one dollar, two dollars, three dollars, five dollars, ten dollars,
+twenty dollars, fifty dollars, one hundred dollars, five hundred
+dollars, and one thousand dollars, as may be required to supply,
+under this act, the associations entitled to receive the same; which
+notes shall express upon their face that they are secured by United
+States bonds, deposited with the Treasurer of the United States by the
+written or engraved signatures of the Treasurer and Register, and by
+the imprint of the seal of the Treasury; and shall also express upon
+their face the promise of the association receiving the same to pay on
+demand, attested by the signatures of the president or vice-president
+and cashier. And the said notes shall bear such devices and such
+other statements, and shall be in such form as the Secretary of the
+Treasury shall, by regulation, direct: _Provided_, That not more than
+one-sixth part of the notes furnished to an association shall be of a
+less denomination than five dollars, and that after specie payments
+shall be resumed no association shall be furnished with notes of a less
+denomination than five dollars.
+
+SEC. 23. That after any such association shall have caused its
+promise to pay such notes on demand to be signed by the president
+or vice-president, and cashier thereof, in such manner as to make
+them obligatory promissory notes, payable on demand, at its place of
+business, such association is hereby authorized to issue and circulate
+the same as money; and the same shall be received at par in all parts
+of the United States in payment of taxes, excises, public lands, and
+all other dues to the United States, except for duties on imports; and
+also for all salaries and other debts and demands owing by the United
+States to individuals, corporations, and associations within the United
+States, except interest on the public debt, and in redemption of the
+national currency. And no such association shall issue post notes or
+any other notes to circulate as money than such as are authorized by
+the foregoing provisions of this act.
+
+SEC. 24. That it shall be the duty of the Comptroller of the Currency
+to receive worn-out or mutilated circulating notes issued by any such
+banking association, and also, on due proof of the destruction of any
+such circulating notes, to deliver in place thereof to such association
+other blank circulating notes to an equal amount. And such worn-out
+or mutilated notes, after a memorandum shall have been entered in the
+proper books, in accordance with such regulations as may be established
+by the Comptroller, as well as all circulating notes which shall have
+been paid or surrendered to be canceled, shall be burned to ashes in
+the presence of four persons, one to be appointed by the Secretary
+of the Treasury, one by the Comptroller of the Currency, one by the
+Treasurer of the United States, and one by the association, under
+such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe. And
+a certificate of such burning, signed by the parties so appointed,
+shall be made in the books of the Comptroller, and a duplicate thereof
+forwarded to the association whose notes are thus cancelled.
+
+SEC. 26. That the bonds transferred to and deposited with the Treasurer
+of the United States, as hereinbefore provided, by any banking
+association for the security of its circulating notes, shall be held
+exclusively for that purpose, until such notes shall be redeemed,
+except as provided in this act; but the Comptroller of the Currency
+shall give to any such banking association powers of attorney to
+receive and appropriate to its own use the interest on the bonds which
+it shall have so transferred to the Treasurer; but such powers shall
+become inoperative whenever such banking association shall fail to
+redeem its circulating notes as aforesaid. Whenever the market or
+cash value of any bonds deposited with the Treasurer of the United
+States, as aforesaid, shall be reduced below the amount of the
+circulation issued for the same, the Comptroller of the Currency is
+hereby authorized to demand and receive the amount of such depreciation
+in other United States bonds at cash value, or in money, from the
+association receiving said bills, to be deposited with the Treasurer
+of the United States as long as such depreciation continues. And
+said Comptroller, upon the terms prescribed by the Secretary of the
+Treasury, may permit an exchange to be made of any of the bonds
+deposited with the Treasurer by an association for other bonds of
+the United States authorized by this act to be received as security
+for circulating notes: _Provided_, that the remaining bonds which
+shall have been transferred by the banking association offering to
+surrender circulating notes shall be equal to the amount required for
+the circulating notes not surrendered by such banking association, and
+that the amount of bonds in the hands of the Treasurer shall not be
+diminished below the amount required to be kept on deposit with him by
+this act: _And provided_, That there shall have been no failure by such
+association to redeem its circulating notes, and no other violation by
+such association of the provisions of this act, and that the market
+or cash value of the remaining bonds shall not be below the amount
+required for the circulation issued for the same.
+
+SEC. 27. That it shall be unlawful for any officer acting under the
+provisions of this act to countersign or deliver to any association, or
+to any other company or person, any circulating notes contemplated by
+this act, except as hereinbefore provided, and in accordance with the
+true intent and meaning of this act.
+
+SEC. 28. That it shall be lawful for any such association to purchase,
+hold, and convey real estate as follows:
+
+First. Such as shall be necessary for its immediate accommodation in
+the transaction of its business.
+
+Second. Such as shall be mortgaged to it in good faith by way of
+security for debts previously contracted.
+
+Third. Such as shall be conveyed to it in satisfaction of debts
+previously contracted in the course of its dealings.
+
+Fourth. Such as it shall purchase at sales under judgments, decrees, or
+mortgages held by such association, or shall purchase to secure debts
+due to said association.
+
+Such association shall not purchase or hold real estate in any other
+case or for any other purpose than as specified in this section. Nor
+shall it hold the possession of any real estate under mortgage, or hold
+the title and possession of any real estate purchased to secure any
+debts due to it for a longer period than five years.
+
+SEC. 29. That the total liabilities to any association, of any person,
+or of any company, corporation, or firm for money borrowed, including
+in the liabilities of a company or firm the liabilities of the several
+members thereof, shall at no time exceed one-tenth part of the amount
+of the capital stock of such association actually paid in: _Provided_,
+That the discount of bona fide bills of exchange drawn against
+actually existing values, and the discount of commercial or business
+paper actually owned by the person or persons, corporation, or firm
+negotiating the same shall not be considered as money borrowed.
+
+SEC 30. That every association may take, receive, reserve, and charge
+on any loan or discount made, or upon any note, bill of exchange, or
+other evidences of debt, interest at the rate allowed by the laws of
+the State or Territory where the bank is located, and no more, except
+that where by the laws of any State a different rate is limited for
+banks of issue organized under State laws, the rate so limited shall be
+allowed for associations organized in any such State under this act.
+And when no rate is fixed by the laws of the State or Territory, the
+bank may take, receive, reserve, or charge a rate not exceeding seven
+per centum, and such interest may be taken in advance, reckoning the
+days for which the note, bill, or other evidence of debt has to run.
+And the knowingly taking, receiving, reserving, or charging a rate of
+interest greater than aforesaid shall be held and adjudged a forfeiture
+of the entire interest which the note, bill, or other evidence of debt
+carries with it, or which has been agreed to be paid thereon. And in
+case a greater rate of interest has been paid, the person or persons
+paying the same, or their legal representatives, may recover back, in
+any action of debt twice the amount of the interest thus paid from the
+association taking or receiving the same: _Provided_, That such action
+is commenced within two years from the time the usurious transaction
+occurred. But the purchase, discount, or sale of a bona fide bill of
+exchange, payable at another place than the place of such purchase,
+discount, or sale, at not more than the current rate of exchange for
+sight drafts, in addition to the interest, shall not be considered as
+taking or receiving a greater rate of interest.
+
+SEC. 31. That every association in the cities hereinafter named
+shall, at all times, have on hand, in lawful money of the United
+States, an amount equal to at least twenty-five per centum of the
+aggregate amount of its notes in circulation and its deposits; and
+every other association shall, at all times, have on hand, in lawful
+money of the United States, an amount equal to at least fifteen per
+centum of the aggregate amount of its notes in circulation and of its
+deposits. And whenever the lawful money of any association in any of
+the cities hereinafter named shall be below the amount of twenty-five
+per centum of its circulation and deposits, and whenever the lawful
+money of any other association shall be below fifteen per centum of
+its circulation and deposits, such association shall not increase
+its liabilities by making any new loans or discounts, otherwise than
+by discounting or purchasing bills of exchange payable at sight, nor
+make any dividend of its profits until the required proportion between
+the aggregate amount of its outstanding notes of circulation and
+deposits and its lawful money of the United States shall be restored:
+_Provided_, That three-fifths of said fifteen per centum may consist
+of balances due to an association available for the redemption of its
+circulating notes from associations approved by the Comptroller of
+the Currency, organized under this act, in the cities of Saint Louis,
+Louisville, Chicago, Detroit, Milwaukee, New Orleans, Cincinnati,
+Cleveland, Pittsburg, Baltimore, Philadelphia, Boston, New York,
+Albany, Leavenworth, San Francisco, and Washington City: _Provided,
+also_, That clearing-house certificates, representing specie or lawful
+money specially deposited for the purpose of any clearing-house
+association, shall be deemed to be lawful money in the possession of
+any association belonging to such clearing-house holding and owning
+such certificate, and shall be considered to be a part of the lawful
+money which such association is required to have under the foregoing
+provisions of this section: _Provided_, That the cities of Charleston
+and Richmond may be added to the list of cities in the national
+associations, of which other associations may keep three-fifths of
+their lawful money, whenever, in the opinion of the Comptroller of the
+Currency, the condition of the Southern States will warrant it. And it
+shall be competent for the Comptroller of the Currency to notify any
+association, whose lawful money reserve as aforesaid shall be below
+the amount to be kept on hand as aforesaid, to make good such reserve;
+and if such association shall fail for thirty days thereafter, so as
+to make good its reserve of lawful money of the United States, the
+Comptroller may, with the concurrence of the Secretary of the Treasury,
+appoint a receiver to wind up the business of such association, as
+provided in this act.
+
+SEC. 32. That each association organized in any of the cities named
+in the foregoing section shall select, subject to the approval of the
+Comptroller of the Currency, an association in the city of New York,
+at which it will redeem its circulating notes at par. And each of such
+associations may keep one-half of its lawful money reserve in cash
+deposits in the city of New York. And each association, not organized
+within the cities named in the preceding section, shall select, subject
+to the approval of the Comptroller of the Currency, an association in
+either of the cities named in the preceding section, at which it will
+redeem its circulating notes at par. And every association formed or
+existing under the provisions of this act shall take and receive at
+par, for any debt or liability to said association, any and all notes
+or bills issued by any association existing under and by virtue of this
+act.
+
+SEC. 35. That no association shall make any loan or discount on the
+security of the shares of its own capital stock, nor be the purchaser
+or holder of any such shares, unless such security or purchase shall
+be necessary to prevent loss upon a debt previously contracted in good
+faith; and stock so purchased or acquired, shall, within six months
+from the time of its purchase, be sold or disposed of at public or
+private sale, in default of which a receiver may be appointed to close
+up the business of the association, according to the provisions of this
+act.
+
+SEC. 36. That no association shall, at any time, be indebted, or in
+any way liable, to an amount exceeding its capital stock at such time
+actually paid in and remaining undiminished by losses or otherwise,
+except on the following accounts; that is to say:
+
+First. On account of its notes of circulation.
+
+Second. On account of moneys deposited with, or collected by, such
+association.
+
+Third. On account of bills of exchange or drafts drawn against money
+actually on deposit to the credit of such association, or due thereto.
+
+Fourth. On account of liabilities to its stockholders for dividends and
+reserved profits.
+
+SEC. 37. That no association shall, either directly or indirectly,
+pledge or hypothecate any of its notes of circulation, for the purpose
+of procuring money to be paid in on its capital stock, or to be used
+in its banking operations, or otherwise; nor shall any association use
+its circulating notes, or any part thereof, in any manner or form, to
+create or increase its capital stock.
+
+SEC. 38. That no association or any member thereof, shall, during the
+time it shall continue its banking operations, withdraw, or permit to
+be withdrawn, either in forms of dividends or otherwise, any portion
+of its capital. And if losses shall at any time have been sustained by
+any such association equal to or exceeding its dividend profits then on
+hand, no dividend shall be made; and no dividend shall ever be made by
+any association while it shall continue its banking operations, to an
+amount greater than its net profits then on hand, deducting therefrom
+its losses and bad debts. And all debts due to any association on which
+interest is past due and unpaid for a period of six months, unless the
+same shall be well secured, and shall be in process of collection,
+shall be considered bad debt, within the meaning of this act:
+_Provided_, That nothing in this section shall prevent the reduction of
+the capital stock of the association under the thirteenth section of
+this act.
+
+SEC. 39. That no association shall at any time pay out on loans or
+discounts, or in purchasing drafts or bills of exchange, or in payment
+of deposits, or in any other mode pay or put in circulation the notes
+of any bank or banking association which shall not, at any such time,
+be receivable, at par on deposit and in payment of debts by the
+association so paying out or circulating such notes, nor shall it
+knowingly pay out or put in circulation any notes issued by any bank or
+banking association, which, at the time of such paying out or putting
+in circulation, is not redeeming its circulating notes in lawful money
+of the United States.
+
+SEC. 41. And in lieu of all existing taxes, every association shall
+pay to the Treasurer of the United States, in the months of January
+and July, a duty of one-half of one per centum each half year from
+and after the first day of January, eighteen hundred and sixty-four,
+upon the average amount of its notes in circulation, and a duty of one
+quarter of one per centum each half year upon the average amount of its
+deposits, and a duty of one quarter of one per centum each half year,
+as aforesaid, on the average amount of its capital stock beyond the
+amount invested in United States bonds. And it shall be the duty of
+each association, within ten days from the first days of January and
+July of each year, to make a return under the oath of its president
+or cashier, to the Treasurer of the United States, in such form as he
+may prescribe, of the average amount of its notes in circulation, and
+of the average amount of its deposits, and of the average amount of
+its capital stock beyond the amount invested in United States bonds,
+for the six months next preceding said first days of January and July
+as aforesaid: _Provided_, That nothing in this act shall be construed
+to prevent all the shares in any of the said associations, held by
+any person or body-corporate from being included in the valuation of
+the personal property of such person or corporation in the assessment
+of taxes imposed by or under State authority at the place where such
+bank is located, and not elsewhere, but not at a greater rate than is
+assessed upon other moneyed capital in the hands of individual citizens
+of such State: _Provided further_, That the tax so imposed under the
+laws of any State upon the shares of any of the associations authorized
+by this act shall not exceed the rate imposed upon the shares in any of
+the banks organized under authority of the State where such association
+is located: _Provided, also_, That nothing in this act shall exempt the
+real estate of associations from either State, county, or municipal
+taxes to the same extent, according to its value, as other real estate
+is taxed.
+
+SEC. 42. That any association may go into liquidation and be closed
+by the vote of its shareholders owning two-thirds of its stock. And
+whenever such vote shall be taken it shall be the duty of the board of
+directors to cause notice of this fact to be certified, under the seal
+of the association, by its president or cashier, to the Comptroller of
+the Currency, and publication thereof to be made for a period of two
+months in a newspaper, published in the city of New York, and also in
+a newspaper published in a city or town in which the association is
+located; and one year after that time the outstanding notes of said
+association shall be redeemed at the Treasury of the United States, and
+the said association and the shareholders thereof shall be discharged
+from all liabilities therefor.
+
+SEC. 44. That any bank incorporated by special law, or any banking
+institution organized under a general law of any State, may, by
+authority of this act, become a national association under its
+provisions, by the name prescribed in its organization certificate;
+and in such case the articles of association and the organization
+certificate required by this act may be executed by a majority of the
+directors of the bank or banking institution; and said certificate
+shall declare that the owners of two-thirds of the capital stock shall
+have authorized the directors to make such certificate and to change
+and convert the said bank or banking institution into a national
+association under this act. And a majority of the directors, after
+executing said articles of association and organization certificate,
+shall have power to execute all other papers, and to do whatever may be
+required to make its organization perfect and complete as a national
+association. The shares of any such bank may continue to be for the
+same amount each as they were before said conversion, and the directors
+aforesaid may be the directors of the association until others are
+elected or appointed in accordance with the provisions of this act; and
+any State bank which is a stockholder in any other bank, by authority
+of State laws, may continue to hold its stock, although either bank, or
+both, may be organized under and have accepted the provisions of this
+act. When the Comptroller shall give to such association a certificate,
+under his hand and official seal, that the provisions of this act have
+been complied with, and that it is authorized to commence the business
+of banking under it, the association shall have the same powers and
+privileges, and shall be subject to the same duties, responsibilities
+and rules, in all respects as are prescribed in this act for other
+associations organized under it, and shall be held and regarded as
+an association under this act: _Provided, however_, That no such
+association shall have a less capital than the amount prescribed for
+banking associations under this act.
+
+SEC. 45. That all associations under this act, when designated for
+that purpose by the Secretary of the Treasury, shall be depositaries
+of public money, except receipts from customs, under such regulations
+as may be prescribed by the Secretary; and they may also be employed
+as financial agents of the Government; and they shall perform all such
+reasonable duties, as depositaries of public moneys and financial
+agents of the Government, as may be required of them. And the Secretary
+of the Treasury shall require of the associations thus designated
+satisfactory security, by the deposit of United States bonds and
+otherwise, for the safe keeping and prompt payment of the public
+money deposited with them, and for the faithful performance of their
+duties as financial agents of the Government: _Provided_, That every
+association which shall be selected and designated as receiver or
+depositary of the public money, shall take and receive at par all of
+the national currency bills, by whatever association issued, which
+have been paid in to the Government for internal revenue, or for loans
+or stocks.
+
+SEC. 46. That if any such association shall at any time fail to redeem,
+in the lawful money of the United States, any of its circulating notes,
+when payment thereof shall be lawfully demanded during the usual hours
+of business, at the office of such association, or at its place of
+redemption aforesaid, the holder may cause the same to be protested,
+in one package, by a notary public, unless the president or cashier
+of the association, whose notes are presented for payment, or the
+president or cashier of the association at the place at which they are
+redeemable, shall offer to waive demand and notice of the protest, and
+shall, in pursuance of such offer, make, sign, and deliver to the party
+making such demand, an admission in writing, stating the time of the
+demand, the amount demanded, and the fact of the non-payment thereof;
+and such notary public, on making such protest, or upon receiving such
+admission, shall forthwith forward such admission or notice of protest
+to the Comptroller of the Currency, retaining a copy thereof. And
+after such default, on examination of the facts by the Comptroller,
+and notice by him to the association, it shall not be lawful for the
+association suffering the same to pay out any of its notes, discount
+any notes or bills, or otherwise prosecute the business of banking,
+except to receive and safely keep money belonging to it, and to deliver
+special deposits. _Provided_, That if satisfactory proof be produced to
+such notary public, that the payment of any such notes is restrained by
+order of any court of competent jurisdiction, such notary public shall
+not protest the same; and when the holder of such notes shall cause
+more than one note or package to be protested on the same day, he shall
+not receive pay for more than one protest.
+
+SEC. 56. That all suits and proceedings arising out of the provisions
+of this act, in which the United States or its officers or agents shall
+be parties, shall be conducted by the district attorneys of the several
+districts, under the direction and supervision of the Solicitor of the
+Treasury.
+
+SEC. 57. That suits, actions, and proceedings against any association
+under this act, may be had in any circuit, district, or territorial
+court of the United States held within the district in which such
+association may be established; or in any State, county, or municipal
+court in the county or city in which said association is located,
+having jurisdiction in similar cases: _Provided, however_, That all
+proceedings to enjoin the Comptroller under this act shall be had in a
+circuit, district, or territorial court of the United States, held in
+the district in which the association is located.
+
+SEC. 58. That every person who shall mutilate, cut, deface, disfigure,
+or perforate with holes, or shall unite or cement together, or do
+any other thing to any bank bill, draft, note, or other evidence of
+debt, issued by any such association, or shall cause or procure the
+same to be done, with intent to render such bank bill, draft, note,
+or other evidence of debt unfit to be reissued by said association,
+shall, upon conviction, forfeit fifty dollars to the association who
+shall be injured thereby, to be recovered by action in any court having
+jurisdiction.
+
+SEC. 61. That it shall be the duty of the Comptroller of the Currency
+to report annually to Congress at the commencement of its session—
+
+First. A summary of the state and condition of every association from
+whom reports have been received the preceding year, at the several
+dates to which such reports refer, with an abstract of the whole amount
+of banking capital returned by them, of the whole amount of their debts
+and liabilities, the amount of circulating notes outstanding, and the
+total amount of means and resources, specifying the amount of lawful
+money held by them at the times of their several returns, and such,
+other information in relation to said associations as, in his judgment
+may be useful.
+
+SEC. 110. That there shall be levied, collected, and paid a duty of
+one twenty-fourth of one per centum each month upon the average amount
+of the deposits of money, subject to payment by check or draft, or
+represented by certificates of deposit or otherwise, whether payable
+on demand or at some future day, with any person, bank, association,
+company or corporation engaged in the business of banking; and a duty
+of one twenty-fourth of one per centum each month, as aforesaid, upon
+the average amount of the capital of any bank, association, company or
+corporation, or person engaged in the business of banking, beyond the
+amount invested in United States bonds; and a duty of one-twelfth of
+one per centum each month upon the average amount of circulation issued
+by any bank, association, corporation, company or person, including as
+circulation all certified checks and all notes and other obligations
+circulated or intended to circulate, or to be used as money, but not
+including that in the vault of the bank, or redeemed and on deposit for
+said bank, and an additional duty of one-sixth of one per centum each
+month upon the average amount of such circulation, issued as aforesaid,
+beyond the amount of ninety per centum of the capital of any such bank,
+association, corporation, company or person, and upon any amount of
+such circulation beyond the average amount of the circulation that had
+been issued as aforesaid by any such bank, association, corporation,
+company or person, for the six months preceding the first day of July,
+eighteen hundred and sixty-four. And on the first Monday of August
+next, and of each month thereafter, a true and accurate return of the
+amount of circulation, of deposit and of capital, as aforesaid, for
+the previous month, shall be made and rendered in duplicate by each
+of such banks, associations, corporations, companies or persons, to
+the assessor of the district in which any such bank, association,
+corporation or company may be located, or in which such person may
+reside, with a declaration annexed thereto, and the oath or affirmation
+of such person, or the president or cashier of such bank, association,
+corporation or company, in such form and manner as may be prescribed
+by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, that the same contains a true
+and faithful statement of the amount of circulation, deposits, and
+capital, as aforesaid, subject to duty as aforesaid, and shall transmit
+the duplicate of said return to the Commissioner of Internal Revenue,
+and within twenty days thereafter shall pay to the said Commissioner
+of Internal Revenue the duties hereinbefore prescribed upon the said
+amount of circulation, of deposits and of capital, as aforesaid.
+
+
+
+
+ History of Finances, Loans, Bonds, Legal Tender
+ Notes of the U. S., etc., from 1841 to the Present Time.
+
+ ======================================================================
+ Acts Authorizing Loans, and Synopsis of same.
+ ------------+---------------------------------------------------------
+ Acts of |Authorized a loan of $12,000,000, bearing interest at a
+ July 21, | rate not exceeding 6 per cent. per annum, and
+ 1841, | reimbursable at the will of the Secretary, after six
+ and | months’ notice, or atany time after three years from
+ April 15, | Jan. 1, 1842. The act of April 15, 1842, authorized
+ 1842. | the loan of an additional sum of $5,000,000, and made
+ | the amount obtained on the loan, after the passage of
+ | this act, reimbursable after six months’ notice, or at
+ | any time not exceeding twenty years from Jan, 1, 1843.
+ | This loan was made for the purpose of redeeming
+ | outstanding Treasury notes, and to defray any of the
+ | public expenses.
+ ------------+---------------------------------------------------------
+ Act of |Authorized the issue of $23,000,000 in Treasury notes,
+ Jan. 28, | bearing interest at a rate not exceeding 6 per cent.
+ 1847. | per annum, with authority to borrow any portion of the
+ | amount, and issue bonds therefor, bearing interest at
+ | a rate not exceeding 6 per cent. and redeemable after
+ | Dec. 31, 1867. The 13th section authorized the funding
+ | of these notes into bonds of the same description. The
+ | act limited the amount to be borrowed or issued in
+ | Treasury notes, and funded as aforesaid, to $23,000,000,
+ | but authorized the funding of Treasury notes issued
+ | under former acts beyond that amount. The excess of
+ | the $23,000,000 is made up of Treasury notes funded
+ | under the 14th section.
+ ------------+---------------------------------------------------------
+ Act of |Authorized a loan of $16,000,000, bearing interest at a
+ March 31, | rate not exceeding 6 per cent. per annum, and
+ 1848. | reimbursable at any time after twenty years from July
+ | 1, 1848. Authority was given to the Secretary to
+ | purchase the stock at any time.
+ ------------+---------------------------------------------------------
+ Act of |Authorized the issue of $10,000,000 in bonds, bearing 5
+ Sept. 9, | per cent. interest, and redeemable at the end of
+ 1850. | fourteen years, to indemnify the State of Texas for
+ | her relinquishment of all claims upon the United States
+ | for liability of the debts of Texas, and for
+ | compensation for the surrender to the United States of
+ | her ships, forts, arsenals, custom-houses, &c., which
+ | became the property of the United States at the time of
+ | annexation.
+ ------------+---------------------------------------------------------
+ Old |Consisting of unclaimed dividends upon stocks issued
+ funded | before the year 1800, and those issued during the war
+ and | of 1812.
+ unfunded |
+ debts. |
+ ------------+---------------------------------------------------------
+ Acts prior |Different issues of Treasury notes.
+ to 1857. |
+ ------------+---------------------------------------------------------
+ Act of |Authorized an issue of $20,000,000 in Treasury notes,
+ Dec. 23, | bearing interest at a rate not exceeding 6 per cent.
+ 1857. | per annum, and receivable in payment of all public
+ | dues, and to be redeemed after the expiration of one
+ | year from the date of said notes.
+ ------------+---------------------------------------------------------
+ Act of |Authorized a loan of $20,000,000, bearing interest at a
+ June 14, | rate not exceeding 5 per cent. per annum, and
+ 1858. | reimbursable, at the option of the Government, at any
+ | time after the expiration of fifteen years from
+ | Jan. 1, 1859.
+ ------------+---------------------------------------------------------
+ Act of |Authorized a loan of $21,000,000, bearing interest at a
+ June 22, | rate not exceeding 6 per cent. per annum, and
+ 1860. | reimbursable within a period not beyond twenty years,
+ | and not less than ten years, for the redemption of
+ | outstanding Treasury notes, and for no other purpose.
+ ------------+---------------------------------------------------------
+ Act of |Authorized an issue of $10,000,000 in Treasury notes to
+ Dec. 17, | be redeemed after the expiration of one year from the
+ 1860. | date of issue, and bearing such a rate of interest as
+ | may be offered by the lowest bidders. Authority was
+ | given to issue these notes in payment of warrants in
+ | favor of public creditors at their par value, bearing
+ | six per cent. per annum.
+ ------------+---------------------------------------------------------
+
+ (A) = Rate of interest.
+ (B) = Price of emission.
+
+ ===========+=======+========+===========+=========+=========+
+ |Title. | Length | When | A | B |
+ | |of Loan.|redeemable.| | |
+ -----------+-------+--------+-----------+---------+---------+
+ Acts of |Loan of| 20 | After Dec.|6 % per | Par. |
+ July 21,| 1842 | years | 31, 1862. | annum. | |
+ 1841, | | | | | |
+ and | | | | | |
+ April 15,| | | | | |
+ 1842. | | | | | |
+ -----------+-------+--------+-----------+---------+---------+
+ Act of |Loan of| 20 | After Dec.|6 % per | Par. |
+ Jan. 28, | 1847 | years | 31, 1867. | annum. | |
+ 1847. | | | | | |
+ -----------+-------+--------+-----------+---------+---------+
+ Act of |Loan of| 20 | After July|6 % per | Par. |
+ March 31,| 1848 | years | 1, 1868. | annum. | |
+ 1848. | | | | | |
+ -----------+-------+--------+-----------+---------+---------+
+ Act of | Texas | 15 | After Dec.|5 % per | Par. |
+ Sept. 9,| indem-| years | 31, 1864. | annum. | |
+ 1850. | nity | | | | |
+ -----------+-------+--------+-----------+---------+---------+
+ Old | Old | | | | |
+ funded | funded| Dem- | On demand | 5 & 6%. | Par. |
+ and | debt.| and | | | |
+ unfunded | | | | | |
+ debts. | | | | | |
+ Acts prior | Treas.| —— | On demand | 1 m. to | Par. |
+ to 1857. | notes | | | 6 % | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Act of | Treas.| 1 | 1 year | 5 to | Par. |
+ Dec. 23, | notes | year | after | 5½% | |
+ 1857. | | | date. | | |
+ -----------+-------+--------+-----------+---------+---------+
+ Act of | | | | | |
+ June 14, |Loan of| 15 | Dec. 31, |5 % per | Par. |
+ 1858. | 1858 | years | ’73 | annum. | |
+ -----------+-------+--------+-----------+---------+---------+
+ Act of | | | | | |
+ June 14, |Loan of| 10 | After Dec.|5 % per | Par. |
+ 1860. | 1860 | years | 31, 1870. | annum. | |
+ -----------+-------+--------+-----------+---------+---------+
+ Act of | | | | | |
+ Dec. 17, | Treas.| 1 | 1 year |6 and 12 | Par. |
+ 1860. | notes | year | after | % per | |
+ | | | date. | annum. | |
+ -----------+-------+--------+-----------+---------+---------+
+
+ ===========+===========+==========+=============
+ | Amount | Amount | Amount
+ |authorized.| issued. |outstanding.
+ -----------+-----------+----------+-------------
+ Acts of |$17,000,000|$8,000,000| $64,768 68
+ July 21,| | |
+ 1841, | | |
+ and | | |
+ April 15,| | |
+ 1842. | | |
+ -----------+-----------+----------+-------------
+ Act of | 23,000,000|28,207,000| 7,160,200 00
+ Jan. 28, | | |
+ 1847. | | |
+ -----------+-----------+----------+-------------
+ Act of | 16,000,000|16,000,000| 8,020,941 80
+ March 31,| | |
+ 1848. | | |
+ -----------+-----------+----------+-------------
+ Act of | 10,000,000| 5,000,000| 263,000 00
+ Sept. 9,| | |
+ 1850. | | |
+ -----------+-----------+----------+-------------
+ Old | | |
+ funded | —— | —— | 113,915 48
+ and | | |
+ unfunded | | |
+ debts. | | |
+ Acts prior | —— | —— | 104,511 64
+ to 1857. | | |
+ | | |
+ Act of | 20,000,000| —— | 2,600 00
+ Dec. 23, | | |
+ 1857. | | |
+ -----------+-----------+----------+-------------
+ Act of | | |
+ June 14, | 20,000,000|20,000,000|20,000,000 00
+ 1858. | | |
+ -----------+-----------+----------+-------------
+ Act of | | |
+ June 14, | 21,000,000| 7,022,000| 7,022,000 00
+ 1860. | | |
+ -----------+-----------+----------+-------------
+ Act of | | |
+ Dec. 17, | 10,000,000|10,000,000| 600 00
+ 1860. | | |
+ | | |
+ -----------+-----------+----------+-------------
+
+ ===================================================================
+ Acts authorizing Loans, and Synopsis of same.
+ -------------+-----------------------------------------------------
+ Act of |Authorized a loan of $25,000,000, bearing interest at
+ Feb. 8, | a rate not exceeding 6 per cent. per annum, and
+ 1861. | reimbursable within a period not beyond twenty years,
+ | nor less than ten years. This loan was made for the
+ | payment of the current expenses, and was to be
+ | awarded to the most favorable bidders.
+ -------------+-----------------------------------------------------
+ Act of |Authorized a loan of $10,000,000, bearing interest at
+ March 2, | a rate not exceeding 6 per cent. per annum, and
+ 1861. | reimbursable after the expiration of ten years from
+ | July 1, 1861. In case proposals for the loan were
+ | not acceptable, authority was given to issue the
+ | whole amount in Treasury notes, bearing interest at
+ | a rate not exceeding 6 per cent. per annum.
+ | Authority was also given to substitute Treasury
+ | notes for the whole or any part of the loans for
+ | which the Secretary was by law authorized to contract
+ | and issue bonds at the time of the passage of this
+ | act, and such Treasury notes were to be made
+ | receivable in payment of all public dues, and
+ | redeemable at any time within two years from March
+ | 2, 1861.
+ -------------+-----------------------------------------------------
+ Act of |Authorized an issue, should the Secretary of the
+ March 2, | Treasury deem it expedient, of $2,800,000, in coupon
+ 1861. | bonds, bearing interest at the rate of 6 per cent.
+ | per annum, and redeemable in twenty years, for the
+ | payment of expenses incurred by the Territories of
+ | Washington and Oregon in the suppression of Indian
+ | hostilities during the years 1855 and 1856.
+ -------------+-----------------------------------------------------
+ Acts of |Authorized a loan of $250,000,000, for which could be
+ July 17, | issued bonds bearing interest at a rate not
+ 1861, | exceeding 7 per cent. per annum, irredeemable for
+ and | twenty years, and after that redeemable at the
+ August 5, | pleasure of the United States; Treasury notes
+ 1861. | bearing interest at the rate of 7.30 per cent. per
+ | annum, payable three years after date, and U. S.
+ | notes,without interest, payable on demand, to the
+ | extent of $50,000,000 (increased by act of Feb. 12,
+ | 1862, to $60,000,000), to bonds and Treasury notes,
+ | to be issued in such proportions of each as the
+ | Secretary may deem advisable. The supplementary act
+ | of Aug. 5, 1861, authorized an issue of bonds,
+ | bearing 6 per cent. interest per annum, and payable
+ | at the pleasure of the United States after twenty
+ | years from date, which may be issued in exchange
+ | for 7.30 Treasury notes, but no such bonds to be
+ | issued for a less sum than $500; and the whole
+ | amount of such bonds not to exceed the whole amount
+ | of 7.30 Treasury notes issued.
+ -------------+-----------------------------------------------------
+ Act of |Authorized the issue of $500,000,000, in 6 per cent.
+ Feb. 25, | bonds, redeemable after five years, and payable
+ 1862. | twenty years from date, which may be exchanged for
+ | United States notes. Also on
+ March 3, |Authorized the issue of not over $11,000,000
+ 1864. | additional of similar bonds, to meet subscriptions
+ | already made and paid for.
+ June 30, |
+ 1864. |On hand, unsold in the United States or Europe.
+ January 28, |
+ 1865. |
+ -------------+-----------------------------------------------------
+ Act of |Authorized the issue of $150,000,000, in legal-tender
+ Feb. 25, | U. S. notes; $50,000,000 of which to be in lieu of
+ 1862. | demand notes, issued under act of July 17, 1861.
+ |
+ Act of |Authorized an additional issue of $150,000,000, in
+ July 11, | legal-tender notes; $35,000,000 of which might be
+ 1862. | in denominations less than five dollars: $50,000,000
+ | of this issue to be reserved to pay temporary loans
+ | promptly in case of emergency.
+ -------------+------------------------------------------------------
+ Resolution |Authorized the issue of $100,000,000, in United States
+ of Congress,| notes, for the immediate payment of the army and
+ January 17,| navy, such notes to be a part of the amount
+ 1863. | provided for in any bill that may hereafter be
+ | passed by this Congress. (The amount in this
+ | resolution is included in the act of March 3, 1863.)
+ | (_Continued on p. 322._)
+ -------------+------------------------------------------------------
+
+ (A) = Rate of interest.
+ (B) = Price of emission.
+ =============+==============+==========+=============+=======+====+
+ | Title. | Length | When | (A) |(B) |
+ | | of Loan. | redeemable. | | |
+ =============+==============+==========+=============+=======+====+
+ Act of | Loan of | 20 years |After June 1,|6 % per|Par.|
+ Feb. 8, |Feb. 8, 1861. | | 1881. | annum | |
+ 1861. | | | | | |
+ -------------+--------------+----------+-------------+-------+----+
+ Act of | | | | | |
+ March 2, | +----------+-------------+ | |
+ 1861. | Treas’y |2 years |2 yrs. after | —— | —— |
+ | notes. | | date. |6 % p. |Par.|
+ | |60 days. | 60 days | an’m | |
+ | +——————————+ after | —— | —— |
+ | | | date. | | |
+ -------------+--------------+----------+-------------+-------+----+
+ Act of | | | | | |
+ March 2, | Oregon war | 20 years |After July 1,|6 % per|Par.|
+ 1861. | | | 1881. |annum. | |
+ -------------+--------------+----------+-------------+-------+----+
+ Acts of | 20-year | 20 years |After June |6 % per| — |
+ July 17, | sixes. +——————————+ 30, 1881. |annum. | |
+ 1861, | 7-30 notes. | 3 |After Aug. |7-30% | |
+ and | (two issues) | yrs. | 18, 1864. | per | — |
+ August 5, | +——————————+After Sept. |annum. | |
+ 1861. | | | 30, 1864. | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ | Demand | Pay’ble | Demand | None. | — |
+ | notes. |on demand.| | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 20-year |20 years. | After June |6 % per|Par.|
+ | sixes. | | 30, 1881. |annum. | |
+ | | | | | |
+ -------------+--------------+----------+-------------+-------+----+
+ Act of | | | | | |
+ Feb. 25, | | | | | |
+ 1862. | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ March 3, | | | | | |
+ 1864. | | | | | |
+ | Five- |5 or 20 |After Ap’l |6 % per|Par.|
+ June 30, | twenties. | years. | 30, 1867. |annum | |
+ 1864. | | | | | |
+ January 28, | | | | | |
+ 1865. | | | | | |
+ -------------+--------------+----------+-------------+-------+----+
+ Act of | | | | | |
+ July 11, | | | | | |
+ 1862. | | | | | |
+ | U. States | —— | —— |None. |Par.|
+ | notes, | | | | |
+ | new issue. | | | | |
+ Resolution | | | | | |
+ of Congress,| | | | | |
+ January 17,| | | | | |
+ 1863. | | | | | |
+ -------------+--------------+----------+-------------+-------+----+
+
+ =============+===========+===========+===============
+ | Amount | Amount | Amount
+ |authorized.| issued. |outstanding.
+ -------------+-----------+----------+----------------
+ Act of |$25,000,000|$18,415,000|$18,415,000 00
+ Feb. 8, | | |
+ 1861. | | |
+ -------------+-----------+-----------+----------------
+ Act of | | |
+ March 2, | | |
+ 1861. | 22,468,100| 22,468,100|
+ | | | 3,600 00
+ | | |
+ | 12,896,350| 12,896,350|
+ | | |
+ -------------+-----------+-----------+----------------
+ Act of | | |
+ March 2, | 2,800,000| 1,090,850| 1,016,000 00
+ 1861. | | |
+ -------------+-----------+-----------+----------------
+ Acts of | —— | 50,000,000| 50,000,000 00
+ July 17, | | |
+ 1861, | | |
+ and | —— |139,999,750|139,315,350 00
+ August 5, | | |
+ 1861. | | |
+ | | |
+ | —— | 60,000,000| 208,432 00
+ | | |
+ | | |
+ |Exch’ngeble| —— | 59,700 00
+ | for 7-30 | |
+ |Tr’y notes.| |
+ -------------+-----------+-----------+----------------
+ Act of | | |
+ Feb. 25, | | |
+ 1862. | | |
+ | | |
+ March 3, | | |
+ 1864. | | |
+ |515,000,000|514,780,500|514,780,500 00
+ June 30, | | |
+ 1864. | | |
+ January 28, | | |
+ 1865. | | |
+ -------------+-----------+-----------+----------------
+ Act of | | |
+ July 11, | | |
+ 1862. | | |
+ |450,000,000| —— |371,783,597 00
+ | | |
+ | | |
+ Resolution | | |
+ of Congress,| | |
+ January 17,| | |
+ 1863. | | |
+ -------------+-----------+-----------+----------------
+
+ ===================================================================
+ Acts authorizing Loans, and Synopsis of same.
+ ---------+---------------------------------------------------------
+ Act of |A further issue of $150,000,000, in United States notes,
+ March 3,| for the purpose of converting the Treasury notes which
+ 1863. | may be issued under this act, and for no other purpose.
+ | And a further issue, if necessary, for the payment of
+ | the army and navy, and other creditors of the Government,
+ | of $150,000,000, in United States notes, which amount
+ | includes the $100,000,000 authorized by the joint
+ | resolution of Congress, Jan. 17, 1863.
+ Act of |Provided, That of United States notes not more than ten
+ April 12| millions of dollars may be retired and canceled within
+ 1866.| six months from the passage of this act, and thereafter
+ | not more than four millions of dollars in any one month:
+ | And provided further, That the act to which this is an
+ | amendment shall continue in full force in all its
+ | provisions, except as modified by this act.
+ ---------+---------------------------------------------------------
+ Act of |Authorized a temporary loan of $25,000,000, in United
+ Feb. 25 | States notes, for not less than thirty days, payable
+ 1862. | after ten days’ notice, at 5 per cent. interest per
+ | annum. (This was increased to $100,000,000 by the
+ | following acts.)
+ Act of |
+ March 17,|Authorized an increase of temporary loans of $25,000,000,
+ 1862. | bearing interest at a rate not exceeding 5 per cent. per
+ | annum.
+ Act of |
+ July 11, |Authorized a further increase of temporary loans of
+ 1862. | $50,000,000 making the whole amount authorized
+ | $100,000,000.
+ |
+ Act of |Authorized the increase of temporary loans to not
+ June 30,| exceeding $150,000,000, at a rate not exceeding 6 per
+ 1864. | cent. per annum.
+ ---------+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Act of |Authorized a loan of $300,000,000 for this and $600,000,000
+ March 3| for the next fiscal year, for which could be issued
+ 1863. | bonds running not less than ten, nor more than forty
+ | years, principal and interest payable in coin, bearing
+ | interest at a rate not exceeding 6 per cent. per annum,
+ | payable in bonds not exceeding $100 annually, and on
+ | all others semi-annually, the whole amount of bonds,
+ | Treasury notes, and United States notes issued under
+ Act of | this act not to exceed the sum of 900,000,000. And so
+ June 30| much of this act as limits the to the current fiscal
+ 1864. | year is repealed by act of June 30, 1864, which also
+ | repeals the authority to borrow money conferred by
+ | section 1, except so far as it may affect$75,000,000 of
+ | bonds already advertised.
+ ---------+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Act of |And Treasury notes to the amount of $400,000,000, not
+ March 3,| exceeding three years to run, with interest at not over
+ 1863. | 6 per cent. per annum, principal and interest payable
+ | in lawful money, which may be made a legal-tender for
+ | their face value, excluding interest, or convertible
+ | into United States notes. Secretary may receive gold on
+ | deposit, and issue certificates therefor, in sums not
+ | less than twenty dollars.
+ ---------+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Act of |Authorizes the issue of bonds not exceeding $200,000,000,
+ March 3,| bearing date March 1, 1864, or any subsequent period,
+ 1864. | redeemable at the pleasure of the Government after any
+ | period not less than five years, and payable at any
+ | period not more than forty years from date, in coin,
+ | bearing interest not exceeding 6 per cent. yearly,
+ | payable on bonds not over $100 annually, and on all
+ | other bonds semi-annually, in coin.
+ ---------+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Act of |Authorized an issue of certificates of indebtedness,
+ March 1| payable one year from date, in settlement of audited
+ 1862. | claims against the Government. Interest 6 per cent. per
+ | annum, payable in gold; and by
+ Act of |Payable in lawful currency on those issued after that date.
+ March 3,| Amount of issue not specified.
+ 1863. |
+ ---------+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Act of |Authorized an issue of notes of the fractional parts of
+ July 17,| one dollar, receivable in payment of all dues, except
+ 1862. | customs, less than five dollars, and exchangeable for
+ | United States notes in sums not less than five dollars.
+ | Amount of issue not specified.
+ ---------+----------------------------------------------------------
+
+ (A) = Rate of interest.
+ (B) = Price of emission.
+ ==========+=================+========+=============+================+
+ | Title. | Length | When | (A) | (B) |
+ | |of Loan.| redeemable. | | |
+ ==========+=================+========+=============+=========+======+
+ Act of | | | | | |
+ March 3,| | | | | |
+ 1863. | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Act of | | | | | |
+ April 12| | | | | |
+ 1866.| | | | | |
+ ---------+-----------------+--------+-------------+---------+------+
+ Act of | | | | | |
+ Feb. 25 | | | | | |
+ 1862. | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ | Tempor’y | Not | After ten | 4, 5, & |Par. |
+ March 17,| Loan. | less | days’ | 6 % per | |
+ 1862. | | than | notice. | annum. | |
+ | |30 days.| | | |
+ July 11, | | | | | |
+ 1862. | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Act of | | | | | |
+ June 30,| | | | | |
+ 1864. | | | | | |
+ ---------+-----------------+--------+-------------+---------+------+
+ Act of | | | | | |
+ March 3| | | | | |
+ 1863. | Loan of | —— |Af’r June | 6 % per |Prem’m|
+ | 1863. | | 30, 1881. | annum. | |
+ | | | | | 4.13 |
+ | | | | | per |
+ | | | | | cent.|
+ Act of | | | | | |
+ June 30| | | | | |
+ 1864. | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ ---------+-----------------+--------+-------------+---------+------+
+ | | | | | |
+ Act of | Treasury |2 years |2 years after| 5% per | Par. |
+ March 3,| notes. | | date. | annum | |
+ 1863. | |1 year. |1 year after | 5% per | Par. |
+ | | | date. | annum. | |
+ ---------+-----------------+--------+-------------+---------+------+
+ |Gold certificates| —— |On dem’d. | —— | Par. |
+ ---------+-----------------+--------+-------------+---------+------+
+ Act of | | | | | |
+ March 3,| | | | | |
+ 1864. | Ten-forties. |10 or 40| Af’r Feb. |5 % per | Par. |
+ | | years. | 28, 1874. | annum. | |
+ | | | | | |
+ | Five- |5 or 20 | Aft’r Oct. |6 % per | Par. |
+ | twenties. | years. | 31, 1869. | annum. | |
+ ---------+-----------------+--------+-------------+---------+------+
+ Act of | | | | | |
+ March 1| | | | | |
+ 1862. | | | | | |
+ ---------+-----------------+--------+-------------+---------+------+
+ Act of | Certifica’s |1 year. |1 year after | 6 % per | Par. |
+ March 3,| of indebtedness.| | date. | annum. | |
+ 1863. | | | | | |
+ ---------+-----------------+--------+-------------+---------+------+
+ Act of | | | | | |
+ July 17,| | | | | |
+ 1862. | | | | | |
+ ---------+-----------------+--------+-------------+---------+------+
+ |Postal currency. | —— | —— | —— | Par. |
+ | | | | | |
+ ---------+-----------------+--------+-------------+---------+------+
+
+ ==========+==============+============+============
+ | Amount | Amount | Amount
+ | authorized. | issued. |outstanding.
+ ==========+==============+============+============
+ Act of | | |
+ March 3,| | |
+ 1863. | | |
+ | | |
+ Act of | | |
+ April 12| | |
+ 1866.| | |
+ ---------+--------------+------------+------------
+ Act of | | |
+ Feb. 25 | | |
+ 1862. | | |
+ | | |
+ | $150,000,000| —— |$20,225,070 00
+ March 17,| | |
+ 1862. | | |
+ | | |
+ July 11, | | |
+ 1862. | | |
+ | | |
+ Act of | | |
+ June 30,| | |
+ 1864. | | |
+ ---------+--------------+------------+------------
+ Act of | | |
+ March 3| | |
+ 1863. | 75,000,000| $75,000,000| 75,000,000 00
+ | | |
+ Act of | | |
+ June 30| | |
+ 1864. | | |
+ ---------+--------------+------------+
+ | | |
+ Act of | —— | |
+ March 3,| | 211,000,000| 1,123,830 00
+ 1863. | 400,000,000| |
+ ---------+--------------+------------+
+ |Not specified.| —— | 19,207,520 00
+ ---------+--------------+------------+
+ Act of | | |
+ March 3,| | |
+ 1864. | 200,000,000| 172,770,100|171,409,350 00
+ | | |
+ | | |
+ | —— | —— | 3,882,500 00
+ | | |
+ ---------+--------------+------------+
+ Act of | | |
+ March 1| | |
+ 1862. | | |
+ ---------+--------------+------------+
+ Act of |Not specified.| —— | 36,000 00
+ March 3,| | |
+ 1863. | | |
+ ---------+--------------+------------+
+ Act of | | |
+ July 17,| | |
+ 1862. | | |
+ ---------+--------------+------------+
+ |Not specified.| —— | 5,497,534 93
+ | | |
+ ---------+--------------+------------+
+
+ ===================================================================
+ Acts authorizing Loans, and Synopsis of same.
+ ---------+---------------------------------------------------------
+ Act of |Authorized an issue not exceeding $50,000,000, in
+ March 3,| fractional currency (in lieu of postage or other stamps),
+ 1863. | exchangeable for United States notes in sums not less
+ | than three dollars, and receivable for any dues to the
+ | United States less than five dollars, except duties on
+ | imports. The whole amount issued, including postage and
+ | other stamps issued as currency, not to exceed
+ | $50,000,000. Authority was given to prepare it in the
+ | Treasury Department, under the supervision of the
+ | Secretary.
+ Act of |Authorized an issue in lieu of the issue under acts of
+ June 30,| July 17, 1862, and March 3, 1863, the whole amount
+ 1864. | outstanding under all these acts not to exceed
+ | $50,000,000.
+ ---------+---------------------------------------------------------
+ Act of |Authorized an issue of $400,000,000 of bonds, redeemable
+ June 30,| at the pleasure of the Government, after any period not
+ 1864. | less than five nor more than thirty years, or, if deemed
+ | expedient, made payable at any period nor more than
+ | forty years from date. And said bonds shall bear an
+ | annual interest not exceeding 6 per centum, payable
+ | semi-annually in coin. And the Secretary of the Treasury
+ | may dispose of such bonds, or any part thereof, and of
+ | any bonds commonly known as five-twenties, remaining
+ | unsold, on such terms as he may deem most advisable, for
+ | lawful money of the United States, or, at his discretion,
+ | for Treasury notes, certificates of indebtedness, or
+ | certificates of deposit, issued under any act of Congress.
+ ---------+---------------------------------------------------------
+ Act of |Authorizes an issue of Treasury notes, not exceeding three
+ March 3,| years to run, interest at not over 6 per cent. per annum,
+ 1863. | principal and interest payable in lawful money. Also,
+ | authorizes the issue of, and in lieu of, an equal amount
+ Act of | of bonds authorized by the first section, and as a part
+ June 30,| of said loan, not exceeding $200,000,000, in Treasury
+ 1864. | notes of any denomination not less than ten dollars,
+ | payable at any time not exceeding three years from date,
+ | or, if thought more expedient, redeemable at any time
+ | after three years from date, and bearing interest not
+ | exceeding the rate of 7 3-10 per centum, payable in
+ | lawful money at maturity, or at the discretion of the
+ | Secretary, semi-annually; and such of them as shall be
+ | made payable, principal and interest, at maturity, shall
+ | be a legal-tender to the same extent as United States
+ | notes, for their face value excluding interest, and may
+ | be paid to any creditor of the United States, at their
+ | face value, excluding interest, or to any creditor
+ | willing to receive them at par, including interest; and
+ | any Treasury notes issued under the authority of this
+ | act, may be made convertible, at the discretion of the
+ | Secretary of the Treasury, into any bonds issued under
+ | the authority of this act, and the Secretary may redeem,
+ | and cause to be canceled and destroyed any Treasury
+ | notes or United States notes heretofore issued under
+ | authority of previous acts of Congress, and substitute
+ | in lieu thereof an equal amount of Treasury notes, such
+ | as are authorized by this act, or of other United States
+ | notes; nor shall any Treasury note bearing interest,
+ | issued under this act, be a legal-tender, in payment or
+ | redemption of any notes issued by any bank, banking
+ | association, or banker, calculatedor intended to
+ | circulate as money.
+ Act of |Whole amount may be issued in bonds or Treasury notes, at
+ Jan. 28,| the discretion of the Secretary.
+ 1865. |
+ ---------+---------------------------------------------------------
+ Act of |Authorized an issue of $600,000,000 in bonds or Treasury
+ March 3,| notes; bonds may be made payable at any period not
+ 1865. | more than forty years from the date of issue, or may be
+ | made redeemable at the pleasure of the Government, at
+ | or after any period not less than five years nor more
+ | than forty years from date, or may be made redeemable
+ | and payable as aforesaid, as may be expressed upon their
+ | face, and so much thereof as may be issued in Treasury
+
+ (A) = Rate of interest.
+ (B) = Price of emission.
+ =======+=================+========+=============+=======+
+ | Title. | Length | When | (A) |(B) |
+ | |of Loan.| redeemable. | | |
+ =======+==========+========+=============+=========+====+
+ Act of | | | | | |
+ March 3,| | | | | |
+ 1863.| | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ |Fractional| —— | —— | —— |Par.|
+ | currency.| | | | |
+ Act of | | | | | |
+ June 30,| | | | | |
+ 1864.| | | | | |
+ -------+----------+--------+-------------+---------+----+
+ Act of | | | | | |
+ June 30,| | | | | |
+ 1864. | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ | Five- |5 or 20 |After Oct. |6 % per | — |
+ | twenties.| years. | 31, 1869. | annum. | |
+ | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ -------+----------+--------+-------------+---------+----+
+ Act of | | | | | |
+ March 3,| | | | | +
+ 1863. | Treasury |3 years.|3 years after| 6 % |Par.|
+ | notes. | | date. |comp’d | |
+ Act of | | | |int’est. | |
+ June 30,| | | | | |
+ 1864. | Treasury |3 years.|3 years after| 6 % | — |
+ | notes. | | date. |comp’d | |
+ | | | |int’est. | |
+ | | | | | |
+ | Treasury |3 years.|3 years after| 6 % | — |
+ | notes. | | date. |comp’d | +
+ | | | |int’est. | |
+ | | | | | |
+ | —— | —— | —— | —— | — |
+ | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ | 7.30 |3 years.|3 years after|7.30 % p.|Par.|
+ | Treas. | | August. | annum. | |
+ | notes. | | 15, 1864. | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Act of | | | | | |
+ Jan. 28,| | | | | |
+ 1865.| | | | | |
+ -------+----------+--------+-------------+---------+----+
+ Act of | _See_ | | | | |
+ March 3,| p. 327 | | | | |
+ 1865.| | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+
+ ========+==============+============+===============
+ | Amount | Amount | Amount
+ | authorized. | issued. | outstanding.
+ ========+==============+============+===============
+ Act of | | |
+ March 3,| | |
+ 1863.| | |
+ | | |
+ | $50,000,000 | —— | $22,809,988 59
+ Act of | | |
+ June 30,| | |
+ 1864.| | |
+ -------+--------------+------------+
+ Act of | | |
+ June 30,| | |
+ 1864. | | |
+ | —— | —— | 125,561,300 00
+ | | |
+ -------+--------------+------------+---------------
+ Act of | | |
+ March 3,| + |
+ 1863. | | $17,250,000|
+ | | |
+ Act of | | |
+ June 30,| | |
+ 1864. | Substit’te | 177,045,770| 122,394,480 00
+ | redeemed | |
+ | 5 % notes. | |
+ | | |
+ | | 22,728,390|
+ |--------------+------------+---------------
+ | | |
+ | 400,000,000 | |
+ | | |
+ | —— | 234,400,000|
+ Act of | | |
+ Jan. 28,| | |
+ 1865. | | |
+ -------+--------------+------------+---------------
+ Act of | | |
+ March 3,| | |
+ 1865. | | |
+ | | |
+
+ ===================================================================
+ Acts authorizing Loans, and Synopsis of same.
+ ---------+---------------------------------------------------------
+ Act of | notes may be made convertible into any bonds authorized
+ March 3,| by this act, and be of such denominations, not less than
+ 1865,| fifty dollars, and bear such dates, and be made
+ (_Cont’d._) redeemable or payable at such periods as the Secretary
+ | of the Treasury may deem expedient. The interest on the
+ | bonds payable semi-annually; on Treasury notes
+ | semi-annually, or annually, or at maturity thereof; and
+ | the principal or interest, or both, be made payable in
+ | coin or other lawful money; if in coin, not to exceed 6
+ | per cent. per annum; when not payable in coin, not to
+ | exceed 7 3-10 per cent. per annum. Rate and character
+ | to be expressed on bonds or Treasury notes.
+ ---------+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Acts of |Authorizes the Secretary of the Treasury, at his
+ April 12,| discretion, to receive any Treasury notes or other
+ 1866, | obligations issued under any act of Congress, whether
+ | bearing interest or not, in exchange for any description
+ amendment| of bonds authorized by the act to which this is an
+ to act | amendment; and also to dispose of any description of
+ March 3, | bonds authorized by said act, either in the United
+ 1865. | States or elsewhere, to such an amount, in such manner,
+ | and at such rates as he may think advisable, for lawful
+ | money of the United States, or for any Treasury notes,
+ | certificates of indebtedness, or certificates of deposit,
+ | or other representatives of value, which have been or
+ | which maybe issued under any act of Congress, the
+ | proceeds thereof to be used only for retiring Treasury
+ | notes or other obligations issued under any act of
+ | Congress: but nothing herein contained shall be
+ | construed to authorize any increase of the public debt.
+ ---------+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Acts of |Bonds issued to the Union Pacific Railroad Company, in
+ July 1, | accordance with these acts.
+ 1862, |
+ and |
+ July 2, |
+ 1864. |
+ ---------+----------------------------------------------------------
+ Act of |For the purpose of redeeming and retiring any compound
+ March 2,| interest notes outstanding, the Secretary of the
+ 1867. | Treasury is authorized to issue temporary loan
+ | certificates in the manner prescribed by section four
+ | of the act entitled “An act to authorize the issue of
+ | United States notes and for the redemption or funding
+ | thereof, and for funding the floating debt of the United
+ | States,” approved February twenty-fifth, eighteen
+ | hundred and sixty-two, bearing interest at a rate not
+ | exceeding three per centum per annum, principal and
+ | interest payable in lawful money on demand; and said
+ | certificates of temporary loan may constitute and be
+ | held by any national bank holding or owning the same,
+ | as a part of the reserve provided for in sections
+ | thirty-one and thirty-two of the act entitled “An act
+ | to provide a national currency secured by a pledge of
+ | United States bonds, and to provide for the circulation
+ | and redemption thereof,” approved June three, eighteen
+ | hundred and sixty-four: _Provided_, That not less
+ | than two-fifths of the entire reserve of such bank shall
+ | consist of lawful money of the United States: _And
+ | provided further_, That the amount of such temporary
+ | certificates at any time outstanding shall not exceed
+ | fifty millions of dollars.
+
+ (A) = Rate of interest.
+ (B) = Price of emission.
+ =========+===========+========+===========+========+====+
+ | Title. | Length | When | (A) |(B) |
+ | |of Loan.|redeemable.| | |
+ =========+===========+========+===========+========+====+
+ Act of | | | | | |
+ March 3,| | | | | |
+ 1865,| +————————+ Af’r Aug. +————————+ |
+ (_Cont’d_)7.30 Treas.| 3 | 14, 1867.| 7.3-10 |Par.|
+ | notes, 3 | yrs. | Af’r June | per | |
+ | issues. | | 14, 1868.| cent. | |
+ | +————————+ Af’r July +————————+ |
+ | | | 14, 1868.| | |
+ | | | | | |
+ | Five- |5 or 20 | Aft’r Oct.|6 % per |Par.|
+ |twenties. | years. | 31, 1870.|annum. | |
+ | | | | | |
+ ---------+-----------+--------+-----------+--------+----+
+ Acts of | | | | | |
+ April 12,| —— | —— | Af’r June |6 % per |Par.|
+ 1866, | | | 30, 1870. |annum. | |
+ amendment| | | | | |
+ to act | | | | | |
+ March 3, | | | | | |
+ 1865. | | | | | |
+ ---------+-----------+--------+-----------+--------+----+
+ Acts of | | | | | |
+ July 1, |Un. Pacific|30 y’rs.| Aft’r Jan.|6 % per |Par.|
+ 1862, | R. R. Co.| | 15, 1895. |annum. | |
+ and | bonds. | | | | |
+ July 2, | | | | | |
+ 1864. | | | | | |
+ | | | | | |
+ Act of | | | | | |
+ March 2,| | | | | |
+ 1867. | | | | | |
+
+ =========+==============+============+==================
+ | Amount | Amount | Amount
+ | authorized. | issued. | outstanding.
+ =========+==============+============+==================
+ Act of | | | $488,647,425 00
+ March 3,| | |
+ 1865,| | |
+ (_Cont’d_) $600,000,000 | —— |
+ | | |
+ | —— | —— |
+ | | | 181,427,250 00
+ ---------+--------------+------------+
+ Acts of | | |
+ April 12,| —— | —— | 301,880,250 00
+ 1866, | | |
+ amendment| | |
+ to act | | |
+ March 3, | | |
+ 1865. | | |
+ ---------+--------------+------------+
+ Acts of | | |
+ July 1, | —— | —— | 14,762,000 00
+ 1862, | | |
+ and | | |
+ July 2, | | |
+ 1864. | | |
+ ---------+ | |
+ Act of | | |
+ March 2,| | |
+ 1867. | | |
+ | | |
+ | | +——————————————————
+ | | | $2,692,199,215 12
+
+STATISTICAL VIEW OF THE STATES, ETC.
+
+ _Showing dates of acts creating Territories, and admitting
+ States—Time of holding general elections—Number
+ of Representatives in Congress—Date of general
+ elections in the several States, with number of
+ Representatives and Senators—Terms of office—Times of
+ meeting—Location of capitals, etc._
+
+ (A) = No. Members of Congress.
+ ================+====================+=============================+
+ States and | A| Settled. | Date of Act creating |
+ Territories. | | By whom. |Date.| Territory. State. |
+ ----------------+--+-----------+-----+--------------+--------------+
+ Alabama |17|French |1713 | Mar. 3, 1817| Mar. 2, 1819|
+ Arkansas | 2|French |1670 | Mar. 2, 1819| June 15, 1836|
+ California | 3|Span’d |1769 | | Sept. 9, 1850|
+ Connecticut[7] | 4|Engl. |1633 | | |
+ Delaware[7] | 1|Swedes |1627 | | |
+ Florida | 1|Span’d |1564 | Mar. 3, 1823| Mar. 3, 1845|
+ Georgia[7] | 8|Engl. |1733 | | |
+ Illinois |13|French |1749 | Feb. 3, 1809| Dec. 3, 1818|
+ Indiana |11|French |1730 | May 7, 1800| Apr. 19, 1816|
+ Iowa | 6|Amer. |1835 | June 12, 1838| Mar. 3, 1845|
+ Kansas | 1|Amer. |1850 | May 30, 1854| Jan. 29, 1861|
+ Kentucky | 9|Vir’ns |1775 | | June 1, 1792|
+ Louisiana | 4|French |1699 | Mar. 26, 1801| Feb. 20, 1811|
+ Maine | 5|Engl. |1630 | | Mar. 15, 1820|
+ Maryland[7] | 5|Engl. |1634 | | |
+ Massachusetts[7]|10|Engl. |1620 | | |
+ Michigan | 6|French |1670 | Jan. 11, 1805| Jan. 26, 1837|
+ Minnesota | 2|Amer. |1817 | Mar. 3, 1849| May 14, 1858|
+ Mississippi | 5|French |1716 | Apr. 7, 1798| Dec. 10, 1817|
+ Missouri | 9|French |1763 | Mar. 3, 1805| Mar. 6, 1820|
+ N. Hampshire[7] | 3|Engl. |1623 | | |
+ New Jersey[7] | 5|Swedes |1627 | | |
+ New York[7] |31|Dutch |1613 | | |
+ N. Carolina[7] | 8|Engl. |1650 | | |
+ Nevada | 1|Amer. |1860 | Mar. 2, 1861| Oct. 31, 1864|
+ Nebraska | 1|Amer. |1850 | May 30, 1854| Mar. 4, 1867|
+ Ohio |19|Va & N. Eng|1788 | July 13, 1787| Apr. 30, 1802|
+ Oregon | 1|Engl. |1796 | Aug. 14, 1848| Feb. 12, 1859|
+ Pennsylvania[7] |24|Engl. |1682 | | |
+ Rhode Island[7] | 2|Engl. |1631 | | |
+ S. Carolina[7] | 6|Engl. |1689 | | |
+ Tennessee |10|NC & Va |1765 | May 26, 1790| June 1, 1796|
+ Texas | 2|Span’d |1690 | | Dec. 29, 1845|
+ Vermont | 3|Engl. |1763 | | Mar. 4, 1791|
+ Virginia[7] |13|Engl. |1607 | | |
+ West Virginia | 3|Amer. |—— | | Dec. 31, 1862|
+ Wisconsin | 6|Amer. |1831 | Apr. 30, 1836| Aug. 6, 1846|
+ Colorado Ter.[8]| 1|Amer. |1860 | Mar. 2, 1861| |
+ Dakota Ter.[8] | 1|Amer. |1860 | Mar. 2, 1861| |
+ New Mexico T.[8]| 1|Span’d |1598 | Sept. 9, 1850| |
+ Utah Ter.[8] | 1|Amer. |1847 | Sept. 9, 1850| |
+ Washington T.[8]| 1|Amer. |1848 | Mar. 2, 1853| |
+ Columbia, D. of | |Md & Va |—— | July 10, 1790| |
+ ================+==============+=====+==============+==============+=
+
+[7] One of the original thirteen States of the Union.
+
+[8] Delegates from Territories who may speak on Territorial questions,
+but have no vote.
+
+ (B) = Number.
+ (C) = Term. Years.
+ ================+============+=====+===========+==+==============+
+ States and | Time of holding | Representatives.|
+ Territories. | general elections. | B | C |
+ ----------------+------------------------------+---------+-------+
+ Alabama |1st Mon. Aug. | 100| 2 |
+ Arkansas |1st Mon. Aug. | 75| 2 |
+ California |Tues. after 1st Mon. Sept | 36| 1 |
+ Connecticut |1st Mon. April. | 232| 1 |
+ Delaware |2d Tues. Nov. | 21| 1 |
+ Florida |1st Mon. Oct. | 40| 1 |
+ Georgia |1st Mon. Oct. bienn. | 150| 2 |
+ Illinois |Tues. af. 1st Mon. Nov. bienn.| 75| 2 |
+ Indiana |2d Tues. Oct. | 100| 1 |
+ Iowa |2d Tues. Oct. | 56| 2 |
+ Kansas |2d Tues. Nov. | 40| 2 |
+ Kentucky |1st Mon. Aug. | 100| 2 |
+ Louisiana |1st Mon. Nov. | 88| 2 |
+ Maine |2d Mon. Sept. | 151| 1 |
+ Maryland |1st Wed. Nov. | 81| 2 |
+ Massachusetts |Tues. af. 1st Mon. Nov. | 240| 1 |
+ Michigan |Tues. af. 1st Mon. Nov. | 74| 2 |
+ Minnesota |2d Tues. Oct. | 42| 1 |
+ Mississippi |1st Mon. Oct. | 92| 2 |
+ Missouri |1st Mon. Aug. | 130| 2 |
+ N. Hampshire |2d Tues. March. | 338| 1 |
+ New Jersey |Tues. aft. 1st Mon. Nov. | 60| 1 |
+ New York |Tues. aft. 1st Mon. Nov. | 128| 1 |
+ N. Carolina |1st Thurs. Aug. | 120| 2 |
+ Nevada |1st Tu. af. 1st Mon. Nov. | 26| 1 |
+ Nebraska | | 26| 1 |
+ Ohio |2d Tues. Oct. | 100| 2 |
+ Oregon |1st Mon. June. | 34| 2 |
+ Pennsylvania |2d Tues. Oct. | 100| 1 |
+ Rhode Island |1st Wed. April. | 72| 1 |
+ S. Carolina |2d Mon. Oct. | 124| 2 |
+ Tennessee |1st Thurs. Aug. | 75| 2 |
+ Texas |1st Mon. Aug. | 66| 2 |
+ Vermont |1st Tues. Sept. | 230| 1 |
+ Virginia |4th Thurs. May. | 152| 2 |
+ West Virginia |4th Thurs. Oct. | | |
+ Wisconsin |Tues. aft. 1st Mon. Nov. | 97| 1 |
+ Colorado Ter. | | 26| 1 |
+ Dakota Ter. | | 26| 1 |
+ New Mexico T. | | 26| 1 |
+ Utah Ter. | | 26| 1 |
+ Washington T. | | 18| 1 |
+ Columbia, D. of | | | |
+ ================+==============================+=========+=======+
+
+ (D) = Number.
+ (E) = Term. Years.
+ (F) = Governor’s term of office. Years.
+ ===============+=========+=======================+=+===============
+ States and |Senators.| Time of Meeting of |F|State Capitals.
+ Territories. | D | E | Legislatures. | |
+ ---------------+-----+---+-----------------------+-+---------------
+ Alabama | 33| 4|2d Mon. Nov. bienn. |2|Montgomery.
+ Arkansas | 25| 4|1st Mon. Nov. bienn. |4|Little Rock.
+ California | 16| 2|1st Mon. Jan. |2|Sacramento.
+ Connecticut | 21| 1|1st Wed. May. |1|Hartford.
+ Delaware | 9| 4|1st Tues. Jan. bienn. |4|Dover.
+ Florida | 19| 4|4th Mon. Nov. ” |4|Tallahassee.
+ Georgia | 52| 2|1st Mon. Nov. ” |2|Milledgeville.
+ Illinois | 25| 4|2d Mon. Jan. ” |4|Springfield.
+ Indiana | 50| 4|Th. af. 1st M. Jan. ” |4|Indianapolis.
+ Iowa | 30| 4|2d Mon. Jan. bienn. |2|Des Moines.
+ Kansas | 25| 2|1st Wed. Jan. |2|Lecompton.
+ Kentucky | 38| 4|1st Mon. Dec. bienn. |4|Frankfort.
+ Louisiana | 32| 4|3d Mon. Jan. |4|Baton Rouge.
+ Maine | 31| 1|1st Wed. Jan. |1|Augusta.
+ Maryland | 22| 4|1st Wed. Jan. bienn. |4|Annapolis.
+ Massachusetts | 40| 1|1st Wed. Jan. |1|Boston.
+ Michigan | 32| 2|1st Wed. Jan. bienn. |2|Lansing.
+ Minnesota | 21| 2|1st Tu. af. 1st M. Jan.|2|St. Paul.
+ Mississippi | 32| 4|1st Mon. Nov. bienn. |2|Jackson.
+ Missouri | 33| 4|Last. Mon. Dec. ” |4|Jefferson City.
+ N. Hampshire | 12| 1|1st Wed. June. |1|Concord.
+ New Jersey | 21| 3|2d Tues. Jan. |3|Trenton.
+ New York | 32| 2|1st Tues. Jan. |2|Albany.
+ N. Carolina | 50| 2|3d Mon. Nov. bienn. |2|Raleigh.
+ Nevada | 13| 2|12th Dec. |4|Carson.
+ Nebraska | 13| 2| |4|Omaha.
+ Ohio | 35| 2|1st Mon. Jan. bienn. |2|Columbus.
+ Oregon | 16| 4|2d Mon. Sept. ” |4|Salem.
+ Pennsylvania | 33| 3|1st Tues. Jan. |3|Harrisburg.
+ Rhode Island | 32| 1|Last Tues. May. |1|Providence.
+ S. Carolina | 46| 4|4th Mon. Nov. |2|Columbia.
+ Tennessee | 25| 2|1st Mon. Oct. bienn. |2|Nashville.
+ Texas | 21| 4|1st Mon. Dec. ” |2|Austin.
+ Vermont | 30| 1|2d Tues. Oct. |1|Montpelier.
+ Virginia | 50| 4|1st Mon. Dec. bienn. |4|Richmond.
+ West Virginia | | |20th June. | |Wheeling.
+ Wisconsin | 30| 2|2d Wed. Jan. |2|Madison.
+ Colorado Ter. | 13| 2| |4|Denver.
+ Dakota Ter. | 13| 2| |4|Yankton.
+ New Mexico T. | 13| 2| |4|Santa Fe.
+ Utah Ter. | 13| 2| |4|Gt. Salt L. City
+ Washington T. | 9| 2| |4|Olympia.
+ Columbia, D. of| | | | |Washington.
+ ===============+=====+===+=======================+=+================
+
+ [U. S. Senators serve 6 years, and each State is entitled to two.]
+
+ (Position of Southern States represented as they stood before
+ seceding.)
+
+
+
+
+PLATFORMS OF 1860-1864.
+
+
+PLATFORM OF THE BRECKINRIDGE PARTY OF 1860.
+
+_Resolved_, That the platform adopted by the Democratic party at
+Cincinnati be affirmed, with the following explanatory resolutions:
+
+1. That the government of a territory organized by an act of Congress
+is provisional and temporary, and during its existence all citizens of
+the United States have an equal right to settle with their property
+in the territory, without their rights, either in person or property,
+being destroyed by congressional or territorial legislation.
+
+2. That it is the duty of the Federal Government, in all its
+departments, to protect the rights of persons and property in the
+territories, and wherever else its constitutional authority extends.
+
+3. That when the settlers in a territory, having an adequate
+population, form a State Constitution, the right of sovereignty
+commences, and being consummated by their admission into the Union,
+they stand on an equality with the people of other States, and a State
+thus organized ought to be admitted into the Federal Union, whether its
+constitution prohibits or recognizes the institution of slavery.
+
+4. That the Democratic party are in favor of the acquisition of Cuba,
+on such terms as shall be honorable to ourselves and just to Spain, at
+the earliest practicable moment.
+
+5. That the enactments of State Legislatures to defeat the faithful
+execution of the Fugitive Slave Law are hostile in character,
+subversive of the Constitution, and revolutionary in their effect.
+
+6. That the Democracy of the United States recognize it as an
+imperative duty of the government to protect the naturalized citizen in
+all his rights, whether at home or in foreign lands, to the same extent
+as its native born citizens.
+
+WHEREAS, One of the greatest necessities of the age, in a political,
+commercial, postal, and military point of view, is a speedy
+communication between the Pacific and Atlantic coasts; therefore, be it
+resolved,
+
+7. That the National Democratic party do hereby pledge themselves to
+use every means in their power to secure the passage of some bill,
+to the extent of the Constitutional authority by Congress, for the
+construction of a railroad to the Pacific Ocean, at the earliest
+practicable moment.
+
+
+PLATFORM OF THE DOUGLAS PARTY OF 1860.
+
+_Resolved_, That we, the Democracy of the Union in Convention
+assembled, hereby declare our affirmation of the resolutions
+unanimously adopted and declared as a platform of principles by the
+Democratic Convention at Cincinnati, in the year 1856, believing that
+Democratic principles are unchangeable in their nature when applied
+to the same subject matter, and we recommend as our only further
+resolutions the following:
+
+That inasmuch as differences of opinion exist in the Democratic party
+as to the nature and extent of the powers of a Territorial Legislature,
+and as to the powers and duties of Congress, under the Constitution of
+the United States, over the institution of slavery in the territories;
+
+_Resolved_, That the Democratic party will abide by the decision of the
+Supreme Court of the United States over the institution of slavery in
+the territories.
+
+_Resolved_, That it is the duty of the United States to afford ample
+and complete protection to all its citizens, at home or abroad, and
+whether native or foreign born.
+
+_Resolved_, That one of the necessities of the age, in a military,
+commercial, and postal point of view, is a speedy communication between
+the Atlantic and Pacific States, and the Democratic party pledge such
+constitutional enactment as will insure the construction of a railroad
+to the Pacific coast at the earliest practical period.
+
+_Resolved_, That the Democratic party are in favor of the acquisition
+of the Island of Cuba, on such terms as shall be honorable to ourselves
+and just to Spain.
+
+_Resolved_, That the enactments of State Legislatures to defeat the
+faithful execution of the Fugitive Slave Law are hostile in character,
+subversive to the Constitution, and revolutionary in their effect.
+
+_Resolved_, That it is in accordance with the Cincinnati Platform,
+that during the existence of Territorial Governments, the measure of
+restriction, whatever it may be, imposed by the Federal Constitution
+on the power of the Territorial Legislature over the subject of the
+domestic relations, as the same has been or shall hereafter be decided
+by the Supreme Court of the United States, should be respected by all
+good citizens, and enforced with promptness and fidelity by every
+branch of the General Government.
+
+
+THE REPUBLICAN PLATFORM OF 1860.
+
+_Resolved_, That we, the delegated representatives of the Republican
+electors of the United States, in Convention assembled, in the
+discharge of the duty we owe to our constituents and our country, unite
+in the following resolutions:
+
+1. That the history of the nation during the last four years has
+fully established the propriety and necessity of the organization and
+perpetuation of the Republican party, and that the causes which called
+it into existence are permanent in their nature, and now, more than
+ever, demand its peaceful and constitutional triumph.
+
+2. That the maintenance of the principles promulgated in the
+Declaration of Independence, and embodied in the Federal Constitution,
+that “all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator
+with certain inalienable rights, among which are those of life, liberty
+and the pursuit of happiness, and that Governments are instituted among
+men to secure the enjoyment of these rights, deriving their just power
+from the consent of the governed”—are essential to the preservation of
+our republican institutions, and that the Federal Constitution, the
+rights of the States, and the union of the States, must and shall be
+preserved.
+
+3. That to the union of the States this nation owes its unprecedented
+increase in population, its surprising developments of material
+resources; its rapid augmentation of wealth; its happiness at home and
+its honor abroad; and we hold in abhorrence all schemes for disunion,
+come from whatever source they may; and we congratulate the country
+that no Republican member of Congress has uttered or countenanced
+the threats of disunion as often made by the Democratic members of
+Congress, without rebuke and with applause from their political
+associates; and we denounce those threats of disunion in case of a
+popular overthrow of their ascendancy, as denying the vital principles
+of a free Government, and as an avowal of contemplated treason which
+it is the imperative duty of an indignant people sternly to rebuke and
+forever silence.
+
+4. That the maintenance inviolate, of the rights of the States, and
+especially of each State, to order and control its own domestic
+institutions according to its own judgment exclusively, is essential
+to that balance of power on which the perfection and endurance of our
+political fabric depends; and we denounce the lawless invasion by armed
+force of the soil of any State or Territory, no matter under what
+pretext, as one of the gravest of crimes.
+
+5. That the present Democratic Administration has far exceeded our
+worst apprehensions in the measureless subserviency to the exactions of
+a sectional interest, as especially evinced in its desperate exertions
+to force the infamous Lecompton Constitution upon the protesting
+people of Kansas, construing the relation between master and servant
+to involve an unqualified property in persons; in its attempted
+enforcement everywhere, on land and sea, through the intervention of
+Congress and of the Federal Courts, of the extreme pretensions of a
+purely local interest; and in its general and unvarying abuse of the
+power entrusted to it by a confiding people.
+
+6. That the people justly view with alarm the reckless extravagance
+which pervades every department of the Federal Government. That a
+return to right economy and accountability is indispensable to arrest
+the plunder of the public treasury by favored partisans, while the
+recent startling developments of frauds and corruption at the Federal
+metropolis show that an entire change of administration is imperatively
+demanded.
+
+7. That the new dogma that the Constitution of its own force carries
+slavery into any or all the Territories of the United States, in a
+dangerous political heresy, at variance with the explicit provisions
+of that instrument itself, with contemporaneous exposition, and with
+legislative and judicial precedents, that it is revolutionary in its
+tendency and subversive of the peace and harmony of the country.
+
+8. That the nominal condition of all the territory of the United
+States is that of freedom; that as our Republican fathers, when they
+had abolished slavery in all our national territory, ordained that
+no person should be deprived of life, liberty or property without
+due process of law, it becomes our duty by legislation, whenever
+such legislation is necessary, to maintain this provision of the
+Constitution against all attempts to violate it; and we deny the
+authority of Congress, or a Territorial Legislature, or of any
+individual, to give legal existence to slavery in any Territory of the
+United States.
+
+9. That we brand the recent re-opening of the African Slave Trade,
+under the cover of our national flag, aided by perversions of judicial
+power, as a crime against humanity, and a burning shame to our country
+and age; and we call upon Congress to take prompt and efficient
+measures for the total and final suppression of that execrable traffic.
+
+10. That in the recent vetoes by their Federal Governors of the acts of
+the Legislatures of Kansas and Nebraska, prohibiting slavery in these
+Territories, we find a practical illustration of the boasted Democratic
+principles of non-intervention and Popular Sovereignty, embodied in
+the Kansas-Nebraska bill, and a demonstration of the deception and
+fraud involved therein.
+
+11. That Kansas should, of right, be immediately admitted as a State
+under the Constitution recently formed and adopted by her people, and
+accepted by the House of Representatives.
+
+12. That while providing revenue for the support of the General
+Government, by duties upon imports, sound policy requires such an
+adjustment of these imports as to encourage the development of the
+industrial interests of the whole country, and we commend that policy
+of National Exchange which secures to the working men liberal wages,
+agriculture remunerative prices, to merchants and manufacturers an
+adequate reward for their skill, labor and enterprise, and to the
+nation commercial prosperity and independence.
+
+13. That we protest against any sale or alienation to others of the
+public lands held by actual settlers, and against any view of the free
+homestead policy, which regards the settlers as paupers or suppliants
+for public bounty, and we demand the passage by Congress of the
+complete and satisfactory homestead measure which has already passed
+the House.
+
+14. That the National Republican party is opposed to any change in our
+naturalization laws, or any State Legislation, by which the rights of
+citizenship hitherto accorded to immigrants from foreign lands shall
+be abridged or impaired, and in favor of giving a full and efficient
+protection to the rights of all classes of citizens, whether native or
+naturalized, both at home and abroad.
+
+15. That appropriations by Congress for river and harbor improvements
+of a national character, is required for the accommodation and security
+of an existing commerce, or authorized by the Constitution and
+justified by the obligation of the Government to protect the lives and
+property of its citizens.
+
+16. That a railroad to the Pacific ocean is imperatively demanded by
+the interests of the whole country; and that the Federal Government
+ought to render immediate and efficient aid in its construction, and
+that preliminary thereto, a daily overland mail should be promptly
+established.
+
+17. Finally, having thus set forth our distinctive principles and
+views, we invite the co-operation of all citizens, however differing in
+other questions, who substantially agree with us, in their affirmance
+and support.
+
+
+PLATFORM OF THE NATIONAL CONSTITUTIONAL PARTY OF 1860.
+
+The Union, the Constitution and the Laws.
+
+
+UNION PLATFORM, ADOPTED AT BALTIMORE JUNE 8, 1864.
+
+_Resolved_, That it is the highest duty of every American citizen to
+maintain against all its enemies, the integrity of the Union, and
+the paramount authority of the Constitution and laws of the United
+States, and that, laying all political opinions aside, we pledge
+ourselves, as Union men, animated by a common sentiment, and aiming at
+a common object, to do everything in our power to aid the Government
+in quelling, by force of arms, the rebellion now raging against its
+authority, and bringing to the punishment due to their crimes, the
+rebels and traitors arrayed against it.
+
+_Resolved_, That we approve the determination of the Government of the
+United States not to compromise with rebels, or to offer any terms of
+peace, except such as may be based upon an unconditional surrender of
+their hostility, &c., and a return to their just allegiance to the
+Constitution and laws of the United States, and that we call upon the
+Government to maintain this position, and to prosecute the war with the
+utmost possible vigor to the complete suppression of the rebellion,
+in full reliance upon the self-sacrifices, the patriotism, the heroic
+valor, and the undying devotion of the American people to their country
+and its free institutions.
+
+_Resolved_, That slavery was the cause and now constitutes the strength
+of the rebellion, and that as it must be always and everywhere hostile
+to the principles of Republican Governments, justice and the national
+safety demand its utter and complete extirpation from the soil of the
+Republic, and that we uphold and maintain the acts and proclamations,
+by which the Government, in its own defence, has aimed a death blow at
+this gigantic evil. We are in favor, furthermore, of such an amendment
+to the Constitution, to be made by the people in conformity with its
+provisions, as shall terminate and forever prohibit the existence of
+slavery within the limits of the jurisdiction of the United States.
+
+_Resolved_, That the thanks of the American people are due to the
+soldiers and sailors of the army and navy, who have periled their lives
+in defence of their country, and in vindication of the honor of the
+flag; that the nation owes them some permanent recognition of their
+patriotism and their valor, and ample and permanent provision for those
+of their survivors who have received disabling and honorable wounds
+in the service of their country, and that the memories of those who
+have fallen in its defense shall be held in grateful and everlasting
+remembrance.
+
+[Illustration: ABRAHAM LINCOLN.]
+
+_Resolved_, That we approve and applaud the political wisdom, the
+unselfish patriotism and unswerving fidelity to the Constitution
+and the principles of American liberty with which Abraham Lincoln
+has discharged, under circumstances of unparalleled difficulty, the
+great duties and responsibilities of the Presidential office; that we
+approve and endorse, as demanded by the emergency and essential to
+the preservation of the nation, and as within the Constitution, the
+measures and acts which he has adopted to defend the nation against its
+open and secret foes; especially the Proclamation of Emancipation, and
+the employment, as Union soldiers, of men heretofore held in slavery,
+and that we have full confidence in his determination to carry these
+and all other Constitutional measures, essential to the salvation of
+the country, into full and complete effect.
+
+_Resolved_, That we deem it essential to the general welfare, that
+harmony should prevail in the national councils, and we regard as
+worthy of public confidence and official trust those only who cordially
+endorse the principle proclaimed in these resolutions, and which should
+characterize the administration of the Government.
+
+_Resolved_, That the Government owes to all men employed in its armies,
+without distinction of color, the full protection of the laws of war,
+and any violation of these laws and of the usages of civilized nations
+in the time of war, by the rebels now in arms, should be made the
+subject of full and prompt redress.
+
+_Resolved_, That the foreign immigration, which in the past has added
+so much to the wealth and development of resources and increase of
+power to this nation, the asylum of the oppressed of all nations,
+should be fostered and encouraged by a liberal and just policy.
+
+_Resolved_, That we are in favor of the speedy construction of the
+railroad to the Pacific.
+
+_Resolved_, That the national faith is pledged for the redemption
+of the public debt and must be kept inviolate; and that for this
+purpose we recommend economy and rigid responsibilities in the public
+expenditures, and a vigorous and just system of taxation; that it
+is the duty of every loyal State to sustain the use of the national
+currency.
+
+_Resolved_, That we approve the position taken by the Government, that
+the people of the United States can never regard with indifference the
+attempt of European power to overthrow by force, or to supplant by
+fraud, the institutions of any Republican government on the Western
+Continent, and that they will view with extreme jealousy, as menacing
+to the peace and independence of this our country, the efforts of
+any such power to obtain new footholds for monarchical governments
+sustained by a foreign military force in near proximity to the United
+States.
+
+
+FREMONT PLATFORM, ADOPTED AT CLEVELAND, MAY 31, 1864.
+
+1. That the Federal Union must be preserved.
+
+2. That the Constitution and laws of the United States must be observed
+and obeyed.
+
+3. That the rebellion must be suppressed by the force of arms, and
+without compromise.
+
+4. That the rights of Free Speech, Free Press, and the Habeas Corpus
+must be held inviolate, save in districts where martial law has been
+proclaimed.
+
+5. That the rebellion has destroyed slavery, and the Federal
+Constitution should be amended to prohibit its re-establishment.
+
+6. That the right for asylum, except for crime, and subject to law,
+is a recognized principle—a principle of American liberty; that any
+violation of it must not be overlooked, and must not go unrebuked.
+
+7. That the National policy known as the Monroe doctrine has become a
+recognized principle, and that the establishment of an anti-republican
+government on this continent by a foreign power can not be tolerated.
+
+8. That the gratitude and support of the nation is due to the faithful
+soldiers, and the earnest leaders of the Union army and navy, for their
+heroic achievements and valor in defense of our imperiled country and
+of civil liberty.
+
+9. That the one term policy for the Presidency adopted by the people
+is strengthened by the existing crisis, and shall be maintained by
+constitutional amendments.
+
+10. That the constitution shall be so amended that the President and
+Vice-President shall be elected by a direct vote of the people.
+
+11. That the reconstruction of the rebellious States belongs to the
+people through their representatives in Congress, and not to the
+Executive.
+
+12. That the confiscation of the lands of the rebels and their
+distribution among the soldiers and actual settlers is a measure of
+justice; that integrity and economy are demanded at all times in the
+measures of the government, and that now the want of this is criminal.
+
+
+
+
+NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC PLATFORM OF 1864.
+
+
+_Resolved_, That in the future, as in the past, we will adhere with
+unswerving fidelity to the Union under the Constitution as the only
+solid foundation of our strength, security and happiness as a people,
+and as a framework of government equally conducive to the welfare and
+prosperity of all the States, both Northern and Southern.
+
+_Resolved_, That this Convention does explicitly declare, as the sense
+of the American people, that after four years of failure to restore
+the Union by the experiment of war, during which, under the pretense
+of military necessity or war power higher than the Constitution, the
+Constitution itself has been disregarded in every part, and public
+liberty and private right alike trodden down, and the material
+prosperity of the country essentially impaired, justice, humanity,
+liberty and the public welfare demand that immediate efforts be made
+for a cessation of hostilities with a view to an ultimate convention of
+the States, or other peaceable means, to the end that at the earliest
+practical moment peace may be restored on the basis of the Federal
+Union of the States.
+
+_Resolved_, That the direct interference of the military authorities of
+the United States in the recent elections held in Kentucky, Maryland,
+Missouri and Delaware was a shameful violation of the Constitution,
+and a repetition of such acts in the approaching election will be held
+as revolutionary, and resisted with all the means and power under our
+control.
+
+_Resolved_, That the aim and object of the Democratic party is to
+preserve the Federal Union and the rights of the States unimpaired,
+and they hereby declare that they consider that the administrative
+usurpation of extraordinary and dangerous powers not granted by the
+Constitution, the subversion of the civil by military law in States not
+in insurrection, the arbitrary military arrest, imprisonment, trial and
+sentence of American citizens in States where the civil law exists in
+full force, the suppression of freedom of speech and of the press, the
+denial of the right of asylum, the open and avowed disregard of State
+rights, the employment of unusual test oaths, and the interference
+with, and denial of the right of the people to bear arms in their
+defense, is calculated to prevent a restoration of the Union and the
+perpetuation of the Government deriving its just powers from the
+consent of the governed.
+
+_Resolved_, That the shameful disregard of the Administration to its
+duty in respect to our fellow-citizens who now are, and long have
+been, prisoners of war in a suffering condition, deserves the severest
+reprobation on the score alike of public policy and common humanity.
+
+_Resolved_, That the sympathy of the Democratic party is heartily and
+earnestly extended to the soldiery of our army and sailors of our navy
+who are and have been in the field and on the sea, under the flag of
+their country, and in the event of its attaining power, they will
+receive all the care, protection and regard that the brave soldiers and
+sailors of the Republic have so nobly earned.
+
+
+
+
+LIEUTENANT-GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT,
+
+
+Was born at Mount Pleasant, Clermont county, Ohio. It seems that the
+only marked traits of character he exhibited in early boyhood were
+energy, industry, will. His educational advantages, at this period,
+were those of the common, country school—no more.
+
+In the year 1839, at the age of seventeen, he entered the United
+States Military Academy at West Point, from which he graduated on the
+30th day of January, 1843. During his stay at this Institution he
+manifested that untiring industry, close application and unconquerable
+will which distinguished his boyhood, and which have constituted so
+conspicuous an element of his military character. It appears, however,
+that he was never regarded as a genius; and the grade he sustained
+on the day of graduation—that of 21 in a class of about 42—would not
+indicate extraordinary advancement in the studies assigned him. But it
+was remarked by those who conducted him through his Academic course,
+as it has been by those who have observed his military career, that
+he never lost an inch of the ground gained at each successive step in
+his progress. At his graduation it is said he possessed a “practical
+knowledge of the use of the rifled musket, the field piece, mortar,
+siege, and sea-coast guns, small sword and bayonet, as well as the
+construction of field works, and the fabrication of all munitions and
+_materiel_ of war.”
+
+At the close of his Academic course, he entered the United States
+regular army as a Brevet Second Lieutenant of infantry. At this time,
+the United States being at peace with all nations, Grant was attached
+as a Supernumerary Lieutenant to the fourth infantry, then stationed on
+the frontier in Missouri and Missouri Territory, and engaged in keeping
+down the Indian tribes that at that time were very troublesome to the
+early settlers of that region. Here Grant had not been many months when
+he was ordered, with his regiment, to join the army of General Taylor,
+in Texas. Soon after this, Corpus Christi, an important port on the
+Texan shore, was taken possession of by the American army as a base of
+operations against the Mexicans, between whom and the United States
+disputes respecting certain imaginary boundary lines were fast ripening
+into a war; and it was here that Grant received his commission as full
+Second Lieutenant of Infantry. This commission dated from the 30th day
+of September, 1845. On the 8th day of May, 1846, he participated in the
+battle of Palo Alto, and although not noticed in the official reports,
+was spoken of by his comrades as having displayed great gallantry. He
+was likewise engaged in the subsequent brilliant operations of General
+Taylor along the banks of the Rio Grande. On the 23d of September,
+1846, he took part, with great credit to himself, in the splendid
+affair at Monterey. It is a noteworthy fact that, although Grant’s
+conduct in every one of these engagements was highly meritorious, he
+remained in the back ground, claiming no honors or promotions, but
+quietly biding his time.
+
+After the formal declaration of war by the United States, against
+Mexico, he was transferred to the command of General Scott, and
+subsequently (March 29, 1847,) participated in the siege of Vera Cruz.
+Immediately after this affair, he was appointed the Quartermaster of
+his regiment, which office he retained throughout the Mexican campaign.
+He was, however, honored with the appointment, on the field, of First
+Lieutenant, to date from the 8th of September, 1847, for gallant and
+distinguished voluntary services rendered on that day in the famous
+battle of Molino del Ray. Congress afterwards wished to confirm the
+appointment as a mere brevet, but Grant refused to accept it under such
+circumstances.
+
+On the 13th of September, 1847, he was made Brevet Captain of the
+regular army for gallant conduct in the battle of Chepultepec, which
+battle occurred on the preceding day. On the 16th of November, 1847, he
+was commissioned a First Lieutenant in the fourth regiment of regular
+infantry, still retaining his brevet rank of Captain.
+
+At the close of the Mexican war, Grant, upon the distribution of his
+regiment in companies and sections among the various Northern frontier
+defences, along the borders of the States of Michigan and New York,
+took command of his company in one of these defences. His regiment
+having been afterwards consolidated and ordered to the Department of
+the Pacific, Grant, with his own and some other companies, was sent
+into Oregon to Fort Dallas. He received his full promotion to Captain
+of infantry, in August, 1853, and was, shortly afterwards, attached to
+the Department of the West; but, not regarding military so favorable
+to progress as civil life, he resigned his connection with the United
+States army on the 31st day of July, 1854, after which he resided near
+the city of St. Louis, Missouri, until the year 1859. Here he resided
+on a small farm, occupying himself in winter by hauling wood to the
+Carondelet market, and during the summer in the collection of debts,
+for which latter business, it is said, he had little capacity.
+
+In the year 1859, he embarked in the leather trade with his father,
+the firm opening business in the city of Galena, Illinois. Grant
+continued in the leather business, driving a prosperous trade, up to
+the breaking out of the Rebellion in 1861, when he offered his services
+to his country, upon the first call for volunteers, and was appointed
+by Governor Yates as Commander-in-Chief of the Illinois forces and
+mustering officer of Illinois volunteers. Desiring active service
+in the field, he resigned his appointment as mustering officer, and
+accepted the Colonelcy of the 21st regiment of Illinois volunteers,
+with a commission dating from June 15, 1861. In August, 1861, Colonel
+Grant was promoted to the rank of Brigadier General of volunteers, his
+commission dating from May 17, 1861.
+
+Shortly after this he was appointed commandant of the post at
+Cairo—which post included the Missouri shore of the Mississippi river,
+from Cape Girardeau to New Madrid, and the opposite shore, to the point
+of land on which Cairo stands. This position Grant filled with great
+ability, checkmating, by his adroit maneuvering, the efforts of the
+rebels to occupy, permanently, southern Kentucky, and conducting those
+successful expeditions against Forts Henry and Donelson, which opened
+the way to the occupation of Western Tennessee.
+
+On the 16th of February, 1862, the day after the surrender of Fort
+Donelson, he was appointed Major-General of volunteers, and was placed
+in command of an expedition up the Tennessee river against the rebels
+in and about Corinth, under command of Johnston and Beauregard. This
+expedition terminated in the great battle of Shiloh or Pittsburg
+Landing—which battle, occupying two days, (April 6th and 7th, 1862,)
+was one of the bloodiest of the war, and resulted in the defeat of the
+rebels and their retreat upon Corinth.
+
+For the immense slaughter which attended this battle, General Grant was
+very severely censured by the people, generally, throughout the Western
+States.
+
+Soon after this, General Halleck having assumed command of the army
+before Corinth, and that place having fallen into the hands of the
+United States forces by evacuation, an important change took place in
+the army, which resulted in the assignment of General Grant to the
+District of West Tennessee, and the promotion of General Halleck to the
+office of General-in-Chief. The former soon after formed the plan of
+opening the Mississippi river to its mouth. Memphis having been given
+up to our troops, the chief obstacle in the way of the prosecution of
+the design were Vicksburg and Port Hudson.
+
+After a series of expeditions and battles, land and naval, in which
+the courage and fortitude of the Union troops were no less prominently
+exhibited than the superior engineering powers and unyielding
+stubbornness of General Grant, Vicksburg was reduced by siege, and was
+occupied by Grant on the 4th of July, 1863; and directly after this
+(July 8, 1863) followed the surrender of Port Hudson to General N. P.
+Banks.
+
+On the 16th of October, 1863, the Departments of the Ohio, of the
+Cumberland, and of the Tennessee were formed into the Military
+Division of the Mississippi, under the command of General Grant.
+The General, however, was not long in this position until, the grade
+of Lieutenant-General having been revived, he was promoted to that
+office—which office gave him control of the entire forces of the
+United States. This appointment was made in February, 1864, and was
+immediately followed by the most active, thorough preparations for a
+movement upon Richmond by the Army of the Potomac under the personal
+command of General Grant, and an expedition against Atlanta under
+command of General Sherman. After the battles of the Wilderness,
+Spottsylvania Court House and the siege of Petersburg, Lee’s retreat
+was cut off by the rapid movements which Grant instituted, and on the
+9th of April, just one week after the last great battle, the army of
+Northern Virginia capitulated. Soon after the rebel General Johnston
+surrendered to General Sherman, on the same terms granted by Grant to
+Lee, and the great civil war was ended. Grant was appointed Secretary
+of War _ad interim_, August 12th, 1867, and filled the office with
+distinction until January 14, 1868, at which time Secretary Stanton was
+reinstated by Congress. On the 21st of May, 1868, he was unanimously
+nominated for the Presidential chair by the Republican Convention,
+which met at Chicago.
+
+
+
+
+THE TENURE-OF-OFFICE BILL.
+
+(PASSED MARCH 2, 1867.)
+
+
+_Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
+United States of America in Congress assembled_, That every person
+holding any civil office to which he has been appointed by and with
+the advice and consent of the Senate, and every person who shall
+hereafter be appointed to any such office, and shall become duly
+qualified to act therein, is, and shall be entitled to hold such office
+until a successor shall, in like manner, have been appointed and duly
+qualified, except as herein otherwise provided: _Provided_, That the
+Secretaries of State, of the Treasury, of War, of the Navy, and of the
+Interior, the Postmaster-General, and the Attorney-General shall hold
+their offices respectively for and during the term of the President
+by whom they may have been appointed, and for one month thereafter,
+subject to removal by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.
+
+SEC. 2. That when any officer, appointed as aforesaid, excepting Judges
+of the United States Courts, shall, during a recess of the Senate,
+be shown, by evidence satisfactory to the President to be guilty
+of misconduct in office, or crime, or for any reason shall become
+incapable or legally disqualified to perform its duties, in such case,
+and in no other, the President may suspend such officer and designate
+some suitable person to perform temporarily the duties of such office
+until the next meeting of the Senate, and until the case shall be acted
+upon by the Senate, and such person so designated, shall take the oaths
+and give the bonds required by law to be taken and given by the person
+duly appointed to fill such office, and in such case it shall be the
+duty of the President, within twenty days after the first day of such
+next meeting of the Senate, to report to the Senate such suspension
+with the evidence and reasons for his actions in the case, and the name
+of the person so designated to perform the duties of such office. And
+if the Senate shall concur in such suspension, and advise and consent
+to the removal of such officer, they shall so certify to the President,
+who may thereupon remove such officer, and by and with the advice and
+consent of the Senate, appoint another person to such office. But if
+the Senate shall refuse to concur in such suspension, such officer
+so suspended shall forthwith resume the functions of his office, and
+the powers of the person so performing its duties in his stead shall
+cease, and the official salary and emoluments of such officer shall,
+during such suspension, belong to the person so performing the duties
+thereof, and not to the officer so suspended: _Provided, however_, That
+the President in case he shall become satisfied that such suspension
+was made on insufficient grounds shall be authorized at any time before
+reporting such suspension to the Senate, as above provided, to revoke
+such suspension and reinstate such officer in the performance of the
+duties of his office.
+
+SEC. 3. That the President shall have power to fill all vacancies
+which may happen during the recess of the Senate by reason of death
+or resignation, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end
+of their next session thereafter. And if no appointment by and with
+the advice and consent of the Senate shall be made to such office so
+vacant or temporarily filled as aforesaid, during such next session of
+the Senate, such office shall remain in abeyance without any salary,
+fees, or emoluments attached thereto until the same shall be filled by
+appointment thereto by and with the advice and consent of the Senate,
+and during such time all the powers and duties belonging to such office
+shall be exercised by such other officer as may by law exercise such
+powers and duties in case of a vacancy in such office.
+
+SEC. 4. That nothing in this act contained shall be construed to extend
+the term of any office, the duration of which is limited by law.
+
+SEC. 5. That if any person shall, contrary to the provisions of this
+act, accept any appointment to, or employment in, any office, or shall
+hold or exercise, or attempt to hold or exercise any such office or
+employment, he shall be deemed, and is hereby declared to be guilty of
+a high misdemeanor, and upon trial and conviction thereof, he shall be
+punished therefor by a fine not exceeding ten thousand dollars, or by
+imprisonment not exceeding five years, or both said punishments, in the
+discretion of the court.
+
+SEC. 6. That every removal, appointment, or employment made, had, or
+exercised contrary to the provisions of this act, and the making,
+signing, sealing, countersigning, or issuing of any commission or
+letter of authority for or in respect to any such appointment or
+employment, shall be deemed and are hereby declared to be high
+misdemeanors, and upon trial and conviction thereof, every person
+guilty thereof shall be punished by a fine not exceeding ten
+thousand dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding five years, or
+both said punishments in the discretion of the court: _Provided_,
+That the President shall have power to make out and deliver after
+the adjournment of the Senate, commissions for all officers whose
+appointments shall have been advised and consented to by the Senate.
+
+SEC. 7. That it shall be the duty of the Secretary of the Senate, at
+the close of each session thereof, to deliver to the Secretary of the
+Treasury, and to each of his assistants, and to each of the auditors,
+and to each of the comptrollers in the treasury, and to the treasurer
+and to the register of the treasury, a full and complete list, duly
+certified, of all the persons who shall have been nominated to and
+rejected by the Senate during such session, and a like list of all the
+offices to which nominations shall have been made and not confirmed and
+filled at such session.
+
+SEC. 8. That whenever the President shall, without the advice and
+consent of the Senate, designate, authorize, or employ any person
+to perform the duties of any office, he shall forthwith notify the
+Secretary of the Treasury thereof, and it shall be the duty of the
+Secretary of the Treasury thereupon to communicate such notice to all
+the proper accounting and disbursing officers of his department.
+
+SEC. 9. That no money shall be paid or received from the Treasury, or
+paid or received from or retained out of any public moneys or funds of
+the United States, whether in the Treasury or not to or by or for the
+benefit of any person appointed to or authorized to act in or holding
+or exercising the duties or functions of any office contrary to the
+provisions of this act, nor shall any claim, account, voucher, order,
+certificate, warrant, or other instrument providing for or relating to
+such payment, receipt, or retention, be presented, passed, allowed,
+approved, certified, or paid by any officer of the United States or by
+any person exercising the functions or performing the duties of any
+office or place of trust under the United States for or in respect to
+such office or the exercising or performing the functions or duties
+thereof; and every person who shall violate any of the provisions of
+this section, shall be guilty of a high misdemeanor, and upon trial and
+conviction thereof, shall be punished therefor by a fine not exceeding
+ten thousand dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding ten years, or
+both said punishments in the discretion of the court.
+
+
+
+
+IMPEACHMENT OF PRESIDENT JOHNSON.
+
+
+The events which led to the impeachment of President Johnson, may be
+briefly stated as follows: On the 21st of February, 1868, the President
+issued an order to Mr. Stanton, removing him from office as Secretary
+of War, and another to General Lorenzo Thomas, Adjutant-General of
+the Army, appointing him Secretary of War _ad interim_, directing the
+one to surrender and the other to receive, all the books, papers, and
+public property belonging to the War Department. As these orders fill
+an important place in the history of the impeachment, we give them
+here. The order to Mr. Stanton reads:
+
+“By virtue of the power and authority vested in me as President by the
+Constitution and laws of the United States, you are hereby removed from
+office as Secretary for the Department of War, and your functions as
+such will terminate upon the receipt of this communication. You will
+transfer to Brevet Major-General Lorenzo Thomas, Adjutant-General of
+the Army, who has this day been authorized and empowered to act as
+Secretary of War _ad interim_, all records, books, papers, and other
+public property now in your custody and charge.”
+
+The order to General Thomas reads:
+
+“The Hon. Edwin M. Stanton having been this day removed from office
+as Secretary for the Department of War, you are hereby authorized and
+empowered to act as Secretary of War _ad interim_, and will immediately
+enter upon the discharge of the duties pertaining to that office. Mr.
+Stanton has been instructed to transfer to you all the records, books,
+and other public property now in his custody and charge.”
+
+These orders having been officially communicated to the Senate, that
+body, after an earnest debate, passed the following resolution:
+
+“_Resolved by the Senate of the United States_, That under the
+Constitution and laws of the United States the President has no power
+to remove the Secretary of War and designate any other officer to
+perform the duties of that office.”
+
+[Illustration: ANDREW JOHNSON.]
+
+The President, upon the 24th, sent a message to the Senate, arguing
+at length that not only under the Constitution, but also under the
+laws as now existing, he had the right of removing Mr. Stanton and
+appointing another to fill his place. The point of his argument is:
+That by a special proviso in the Tenure-of-Office Bill the various
+Secretaries of Departments “shall hold their offices respectively
+for and during the term of the President by whom they may have been
+appointed, and for one month thereafter, subject to removal by and with
+the advice of the Senate.” The President affirms that Mr. Stanton was
+appointed not by him, but by his predecessor, Mr. Lincoln, and held
+office only by the sufferance, not the appointment, of the present
+Executive; and that therefore his tenure is, by the express reading of
+the law excepted from the general provision, that every person duly
+appointed to office “by and with the advice and consent of the Senate,”
+etc., shall be “entitled to hold office until a successor shall have
+been in like manner appointed and duly qualified, except as herein
+otherwise provided.” The essential point of the President’s argument,
+therefore, is that, as Mr. Stanton was not appointed by him, he had,
+under the Tenure-of-Office Bill, the right at any time to remove him;
+the same right which his own successor would have, no matter whether
+the incumbent had, by sufferance, not by appointment of the existing
+Executive, held the office for weeks or even years. “If,” says the
+President, “my successor would have the power to remove Mr. Stanton,
+after permitting him to remain a period of two weeks, because he was
+not appointed by him, I who have tolerated Mr. Stanton for more than
+two years, certainly have the same right to remove him, and upon
+the same ground, namely, that he was not appointed by me but by my
+predecessor.”
+
+In the meantime General Thomas presented himself at the War Department
+and demanded to be placed in the position to which he had been assigned
+by the President. Mr. Stanton refused to surrender his post, and
+ordered General Thomas to proceed to the apartment which belonged to
+him as Adjutant-General. This order was not obeyed, and so the two
+claimants to the Secretaryship of War held their ground. A sort of
+legal by-play then ensued. Mr. Stanton entered a formal complaint
+before Judge Carter, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the District
+of Columbia, charging that General Thomas had illegally exercised
+and attempted to exercise the duties of Secretary of War; and had
+threatened to “forcibly remove the complainant from the buildings and
+apartments of the Secretary of War in the War Department, and forcibly
+take possession and control thereof under his pretended appointment by
+the President of the United States as Secretary of War _ad interim_;”
+and praying that he might be arrested and held to answer this charge.
+General Thomas was accordingly arrested, and held to bail in the sum
+of $15,000 to appear before the court on the 24th. Appearing on that
+day he was discharged from custody and bail; whereupon he entered an
+action against Mr. Stanton for false imprisonment, laying his damages
+at $150,000.
+
+On the 22d of February the House Committee on Reconstruction, through
+its Chairman, Mr. Stevens, presented a brief report, merely stating
+the fact of the attempted removal by the President of Mr. Stanton, and
+closing as follows:
+
+“Upon the evidence collected by the Committee, which is hereafter
+presented, and in virtue of the powers with which they have been
+invested by the House, they are of the opinion that Andrew Johnson,
+President of the United States, should be impeached of high crimes and
+misdemeanors. They, therefore, recommend to the House the adoption of
+the following resolution:
+
+“_Resolved_, That Andrew Johnson, President of the United States be
+impeached of high crimes and misdemeanors.”
+
+After earnest debate, the question on the resolution was adopted, on
+the 24th, by a vote of 126 to 47. A committee of two members—Stevens
+and Bingham—were to notify the Senate of the action of the House; and
+another committee of seven—Boutwell, Stevens, Bingham, Wilson, Logan,
+Julian, and Ward—to prepare the articles of impeachment. On the 25th
+(February) Mr. Stevens thus announced to the Senate the action which
+had been taken by the House:
+
+“In obedience to the order of the House of Representatives we have
+appeared before you, and in the name of the House of Representatives
+and of all the people of the United States, we do impeach Andrew
+Johnson, President of the United States, of high crimes and
+misdemeanors in office. And we further inform the Senate that the House
+of Representatives will in due time exhibit particular articles of
+impeachment against him, to make good the same; and in their name we
+demand that the Senate take due order for the appearance of the said
+Andrew Johnson to answer to the said impeachment.”
+
+The Senate thereupon, by a unanimous vote, resolved that this message
+from the House should be referred to a select Committee of Seven, to be
+appointed by the chair, to consider the same and report thereon. This
+Committee subsequently made a report laying down the rules of procedure
+to be observed on the trial.
+
+On the 29th of February the Committee of the House appointed for that
+purpose presented the articles of impeachment which they had drawn up.
+These, with slight modification, were accepted on the 2d of March. They
+comprise nine articles, eight of which are based upon the action of the
+President in ordering the removal of Mr. Stanton, and the appointment
+of General Thomas as Secretary of War. The general title to the
+impeachment is:
+
+“Articles exhibited by the House of Representatives of the United
+States, in the name of themselves and all the people of the United
+States, against Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, as
+maintenance and support of their impeachment against him for high
+crimes and misdemeanors in office.”
+
+Each of the articles commences with a preamble to the effect that the
+President, “unmindful of the high duties of his office, of his oath
+of office, and of the requirements of the Constitution that he should
+take care that the laws be faithfully executed, did unlawfully and in
+violation of the laws and Constitution of the United States, perform
+the several acts specified in the articles respectively;” closing
+with the declaration: “Whereby the said Andrew Johnson, President of
+the United States, did then and there commit and was guilty of a high
+misdemeanor in office.” The phraseology is somewhat varied. In some
+cases the offense charged is designated as a “misdemeanor,” in others
+as a “crime.” The whole closes thus:
+
+“And the House of Representatives, by protestation, saving to
+themselves the liberty of exhibiting at any time hereafter any further
+articles or other accusation or impeachment against the said Andrew
+Johnson, President of the United States, and also of replying to his
+answers which he shall make to the articles herein preferred against
+him, and of offering proof to the same and every part thereof, and to
+all and every other article, accusation, or impeachment which shall be
+exhibited by them as the case shall require, do demand that the said
+Andrew Johnson may be put to answer the high crimes and misdemeanors
+in office herein charged against him, and that such proceedings,
+examinations, trials, and judgments may be thereupon had and given as
+may be agreeable to law and justice.”
+
+The following is a summary in brief of the points in the articles of
+impeachment, legal and technical phraseology being omitted:
+
+_Article 1._ Unlawfully ordering the removal of Mr. Stanton
+as Secretary of War, in violation of the provisions of the
+Tenure-of-Office Act.—_Article 2._ Unlawfully appointing General
+Lorenzo Thomas as Secretary of War _ad interim_.—_Article 3_ is
+substantially the same as Article 2, with the addition that there was
+at the time of the appointment of General Thomas no vacancy in the
+office of Secretary of War.—_Article 4_ charges the President with
+“conspiring with one Lorenzo Thomas and other persons, to the House
+of Representatives unknown,” to prevent, by intimidation and threats,
+Mr. Stanton, the legally-appointed Secretary of War, from holding that
+office.—_Article 5_ charges the President with conspiring with General
+Thomas and others to hinder the execution of the Tenure-of-Office
+Act; and, in pursuance of this conspiracy, attempting to prevent Mr.
+Stanton from acting as Secretary of War.—_Article 6_ charges that the
+President conspired with General Thomas and others to take forcible
+possession of the property in the War Department.—_Article 7_ repeats
+the charge, in other terms, that the President conspired with General
+Thomas and others to hinder the execution of the Tenure-of-Office Act,
+and to prevent Mr. Stanton from executing the office of Secretary of
+War.—_Article 8_ again charges the President with conspiring with
+General Thomas and others to take possession of the property in the War
+Department.—_Article 9_ charges that the President called before him
+General Emory, who was in command of the forces in the Department of
+Washington, and declared to him that a law, passed on the 30th of June,
+1867, directing that “all orders and instructions relating to military
+operations, issued by the President or Secretary of War, shall be
+issued through the General of the Army, and, in case of his inability,
+through the next in rank,” was unconstitutional, and not binding upon
+General Emory; the intent being to induce General Emory to violate the
+law, and to obey orders issued directly from the President.
+
+The foregoing articles of impeachment were adopted on the 2d of March,
+the votes upon each slightly varying, the average being 125 ayes to
+40 nays. The question then came up of appointment of managers on the
+part of the House to conduct the impeachment before the Senate. Upon
+this question the Democratic members did not vote; 118 votes were cast,
+60 being necessary to a choice. The following was the result, the
+number of votes cast for each elected manager being given: Stevens, of
+Penn., 105; Butler, of Mass., 108; Bingham, of Ohio, 114; Boutwell,
+of Mass., 113; Wilson, of Iowa, 112; Williams, of Penn., 107; Logan,
+of Ill., 106. The foregoing seven Representatives were, therefore,
+duly chosen as Managers of the Bill of Impeachment. The great body of
+the Democratic members of the House entered a formal protest against
+the whole course of proceedings involved in the impeachment of the
+President. They claimed to represent “directly or in principle more
+than one-half of the people of the United States.” This protest was
+signed by forty-five Representatives.
+
+On the 3d the Board of Managers presented two additional articles of
+impeachment, which were adopted by the House. The first charges, in
+substance, that
+
+“The President, unmindful of the high duties of his office and of
+the harmony and courtesies which ought to be maintained between the
+executive and legislative branches of the Government of the United
+States, designing to set aside the rightful authority and powers of
+Congress, did attempt to bring into disgrace the Congress of the United
+States and the several branches thereof, to impair and destroy the
+regard and respect of all the good people of the United States for the
+Congress and legislative power thereof, and to excite the odium and
+resentment of all the good people of the United States against Congress
+and the laws by it enacted; and in pursuance of his said design openly
+and publicly, and before divers assemblages convened in divers parts
+thereof to meet and receive said Andrew Johnson as the Chief Magistrate
+of the United States, did on the 18th day of August, in the year of
+our Lord 1866, and on divers other days and times, as well before as
+afterward, make and deliver with a loud voice certain intemperate,
+inflammatory, and scandalous harangues, and did therein utter loud
+threats and bitter menaces as well against Congress as the laws of the
+United States duly enacted thereby.”
+
+To this article are appended copious extracts from speeches of Mr.
+Johnson. The second article is substantially as follows:
+
+[Illustration: GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT.]
+
+“The President did, on the 18th day of August, 1866, at the City of
+Washington, by public speech, declare and affirm in substance that the
+Thirty-ninth Congress of the United States was not a Congress of the
+United States, authorized by the Constitution to exercise legislative
+power under the same, but, on the contrary, was a Congress of only
+a part of the States, thereby denying and intending to deny that
+the legislation of said Congress was valid or obligatory upon him,
+except in so far as he saw fit to approve the same, and did devise
+and contrive means by which he might prevent Edwin M. Stanton from
+forthwith resuming the functions of the office of Secretary for the
+Department of War; and, also, by further unlawfully devising and
+contriving means to prevent the execution of an act entitled ’An act
+making appropriations for the support of the army for the fiscal year
+ending June 30, 1868, and for other purposes,’ approved March 2, 1867;
+and also to prevent the execution of an act entitled ‘An act to provide
+for the more efficient government of the rebel States,’ passed March 2,
+1867, did commit and was guilty of a high misdemeanor in office.”
+
+On the 4th of March the Senate notified the House that they were ready
+to receive the Managers of the Impeachment. They appeared, and the
+articles were formally read. The Senate had meanwhile adopted the rules
+of procedure. Chief Justice Chase sent a communication to the Senate
+to the effect that this body, when acting upon an impeachment, was
+a Court presided over by the Chief Justice, and that all orders and
+rules should be framed by the Court. On the 5th the Court was formally
+organized. An exception was taken to the eligibility of Mr. Wade as
+a member of the Court, on the ground that he was a party interested,
+since, in the event of the impeachment being sustained, he, as
+President of the Senate, would become Acting President of the United
+States. This objection was withdrawn, and Mr. Wade was sworn as a
+member of the Court. On the 7th the summons for the President to appear
+was formally served upon him. On the 13th the Court was again formally
+reopened. The President appeared by his counsel, Hon. Henry Stanbery,
+of Ohio; Hon. Wm. M. Evarts, of New York; Hon. Wm. S. Groesbeck, of
+Ohio; Hon. Benjamin R. Curtis, of Massachusetts; Hon. Thomas A. R.
+Nelson, of Tennessee, who asked for forty days to prepare an answer
+to the indictment. This was refused, and ten days granted; it being
+ordered that the proceedings should reopen on the 23d. Upon that day
+the President appeared by his counsel, and presented his answer to the
+articles of impeachment. This reply was in substance as follows:
+
+The first eight articles in the Bill of Impeachment, as briefly summed
+up in our last record, are based upon the action of the President in
+ordering the removal of Mr. Stanton, and the temporary appointment
+of General Thomas as Secretary of War. The gist of them is contained
+in the first article, charging the unlawful removal of Mr. Stanton;
+for, this failing, the others would fail also. To this article a
+considerable part of the President’s answer is devoted. It is mainly
+an amplification of the points put forth in the Message of February
+24th, in which he gave his reasons for his orders. The President
+cites the laws by which this department of the administration was
+created, and the rules laid down for the duties pertaining to it;
+prominent among which are: that the Secretary shall “conduct the
+business of the department in such manner as the President of the
+United States shall from time to time order and instruct;” and that
+he should “hold the office during the pleasure of the President;”
+and that Congress had no legal right to deprive the President of the
+power to remove the Secretary. He was, however, aware that the design
+of the Tenure-of-Office Bill was to vest this power of removal, in
+certain cases, jointly in the Executive and the Senate; and that,
+while believing this act to be unconstitutional, yet it having been
+passed over his veto by the requisite majority of two-thirds, he
+considered it to be his duty to ascertain in how far the case of Mr.
+Stanton came within the provisions of this law; after consideration,
+he came to the conclusion that the case did not come within the
+prohibitions of the law, and that, by that law he still had the right
+of removing Mr. Stanton; but that, wishing to have the case decided by
+the Supreme Court, he, on the 12th of August, issued the order merely
+suspending, not removing, Mr. Stanton, a power expressly granted by
+the Tenure-of-Office Act, and appointed General Grant Secretary of
+War _ad interim_. The President then recites the subsequent action in
+the case of Mr. Stanton; and, as he avers, still believing that he
+had the constitutional power to remove him from office, issued the
+order of February 21st, for such removal, designing to thus bring the
+matter before the Supreme Court. He then proceeds formally to deny that
+at this time Mr. Stanton was in lawful possession of the office of
+Secretary of War; and that, consequently, the order for his removal was
+in violation of the Tenure-of-Office Act; and that it was in violation
+of the Constitution or of any law; or that it constituted any official
+crime or misdemeanor.
+
+In regard to the seven succeeding articles of impeachment the
+President, while admitting the facts of the order appointing General
+Thomas as Secretary of War _ad interim_, denies all and every of the
+criminal charges therein set forth. So of the ninth article, charging
+an effort to induce General Emory to violate the law, the President
+denies all such intent, and calls attention to the fact that while,
+for urgent reasons, he signed the bill prescribing that orders to the
+army should be issued only through the General, he at the same time
+declared it to be, in his judgment, unconstitutional; and affirms that
+in his interview with General Emory he said no more than he had before
+officially said to Congress—that is, that the law was unconstitutional.
+
+As to the tenth article, the first of the supplementary ones, the
+President, while admitting that he made certain public speeches at the
+times and places specified, does not admit that the passages cited are
+fair reports of his remarks; denies that he has ever been unmindful of
+the courtesies which ought to be maintained between the executive and
+legislative departments; but he claims the perfect right at all times
+to express his views as to all public matters.
+
+The reply to the eleventh article, the second supplementary one, is
+to the same general purport, denying that he ever affirmed that the
+Thirty-ninth Congress was not a valid Congress of the United States,
+and its acts obligatory only as they were approved by him; and denying
+that he had, as charged in the article, contrived unlawful means for
+preventing Mr. Stanton from resuming the functions of Secretary of
+War, or for preventing the execution of the act making appropriations
+for the support of the army, or that to provide for the more efficient
+government of the rebel States. In his answer to this article the
+President refers to his reply to the first article, in which he sets
+forth at length all the steps, and the reasons therefor, relating to
+the removal of Mr. Stanton. In brief, the answer of the President to
+the articles of impeachment is a general denial of each and every
+criminal act charged in the articles of impeachment.
+
+The counsel for the President then asked for a delay of thirty days
+after the replication of the managers of the impeachment should
+have been rendered, before the trial should formally proceed. This
+was refused, and the managers of the impeachment stated that their
+replication would be presented the next day: it was that,
+
+“The Senate will commence the trial of the President upon the articles
+of impeachment exhibited against him on Monday, the 30th day of March,
+and proceed therein with all dispatch under the rules of the Senate,
+sitting upon the trial of an impeachment.”
+
+The replication of the House of Representatives was a simple denial of
+each and every averment in the answer of the President, closing thus:
+
+“The House of Representatives ... do say that the said Andrew Johnson,
+President of the United States, is guilty of the high crimes and
+misdemeanors mentioned in the said articles, and that the said House of
+Representatives are ready to prove the same.”
+
+The trial began, as appointed, on March 30. There being twenty-seven
+States represented, there were fifty-four Senators, who constituted
+the Court, presided over by Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase, of
+Ohio. SENATORS: _California_, Cole, Conness; _Connecticut_, Dixon,
+Ferry; _Delaware_, Bayard, Saulsbury; _Indiana_, Hendricks, Morton;
+_Illinois_, Trumbull, Yates; _Iowa_, Grimes, Harlan; _Kansas_, Pomeroy,
+Ross; _Kentucky_, Davis, McCreery; _Maine_, Fessenden, Morrill (Lot
+M.); _Maryland_, Johnson, Vickers; _Massachusetts_, Sumner, Wilson;
+_Michigan_, Chandler, Howard; _Minnesota_, Norton, Ramsay; _Missouri_,
+Drake, Henderson; _Nebraska_, Thayer, Tipton; _Nevada_, Nye, Stewart;
+_New Hampshire_, Cragin, Patterson (J. W.); _New Jersey_, Cattell,
+Frelinghuysen; _New York_, Conklin, Morgan; _Ohio_, Sherman, Wade;
+_Oregon_, Corbett, Williams; _Pennsylvania_, Buckalew, Cameron; _Rhode
+Island_, Anthony, Sprague; _Tennessee_, Fowler, Patterson (David);
+_Vermont_, Edmunds, Morrill (J. S.); _West Virginia_, Van Winkle,
+Willey; _Wisconsin_, Doolittle, Howe.
+
+_Managers for the Prosecution_: Messrs. Bingham, Boutwell, Butler,
+Logan, Stevens, Williams, Wilson.
+
+_Counsel for the President_: Messrs. Curtis, Evarts, Groesbeck, Nelson,
+Stanbery.
+
+The following was the order of procedure: The Senate convened at 11 or
+12 o’clock, and was called to order by the president of that body, who,
+after prayer, would leave the chair, which was immediately assumed by
+the Chief Justice, who wore his official robes. The prosecution was
+mainly conducted by Mr. Butler, who examined the witnesses, and, in
+conjunction with the others, argued the points of law which came up.
+The defense, during the early part of the trial, was mainly conducted
+by Mr. Stanbery, who had resigned the office of Attorney-General for
+this purpose, but, being taken suddenly ill, Mr. Evarts took his place.
+According to the rule at first adopted, the trial was to be opened by
+one counsel on each side, and summed up by two on each side; but this
+rule was subsequently modified so as to allow as many of the managers
+and counsel as chose to sum up, either orally or by filing written
+arguments.
+
+
+THE PROSECUTION.
+
+The whole of the first day (March 30) was occupied by the opening
+speech of Mr. Butler. After touching upon the importance of the case,
+and the wisdom of the framers of the Constitution in providing for its
+possible occurrence, he laid down the following proposition, supporting
+it by a copious array of authorities and precedents:
+
+“We define, therefore, an impeachable high crime or misdemeanor to be
+one, in its nature or consequences, subversive of some fundamental or
+essential principle of government, or highly prejudicial to the public
+interest, and this may consist of a violation of the Constitution, of
+law, of an official oath, or of duty, by an act committed or omitted,
+or, without violating a positive law, by the abuse of discretionary
+powers from improper motives, or for any improper purpose.”
+
+He then proceeded to discuss the nature and functions of the tribunal
+before which the trial is held. He asked: “Is this proceeding a trial,
+as that term is understood, so far as relates to the rights and
+duties of a court and jury upon an indictment for crime? Is it not
+rather more in the nature of an inquest?” The Constitution, he urged,
+“seems to have determined it to be the latter, because, under its
+provisions, the right to retain and hold office is the only subject
+to be finally adjudicated; all preliminary inquiry being carried on
+solely to determine that question, and that alone.” He then proceeded
+to argue that this body now sitting to determine the accusation, is
+the Senate of the United States, and not a court. This question is of
+consequence, he argued, because, in the latter case, it would be bound
+by the rules and precedents of common law statutes; the members of the
+court would be liable to challenge on many grounds; and the accused
+might claim that he could only be convicted when the evidence makes the
+fact clear beyond reasonable doubt, instead of by a preponderance of
+the evidence. The fact that in this case the Chief Justice presides,
+it was argued, does not constitute the Senate thus acting a court; for
+in all cases of impeachment, save that of the President, its regular
+presiding officer presides. Moreover, the procedures have no analogy
+to those of an ordinary court of justice. The accused merely receives
+a notice of the case pending against him. He is not required to appear
+personally, and the case will go on without his presence. Mr. Butler
+thus summed up his position in this regard:
+
+“A constitutional tribunal solely, you are bound by no law, either
+statute or common, which may limit your constitutional prerogative. You
+consult no precedents save those of the law and custom of parliamentary
+bodies. You are a law unto yourselves, bound only by the natural
+principles of equity and justice, and that _salus populi suprema est
+lex_.”
+
+Mr. Butler then proceeded to consider the articles of impeachment. The
+first eight, he says, “set out, in several distinct forms, the acts of
+the President in removing Mr. Stanton and appointing General Thomas,
+differing, in legal effect, in the purposes for which, and the intent
+with which, either or both of the acts were done, and the legal duties
+and rights infringed, and the Acts of Congress violated in so doing.”
+In respect to all of these articles, Mr. Butler says, referring to his
+former definition of what constituted an impeachable high crime:
+
+“All the articles allege these acts to be in contravention of his oath
+of office, and in disregard of the duties thereof. If they are so,
+however, the President might have the power to do them under the law.
+Still, being so done, they are acts of official misconduct, and, as we
+have seen, impeachable. The President has the legal power to do many
+acts which, if done in disregard of his duty, or for improper purposes,
+then the exercise of that power is an official misdemeanor. For
+example, he has the power of pardon; if exercised, in a given case, for
+a corrupt motive, as for the payment of money, or wantonly pardoning
+all criminals, it would be a misdemeanor.”
+
+Mr. Butler affirmed that every fact charged in the first article,
+and substantially in the seven following, is admitted in the reply
+of the President; and also that the general intent to set aside the
+Tenure-of-Office Act is therein admitted and justified. He then
+proceeded to discuss the whole question of the power of the President
+for removals from office, and especially his claim that this power was
+imposed upon the President by the Constitution, and that it could not
+be taken from him, or be vested jointly in him and the Senate, partly
+or in whole. This, Mr. Butler affirmed, was the real question at issue
+before the Senate and the American people. He said:
+
+“Has the President, under the Constitution, the more than royal
+prerogative at will to remove from office, or to suspend from office,
+all executive officers of the United States, either civil, military
+or naval, and to fill the vacancies, without any restraint whatever,
+or possibility of restraint, by the Senate or by Congress, through
+laws duly enacted? The House of Representatives, in behalf of the
+people, join issue by affirming that the exercise of such powers
+is a high misdemeanor in office. If the affirmative is maintained
+by the respondent, then, so far as the first eight articles are
+concerned—unless such corrupt purposes are shown as will of themselves
+make the exercise of a legal power a crime—the respondent must go, and
+ought to go, quit and free.”
+
+This point as to the legal right of the President to make removals
+from office, which constitutes the real burden of the articles of
+impeachment, was argued at length. Mr. Butler assumed that the Senate,
+by whom, in conjunction with the House, the Tenure-of-Office Act had
+been passed over the veto of the President, would maintain the law to
+be constitutional. The turning point was whether the special case of
+the removal of Mr. Stanton came within the provisions of this law. This
+rested upon the proviso of that law, that—
+
+“The Secretaries shall hold their office during the term of the
+President by whom they may have been appointed, and for one month
+thereafter, subject to removal by and with the advice and consent of
+the Senate.”
+
+The extended argument upon this point, made by Mr. Butler, was to the
+effect that Mr. Stanton having been appointed by Mr. Lincoln, whose
+term of office reached to the 4th of March, 1869, that of Mr. Stanton
+existed until a month later, unless he was previously removed by
+the concurrent action of the President and Senate. The point of the
+argument is, that Mr. Johnson is merely serving out the balance of
+the term of Mr. Lincoln, cut short by his assassination, so that the
+Cabinet officers appointed by Mr. Lincoln held their places, by this
+very proviso, during that term and for a month thereafter; for, he
+argued, if Mr. Johnson was not merely serving out the balance of Mr.
+Lincoln’s term, then he is entitled to the office of President for four
+full years, that being the period for which a President is elected. If,
+continues the argument, Mr. Stanton’s commission was vacated by the
+Tenure-of-Office Act, it ceased on the 4th of April, 1865; or, if the
+act had no retroactive effect, still, if Mr. Stanton held office merely
+under his commission from Mr. Lincoln, then his functions would have
+ceased upon the passage of the bill, March 2, 1867; and, consequently,
+Mr. Johnson, in “employing” him after that date as Secretary of War,
+was guilty of a high misdemeanor, which would give ground for a new
+article of impeachment.
+
+After justifying the course of Mr. Stanton in holding on to the
+secretaryship in opposition to the wish of the President, on the
+ground that “to desert it now would be to imitate the treachery of
+his accidental chief,” Mr. Butler proceeded to discuss the reasons
+assigned by the President in his answer to the articles of impeachment
+for the attempt to remove Mr. Stanton. These, in substance, were, that
+the President believed the Tenure-of-Office Act was unconstitutional,
+and, therefore, void and of no effect, and that he had the right to
+remove him and appoint another person in his place. Mr. Butler urged
+that, in all of these proceedings, the President professed to act
+upon the assumption that the act was valid, and that his action was
+in accordance with its provisions. He then went on to charge that the
+appointment of General Thomas as Secretary of War _ad interim_, was
+a separate violation of law. By the act of February 20, 1863, which
+repealed all previous laws inconsistent with it, the President was
+authorized, in case of the “death, resignation, absence from the seat
+of Government, or sickness of the head of an executive department,”
+or in any other case where these officers could not perform their
+respective duties, to appoint the head of any other executive
+department to fulfill the duties of the office “until a successor be
+appointed, or until such absence or disability shall cease.” Now,
+urged Mr. Butler, at the time of the appointment of General Thomas
+as Secretary of War _ad interim_, Mr. Stanton “had neither died nor
+resigned, was not sick nor absent,” and, consequently, General Thomas,
+not being the head of a department, but only of a bureau of one of
+them, was not eligible to this appointment, and that, therefore, his
+appointment was illegal and void.
+
+The ninth article of impeachment, wherein the President is charged
+with endeavoring to induce General Emory to take orders directly from
+himself, is dealt with in a rather slight manner. Mr. Butler says, “If
+the transaction set forth in this article stood alone, we might well
+admit that doubts might arise as to the sufficiency of the proof;” but,
+he adds, the surroundings are so pointed and significant as to leave no
+doubt in the mind of an impartial man as to the intents and purposes of
+the President—these intents being, according to Mr. Butler, “to induce
+General Emory to take orders directly from himself, and thus to hinder
+the execution of the Civil Tenure Act, and to prevent Mr. Stanton from
+holding his office of Secretary of War.”
+
+As to the tenth article of impeachment, based upon various speeches of
+the President, Mr. Butler undertook to show that the reports of these
+speeches, as given in the article, were substantially correct; and
+accepted the issue made thereupon as to whether they are “decent and
+becoming the President of the United States, and do not tend to bring
+the office into ridicule and disgrace.”
+
+After having commented upon the eleventh and closing article, which
+charges the President with having denied the authority of the
+Thirty-ninth Congress, except so far as its acts were approved by him,
+Mr. Butler summed up the purport of the articles of impeachment in
+these words:
+
+“The acts set out in the first eight articles are but the culmination
+of a series of wrongs, malfeasances, and usurpations committed by the
+respondent, and, therefore, need to be examined in the light of his
+precedent and concomitant acts to grasp their scope and design. The
+last three articles presented show the perversity and malignity with
+which he acted, so that the man as he is known may be clearly spread
+upon record, to be seen and known of all men hereafter.... We have
+presented the facts in the constitutional manner; we have brought the
+criminal to your bar, and demand judgment for his so great crimes.”
+
+The remainder of Monday, and a portion of the following day, were
+devoted to the presentation of documentary evidence as to the
+proceedings involved in the order for the removal of Mr. Stanton and
+the appointment of General Thomas. The prosecution then introduced
+witnesses to testify to the interviews between Mr. Stanton and General
+Thomas. They then brought forward a witness to show that General Thomas
+had avowed his determination to take forcible possession of the War
+Office. To this Mr. Stanbery, for the defense, objected. The Chief
+Justice decided the testimony to be admissible. Thereupon Senator
+Drake took exception to the ruling, on the ground that this question
+should be decided by the Senate—not by the presiding officer. The Chief
+Justice averred that, in his judgment, it was his duty to decide,
+in the first instance, upon any question of evidence, and then, if
+any Senator desired, to submit the decision to the Senate. Upon this
+objection and appeal arose the first conflict in the Senate as to
+the powers of its presiding officer. Mr. Butler argued at length in
+favor of the exception. Although, in this case, the decision was in
+favor of the prosecution, he objected to the power of the presiding
+officer to make it. This point was argued at length by the managers
+for the impeachment, who denied the right of the Chief Justice to make
+such decision. It was then moved that the Senate retire for private
+consultation on this point. There was a tie vote—25 ayes and 25
+nays. The Chief Justice gave his casting vote in favor of the motion
+for consultation. The Senate, by a vote of 31 to 19, sustained the
+Chief Justice, deciding that “the presiding officer may rule on all
+questions of evidence and on incidental questions, which decision
+will stand as the judgment of the Senate for decision, or he may, at
+his option in the first instance, submit any such question to a vote
+of the members of the Senate.” In the further progress of the trial
+the Chief Justice, in most important cases, submitted the question
+directly to the Senate, without himself giving any decision. Next
+morning (April 1) Mr. Sumner offered a resolution to the effect that
+the Chief Justice, in giving a casting vote, “acted without authority
+of the Constitution of the United States.” This was negatived by
+a vote of 27 to 21, thus deciding that the presiding officer had the
+right to give a casting vote. The witness (Mr. Burleigh, delegate from
+Dakotah), who had been called to prove declarations of General Thomas,
+was then asked whether, at an interview between them, General Thomas
+had said any thing as “to the means by which he intended to obtain,
+or was directed by the President to obtain, possession of the War
+Department.” To this question Mr. Stanbery objected, on the ground that
+any statements made by General Thomas could not be used as evidence
+against the President. Messrs. Butler and Bingham argued that the
+testimony was admissible, on the ground that there was, as charged, a
+conspiracy between the President and General Thomas, and that the acts
+of one conspirator were binding upon the other; and, also, that in
+these acts General Thomas was the agent of the President. The Senate,
+by 39 to 11, decided that the question was admissible. Mr. Burleigh
+thereupon testified substantially that General Thomas informed him
+that he had been directed by the President to take possession of the
+War Department; that he was bound to obey his superior officer; that,
+if Mr. Stanton objected, he should use force, and if he bolted the
+doors they would be broken down. The witness was then asked whether
+he had heard General Thomas make any statement to the clerks of the
+War Office, to the effect that, when he came into control, he would
+relax or rescind the rules of Mr. Stanton. To this question objection
+was made by the counsel of the President on the ground of irrelevancy.
+The Chief Justice was of opinion that the question was not admissible,
+but, if any Senator demanded, he would submit to the Senate whether it
+should be asked. The demand having been made, the Senate, by a vote
+of 28 to 22, allowed the question to be put, whereupon Mr. Burleigh
+testified that General Thomas, in his presence, called before him the
+heads of the divisions, and told them that the rules laid down by Mr.
+Stanton were arbitrary, and that he should relax them—that he should
+not hold them strictly to their letters of instruction, but should
+consider them as gentlemen who would do their duty—that they could come
+in or go out when they chose. Mr. Burleigh further testified that,
+subsequently, General Thomas had said to him that the only thing which
+prevented him from taking possession of the War Department was his
+arrest by the United States marshal. Other witnesses were called to
+prove the declarations of General Thomas. Mr. Wilkeson testified that
+General Thomas said to him that he should demand possession of the War
+Department, and, in case Mr. Stanton should refuse to give it up, he
+should call upon General Grant for a sufficient force to enable him
+to do so, and he did not see how this could be refused. Mr. Karsener,
+of Delaware, testified that he saw General Thomas at the President’s
+house, told him that Delaware, of which State General Thomas is a
+citizen, expected him to stand firm; to which General Thomas replied
+that he was standing firm, that he would not disappoint his friends,
+but that, in a few days, he would “kick that fellow out,” meaning, as
+the witness supposed, Mr. Stanton.
+
+[Illustration: SCHUYLER COLFAX.]
+
+_Thursday, April 2d._—Various witnesses were introduced to testify to
+the occurrences when General Thomas demanded possession of the War
+Department. After this General Emory was called to testify to the
+transactions which form the ground of the ninth article of impeachment.
+His testimony was to the effect that the President, on the 22d of
+February, requested him to call; that, upon so doing, the President
+asked respecting any changes that had been made in the disposition of
+the troops around Washington; that he informed the President that no
+important changes had been made, and that none could be made without
+an order from General Grant, as provided for in an order founded upon
+a law sanctioned by the President. The President said that this law
+was unconstitutional. Emory replied that the President had approved of
+it, and that it was not the prerogative of the officers of the army
+to decide upon the constitutionality of a law, and in that opinion he
+was justified by the opinion of eminent counsel, and thereupon the
+conversation ended.
+
+The prosecution then endeavored to introduce testimony as to the
+appointment of Mr. Edmund Cooper, the Private Secretary of the
+President, as Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, in support of the
+eighth and eleventh articles of impeachment, which charge the President
+with an unlawful attempt to control the disposition of certain public
+funds. This testimony, by a vote of 27 to 22, was ruled out.
+
+The prosecution now, in support of the tenth and eleventh articles of
+impeachment, charging the President with endeavoring to “set aside
+the rightful authority of Congress,” offered a telegraphic dispatch
+from the President to Mr. Parsons, at that time (January 17, 1867)
+Provisional Governor of Alabama, of which the following is the
+essential part:
+
+“I do not believe the people of the whole country will sustain any set
+of individuals in the attempt to change the whole character of our
+Government by enabling acts in this way, I believe, on the contrary,
+that they will eventually uphold all who have patriotism and courage
+to stand by the Constitution, and who place their confidence in the
+people. There should be no faltering on the part of those who are
+honest in their determination to sustain the several coördinate
+departments of the Government in accordance with its original design.”
+
+The introduction of this was objected to by the counsel for the
+President, but admitted by the Senate, the vote being 27 to 17.
+
+The whole of Friday, and a great part of Saturday, (April 3d and
+4th,) were occupied in the examination of the persons who reported
+the various speeches of the President which form the basis of the
+tenth article, the result being that the reports were shown to be
+either substantially or verbally accurate. Then, after some testimony
+relating to the forms in which commissions to office were made out, the
+managers announced that the case for the prosecution was substantially
+closed. The counsel for the President thereupon asked that three
+working days should be granted them to prepare for the defense. This,
+after some discussion, was granted by the Senate by a vote of 37 to 9,
+and the trial was adjourned to Thursday, April 9th.
+
+
+THE DEFENSE.
+
+The opening speech for the defense, occupying the whole of Thursday,
+and a part of Friday, was made by Mr. Curtis. Reserving, for a time, a
+rejoinder to Mr. Butler’s argument as to the functions of the Senate
+when sitting as a Court of Impeachment, Mr. Curtis proceeded to a
+consideration of the articles of impeachment, in their order, his
+purpose being “to ascertain, in the first place, what the substantial
+allegations in each of them are, what is the legal proof and effect of
+these allegations, and what proof is necessary to be adduced in order
+to sustain them.” The speech is substantially an elaboration of and
+argument for the points embraced in the answer of the President. The
+main stress of the argument related to the first article, which, as
+stated by Mr. Curtis, when stripped of all technical language, amounts
+exactly to these things:
+
+ “_First._ That the order set out in the article for the removal of
+ Mr. Stanton, if executed, would have been a violation of
+ the Tenure-of-Office Act.
+
+ “_Second._ That it was a violation of the Tenure-of-Office Act.
+
+ “_Third._ That it was an intentional violation of the
+ Tenure-of-Office Act.
+
+ “_Fourth._ That it was in violation of the Constitution
+ of the United States.
+
+ “_Fifth._ That it was intended by the President to be so.
+
+“Or, to draw all these into one sentence, which I hope may be
+intelligible and clear enough, I suppose the substance of this first
+article is that the order for the removal of Mr. Stanton was, and was
+intended to be, a violation of the Constitution of the United States.
+These are the allegations which it is necessary for the honorable
+managers to make out in order to support that article.”
+
+Mr. Curtis proceeded to argue that the case of Mr. Stanton did not come
+within the provisions of the Tenure-of-Office Act, being expressly
+excepted by the proviso that Cabinet officers should hold their places
+during the term of the President by whom they were appointed, and for
+one month thereafter, unless removed by the consent of the Senate. Mr.
+Stanton was appointed by Mr. Lincoln, whose term of office came to an
+end by his death. He argued at length against the proposition that Mr.
+Johnson was merely serving out the remainder of Mr. Lincoln’s term. The
+object of this exception, he said, was evident. The Cabinet officers
+were to be “the immediate confidential assistants of the President,
+for whose acts he was to be responsible, and in whom he was expected
+to repose the gravest honor, trust, and confidence; therefore it was
+that this act has connected the tenure-of-office of these officers
+with that of the President by whom they were appointed.” Mr. Curtis
+gave a new interpretation to that clause in the Constitution which
+prescribes that the President “may require the opinion, in writing, of
+the principal officer in each of the executive departments upon any
+subject relating to the duties of their several offices.” He understood
+that the word “their” included the President, so that he might call
+upon Cabinet officers for advice “relating to the duties of the
+office of these principal officers, or relating to the duties of the
+President himself.” This, at least, he affirmed, had been the practical
+interpretation put upon this clause from the beginning. To confirm his
+position as to the intent of the Tenure-of-Office Act in this respect,
+Mr. Curtis quoted from speeches made in both houses at the time when
+the act was passed. Thus, Senator Sherman said that the act, as passed—
+
+“Would not prevent the present President from removing the Secretary
+of War, the Secretary of the Navy, or the Secretary of State; and, if
+I supposed that either of these gentlemen was so wanting in manhood,
+in honor, as to hold his place after the politest intimation from the
+President of the United States that his services were no longer needed,
+I certainly, as a Senator, would consent to his removal at any time,
+and so would we all.”
+
+Mr. Curtis proceeded to argue that there was really no removal of Mr.
+Stanton; he still held his place, and so there was “no case of removal
+within the statute, and, therefore, no case of violation by removal.”
+But, if the Senate should hold that the order for removal was, in
+effect, a removal, then, unless the Tenure-of-Office Act gave Mr.
+Stanton a tenure-of-office, this removal would not have been contrary
+to the provisions of this act. He proceeded to argue that there was
+room for grave doubt whether Mr. Stanton’s case came within the
+provisions of the Tenure-of-Office Act, and that the President, upon
+due consideration, and having taken the best advice within his power,
+considering that it did not, and acting accordingly, did not, even if
+he was mistaken, commit an act “so willful and wrong that it can be
+justly and properly, and for the purposes of this prosecution, termed a
+high misdemeanor.” He argued at length that the view of the President
+was the correct one, and that “the Senate had nothing whatever to do
+with the removal of Mr. Stanton, whether the Senate was in session or
+not.”
+
+Mr. Curtis then went on to urge that the President, being sworn to take
+care that the laws be faithfully executed, must carry out any law,
+even though passed over his veto, except in cases where a law which he
+believed to be unconstitutional has cut off a power confided to him,
+and in regard to which he alone could make an issue which would bring
+the matter before a court, so as to cause “a judicial decision to come
+between the two branches of the Government, to see which of them is
+right.” This, said he, is what the President has done. This argument,
+in effect, was an answer to the first eight articles of impeachment.
+
+The ninth article, charging the President with endeavoring to induce
+General Emory to violate the law by receiving orders directly from him,
+was very briefly touched upon, it being maintained that, as shown by
+the evidence, “the reason why the President sent for General Emory was
+not that he might endeavor to seduce that distinguished officer from
+his allegiance to the laws and Constitution of his country, but because
+he wished to obtain information about military movements which might
+require his personal attention.”
+
+As to the tenth article, based upon the President’s speeches, it was
+averred that they were in no way in violation of the Constitution, or
+of any law existing at the time when they were made, and were not,
+therefore, impeachable offenses.
+
+The reply to the eleventh article was very brief. The managers had
+“compounded it of the materials which they had previously worked up
+into others,” and it “contained nothing new that needed notice.” Mr.
+Curtis concluded his speech by saying that—
+
+“This trial is and will be the most conspicuous instance that has ever
+been, or even can be expected to be found, of American justice or of
+American injustice; of that justice which is the great policy of all
+civilized States; of that injustice which is certain to be condemned,
+which makes even the wisest man mad, and which, in the fixed and
+unalterable order of God’s providence, is sure to return and plague the
+inventor.”
+
+At the close of this opening speech for the defense, General Lorenzo
+Thomas was brought forward as a witness. His testimony, elicited upon
+examination and cross-examination, was to the effect that, having
+received the order appointing him Secretary of War _ad interim_, he
+presented it to Mr. Stanton, who asked, “Do you wish me to vacate the
+office at once, or will you give me time to get my private property
+together?” to which Thomas replied, “Act your pleasure.” Afterward
+Stanton said, “I don’t know whether I will obey your instructions.”
+Subsequently Thomas said that he should issue orders as Secretary of
+War. Stanton said he should not do so, and afterward gave him a written
+direction, not to issue any order except as Adjutant-General. During
+the examination of General Thomas a question came up which, in many
+ways, recurred upon the trial. He was asked to tell what occurred at
+an interview between himself and the President. Objection was made by
+Mr. Butler, and the point was argued. The question was submitted to the
+Senate, which decided, by a vote of 42 to 10, that it was admissible.
+The testimony of General Thomas, from this point, took a wide range,
+and, being mainly given in response to questions of counsel, was,
+apparently, somewhat contradictory. The substance was that he was
+recognized by the President as Secretary of War; that, since the
+impeachment, he had acted as such only in attending Cabinet meetings,
+but had given no orders; that, when he reported to the President that
+Mr. Stanton would not vacate the War Department, the President directed
+him to “take possession of the office;” that, without orders from the
+President, he had intended to do this by force, if necessary; that,
+finding that this course might involve bloodshed, he had abandoned this
+purpose, but that, after this, he had, in several cases, affirmed his
+purpose to do so, but that these declarations were “merely boast and
+brag.” On the following day General Thomas was recalled as a witness,
+to enable him to correct certain points in his testimony. The first
+was the date of an unimportant transaction; he had given it as taking
+place on the 21st of February, whereas it should have been the 22d. The
+second was that the words of the President were that he should “take
+charge,” not “take possession” of the War Department. In explanation of
+the fact that he had repeatedly sworn to the words “take possession,”
+he said that these were “put into his mouth.” Finally, General Thomas,
+in reply to a direct question from Mr. Butler, said that his testimony
+on these points was “all wrong.”
+
+Lieutenant-General Sherman was then called as a witness. After some
+unimportant questions, he was asked in reference to an interview
+between himself and the President which took place on the 14th of
+January: “At that interview what conversation took place between
+the President and you in reference to the removal of Mr. Stanton?”
+To this question objection was made by Mr. Butler, and the point
+was elaborately argued. The Chief Justice decided that the question
+was admissible within the vote of the Senate of the previous day;
+the question then was as to the admissibility of evidence as to a
+conversation between the President and General Thomas; the present
+question was as to a conversation between the President and General
+Sherman. “Both questions,” said the Chief Justice, “are asked for the
+purpose of procuring the intent of the President in the attempt to
+remove Mr. Stanton.” The question being submitted to the Senate, it
+was decided, by a vote of 28 to 23, that it should not be admitted.
+The examination of General Sherman was continued, the question of the
+conversation aforesaid being frequently brought forward, and as often
+ruled out by the Senate. The only important fact elicited was that
+the President had twice, on the 25th and 30th of January, tendered to
+General Sherman the office of Secretary of War _ad interim_.
+
+On Monday, April 13th, after transactions of minor importance,
+the general matter of the conversations between the President and
+General Sherman again came up, upon a question propounded by Senator
+Johnson—“When the President tendered to you the office of Secretary
+of War _ad interim_, did he, at the very time of making such tender,
+state to you what his purpose in so doing was?” This was admitted by
+the Senate, by a vote of 26 to 22. Senator Johnson then added to his
+question, “If he did, what did he state his purpose was?” This was
+admitted, by a vote of 25 to 26. The testimony of General Sherman,
+relating to several interviews, was to the effect that the President
+said that the relations between himself and Mr. Stanton were such that
+he could not execute the office of President without making provision
+to appoint a Secretary of War _ad interim_, and he offered that office
+to him (General Sherman), but did not state that his purpose was to
+bring the matter directly into the courts. Sherman said that, if Mr.
+Stanton would retire, he might, although against his own wishes,
+undertake to administer the office _ad interim_, but asked what would
+be done in case Mr. Stanton would not yield. To this the President
+replied, “He will make no opposition; you present the order, and he
+will retire. I know him better than you do; he is cowardly.” General
+Sherman asked time for reflection, and then gave a written answer,
+declining to accept the appointment, but stated that his reasons were
+mostly of a personal nature.
+
+On the 14th the Senate adjourned, on account of the sudden illness
+of Mr. Stanbery. It re-assembled on the 15th, but the proceedings
+touched wholly upon formal points of procedure and the introduction of
+unimportant documentary evidence. On the 16th Mr. Sumner moved that all
+evidence not trivial or obviously irrelevant shall be admitted, the
+Senate to judge of its value. This was negatived by a vote of 23 to 11.
+
+The 17th was mainly taken up by testimony as to the reliability of
+the reports of the President’s speeches. Mr. Welles, Secretary of the
+Navy, was then called to testify to certain proceedings in Cabinet
+Council at the time of the appointment of General Thomas. This was
+objected to. The Chief Justice decided that it was admissible, and
+his decision was sustained by a vote of 26 to 23. The defense then
+endeavored to introduce several members of the Cabinet, to show that,
+at meetings previous to the removal of Mr. Stanton, it was considered
+whether it was not desirable to obtain a judicial determination of the
+unconstitutionality of the Tenure-of-Office Act. This question was
+raised in several shapes, and its admission, after thorough argument
+on both sides, as often refused, in the last instance by a decisive
+vote of 30 to 19. The defense considered this testimony of the utmost
+importance, as going to show that the President had acted upon the
+counsel of his constitutional advisers, while the prosecution claimed
+that he could not plead in justification of a violation of the law
+that he had been advised by his cabinet, or any one else, that the law
+was unconstitutional. His duty was to execute the laws, and, if he
+failed to do this, or violated them, he did so at his own risk of the
+consequences. With the refusal of this testimony, the case, except the
+final summings up and the verdict of the Senate, was virtually closed.
+
+The case had been so fully set forth in the opening speeches of Messrs.
+Butler and Curtis, and in the arguments which came up upon points of
+testimony, that there remained little for the other counsel except to
+restate what had before been said.
+
+After the evidence had been closed the case was summed up, on the part
+of the managers by Messrs. Boutwell, Williams, Stevens, and Bingham in
+oral arguments, and Mr. Logan, who filed a written argument, and on
+the part of the President by Messrs. Nelson, Groesbeck, Stanbery, and
+Evarts. Many of these speeches were distinguished by great brilliancy
+and power, but, as no new points were presented, we omit any summary.
+
+The Court decided to take a vote upon the articles on Tuesday, the 12th
+of May, at 12 o’clock, M. A secret session was held on Monday, during
+which several Senators made short speeches, giving the grounds upon
+which they expected to cast their votes. On Tuesday the Court agreed
+to postpone the vote until Saturday, the 16th. Upon that day, at 12
+o’clock, a vote was taken upon the eleventh article, it having been
+determined to vote on that article first. The vote resulted in 35 votes
+for conviction, and 19 for acquittal.
+
+The question being put to each Senator, “How say you, is the
+respondent, Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, guilty or
+not guilty of a high misdemeanor as charged in the article?”—those who
+responded guilty were Senators Anthony, Cameron, Cattell, Chandler,
+Cole, Conkling, Conness, Corbett, Cragin, Drake, Edmunds, Ferry,
+Frelinghuysen, Harlan, Howard, Howe, Morgan, Morrill, of Vermont,
+Morrill, of Maine, O. P. Morton, Nye, Patterson, N. H. Pomeroy, Ramsey,
+Sherman, Sprague, Stewart, Sumner, Thayer, Tipton, Wade, Willey,
+Williams, Wilson, and Yates.
+
+Those who responded not guilty were Senators Bayard, Buckalew, Davis,
+Dixon, Doolittle, Fessenden, Fowler, Grimes, Henderson, Hendricks,
+Johnson, M’Creery, Norton, Patterson, of Tennessee, Ross, Saulsbury,
+Trumbull, Van Winkle, and Vickers.
+
+The Constitution requiring a vote of two-thirds to convict, the
+President was acquitted on this article. After taking this vote the
+Court adjourned until Tuesday, May 26th, when votes were taken upon the
+second and third articles, with precisely the same result as on the
+eleventh, the vote in each case standing 35 for conviction and 19 for
+acquittal. A verdict of acquittal on the second, third, and eleventh
+articles was then ordered to be entered on the record, and, without
+voting on the other articles, the Court adjourned _sine die_. So the
+trial was ended, and the President acquitted.
+
+
+
+
+THE CHICAGO PLATFORM, 1868.
+
+
+The following is the platform as adopted:
+
+“The National Republican Party of the United States, assembled in
+National Convention, in the city of Chicago, on the 20th day of May,
+1868, make the following declaration of principles:
+
+“1. We congratulate the country on the assured success of the
+reconstruction policy of Congress, as evinced by the adoption, in the
+majority of the States lately in rebellion, of constitutions securing
+equal civil and political rights to all; and it is the duty of the
+Government to sustain those constitutions and to prevent the people of
+such States from being remitted to a state of anarchy.
+
+“2. The guarantee by Congress of equal suffrage to all loyal men at
+the South was demanded by every consideration of public safety, of
+gratitude, and of justice, and must be maintained, while the question
+of suffrage in all the loyal States properly belongs to the people of
+those States.
+
+“3. We denounce all forms of repudiation as a national crime, and the
+national honor requires the payment of the public indebtedness in
+the utmost good faith to all creditors at home and abroad, not only
+according to the letter but the spirit of the laws under which it was
+contracted.
+
+“4. It is due to the labor of the nation that taxation should be
+equalized and reduced as rapidly as the national faith will permit.
+
+“5. The national debt, contracted, as it has been, for the preservation
+of the Union for all time to come, should be extended over a fair
+period for redemption; and it is the duty of Congress to reduce the
+rate of interest thereon whenever it can be honestly done.
+
+“6. That the best policy to diminish our burden of debt is to so
+improve our credit that capitalists will seek to loan us money at lower
+rates of interest than we now pay, and must continue to pay, so long
+as repudiation, partial or total, open or covert, is threatened or
+suspected.
+
+“7. The Government of the United States should be administered with the
+strictest economy, and the corruptions which have been so shamefully
+nursed and fostered by ANDREW JOHNSON call loudly for radical reform.
+
+“8. We professedly deplore the untimely and tragic death of ABRAHAM
+LINCOLN, and regret the accession of ANDREW JOHNSON to the Presidency,
+who has acted treacherously to the people who elected him, and the
+cause he was pledged to support—who has usurped high legislative and
+judicial functions—who has refused to execute the laws—who has used
+his high office to induce other officers to ignore and violate the
+laws—who has employed his executive powers to render insecure the
+property, the peace, liberty, and life of the citizen—who has abused
+the pardoning power—who has denounced the National Legislature as
+unconstitutional—persistently and corruptly resisted, by every measure
+in his power, every proper attempt at the reconstruction of the States
+lately in rebellion—who has perverted the public patronage into an
+engine of wholesale corruption, and who has been justly impeached for
+high crimes and misdemeanors, and properly pronounced guilty thereof by
+the vote of thirty-five Senators.
+
+“9. The doctrine of Great Britain and other European Powers, that
+because a man is once a subject he is always so, must be resisted at
+every hazard by the United States as a relic of the feudal times, not
+authorized by the law of nations, and at war with our national honor
+and independence. Naturalized citizens are entitled to be protected in
+all their rights of citizenship as though they were native born; and
+no citizen of the United States, native or naturalized, must be liable
+to arrest and imprisonment by any foreign power for acts done or words
+spoken in this country; and if so arrested and imprisoned it is the
+duty of the Government to interfere in his behalf.
+
+“10. Of all who were faithful in the trials of the late war there were
+none entitled to more especial honor than the brave soldiers and seamen
+who endured the hardships of campaign and cruise, and imperiled their
+lives in the service of the country. The bounties and pensions provided
+by the laws for these brave defenders of the nation are obligations
+never to be forgotten. The widows and orphans of the gallant dead are
+the wards of the people, a sacred legacy bequeathed to the nation’s
+protecting care.
+
+“11. Foreign emigration, which in the past has added so much to the
+wealth, development, and resources, and increase of power to this
+nation, the asylum of the oppressed of all nations, should be fostered
+and encouraged by a liberal and just policy.
+
+“12. This Convention declares itself in sympathy with all the oppressed
+people which are struggling for their rights.”
+
+The following resolutions were also adopted unanimously, and are added
+to the declaration of principles:
+
+“_Resolved_, That we highly commend the spirit of magnanimity and
+forgiveness with which the men who have served in the rebellion, but
+now frankly and honestly coöperate with us in restoring the peace of
+the country and reconstructing the Southern State governments upon
+the basis of impartial justice and equal rights, are received back
+into the communion of the loyal people. And we favor the removal of
+the disqualifications and restrictions placed upon the late rebels in
+the same measure as the spirit of loyalty will direct, and as may be
+consistent with the safety of the loyal people.
+
+“_Resolved_, That we recognize the great principles laid down in
+the immortal Declaration of Independence as the true foundation of
+Democratic government: and we hail with gladness every effort toward
+making these principles a living reality on every inch of American
+soil.”
+
+
+
+
+THE HON. SCHUYLER COLFAX.
+
+
+Schuyler Colfax, the popular candidate of the National Union Republican
+party for the office of Vice-President, is a native of New York City.
+He was born in North Moore Street, March 23, 1823, his father having
+died but a short time previous. With but limited means, his widowed
+mother could afford to keep him at school but a short time, and, at
+the age of ten, he was placed in a mercantile establishment, where
+he remained for three years, contributing materially from his small
+salary to the support of both himself and mother. In 1836, he and his
+mother, in company with others, left their home in this city, and
+settled in St. Joseph County, Indiana. Shortly after his arrival in
+the West he was appointed Deputy County Auditor for St. Joseph County,
+and employed his leisure hours in the study of State law, in which he
+is said soon to have become an acknowledged expounder. He read law
+pretty thoroughly during these leisure hours, but not with a view to
+adopting it as a profession. He had but little idea of what great
+benefit the information he was then gaining would prove to him in after
+years. In 1845, he started a weekly journal at South Bend, the county
+seat of St. Joseph County, called the St. Joseph Valley Register,
+becoming its sole proprietor and editor. Mr. Lanman, in his Dictionary
+of Congress, says “he was bred a printer.” He never was apprenticed
+to the printing business, and knew nothing of the practical part of
+the “art preservative of all arts” until after he had commenced the
+publication of the Register. With his ready tact and quick perception,
+however, and great anxiety to economize, for his means were yet very
+limited, he soon mastered the art sufficiently to “help out of the
+drag,” but he never attained to any great proficiency in the business,
+his editorial labors, the business of the office, and other duties
+soon claiming his entire attention. The Register prospered, and soon
+became a source of profit to its proprietor. It was ably edited, and
+was a model of courtesy and dignity. Every paragraph, however small,
+seemed to have passed under the supervision of and to reflect the mind
+and elevated thoughts of its editor. He continued his connection with
+this paper until three or four years ago, writing a regular weekly
+letter for its columns during his first two terms in Congress. It was
+during the early days of the Register that Mr. Colfax was laying the
+foundation for the reputation he has since attained as a debater. A
+debating club was formed, which held regular weekly meetings during
+the winter season, and it was a rare occurrence, indeed, to find Mr.
+Colfax absent from one of these stated gatherings. Politics, the
+temperance reform, and other subjects were often as ably debated in
+this society as kindred questions are in many deliberate bodies of
+much greater pretensions of the present day. The Hon. John D. Defrees,
+now Superintendent of Government Printing, and for many years editor
+and proprietor of the Indianapolis Journal, to which Mr. Colfax was
+also attached as Senate reporter for some time after he commenced
+the publication of the Register, was also a participant in these
+debates. They were both Whigs, both ardent and sincere advocates
+of and believers in the temperance reform, and were, consequently,
+seldom pitted against each other in these debates. The attachment
+formed at this early day between those gentlemen still continues with
+unabated fervor. In 1848, Mr. Colfax was chosen as a delegate, and
+elected as secretary of the convention which nominated General Taylor
+for the Presidency. In 1850, he represented St. Joseph County in the
+convention which framed the present Constitution of Indiana. In this
+convention he opposed, with all his ability, the adoption of the clause
+prohibiting free colored men from settling in the State. His opposition
+to this measure was the cause of his defeat the following year, when
+nominated for Congress in opposition to Dr. Fitch. But, with all the
+ability, tact, and shrewdness of this old political wireworker, he
+only distanced his young competitor two hundred votes in a district
+which had been strongly democratic for years. In 1852, he was again a
+delegate to the Whig National Convention. He took an active part in the
+campaign which followed, speaking often, and writing much. In 1854, he
+was re-nominated, and elected to Congress, and was, consequently, more
+active than ever before. His experience as a debater, and familiarity
+with State and National politics, rendered him an overmatch for his
+opponents, whom he was always anxious to meet in an open and fair
+discussion before the people, where he was always certain of a victory.
+In 1856, he was again nominated for Congress, and reëlected by a
+handsome majority. His entrance into Congress was in the midst of the
+great struggle over the Lecompton Constitution. A writer says of his
+maiden speech in the House: “His first speech in Congress went forth
+to repel the tide of terror which was sweeping over struggling Kansas,
+and clearly showed that even then he was one of the best debaters in
+the lower House.” Over 500,000 copies of this speech were printed and
+circulated—a compliment, perhaps, never before received by any member
+of Congress. He was first chosen Speaker of the Thirty-eighth Congress,
+by a vote of 101 to 81. He has been thrice elected to the same
+position, each time by an increased majority. He was appointed chairman
+of the Committee on Post-offices and Post-roads, on the organization
+of the Thirty-seventh Congress, and did much to extend mail facilities
+throughout the West. He was one of the first advocates, and is still
+one of the warmest friends of the Pacific Railroad. Indeed, he takes
+a warm interest in any movement looking to the development of the
+boundless resources of the great West. It was, doubtless, the interest
+he feels in this section of the country which induced him to take his
+celebrated trip “Across the Continent.” His trip was a perilous one,
+but his welcome at “the other end of the line” was so spontaneous,
+truly genuine, and heart-felt that it more than repaid him for all the
+dangers and hardships he passed through. This trip prepared him for
+one of the most entertaining lectures ever delivered in this country.
+It has been listened to with rapt attention by the people of almost
+every city in the North. Pecuniarily, however, it has profited him
+but little, for, with that liberality which has ever been a marked
+trait in his character, the entire proceeds of a lecture have as often
+been donated to some charitable object as they have found their way
+into his own pocket. He has now served, in succession, fourteen years
+in the House. He was urged, but he declined to accept a seat in the
+United States Senate, preferring his presiding chair in the House. As a
+presiding officer, he is the most popular the House has had since Henry
+Clay. A writer in Putnam’s Magazine truly observes that Mr. Colfax “Has
+no eccentricities, but great tact. His talents are administrative and
+executive rather than deliberative. He would make good appointments,
+and adopt sure policies. He would make a better President or Speaker of
+the House than Senator. He knows men well, estimates them correctly,
+treats them all fairly and candidly. No man will get through his
+business with you in fewer minutes, and yet none is more free from the
+horrid _brusqueness_ of busy men. There are heart and kindness in Mr.
+Colfax’s politeness. Men leave his presence with the impression that
+he is at once an able, honest, and kind man. Political opponents like
+him personally, as well as his political friends. We have never heard
+that he has any enemies. The breath of slander has been silent toward
+his fair, spotless fame. The wife of his youth, after being for a long
+time an invalid, sank to her final rest several years ago, leaving him
+childless. His mother and sister preside at his receptions, which for
+many years have been, not the most brilliant, but the most popular of
+any given at the Capital. Socially, Mr. Colfax is frank, lively, jolly.
+The everlasting I-hood and us-ness of great men are forgotten in his
+presence. His manners are not quite so familiar as those of Lincoln,
+but nearly so. They are gentle, natural, graceful, with a bird-like
+or business-like quickness of thought and motion. But they are very
+far from the high and mighty style of Sumner, or the judicial coldness
+of Fessenden, Sherman, and Trumbull. Though manly, they are genial
+and winning. American mothers believe in Schuyler Colfax. There are
+more babies named for him than for any public man since Clay.” The
+intimacy and confidential relations of Mr. Colfax with Mr. Lincoln are
+well known. They labored hand in hand as brothers in the cause of
+the Union, holding frequent and protracted interviews on all subjects
+looking to the overthrow of the rebellion, for there were no divisions
+between the executive and legislative branches of the Government then
+as there are now. During the darkest hours of that bloody drama which
+shall ever remain a reproach upon the people of one section of the
+nation, they were ever cheerful and hopeful. Confident in the justness
+of the war waged for the preservation of the Union, and placing a
+Christian reliance in that Providence which guides and shapes the
+destiny of nations, great reverses, which caused others to fear and
+tremble, at times, almost to despair, seemed only to inspire them with
+greater zeal, and a firmer belief in the ultimate triumph of our cause.
+
+Mr. Colfax is rather under the medium height, with a form firmly and
+compactly molded. His hair is brown, now slightly sprinkled with gray;
+eyes blue; forehead high and arching, indicating great perceptive
+faculties, and deep veneration. His face is open and frank, and as
+yet unmarked by age. He possesses great vitality, and can endure an
+extraordinary amount of labor with but little fatigue. This, coupled
+with his temperate habits, has caused him to wear his age so well that
+but few persons would place him even at forty. He is yet in the prime
+and vigor of manhood, with all his cares and responsibilities, as
+buoyant as most people at thirty.
+
+
+
+
+DEMOCRATIC PLATFORM.
+
+
+The Democratic party, in National Convention assembled, reposing its
+trust in the intelligence, patriotism, and discriminating justice
+of the people, standing upon the Constitution as the foundation and
+limitation of the powers of the Government and the guarantee of the
+liberties of the citizen, and recognizing the questions of slavery and
+secession as having been settled for all time to come by the war or the
+voluntary action of the Southern States in Constitutional Conventions
+assembled, and never to be revived or re-agitated, do, with the return
+of peace, demand:
+
+1. The immediate restoration of all the States to their rights in the
+Union under the Constitution of the civil Government and the American
+people.
+
+2. Amnesty for all past political offenses; the regulation of the
+elective franchise in the States by their citizens.
+
+3. Payment of the public debt of the United States as rapidly as
+practicable, all money drawn from the people by taxation, except so
+much as is requisite for the necessities of the Government economically
+administered being honestly applied to such payment, and where the
+obligations of the Government do not expressly state upon their face or
+the law under which they were issued does not provide that they shall
+be paid in coin they ought, in right and in justice, to be paid in the
+lawful money of the United States.
+
+4. Equal taxation of every species of property according to the value;
+reducing Government bonds and other public securities.
+
+5. One currency for the Government and the people, the laborer and
+the office-holder, pensioner and the soldier, the producer and the
+bondholder.
+
+6. Economy in the administration of the Government; the reduction of
+the standing army and navy; the abolition of the Freedmen’s Bureau, and
+all political instrumentalities designed to secure negro supremacy;
+simplification of the system and discontinuance of inquisitorial
+modes of assessing and collecting internal revenue, that the burden
+of taxation may be equalized and lessened, and the credit of the
+Government and the currency made good; the repeal of all enactments for
+enrolling the State militia into a national force in time of peace;
+and a tariff for revenue upon foreign imports and such equal taxation
+under the internal revenue laws as will afford incidental protection
+to domestic manufactures as well, without impairing the revenue,
+impose the least burden upon and best promote and encourage the great
+industrial interests of the country.
+
+7. Reform of abuses in the Administration; the expulsion of corrupt
+men from office; the abrogation of useless offices; the restoration
+of the rightful authority to and the independence of the Executive
+and Judicial Departments of the Government; the subordination of the
+military to the civil power, to the end that the usurpation of Congress
+and the despotism of the sword may cease.
+
+8. Equal rights and protection for naturalized and native born
+citizens at home and abroad; the assertion of American nationality,
+which will command the respect of foreign powers, furnish an example
+and encouragement to people struggling for national integrity,
+constitutional liberty, and individual rights; and the maintenance of
+the rights of naturalized citizens against the absolute doctrine of
+immutable allegiance and the claims of foreign powers to punish them
+for alleged crimes committed beyond their jurisdiction. In demanding
+these measures and reforms, we arraign the radical party for its
+disregard of right and the unparalleled oppression and tyranny which
+have marked its career, after the most solemn and unanimous pledge
+of both houses of Congress to prosecute the war exclusively for the
+maintenance of the Government and the preservation of the Union under
+the Constitution. It has repeatedly violated that most sacred pledge
+under which was rallied that noble volunteer army which carried our
+flag to victory. Instead of restoring the Union it has, so far as it is
+in its power, dissolved it, and subjected ten States in time of peace
+to military despotism and negro supremacy. It has nullified there the
+right of trial by jury; it has abolished the writ of habeas corpus,
+that most sacred writ of liberty; it has overthrown the freedom of
+speech and of the press; it has substituted arbitrary seizures and
+arrests, military trials, secret star chambers and inquisitions for
+constitutional tribunals; it has disregarded, in time of peace, the
+right of the people to be free from search and seizure; it has entered
+the post-office and telegraph office, and even the private rooms
+of individuals and seized there their private papers and letters,
+without any specification or notice of affidavit, as required by the
+organic law. It has converted the American Capitol into a bastile;
+it has established a system of spies and official espionage to which
+the constitutional monarchies of Europe never dare to resort. It has
+abolished the right of appeal on important constitutional questions
+to the supreme judicial tribunals, and threatens to curtail or
+destroy its original jurisdiction, which is irrevocably vested by the
+Constitution; while the learned Chief Justice has been subjected to the
+most atrocious calumnies merely because he would not prostitute his
+high office to the support of the false and partisan charges against
+the President. Its corruption and extravagance have exceeded any thing
+known in history, and by its frauds and monopolies it has nearly
+doubled the burden of the debt created during the war. It has stripped
+the President of his Constitutional power of appointment even of his
+own Cabinet. Under its repeated assaults the pillars of the Government
+are rocking to their base; and should it succeed in November next, and
+inaugurate its President, we will meet as a subjected and conquered
+people amid the ruins of liberty and the scattered fragments of the
+Constitution; and we do declare and resolve that ever since the people
+of the United States threw off all subjection to the British crown,
+the privilege and trust of suffrage have belonged to the several
+States, and have been granted, regulated, and controlled exclusively
+by the political power of each State respectively, and any attempt
+by Congress, on any pretext whatever, to deprive any State of this
+right, or interfere with this exercise, is a flagrant usurpation of
+power which can find no warrant in the Constitution, and if sanctioned
+by the people will subvert our form of Government, and can only end
+in a single, centralized and consolidated Government, in which the
+separate existence of the States will be entirely absorbed, and an
+unqualified despotism then be established in place of a Federal Union
+of coequal States, and that we regard the reconstruction acts so-called
+of Congress such usurpations and unconstitutional, revolutionary and
+void: that our soldiers and sailors who carried the flag of our country
+to victory against a most gallant and determined foe must ever be
+gratefully remembered, and all the guarantees given in their favor must
+be faithfully carried into execution; that the public lands should be
+distributed widely among the people and should be disposed of either
+under the preëmption of the homestead lands and sold in reasonable
+quantities, and to none but actual occupants, at the price established
+by the Government. When the grants of the public lands may be allowed
+necessary for the encouragement of important public improvements, the
+proceeds of the sale of such lands, and not the lands themselves,
+should be so applied; that the President of the United States, Andrew
+Johnson, exercising the power of his high office in resisting the
+aggressions of Congress on the constitutional rights of the States and
+the people, is entitled to the gratitude of the whole American people,
+and on behalf of the Democratic party, we tender him our thanks for his
+patriotic efforts in that regard.
+
+Upon this platform the Democratic party appeal to every patriot,
+including all the conservative element, and all who desire to support
+the Constitution and restore the Union, forgetting all past differences
+of opinion, to unite with us in the present great struggle for the
+liberties of the people; and that to all such, to whatever party they
+may have heretofore belonged, we extend the right hand of fellowship,
+and hail all such coöperating with us as friends and brothers.
+
+
+
+
+HON. HORATIO SEYMOUR,
+
+
+The nominee of the Democratic National Convention for the office of
+President of the United States, is a native of the State of New York,
+having been born in Onondaga County, some time during the year 1811.
+He is consequently fifty-seven years of age at the present writing.
+His father being a gentleman of wealth, Mr. Seymour received an
+excellent education, and after his graduation engaged in the study of
+the law. Upon being admitted to the bar, he commenced the practice of
+his profession in the town of Utica, Oneida County, and soon became a
+popular lawyer. He did not long pursue this occupation, however. The
+death of his father made him successor to a large and valuable estate,
+attention to the interests of which compelled him to abandon all
+professional and public labors. He never after resumed practice.
+
+[Illustration: HORATIO SEYMOUR.]
+
+Mr. Seymour’s political predilections were, it may be said, inherited
+from his ancestors, all or nearly all of whom were and had been
+Democrats from the first formation of the party. To this political
+organization the subject of this sketch gave in his adhesion, and has
+ever since adhered to and been a prominent member of it. He first
+appeared before the public as a candidate for the suffrages of his
+fellow-citizens as the Democratic nominee for the office of mayor of
+the city of Utica. Although that city had been one of the firmest Whig
+strongholds, he was elected by a fair majority, as much owing, though,
+to the feeling of dissatisfaction with the opposing candidate, as to
+his personal popularity. The election took place in 1842, before he
+had quite attained his thirty-first year. During the same year, he
+was elected to the lower house of the State Legislature, and served
+until 1845, when he declined a reëlection. His ability as a legislator
+brought him considerable reputation, and had the effect of extending
+his popularity, which had hitherto been confined to a rather limited
+extent of territory.
+
+From 1845 to 1850, Mr. Seymour does not appear to have held any
+political office, although he took an active part in politics, stumping
+the State for other candidates, and doing all that he could to
+further the interests and insure the success of the Democracy. During
+the latter year, however, he had attained to sufficient prominence
+to warrant his nomination for the office of Governor. His opponent
+was Washington Hunt, and after a very exciting contest, Mr. Hunt
+was elected by a majority of 262, in a total of 428,966 votes cast.
+The balance of the Democratic ticket was elected, and this fact had
+the effect of temporarily obscuring Mr. Seymour’s prospects. Still,
+he soon recovered from this reverse of fortune, and in 1852, was
+re-nominated for the same office. As before, his competitor was Mr.
+Hunt, whom he defeated, after an exciting canvass, by a majority of
+24,385, in a total vote of 503,857. This victory added considerably to
+his popularity, as it was believed to presage a long lease of power
+to the Democratic party. His administration was distinguished by
+his veto of the Maine Liquor Law bill, which had passed both houses
+of the Legislature, and which action on the part of the Governor was
+regarded at the time as a bold stroke of policy. But it was not fated
+that the Democratic party should longer remain in power. In 1854, four
+candidates for gubernatorial honors appeared in the field—Horatio
+Seymour, regular Democrat; G. C. Bronson, hard shell Democrat; Myron
+H. Clark, Republican, and D. Ullman, Know-Nothing. The split in the
+Democratic party resulted in its defeat by a remarkably small majority.
+Nearly half a million votes were cast, of which Mr. Clark and Mr.
+Seymour received the highest, the former being elected by 309 majority.
+
+After this defeat, Mr. Seymour returned to private life, nor was his
+name mentioned again in connection with public offices until 1856, when
+he was spoken of as one of the possible candidates of the Democracy
+for the Presidency. The movement, however, came to nothing. He still
+took an active part in politics, so far as a vigorous support of all
+Democratic candidates was concerned. When the rebellion broke out, Mr.
+Seymour took an active part in furthering its suppression, and served
+as chairman of the War Committee in his county, aiding in forwarding
+troops to the seat of war. In 1862, he was once more nominated by the
+Democrats for the office of Governor, and was elected by a majority
+of over ten thousand. During his administration he had quite an angry
+controversy with the general government on the subject of the draft,
+he claiming that the quota of troops from the southern portion of
+the State, which gives immense Democratic majorities, was larger in
+proportion to the voting population, than that of the northern or
+republican sections. The matter was finally settled by a revision of
+the draft list. In 1863, the draft riots broke out in New York city,
+and Mr. Seymour immediately left Albany for that place. Arriving there,
+he addressed the rioters, urging them to disperse and go home quietly,
+and promising to do all that he could to stay the execution of the law.
+At the same time he organized a force of citizens, which he armed and
+kept on duty, until the arrival of troops from Pennsylvania restored
+order. In 1864, he was for the fifth time nominated for the office of
+Governor, and was defeated by Mr. Fenton by a majority of over eight
+thousand.
+
+Since the close of the war Mr. Seymour has taken an active part
+in politics, although he has never been a candidate. In personal
+appearance he is quite dignified, and is said to be a very sociable and
+hospitable gentleman. As a public speaker he is fluent, eloquent, and
+argumentative, and wherever he takes the stump he is always received by
+large crowds. Until a late day of the Convention he positively asserted
+that he would not accept the nomination of the Democracy for the
+Presidency, but it is natural to suppose that he will now reconsider
+this resolution after the unanimous vote by which he was nominated.
+
+
+
+
+GENERAL FRANCIS PRESTON BLAIR, JR.
+
+
+This gentleman, the Democratic nominee for the Vice-Presidency, is a
+native of Lexington, Ky., where he was born, in 1821. He received an
+excellent education at Princeton College, N. J., and, after graduation,
+returned to his home at St. Louis, Mo., where he soon became actively
+engaged in politics. He was the political associate of Thomas Benton,
+and was the first man in Missouri to denounce the institution of
+slavery in his State. Being elected to the State Legislature, he soon
+became distinguished for his opposition to all measures tending to
+benefit slavery, and did much toward revolutionizing public sentiment
+in St. Louis, where he resided. In 1856, he was elected to Congress
+as a Republican, and was reëlected by increased majorities in 1858
+and 1860. Throughout these years he never ceased his efforts against
+slavery, and the Kansas Territory difficulty found him an earnest
+advocate of free-soil doctrines. At the commencement of the Rebellion
+of 1861, he was among the first to organize troops for the defense of
+St. Louis and Missouri; and, in conjunction with Captain, afterward
+General Lyon, raised the forces known as the Missouri Home Guards, one
+of the most important Union organizations at that eventful period of
+civil disturbances in that State. He was made commander of the First
+Regiment, and assisted in the capture of Camp Jackson, St. Louis, on
+May 10, 1861, which capture was among the first of the severe blows
+struck at the Rebellion after the fall of Fort Sumter, inasmuch as it
+was certainly the first important one. Colonel Blair also took part in
+the battle of Boonville, under General Lyon, on June 17, 1861, during
+which contest he commanded his regiment. It was at this point that the
+rebels, under General Price and Governor Jackson, met with their first
+decided defeat in Missouri. His regiment took a very active part in
+the battle of Wilson’s Creek, where General Lyon was slain, on August
+10, 1861, but, in consequence of his having to occupy his seat in the
+special session of Congress, Colonel Blair was not present during that
+action.
+
+[Illustration: FRANCIS P. BLAIR, JR.]
+
+During the sessions of Congress in 1861-2, Colonel Blair was Chairman
+of the Committee on Military Affairs, and, as such, did good service
+to the country. Upon the close of the session he returned to Missouri,
+and commenced the organization of a regiment of artillery, and
+afterward, at the request of the Secretary of War, he raised a brigade
+of infantry, of which he was placed in command, and commissioned a
+brigadier-general in August, 1862. The brigade became attached to the
+Fourth Division of the Thirteenth Army Corps, but, subsequently,
+upon a reconstruction of General Grant’s forces, was assigned to the
+Fifteenth Corps, then commanded by General W. T. Sherman. While under
+the command of that brilliant officer, General Blair had charge of
+the First Brigade, of General Steele’s division, at the attack upon
+the defenses in the rear of Vicksburg, on the 29th of December, 1862.
+During the assaults upon the works, General Blair greatly distinguished
+himself for his bravery, being the last to leave the heights, although
+the main army had been severely repulsed. General Blair commanded his
+brigade in General Sherman’s wing of McClernand’s army during the
+assault upon and capture of Fort Hindman, on the Arkansas River, on
+the 10th and 11th of January, 1863. For the gallantry he displayed at
+these last mentioned contests he was promoted to be a major-general of
+volunteers, with a commission dating from November 29, 1862. During
+the month of April, 1863, Major-General Blair was placed in command
+of a division of Sherman’s corps, formerly commanded by General
+David Stuart, who, in consequence of his appointment not having been
+confirmed by the Senate, had resigned the service. At the head of
+this division, he took part in all the operations in the vicinity of
+Vicksburg and in the siege, and further established his character for
+bravery.
+
+During the remainder of the war General Blair took an active and
+conspicuous part in nearly all the great battles of the West. His
+division gained distinction in the attack on and capture of Jackson,
+Miss., and, on the 2d of October, 1863, General Sherman appointed him
+to the command of the corps formerly commanded by himself. In his new
+capacity he again exhibited many high traits of generalship, and, from
+the advance of the army from the Mississippi to the terrible battles
+of Missionary Ridge, his corps participated with distinguished valor,
+and won for its commander considerable reputation. In the early part of
+1864, being desirous of taking his seat in Congress, to which he had
+been elected in 1862, General Blair presented his resignation to Mr.
+Lincoln, at the request of that gentleman, who urged him to be present
+and aid in the organization of the House. During the month of March
+following, he reëntered the service, and was placed in command of the
+Seventeenth Army Corps. Until the war ended he remained in the field,
+serving under General Sherman in the celebrated campaign to Atlanta and
+the sea, and winning fresh laurels as a military leader. On the 11th of
+July, 1865, he bade farewell to his corps at Louisville and retired to
+private life.
+
+As soon as the war was over and General Blair perceived that the
+people of the South were honestly disposed to abide the result of the
+conflict in good faith, he urged a liberal and generous treatment
+of the ex-rebels. At first he continued his connection with the
+republican party, and endeavored to change its course in his State to
+a policy of conservatism. The Legislature of Missouri had passed a law
+disfranchising all who participated in or gave aid and comfort to the
+Rebellion, and another law requiring all the citizens of the State to
+take a test oath. Both of these measures were opposed by General Blair
+as proscriptive and unconstitutional. He urged that, the war being
+over, there was no need of any further rigor toward the men who had
+engaged in rebellion, and regarded it as dangerous to the peace and
+prosperity of the State to deprive them of the right to vote. With
+regard to the test oath, he absolutely refused to subscribe to it,
+and, upon presenting himself at the polls in St. Louis, his vote was
+refused for that reason. For this act he brought a suit before the
+courts for the purpose of testing the constitutionality of the law.
+The case is now before the Supreme Court of the United States, and is
+not yet decided. Gradually General Blair severed his connection with
+the Republican party, after having been a member of that organization
+from its incipiency. When the present reconstruction laws of Congress
+were passed, he denounced them as despotic, revolutionary, and
+unconstitutional, and declared that the people of the South would not
+be in the wrong if they resisted their execution. He opposed, with
+great earnestness, the policy of universal negro suffrage as a disgrace
+and an outrage upon the people, and, in a recent letter, declared that
+the first duty of a Democratic President, if elected, would be to
+overthrow the present radical governments in the South, and restore
+the States to the rule of the whites. This declaration of his has
+been severely commented upon by the radical organs, while, from its
+boldness, the Democratic papers have scarcely ventured to offer an
+opinion.
+
+General Blair’s military reputation has gained him considerable
+popularity in the West, and particularly among the late Union soldiers
+in that section of the country. His recent adhesion to the Democratic
+party and his bitter opposition to negro suffrage created for a time
+considerable surprise when his views were made known, they being
+regarded as singular when compared with his former denunciations of
+slavery and the Democracy. Indeed, nothing could more fully exemplify
+what revolutions sometimes occur in politics and men’s opinions than
+his unanimous and enthusiastic nomination.
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 79072 ***
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+ </head>
+
+<body>
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 79072 ***</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <img src="images/frontis.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="493" >
+ <p class="f120"><b>GEORGE WASHINGTON.</b></p>
+</div>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<h1><span class="fs_80">THE</span><br>VOTER’S TEXT BOOK,</h1>
+
+<p class="f120"><span class="fs_80">COMPRISING A COLLECTION OF THE MOST IMPORTANT</span><br>
+DOCUMENTS AND STATISTICS,<br><span class="fs_80">CONNECTED WITH THE</span><br>
+POLITICAL HISTORY OF AMERICA,</p>
+
+<p class="center spa2">COMPILED FROM OFFICIAL RECORDS, WITH<br>
+BIOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL SKETCHES.</p>
+
+<p class="f120 spa2"><span class="smcap">By</span> JAMES M. HIATT.</p>
+
+<p class="center spa2">INDIANAPOLIS, IND.:<br>
+ASHER, ADAMS &amp; HIGGINS.<br>1868.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<p class="center">Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1868, by</p>
+<p class="f110"> ASHER, ADAMS &amp; HIGGINS,</p>
+
+<p class="center">In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the United States,<br>
+for the District of Indiana.</p>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<p class="f80">STEREOTYPED AT THE FRANKLIN TYPE FOUNDRY, CINCINNATI.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p class="f150"><b>CONTENTS.</b></p>
+<hr class="r10">
+</div>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr fs_80">PAGE.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Formation of the Original Union</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Population of the United States at Decennial Periods</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#POPULATION">6</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Declaration of Independence</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Constitution of the United States, and Amendments</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Washington’s Addresses</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Missouri Compromise of 1820</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Fugitive Slave Law of 1850</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Kansas and Nebraska Act of 1854</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Ordinance of 1787</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Amnesty Proclamation</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Proposed Crittenden Compromise</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Emancipation Proclamation</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Letter Explaining the same</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Proclamation of Andrew Jackson</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">History of each of the States</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Life of Washington</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Electoral Votes for 1st and 2d terms</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Life of John Adams</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Electoral Votes for 3d term</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_162">162</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Life of Jefferson</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_164">164</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Electoral Votes for 4th and 5th terms</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_166">166</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Life of Madison</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_168">168</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Electoral Votes for 6th and 7th terms</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_170">170</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Life of Monroe</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Electoral Votes for 8th and 9th terms</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Life of John Q. Adams</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Electoral Votes for 10th term</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Life of Jackson</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Electoral Votes for 11th and 12th terms</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Life of Van Buren</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Electoral Votes for 13th term</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Life of Harrison</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Electoral Votes for 14th term</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Life of Tyler</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Life of Polk</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Electoral Votes for 15th term</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_194">194</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Life of Taylor</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Electoral Votes for 16th term</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_197">197</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Life of Fillmore</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Life of Pierce</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_200">200</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Electoral Votes for 17th term</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Life of Buchanan</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Electoral Votes for 18th term</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Life of Lincoln</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_208">208</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Electoral Votes for 19th and 20th terms</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Life of Johnson</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_216">216</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Chronological Record of the Rebellion</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_219">219</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Pay of Officers of the United States, Civil and Military</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_269">269</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Schedule of Stamp Duty</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_280">280</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">The Civil Rights Bill</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_289">289</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Constitutional Amendment (proposed)</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_293">293</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">The Military Government Bill</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_295">295</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Supplement to the same, and Amendment</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">History of the National Banks</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_301">301</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">History of Finances, Loans, Bonds, Legal-Tender Notes, etc.</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_318">318</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Statistical View of the States, etc.</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_328">328</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Platforms of the Parties for 1860 and 1864</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_331">331</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Life of General U. S. Grant</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_341">341</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Tenure-of-Office Bill</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_345">345</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Impeachment</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_348">348</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Chicago Platform of 1868</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_369">369</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Life of Schuyler Colfax</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_371">371</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Democratic Platform</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_375">375</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Hon. Horatio Seymour</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_378">378</a></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Gen. Francis Preston Blair, Jr.</td>
+ <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_380">380</a></td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">FORMATION OF THE ORIGINAL UNION.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>On Monday, the 5th of September, 1774, there were assembled at
+Carpenter’s Hall, in the city of Philadelphia, a number of men who had
+been chosen and appointed by the several colonies in North America
+to hold a Congress for the purpose of discussing certain grievances
+imputed against the mother country. This Congress resolved, on the
+next day, that each colony should have one vote only. On Tuesday, the
+2d July, 1776, the Congress resolved, “That these United Colonies are,
+and of right ought to be, Free and Independent States,” etc., etc.;
+and on Thursday, the 4th July, the whole Declaration of Independence
+having been agreed upon, it was publicly read to the people. Shortly
+after, on the 9th September, it was resolved that the words “United
+Colonies” should be no longer used, and that the “<span class="smcap">United
+States of America</span>” should thenceforward be the style and title
+of the Union. On Saturday, the 15th November, 1777, “Articles of
+Confederation and Perpetual Union of the United States of America”
+were agreed to by the State delegates, subject to the ratification
+of the State legislatures severally. Eight of the States ratified
+these articles on the 9th July, 1778; one on the 21st July; one on
+the 24th July; one on the 26th November of the same year; one on the
+22d February, 1779; and the last one on the 1st March, 1781. Here was
+a bond of union between thirteen independent States, whose delegates
+in Congress legislated for the general welfare, and executed certain
+powers so far as they were permitted by the articles aforesaid. The
+following are the names of the Presidents of the Continental Congress
+from 1774 to 1788:
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</span></p>
+
+<table class="spb1 spa2">
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Peyton Randolph, Virginia</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">5th</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">Sept.,</td>
+ <td class="tdr">1774.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Henry Middleton, South Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">22d</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">Oct.,</td>
+ <td class="tdr">1774.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Peyton Randolph, Virginia</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">10th</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">May,</td>
+ <td class="tdr">1775.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">John Hancock, Massachusetts</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">24th</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">May,</td>
+ <td class="tdr">1776.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Henry Laurens, South Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">1st</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">Nov.,</td>
+ <td class="tdr">1777.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">John Jay, New York</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">10th</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">Dec.,</td>
+ <td class="tdr">1778.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Samuel Huntingdon, Connecticut</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">28th</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">Sept., &nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr">1779.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Thomas McKean, Delaware</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">10th</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">July,</td>
+ <td class="tdr">1781.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">John Hanson, Maryland</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">5th</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">Nov.,</td>
+ <td class="tdr">1781.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Elias Boudinot, New Jersey</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">4th</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdr">1782.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Thomas Mifflin, Pennsylvania</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">3d</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdr">1783.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Richard Henry Lee, Virginia</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">30th</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">”</td>
+ <td class="tdr">1784.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Nathaniel Gorham, Massachusetts</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">6th</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">Jan.,</td>
+ <td class="tdr">1786.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Arthur St. Clair, Pennsylvania</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">2d</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">Feb.,</td>
+ <td class="tdr">1787.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Cyrus Griffin, Virginia</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">22d</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">Jan.,</td>
+ <td class="tdr">1788.</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The seat of government was established as follows: At Philadelphia,
+Pa., commencing September 5, 1774, and May 10, 1775; at Baltimore,
+Md., December 20, 1776; at Philadelphia, Pa., March 4, 1777; at
+Lancaster. Pa., September 27, 1777; at York, Pa., September 30, 1777;
+at Philadelphia, Pa., July 2, 1778; at Princeton, N. J., June 30, 1783;
+at Annapolis, Md., November 26, 1783; at Trenton, N. J., November 1,
+1784; and at New York City, N. Y., Jan. 11, 1785.</p>
+
+<p>On the 4th March, 1789, the present Constitution, which had been
+adopted by a convention and ratified by the requisite number of States,
+went into operation.</p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="POPULATION">POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES<br>
+AT DECENNIAL PERIODS.</h2>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+ <thead><tr class="bt bb">
+ <th class="tdc" rowspan="2">Cens’s&nbsp;<br>Years.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl" rowspan="2">White<br>Persons.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl" colspan="3">Colored Persons.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl" rowspan="2">Total<br>Population.</th>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <th class="tdc bl">Free.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">Slave.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">Total.</th>
+ </tr></thead>
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdc">1790</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3,172,464</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">59,466</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">697,897</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">757,363</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3,929,827</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc">1800</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4,304,489</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">108,395</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">893,041</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1,001,436</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">5,305,925</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc">1810</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">5,862,004</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">186,446</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1,191,364</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1,377,810</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">7,239,814</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc">1820</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">7,861,937</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">238,156</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1,538,038</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1,776,194</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">9,638,131</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc">1830</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">10,537,378</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">319,599</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2,009,043</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2,328,642</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">12,866,020</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc">1840</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">14,195,695</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">386,303</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2,487,455</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2,873,758</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">17,069,453</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc">1850</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">19,553,068</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">434,495</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3,204,313</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3,638,808</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">23,191,876</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb2">
+ <td class="tdc">1860</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&#8199;26,964,930</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&#8199;487,970</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&#8199;3,953,760</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&#8199;4,441,730</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&#8199;31,443,322</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.</h2>
+<hr class="r10">
+<p class="center">IN CONGRESS, TUESDAY, JULY 4, 1776.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Agreeably to the order of the day, the Congress resolved itself into
+a committee of the whole, to take into their further consideration
+the Declaration; and, after some time, the President resumed the
+chair, and Mr. Harrison reported that the committee had agreed to a
+declaration, which they desired him to report. (The committee consisted
+of Jefferson, Franklin, John Adams, Sherman, and R. R Livingston.)</p>
+
+<p>The Declaration being read, was agreed to, as follows:</p>
+
+<p class="f120 spa1"><b>A DECLARATION</b></p>
+<p class="center">BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE<br>UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,<br>
+IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED.</p>
+
+<p>When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one
+people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with
+another, and to assume among the powers of the earth the separate and
+equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature’s God entitle
+them, a decent respect for the opinions of mankind requires that they
+should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.</p>
+
+<p>We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created
+equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable
+rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of
+happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments are instituted
+among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed;
+that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these
+ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to
+institute a new government, laying its foundation on such principles,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</span>
+and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most
+likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will
+dictate that governments long established should not be changed for
+light and transient causes; and, accordingly, all experience hath shown
+that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable,
+than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are
+accustomed. But, when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing
+invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under
+absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off
+such government, and to provide new guards for their future security.
+Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such is
+now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems
+of government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a
+history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having, in direct
+object, the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To
+prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world:</p>
+
+<p>He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for
+the public good.</p>
+
+<p>He has forbidden his Governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing
+importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should
+be obtained; and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend
+to them.</p>
+
+<p>He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large
+districts of people unless those people would relinquish the right of
+representation in the legislature—a right inestimable to them, and
+formidable to tyrants only.</p>
+
+<p>He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual,
+uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records,
+for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.</p>
+
+<p>He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly for opposing, with
+manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people.</p>
+
+<p>He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause
+others to be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</span>
+annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise,
+the State remaining, in the meantime, exposed to all the danger of
+invasion from without, and convulsions within.</p>
+
+<p>He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for
+that purpose, obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners;
+refusing to pass others to encourage their emigration hither, and
+raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands.</p>
+
+<p>He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent
+to laws for establishing judiciary powers.</p>
+
+<p>He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their
+offices and the amount and payment of their salaries.</p>
+
+<p>He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of
+officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance.</p>
+
+<p>He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the
+consent of our legislature.</p>
+
+<p>He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to,
+the civil power.</p>
+
+<p>He has combined, with others, to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign
+to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent
+to their acts of pretended legislation:</p>
+
+<p>For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us;</p>
+
+<p>For protecting them, by mock trial, from punishment, for any murders
+which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States;</p>
+
+<p>For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world;</p>
+
+<p>For imposing taxes on us without our consent;</p>
+
+<p>For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury;</p>
+
+<p>For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offenses;</p>
+
+<p>For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring
+province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging
+its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit
+instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies;
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</span></p>
+
+<p>For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and
+altering, fundamentally, the powers of our governments;</p>
+
+<p>For suspending our own legislature, and declaring themselves invested
+with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.</p>
+
+<p>He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his
+protection, and waging war against us.</p>
+
+<p>He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coast, burnt our towns, and
+destroyed the lives of our people.</p>
+
+<p>He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries
+to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun,
+with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the
+most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation.</p>
+
+<p>He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas,
+to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their
+friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands.</p>
+
+<p>He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored
+to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian
+savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction,
+of all ages, sexes, and conditions.</p>
+
+<p>In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for redress,
+in the most humble terms; our repeated petitions have been answered
+only by repeated injury. A prince, whose character is thus marked by
+every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a
+free people.</p>
+
+<p>Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have
+warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their legislature
+to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them
+of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have
+appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured
+them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations,
+which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence.
+They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity.
+We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our
+separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in
+war—in peace, friends.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</span></p>
+
+<p>We, therefore, the representatives of the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
+in GENERAL CONGRESS assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the
+World for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by
+the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish
+and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to
+be, <span class="smcap">Free and Independent States</span>; that
+they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that
+all political connections between them and the State of Great Britain,
+is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; and that, as <i>FREE AND
+INDEPENDENT STATES</i>, they have full power to levy war, conclude
+peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other
+acts and things which INDEPENDENT STATES may of right do. And for the
+support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of
+DIVINE PROVIDENCE, we mutually pledge to each other, our lives, our
+fortunes, and our sacred honor.</p>
+
+<p>The foregoing Declaration was, by order of Congress, engrossed, and
+signed by the following members:</p>
+
+<p class="author fs_110">JOHN HANCOCK.</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdc"><i>New Hampshire.</i></td>
+ <td class="tdc"><i>Rhode Island.</i></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Josiah Bartlett</span>,</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Stephen Hopkins</span>,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">William Whipple</span>,</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">William Ellery</span>.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Matthew Thornton</span>.&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc">&nbsp;<br><i>Massachusetts Bay.</i></td>
+ <td class="tdc">&nbsp;<br><i>New York.</i></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Samuel Adams</span>,</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">William Floyd</span>,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">John Adams</span>,</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Philip Livingston</span>,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Robert Treat Payne</span>,</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Francis Lewis</span>,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Elbridge Gerry</span>.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Lewis Morris</span>.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc">&nbsp;<br><i>Connecticut.</i></td>
+ <td class="tdc">&nbsp;<br><i>New Jersey.</i></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Roger Sherman</span>,</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Richard Stockton</span>,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Samuel Huntington</span>,</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">John Witherspoon</span>,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">William Williams</span>,</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Francis Hopkinson</span>,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Oliver Wolcott</span>.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">John Hart</span>,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Abraham Clark</span>.
+ <span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</span></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc">&nbsp;<br><i>Pennsylvania.</i></td>
+ <td class="tdc">&nbsp;<br><i>Virginia.</i></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Robert Morris</span>,</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">George Wythe</span>,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Benjamin Rush</span>,</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Richard Henry Lee</span>,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Benjamin Franklin</span>,</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Thomas Jefferson</span>,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">John Morton</span>,</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Benjamin Harrison</span>,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">George Clymer</span>,</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Thomas Nelson, Jun.</span>,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">James Smith</span>,</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Francis Lightfoot Lee</span>,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">George Taylor</span>,</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Carter Braxton</span>.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">James Wilson</span>,</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">George Ross.</span></td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc">&nbsp;<br><i>North Carolina.</i></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">William Hooper</span>,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Joseph Hewes</span>,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">John Penn</span>.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc">&nbsp;<br><i>Delaware</i>.</td>
+ <td class="tdc">&nbsp;<br><i>South Carolina.</i></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Cæsar Rodney</span>,</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Edward Rutledge</span>,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">George Read</span>,</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Thomas Heyward, Jun.</span>,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Thomas M’Kean.</span></td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Thomas Lynch, Jun.</span>,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Arthur Middleton</span>.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc">&nbsp;<br><i>Maryland.</i></td>
+ <td class="tdc">&nbsp;<br><i>Georgia.</i></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Samuel Chase</span>,</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Button Gwinnett</span>,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">William Paca</span>,</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Lyman Hall</span>,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Thomas Stone</span>,</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">George Walton</span>.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Charles Carroll,</span></td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2"><span class="smcap">of Carroll’n.</span></td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <img src="images/john_adams.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="579" >
+ <p class="f120"><b>JOHN ADAMS.</b></p>
+</div>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION</h2>
+<p class="center"><b>AND<br>PERPETUAL UNION BETWEEN THE STATES.</b></p>
+</div>
+<hr class="r10">
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="neg-indent">The Articles of Confederation reported July 12,
+’76, and debated from day to day, and time to time, for two years;
+were ratified July 9, ’78, by 10 States; by New Jersey, on the 26th
+of November of the same year; and by Delaware, on the 23d of February
+following. Maryland, alone, held off two years more, acceding to them
+March 1, ’81, and thus closing the obligation. The following are the
+Articles:</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>To all whom these Presents shall come, We, the undersigned Delegates
+of the States affixed to our names, send greeting</i>—Whereas, the
+Delegates of the United States of America, in Congress assembled,
+did, on the 15th day of November, in the year of our Lord, 1777, and
+in the Second Year of the Independence of America, agree to certain
+Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union between the States of New
+Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations,
+Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland,
+Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, in the words
+following, viz.:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="neg-indent">“<i>Articles of Confederation and Perpetual
+Union between the States of New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode
+Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey,
+Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South
+Carolina, and Georgia.</i>”</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Article 1.</span> The style of this Confederacy
+shall be “The United States of America.”</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Article 2.</span> Each State retains its
+sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction,
+and right, which is not by this confederation expressly delegated to
+the United States in Congress assembled.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Article 3.</span> The said States hereby severally
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</span>
+enter into a firm league of friendship with each other, for their
+common defense, the security of their liberties, and their mutual and
+general welfare, binding themselves to assist each other against all
+force offered to, or attacks made upon them, or any of them, on account
+of religion, sovereignty, trade, or any other pretense whatever.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Article 4.</span> The better to secure and
+perpetuate mutual friendship and intercourse among the people of the
+different States in this Union, the free inhabitants of each of these
+States—paupers, vagabonds, and fugitives from justice excepted—shall
+be entitled to all privileges and immunities of free citizens in the
+several States; and the people of each State shall have free ingress
+and regress to and from any other State, and shall enjoy therein all
+the privileges of trade and commerce, subject to the same duties,
+impositions, and restrictions, as the inhabitants thereof respectively,
+provided that such restriction shall not extend so far as to prevent
+the removal of property, imported into any State, to any other State of
+which the owner is an inhabitant; provided, also, that no imposition,
+duties or restriction shall be laid by any State on the property of the
+United States, or either of them.</p>
+
+<p>If any person guilty of or charged with treason, felony, or other
+high misdemeanor in any State, shall flee from justice, and be found
+in any of the United States, he shall, upon demand of the Governor, or
+executive power of the State from which he fled, be delivered up and
+removed to the State having jurisdiction of his offense.</p>
+
+<p>Full faith and credit shall be given in each of these States, to the
+records, acts, and judicial proceedings of the courts and magistrates
+of every other State.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Article 5.</span> For the more convenient
+management of the general interest of the United States, Delegates
+shall be annually appointed, in such manner as the legislature of
+each State shall direct, to meet in Congress on the first Monday in
+November, in every year, with a power reserved to each State, to recall
+its Delegates, or any of them, at any time within the year, and to send
+others in their stead, for the remainder of the year.</p>
+
+<p>No state shall be represented in Congress by less than two, nor by
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</span>
+more than seven members; and no person shall be capable of being a
+Delegate for more than three years in any term of six years; nor shall
+any person, being a Delegate, be capable of holding any office under
+the United States, for which he, or another for his benefit, receives
+any salary, fees or emolument of any kind.</p>
+
+<p>Each State shall maintain its own Delegates in any meeting of
+the States, and while they act as members of the Committee of the
+States.</p>
+
+<p>In determining questions in the United States, in Congress
+assembled, each State shall have one vote.</p>
+
+<p>Freedom of speech and debate in Congress shall not be impeached or
+questioned in any court or place, out of Congress, and the members
+of Congress shall be protected in their persons from arrests and
+imprisonments, during the time of their going to and from, and
+attendance on Congress, except for treason, felony, or breach of the
+peace.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Article 6.</span> No State, without the consent
+of the United States in Congress assembled, shall send an embassy to,
+or receive an embassy from, or enter into any conference, agreement,
+alliance or treaty with any King, Prince, or State; nor shall any
+person holding any office of profit or trust under the United States,
+or any of them, accept of any present, emolument, office or title of
+any kind whatever from any King, Prince, or Foreign State; nor shall
+the United States in Congress assembled, or any of them, grant any
+title of nobility.</p>
+
+<p>No two or more States shall enter into any treaty, confederation
+or alliance whatever between them, without the consent of the United
+States in Congress assembled, specifying accurately the purposes
+for which the same is to be entered into, and how long it shall
+continue.</p>
+
+<p>No State shall lay any imposts or duties which may interfere with
+any stipulations in treaties, entered into by the United States in
+Congress assembled, with any King, Prince or State, in pursuance of any
+treaties already proposed by Congress, to the Courts of France and Spain.</p>
+
+<p>No vessels of war shall be kept up in time of peace by any State
+except such number only, as shall be deemed necessary by the United
+States in Congress assembled, for the defense of such State, or its
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</span>
+trade; nor shall any body of forces be kept up by any State, in time of
+peace, except such number only, as in the judgment of the United States
+in Congress assembled, shall be deemed requisite to garrison the forts
+necessary for the defense of such State; but every State shall always
+keep up a well-regulated and disciplined militia, sufficiently armed
+and accoutred, and shall provide and have constantly ready for use, in
+public stores, a due number of field-pieces and tents, and a proper
+quantity of arms, ammunition, and camp equipage.</p>
+
+<p>No State shall engage in any war without the consent of the United
+States in Congress assembled, unless such State be actually invaded by
+enemies, or shall have received certain advice of a resolution being
+formed by some nation of Indians to invade such a State, and the danger
+is so imminent as not to admit of a delay, till the United States
+in Congress assembled can be consulted: nor shall any State grant
+commissions to any ships or vessels of war, nor letters of marque or
+reprisal, except it be after a declaration of war by the United States
+in Congress assembled, and then only against the Kingdom or State,
+and the subjects thereof, against which war has been so declared, and
+under such regulations as shall be established by the United States
+in Congress assembled, unless such State be infested by pirates, in
+which case vessels of war may be fitted out for that occasion, and kept
+so long as the danger shall continue, or until the United States in
+Congress assembled shall determine otherwise.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Article 7.</span> When land forces are raised
+by any State for the common defense, all officers of, or under the
+rank of colonel, shall be appointed by the legislature of each State
+respectively, by whom such forces shall be raised, or in such manner as
+such State shall direct, and all vacancies shall be filled up by the
+State which first made the appointment.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Article 8.</span> All charges of war, and all
+other expenses that shall be incurred for the common defense or general
+welfare, and allowed by the United States in Congress assembled, shall
+be defrayed out of a common treasury, which shall be supplied by the
+several States, in proportion to the value of all land within each
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</span>
+State, granted to or surveyed for any person, as such land and the
+buildings and improvements thereon shall be estimated according to such
+mode as the United States in Congress assembled, shall, from time to
+time, direct and appoint. The taxes for paying that proportion shall be
+laid and levied by the authority and direction of the legislatures of
+the several States within the time agreed upon by the United States in
+Congress assembled.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Article 9.</span> The United States in Congress
+assembled shall have the sole and exclusive right and power of
+determining on peace and war, except in the cases mentioned in the 6th
+article—of sending and receiving embassadors—entering into treaties and
+alliances, provided that no treaty of commerce shall be made whereby
+the legislative power of the respective States shall be restrained from
+imposing such imposts and duties on foreigners, as their own people are
+subjected to, or from prohibiting the exportation or importation of any
+species of goods or commodities whatsoever—of establishing rules for
+deciding in all cases what captures on land or water shall be legal,
+and in what manner prizes taken by land or naval forces in the service
+of the United States shall be divided or appropriated—of granting
+letters of marque and reprisal in times of peace—appointing courts
+for the trial of piracies and felonies committed on the high seas and
+establishing courts for receiving and determining finally appeals in
+all cases of captures, provided that no member of Congress shall be
+appointed a judge of any of the said courts.</p>
+
+<p>The United States in Congress assembled shall also be the last
+resort on appeal in all disputes and differences now subsisting or that
+hereafter may arise between two or more States concerning boundary,
+jurisdiction, or any other cause whatever; which authority shall always
+be exercised in the manner following:—Whenever the legislative or
+executive authority or lawful agent of any State in controversy with
+another shall present a petition to Congress, stating the matter in
+question, and praying for a hearing, notice thereof shall be given by
+order of Congress, to the legislative or executive authority of the
+other State in controversy, and a day assigned for the appearance of
+the parties by their lawful agents, who shall then be directed to
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</span>
+appoint, by joint consent, commissioners or judges to constitute a
+court for hearing and determining the matter in question: but if they
+can not agree, Congress shall name three persons out of each of the
+United States, and from the list of such persons each party shall
+alternately strike out one, the petitioners beginning, until the
+number shall be reduced to thirteen; and from that number not less
+than seven, nor more than nine names, as Congress shall direct, shall
+in the presence of Congress be drawn out by lot, and the persons whose
+names shall be so drawn or any five of them, shall be commissioners
+or judges, to hear and finally determine the controversy, so always
+as a major part of the judges who shall hear the cause shall agree
+in the determination: and if either party shall neglect to attend at
+the day appointed, without showing reasons which Congress shall judge
+sufficient, or being present shall refuse to strike, the Congress
+shall proceed to nominate three persons out of each State, and the
+Secretary of Congress shall strike in behalf of such party absent or
+refusing; and the judgment and sentence of the court to be appointed,
+in the manner above prescribed, shall be final and conclusive; and if
+any of the parties shall refuse to submit to the authority of such
+court, or to appear or defend their claim or cause, the court shall,
+nevertheless, proceed to pronounce sentence or judgment, which shall in
+like manner be final and decisive, the judgment or sentence and other
+proceedings being in either case transmitted to Congress and lodged
+among the acts of Congress for the security of the parties concerned:
+provided that every commissioner, before he sits in judgment, shall
+take an oath, to be administered by one of the judges of the Supreme
+or Superior Court of the State where the cause shall be tried, “well
+and truly to hear and determine the matter in question, according to
+the best of his judgment, without favor, affection, or hope of reward:”
+provided also that no State shall be deprived of territory for the
+benefit of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>All controversies concerning the private right of soil claimed under
+different grants of two or more States, whose jurisdictions as they
+may respect such lands, and the States which passed such grants, are
+adjusted; the said grants or either of them being at the same time
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</span>
+claimed to have originated antecedent to such settlement of
+jurisdiction, shall, on the petition of either party to the Congress
+of the United States, be finally determined as near as may be in the
+same manner as is before prescribed for deciding disputes respecting
+territorial jurisdiction between different States.</p>
+
+<p>The United States in Congress assembled shall also have the sole
+exclusive right and power of regulating the alloy and value of
+coin struck by their own authority, or by that of the respective
+States—fixing the standard of weights and measures throughout the
+United States—regulating the trade and managing all affairs with
+the Indians, not members of any of the States; provided that the
+legislative right of any State within its own limits be not infringed
+or violated—establishing or regulating post-offices from one State
+to another, throughout all the United States, and exacting such
+postage on the papers passing through the same as may be requisite
+to defray, the expenses of the said office—appointing all officers
+of the land forces, in the service of the United States, excepting
+regimental officers—appointing all the officers of the naval forces,
+and commissioning all officers whatever in the service of the United
+States—making rules for the government and regulation of the said land
+and naval forces, and directing their operations.</p>
+
+<p>The United States in Congress assembled shall have authority
+to appoint a committee, to sit in the recess of Congress, to be
+denominated “A Committee of the States,” and to consist of one delegate
+from each State; and to appoint such other committees and civil
+officers as may be necessary for managing the general affairs of the
+United States, under their direction—to appoint one of their number to
+preside; provided that no person be allowed to serve in the office of
+president more than one year in any term of three years—to ascertain
+the necessary sums of money to be raised for the service of the United
+States, and to appropriate and apply the same for defraying the public
+expenses—to borrow money, or emit bills on the credit of the United
+States, transmitting every half year to the respective States an
+account of the sums of money so borrowed or emitted—to build and equip
+a navy—to agree upon the number of land forces, and to make requisitions
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</span>
+from each State for its quota, in proportion to the number of white
+inhabitants in such State; which requisition shall be binding; and
+thereupon the legislatures of each State shall appoint the regimental
+officers, raise the men, and clothe, arm, and equip them in a
+soldier-like manner, at the expense of the United States; and the
+officers and men so clothed, armed, and equipped, shall march to the
+place appointed, and within the time agreed on by the United States
+in Congress assembled; but if the United States in Congress assembled
+shall, on consideration of circumstances, judge proper that any State
+should not raise men, or should raise a smaller number than its quota,
+and that any other State should raise a greater number of men than the
+quota thereof, such extra number shall be raised, officered, clothed,
+armed, and equipped in the same manner as the quota of such State,
+unless the legislature of such state shall judge that such extra number
+can not be safely spared out of the same; in which case they shall
+raise, officer, clothe, arm, and equip as many of such extra number as
+they judge can be safely spared. And the officers and men so clothed,
+armed, and equipped, shall march to the place appointed, and within the
+time agreed on by the United States in Congress assembled.</p>
+
+<p>The United States in Congress assembled shall never engage in a war,
+nor grant letters of marque and reprisal in time of peace, nor enter
+into any treaties or alliances, nor coin money, nor regulate the value
+thereof, nor ascertain the sums and expenses necessary for the defense
+and welfare of the United States, or any of them, nor emit bills, nor
+borrow money on the credit of the United States, nor appropriate money,
+nor agree upon the number of vessels of war to be built or purchased,
+or the number of land or sea forces to be raised, nor appoint a
+commander-in-chief of the army or navy unless nine States assent to the
+same; nor shall a question on any other point, except for adjourning
+from day to day, be determined, unless by the votes of a majority of
+the United States in Congress assembled.</p>
+
+<p>The Congress of the United States shall have power to adjourn to any
+time within the year, and to any place within the United States, so
+that no period of adjournment be for a longer duration than the space
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</span>
+of six months, and shall publish the journal of their proceedings
+monthly, except such parts thereof relating to treaties, alliances,
+or military operations, as in their judgment require secrecy and the
+yeas and nays of the delegates of each State on any question shall be
+entered on the journal when it is desired by any delegate; and the
+delegates of a State, or any of them, at his or their request, shall
+be furnished with a transcript of the said journal, except such parts
+as are above excepted, to lay before the legislatures of the several
+States.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Article 10.</span> The committee of the States,
+or any nine of them shall be authorized to execute, in the recess
+of Congress, such of the powers of Congress as the United States in
+Congress assembled, by the consent of nine States, shall, from time
+to time, think expedient to vest them with; provided that no power be
+delegated to the said committee; for the exercise of which, by the
+Articles of Confederation; the voice of nine States in the Congress of
+the United States assembled is requisite.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Article 11.</span> Canada, acceding to this
+confederation and joining in the measures of the United States, shall
+be admitted into, and entitled to all the advantages of this union; but
+no other colony shall be admitted into the same unless such admission
+be agreed to by nine States.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Article 12.</span> All bills of credit emitted,
+moneys borrowed, and debts contracted by, or under the authority of
+Congress, before the assembling of the United States, in pursuance of
+the present confederation, shall be deemed and considered as a charge
+against the United States—for payment and satisfaction whereof, the
+said United States and the public faith are hereby solemnly pledged.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Article 13.</span> Every State shall abide by
+the determinations of the United States in Congress assembled on all
+questions which, by this confederation, are submitted to them. And the
+articles of this confederation shall be inviolably observed by every
+State, and the union shall be perpetual; nor shall any alteration at
+any time hereafter be made in any of them, unless such alteration
+be agreed to in a Congress of the United States, and be afterward
+confirmed by the legislatures of every State.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</span></p>
+
+<p><i>And Whereas</i>, It hath pleased the Great Governor of the World
+to incline the hearts of the legislatures we respectively represent
+in Congress, to approve of and to authorize us to ratify the said
+Articles of Confederation and perpetual union. Know Ye that we, the
+undersigned delegates, by virtue of the power and authority to us given
+for that purpose, do, by these presents, in the name and in behalf of
+our respective constituents, fully and entirely ratify and confirm each
+and every of the said Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union,
+and all and singular the matters and things therein contained. And
+we do further solemnly plight and engage the faith of our respective
+constituents, that they shall abide by the determinations of the United
+States in Congress assembled on all questions which, by the said
+confederation, are submitted to them. And that the articles thereof
+shall be inviolably observed by the States we respectively represent,
+and that the union shall be perpetual. In witness whereof we have
+hereunto set our hands in Congress. Done at Philadelphia, in the State
+of Pennsylvania, the 9th day of July, in the year of our Lord 1778, and
+in the 3d year of the Independence of America.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">CONSTITUTION &nbsp;OF&nbsp; THE<br>UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</h2>
+<hr class="r10">
+</div>
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="neg-indent">We, the People of the United States, in order
+to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic
+tranquillity, provide for the common defense, promote the general
+welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our
+posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United
+States of America:</p>
+</div>
+
+<h3>ARTICLE I.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span> All the legislative powers
+herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States,
+which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> The House of Representatives
+shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people
+of the several States; and the electors in each State shall have the
+qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of
+the State Legislature.</p>
+
+<p>No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to
+the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the
+United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of
+that State in which he shall be chosen.</p>
+
+<p>Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the
+several States which may be included within this Union, according to
+their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the
+whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a
+term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</span>
+other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three
+years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States,
+and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they
+shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed
+one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one
+Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of
+New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight,
+Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York
+six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six,
+Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia
+three.</p>
+
+<p>When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the
+Executive authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such
+vacancies.</p>
+
+<p>The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other
+officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> The Senate of the United States
+shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the
+Legislature thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the
+first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three
+classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated
+at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the
+expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration
+of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen, every second year;
+and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the
+recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make
+temporary appointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which
+shall then fill such vacancies.</p>
+
+<p>No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age
+of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States,
+and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for
+which he shall be chosen.</p>
+
+<p>The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the
+Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</span></p>
+
+<p>The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President
+<i>pro tempore</i>, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he
+shall exercise the office of President of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When
+sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When
+the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall
+preside; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of
+two-thirds of the members present.</p>
+
+<p>Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to
+removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office
+of honor, trust or profit under the United States; but the party
+convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment,
+trial, judgment and punishment, according to law.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> The times, places, and manner of
+holding elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed
+in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may, at any
+time, by law make or alter such regulations, except as the places of
+choosing Senators.</p>
+
+<p>The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such
+meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by
+law appoint a different day.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 5.</span> Each House shall be the judge
+of the elections, returns, and qualifications of its own members, and
+a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a
+smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to
+compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner and under such
+penalties as each House may provide.</p>
+
+<p>Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish
+its members for disorderly behavior, and with the concurrence of
+two-thirds, expel a member.</p>
+
+<p>Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time to
+time publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in their judgment,
+require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either House
+on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be
+entered on the journal.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</span></p>
+
+<p>Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the
+consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any
+other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 6.</span> The Senators and Representatives
+shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained
+by law and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall
+in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be
+privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their
+respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for
+any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in
+any other place.</p>
+
+<p>No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was
+elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the
+United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof
+shall have been increased during such time, and no person holding any
+office under the United States shall be a member of either House during
+his continuance in office.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 7.</span> All bills for raising revenue
+shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may
+propose or concur with amendments as on other bills.</p>
+
+<p>Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives
+and the Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the
+President of the United States: If he approve, he shall sign it; but if
+not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that House in which it
+shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their
+Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration,
+two-thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be
+sent, together with the objections, to the other House, by which it
+shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that
+House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both
+Houses shall be determined by yeas and nay, and the names of the
+persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the Journal
+of each House respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the
+President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</span>
+presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he
+had signed it, unless the Congress, by their adjournment, prevent its
+return; in which case it shall not be a law.</p>
+
+<p>Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the
+Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a
+question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the
+United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved
+by him; or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds
+of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and
+limitations prescribed in the case of a bill.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 8.</span> The Congress shall have Power—</p>
+
+<p>To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the
+debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the
+United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform
+throughout the United States;</p>
+
+<p>To borrow money on the credit of the United States;</p>
+
+<p>To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several
+States, and with the Indian tribes;</p>
+
+<p>To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on
+the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States;</p>
+
+<p>To coin money, regulate the value thereof and of foreign coin, and
+fix the standard of weights and measures;</p>
+
+<p>To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and
+current coin of the United States;</p>
+
+<p>To establish post-offices and post-roads;</p>
+
+<p>To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for
+limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their
+respective writings and discoveries;</p>
+
+<p>To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court;</p>
+
+<p>To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high
+seas, and offenses against the law of nations;</p>
+
+<p>To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules
+concerning captures on land and water;</p>
+
+<p>To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that
+use shall be for a longer term than two years;</p>
+
+<p>To provide and maintain a navy;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</span>
+To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval
+forces;</p>
+
+<p>To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the
+Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions;</p>
+
+<p>To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and
+for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of
+the United States, reserving to the States respectively the appointment
+of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to
+the discipline prescribed by Congress;</p>
+
+<p>To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over
+such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of
+particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of
+the Government of the United States, and to exercise like authority
+over all places purchased by the consent of the Legislature of the
+State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines,
+arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings; and</p>
+
+<p>To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying
+into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by
+this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any
+department or officer thereof.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 9.</span> The migration or importation of
+such persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to
+admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one
+thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on
+such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person.</p>
+
+<p>The privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended,
+unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may
+require it.</p>
+
+<p>No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed.</p>
+
+<p>No capitation, or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in
+proportion to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be
+taken.</p>
+
+<p>No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State.</p>
+
+<p>No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</span>
+to the ports of one State over those of another; nor shall vessels
+bound to or from one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties
+in another.</p>
+
+<p>No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of
+appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the
+receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from
+time to time.</p>
+
+<p>No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no
+person holding any office of profit or trust under them shall, without
+the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office,
+or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign
+State.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 10.</span> No State shall enter into
+any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant letters of marque or
+reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make any thing but gold and
+silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder,
+ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or
+grant any title of nobility.</p>
+
+<p>No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any
+imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely
+necessary for executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of
+all duties and imposts, laid by any State on imports or exports, shall
+be for the use of the treasury of the United States; and all such laws
+shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress.</p>
+
+<p>No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of
+tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any
+agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or
+engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as
+will not admit of delay.</p>
+
+<h3>ARTICLE II.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span> The Executive Power shall
+be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall
+hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the
+Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows:</p>
+
+<p>Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</span>
+may direct, a number of electors equal to the number of Senators and
+Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress; but
+no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or
+profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector.</p>
+
+<p>(The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot
+for two persons—of one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same
+State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons
+voted for, and of the number of votes for each; which list they shall
+sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the Government
+of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The
+President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House
+of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then
+be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the
+President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors
+appointed; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and
+have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall
+immediately choose by ballot one of them for President; and if no
+person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said
+House shall, in like manner, choose the President. But, in choosing the
+President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from
+each State having one vote. A quorum for this purpose shall consist of
+a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of
+all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the
+choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes
+of the electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there should remain
+two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by
+ballot the Vice-President.&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_1_1" href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>)</p>
+
+<p>The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the
+day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same
+throughout the United States.</p>
+
+<p>No person, except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United
+States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</span>
+eligible to the office of President; neither stall any person be
+eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of
+thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United
+States.</p>
+
+<p>In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his
+death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties
+of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President;
+and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death,
+resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice-President,
+declaring what officer shall then act as President; and such officer
+shall act accordingly until the disability be removed, or a President
+shall be elected.</p>
+
+<p>The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a
+compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during
+the period for which he shall have been elected; and he shall not
+receive within that period any other emolument from the United States,
+or any of them.</p>
+
+<p>Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the
+following oath or affirmation:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">“I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will
+faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and
+will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and
+defend the Constitution of the United States.”</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> The President shall be
+Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of
+the militia of the several States when called into the actual service
+of the United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the
+principal officer in each of the Executive Departments, upon any
+subject relating to the duties of their respective offices; and he
+shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against
+the United States, except in cases of impeachment.</p>
+
+<p>He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the
+Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senate present
+concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent
+of the Senate, shall appoint Embassadors, other public Ministers and
+Consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</span>
+United States whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for,
+and which shall be established by law; but the Congress may by law vest
+the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in the
+President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.</p>
+
+<p>The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may
+happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, which
+shall expire at the end of their next session.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> He shall, from time to time, give
+to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend
+to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and
+expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses,
+or either of them; and, in case of disagreement between them with
+respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as
+he shall think proper; he shall receive Embassadors and other public
+Ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and
+shall commission all the officers of the United States.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> The President, Vice-President,
+and all Civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from
+office on impeachment for, and conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or
+other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.</p>
+
+<h3>ARTICLE III.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span> The judicial power of the
+United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such
+inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and
+establish. The Judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts,
+shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated
+times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be
+diminished during their continuance in office.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> The judicial power shall extend
+to all cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution,
+the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be
+made, under their authority; to all cases affecting Embassadors, other
+public Ministers, and Consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime
+jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States shall be a
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</span>
+party; to controversies between two or more States; between a State
+and citizens of another State; between citizens of different States;
+between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of
+different States; and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and
+foreign States, citizens, or subjects.</p>
+
+<p>In all cases affecting Embassadors, other public Ministers and
+Consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme
+Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before
+mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as
+to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the
+Congress shall make.</p>
+
+<p>The trial of all crimes, except in cases of Impeachment, shall be by
+jury; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes
+shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the
+trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have
+directed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> Treason against the United States
+shall consist only in levying war against them, or adhering to their
+enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of
+treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act,
+or on confession in open Court.</p>
+
+<p>The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason,
+but no Attainder of Treason shall work corruption of blood, or
+forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted.</p>
+
+<h3>ARTICLE IV.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span> Full faith and credit shall
+be given in each State to the public acts, records, and judicial
+proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general laws
+prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall
+be proved, and the effect thereof.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> The citizens of each State shall
+be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several
+States.</p>
+
+<p>A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime,
+who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</span>
+demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be
+delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime.</p>
+
+<p>No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws
+thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or
+regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall
+be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may
+be due.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> New States may be admitted by the
+Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected
+within the jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed
+by the junction of two or more States or parts of States without the
+consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned, as well as of the
+Congress.</p>
+
+<p>The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful
+rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property
+belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall
+be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or any
+particular State.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> The United States shall guarantee
+to every State in this Union a republican form of Government, and
+shall protect each of them against invasion; and on application of
+the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature can not be
+convened), against domestic violence.</p>
+
+<h3>ARTICLE V.</h3>
+
+<p>The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it
+necessary, shall propose amendments to the Constitution, or, on the
+application of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States,
+shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either
+case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this
+Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of
+the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the
+one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress;
+<i>Provided</i>, that no amendment which may be made prior to the year
+one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the
+first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article;
+and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal
+suffrage in the Senate.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</span></p>
+
+<h3>ARTICLE VI.</h3>
+
+<p>All debts contracted and engagements entered into before the adoption
+of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States,
+under this Constitution, as under the Confederation.</p>
+
+<p>This Constitution and the laws of the United States which shall be
+made in pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be
+made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme
+law of the land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby,
+any thing in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary
+notwithstanding.</p>
+
+<p>The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members
+of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial
+officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall
+be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution; but no
+religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office
+or public trust under the United States.</p>
+
+<h3>ARTICLE VII.</h3>
+
+<p>The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be
+sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the
+States so ratifying the same.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Done</span> in convention, by the unanimous
+consent of the States present, the seventeenth day of September, in
+the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and
+of the Independence of the United States of America the twelfth. In
+Witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names.</p>
+
+<p class="author">GEO. WASHINGTON,&emsp;&nbsp;<br>
+<i>Pres’t and Deputy from Virginia.</i></p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><i>New Hampshire.</i></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">John Langdon,</span></td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Nicholas Gilman.</span></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><i>Massachusetts.</i></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Nathaniel Gorham</span>,</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Rufus King</span>.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><i>Connecticut.</i></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Wm. Saml. Johnson</span>,</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Roger Sherman.</span>
+ <span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</span></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><i>New York.</i></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Alexander Hamilton</span>.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><i>New Jersey.</i></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Wil. Livingston</span>,</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">David Brearley</span>,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Wm. Paterson</span>,</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Jona. Dayton</span>.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><i>Pennsylvania.</i></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">B. Franklin</span>,</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Thomas Mifflin</span>,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Robt. Morris</span>,</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Geo. Clymer</span>,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Tho. Fitzsimons</span>,</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Jared Ingersoll</span>,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">James Wilson</span>,</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Gouv. Morris</span>.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><i>Delaware.</i></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Geo. Read</span>,</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Gunning Bedford, Jun’r</span>,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">John Dickinson</span>,</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Richard Bassett</span>.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Jaco. Broom</span>,</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><i>Maryland.</i></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">James M’Henry</span>,</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Dan. of St. Thos. Jenifer</span>.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Danl. Carroll</span>,</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">&nbsp;</span></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><i>Virginia.</i></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">John Blair</span>,</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">James Madison, Jr.</span></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><i>North Carolina.</i></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Wm. Blount</span>,</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Rich’d Dobbs Spaight</span>.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Hu. Williamson</span>,</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><i>South Carolina.</i></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">J. Rutledge</span>,</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Charles Cotesworth Pinckney</span>,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Charles Pinckney</span>,</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Pierce Butler</span>.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><i>Georgia.</i></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">William Few</span>,</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1"><span class="smcap">Abr. Baldwin</span>.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr">&nbsp;<br>Attest:</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1">&nbsp;<br>WILLIAM JACKSON, <i>Secretary</i>.</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <img src="images/jefferson.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="529" >
+ <p class="f120"><b>THOMAS JEFFERSON.</b></p>
+</div>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</span></p>
+<h3>ARTICLES,</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="neg-indent">In addition to, and amendment of, the
+Constitution of the United States of America, proposed by Congress, and
+ratified by the Legislatures of the several States, pursuant to the
+fifth article of the original Constitution.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h4>ARTICLE I.</h4>
+
+<p>Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion,
+or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom
+of speech or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to
+assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.</p>
+
+<h4>ARTICLE II.</h4>
+
+<p>A well-regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free
+State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be
+infringed.</p>
+
+<h4>ARTICLE III.</h4>
+
+<p>No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, without
+the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be
+prescribed by law.</p>
+
+<h4>ARTICLE IV.</h4>
+
+<p>The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers,
+and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be
+violated, and no warrant shall issue but upon probable cause, supported
+by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be
+searched, and the persons or things to be seized.</p>
+
+<h4>ARTICLE V.</h4>
+
+<p>No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous
+crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in
+cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in
+actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person
+be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</span>
+limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness
+against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without
+due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use
+without just compensation.</p>
+
+<h4>ARTICLE VI.</h4>
+
+<p>In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a
+speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district
+wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have
+been previously ascertained by law and to be informed of the nature and
+cause of the accusation to be confronted with the witnesses against
+him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor,
+and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.</p>
+
+<h4>ARTICLE VII.</h4>
+
+<p>In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed
+twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no
+fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise reexamined in any Court of the
+United States, than according to the rules of the common law.</p>
+
+<h4>ARTICLE VIII.</h4>
+
+<p>Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor
+cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.</p>
+
+<h4>ARTICLE IX.</h4>
+
+<p>The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights, shall not be
+construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.</p>
+
+<h4>ARTICLE X.</h4>
+
+<p>The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution,
+nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States
+respectively, or to the people.</p>
+
+<h4>ARTICLE XI.</h4>
+
+<p>The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to
+extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</span>
+one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens
+or subjects of any foreign State.</p>
+
+<h4>ARTICLE XII.</h4>
+
+<p>The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot
+for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not
+be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves; they shall name
+in their ballot the person voted for as President, and in distinct
+ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make
+distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and all persons
+voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each,
+which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the
+seat of government of the United States, directed to the President
+of the Senate:—The President of the Senate shall, in presence of
+the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates,
+and the votes shall then be counted; The person having the greatest
+number of votes for President shall be the President, if such number
+be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no
+person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest
+numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as
+President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately by
+ballot the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall
+be taken by States, the representation from each State having one; a
+quorum for this shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds
+of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary
+to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a
+President, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before
+the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall
+act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional
+disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of
+votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be
+a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person
+have a majority, then, from the two highest numbers on the list, the
+Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</span>
+consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority
+of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person
+constitutionally ineligible to the office of President, shall be
+eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.</p>
+
+<h4>ARTICLE XIII.</h4>
+
+<p>“<span class="smcap">Section 1.</span> Neither slavery nor
+involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the
+party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United
+States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.</p>
+
+<p>“<span class="smcap">Section 2.</span> Congress shall have power to
+enforce this Article by appropriate legislation, approved February 1,
+1863.”</p>
+
+<hr class="r10">
+
+<p class="spa2">The Constitution was adopted on the 17th of September,
+1787, by the convention appointed in pursuance of the Resolution of the
+Congress of the Confederation, of the 21st February, 1787, and ratified
+by the conventions of the several States, as follows:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">By</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">Convention of</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">Delaware</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7th December,</td>
+ <td class="tdl">1787</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">Pennsylvania</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">12th December,</td>
+ <td class="tdl">1787</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">New Jersey</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">18th December,</td>
+ <td class="tdl">1787</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">Georgia</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">2d January,</td>
+ <td class="tdl">1788</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">Connecticut</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">9th January,</td>
+ <td class="tdl">1788</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">Massachusetts</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">6th February,</td>
+ <td class="tdl">1788</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">Maryland</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">28th April,</td>
+ <td class="tdl">1788</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">South Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">28th May,</td>
+ <td class="tdl">1788</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">New Hampshire</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">21st June,</td>
+ <td class="tdl">1788</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">Virginia</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">26th June,</td>
+ <td class="tdl">1788</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">New York</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">26th July,</td>
+ <td class="tdl">1788</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">North Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp; 21st November,</td>
+ <td class="tdl">1789</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">Rhode Island</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">29th May,</td>
+ <td class="tdl">1790</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The first ten of the Amendments were proposed on the 25th September,
+1789, and ratified by the constitutional number of States on the
+15th December, 1791; the eleventh, on the 8th January, 1798; and the
+twelfth, on the 25th September, 1804; and the thirteenth, on the ——, 186-.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">WASHINGTON’S ADDRESSES.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>There were not many occasions during his public career that Washington
+was called upon to exercise his abilities as a writer or an orator;
+but when such occasion did occur, he always acquitted himself with
+a degree of perspicuity and modesty which may be said to have been
+characteristic of himself alone. The addresses which follow mark, as
+it were, four distinct epochs in the history of this unexampled man:
+the first, when he accepted the command of the armies by which our
+national independence was achieved; the second, when he surrendered
+his commission, after having driven the foes of freedom from his
+beloved country; the third, when he assumed the responsible duties of
+President, in which office his high qualities for civil government
+were as conspicuous as had been his military talents in the field; and
+fourth, when he resigned his great trust and took leave of the people
+in his imperishable “Farewell Address,” an inestimable legacy, which
+can not be too frequently conned by every American who values his
+birthright.</p>
+
+<h3>WASHINGTON’S ELECTION AS<br> COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF.</h3>
+
+<p>On the 15th of June, 1775, Washington was unanimously elected by
+Congress to “command all the Continental forces raised, or to be
+raised, for the defense of American liberty,” and when he appeared in
+his place the next day, the President of that body acquainted him with
+his election, in a well-timed address, “and requested that he should
+accept of that employment;” to which Washington replied as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>“<span class="smcap">Mr. President</span>: Though I am truly
+sensible of the high honor done me, in this appointment, yet I feel
+great distress, from consciousness that my abilities and military
+experience may not be equal to the extensive and important trust:
+However, as the Congress desire it, I will enter upon the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</span>
+momentous duty, and exert every power I possess in their service,
+and for support of the glorious cause. I beg they will accept my
+most cordial thanks for this distinguished testimony of their
+approbation.</p>
+
+<p>“But lest some unlucky event should happen, unfavorable to my
+reputation, I beg it may be remembered, by every gentleman in the room,
+that I, this day, declare, with the utmost sincerity, I do not think
+myself equal to the command I am honored with.</p>
+
+<p>“As to pay, sir, I beg leave to assure the Congress, that, as no
+pecuniary consideration could have tempted me to accept this arduous
+employment, at the expense of my domestic ease and happiness, I do not
+wish to make any profit from it. I will keep an exact account of my
+expenses. Those, I doubt not, they will discharge, and that is all I
+desire.”</p>
+</div>
+
+<h3>WASHINGTON’S RESIGNATION<br> OF HIS COMMISSION.</h3>
+
+<p>The War of the Revolution having terminated auspiciously, Washington
+took leave of his officers and army at New York, and repaired to
+Annapolis, Md., where Congress was then in session. On the 20th of
+December, 1783, he transmitted a letter to that body, apprising them
+of his arrival, with the intention of resigning his commission, and
+desiring to know whether it would be most agreeable to receive it in
+writing or at an audience. It was immediately resolved that a public
+entertainment be given him on the 22d, and that he be admitted to an
+audience on the 23d, at 12 o’clock. Accordingly, he attended at that
+time, and, being seated, the President informed him that Congress were
+prepared to receive his communications. Whereupon he arose, and spoke
+as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>“<span class="smcap">Mr. President</span>: The great events on
+which my resignation depended having at length taken place, I have
+now the honor of offering my sincere congratulations to Congress, and
+of presenting myself before them, to surrender into their hands the
+trust committed to me, and to claim the indulgence of retiring from the
+service of my country.</p>
+
+<p>“Happy in the confirmation of our independence and sovereignty, and
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</span>
+pleased with the opportunity afforded the United States of becoming
+a respectable nation, I resign with satisfaction the appointment I
+accepted with diffidence: a diffidence in my abilities to accomplish so
+arduous a task; which, however, was superseded by a confidence in the
+rectitude of our cause, the support of the supreme power of the Union,
+and the patronage of Heaven.</p>
+
+<p>“The successful termination of the war has verified the most
+sanguine expectations; and my gratitude for the interposition of
+Providence, and the assistance I have received from my countrymen,
+increases with every review of the momentous contest.</p>
+
+<p>“While I repeat my obligations to the army in general, I should
+do injustice to my own feelings not to acknowledge, in this place,
+the peculiar services and distinguished merits of the gentlemen who
+have been attached to my person during the war. It was impossible the
+choice of confidential officers to compose my family should have been
+more fortunate. Permit me, sir, to recommend, in particular, those who
+have continued in the service to the present moment, as worthy of the
+favorable notice and patronage of Congress.</p>
+
+<p>“I consider it an indispensable duty to close this last act of my
+official life by commending the interests of our dearest country to the
+protection of Almighty God, and those who have the superintendence of
+them to his holy keeping.</p>
+
+<p>“Having now finished the work assigned me, I retire from the great
+theater of action, and bidding an affectionate farewell to this
+august body, under whose orders I have so long acted, I here offer
+my commission, and take my leave of all the employments of public
+life.”</p>
+</div>
+
+<h3>WASHINGTON’S INAUGURAL ADDRESS.</h3>
+
+<p>In accordance with previous arrangements, General Washington met
+Congress in New York, on the 30th of April, 1789, for the purpose of
+being inaugurated as the first President of the United States. The oath
+of office having been administered by the Chancellor of the State of
+New York, in presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</span>
+President delivered the following Inaugural Address:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center">“<i>Fellow-citizens of the Senate and of the House of
+Representatives</i>:</p>
+
+<p>“Among the vicissitudes incident to life, no event could have filled
+me with greater anxieties than that of which the notification was
+transmitted by your order, and received on the 14th day of the present
+month. On the one hand, I was summoned by my country, whose voice I
+can never hear but with veneration and love, from a retreat which I
+had chosen with the fondest predilection, and, in my flattering hopes,
+with an immutable decision, as the asylum of my declining years—a
+retreat which was rendered every day more necessary, as well as more
+dear to me, by the addition of habit to inclination, and of frequent
+interruptions in my health, to the gradual waste committed on it by
+time. On the other hand, the magnitude and difficulty of the trust to
+which the voice of my country called me, being sufficient to awaken, in
+the wisest and most experienced of her citizens, a distrustful scrutiny
+into his qualifications, could not but overwhelm with despondency one
+who, inheriting inferior endowments from nature, and unpracticed in
+the duties of civil administration, ought to be peculiarly conscious
+of his own deficiencies. In this conflict of emotion, all I dare aver
+is, that it has been my faithful study to collect my duty from a just
+appreciation of every circumstance by which it might be affected.
+All I dare hope is, that if, in executing this task, I have been too
+much swayed by a grateful remembrance of former instances, or by an
+affectionate sensibility to this transcendent proof of the confidence
+of my fellow-citizens, and have thence too little consulted my
+incapacity as well as disinclination for the weighty and untried cares
+before me, my error will be palliated by the motives which misled me,
+and its consequences be judged by my country, with some share of the
+partiality in which they originated.</p>
+
+<p>“Such being the impressions under which I have, in obedience to the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</span>
+public summons, repaired to the present station, it would be peculiarly
+improper to omit, in this first official act, my fervent supplications
+to that Almighty Being who rules over the universe—who presides in
+the councils of nations—and whose providential aids can supply every
+human defect, that his benediction may consecrate to the liberties and
+happiness of the people of the United States—a government instituted
+by themselves for these essential purposes—and may enable every
+instrument employed in its administration to execute with success the
+functions allotted to his charge. In tendering this homage to the
+Great Author of every public and private good, I assure myself that
+it expresses your sentiments not less than my own; nor those of my
+fellow-citizens at large, less than either. No people can be bound to
+acknowledge and adore the invisible hand which conducts the affairs
+of men more than the people of the United States. Every step by which
+they have advanced to the character of an independent nation seems
+to have been distinguished by some token of providential agency; and
+in the important revolution just accomplished in the system of their
+united government, the tranquil deliberations, and voluntary consent
+of so many distinct communities, from which the event has resulted,
+can not be compared with the means by which most governments have
+been established without some return of pious gratitude, along with
+an humble anticipation of the future blessings which the past seem
+to presage. These reflections, arising out of the present crisis,
+have forced themselves too strongly on my mind to be suppressed. You
+will join with me, I trust, in thinking that there are none under the
+influence of which the proceedings of a new and free government can
+more auspiciously commence.</p>
+
+<p>“By the article establishing the executive department, it is made
+the duty of the President ‘to recommend to your consideration such
+measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient.’ The circumstances
+under which I now meet you, will acquit me from not entering into that
+subject farther than to refer to the great constitutional charter under
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</span>
+which you are assembled, and which, in defining your powers, designates
+the objects to which your attention is to be given. It will be more
+consistent with those circumstances, and far more congenial with the
+feelings which actuate me, to substitute, in place of a recommendation
+of particular measures, the tribute that is due to the talents, the
+rectitude, and the patriotism which adorn the characters selected to
+devise and adopt them. In these honorable qualifications I behold
+the surest pledges that as, on one side, no local prejudices or
+attachments, no separate views, nor party animosities, will misdirect
+the comprehensive and equal eye which ought to watch over this great
+assemblage of communities and interests; so, on another, that the
+foundations of our national policy will be laid in the pure and
+immutable principles of private morality; and the preëminence of free
+government be exemplified by all the attributes which can win the
+affections of its citizens, and command the respect of the world. I
+dwell on this prospect with every satisfaction which an ardent love
+for my country can inspire; since there is no truth more thoroughly
+established than that there exists in the economy and course of nature
+an indissoluble union between virtue and happiness—between duty and
+advantage—between the genuine maxims of an honest and magnanimous
+policy and the solid rewards of public prosperity and felicity; since
+we ought to be no less persuaded that the propitious smiles of Heaven
+can never be expected on a nation that disregards the eternal rules
+of order and right, which Heaven itself has ordained; and since the
+preservation of the sacred fire of liberty and the destiny of the
+republican model of government are justly considered as deeply, perhaps
+as finally, staked on the experiment intrusted to the hands of the
+American people.</p>
+
+<p>“Besides the ordinary objects submitted to your care, it will remain
+with your judgment to decide how far an exercise of the occasional
+power delegated by the fifth article of the Constitution is rendered
+expedient at the present juncture by the nature of objections which
+have been urged against the system, or by the degree of inquietude
+which has given birth to them. Instead of undertaking particular
+recommendations on this subject, in which I could be guided by no
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</span>
+lights derived from official opportunities, I shall again give way to
+my entire confidence in your discernment and pursuit of the public
+good; for, I assure myself, that while you carefully avoid every
+alteration which might endanger the benefits of an united and effective
+government, or which ought to await the future lessons of experience,
+a reverence for the characteristic rights of freemen, and a regard for
+the public harmony, will sufficiently influence your deliberations on
+the question, how far the former can be more impregnably fortified, or
+the latter be safely and advantageously promoted.</p>
+
+<p>“To the preceding observations I have one to add, which will be
+most properly addressed to the House of Representatives. It concerns
+myself, and will, therefore, be as brief as possible: When I was
+first honored with a call into the service of my country, then on the
+eve of an arduous struggle for its liberties, the light in which I
+contemplated my duty required that I should renounce every pecuniary
+compensation. From this resolution I have in no instance departed, and,
+being still under the impressions which produced it, I must decline, as
+inapplicable to myself, any share in the personal emoluments which may
+be indispensably included in a permanent provision for the executive
+department, and must accordingly pray that the pecuniary estimates for
+the station in which I am placed may, during my continuance in it, be
+limited to such actual expenditures as the public good may be thought
+to require.</p>
+
+<p>“Having thus imparted to you my sentiments, as they have been
+awakened by the occasion which brings us together, I shall take my
+present leave, but not without resorting once more to the benign
+Parent of the human race, in humble supplication, that since he has
+been pleased to favor the American people with opportunities for
+deliberating in perfect tranquillity, and dispositions for deciding
+with unparalleled unanimity on a form of government for the security
+of their Union and the advancement of their happiness, so his Divine
+blessing may be equally conspicuous in the enlarged views, the
+temperate consultations, and the wise measures, on which the success of
+this government must depend.”</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</span></p>
+<h3>WASHINGTON’S FAREWELL ADDRESS.</h3>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Friends and Fellow-Citizens</i>:</p>
+
+<p>The period for a new election of a citizen to administer the Executive
+Government of the United States being not far distant, and the time
+actually arrived when your thoughts must be employed in designating the
+person who is to be clothed with that important trust, it appears to
+me proper, especially as it may conduce to a more distinct expression
+of the public voice, that I should now apprise you of the resolution I
+have formed, to decline being considered among the number of those out
+of whom a choice is to be made.</p>
+
+<p>I beg you, at the same time, to do me the justice to be assured that
+this resolution has not been taken without a strict regard to all the
+considerations appertaining to the relation which binds a dutiful
+citizen to his country; and that, in withdrawing the tender of service,
+which silence in my situation might imply, I am influenced by no
+diminution of zeal for your future interest; no deficiency of grateful
+respect for your past kindness, but am supported by a full conviction
+that the step is compatible with both.</p>
+
+<p>The acceptance of, and continuance hitherto in, the office to which
+your suffrages have twice called me, have been a uniform sacrifice
+of inclination to the opinion of duty, and to a deference for what
+appeared to be your desire. I constantly hoped that it would have
+been much earlier in my power, consistently with motives which I was
+not at liberty to disregard, to return to that retirement from which
+I had been reluctantly drawn. The strength of my inclination to do
+this, previous to the last election, had even led to the preparation
+of an address to declare it to you; but mature reflection on the then
+perplexed and critical posture of our affairs with foreign nations, and
+the unanimous advice of persons entitled to my confidence, impelled me
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</span>
+to abandon the idea.</p>
+
+<p>I rejoice that the state of your concerns, external as well as
+internal, no longer renders the pursuit of inclination incompatible
+with the sentiment of duty or propriety; and am persuaded, whatever
+partiality may be retained for my services, that, in the present
+circumstances of our country, you will not disapprove my determination
+to retire.</p>
+
+<p>The impressions with which I undertook the arduous trust were
+explained on the proper occasion. In the discharge of this trust, I
+will only say that I have with good intentions contributed toward the
+organization and administration of the Government the best exertions
+of which a very fallible judgment was capable. Not unconscious in the
+outset of the inferiority of my qualifications, experience, in my own
+eyes—perhaps still more in the eyes of others—has strengthened the
+motives to diffidence of myself; and every day the increasing weight
+of years admonishes me more and more, that the shade of retirement
+is as necessary to me as it will be welcome. Satisfied that if any
+circumstances have given peculiar value to my services, they were
+temporary, I have the consolation to believe that, while choice and
+prudence invite me to quit the political scene, patriotism does not
+forbid it.</p>
+
+<p>In looking forward to the moment which is intended to terminate the
+career of my public life, my feelings do not permit me to suspend the
+deep acknowledgment of that debt of gratitude which I owe to my beloved
+country for the many honors it has conferred upon me; still more for
+the steadfast confidence with which it has supported me; and for the
+opportunities I have thence enjoyed of manifesting my inviolable
+attachment, by services faithful and persevering, though in usefulness
+unequal to my zeal. If benefits have resulted to our country from
+these services, let it always be remembered to your praise, and as an
+instructive example in our annals that, under circumstances in which
+the passions, agitated in every direction, were liable to mislead;
+amid appearances sometimes dubious, vicissitudes of fortune often
+discouraging; in situations in which, not unfrequently, want of success
+has countenanced the spirit of criticism—the constancy of your support
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</span>
+was the essential prop of the efforts, and a guarantee of the plans,
+by which they were effected. Profoundly penetrated with this idea, I
+shall carry it with me to my grave, as a strong incitement to unceasing
+vows, that Heaven may continue to you the choicest tokens of its
+beneficence; that your union and brotherly affection may be perpetual;
+that the free Constitution, which is the work of your hands, may be
+sacredly maintained; that its administration, in every department,
+may be stamped with wisdom and virtue; that, in fine, the happiness
+of the people of these States, under the auspices of liberty, may be
+made complete by so careful a preservation and so prudent a use of this
+blessing as will acquire to them the glory of recommending it to the
+applause, the affection, and the adoption of every nation which is yet
+a stranger to it.</p>
+
+<p>Here, perhaps, I ought to stop; but a solicitude for your welfare,
+which can not end but with my life, and the apprehension of danger
+natural to that solicitude, urge me, on an occasion like the
+present, to offer to your solemn contemplation, and to recommend to
+your frequent review, some sentiments which are the result of much
+reflection, of no inconsiderable observation, and which appear to me
+all-important to the permanency of our felicity as a people. These
+will be afforded to you with the more freedom, as you can only see in
+them the disinterested warnings of a parting friend, who can possibly
+have no personal motive to bias his counsel; nor can I forget, as an
+encouragement to it, your indulgent reception of my sentiments on a
+former and not dissimilar occasion.</p>
+
+<p>Interwoven as is the love of liberty with every ligament of your
+hearts, no recommendation of mine is necessary to fortify or confirm
+the attachment.</p>
+
+<p>The unity of government which constitutes you one people, is also now
+dear to you. It is justly so; for it is a main pillar in the edifice of
+your real independence—the support of your tranquillity at home, your
+peace abroad, of your safety, of your prosperity, of that very liberty
+which you so highly prize. But as it is easy to foresee that, from
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</span>
+different causes and from different quarters, much pains will be taken,
+many artifices employed, to weaken in your minds the conviction of this
+truth; as this is the point in your political fortress against which
+the batteries of internal and external enemies will be most constantly
+and actively (though often covertly and insidiously) directed, it is of
+infinite moment that you should properly estimate the immense value of
+your National Union to your collective and individual happiness; that
+you should cherish a cordial, habitual, and immovable attachment to it;
+accustoming yourselves to think and speak of it as of the palladium of
+your political safety and prosperity; watching for its preservation
+with jealous anxiety; discountenancing whatever may suggest even a
+suspicion that it can, in any event, be abandoned; and indignantly
+frowning upon the first dawning of every attempt to alienate any
+portion of our country from the rest, or to enfeeble the sacred ties
+which now link together the various parts.</p>
+
+<p>For this you have every inducement of sympathy and interest. Citizens
+by birth or choice, of a common country, that country has a right
+to concentrate your affections. The name of <i>American</i>, which
+belongs to you in your national capacity, must always exalt the just
+pride of patriotism, more than any appellation derived from local
+discriminations. With slight shades of difference, you have the
+same religion, manners, habits, and political principles. You have,
+in a common cause, fought and triumphed together; the independence
+and liberty you possess are the work of joint counsels and joint
+efforts—of common dangers, sufferings and successes.</p>
+
+<p>But these considerations, however powerfully they address themselves
+to your sensibility, are greatly outweighed by those which apply more
+immediately to your interest; here every portion of our country finds
+the most commanding motives for carefully guarding and preserving the
+union of the whole.</p>
+
+<p>The North, in an unrestrained intercourse with the South, protected
+by the equal laws of a common government, finds, in the productions
+of the latter, great additional resources of maritime and commercial
+enterprise, and precious materials of manufacturing industry. The
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</span>
+South, in the same intercourse, benefiting by the agency of the North,
+sees its agriculture grow and its commerce expand. Turning partly into
+its own channels the seamen of the North, it finds its particular
+navigation invigorated; and while it contributes, in different ways,
+to nourish and increase the general mass of the national navigation,
+it looks forward to the protection of a maritime strength to which
+itself is unequally adapted. The East, in like intercourse with the
+West, already finds—and in the progressive improvement of interior
+communication by land and water, will more and more find—a valuable
+vent for the commodities which it brings from abroad or manufactures at
+home. The West derives from the East supplies requisite to its growth
+and comfort; and what is, perhaps, of still greater consequence, it
+must, of necessity, owe the secure enjoyment of indispensable outlets
+for its own productions, to the weight, influence, and the future
+maritime strength of the Atlantic side of the Union, directed by an
+indissoluble community of interest as one nation. Any other tenure by
+which the West can hold this essential advantage, whether derived from
+its own separate strength, or from an apostate and unnatural connection
+with any foreign power, must be intrinsically precarious.</p>
+
+<p>While, then, every part of our country thus feels an immediate and
+particular interest in <span class="allsmcap">UNION</span>, all the
+parts combined can not fail to find, in the united mass of means and
+efforts, greater strength, greater resource, proportionately greater
+security from external danger, a less frequent interruption of their
+peace by foreign nations; and what is of inestimable value, they must
+derive from union an exemption from those broils and wars between
+themselves, which so frequently afflict neighboring countries, not
+tied together by the same government; which their own rivalship alone
+would be sufficient to produce, but which opposite foreign alliances,
+attachments, and intrigues would stimulate and embitter. Hence,
+likewise, they will avoid the necessity of those overgrown military
+establishments, which, under any form of government, are inauspicious
+to liberty, and which are to be regarded as particularly hostile to
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</span>
+republican liberty; in this sense it is that your union ought to be
+considered as a main prop of your liberty, and that the love of the one
+ought to endear to you the preservation of the other.</p>
+
+<p>These considerations speak a persuasive language to every reflecting
+and virtuous mind, and exhibit the continuance of the Union as a
+primary object of patriotic desire. Is there a doubt, whether a common
+government can embrace so large a sphere? Let experience solve it.
+To listen to mere speculation, in such a case, were criminal. We are
+authorized to hope, that a proper organization of the whole, with
+the auxiliary agency of governments for the respective subdivisions,
+will afford a happy issue to the experiment. It is well worth a fair
+and full experiment. With such powerful and obvious motives to Union,
+affecting all parts of our country, while experience shall not have
+demonstrated its impracticability, there will always be reason to
+distrust the patriotism of those who, in any quarter, may endeavor to
+weaken its bands.</p>
+
+<p>In contemplating the causes which may disturb our Union, it occurs, as
+a matter of serious concern, that any ground should have been furnished
+for characterizing parties by geographical discriminations—Northern
+and Southern, Atlantic and Western—whence designing men may endeavor
+to excite a belief that there is a real difference of local interests
+and views. One of the expedients of party to acquire influence within
+particular districts, is to misrepresent the opinions and aims of other
+districts. You can not shield yourself too much against the jealousies
+and heart-burnings which spring from these misrepresentations; they
+tend to render alien to each other those who ought to be bound together
+by fraternal affection. The inhabitants of our western country have
+lately had a useful lesson on this head; they have seen in the
+negotiation of the Executive, and in the unanimous ratification by the
+Senate, of the treaty with Spain, and in the universal satisfaction at
+that event throughout the United States, a decisive proof how unfounded
+were the suspicions propagated among them of a policy in the General
+Government, and in the Atlantic States, unfriendly to their interests
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</span>
+in regard to the Mississippi; they have been witnesses to the formation
+of two treaties—that with Great Britain, and that with Spain—which
+secure to them every thing they could desire in respect to our foreign
+relations, toward confirming their prosperity. Will it not be their
+wisdom to rely for the preservation of these advantages on the Union
+by which they were procured? Will they not henceforth be deaf to those
+advisers, if such there be, who would sever them from their brethren,
+and connect them with aliens?</p>
+
+<p>To the efficacy and permanency of your Union, a Government for the
+whole is indispensable. No alliance, however strict between the parts,
+can be an adequate substitute; they must inevitably experience the
+infractions and interruptions which all alliances, in all time, have
+experienced. Sensible of this momentous truth, you have improved upon
+your first essay, by the adoption of a Constitution of Government
+better calculated than your former for an intimate Union, and for the
+efficacious management of your common concerns. This Government, the
+offspring of our own choice, uninfluenced and unawed, adopted upon
+full investigation and mature deliberation, completely free in its
+principles, in the distribution of its powers, uniting security with
+energy, and containing within itself a provision for its own amendment,
+has a just claim to your confidence and your support. Respect its
+authority, compliance with its laws, acquiescence in its measures, are
+duties enjoined by the fundamental maxims of true liberty. The basis of
+our political systems, is the right of the people to make and to alter
+their constitutions of Government; but the Constitution which at any
+time exists, till changed by an explicit and authentic act of the whole
+people, is sacredly obligatory upon all. The very idea of the power and
+the right of the people to establish Government, presupposes the duty
+of every individual to obey the established Government.</p>
+
+<p>All obstructions to the execution of the laws, all combinations and
+associations, under whatever plausible character, with the real design
+to direct, control, counteract, or awe the regular deliberation
+and action of the constituted authorities, are destructive to this
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</span>
+fundamental principle, and of fatal tendency. They serve to organize
+faction, to give it an artificial and extraordinary force, to put in
+the place of the delegated will of the nation the will of a party,
+often a small but artful and enterprising minority of the community;
+and, according to the alternate triumphs of different parties, to
+make the public administration the mirror of the ill-concerted and
+incongruous projects of faction, rather than the organ of consistent
+and wholesome plans, digested by common counsels, and modified by
+mutual interests.</p>
+
+<p>However combinations and associations of the above description may now
+and then answer popular ends, they are likely, in the course of time
+and things, to become potent engines, by which cunning, ambitious, and
+unprincipled men, will be enabled to subvert the power of the people,
+and to usurp for themselves the reins of Government; destroying,
+afterward, the very engines which had lifted them to unjust dominion.</p>
+
+<p>Toward the preservation of your Government, and the permanency of
+your present happy state, it is requisite, not only that you steadily
+discountenance irregular oppositions, to its acknowledged authority,
+but also that you resist, with care, the spirit of innovation upon
+its principles, however specious the pretexts. One method of assault
+may be to effect, in the forms’ Constitution, alterations which will
+impair the energy of the system, and thus to undermine what can not be
+directly overthrown. In all the changes to which you may be invited,
+remember that time and habit are at least as necessary to fix the
+true character of Governments as of other human institutions; that
+experience is the surest standard by which to test the real tendency of
+the existing constitution of a country; that facility in changes, upon
+the credit of mere hypothesis and opinion, exposes to perpetual change,
+from the endless variety of hypothesis and opinion; and remember,
+especially, that for the efficient management of your common interests,
+in a country so extensive as ours, a Government of as much vigor as
+is consistent with the perfect security of liberty, is indispensable.
+Liberty itself will find in such a Government, with powers properly
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</span>
+distributed and adjusted, its surest guardian. It is, indeed, little
+else than a name, where the Government is too feeble to withstand the
+enterprises of faction, to confine each member of the society within
+the limits prescribed by the laws, and to maintain all in the secure
+and tranquil enjoyment of the rights of person and property.</p>
+
+<p>I have already intimated to you the danger of parties in the State,
+with particular reference to the founding of them on geographical
+discriminations. Let me now take a more comprehensive view, and warn
+you, in the most solemn manner, against the baneful effects of the
+spirit of party generally.</p>
+
+<p>This spirit, unfortunately, is inseparable from our nature, having
+its root in the strongest passions of the human mind. It exists under
+different shapes, in all Governments, more or less stifled, controlled,
+or repressed; but in those of the popular form it is seen in its
+greatest rankness, and is truly their worst enemy.</p>
+
+<p>The alternate domination of one faction over another, sharpened by the
+spirit of revenge, natural to party dissension, which, in different
+ages and countries, has perpetrated the most horrid enormities, is
+itself a frightful despotism. But this leads, at length, to a more
+formal and permanent despotism. The disorders and miseries which
+result, gradually incline the minds of men to seek security and repose
+in the absolute power of an individual; and, sooner or later, the
+chief of some prevailing faction, more able or more fortunate than
+his competitors, turns this disposition to the purposes of his own
+elevation on the ruins of public liberty.</p>
+
+<p>Without looking forward to an extremity of this kind, (which,
+nevertheless, ought not to be entirely out of sight,) the common and
+continual mischiefs of the spirit of party are sufficient to make it
+the interest and duty of a wise people to discourage and restrain it.</p>
+
+<p>It serves always to distract the public counsels, and enfeeble the
+public administration. It agitates the community with ill-founded
+jealousies and false alarms; kindles the animosities of one part
+against another; foments, occasionally, riot and insurrection. It opens
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</span>
+the door to foreign influence and corruption, which find a facilitated
+access to the Government itself, through the channels of party
+passions. Thus the policy and the will of one country are subjected to
+the policy and will of another.</p>
+
+<p>There is an opinion that parties, in free countries, are useful checks
+upon the administration of the Government, and serve to keep alive
+the spirit of liberty. This, within certain limits, is probably true;
+and in Governments of a monarchical cast, patriotism may look with
+indulgence, if not with favor, upon the spirit of party. But in those
+of the popular character, in Governments purely elective, it is a
+spirit not to be encouraged. From their natural tendency, it is certain
+there will always be enough of that spirit for every salutary purpose.
+And there being constant danger of excess, the effort ought to be, by
+force of public opinion, to mitigate and assuage it. A fire not to be
+quenched, it demands a uniform vigilance to prevent its bursting into a
+flame, lest, instead of warming, it should consume.</p>
+
+<p>It is important, likewise, that the habits of thinking, in a
+free country, should inspire caution in those intrusted with its
+administration to confine themselves within their respective
+constitutional spheres, avoiding in the exercise of one department, to
+encroach upon another. The spirit of encroachment tends to consolidate
+the powers of all the departments in one, and thus to create, whatever
+the form of Government, a real despotism. A just estimate of that love
+of power, and proneness to abuse it which predominates in the human
+heart, is sufficient to satisfy us of the truth of this position. The
+necessity of reciprocal checks in the exercise of political power,
+by dividing and distributing it into different depositories, and
+constituting each the guardian of public weal, against invasions by the
+others, has been evinced by experiments, ancient and modern, some of
+them in our own country, and under our own eyes. To preserve them must
+be as necessary as to institute them. If, in the opinion of the people,
+the distribution or modification of the constitutional powers be, in
+any particular, wrong, let it be corrected by an amendment in the way
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</span>
+which the Constitution designates. But let there be no change by
+usurpation; for though this, in one instance, may be the instrument
+of good, it is the customary weapon by which free Governments are
+destroyed. The precedent must always greatly overbalance, in permanent
+evil, any partial or transient benefit which the use can, at any time,
+yield.</p>
+
+<p>Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to political prosperity,
+religion and morality are indispensable supports. In vain would that
+man claim the tribute of patriotism, who should labor to subvert these
+great pillars of human happiness, these firmest props of the duties
+of men and citizens. The mere politician, equally with the pious man,
+ought to respect and to cherish them. A volume could not trace all
+their connections with private and public felicity. Let it simply be
+asked, Where is the security for property, for reputation, for life,
+if the sense of religious obligation <i>desert</i> the oaths which are
+the instruments of investigation in the courts of justice? And let us
+with caution indulge the supposition, that morality can be maintained
+without religion. Whatever may be conceded to the influence of refined
+education on minds of peculiar structure, reason and experience both
+forbid us to expect that national morality can prevail in exclusion of
+religious principles.</p>
+
+<p>It is substantially true, that virtue or morality is a necessary
+spring of popular Government. The rule, indeed, extends with more or
+less force to every species of free Government. Who, that is a sincere
+friend to it, can look with indifference upon attempts to shake the
+foundation of the fabric?</p>
+
+<p>Promote, then, as an object of primary importance, institutions for the
+general diffusion of knowledge. In proportion as the structure of a
+Government gives force to public opinion, it is essential that public
+opinion should be enlightened.</p>
+
+<p>As a very important source of strength and security, cherish public
+credit. One method to preserve it is to use it as sparingly as
+possible; avoiding occasions of expense by cultivating peace, but
+remembering also that timely disbursements, to prepare for danger,
+frequently prevent much greater disbursements to repel it; avoiding,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</span>
+likewise, the accumulation of debt, not only by shunning occasion of
+expense, but by vigorous exertions in time of peace to discharge the
+debts which unavoidable wars may have occasioned, not ungenerously
+throwing upon posterity the burden which we ourselves ought to bear.
+The execution of these maxims belong to your representatives, but it
+is necessary that public opinion should coöperate. To facilitate to
+them the performance of their duty, it is essential that you should
+practically bear in mind, that toward the payment of debts there must
+be revenue; that to have revenue there must be taxes; that no taxes
+can be devised which are not more or less inconvenient and unpleasant;
+that the intrinsic embarrassment inseparable from the selection of
+the proper objects (which is always a choice of difficulties) ought
+to be a decisive motive for a candid construction of the conduct of
+the Government in making it, and for a spirit of acquiescence in the
+measures for obtaining revenue, which the public exigencies may at that
+time dictate.</p>
+
+<p>Observe good faith and justice toward all nations; cultivate peace and
+harmony with all; religion and morality enjoin this conduct: and can
+it be that good policy does not equally enjoin it? It will be worthy
+of a free, enlightened, and, at no distant period, a great nation,
+to give to mankind the magnanimous and too novel example of a people
+always guided by an exalted justice and benevolence. Who can doubt
+that, in the course of time and things, the fruits of such a plan
+would richly repay any temporary advantages which might be lost by a
+steady adherence to it? Can it be that Providence has not connected
+the permanent felicity of a nation with its virtue? The experiment, at
+least, is recommended by every sentiment which ennobles human nature.
+Alas! is it to be rendered impossible by its vices?</p>
+
+<p>In the execution of such a plan, nothing is more essential than
+that permanent inveterate antipathies against particular nations,
+and passionate attachment for others, should be excluded; and that,
+in place of them, just and amicable feelings toward all should be
+cultivated. The nation which indulges toward another an habitual
+hatred, or an habitual fondness, is, in some degree, a slave. It is a
+slave to its animosity or its affection, either of which is sufficient
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</span>
+to lead it astray from its duty and its interest. Antipathy in one
+nation against another, disposes each more readily to offer insult and
+injury, to lay hold of slight causes of umbrage, and to be haughty and
+intractable when accidental or trifling occasions of dispute occur.
+Hence frequent collisions, obstinate, envenomed, and bloody contests.
+The nation, prompted by ill-will and resentment, sometimes impels to
+war the Government contrary to the best calculations of policy. The
+Government sometimes participates in the national propensity, and
+adopts, through passion, what reason would reject; at other times it
+makes the animosity of the nation subservient to projects of hostility,
+instigated by pride, ambition, and other sinister and pernicious
+motives. The peace often, sometimes perhaps the liberty, of nations has
+been the victim.</p>
+
+<p>So, likewise, a passionate attachment of one nation to another produces
+a variety of evils. Sympathy for the favorite nation, facilitating the
+illusion of an imaginary common interest, in cases where no real common
+interest exists, and infusing into one the enmities of the other,
+betrays the former into a participation in the quarrels and wars of the
+latter, without adequate inducement or justification. It leads also
+to concessions to the favorite nation of privileges denied to others,
+which is apt doubly to injure the nation making the concessions; by
+unnecessarily parting with what ought to have been retained, and by
+exciting jealousy, ill-will, and a disposition to retaliate in the
+parties from whom equal privileges are withheld; and it gives to
+ambitious, corrupted, or deluded citizens (who devote themselves to the
+favorite nation) facility to betray, or sacrifice the interest of their
+own country, without odium, sometimes even with popularity; gilding
+with the appearance of virtuous sense of obligation, a commendable
+deference for public opinion, or a laudable zeal for public good the
+base or foolish compliances of ambition, corruption, or infatuation.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <img src="images/james_madison.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="582" >
+ <p class="f120"><b>JAMES MADISON.</b></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</span>
+As avenues to foreign influence, in innumerable ways, such attachments
+are particularly alarming to the truly enlightened and independent
+patriot. How many opportunities do they afford to tamper with domestic
+factions, to practice the art of seduction, to mislead public opinion,
+to influence or awe the public councils! Such an attachment of a small
+or weak, toward a great and powerful nation, dooms the former to be the
+satellite of the latter.</p>
+
+<p>Against the insidious wiles of foreign influence (I conjure you to
+believe me, fellow-citizens) the jealousy of a free people ought
+to be <i>constantly</i> awake; since history and experience prove
+that foreign influence is one of the most baneful foes of Republican
+Government. But that jealousy, to be useful, must be impartial, else
+it becomes the instrument of the very influence to be avoided, instead
+of a defense against it. Excessive partiality for one foreign nation,
+and excessive dislike for another, cause those whom they actuate to see
+danger only on one side, and serve to veil, and even second the arts
+of influence on the other. Real patriots, who may resist the intrigues
+of the favorite, are liable to become suspected and odious; while its
+tools and dupes usurp the applause and confidence of the people to
+surrender their interests.</p>
+
+<p>The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations, is,
+in extending our commercial relations, to have with them as little
+political connection as possible. So far as we have already formed
+engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us
+stop.</p>
+
+<p>Europe has a set of primary interests, which to us have none, or a very
+remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies,
+the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns. Hence,
+therefore, it must be unwise in us to implicate ourselves, by
+artificial ties, in the ordinary vicissitudes of her politics, or the
+ordinary combinations and collisions of her friendships or enmities.</p>
+
+<p>Our detached and distant situation invites and enables us to pursue
+a different course. If we remain one people, under an efficient
+Government, the period is not far off when we may defy material
+injury from external annoyance; when we may take such an attitude
+as will cause the neutrality we may at any time resolve upon, to
+be scrupulously respected; when belligerent nations, under the
+impossibility of making acquisitions upon us, will not lightly hazard
+the giving us provocation; when we may choose peace or war, as our
+interest, guided by justice, shall counsel.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</span></p>
+
+<p>Why forego the advantages of such a peculiar situation? Why quit our
+own to stand upon foreign ground? Why, by interweaving our destiny with
+that of any part of Europe, entangle our peace and prosperity in the
+toils of European ambition, rivalship, interest, humor, or caprice?</p>
+
+<p>It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any
+portion of the foreign world; so far, I mean, as we are now at liberty
+to do it; for let me not be understood as capable of patronizing
+infidelity to existing engagements. I hold the maxim no less applicable
+to public than to private affairs, that honesty is always the best
+policy. I repeat it, therefore, let those engagements be observed in
+their genuine sense. But, in my opinion, it is unnecessary, and would
+be unwise to extend them.</p>
+
+<p>Taking care always to keep ourselves, by suitable establishments, on
+a respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to temporary
+alliances for extraordinary emergencies.</p>
+
+<p>Harmony and a liberal intercourse with all nations, are recommended
+by policy, humanity, and interest. But even our commercial policy
+should hold an equal and impartial hand; neither seeking nor granting
+exclusive favors or preferences; consulting the natural course of
+things; diffusing and diversifying, by gentle means, the streams of
+commerce, but forcing nothing; establishing, with powers so disposed,
+in order to give trade a stable course, to define the rights of our
+merchants, and to enable the Government to support conventional rules
+of intercourse, the best that present circumstances and mutual opinions
+will permit, but temporary, and liable to be, from time to time,
+abandoned or varied, as experience and circumstances shall dictate;
+constantly keeping in view, that it is folly in one nation to look for
+disinterested favors from another; that it must pay, with a portion
+of its independence, for whatever it may accept under that character;
+that by such acceptance it may place itself in the condition of having
+given equivalents for nominal favors, and yet of being reproached with
+ingratitude for not giving more. There can be no greater error than to
+expect, or calculate upon, real favors from nation to nation. It is an
+illusion which experience must cure, which a just pride ought to discard.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</span></p>
+
+<p>In offering to you, my countrymen, these counsels of an old and
+affectionate friend, I dare not hope they will make the strong and
+lasting impression I could wish—that they will control the usual
+current of the passions, or prevent our nation from running the course
+which has hitherto marked the destiny of nations—but if I may even
+flatter myself that they may be productive of some partial benefit,
+some occasional good, that they may now and then recur to moderate
+the fury of party spirit, to warn against the mischief of foreign
+intrigues, to guard against the impostures of pretended patriotism,
+this hope will be a full recompense for the solicitude for your welfare
+by which they have been dictated.</p>
+
+<p>How far, in the discharge of my official duties, I have been guided
+by the principles which have been delineated, the public records, and
+other evidences of my conduct, must witness to you and the world. To
+myself the assurance of my own conscience is, that I have at least
+believed myself to be guided by them.</p>
+
+<p>In relation to this still subsisting war in Europe, my proclamation of
+the 22d of April, 1793, is the index to my plan. Sanctioned by your
+approving voice, and by that of your Representatives in both Houses
+of Congress, the spirit of that measure has continually governed me,
+uninfluenced by any attempts to deter or divert me from it.</p>
+
+<p>After deliberate examination, with the aid of the best lights I
+could obtain, I was well satisfied that our country, under all the
+circumstances of the case, had a right to take—and was bound in
+duty and interest to take—a neutral position. Having taken it, I
+determined, as far as should depend upon me, to maintain it with
+moderation, perseverance, and firmness.</p>
+
+<p>The considerations which respect the right to hold this conduct, it is
+not necessary on this occasion to detail. I will only observe that,
+according to my understanding of the matter, that right, so far from
+being denied by any of the belligerent powers, has been virtually
+admitted by all.</p>
+
+<p>The duty of holding a neutral conduct may be inferred, without any
+thing more, from the obligation which justice and humanity impose on
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</span>
+every nation, in cases in which it is free to act, to maintain
+inviolate the relations of peace and amity toward other nations.</p>
+
+<p>The inducements of interest, for observing that conduct, will best be
+referred to your own reflections and experience. With me, a predominant
+motive has been to endeavor to gain time to our country to settle
+and mature its yet recent institutions, and to progress, without
+interruption, to that degree of strength and consistency which is
+necessary to give it, humanly speaking, the command of its own fortunes.</p>
+
+<p>Though in reviewing the incidents of my administration, I am
+unconscious of intentional error, I am, nevertheless, too sensible of
+my defects not to think it probable that I may have committed many
+errors. Whatever they may be, I fervently beseech the Almighty to
+avert or mitigate the evils to which they may tend. I shall also carry
+with me the hope, that my country will never cease to view them with
+indulgence; and that, after forty-five years of my life dedicated to
+its service with an upright zeal, the faults of incompetent abilities
+will be consigned to oblivion, as myself must soon be to the mansions
+of rest.</p>
+
+<p>Relying on its kindness in this, as in other things, and actuated by
+that fervent love toward it which is so natural to a man who views
+in it the native soil of himself and his progenitors, I anticipate,
+with pleasing expectation, that retreat in which I promise myself to
+realize, without alloy, the sweet enjoyment of partaking, in the midst
+of my fellow-citizens, the benign influence of good laws under a free
+Government—the ever-favorite object of my heart—and the happy reward,
+as I trust, of our mutual cares, labors, and dangers.</p>
+
+<p class="author">GEORGE WASHINGTON.<br>
+<span class="smcap">United States</span>, 17th September, 1796.
+<span class="ws4">&nbsp;</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</span></p>
+ <h2 class="nobreak">MISSOURI COMPROMISE<br> OF 1820.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>When Missouri applied for admission into the Union, a proposition
+was started in Congress to prohibit the introduction of slavery into
+the new State. This had the effect of arraying the South against the
+North—the slaveholding against the non-slaveholding States—and the
+whole subject of slavery became the exciting topic of debate throughout
+the country. The question was finally settled by a <i>Compromise</i>,
+which tolerated slavery in Missouri, but otherwise prohibited it in
+all the territory of the United States north and west of the northern
+limits of Arkansas.</p>
+
+<p>As the principle then settled has often since been the prolific source
+of much sectional controversy and angry debate, and as it is desirable
+that every one should be familiar with the <i>real</i> provisions of
+the act by which Missouri was admitted, we have concluded to insert
+here so much of the law as is necessary to a full understanding of the
+subject. All the sections, except the following, relate entirely to the
+formation of the Missouri territory, in the usual form of territorial
+bills:</p>
+
+<p>“<span class="smcap">Sec. 8.</span> That in all that territory ceded
+by France to the United States, under the name of Louisiana, which
+lies north of thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes north latitude,
+not included within the limits of the State contemplated by this act,
+slavery and involuntary servitude, otherwise than in the punishment of
+crimes, whereof the parties shall be duly convicted, shall be, and is
+hereby, forever prohibited. <i>Provided always</i>, That any person
+escaping into the same, from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed,
+in any State or Territory of the United States, such fugitive may be
+lawfully reclaimed and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor
+or service as aforesaid.”</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</span></p>
+ <h2 class="nobreak">FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW<br> OF 1850.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="neg-indent fs_90">An Act to amend, and supplementary to, the
+Act entitled, “An Act respecting Fugitives from Justice, and persons
+escaping from the Service of their Masters,” and approved February 12, 1793.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
+United States of America in Congress assembled</i>, That the persons
+who have been, or may hereafter be, appointed Commissioners, in virtue
+of any Act of Congress, by the Circuit Courts of the United States, and
+who, in consequence of such appointment, are authorized to exercise the
+powers that any justice of the peace, or other magistrate of any of
+the United States, may exercise in respect to offenders for any crime
+or offense against the United States, by arresting, imprisoning, or
+bailing the same, under, and by virtue of, the thirty-third section
+of the act of the twenty-fourth of September, seventeen hundred and
+eighty-nine, entitled, “An Act to establish the judicial courts of
+the United States,” shall be, and are hereby, authorized and required
+to exercise and discharge all the powers and duties conferred by this
+Act.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> That the Superior Court of
+each organized Territory of the United States shall have the same
+power to appoint Commissioners to take acknowledgments of bail and
+affidavits, and to take depositions of witnesses in civil causes, which
+is now possessed by the Circuit Court of the United States; and all
+Commissioners who shall hereafter be appointed for such purposes by the
+Superior Court of any organized Territory of the United States shall
+possess all the powers, and exercise all the duties, conferred by law
+upon the Commissioners appointed by the Circuit Courts of the United
+States for similar purposes, and shall moreover exercise and discharge
+all the powers and duties conferred by this Act.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> That the Circuit Courts of the
+United States, and the Superior Courts of each organized territory of
+the United States, shall, from time to time, enlarge the number of
+Commissioners with a view to afford reasonable facilities to reclaim
+fugitives from labor, and to the prompt discharge of the duties imposed
+by this Act.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> That the Commissioners above
+named shall have concurrent jurisdiction with the Judges of the
+Circuit and District Courts of the United States, in their respective
+circuits and districts within the several States, and the Judges of
+the Superior Courts of the territories severally and collectively; in
+term time and vacation; and shall grant certificates to such claimants,
+upon satisfactory proof being made, with authority to take and remove
+such fugitives from service or labor, under the restrictions herein
+contained, to the State or Territory from which such persons may have
+escaped or fled.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 5.</span> That it shall be the duty of
+all marshals and deputy marshals to obey and execute all warrants and
+precepts issued under the provisions of this act when to them directed;
+and should any marshal or deputy marshal refuse to receive such
+warrant, or other process, when tendered, or to use all proper means
+diligently to execute the same, he shall, on conviction thereof, be
+fined in the sum of one thousand dollars, to the use of such claimant,
+on the motion of such claimant, by the Circuit or District Court for
+the district of such marshal; and after the arrest of such fugitive,
+by such marshal or his deputy, or while at any time in his custody,
+under the provisions of this act, should such fugitive escape, whether
+with or without the assent of such marshal or his deputy, such marshal
+shall be liable, on his official bond, to be prosecuted, for the
+benefit of such claimant, for the full value of the service or labor of
+said fugitive in the State, Territory, or district whence he escaped;
+and, the better to enable said Commissioners, when thus appointed, to
+execute their duties faithfully and efficiently, in conformity with
+the requirements of the Constitution of the United States, and of this
+Act, they are hereby authorized and empowered, within their counties
+respectively, to appoint, in writing under their hands, any one or more
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</span>
+suitable persons, from time to time, to execute all such warrants and other
+process as may be issued by them in the lawful performance of their
+respective duties; with authority to such Commissioners, or the persons
+to be appointed by them, to execute process as aforesaid, to summon
+and call to their aid the bystanders, or <i>posse commitatus</i> of
+the proper county, when necessary to insure a faithful observance of
+the clause of the Constitution referred to, in conformity with the
+provisions of this Act; and all good citizens are commanded to aid and
+assist in the prompt and efficient execution of this law whenever their
+services may be required, as aforesaid, for that purpose; and said
+warrants shall run, and be executed by said officers, anywhere in the
+State within which they are issued.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 6.</span> That when a person held to
+service or labor in any State or Territory of the United States has
+heretofore or shall hereafter escape into another State or Territory of
+the United States, the person or persons to whom such service or labor
+may be due, or his, her, or their agent or attorney, duly authorized
+by power of attorney, in writing acknowledged and certified under
+the seal of some legal officer or Court of the State or Territory in
+which the same may be executed, may pursue and reclaim such fugitive
+person, either by procuring a warrant from some one of the Courts,
+Judges, or Commissioners aforesaid, of the proper circuit, district, or
+county, for the apprehension of such fugitive from service or labor,
+or by seizing and arresting such fugitive where the same can be done
+without process, and by taking or causing such person to be taken
+forthwith before such Court, Judge, or Commissioner, whose duty it
+shall be to hear and determine the case of such claimant in a summary
+manner; and, upon satisfactory proof being made, by deposition or
+affidavit in writing, to be taken and certified by such Court, Judge,
+or Commissioner, or by other satisfactory testimony, duly taken and
+certified by some Court, Magistrate, Justice of the Peace, or other
+legal officer authorized to administer an oath and take depositions
+under the laws of the State or Territory from which such person owing
+service or labor may have escaped, with a certificate of such
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</span>
+magistracy, or other authority as aforesaid, with the seal of the
+proper Court or officer thereto attached, which seal shall be
+sufficient to establish the competency of the proof, and with proof,
+also by affidavit, of the identity of the person whose service or labor
+is claimed to be due as aforesaid, that the person so arrested does
+in fact owe service or labor to the person or persons claiming him
+or her, in the State or Territory from which such fugitive may have
+escaped as aforesaid, and that said person escaped, to make out and
+deliver to said claimant, his or her agent or attorney, a certificate
+setting forth the substantial facts as to the service or labor due
+from such fugitive to the claimant, and of his or her escape from the
+State or Territory in which such service or labor was due to the State
+or Territory in which he or she was arrested, with authority to such
+claimant, or his or her agent or attorney, to use such reasonable force
+and restraint as may be necessary, under the circumstances of the case,
+to take and remove such fugitive person back to the State or Territory
+whence he or she may have escaped as aforesaid. In no trial or hearing
+under this Act shall the testimony of such alleged fugitive be admitted
+in evidence; and the certificates in this and the first [fourth]
+section mentioned shall be conclusive of the right of the person or
+persons in whose favor granted to remove such fugitive to the State
+or Territory from which he escaped, and shall prevent all molestation
+of such person or persons by any process issued by any Court, Judge,
+Magistrate, or other person whomsoever.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 7.</span> That any person who shall
+knowingly and willingly obstruct, hinder, or prevent such claimant, his
+agent or attorney, or any person or persons lawfully assisting him,
+her, or them, from arresting such a fugitive from service or labor,
+either with or without process as aforesaid, or shall rescue or attempt
+to rescue such fugitive from service or labor from the custody of such
+claimant, his or her agent or attorney, or other person or persons
+lawfully assisting as aforesaid, when so arrested pursuant to the
+authority herein given and declared, or shall aid, abet, or assist such
+person so owing service or labor as aforesaid, directly or indirectly,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</span>
+to escape from such claimant, his agent or attorney, or other person
+or persons legally authorized as aforesaid; or shall harbor or conceal
+such fugitive so as to prevent the discovery and arrest of such
+person, after notice or knowledge of the fact that such person was a
+fugitive from service or labor as aforesaid, shall, for either of said
+offenses, be subject to a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars, and
+imprisonment not exceeding six months, by indictment and conviction
+before the District Court of the United States for the district in
+which such offense may have been committed, or before the proper court
+of criminal jurisdiction, if committed within any one of the organized
+Territories of the United States, and shall moreover forfeit and pay,
+by way of civil damages to the party injured by such illegal conduct,
+the sum of one thousand dollars for each fugitive so lost as aforesaid,
+to be recovered as aforesaid, to be recovered by action of debt in
+any of the District or Territorial Courts aforesaid, within whose
+jurisdiction the said offense may have been committed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 8.</span> That the marshals, their
+deputies, and the clerks of the said District and Territorial Courts,
+shall be paid for their services the like fees as may be allowed to
+them for similar services in other cases; and where such services
+are rendered exclusively in the arrest, custody, and delivery of the
+fugitive to the claimant, his or her agent or attorney, or where such
+supposed fugitive may be discharged out of custody for the want of
+sufficient proof as aforesaid, then such fees are to be paid in the
+whole by such claimant, his agent or attorney; and in all cases where
+the proceedings are before a Commissioner, he shall be entitled to a
+fee of ten dollars in full for his services in each case, upon the
+delivery of the said certificate to the claimant, his or her agent
+or attorney; or a fee of five dollars in cases where the proof shall
+not, in the opinion of such Commissioner, warrant such certificate
+and delivery, inclusive of all services incident to such arrest and
+examination, to be paid in either case by the claimant, his or her
+agent or attorney. The person or persons authorized to execute the
+process to be issued by such Commissioner for the arrest and detention
+of fugitives from service or labor as aforesaid shall also be entitled
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</span>
+to a fee of five dollars each for each person he or they may arrest
+and take before any such Commissioner, as aforesaid, at the instance
+and request of such claimant, with such other fees as may be deemed
+reasonable by such Commissioners for such other additional services as
+may be necessarily performed by him or them, such as attending at the
+examination, keeping the fugitive in custody, providing him with food
+and lodging during his detention and until the final determination of
+such Commissioner; and, in general, for performing such other duties
+as may be required by such claimant, his or her attorney or agent, or
+Commissioner in the premises. Such fees to be made up in conformity
+with the fees usually charged by the officers of the courts of justice
+within the proper district or county, as near as may be practicable,
+and paid by such claimants, their agents or attorneys, whether such
+supposed fugitives from service or labor be ordered to be delivered
+to such claimants by the final determination of such Commissioner or
+not.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 9.</span> That, upon affidavit made by
+the claimant of such fugitive, his agent or attorney, after such
+certificate has been issued, that he has reason to apprehend that such
+fugitive will be rescued by force from his or her possession before
+he can be taken beyond the limits of the State in which the arrest is
+made, it shall be the duty of the officer making the arrest to retain
+such fugitive in his custody, and to remove him to the State whence he
+fled, and there to deliver him to said claimant, his agent or attorney.
+And, to this end, the officer aforesaid is hereby authorized and
+required to employ so many persons as he may deem necessary to overcome
+such force, and to retain them in his service so long as circumstances
+may require. The said officer and his assistants, while so employed, to
+receive the same compensation and to be allowed the same expenses as
+are now allowed by law for transportation of criminals, to be certified
+by the Judge of the district within which the arrest is made, and paid
+out of the treasury of the United States.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 10.</span> That when any person held to
+service or labor in any State or Territory, or in the District of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</span>
+Columbia, shall escape therefrom, the party to whom such service or
+labor may be due, his, her, or their agent or attorney, may apply to
+any court of record therein, or Judge thereof in vacation, and make
+satisfactory proof to such court, or Judge in vacation, of the escape
+aforesaid, and that the person escaping owed service or labor to such
+party. Whereupon the court shall cause a record to be made of the
+matters so proved, and also a general description of the person so
+escaping, with such convenient certainty as may be; and a transcript of
+such record authenticated by the attestation of the clerk and of the
+seal of the said court, being produced in any other State, Territory,
+or District in which the person so escaping may be found, and, being
+exhibited to any Judge, Commissioner, or other officer authorized by
+the law of the United States to cause persons escaping from service
+or labor to be delivered up, shall be held and taken to be full and
+conclusive evidence of the fact of the escape, and that the service
+or labor of the person escaping is due to the party in such record
+mentioned. And upon the production, by the said party, of other and
+further evidence, if necessary, either oral or by affidavit, in
+addition to what is contained in the said record of the identity of the
+person escaping, he or she shall be delivered up to the claimant. And
+the said Court, Commissioner, Judge, or other person authorized by this
+Act to grant certificates to claimants of fugitives, shall, upon the
+production of the record and other evidences aforesaid, grant to such
+claimant a certificate of his right to take any such person identified
+and proved to be owing service or labor as aforesaid, which shall
+authorize such claimant to seize or arrest and transport such person
+to the State or Territory from which he escaped: <i>Provided</i>,
+That nothing herein contained shall be construed as requiring the
+production of a transcript of such record as evidence as aforesaid.
+But, in its absence, the claim shall be heard and determined upon other
+satisfactory proofs competent in law.</p>
+
+<p><i>Approved September 18, 1850.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center">[The above law was repealed by the 38th Congress, 1864.]</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">KANSAS AND NEBRASKA ACT<br> OF 1854.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="f90">An Act to Organize the Territories of Nebraska and Kansas.</p>
+
+<p><i>Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
+United States of America in Congress assembled</i>, That all that part
+of the territory of the United States included within the following
+limits, except such portions thereof as are hereinafter expressly
+exempted from the operations of this Act, to wit: beginning at a point
+on the Missouri River where the fortieth parallel of north latitude
+crosses the same; thence west on said parallel to the east boundary of
+the Territory of Utah on the summit of the Rocky Mountains; thence on
+said summit northward to the forty-ninth parallel of north latitude;
+thence east on said parallel to the western boundary of the Territory
+of Minnesota; thence southward on said boundary to the Missouri River;
+thence down the main channel of said river to the place of beginning,
+be, and the same is hereby, created into a temporary government by
+the name of the Territory of Nebraska; and when admitted as a State
+or States, the said Territory, or any portion of the same, shall be
+received into the Union with or without slavery, as their Constitution
+may prescribe at the time of their admission: <i>Provided</i>, That
+nothing in this Act contained shall be construed to inhibit the
+Government of the United States from dividing said Territory into two
+or more Territories, in such manner and at such times as Congress
+shall deem convenient and proper, or from attaching any portion of
+said Territory to any other State or Territory of the United States:
+<i>Provided, further</i>, That nothing in this Act contained shall be
+construed to impair the rights of person or property now pertaining
+to the Indians in said Territory, so long as such rights shall remain
+unextinguished by treaty between the United States and such Indians,
+or to include any Territory which, by treaty with any Indian tribe, is
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</span>
+not, without the consent of said tribe, to be included within the
+Territorial limits or jurisdiction of any State or Territory; but all
+such Territory shall be excepted out of the boundaries, and constitute
+no part of the Territory of Nebraska, until said tribe shall signify
+their assent to the President of the United States to be included
+within the said Territory of Nebraska, or to affect the authority of
+the Government of the United States to make any regulations respecting
+such Indians, their lands, property or other rights, by treaty, law, or
+otherwise, which it would have been competent to the Government to make
+if this Act had never passed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> That the executive power and
+authority in and over said Territory of Nebraska shall be vested in
+a Governor, who shall hold his office for four years, and until his
+successor shall be appointed and qualified, unless sooner removed by
+the President of the United States. The Governor shall reside within
+said Territory, and shall be commander-in-chief of the militia thereof.
+He may grant pardons and respites for offenses against the laws of said
+Territory, and reprieves for offenses against the laws of the United
+States, until the decision of the President can be made known thereon;
+he shall commission all officers who shall be appointed to office under
+the laws of the said Territory, and shall take care that the laws be
+faithfully executed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> That there shall be a Secretary
+of said Territory, who shall reside therein, and hold his office for
+five years, unless sooner removed by the President of the United
+States; he shall record and preserve all the laws and proceedings of
+the Legislative Assembly hereinafter constituted, and all the acts
+and proceedings of the Governor in his executive department; he shall
+transmit one copy of the laws and journals of the Legislative Assembly
+within thirty days after the end of each session, and one copy of
+the executive proceedings and official correspondence semi-annually,
+on the first days of January and July in each year, to the President
+of the United States, and two copies of the laws to the President of
+the Senate and to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, to be
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</span>
+deposited in the libraries of Congress; and, in case of the death,
+removal, resignation, or absence of the Governor from the Territory,
+the Secretary shall be, and he is hereby duly authorized and required
+to execute and perform all the powers and duties of the Governor during
+such vacancy or absence, or until another Governor shall be duly
+appointed and qualified to fill such vacancy.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> That the legislative power and
+authority of said Territory shall be vested in the Governor and a
+Legislative Assembly. The Legislative Assembly shall consist of a
+Council and House of Representatives. The Council shall consist of
+thirteen members, having the qualifications of voters, as hereinafter
+prescribed, whose term of service shall continue two years. The House
+of Representatives shall, at its first session, consist of twenty-six
+members, possessing the same qualifications as prescribed for members
+of the Council, and whose term of service shall continue one year. The
+number of Representatives may be increased by the Legislative Assembly,
+from time to time, in proportion to the increase of qualified voters:
+<i>Provided</i>, That the whole number shall never exceed thirty-nine;
+an apportionment shall be made as nearly equal as practicable, among
+the several counties or districts, for the election of the Council and
+Representatives, giving each section of the Territory representation in
+the ratio of its qualified voters as nearly as may be. And the members
+of the Council and of the House of Representatives shall reside in,
+and be inhabitants of, the district or county, or counties, for which
+they may be elected respectively. Previous to the first election,
+the Governor shall cause a census or enumeration of the inhabitants
+and qualified voters of the several counties and districts of the
+Territory, to be taken by such persons and in such mode as the Governor
+shall designate and appoint; and the persons so appointed shall receive
+a reasonable compensation therefor. And the first election shall be
+held at such times and places, and be conducted in such manner, both
+as to the persons who shall superintend such election and the returns
+thereof, as the Governor shall appoint and direct; and he shall at the
+same time declare the number of members of the Council and House of
+Representatives to which each of the counties or districts shall
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</span>
+be entitled under this Act. The persons having the highest number
+of legal votes in each of said Council districts for members of the
+Council, shall be declared by the Governor to be duly elected to the
+Council; and the persons having the highest number of legal votes for
+the House of Representatives, shall be declared by the Governor to be
+duly elected members of said House: <i>Provided</i>, That, in case
+two or more persons voted for shall have an equal number of votes,
+and in case a vacancy shall otherwise occur in either branch of the
+Legislative Assembly, the Governor shall order a new election; and the
+persons thus elected to the Legislative Assembly shall meet at such
+place and on such day as the Governor shall appoint; but thereafter,
+the time, place, and manner of holding and conducting all elections
+by the people, and the apportioning the representation in the several
+counties or districts to the Council and House of Representatives,
+according to the number of qualified voters, shall be prescribed by
+law, as well as the day of the commencement of the regular sessions of
+the Legislative Assembly: <i>Provided</i>, That no session in any one
+year shall exceed the term of forty days, except the first session,
+which may continue sixty days.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 5.</span> That every free white male
+inhabitant, above the age of twenty-one years, who shall be an actual
+resident of said Territory, and shall possess the qualifications
+hereinafter prescribed, shall be entitled to vote at the first
+election, and shall be eligible to any office within the said
+Territory; but the qualifications of voters, and of holding office, at
+all subsequent elections, shall be such as shall be prescribed by the
+Legislative Assembly: <i>Provided</i>, That the right of suffrage and
+of holding office shall be exercised only by citizens of the United
+States and those who shall have declared on oath their intention to
+become such, and shall have taken an oath to support the Constitution
+of the United States and the provisions of this act: <i>And provided,
+further</i>, That no officer, soldier, seaman, or marine, or other
+person in the army or navy of the United States, or attached to troops
+in the service of the United States, shall be allowed to vote or hold
+office in said Territory, by reason of being on service therein.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 6.</span> That the legislative power of
+the Territory shall extend to all rightful subjects of legislation
+consistent with the Constitution of the United States and the
+provisions of this Act; but no law shall be passed interfering with
+the primary disposal of the soil; no tax shall be imposed upon the
+property of the United States; nor shall the lands or other property
+of non-residents be taxed higher than the lands or other property of
+residents. Every bill which shall have passed the Council and House of
+Representatives of said Territory, shall, before it become a law, be
+presented to the Governor of the Territory; if he approve, he shall
+sign it; but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to
+the House in which it originated, who shall enter the objections at
+large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such
+reconsideration, two-thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill,
+it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other House, by
+which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds
+of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes
+of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, to be entered
+on the journal of each House respectively. If any bill shall not be
+returned by the Governor within three days (Sundays excepted) after
+it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law in like
+manner as if he had signed it, unless the Assembly, by adjournment,
+prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 7.</span> That all township, district, and
+county officers, not herein otherwise provided for, shall be appointed
+or elected, as the case may be, in such manner as shall be provided by
+the Governor and Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Nebraska. The
+Governor shall nominate, and, by and with the advice and consent of the
+Legislative Council, appoint all officers not herein otherwise provided
+for; and in the first instance the Governor alone may appoint all said
+officers, who shall hold their offices until the end of the first
+session of the Legislative Assembly; and shall lay off the necessary
+districts for members of the Council and House of Representatives, and
+all other officers.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 8.</span> That no member of the Legislative
+Assembly shall hold, or be appointed to any office which may have
+been created, or the salary or emoluments of which shall have been
+increased, while he was a member, during the term for which he was
+elected, and for one year after the expiration of such term; but this
+restriction shall not be applicable to members of the first Legislative
+Assembly; and no person holding a commission or appointment under the
+United States, except postmasters, shall be a member of the Legislative
+Assembly, or shall hold any office under the government of said
+Territory.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 9.</span> That the judicial power of
+said Territory shall be vested in a Supreme Court, District Courts,
+Probate Courts, and in Justices of the Peace. The Supreme Court shall
+consist of a Chief Justice and two Associate Justices, any two of
+whom shall constitute a quorum, and who shall hold a term at the seat
+of government of said Territory annually, and they shall hold their
+offices during the period of four years, and until their successors
+shall be appointed and qualified. The said Territory shall be divided
+into three judicial districts, and a District Court shall be held in
+each of said districts by one of the Justices of the Supreme Court, at
+such times and places as may be prescribed by law; and the said Judges
+shall, after their appointments, respectively reside in the district
+which be assigned them. The jurisdiction of the several courts herein
+provided for—both appellate and original—and that of the Probate Courts
+and of Justices of the Peace, shall be limited by law: <i>Provided</i>,
+That Justices of the Peace shall not have jurisdiction of the matter in
+controversy when the title or boundaries of lands may be in dispute, or
+where the debt or sum claimed shall exceed one hundred dollars; and the
+said Supreme and District Courts, respectively, shall possess chancery
+as well as common law jurisdiction. Each District Court, or the judge
+thereof, shall appoint its clerk, who shall also be the register in
+chancery, and shall keep his office at the place where the Court may be
+held. Writs of error, bills of exception, and appeals, shall be allowed
+in all cases from the final decisions of said District Courts to the
+Supreme Court, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law; but
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</span>
+in no case removed to the Supreme Court shall trial by jury be allowed
+by said Court. The Supreme Court, or the Justices thereof, shall
+appoint its own clerk, and every clerk shall hold his office at the
+pleasure of the Court for which he shall have been appointed. Writs of
+error and appeals from the final decision of said Supreme Court shall
+be allowed, and may be taken to the Supreme Court of the United States
+in the same manner and under the same regulations as from the Circuit
+Courts of the United States, where the value of the property, or the
+amount in controversy, to be ascertained by the oath or affirmation of
+either party, or other competent witness, shall exceed one thousand
+dollars; except only that in all cases involving title to slaves, the
+said writs of error or appeals shall be allowed and decided by the said
+Supreme Court, without regard to the value of the matter, property, or
+title in controversy; and except also that a writ of error or appeal
+shall also be allowed to the Supreme Court of the United States, from
+the decisions of the said Supreme Court created by this act, or of any
+judge thereof, or of the District Courts created by this Act, or of
+any judge thereof, upon any writ of <i>habeas corpus</i>, involving
+the question of personal freedom: <i>Provided</i>, That nothing herein
+contained shall be construed to apply to or affect provisions of the
+“Act respecting fugitives from justice, and persons escaping from the
+service of their masters,” (approved February 12, 1793,) and the “Act
+to amend and supplementary to the aforesaid Act,” (approved September
+18, 1850;) and each of the said District Courts shall have and exercise
+the same jurisdiction in all cases arising under the Constitution and
+laws of the United States as is vested in the Circuit and District
+Courts of the United States; and the said Supreme and District Courts
+of the said Territory, and the respective judges thereof, shall and may
+grant writs of <i>habeas corpus</i> in all cases in which the same are
+granted by the judges of the United States in the District of Columbia;
+and the first six days of every term of said courts, or so much thereof
+as shall be necessary, shall be appropriated to the trial of causes
+arising under the said Constitution and laws; and writs of error and
+appeal in all such cases shall be made to the Supreme Court of said
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</span>
+Territory, the same as in other cases. The said clerk shall receive, in
+all such cases, the same fees which the clerks of the District Courts
+of Utah Territory now receive for similar services.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 10.</span> That the provisions of an
+Act entitled “an Act respecting fugitives from justice, and persons
+escaping from the service of their masters,” (approved February 12,
+1793,) and the provisions of the Act entitled “an Act to amend, and
+supplementary to the aforesaid Act,” (approved September 18, 1850,) be,
+and the same are hereby, declared to extend to and be in full force
+within the limits of said Territory of Nebraska.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 11.</span> That there shall be appointed
+an attorney for said Territory, who shall continue in office for four
+years, and until his successor shall be appointed and qualified,
+unless sooner removed by the President, and who shall receive the same
+fees and salary as the attorney of the United States for the present
+Territory of Utah. There shall also be a marshal for the Territory
+appointed, who shall hold his office for four years, and until his
+successor shall be appointed and qualified, unless sooner removed by
+the President, and who shall execute all processes issuing from the
+said courts when exercising their jurisdiction as Circuit and District
+Courts of the United States; he shall perform the duties, be subject to
+the same regulations and penalties, and be entitled to the same fees as
+the marshal of the District Court of the United States for the present
+Territory of Utah, and shall, in addition, be paid two hundred dollars
+annually as a compensation for extra services.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 12.</span> That the Governor, Secretary,
+Chief Justice, and Associate Justices, Attorney, and Marshal,
+shall be nominated, and—by and with the advice and consent of the
+Senate—appointed by the President of the United States. The Governor
+and Secretary, to be appointed as aforesaid, shall, before they act
+as such, respectively take an oath or affirmation before the District
+Judge or some Justice of the Peace in the limits of said Territory,
+duly authorized to administer oaths and affirmations by the laws now in
+force therein, or before the Chief Justice or some Associate Justice of
+the Supreme Court of the United States, to support the Constitution of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</span>
+the United States, and faithfully discharge the duties of their
+respective offices, which said oaths, when so taken, shall be certified
+by the person by whom the same shall have been taken; and such
+certificates shall be received and recorded by the said Secretary
+among the executive proceedings; and the Chief Justice, and Associate
+Justices, and all other civil officers in said Territory, before they
+act as such, shall take a like oath or affirmation before the said
+Governor or Secretary, or some Judge or Justice of the Peace of the
+Territory, who may be duly commissioned and qualified, which said
+oath or affirmation shall be certified and transmitted by the person
+taking the same to the Secretary, to be by him recorded as aforesaid;
+and afterward, the like oath or affirmation shall be taken, certified,
+and recorded in such manner and form as may be prescribed by law. The
+Governor shall receive an annual salary of two thousand five hundred
+dollars. The Chief Justice and Associate Justices shall receive an
+annual salary of two thousand dollars. The Secretary shall receive an
+annual salary of two thousand dollars. The said salaries shall be paid
+quarter-yearly, from the dates of the respective appointments, at the
+treasury of the United States; but no such payment shall be made until
+said officers shall have entered upon the duties of their respective
+appointments. The members of the Legislative Assembly shall be entitled
+to receive three dollars each per day during their attendance at the
+sessions thereof, and three dollars each for every twenty miles’ travel
+in going to and returning from the said sessions, estimated according
+to the nearest usually traveled route; and an additional allowance of
+three dollars shall be paid to the presiding officer of each House for
+each day he shall so preside. And a chief clerk, one assistant clerk,
+a sergeant-at-arms, and door-keeper may be chosen for each House; and
+the chief clerk shall receive four dollars per day, and the said other
+officers three dollars per day, during the session of the Legislative
+Assembly; but no other officer shall be paid by the United States:
+<i>Provided</i>, That there shall be but one session of the Legislature
+annually, unless, on an extraordinary occasion, the Governor shall
+think proper to call the Legislature together. There shall be
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</span>
+appropriated, annually, the usual sum, to be expended by the Governor,
+to defray the contingent expenses of the Territory, including the
+salary of a Clerk of the Executive Department; and there shall also
+be appropriated, annually, a sufficient sum, to be expended by the
+Secretary of the Territory, and upon an estimate to be made by the
+Secretary of the Treasury of the United States, to defray the expenses
+of the Legislative Assembly, the printing of the laws, and other
+incidental expenses; and the Governor and Secretary of the Territory
+shall, in the disbursement of all moneys intrusted to them, be
+governed solely by the instructions of the Secretary of the Treasury
+of the United States, and shall, semi-annually, account to the said
+Secretary for the manner in which the aforesaid moneys shall have been
+expended; and no expenditure shall be made by said Legislative Assembly
+for objects not specially authorized by the Acts of Congress making
+the appropriations, nor beyond the sums thus appropriated for such
+objects.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 13.</span> That the Legislative Assembly
+of the Territory of Nebraska shall hold its first session at such time
+and place in said Territory as the Governor thereof shall appoint and
+direct; and at said first session, or as soon thereafter as they shall
+deem expedient, the Governor and Legislative Assembly shall proceed to
+locate and establish the seat of government for said Territory at such
+place as they may deem eligible; which place, however, shall thereafter
+be subject to be changed by the said Governor and Legislative
+Assembly.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 14.</span> That a delegate to the House
+of Representatives of the United States, to serve for the term of two
+years, who shall be a citizen of the United States, may be elected by
+the voters qualified to elect members of the Legislative Assembly, who
+shall be entitled to the same rights and privileges as are exercised
+and enjoyed by the delegates from the several other Territories of the
+United States to the said House of Representatives; but the delegate
+first elected shall hold his seat only during the term of the Congress
+to which he shall be elected. The first election shall be held at such
+time and places, and be conducted in such manner as the Governor shall
+appoint and direct; and at all subsequent elections the times, places,
+and manner of holding the elections shall be prescribed by law. The
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</span>
+person having the greatest number of votes shall be declared by the
+Governor to be duly elected, and a certificate thereof shall be given
+accordingly. That the Constitution, and all the laws of the United
+States which are not locally inapplicable, shall have the same force
+and effect within the said Territory of Nebraska as elsewhere within
+the United States, except the eighth section of the act preparatory to
+the admission of Missouri into the Union, (approved March 6, 1820,)
+which, being inconsistent with the principle of non-intervention by
+Congress with slavery in the States and Territories—as recognized by
+the legislation of 1850, commonly called the Compromise Measures—is
+hereby declared inoperative and void; it being the true intent and
+meaning of this act not to legislate slavery into any Territory or
+State, nor to exclude it therefrom, but to leave the people thereof
+perfectly free to form and regulate their domestic institutions in
+their own way, subject only to the Constitution of the United States:
+<i>Provided</i>, That nothing herein contained shall be construed to
+revive or put in force any law or regulation which may have existed
+prior to the act of March 6, 1820, either protecting, establishing,
+prohibiting, or abolishing slavery.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 15.</span> That there shall hereafter be
+appropriated, as has been customary for the territorial governments,
+a sufficient amount, to be expended under the direction of the
+said Governor of the Territory of Nebraska, not exceeding the sums
+heretofore appropriated for similar objects, for the erection of
+suitable public buildings at the seat of government, and for the
+purchase of a library, to be kept at the seat of government, for the
+use of the Governor, Legislative Assembly, Judges of the Supreme Court,
+Secretary, Marshal, and Attorney of said Territory, and such other
+persons, and under such regulations, as shall be prescribed by law.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 16.</span> That when the lands in said
+Territory shall be surveyed under the direction of the Government
+of the United States, preparatory to bringing the same into market,
+sections numbered sixteen and thirty-six, in each township in said
+Territory, shall be, and the same are hereby, reserved for the purpose
+of being applied to schools in said Territory, and in the States and
+Territories hereafter to be erected out of the same.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 17.</span> That, until otherwise provided
+by law, the Governor of said Territory may define the judicial
+districts of said Territory, and assign the judges who may be appointed
+for said Territory to the several districts; and also appoint the times
+and places for holding courts in the several counties or subdivisions
+in each of said judicial districts by proclamation, to be issued by
+him; but the Legislative Assembly, at their first or any subsequent
+session, may organize, alter, or modify such judicial districts, and
+assign the judges, and alter the times and places of holding the
+courts, as to them shall seem proper and convenient.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 18.</span> That all officers to be
+appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of
+the Senate, for the Territory of Nebraska, who, by virtue of the
+provisions of any law now existing, or which may be enacted during the
+present Congress, are required to give security for moneys that may be
+intrusted with them for disbursements, shall give security, at such
+time and place, and in such manner as the Secretary of Treasury may
+prescribe.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <img src="images/james_monroe.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="479" >
+ <p class="f120"><b>JAMES MONROE.</b></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</span>
+<span class="smcap">Sec. 19.</span> That all that part of the
+territory of the United States included within the following limits,
+except such portions thereof as are hereinafter expressly exempted from
+the operations of this act, to wit: beginning at a point on the western
+boundary of the State of Missouri, where the thirty-seventh parallel
+of north latitude crosses the same; thence west on said parallel to
+the eastern boundary of New Mexico; thence north on said boundary to
+latitude thirty-eight; thence following said boundary westward to the
+east boundary of the Territory of Utah, on the summit of the Rocky
+Mountains; thence northward on said summit to the fortieth parallel
+of latitude; thence east on said parallel to the western boundary
+of the State of Missouri; thence south with the western boundary of
+said State to the place of beginning, be, and the same is hereby,
+created into a temporary government by the name of the Territory of
+Kansas; and when admitted as a State or States, the said Territory,
+or any portion of the same, shall be received into the Union with or
+without slavery, as the Constitution may prescribe at the time of
+their admission: <i>Provided</i>, That nothing in this Act contained
+shall be construed to inhibit the Government of the United States from
+dividing said Territory into two or more Territories, in such manner
+and at such times as Congress shall deem convenient and proper, or
+from attaching any portion of said Territory to any other State or
+Territory of the United States: <i>Provided, further</i>, That nothing
+in this Act contained shall be so construed as to impair the rights of
+persons or property now pertaining to the Indians in said Territory,
+so long as such rights shall remain unextinguished by treaty between
+the United States and such Indians, or to include any Territory which,
+by treaty with any Indian tribe, is not, without the consent of said
+tribe, to be included within the territorial limits or jurisdiction of
+any State or Territory; but all such territory shall be excepted out
+of the boundaries, and constitute no part of the Territory of Kansas,
+until said tribe shall signify their assent to the President of the
+United States to be included within the said Territory of Kansas, or
+to affect the authority of the Government of the United States to make
+any regulation respecting such Indians, their lands, property, or
+other rights, by treaty, law, or otherwise, which it would have been
+competent to the government to make if this act had never passed.</p>
+
+<p>[With the single exception of the location of the seat of government
+for Kansas at Fort Leavenworth, provided for in section 31, the ensuing
+sixteen sections, relative to the organization and government of the
+Territory, are precisely similar to the sections already recited,
+providing for the government of Nebraska Territory. The final section
+of the act, which has a general reference to both Territories, is as
+follows:]</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 37.</span> <i>And be it further
+enacted</i>, That all treaties, laws, and other engagements made by the
+Government of the United States with the Indian tribes inhabiting the
+Territories embraced within this act, shall be faithfully and rigidly
+observed, notwithstanding any thing contained in this act; and that the
+existing agencies and superintendencies of said Indians be continued,
+with the same powers and duties which are now prescribed by law, except
+that the President of the United States may, at his discretion, change
+the location of the office of superintendent.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">ORDINANCE OF 1787.</h2>
+<hr class="r10">
+</div>
+
+<p class="f110">IN CONGRESS, JULY 13, 1787.</p>
+
+<p class="f90">An Ordinance for the government of the territory of the
+United States,<br> north-west of the river Ohio.</p>
+
+<p><i>Be it ordained</i>, by the United States in Congress assembled, that
+the said Territory, for the purpose of temporary government, be one
+district; subject, however, to be divided into two districts, as future
+circumstances may, in the opinion of Congress, make it expedient.</p>
+
+<p><i>Be it ordained</i>, by the authority aforesaid, that the estates
+both of resident and non-resident proprietors in the said Territory,
+dying intestate, shall descend to, and be distributed among their
+children, and the descendants of a deceased child in equal parts; the
+descendants of a deceased child or grand-child, to take the share of
+their deceased parent, in equal parts, among them, and where there
+shall be no children or descendants, then in equal parts to the next
+of kin, in equal degree; and among collaterals, the children of a
+deceased brother or sister of the intestate shall have, in equal parts,
+among them, their deceased parent’s share; and there shall in no case
+be a distinction between kindred of the whole and half blood; saving
+in all cases to the widow of the intestate her third part of the real
+estate for life, and one-third part of the personal estate; and this
+law relative to descents and dower shall remain in full force until
+altered by the Legislature of the district. And until the Governor and
+judges shall adopt laws as hereinafter mentioned, estates in the said
+territory may be devised or bequeathed by wills in writing, signed and
+sealed by him or her, in whom the estate may be (being of full age),
+and attested by three witnesses; and real estates may be conveyed by
+lease or release, or bargain and sale, signed, sealed, and delivered by
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</span>
+the person, being of full age, in whom the estate may, and attested by
+two witnesses, provided such wills be duly proved, and such conveyances
+be acknowledged, or the execution thereof duly proved, and be recorded
+within one year after proper magistrates, courts, and registers shall
+be appointed for that purpose, and personal property may be transferred
+by delivery, saving, however, to the French and Canadian inhabitants,
+and other settlers of the Kaskaskias, Saint Vincents, and the
+neighboring villages, who have heretofore professed themselves citizens
+of Virginia, their laws and customs now in force among them, relative
+to descent and conveyance of property.</p>
+
+<p><i>Be it ordained</i>, by the authority aforesaid, that there shall
+be appointed, from time to time, by Congress, a Governor, whose
+commission shall continue in force for the term of three years, unless
+sooner revoked by Congress; he shall reside in the district and have a
+freehold estate therein, in one thousand acres of land, while in the
+exercise of his office. There shall be appointed, from time to time,
+by Congress, a Secretary, whose commission shall continue in force for
+four years, unless sooner revoked; he shall reside therein, and have
+a freehold estate therein, in five hundred acres of land, while in
+the exercise of his office; it shall be his duty to keep and preserve
+the acts and laws passed by the Legislature, and the public records
+of the district, and the proceedings of the Governor in his executive
+department, and transmit authentic copies of such acts and proceedings,
+every six months, to the Secretary of Congress. There shall also be
+appointed a court, to consist of three judges, any two of whom to form
+a court, who shall have a common law jurisdiction, and reside in the
+district, and have each therein a freehold estate in five hundred acres
+of land, while in the exercise of their offices; and their commissions
+shall continue in force during good behavior.</p>
+
+<p>The Governor and judges, or a majority of them, shall adopt and publish
+in the district such laws of the original States, criminal and civil,
+as may be necessary, and best suited to the circumstances of the
+district, and report them to Congress, from time to time, which laws
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</span>
+shall be in force in the district until the organization of the General
+Assembly therein, unless disapproved by Congress; but afterward, the
+Legislature shall have authority to alter them as they shall think fit.</p>
+
+<p>The Governor, for the time being, shall be commander-in-chief of the
+militia, appoint and commission all officers in the same, below the
+rank of general officers. All general officers shall be appointed and
+commissioned by Congress.</p>
+
+<p>Previous to the organization of the General Assembly, the Governor
+shall appoint such magistrates and other civil officers, in each
+county or township, as he shall find necessary for the preservation
+of the peace and good order in the same. After the General Assembly
+shall be organized, the powers and duties of magistrates and other
+civil officers shall be regulated and defined by the said Assembly;
+but all magistrates and other civil officers, not herein otherwise
+directed, shall, during the continuance of this temporary government,
+be appointed by the Governor.</p>
+
+<p>For the prevention of crimes and injuries, the laws to be adopted
+or made, shall have force in all parts of the district, and for the
+execution of process, criminal and civil, the Governor shall make
+proper divisions thereof; and shall proceed, from time to time, as
+circumstances may require, to lay out the parts of the district in
+which the Indian titles shall have been extinguished, into counties and
+townships, subject, however, to such alterations as may hereafter be
+made by the Legislature.</p>
+
+<p>So soon as there shall be five thousand free male inhabitants,
+of full age, in the district, upon giving proof thereof to the
+Governor, they shall receive authority, with time and place, to elect
+representatives from their counties or townships, to represent them
+in the General Assembly; <i>Provided</i>, That for every five hundred
+free male inhabitants there shall be one representative, and so on
+progressively with the number of free male inhabitants, shall the
+right of representation increase, until the number of representatives
+shall amount to twenty-five, after which the number and proportion of
+representatives shall be regulated by the Legislature; <i>Provided</i>,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</span>
+That no person be eligible or qualified to act as a representative,
+unless he shall have been a citizen of one of the United States three
+years and be a resident in the district, or unless he shall have
+resided in the district three years, and in either case shall likewise
+hold in his own right, in fee simple, two hundred acres of land within
+the same; <i>Provided</i>, also, that a freehold in fifty acres of land
+in the district, having been a citizen of one of the States, and being
+resident in the district, or the like freehold and two years’ residence
+in the district, shall be necessary to qualify a man as an elector of a
+representative.</p>
+
+<p>The representative thus elected, shall serve for the term of two years,
+and in case of the death of a representative, or removal from office,
+the Governor shall issue a writ to the county or township for which he
+was a member, to elect another in his stead, to serve for the residue
+of the term.</p>
+
+<p>The General Assembly, or Legislature, shall consist of the Governor,
+Legislative Council, and a House of Representatives. The Legislative
+Council shall consist of five members, to continue in office five
+years, unless sooner removed by Congress, any three of whom to be
+a quorum, and the members of the Council, shall be nominated and
+appointed in the following manner, to wit: as soon as representatives
+shall be elected, the Governor shall appoint a time and place for them
+to meet together, and, when met, they shall nominate ten persons,
+residents in the district, and each possessed of a freehold in five
+hundred acres of land, and return their names to Congress, five of
+whom Congress shall appoint and commission to serve as aforesaid; and
+whenever a vacancy shall happen in the Council, by death or removal
+from office, the House of Representatives shall nominate two persons
+qualified as aforesaid, for each vacancy, and return their names to
+Congress, one of whom Congress shall appoint and commission for the
+residue of the term; and every five years, four months at least before
+the expiration of the time of service of the Council, the said House
+shall nominate ten persons qualified as aforesaid, and return their
+names to Congress, five of whom Congress shall appoint and commission
+to serve as members of the Council five years, unless sooner removed.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</span>
+And the Governor, Legislative Council, and House of Representatives,
+shall have authority to make laws in all cases for the good government
+of the district, not repugnant to the principles and articles in this
+ordinance established and declared. And all bills having passed by
+a majority in the House, and by a majority in the Council, shall be
+referred to the Governor for his assent; but no bill or legislative act
+whatever, shall be of any force without his assent. The Governor shall
+have power to convene, prorogue, and dissolve the assembly, when in his
+opinion it shall be expedient.</p>
+
+<p>The Governor, Judges, Legislative Council, Secretary, and such other
+officers as Congress shall appoint in the district, shall take an oath
+or affirmation of fidelity, and of office—the Governor before the
+President of Congress, and all other officers before the Governor. As
+soon as a Legislature shall be formed in the District, the Council and
+House, assembled in one room, shall have authority, by joint ballot,
+to elect a delegate to Congress, who shall have a seat in Congress,
+with the right of debating, but not of voting, during this temporary
+government.</p>
+
+<p>And for extending the fundamental principles of civil and religious
+liberty, which form the basis whereon these republics, their laws and
+constitutions, are elected; <i>to fix and establish those principles
+as the basis of all laws, constitutions, and governments, which</i>
+<span class="allsmcap">FOREVER</span> <i>hereafter shall be formed
+in the said Territory</i>; to provide also for the establishment of
+States, and for their admission to a share in the Federal Council on an
+equal footing with the original States, at as early periods as may be
+consistent with the general interest:</p>
+
+<p><i>It is hereby ordained and declared</i>, by the authority
+aforesaid, that the following articles shall be considered as articles
+of compact between the original States and the people and States in
+the said Territory, and forever remain unalterable, unless by common
+consent; viz.:</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Article I.</span> No person, demeaning himself
+in a peaceable and orderly manner, shall ever be molested on account of
+his mode of worship or religious sentiments in the said Territory.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. II.</span> The inhabitants of the said
+Territory shall always be entitled to the benefit of the writ of
+<i>habeas corpus</i> and of the trial by jury; of a proportionate
+representation of the people in the Legislature, and of judicial
+proceedings according to the course of the common law; all persons
+shall be bailable unless for capital offenses, where the proof shall
+be evident, or the presumption great; all fines shall be moderate, and
+no cruel or unusual punishments shall be inflicted; no man shall be
+deprived of his liberty or property but by the judgment of his peers or
+the law of the land; and should the public exigencies make it necessary
+for the common preservation to take any person’s property, or to demand
+his particular services, full compensation shall be made for the same;
+and, in the just preservation of rights and property, it is understood
+and declared, that no law ought ever to be made, or have force in the
+said territory, that shall, in any manner whatever, interfere with or
+affect private contracts or engagements, <i>bona fide</i>, and, without
+fraud, previously formed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. III.</span> Religion, morality, and
+knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness
+of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be
+encouraged. The utmost good faith shall always be observed toward
+the Indians; their lands and property shall never be taken from them
+without their consent; and in their property, rights, and liberty, they
+never shall be invaded or disturbed, unless in just and lawful wars
+authorized by Congress; but laws founded in justice and humanity shall,
+from time to time, be made, for preventing wrongs being done to them,
+and for preserving peace and friendship with them.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. IV.</span> The said Territory, and the
+States which may be formed therein, shall forever remain a part of this
+Confederacy of the United States of America; subject to the Articles of
+Confederation,&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_2_2" href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>
+and to such alterations therein as shall be constitutionally made; and
+to all the acts and ordinances of the United States in Congress
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</span>
+assembled, conformable thereto. The inhabitants and settlers in
+the said Territory shall be subject to pay a part of the Federal
+debts contracted, or to be contracted, and a proportional part of
+the expenses of government, to be apportioned on them by Congress,
+according to the same common rule and measure by which apportionments
+thereof shall be made on the other States; and the taxes for paying
+their proportion shall be laid and levied by the authority and
+direction of the Legislatures of the District, or Districts, or new
+States, as in the original States, within the time agreed upon by
+the United States in Congress assembled. The Legislatures of those
+Districts, or new States, shall never interfere with the primary
+disposal of the soil by the United States in Congress assembled, nor
+with any regulations Congress may find necessary for securing the
+title in such soil to the <i>bona fide</i> purchasers. No tax shall
+be imposed on lands the property of the United States; and in no case
+shall non-resident proprietors be taxed higher than residents. The
+navigable waters leading into the Mississippi and St. Lawrence, and
+the carrying places between the same, shall be common highways, and
+forever free, as well to the inhabitants of the said Territory as to
+the citizens of the United States, and those of any other States that
+may be admitted into the confederacy, without any tax, impost, or duty
+therefor.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. V.</span> There shall be formed in the
+said Territory not less than three, nor more than five States; and the
+boundaries of the States, as soon as Virginia shall alter her act of
+session and consent to the same, shall become fixed and established as
+follows, to wit: The western State shall be bounded by the Mississippi,
+the Ohio, and Wabash Rivers; a direct line drawn from the Wabash and
+Post Vincents due north to the territorial line between the United
+States and Canada, and by the said territorial line to the Lake of the
+Woods and Mississippi. The middle State shall be bounded by the said
+direct line, the Wabash from Post Vincents to the Ohio, by the Ohio, by
+direct line drawn due north from the mouth of the Great Miami to the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</span>
+said territorial line, and by said territorial line. The eastern
+State shall be bounded by the last mentioned direct line, the Ohio,
+Pennsylvania, and the said territorial line; <i>Provided</i>, however,
+and it is further understood and declared, that the boundaries of these
+three States shall be subject so far to be altered, and, if Congress
+shall hereafter find it expedient, they shall have authority to form
+one or two States in that part of the said Territory which lies north
+of an east and west line drawn through the southerly bend or extreme
+of Lake Michigan; and whenever any of the said States shall have sixty
+thousand free inhabitants therein, such States shall be admitted, by
+their delegates, into the Congress of the United States, on an equal
+footing with the original States in all respects whatsoever; and shall
+be at liberty to form a permanent constitution and State government;
+<i>Provided</i>, the constitution and government so to be formed shall
+be republican, and in conformity to the principles contained in these
+articles; and, so far as it can be consistent with the general interest
+of the confederacy, such admission shall be allowed at an earlier
+period, and when there may be a less number of free inhabitants in the
+State than sixty thousand.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Art. VI.</span> There shall be neither slavery
+nor involuntary servitude in the said Territory, otherwise than in the
+punishment of crimes whereof the party shall have been duly convicted;
+<i>Provided</i>, always, that any person escaping into the same, from
+whom labor or service is lawfully claimed in any of the original
+States, such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed and conveyed to the
+person claiming his or her labor or service as aforesaid.</p>
+
+<p><i>Be it ordained</i>, by the authority aforesaid, that the
+resolutions of the 23d of April, 1784, relative to the subject of this
+ordinance, be, and the same are hereby repealed, and declared null and
+void.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot fs_80"><span class="smcap">Note.</span>—By this
+ordinance, Virginia ceded to the United States the territory now
+composing the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and
+Michigan, making the ordinance the fundamental law of these States.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">AMNESTY PROCLAMATION.</h2>
+<hr class="r10">
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><i>By the President of the United Slates of America</i>:</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, The President of the United
+States, on the 8th day of December, 1863, and on the 26th day of March,
+1864, did, with the object of suppressing the existing rebellion,
+to induce all persons to return to their loyalty and to restore the
+authority of the United States, issued Proclamations offering amnesty
+and pardon to certain persons who had directly or by implication
+engaged in said rebellion, and</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, Many persons who had so engaged
+in the said rebellion, have, since the issue of said Proclamation,
+failed or neglected to take the benefits offered thereby; and whereas,
+many persons who have been justly deprived of all claim to amnesty
+and pardon thereunder by reason of their participation directly or by
+implication in said rebellion, and continued hostile to the Government
+of the United States since the date of said Proclamation, now desire to
+apply for and obtain amnesty and pardon; to the end, therefore, that
+the authority of the Government of the United States may be restored,
+and that peace, order, and freedom may be established.</p>
+
+<p>I, Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, do proclaim
+and declare that I hereby grant to all persons who have directly
+or indirectly participated in the existing rebellion, except as
+hereinafter excepted, amnesty and pardon, with the restoration of all
+the rights of property, except as to slaves, except in cases where
+legal proceedings under the laws of the United States, providing for
+the confiscation of property of persons engaged in the rebellion,
+have been instituted; but on the condition, nevertheless, that every
+such person shall take and subscribe the following oath, which shall
+be registered for permanent preservation, and shall be the tenor and
+effect of the following, to wit:
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</span></p>
+
+<p>“I do solemnly swear or affirm, in the presence of Almighty God, that
+I will henceforth faithfully defend the Constitution of the United
+States and the Union of the States thereunder; and that I will in like
+manner abide by and faithfully support all laws and proclamations which
+have been made during the existing rebellion, with reference to the
+emancipation of slavery, so help me God.”</p>
+
+<p>The following classes of persons are excepted from the benefits of this
+proclamation:</p>
+
+<p><i>First</i>—All who are, or shall have been, pretended civil or
+diplomatic officers or otherwise, domestic or foreign agents of the
+pretended Confederate Government.</p>
+
+<p><i>Second</i>—All who left judicial stations under the United States
+to aid the rebellion.</p>
+
+<p><i>Third</i>—All who shall have been military or naval officers of
+said pretended Confederate Government above the rank of Colonel in the
+Army, or Lieutenant in the Navy.</p>
+
+<p><i>Fourth</i>—All who left seats in the Congress of the United States
+to aid the rebellion.</p>
+
+<p><i>Fifth</i>—All who resigned or tendered the resignation of their
+commissions in the Army or Navy of the United States, to evade the duty
+in resisting the rebellion.</p>
+
+<p><i>Sixth</i>—All who have engaged in any way in treating otherwise
+than lawfully as prisoners of war, persons found in the United States
+service, as officers, soldiers, seamen, or in other capacities.</p>
+
+<p><i>Seventh</i>—All persons who have been or are absentees from the
+United States for the purpose of aiding the rebellion.</p>
+
+<p><i>Eighth</i>—All military or naval officers in the rebel service who
+were educated by the Government in the military academy at West Point,
+or in the United States Naval Academy.</p>
+
+<p><i>Ninth</i>—All persons who hold the pretended offices of Governors
+of States in insurrection against the United States.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tenth</i>—All persons who left their homes within the jurisdiction
+and protection of the United States and passed beyond the Federal
+military lines into the so-called Confederate States for the purpose of
+aiding the rebellion.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</span></p>
+
+<p><i>Eleventh</i>—All persons who have engaged in the destruction of the
+commerce of the United States upon the high seas, and all persons who
+have made raids into the United States from Canada, or been engaged in
+destroying the commerce of the United States upon the lakes and rivers
+that separate the British Provinces from the United States.</p>
+
+<p><i>Twelfth</i>—All persons who, at the time when they seek to obtain
+the benefits hereof, by taking the oath prescribed, are in military,
+naval or civil confinement or custody, or under bond of the military or
+naval authorities, or agents of the United States, as prisoners of war,
+or persons detailed for offenses of any kind, either before or after
+the conviction.</p>
+
+<p><i>Thirteenth</i>—All persons who have voluntarily participated in
+said rebellion, and the estimate value of whose taxable property is
+over $20,000.</p>
+
+<p><i>Fourteenth</i>—All persons who have taken the oath of Amnesty as
+prescribed in the President’s Proclamation, December 28th, 1863, or
+the Oath of Allegiance to the Government of the United States since
+the date of said Proclamation, and who have not thenceforward kept and
+maintained the same inviolate. Provided that special application may
+be made to the President for pardon by any person belonging to the
+excepted class, and such clemency will be liberally extended as may
+be consistent with the facts, and the peace and dignity of the United
+States. The Secretary of State will establish rules and regulations
+for administering and recording said Amnesty Oath, so as to insure its
+benefits to the people, and guard the Government against fraud.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+ <img src="images/seal.jpg" alt="" width="100" height="63" >
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">In testimony whereof</span>, I have hereunto set
+my hand and caused the Seal of the United States to be affixed. Done at
+the City of Washington, this 29th day of May, A. D. 1865, and of the
+Independence of the United States, the eighty-ninth. (Signed.)</p>
+
+<p class="author">By the President:<span class="ws4">&nbsp;</span>
+<span class="smcap">Andrew Johnson</span>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">W. H. Seward</span>, <i>Secretary of State</i>.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">PROPOSED CRITTENDEN COMPROMISE.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>At the commencement of the Congressional session of 1860, the
+portentous clouds of civil war, gathering and blackening in the
+southern horizon of our national sky, filled the hearts of the stoutest
+patriots with the most gloomy apprehensions, and cast a melancholy
+shadow over every Union-loving soul throughout the country, somewhat
+akin to that which hovers over an affectionate son or daughter, upon
+the approaching dissolution of a cherished, devoted mother. The
+following compromise, offered by Senator Crittenden, December 19, 1860,
+is one of the many measures proposed in Congress for adjusting the
+difficulties of that period:</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved, By the Senate and House of Representatives</i>, That the
+following articles be proposed and submitted as an amendment to the
+Constitution, which shall be valid as a part of the Constitution, when
+ratified by the conventions of three-fourths of the people of the
+States:</p>
+
+<p>1st. In all the territory now or hereafter acquired, north of 36° 30′,
+slavery, or involuntary servitude, except for the punishment of crime,
+is prohibited; while in all the territory south of that, slavery is
+hereby recognized as existing, and shall not be interfered with by
+Congress, but shall be protected as property by all the departments of
+the territorial government during its continuance. All the territory
+north or south of said line, within such boundaries as Congress may
+prescribe, when it contains a population necessary for a member of
+Congress, with a Republican form of government, shall be admitted into
+the Union on an equality with the original States, with or without
+slavery, as the Constitution of the State shall prescribe.</p>
+
+<p>2d. Congress shall have no power to abolish slavery in the State
+permitting it.</p>
+
+<p>3d. Congress shall have no power to abolish slavery in the District of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</span>
+Columbia while ′t exists in Virginia and Maryland, or either; nor shall
+Congress at any time prohibit the officers of Government, or members
+of Congress, whose duties require them to live in the District of
+Columbia, bringing slaves there and using them as such.</p>
+
+<p>4th. Congress shall have no power to hinder the transportation of
+slaves from one State to another, whether by land, navigable river, or sea.</p>
+
+<p>5th. Congress shall have the power, by law, to pay any owner the
+full value of any fugitive slave, in all cases where the marshal is
+prevented from discharging his duty by force or rescue, made after
+arrest. In all such cases the owner shall have the power to sue the
+county in which the rescue or violence was made; and the county shall
+have the right to sue the individuals who committed the wrong, in the
+same manner as the owner would sue.</p>
+
+<p>6th. No future amendment or amendments shall affect the preceding
+article; and Congress shall never have power to interfere with slavery
+within the States where it is permitted.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Whereas</i>, On the twenty-second day of September, in the year of
+our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, a proclamation was
+issued by the President of the United States, containing among other
+things the following, to wit:</p>
+
+<p>That, on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord, one
+thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves
+within any State, or designated part of a State, the people whereof
+shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then,
+thenceforth and forever free, and the Executive Government of the
+United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof,
+will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, or any of
+them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom.</p>
+
+<p>That the Executive will, on the first day of January aforesaid, by
+proclamation, designate the States and parts of States, if any, in
+which the people therein respectively shall then be in rebellion
+against the United States, and the fact that any State, or the people
+thereof, shall on that day be in good faith represented in the
+Congress of the United States by members chosen thereto, at elections
+wherein a majority of the qualified voters of such States shall have
+participated, shall, in the absence of strong countervailing testimony,
+be deemed conclusive evidence that such State and the people thereof
+are not then in rebellion against the United States.</p>
+
+<p>Now, therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, by
+virtue of the power in me vested as Commander-in-Chief of the Army and
+Navy of the United States, in time of actual armed rebellion against
+the authority and Government of the United States, and as a fit
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</span>
+necessary war measure for suppressing said rebellion, do, on this first
+day of January, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred
+and sixty-three, and in accordance with my purpose so to do, publicly
+proclaimed for the full period of one hundred days from the day of the
+first above-mentioned order, and designate, as the States and parts
+of States wherein the people thereof respectively are this day in
+rebellion against the United States, the following, to wit: Arkansas,
+Texas, Louisiana, except the parishes of St. Bernard, Plaquemines,
+Jefferson, St. John, St. Charles, St. James, Ascension, Assumption,
+Terre Bonne, Lafourche, St. Mary, St. Martin and Orleans, including
+the city of New Orleans. Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South
+Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia, except the forty-eight counties
+designated as West Virginia, and also the counties of Berkeley,
+Accomac, Northampton, Elizabeth City, York, Princess Ann, and Norfolk,
+including the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth, and which excepted
+parts are, for the present, left precisely as if this proclamation were
+not issued.</p>
+
+<p>And by virtue of the power, and for the purpose aforesaid, I do order
+and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated
+States and parts of States are, and henceforward, shall be free; and
+that the Executive Government of the United States, including the
+military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the
+freedom of said persons.</p>
+
+<p>And I hereby enjoin upon the people so declared to be free to abstain
+from all violence, unless in necessary self-defense; and I recommend
+to them that, in all cases, when allowed, they labor faithfully for
+reasonable wages.</p>
+
+<p>And I further declare and make known that such persons of suitable
+condition will be received into the armed service of the United States,
+to garrison forts, positions, stations, and other places, and to man
+vessels of all sorts in said service.</p>
+
+<p>And upon this, sincerely believed to be an act of justice, warranted
+by the Constitution upon military necessity, I invoke the considerate
+judgment of mankind and the gracious favor of Almighty God.</p>
+
+<p>In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of
+the United States to be affixed.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft">
+ <img src="images/seal.jpg" alt="" width="100" height="63" >
+</div>
+
+<p class="no-indent">Done at the City of Washington, this first day
+of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and
+sixty-three, and of the Independence of the United States of America
+the eighty-seventh.</p>
+
+<p class="author">By the President:<span class="ws4">&nbsp;</span>
+<span class="smcap">Abraham Lincoln</span>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">William H. Seward</span>, <i>Secretary of State</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</span></p>
+<p class="center spa2"><b>LETTER FROM THE PRESIDENT EXPLAINING THE<br>
+EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION.</b></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot fs_90">The following letter, written in August, 1863,
+in answer to an invitation to attend a meeting of unconditional Union men
+held in Illinois, gives at length the President’s views at that time on
+his Emancipation Proclamation:</p>
+
+<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Executive Mansion, Washington</span>, August 26th, 1863.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My Dear Sir</span>: Your letter inviting me to
+attend a mass-meeting of unconditional Union men, to be held at the
+capitol of Illinois on the third day of September, has been received.
+It would be very agreeable to me to thus meet my old friends at my
+own home, but I can not just now be absent from this city so long as
+a visit there would require. The meeting is to be of all those who
+maintain unconditional devotion to the Union; and I am sure my old
+political friends will thank me for tendering, as I do, the nation’s
+gratitude to those other noble men whom no partisan malice or partisan
+hope can make false to the nation’s life. There are those who are
+dissatisfied with me. To such I would say, You desire peace, and you
+blame me that you do not have it. But how can we attain it? There are
+but three conceivable ways: First, to suppress the rebellion by force
+of arms. This I am trying to do. Are you for it? If you are, so far
+we are agreed. If you are not for it, a second way is to give up the
+Union. I am against this. If you are, you should say so, plainly. If
+you are not for force, nor yet for dissolution, there only remains some
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</span>
+imaginable compromise. I do not believe that any compromise, embracing
+the maintenance of the Union, is now possible. All that I learn leads
+to a directly opposite belief. The strength of the rebellion is its
+military—its army. The army dominates all the country and all the
+people within its range. Any offer of any terms made by any man or men
+within that range, in opposition to that army, is simply nothing for
+the present, because such man or men have no power whatever to enforce
+their side of a compromise, if one were made with them. To illustrate:
+Suppose refugees from the South and peace men of the North get
+together in convention, and frame and proclaim a compromise embracing
+a restoration of the Union; in what way can that compromise be used to
+keep General Lee’s army out of Pennsylvania? General Meade’s army can
+keep Lee’s army out of Pennsylvania, and, I think, can ultimately drive
+it out of existence. But no paper compromise, to which the controllers
+of Lee’s army are not agreed, can at all affect that army. In an
+effort at such compromise we would waste time, which the enemy would
+improve to our disadvantage, and that would be all. A compromise, to be
+effective, must be made either with those who control the rebel army,
+or with the people, first liberated from the domination of that army
+by the success of our army. Now, allow me to assure you that no word
+or intimation from the rebel army, or from any of the men controlling
+it, in relation to any peace compromise, has ever come to my knowledge
+or belief. All charges and intimations to the contrary are deceptive
+and groundless. And I promise you that if any such proposition shall
+hereafter come, it shall not be rejected and kept secret from you. I
+freely acknowledge myself to be the servant of the people, according
+to the bond of service, the United States Constitution, and that, as
+such, I am responsible to them. But, to be plain: You are dissatisfied
+with me about the negro. Quite likely there is a difference of opinion
+between you and myself upon that subject. I certainly wish that all men
+could be free, while you, I suppose, do not. Yet I have neither adopted
+nor proposed any measure which is not consistent with even your view,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</span>
+provided you are for the Union. I suggested compensated emancipation;
+to which you replied that you wished not to be taxed to buy negroes.
+But I have not asked you to be taxed to buy negroes, except in such way
+as to save you from greater taxation, to save the Union exclusively by
+other means.</p>
+
+<p>You dislike the Emancipation Proclamation, and perhaps would have it
+retracted. You say it is unconstitutional. I think differently: I think
+that the Constitution invests the Commander-in-Chief with the law of
+war in time of war. The most that can be said, if so much, is, that the
+slaves are property. Is there—has there ever been—any question that,
+by the law of war, property, both of enemies and friends, may be taken
+when needed? And is it not needed whenever taking it helps us, or hurts
+the enemy? Armies, the world over, destroy enemies’ property when they
+can not use it; and even destroy their own to keep it from the enemy.
+Civilized belligerents do all in their power to help themselves or hurt
+the enemy, except a few things regarded as barbarous or cruel. Among
+the exceptions are the massacre of vanquished foes and non-combatants,
+male and female. But the proclamation, as law, is valid, or is not
+valid. If it is not valid, it needs no retraction; if it is valid,
+it can not be retracted, any more than the dead can be brought to
+life. Some of you profess to think that its retraction would operate
+favorably for the Union. Why better after the retraction than before
+the issue? There was more than a year and a half of trial to suppress
+the rebellion before the proclamation was issued, the last one hundred
+days of which passed under an explicit notice that it was coming,
+unless averted by those in revolt returning to their allegiance. The
+war has certainly progressed as favorably for us since the issue of the
+proclamation as before. I know as fully as one can know the opinion of
+others, that some of the commanders of our armies in the field, who
+have given us our most important victories, believe the emancipation
+policy and the aid of colored troops to be the heaviest blows yet dealt
+to the rebellion, and that at least one of these important successes
+could not have been achieved when it was but for the aid of black
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</span>
+soldiers. Among the commanders holding these views are some who have
+never had any affinity with what is called abolitionism or with
+“Republican party politics,” but who hold them purely as military
+opinions. I submit their opinions as being entitled to some weight
+against the objections often urged, that emancipation and arming the
+blacks are unwise as military measures, and were not adopted as such
+in good faith. You say that you will not fight to free negroes. Some
+of them seem to be willing to fight for you—but no matter. Fight
+you, then, exclusively, to save the Union. I issued the proclamation
+on purpose to aid you in saving the Union. Whenever you shall have
+conquered all resistance to the Union, if I shall urge you to continue
+fighting, it will be an apt time then for you to declare that you will
+not fight to free negroes. I thought that, in your struggle for the
+Union, to whatever extent the negroes should cease helping the enemy,
+to that extent it weakened the enemy in his resistance to you. Do you
+think differently? I thought that whatever negroes can be got to do as
+soldiers, leaves just so much less for white soldiers to do in saving
+the Union. Does it appear otherwise to you? But negroes, like other
+people, act upon motives. Why should they do any thing for us if we
+will not do any thing for them? If they stake their lives for us, they
+must be prompted by the strongest motive, even the promise of freedom.
+And, the promise being made, must be kept. The signs look better. The
+Father of Waters again goes unvexed to the sea. Thanks to the great
+North-west for it. Not yet wholly to them. Three hundred miles up they
+met New England, Empire, Keystone, and Jersey, hewing their way right
+and left. The Sunny South, too, in more colors than one, also lent a
+hand. On the spot, their part of the history was jotted down in black
+and white. The job was a great national one, and let none be blamed who
+bore an honorable part in it; and, while those who have cleared the
+great river may well be proud, even that is not all. It is hard to say
+that any thing has been more bravely or better done than at Antietam,
+Murfreesboro, Gettysburg, and on many fields of less note. Nor must
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</span>
+Uncle Sam’s web-fleet be forgotten. At all the waters’ margins they
+have been present—not only on the deep sea, the broad bay, and the
+rapid river, but also up the narrow, muddy bayou; and, wherever the
+ground was a little damp, they have been, and made their tracks. Thanks
+to all. For the great republic—for the principles by which it lives
+and keeps alive—for man’s vast future—thanks to all. Peace does not
+appear so far distant as it did. I hope it will come soon, and come
+to stay; and so come as to be worth keeping in all future time. It
+will then have proved that among freemen there can be no successful
+appeal from the ballot to the bullet, and that they who take such
+appeal are sure to lose their case and pay the cost. And then there
+will be some black men who can remember that, with silent tongue, and
+clenched teeth, and steady eye, and well-poised bayonet, they have
+helped mankind on to this great consummation; while I fear that there
+will be some white men unable to forget that, with malignant heart and
+deceitful speech, they have striven to hinder it. Still, let us not be
+over-sanguine of a speedy final triumph. Let us be quite sober. Let us
+diligently apply the means, never doubting that a just God, in His own
+good time, will give us the rightful result.</p>
+
+<p class="author">Yours, very truly,<span class="ws3">&nbsp;</span>
+<span class="smcap">A. Lincoln</span>.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">PROCLAMATION OF<br> ANDREW JACKSON.</h2>
+<hr class="r10">
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><i>The President of the United States<br> to the nullifiers of South
+Carolina</i>:</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, A convention assembled in
+the State of South Carolina have passed an ordinance, by which they
+declare, “that the several acts and parts of acts of the Congress
+of the United States, purporting to be laws for the imposing of
+duties and imposts on the importation of foreign commodities, and
+now having actual operation and effect within the United States, and
+more especially,” two acts for the same purposes passed on the 29th
+of May, 1828, and on the 14th of July, 1832, “are unauthorized by the
+Constitution of the United States, and violate the true meaning and
+intent thereof, and are null and void, and no law,” nor binding on the
+citizens of that State or its officers; and by the said ordinance,
+it is further declared to be unlawful for any of the constituted
+authorities of the State or of the United States to enforce the payment
+of the duties imposed by the said acts with the same State, and that it
+is the duty of the Legislature to pass such laws as may be necessary to
+give full effect to the said ordinance:</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">And, whereas</span>, By the said ordinance, it
+is further ordained that in no case of law or equity decided in the
+courts of said State, wherein shall be drawn in question the validity
+of the said ordinance, or of the acts of the Legislature that may be
+passed to give it effect, or of the said laws of the United States, no
+appeal shall be allowed to the Supreme Court of the United States, nor
+shall any copy of the record be permitted or allowed for that purpose;
+and that any person attempting to take such appeal shall be punished as
+for a contempt of court:</p>
+
+<p>And, finally, the said ordinance declares that the people of South
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</span>
+Carolina will maintain the said ordinance at every hazard; and that
+they will consider the passage of any act, by Congress, abolishing or
+closing the ports of the said State, or otherwise obstructing the free
+ingress or egress of vessels to and from the said ports, or any other
+act of the Federal Government to coerce the State, shut up her ports,
+destroy or harass her commerce, or to enforce the said act otherwise
+than through the civil tribunals of the country, as inconsistent with
+the longer continuance of South Carolina in the Union, and that the
+people of the said State will thenceforth hold themselves absolved
+from all further obligation to maintain or preserve their political
+connection with the people of the other States, and will forthwith
+proceed to organize a separate government and do all other acts and
+things which sovereign and independent States may of right do.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">And, whereas</span>, The said ordinance
+prescribes to the people of South Carolina a course of conduct in
+direct violation of their duty as citizens of the United States,
+contrary to the laws of their country, subversive of its Constitution,
+and having for its object the destruction of the Union—that Union,
+which, coeval with our political existence, led our fathers, without
+any other ties to unite them than those of patriotism and a common
+cause, through a sanguinary struggle to a glorious independence—that
+sacred Union, hitherto inviolate, which, perfected by our happy
+Constitution, has brought us, by the favor of Heaven, to a state
+of prosperity at home, and high consideration abroad, rarely, if
+ever, equaled in the history of nations. To preserve this bond of
+our political existence from destruction, to maintain inviolate this
+state of national honor and prosperity, and to justify the confidence
+my fellow-citizens have reposed in me, I, <span class="smcap">Andrew
+Jackson</span>, President of the United States, have thought proper
+to issue this, my <span class="smcap">Proclamation</span>, stating my
+views of the Constitution and laws applicable to the measures adopted
+by the Convention of South Carolina, and to the reasons they have put
+forth to sustain them, declaring the course which duty will require me
+to pursue, and, appealing to the understanding and patriotism of the
+people, warn them of the consequences that must inevitably result from
+an observance of the dictates of the convention.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</span></p>
+
+<p>Strict duty would require of me nothing more than the exercise of
+those powers with which I am now, or may hereafter be invested, for
+preserving the peace of the Union, and for the execution of the laws.
+But the imposing aspect which opposition has assumed in this case, by
+clothing itself with State authority, and the deep interest which the
+people of the United States must all feel in preventing a resort to
+stronger measures, while there is a hope that any thing will be yielded
+to reasoning and remonstrance, perhaps demand, and will certainly
+justify, a full exposition to South Carolina and the nation of the
+views I entertain of this important question, as well as a distinct
+enunciation of the course which my sense of duty will require me to
+pursue.</p>
+
+<p>The ordinance is founded, not on the indefeasible right of resisting
+acts which are plainly unconstitutional, and too oppressive to be
+endured; but on the strange position that any one State may not only
+declare an act void, but prohibit its execution—that they may do this
+consistently with the Constitution—that the true construction of that
+instrument permits a State to retain its place in the Union, and yet be
+bound by no other of its laws than those it may choose to consider as
+constitutional. It is true, they add, that to justify this abrogation
+of law, it must be palpably contrary to the Constitution; but it is
+evident, that to give the right of resisting laws of that description,
+coupled with the uncontrolled right to decide what laws deserve that
+character, is to give the power of resisting all laws. For, as by the
+theory, there is no appeal, the reasons alleged by the State, good
+or bad, must prevail. If it should be said that public opinion is a
+sufficient check against the abuse of this power, it may be asked why
+it is not deemed a sufficient guard against an unconstitutional act of
+Congress? There is, however, a restraint in this last case, which makes
+the assumed power of a State more indefensible, and which does not
+exist in the other. There are two appeals from an unconstitutional act
+passed by Congress—one to the judiciary, the other to the people and
+the States. There is no appeal from the State decision in theory, and
+the practical illustration shows that the courts are closed against
+an application to review it, both judges and jurors being sworn to
+decide in its favor. But reasoning on this subject is superfluous,
+when our social compact, in express terms, declares that the laws of
+the United States, its Constitution, and treaties made under it, are
+the supreme law of the land; and, for the greater caution, adds “that
+the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any thing in the
+Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding.”
+And it may be asserted, without fear of refutation, that no Federal
+Government could exist without a similar provision. Look for a
+moment to the consequence. If South Carolina considers the revenues
+unconstitutional, and has a right to prevent their execution in the
+port of Charleston, there would be a clear constitutional objection to
+their collection in every other port, and no revenue could be collected
+anywhere; for all imposts must be equal. It is no answer to repeat,
+that an unconstitutional law is no law, so long as the question of its
+legality is to be decided by the State itself; for every law operating
+injuriously upon any local interest will be, perhaps, thought, and
+certainly represented, as unconstitutional; and, as has been shown,
+there is no appeal.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <img src="images/john_q_adams.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="592" >
+ <p class="f120"><b>JOHN QUINCY ADAMS.</b></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</span>
+If this doctrine had been established at an earlier day, the
+Union would have been dissolved in its infancy. The excise law in
+Pennsylvania, the embargo and non-intercourse law in the eastern
+States, the carriage tax in Virginia, were all deemed unconstitutional,
+and were more unequal in their operation than any of the laws now
+complained of; but fortunately none of those States discovered that
+they had the right now claimed by South Carolina. The war into which we
+were forced to support the dignity of the nation and the rights of our
+citizens, might have ended in defeat and disgrace instead of victory
+and honor, if the States who supposed it a ruinous and unconstitutional
+measure, had thought they possessed the right of nullifying the act by
+which it was declared, and denying supplies for its prosecution. Hardly
+and unequally as those measures bore upon several members of the Union,
+to the legislatures of none did this efficient and peaceable remedy, as
+it is called, suggest itself. The discovery of this important feature
+in our Constitution was reserved to the present day. To the statesmen
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</span>
+of South Carolina belongs the invention, and upon the citizens of that
+State will unfortunately fall the evils of reducing it to practice.</p>
+
+<p>If the doctrine of a State veto upon the laws of the Union carries with
+it internal evidence of its impracticable absurdity, our constitutional
+history will also afford abundant proof that it would have been
+repudiated with indignation had it been proposed to form a feature in
+our Government.</p>
+
+<p>In our colonial state, although dependent on another power, we very
+early considered ourselves as connected by common interest with
+each other. Leagues were formed for common defense, and, before the
+Declaration of Independence, we were known in our aggregate character
+as the United Colonies of America. That decisive and important step
+was taken jointly. We declared ourselves a nation by a joint, not by
+several acts, and when the terms of our Confederation were reduced to
+form, it was that of a solemn league of several States, by which they
+agreed that they would collectively form one nation for the purpose of
+conducting some certain domestic concerns and all foreign relations. In
+the instrument forming that Union is found an article which declares
+that “every State shall abide by the determination of Congress on all
+questions which, by that Confederation, should be submitted to them.”</p>
+
+<p>Under the Confederation, then, no State could legally annul a decision
+of the Congress, or refuse to submit to its execution; but no provision
+was made to enforce these decisions. Congress made requisitions, but
+they were not complied with. The Government could not operate on
+individuals. They had no judiciary, no means of collecting revenue.</p>
+
+<p>But the defects of the Confederation need not be detailed. Under
+its operation we could scarcely be called a nation. We had neither
+prosperity at home nor consideration abroad. This state of things
+could not be endured, and our present happy Constitution was formed,
+but formed in vain, if this fatal doctrine prevails. It was formed for
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</span>
+important objects that are announced in the preamble made in the
+name and by the authority of the people of the United States, whose
+delegates framed, and whose conventions approved it. The most important
+among those objects, that which is placed first in rank, on which all
+others rest, is, “to form a more perfect Union.” Now, is it possible
+that even if there were no express provision giving supremacy to the
+Constitution and laws of the United States—can it be conceived,
+that an instrument made for the purpose of “forming a more perfect
+Union” than that of the Confederation, could be so constructed by the
+assembled wisdom of our country as to substitute for that Confederation
+a form of government dependent for its existence on the local
+interest, the party spirit of a State, or of a prevailing faction in
+a State? Every man of plain, unsophisticated understanding, who hears
+the question, will give such an answer as will preserve the Union.
+Metaphysical subtlety, in pursuit of an impracticable theory, could
+alone have devised one that is calculated to destroy it.</p>
+
+<p>I consider, then, the power to annul a law of the United States,
+assumed by one State, incompatible with the existence of the Union,
+contradicted expressly by the letter of the Constitution, unauthorized
+by its spirit, inconsistent with every principle on which it was
+founded, and destructive of the great object for which it was formed.</p>
+
+<p>After this general view of the leading principle, we must examine the
+particular application of it which is made in the ordinance.</p>
+
+<p>The preamble rests its justification on these grounds: It assumes,
+as a fact, that the obnoxious laws, although they purport to be laws
+for raising revenue, were in reality intended for the protection of
+manufactures, which purpose it asserts to be unconstitutional; that the
+operation of these laws is unequal; that the amount raised by them is
+greater than is required by the wants of the Government; and, finally,
+that the proceeds are to be applied to objects unauthorized by the
+Constitution. These are the only causes alleged to justify an open
+opposition to the laws of the country, and a threat of seceding from
+the Union, if any attempt should be made to enforce them. The first
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</span>
+virtually acknowledges that the law in question was passed under a
+power expressly given by the Constitution to lay and collect imposts;
+but its constitutionality is drawn in question from the motives of
+those who passed it. However apparent this purpose may be in the
+present case, nothing can be more dangerous than to admit the position
+that an unconstitutional purpose, entertained by the members who assent
+to a law enacted under constitutional power, shall make the law void:
+for how is that purpose to be ascertained? How often may bad purposes
+be falsely imputed—in how many cases are they concealed by false
+professions—in how many is no declaration of motive made? Admit this
+doctrine, and you give to the States an uncontrolled right to decide,
+and every law may be annulled under this pretext. If, therefore, the
+absurd and dangerous doctrine should be admitted, that a State may
+annul an unconstitutional law, or one that it deems such, it will not
+apply to the present case.</p>
+
+<p>The next objection is, that the laws in question operate unequally.
+This objection may be made with truth to every law that has been or
+may be passed. The wisdom of man never yet contrived a system of
+taxation that would operate with perfect equality. If the unequal
+operation of a law makes it unconstitutional, and if all laws of that
+description may be abrogated by any State for that cause, then indeed
+is the Federal Constitution unworthy the slightest effort for its
+preservation. We have hitherto relied on it as the perpetual bond of
+our Union. We have received it as the work of the assembled wisdom of
+the nation. We have trusted to it as the sheet anchor of our safety in
+the stormy times of conflict with a foreign or domestic foe. We have
+looked to it with sacred awe as the palladium of our liberties, and
+with all the solemnities of religion have pledged to each other our
+lives and fortunes here, and our hopes of happiness hereafter, in its
+defense and support. Were we mistaken, my countrymen, in attaching
+this importance to the Constitution of our country? Was our devotion
+paid to the wretched, inefficient, clumsy, contrivance which this new
+doctrine would make it? Did we pledge ourselves to the support of an
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</span>
+airy nothing—a bubble, that must be blown away by the first breath
+of dissatisfaction? Was this self-destroying, visionary theory, the
+work of the profound statesmen, the exalted patriots, to whom the task
+of constitutional reform was intrusted? Did the name of Washington
+sanction, did the States deliberately ratify such an anamoly in the
+history of fundamental legislation? No. We were not mistaken. The
+letter of this great instrument is free from this radical fault; its
+language directly contradicts the imputation; its spirit—its evident
+intent, contradicts it. No, we did not err! Our Constitution does not
+contain the absurdity of giving power to make laws, and another power
+to resist them. The sages whose memory will always be reverenced, have
+given us a practical, and, as they hoped, a permanent constitutional
+compact. The Father of his Country did not affix his revered name to
+so palpable an absurdity. Nor did the States, when they severally
+ratified it, do so under the impression that a veto on the laws of the
+United States, was reserved to them, or that they could exercise it by
+implication. Search the debates in all their conventions, examine the
+speeches of the most zealous opposers of federal authority, look at
+the amendments that were proposed; they are all silent—not a syllable
+uttered, not a vote given, not a motion made, to correct the explicit
+supremacy given to the laws of the Union over those of the States, or
+to show that implication, as is now contended, could defeat it. No, we
+have not erred! The Constitution is still the object of our reverence,
+the bond of our Union, our defense in danger, the source of our
+prosperity in peace; it shall descend as we received it, uncorrupted,
+by sophistical construction, to our posterity, and the sacrifices of
+local interest, of State prejudices, of personal animosities, that were
+made to bring it into existence, will again be patriotically offered
+for its support.</p>
+
+<p>The two remaining objections made by the ordinance to these laws,
+are that the sums intended to be raised by them are greater than are
+required, and that the proceeds will be unconstitutionally employed.</p>
+
+<p>The Constitution has given, expressly, to Congress the right of raising
+revenue, and of determining the sum the public exigencies will require.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</span>
+The States have no control over the exercise of this right, other than
+that which results from the power of changing the representatives who
+abuse it, and thus procure redress. Congress may, undoubtedly, abuse
+this discretionary power; but the same may be said of others with
+which they are vested. Yet this discretion must exist somewhere. The
+Constitution has given it to the representatives of all the people,
+checked by the representatives of the States and by the executive
+power. The South Carolina construction gives it to the legislature
+or the convention of a single State, where neither the people of the
+different States, nor the States in their separate capacity, nor the
+chief magistrate elected by the people, have any representation.
+Which is the most discreet disposition of the power? I do not ask
+you, fellow-citizens, which is the constitutional disposition; that
+instrument speaks a language not to be misunderstood. But if you were
+assembled in general convention, which would you think the safest
+depository of this discretionary power in the last resort? Would you
+add a clause giving it to each of the States, or would you sanction
+the wise provisions already made by your Constitution? If this should
+be the result of your deliberations when providing for the future, are
+you, can you be ready to risk all that we hold dear to establish, for
+a temporary and a local purpose, that which you must acknowledge to be
+destructive, and even absurd, as a general provision? Carry out the
+consequences of this right vested in the different States, and you must
+perceive that the crisis your conduct presents at this day would recur
+whenever any law of the United States displeased any of the States, and
+that we should soon cease to be a nation.</p>
+
+<p>The ordinance, with the same knowledge of the future that characterizes
+a former objection, tells you that the proceeds of the tax will
+be unconstitutionally applied. If this could be ascertained with
+certainty, the objection would, with more propriety, be reserved for
+the law so applying the proceeds, but surely can not be urged against
+the laws levying the duty.</p>
+
+<p>These are the allegations contained in the ordinance. Examine them
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</span>
+seriously, my fellow-citizens; judge for yourselves. I appeal to you
+to determine whether they are so clear, so convincing, as to leave
+no doubt of their correctness; and even if you should come to this
+conclusion, how far they justify the reckless, destructive course
+which you are directed to pursue. Review these objections, and the
+conclusions drawn from them, once more. What are they? Every law, then,
+for raising revenue, according to the South Carolina ordinance, may be
+rightfully annulled, unless it be so framed as no law ever will or can
+be framed. Congress has the right to pass laws for raising a revenue,
+and each State has a right to oppose their execution—two rights
+directly opposed to each other; and yet is this absurdity supposed
+to be contained in an instrument drawn for the express purpose of
+avoiding collisions between the States and the General Government, by
+an assembly of the most enlightened statesmen and purest patriots ever
+embodied for a similar purpose.</p>
+
+<p>In vain have these sages declared that Congress shall have power to
+lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises; in vain have
+they provided that they shall have power to pass laws which shall be
+necessary and proper to carry those powers into execution; that those
+laws and that Constitution shall be the “supreme law of the land, and
+that the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any thing in the
+Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding.”
+In vain have the people of the several States solemnly sanctified
+these provisions, made them their paramount law, and individually
+sworn to support them whenever they were called on to execute any
+office. Vain provision! ineffectual restrictions! vile profanation
+of oaths! miserable mockery of legislation! if the bare majority of
+the voters in any one State may, on a real or supposed knowledge of
+the intent with which a law has been passed, declare themselves free
+from its operation—say here it gives too little, there too much, and
+operates unequally—here it suffers articles to be free that ought to
+be taxed—there it taxes those that ought to be free—in this case
+the proceeds are intended to be applied to purposes which we do not
+approve—in that the amount raised is more than is wanted. Congress, it
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</span>
+is true, is invested by the Constitution with the right of deciding
+these questions according to their sound discretion; Congress is
+composed of the representatives of all the States, and of all the
+people of all the States; but we, part of the people of one State, to
+whom the Constitution has given no power on the subject, from whom it
+has expressly taken it away—we, who have solemnly agreed that this
+Constitution shall be our law—we, most of whom have sworn to support
+it—we now abrogate this law, and swear, and force others to swear
+that it shall not be obeyed; and we do this, not because Congress
+have no right to pass such laws—this we do not allege—but because
+they have passed them with improper views. They are unconstitutional
+from the motives of those who passed them, which we can never
+with certainty know; from their unequal operation, although it is
+impossible, from the nature of things, that they should be equal; and
+from the disposition which we presume may be made of their proceeds,
+although that disposition has not been declared. This is the plain
+meaning of the ordinance, in relation to laws which it abrogates for
+alleged unconstitutionality. But it does not stop there. It repeals,
+in express terms, an important part of the Constitution itself, and
+of laws passed to give it effect, which have never been alleged to be
+unconstitutional. The Constitution declares that the judicial powers
+of the United States extend to cases arising under the laws of the
+United States; and that such laws, the Constitution and treaties, shall
+be paramount to the State Constitutions and laws. The judiciary act
+prescribes the mode by which the case may be brought before a court of
+the United States by appeal, when a State tribunal shall decide against
+this provision of the Constitution. The ordinance declares that there
+shall be no appeal, makes the State law paramount to the Constitution
+and laws of the United States, forces judges and jurors to swear that
+they will disregard their provisions, and even makes it penal in a suit
+to attempt relief by appeal. It further declares that it shall not be
+lawful for the authorities of the United States, or of that State, to
+enforce the payment of duties imposed by the revenue laws within its limits.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</span></p>
+
+<p>Here is a law of the United States, not even pretended to be
+unconstitutional, repealed by the authority of a small majority of the
+voters of a single State. Here is a provision of the Constitution,
+which is solemnly abrogated by the same authority.</p>
+
+<p>On such expositions and reasonings, the ordinance grounds not only an
+assertion of the right to annul the laws, of which it complains, but to
+enforce it by a threat of seceding from the Union, if any attempt is
+made to execute them.</p>
+
+<p>This right to secede is deduced from the nature of the Constitution,
+which they say is a compact between sovereign States, who have
+preserved their whole sovereignty, and therefore are subject to no
+superior; that because they made the compact, they can break it, when,
+in their opinion, it has been departed from by other States. Fallacious
+as this course of reasoning is, it enlists State pride, and finds
+advocates in the honest prejudices of those who have not studied the
+nature of our government sufficiently to see the radical error on which
+it rests.</p>
+
+<p>The people of the United States formed the Constitution, acting through
+the State Legislatures in forming the compact, to meet and discuss
+its provisions, and acting in separate conventions when they ratified
+those provisions; but the terms used in its construction show it to be
+a government in which the people of all the States collectively are
+represented. We are <i>one people</i> in the choice of President and
+Vice-President. Here the States have no other agency than to direct
+the mode in which the votes shall be given. The candidates having a
+majority of all the votes are chosen. The electors of a majority of
+States may have given their votes for one candidate, and yet another
+may be chosen. The people, then, and not the States, are represented in
+the executive branch.</p>
+
+<p>In the House of Representatives there is this difference: that
+the people of one State do not, as in the case of President and
+Vice-President, all vote for the same officers. The people of all
+the States do not vote for all the members, each State electing only
+its own Representatives. But this creates no national distinction.
+When chosen, they are all Representatives of the United States, not
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</span>
+representatives of the particular State from whence they come. They are
+paid by the United States, not by the State; nor are they accountable
+to it for any act done in the performance of their legislative
+functions; and however they may, in practice, as it is their duty to
+do, consult and prefer the interests of their particular constituents,
+when they come in conflict with any other partial or local interest,
+yet it is the first and highest duty of a Representative of the United
+States to promote the general good.</p>
+
+<p>The Constitution of the United States, then, forms a <i>government</i>,
+not a league; and whether it be formed by compact between the States,
+or in any other manner, its character is the same. It is a government
+in which all the people are represented, which operates directly on the
+people individually, not upon the States; they retained all the power
+they did not grant. But each State having expressly parted with so many
+powers, as to constitute jointly with the other States a single nation,
+can not, from that period, possess any right to secede, because such
+secession does not break a league, but destroys the unity of a nation;
+and any injury to that unity is not only a breach, which would result
+from the contravention of a compact, but it is an offense against the
+whole Union. To say that any State may at pleasure secede from the
+Union, is to say that the United States are not a nation; because
+it would be a solecism to contend, that any part of a nation might
+dissolve its connection with the other parts, to their injury or ruin,
+without committing any offense. Secession, like any other revolutionary
+act, may be morally justified by the extremity of oppression; but
+to call it a constitutional right is confounding the meaning of the
+terms; and can only be done through gross error, or to deceive those
+who are willing to assert a right, but would pause before they made a
+revolution, or incur the penalties consequent on a failure.</p>
+
+<p>Because the Union was formed by compact, it is said the parties to that
+compact may, when they feel themselves aggrieved, depart from it; but
+it is precisely because it is a compact that they can not. A compact is
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</span>
+an agreement or binding obligation. It may, by its terms, have a
+sanction or penalty for its breach, or it may not. If it contains no
+sanction, it may be broken, with no other consequences than moral
+guilt; if it have a sanction, then the breach incurs the designated or
+implied penalty. A league between independent nations generally has no
+sanction other than a moral one; or, if it should contain a penalty,
+as there is no common superior, it can not be enforced. A government,
+on the contrary, always has a sanction, express or implied; and, in
+our case, it is both necessarily implied and expressly given. An
+attempt, by force of arms, to destroy a government, is an offense, by
+whatever means the constitutional compact may have been formed; and
+such government has the right, by the law of self-defense, to pass acts
+for punishing the offender, unless that right is modified, restrained,
+or resumed by the constitutional act. In our system, although it is
+modified in the case of treason, yet authority is expressly given to
+pass all laws necessary to carry its powers into effect; and, under
+this grant, provision has been made for punishing acts which obstruct
+the due administration of the laws.</p>
+
+<p>It would seem superfluous to add any thing to show the nature of that
+Union which connects us; but as erroneous opinions on this subject
+are the foundation of doctrines the most destructive to our peace, I
+must give further development to my views on this subject. No one,
+fellow-citizens, has a higher reverence for the reserved rights of the
+States than the magistrate who now addresses you; no one would make
+greater personal sacrifices or official exertion to defend them from
+violation; but equal care must be taken to prevent, on their part, an
+improper interference with, or resumption of, the rights they have
+vested in the nation. The line has not been so distinctly drawn as to
+avoid doubts, in some cases, of the exercise of power. Men of the best
+intentions and soundest views may differ in their construction of some
+parts of the Constitution; but there are others on which dispassionate
+reflection can leave no doubt. Of this nature appears to be the assumed
+right of secession. It rests, as we have seen, on the alleged undivided
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</span>
+sovereignty of the States, and on their having formed, in this
+sovereign capacity, a compact, which is called the Constitution, from
+which, because they made it, they have the right to secede. Both of
+these positions are erroneous, and some of the arguments to prove them
+so have been anticipated.</p>
+
+<p>The States severally have not retained their entire sovereignty. It
+has been shown that, in becoming parts of a nation, not members of a
+league, they surrendered many of their essential parts of sovereignty.
+The right to make treaties, declare war, levy taxes, exercise exclusive
+judicial and legislative powers, were, all of them, functions of
+sovereign power. The States, then, for all these purposes, were no
+longer sovereign. The allegiance of their citizens was transferred,
+in the first instance, to the Government of the United States; they
+became American citizens, and owed obedience to the Constitution of the
+United States, and to laws made in conformity with the powers it vested
+in Congress. This last position has not been, and can not be, denied.
+How, then, can that State be said to be sovereign and independent whose
+citizens owe obedience to laws not made by it, and whose magistrates
+are sworn to disregard those laws when they come in conflict with
+those passed by another? What shows conclusively that the States can
+not be said to have reserved an undivided sovereignty is, that they
+expressly ceded the right to punish treason—not treason against their
+separate power, but treason against the United States. Treason is an
+offense against sovereignty, and sovereignty must reside with the
+power to punish it. But the reserved rights of the States are not less
+sacred because they have, for their common interest, made the General
+Government the depository of these powers.</p>
+
+<p>The unity of our political character (as has been shown for another
+purpose) commenced with its very existence. Under the royal government
+we had no separate character; our opposition to its oppressions began
+as <i>united colonies</i>. We were the United States, under the
+Confederation, and the name was perpetuated, and the Union rendered
+more perfect by the Federal Constitution. In none of these stages did
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</span>
+we consider ourselves in any other light than as forming one nation.
+Treaties and alliances were made in the name of all. Troops were raised
+for the joint defense. How, then, with all these proofs, that, under
+all changes of our position, we had, for designated purposes, and with
+defined powers, created national governments; how is it that the most
+perfect of those several modes of union should now be considered as a
+mere league, that may be dissolved at pleasure? It is from an abuse
+of terms. “Compact” is used as synonymous with “league,” although the
+true term is not employed, because it would at once show the fallacy of
+the reasoning. It would not do to say that our Constitution was only a
+league; but it is labored to prove it a compact (which in one sense it
+is), and then to argue that, as a league is a compact, every compact
+between nations must, of course, be a league, and that from such an
+engagement every sovereign power has a right to recede. But it has been
+shown that, in this sense, the States are not sovereign, and that even
+if they were, and the national Constitution had been formed by compact,
+there would be no right in any one State to exonerate itself from its
+obligations.</p>
+
+<p>So obvious are the reasons which forbid this secession, that it is
+necessary only to allude to them. The Union was formed for the benefit
+of all. It was produced by mutual sacrifices of interests and opinions.
+Can those sacrifices be recalled? Can the States, who magnanimously
+surrender their title to the territories in the West, recall the grant?
+Will the inhabitants of the inland States agree to pay the duties that
+may be imposed, without their assent, by those on the Atlantic or the
+Gulf for their own benefit? Shall there be a free port in one State,
+and onerous duties in another? No one believes that any right exists,
+in a single State, to involve the others in these and countless other
+evils contrary to the engagements solemnly made. Every one must see
+that the other States, in self-defense, must oppose it, at all hazards.</p>
+
+<p>These are the alternatives that are presented by the convention: A
+repeal of all the acts for raising revenue, leaving the Government
+without the means of support, or an acquiescence in the dissolution of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</span>
+our Union by the secession of one of its members. When the first
+was proposed, it was known that it could not be listened to for a
+moment. It was known, if force was applied to oppose the execution
+of the laws, that it must be repelled by force; that Congress could
+not, without involving itself in disgrace and the country in ruin,
+accede to the proposition; and yet, if this is not done on a given
+day, or if any attempt is made to execute the laws, the State is,
+by the ordinance, declared to be out of the Union. The majority of
+a convention, assembled for the purpose, have dictated these terms,
+or rather this rejection of all terms, in the name of the people of
+South Carolina. It is true that the Governor of the State speaks of
+the submission of their grievances to a convention of all the States,
+which, he says, they “sincerely and anxiously seek and desire.” Yet
+this obvious and constitutional mode of obtaining the sense of the
+other States, on the construction of the Federal compact, and amending
+it if necessary, has never been attempted by those who have urged the
+State on to this destructive measure. The State might have proposed to
+call for a general convention of the other States; and Congress, if
+a sufficient number of them concurred, must have called it. But the
+first magistrate of South Carolina, when he expressed a hope that, “on
+a review by Congress and the functionaries of the General Government
+of the merits of the controversy,” such a convention will be accorded
+to them, must have known that neither Congress, nor any functionary
+of the General Government, has authority to call such a convention,
+unless it be demanded by two-thirds of the States. This suggestion,
+then, is another instance of the reckless inattention to the provisions
+of the Constitution with which this crisis has been madly hurried on;
+or of the attempt to persuade the people that a constitutional remedy
+has been sought and refused. If the Legislature of South Carolina
+“anxiously desire” a general convention to consider their complaints,
+why have they not made application for it in the way the Constitution
+points out? The assertion that they “earnestly seek” it is completely
+negatived by the omission.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</span></p>
+
+<p>This, then, is the position in which we stand. A small majority of the
+citizens of one State in the Union have elected delegates to a State
+convention; that convention has ordained that all the revenue laws
+of the United States must be repealed, or that they are no longer a
+member of this Union. The Governor of that State has recommended to
+the Legislature the raising of an army to carry the secession into
+effect, and that he may be empowered to give clearances to vessels in
+the name of the State. No act of violent opposition to the laws has
+yet been committed, but such a state of things is hourly apprehended;
+and it is the intent of this instrument to proclaim, not only that
+the duty imposed on me by the Constitution “to take care that the
+laws be faithfully executed,” shall be performed to the extent of the
+powers already vested in me by law, or of such others as the wisdom
+of Congress shall devise and intrust to me for that purpose, but to
+warn the citizens of South Carolina, who have been deluded into an
+opposition to the laws, of the danger they will incur by obedience
+to the illegal and disorganizing ordinance of the convention; to
+exhort those who have refused to support it to persevere in their
+determination to uphold the Constitution and laws of their country; and
+to point out to all the perilous situation into which the good people
+of that State have been led, and that the course they are urged to
+pursue is one of ruin and disgrace to the very State whose rights they
+affect to support.</p>
+
+<p>Fellow-citizens of my native State, let me not only admonish you, as
+the First Magistrate of our common country, not to incur the penalty of
+its laws, but use the influence that a father would over his children
+whom he saw rushing to certain ruin. In that paternal language, with
+that paternal feeling, let me tell you, my countrymen, that you are
+deluded by men who are either deceived themselves, or wish to deceive
+you. Mark under what pretenses you have been led on to the brink of
+insurrection and treason, and on which you stand! First, a diminution
+of the value of your staple commodity, lowered by over-production in
+other quarters, and the consequent diminution in the value of your
+lands, were the sole effect of the tariff laws.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</span></p>
+
+<p>The effect of those laws was confessedly injurious, but the evil
+was greatly exaggerated by the unfounded theory you were taught to
+believe, that its burdens were in proportion to your exports, not to
+your consumption of imported articles. Your pride was roused by the
+assertion that a submission to those laws was a state of vassalage,
+and that resistance to them was equal, in patriotic merit, to the
+opposition our fathers offered to the oppressive laws of Great Britain.
+You were told that this opposition might be peaceably—might be
+constitutionally made; that you might enjoy all the advantages of the
+Union, and bear none of its burdens. Eloquent appeals to your passions,
+to your State pride, to your native courage, to your sense of real
+injury, were used, to prepare you for the period when the mask, which
+concealed the hideous features of disunion, should be taken off. It
+fell, and you were made to look with complacency on objects which, not
+long since, you would have regarded with horror. Look back to the arts
+which have brought you to this state—look forward to the consequences
+to which it must inevitably lead! Look back to what was first told
+you as an inducement to enter into this dangerous course. The great
+political truth was repeated to you, that you had the revolutionary
+right of resisting all laws that were palpably unconstitutional and
+intolerably oppressive; it was added that the right to nullify a law
+rested on the same principle, but that it was a peaceable remedy!
+This character which was given to it, made you receive, with too much
+confidence, the assertions that were made of the unconstitutionality
+of the law and its oppressive effects. Mark, my fellow-citizens,
+that, by the admission of your leaders, the unconstitutionality must
+be <i>palpable</i>, or it will not justify either resistance or
+nullification! What is the meaning of the word <i>palpable</i>, in
+the sense in which it is here used? that which is apparent to every
+one; that which no man of ordinary intellect will fail to perceive. Is
+the unconstitutionality of these laws of that description? Let those
+among your leaders who once approved and advocated the principle of
+protective duties, answer the question; and let them choose whether
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</span>
+they will be considered as incapable, then, of perceiving that which
+must have been apparent to every man of common understanding, or as
+imposing on your confidence, and endeavoring to mislead you now. In
+either case, they are unsafe guides in the perilous path they urge you
+to tread. Ponder well on this circumstance, and you will know how to
+appreciate the exaggerated language they address to you. They are not
+champions of liberty, emulating the fame of our revolutionary fathers;
+nor are you an oppressed people, contending, as they repeat to you,
+against worse than colonial vassalage.</p>
+
+<p>You are free members of a flourishing and happy Union. There is no
+settled design to oppress you. You have, indeed, felt the unequal
+operation of laws which may have been unwisely, not unconstitutionally
+passed; but that inequality must necessarily be removed. At the very
+moment when you were madly urged on to the unfortunate course you
+have begun, a change in public opinion had commenced. The nearly
+approaching payment of the public debt, and the consequent necessity
+of a diminution of duties, had already produced a considerable
+reduction, and that, too, on some articles of general consumption in
+your State. The importance of this change was underrated, and you are
+authoritatively told that no further alleviation of your burdens were
+to be expected at the very time when the condition of the country
+imperiously demanded such a modification of the duties as should
+reduce them to a just and equitable scale. But, as if apprehensive
+of the effect of this change in allaying your discontents, you were
+precipitated into the fearful state in which you now find yourselves.</p>
+
+<p>I have urged you to look back to the means that were used to hurry
+you on to the position you have now assumed, and forward to the
+consequences it will produce. Something more is necessary. Contemplate
+the condition of that country of which you still form an important
+part. Consider its Government, uniting in one bond of common interest
+and general protection so many different States—giving to all their
+inhabitants the proud title of American citizens; protecting their
+commerce; securing their literature and their arts; facilitating their
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</span>
+intercommunication; defending their frontiers, and making their names
+respected in the remotest parts of the earth. Consider the extent of
+its territory; its increasing and happy population; its advance in
+arts, which render life agreeable; and the sciences, which elevate
+the mind! See education spreading the lights of religion, morality,
+and general information into every cottage in this wide extent of our
+Territories and States! Behold it as the asylum where the wretched
+and the oppressed find a refuge and support! Look on this picture of
+happiness and honor, and say: “<i>We, too, are citizens of America!</i>
+Carolina is one of these proud States—her arms have defended—her
+best blood has cemented this happy Union!” And then add, if you can,
+without horror and remorse, “this happy Union we will dissolve; this
+picture of peace and prosperity we will deface; this free intercourse
+we will interrupt; these fertile fields we will deluge with blood;
+the protection of that glorious flag we renounce; the very name of
+Americans we discard.” And for what, mistaken men—for what do you
+throw away these inestimable blessings? for what would you exchange
+your share in the advantages and honor of the Union? For the dream of
+separate independence—a dream interrupted by bloody conflicts with
+your neighbors, and a vile dependence on a foreign power. If your
+leaders could succeed in establishing a separation, what would be your
+situation? Are you united at home—are you free from the apprehension
+of civil discord, with all its fearful consequences? Do our neighboring
+republics, every day suffering some new revolution, or contending with
+some new insurrection—do they excite your envy? But the dictates of
+a high duty obliges me solemnly to announce that you can not succeed.
+The laws of the United States must be executed. I have no discretionary
+power on the subject—my duty is emphatically pronounced in the
+Constitution. Those who told you that you might peaceably prevent their
+execution, deceived you—they could not have been deceived themselves.
+They know that a forcible opposition could alone prevent the execution
+of the laws, and they know that such opposition must be repelled. Their
+object is disunion; but be not deceived by names; disunion, by armed
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</span>
+force, is <i>treason</i>. Are you really ready to incur its guilt? If
+you are, on the heads of the instigators of the act be the dreadful
+consequences—on their heads be the dishonor, but on yours may fall
+the punishment; on your unhappy State will inevitably fall all the
+evils of the conflict you force upon the government of your country.
+It can not accede to the mad project of disunion, of which you would
+be the first victims—its First Magistrate can not, if he would, avoid
+the performance of his duty; the consequences must be fearful to you,
+distressing to your fellow-citizens here, and to the friends of good
+government throughout the world. Its enemies have beheld our prosperity
+with a vexation they could not conceal—it was a standing refutation of
+their slavish doctrines, and they will point to our discord with the
+triumph of malignant joy. It is yet in your power to disappoint them.
+There is yet time to show that the descendants of the Pinckneys, the
+Sumters, the Rutledges, and of the thousand other names, which adorn
+the pages of your revolutionary history, will not abandon that Union,
+to support which so many of them fought, and bled, and died.</p>
+
+<p>I adjure you, as you honor their memory—as you love the cause of
+freedom, to which they dedicated their lives—as you prize the peace
+of your country, the lives of its best citizens, and your own fair
+fame, to retrace your steps. Snatch from the archives of your State the
+disorganizing edict of its convention—bid its members to re-assemble,
+and promulgate the decided expressions of your will to remain in the
+path which alone can conduct you to safety, prosperity, and honor. Tell
+them that, compared to disunion, all other evils are light, because
+that brings with it an accumulation of all. Declare that you will
+never take the field unless the star-spangled banner of your country
+shall float over you; that you will not be stigmatized when dead, and
+dishonored and scorned while you live, as the authors of the first
+attack on the Constitution of your country. Its destroyers you can
+not be. You may disturb its peace—you may interrupt the course of
+its prosperity—you may cloud its reputation for stability; but its
+tranquillity will be restored, its prosperity will return, and the stain
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</span>
+upon its national character will be transferred, and remain an eternal
+blot on the memory of those who caused the disorder.</p>
+
+<p>Fellow-citizens of the United States! The threat of unhallowed
+disunion—the names of those once respected, by whom it is uttered—the
+array of military force to support it—denotes the approach of a
+crisis in our affairs, on which the continuance of our unexampled
+prosperity, our political existence, and perhaps that of all free
+governments, may depend. The conjuncture demanded a free, a full, and
+explicit enunciation, not only of my intentions, but of my principles
+of action: and as the claim was asserted of a right by a State to annul
+the laws of the Union, and even to secede from it at pleasure, a frank
+exposition of my opinions in relation to the origin and form of our
+government, and the construction I give to the instrument by which it
+was created, seemed to be proper. Having the fullest confidence in the
+justness of the legal and constitutional opinion of my duties, which
+has been expressed, I rely, with equal confidence, on your undivided
+support in my determination to execute the laws—to preserve the Union
+by all constitutional means—to arrest, if possible, by moderate but
+firm measures, the necessity of a recourse to force; and, if it be the
+will of Heaven, that the recurrence of its primeval curse on man for
+the shedding of a brother’s blood should fall upon our land, that it be
+not called down by any offensive act on the part of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>Fellow-citizens! the momentous case is before you. On your undivided
+support of your Government depends the decision of the great question
+it involves, whether your sacred Union will be preserved, and the
+blessings it secures to us as one people shall be perpetuated. No
+one can doubt that the unanimity with which that decision will be
+expressed, will be such as to inspire new confidence in republican
+institutions, and that the prudence, the wisdom, and the courage which
+it will bring to their defense will transmit them unimpaired and
+invigorated to our children.</p>
+
+<p>May the Great Ruler of Nations grant that the signal blessings with
+which He has favored ours, may not, by the madness of party or personal
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</span>
+ambition, be disregarded and lost; and may His wise providence bring
+those who have produced this crisis to see their folly, before they
+feel the misery of civil strife, and inspire a returning veneration
+for that Union, which, if we may dare to penetrate His designs, He has
+chosen as the only means of attaining the high destinies to which we
+may reasonably aspire.</p>
+
+<p>In testimony whereof, I have caused the seal of the United States to be
+hereunto affixed, having signed the same with my hand.</p>
+
+<p>Done at the city of Washington, this 10th day of December, in the year
+of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and thirty-two, and of the
+Independence of the United States the fifty-seventh.</p>
+
+<p class="author">By the President:<span class="ws4">&nbsp;</span>
+<span class="smcap">Andrew Jackson</span>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Edwd. Livingston</span>, <i>Secretary of State</i>.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</span></p>
+ <h2 class="nobreak">HISTORY OF THE STATES.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>VIRGINIA.</h3>
+
+<p>“The Old Dominion,” so distinguished as being the native State of
+the Father of American Liberty, and the “Mother of Presidents,”
+really seemed at one time, to be peculiarly favorable to the birth
+and development of statesmen. It has furnished no less than five
+Presidents, among whom are Washington, Monroe, Madison, and Jefferson.
+It was the first Colony, on the Continent, settled by the English. In
+1607, a company formed under the patronage of James I, obtained a grant
+to make settlements in America, between the 34th and 38th degrees of
+north latitude. In May, 1607, a colony of one hundred and five persons,
+under direction of this company, arrived off the coast of South
+Virginia. Their intention had been to form a settlement on Roanoke,
+now in North Carolina; but being driven north by a violent storm, they
+discovered and entered the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. Passing up this bay
+they named its capes—Henry and Charles—in honor of the king’s two
+sons. They were commanded by Capt. Christopher Newport, an experienced
+and distinguished navigator. Passing up James River, they arrived at a
+peninsula, upon which they landed and established Jamestown.</p>
+
+<p>After promulgating a code of laws which had been formed by the London
+company, Capt. Newport sailed for England, leaving the colony under the
+care of Capt. John Smith, whose subsequent relations to the settlement
+became so important, and without whose efforts the enterprise would
+doubtless have proved a failure. The colonists seem to have been very
+poorly adapted to the labor required at their hands. Too many of them
+were <i>gentlemen</i>, and came, it appears, only to enrich themselves
+by gathering gold, which, they had heard, was very abundant.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</span></p>
+
+<p>Through a series of difficulties, which it is rarely the lot of man
+to encounter, this colony progressed; the settlers awhile quarreling
+among themselves, and awhile contending against savages and famine, for
+bare existence, until the period of the Revolution, in which it was
+one of the first colonies to take active part, furnishing to the young
+republic many of its most efficient military chieftains and statesmen.
+It ratified the Constitution June 26, 1788. After the Revolution its
+course was for many years one of great prosperity. But, unfortunately,
+the year 1861 found the majority of its statesmen arrayed against the
+Government, on the side of secession, and on the 15th of April, 1861,
+she seceded from the Union. On the 17th of June, 1861, all the counties
+lying between the Alleghany Mountains and the Ohio River, were, by a
+convention held at Wheeling, declared independent of the old State
+government, and were organized into a new State, called West Virginia,
+which remains loyal. The capital of the old State was selected as the
+seat of government of the so-called Confederate States of America.</p>
+
+<h3>MASSACHUSETTS.</h3>
+
+<p>Massachusetts was settled in the year 1620, by the Puritans. These
+people, having been severely persecuted in England, had previously
+taken refuge in Holland; but for various reasons they determined,
+after remaining in Holland a season, to emigrate to the New World.
+Unfortunately, they started at a very unpropitious season of the year,
+arriving at New England in the winter. The severity of the climate,
+their scarcity of food at times, operated seriously against their
+comfort and progress. It is said that they were frequently threatened
+with starvation. At one time the entire company had but one pint of
+Indian corn, which being divided equally among them, allowed to each
+person eight grains. But, unlike the early settlers of Virginia,
+they were all working men, and good economists. From the time of the
+landing at Plymouth, up to 1691, this first settlement was known as the
+Plymouth Colony. Meantime, another settlement had been formed, styled
+the Massachusetts Colony. Both were for some years under the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</span>
+control of a London company. In 1691, Massachusetts and Plymouth
+Colonies were united, and thenceforward their history is one. The
+people of Massachusetts were, during the early part of their colonial
+existence, sorely vexed, at times, by the Indians, especially by
+the Pequods. They, unfortunately, had imbibed, during their own
+persecutions, too much of the spirit of conscription, and, although
+themselves refugees from religious bigotry, sullied much of their
+history prior to the Revolution by punishing what they called heresy
+in the Quakers and Baptists. During 1774 and 1775, Massachusetts took
+a very prominent part in favor of colonial rights, and was the first
+State to manifest the spirit of resentment toward Great Britain. Its
+history during the War for Independence is one of glory. It adopted the
+Constitution June 6, 1788.</p>
+
+<h3>NEW HAMPSHIRE.</h3>
+
+<p>This State was a part of Massachusetts up to the year 1680. It was,
+however, settled in 1624, the first settlement being formed at Dover
+by the English. In 1680, it was erected into a separate colony, and
+its first legislative assembly met this year. John Mason was its first
+Governor. It suffered severely from Indian wars, and its progress,
+during the first years of its existence, was slow. In 1742 it contained
+only six hundred persons liable to taxation. Its first Constitution
+was formed in 1683. It suffered from the effects of an insurrection
+in 1686, although prior and subsequent to this affair, it seems to
+have been one of the most peaceful and quiet of the colonies. It
+is distinguished for its excellent pastures, towering hills, and
+fine cattle. The White Mountains are the highest in New England.
+It took a prominent and active part in the Revolution. It ratified
+the Constitution June 21, 1788, since which time it has been highly
+prosperous. Its present population is 326,073. Its course during the
+rebellion has been highly commendable.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <img src="images/jackson.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="495" >
+ <p class="f120"><b>ANDREW JACKSON.</b></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</span></p>
+
+<h3>MARYLAND.</h3>
+
+<p>In 1632, Sir George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) visited America, explored
+a tract of country lying on the Chesapeake Bay, belonging to what was
+then called South Virginia, and returned to England to procure a grant
+for it. But before the patent was made out, he died, and it was given
+to his son Cecil. The province was named by King Charles I, in the
+patent, in honor of his Queen, Henrietta Maria. A part of the province
+appears to have been included in the grant made some time afterward to
+William Penn, and to have caused much contention between the successors
+of Penn and Baltimore.</p>
+
+<p>In March, 1634, Leonard Calvert, the brother of Cecil, arrived at the
+mouth of the Potomac River, bringing with him two hundred emigrants,
+most of whom were Roman Catholic gentlemen. Leaving the vessel, he
+ascended in a pinnace as far as Piskataqua, an Indian village nearly
+opposite Mount Vernon. The Indian Sachem gave him full liberty
+to settle there if he chose; but not deeming it safe, he began a
+settlement lower down on a branch of the Potomac, at the Indian town of
+Yoacomoco. The settlement was called St. Mary’s.</p>
+
+<p>Maryland made a very fortunate beginning. The colonists arrived in time
+to make a crop for that year. Their neighbors in Virginia supplied them
+with cattle, and protected them in great part from the Indians, while
+their own kind and consistent course materially promoted their happy
+relations with the savages.</p>
+
+<p>The charter which had been granted them was very liberal—ceding to
+them the full power of legislation, without any interference on the
+part of the Crown. In 1635, they made laws for their government, which
+were somewhat modified in 1639. In 1650, they had an upper and lower
+legislative assembly, as had their Virginia neighbors.</p>
+
+<p>Ten or twelve years after its settlement, Maryland was disturbed by an
+insurrection, headed by one Clayborne; but this difficulty was soon
+settled. It played a conspicuous part in the Revolution, and adopted
+the Constitution April 28, 1788. Its progress has been fair, its
+present population being 687,049. Its geographical position and the
+mixed political character of its people caused it to assume a rather
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</span>
+dubious attitude at the commencement of the rebellion of 1861. Some of
+its best statesmen, however, were among the most uncompromising friends
+of the Union.</p>
+
+<h3>NEW YORK.</h3>
+
+<p>Captain Henry Hudson, the famous voyager, discovered what is now New
+York, together with a considerable extent of territory contiguous to
+it, in the year 1609. Although an Englishman by nativity, Hudson was
+at this time employed by the Dutch, (Hollanders) who, consequently,
+claimed the territory. Meantime the English set up a claim to it, as
+being part of North Virginia. They also claimed it on account of Hudson
+being an Englishman. The Dutch, however, determined to hold it, and in
+1610 opened a trade with the natives at Manhattan Island, on the spot
+where the city of New York now stands. They erected a fort on or near
+the site of Albany, named the country in general, New Netherlands, and
+the station at Manhattan, New Amsterdam. The Dutch retained the country
+until the year 1664.</p>
+
+<p>It seems that, up to this time, they claimed not only the present
+territory of New York, but also that of Connecticut and New Jersey.
+The liberal governments of the surrounding colonies stood in great
+contrast with the despotic one imposed by the Dutch Government upon
+their American colonists. And when, in 1664, the English squadron
+dispatched by James, Duke of York, with instructions to take possession
+of the province of New Netherlands, appeared before New Amsterdam,
+the inhabitants were willing to capitulate without resistance. Peter
+Stuyvesant, their Governor, and an able executive, made vain efforts
+to rouse them to defense, and was forced to surrender. The English
+Government was now acknowledged over the whole of New Netherlands, the
+capital receiving the name of New York, as well as the province. From
+this time forward to the Revolutionary War, New York remained in the
+hands of the English, and was under the control of a very arbitrary
+succession of Governors. The progress of the colony was steady, in
+numbers, wealth, and civilization. It took an active part in the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</span>
+Revolution, and adopted its Constitution July 26, 1788. After this it
+outstripped every other State in the Union in every thing pertaining
+to wealth and greatness, save education, in which matter no State can
+compare with Massachusetts. At the commencement of the great Rebellion,
+this noble State showed herself truly worthy to be ranked as the Empire
+State. She has furnished the Government more money than any other
+State. Her population is 3,880,735.</p>
+
+<h3>CONNECTICUT.</h3>
+
+<p>In the year 1633, the Puritans of Massachusetts, having heard very
+flattering reports of the valley of Connecticut, resolved to make an
+effort to settle it. Accordingly, a company of them sailed for the
+Connecticut River, taking with them the frame of a house. Meantime the
+Dutch, claiming the territory as theirs, built a fort on the river
+where Hartford now stands, to prevent the emigrants from passing up.
+The Yankees, however, with that steady perseverance which has always
+marked their course, proceeded on their way, paying no attention to
+the Dutch fort, whose only demonstration was an unexecuted threat to
+fire on the emigrants if they passed it. Landing where Farmington
+River enters the Connecticut, they founded the town of Windsor. Other
+settlements were subsequently formed at Westerfield, Hartford, and
+Watertown. The first general court was held at Hartford, in the year
+1636. The province suffered severely from the depredations of the
+Pequod Indians, with which tribe a great and decisive battle was
+ultimately fought on the river Mystic, in the year 1636.&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_3_3" href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>
+During this year the towns of Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield, met
+in convention and formed a Government, electing John Haynes the first
+Governor of the colony.</p>
+
+<p>Its course from this period forward was one of great prosperity. It
+stood in the front rank during the war for Independence, and in no case
+was ever known to flinch from duty. It ratified the Constitution June
+9, 1788. Its present population is 460,147.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</span></p>
+
+<p>At the commencement of the Rebellion, in 1861, its voice was for the
+Union and the Government of the Fathers. Its aid in behalf of freedom
+has been earnest and efficient.</p>
+
+<h3>RHODE ISLAND.</h3>
+
+<p>In June, 1636, Roger Williams, an earnest, enthusiastic advocate of
+religious liberty in the broadest sense, having been banished by the
+Puritans of Massachusetts from that colony, went to what is now known
+as Rhode Island, purchased the present site of Providence of the
+Narragansett Indians, and founded a colony, of which he was at once
+pastor, teacher, and father. He donated land to any whom he thought
+worthy, and Providence Plantation, as it was long called, became an
+asylum for persecuted Christians of all denominations, especially the
+Baptists. The first settlement in Rhode Island proper, was formed
+by William Codington, in the year 1636. Up to 1640, the citizens of
+Rhode Island made their own laws in general convention. But, in 1644,
+Roger Williams, with the aid of Gov. Vane, of Massachusetts, procured
+a charter for two settlements, under the name of Rhode Island and
+Providence Plantations. The Constitution framed under this charter
+was a good one; and lasted until the year 1818. For many years the
+legislative assembly of this colony met twice a year.</p>
+
+<p>Rhode Island is distinguished as the smallest State in the Union. It
+did noble service in the war for Independence, but did not, for some
+reason, adopt the Constitution till the 29th of May, 1790. It has been
+a highly prosperous State; is distinguished for its good schools and
+large manufactories.</p>
+
+<p>At the breaking out of the Rebellion in 1861, it stepped nobly forward
+in defense of the Government, sending its own Governor to Washington at
+the head of a regiment of volunteers. Its population is 174,620.</p>
+
+<h3>NEW JERSEY,</h3>
+
+<p>At first, formed a part of the Dutch province of New Netherlands. But
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</span>
+soon after the latter came into the hands of the English, the Territory
+of New Jersey was transferred to Lord Berkley and Sir George Carteret,
+by the Duke of York. The first permanent settlement was formed at
+Elizabethtown, in 1664, by emigrants from Long Island. Philip Carteret
+arrived in the colony in 1665, and became its first Governor. The
+province had very little trouble with the Indians. Many emigrants from
+New England and New York soon arrived, and for a series of years the
+colony advanced in prosperity. It enjoyed the blessings flowing from a
+liberal form of government.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1685, the Duke of York became the King of England, under
+the title of James II, and disregarding his former pledges, assumed,
+in 1688, the government of New Jersey, placing it under the control of
+Sir Edmund Andros, whom he had already made Governor of New York and
+New England. This state of things was terminated by the revolution in
+England, but left New Jersey for years in a very precarious condition.
+In 1702, its proprietors having resigned their claims, it became a
+royal province, and was united to New York. In 1738 it became again
+a separate province, and so continued until the Revolution, in which
+it took a very active part in favor of liberty. It ratified the
+Constitution December 18, 1787. Thenceforward its career has been
+a highly prosperous one. Its strength has been put forth to aid in
+crushing the great Rebellion. Population 672,075.</p>
+
+<h3>DELAWARE.</h3>
+
+<p>Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, formed a plan of establishing
+colonies in America as early as the year 1626. But as he died on the
+field of Leutzen, during the German war in 1633, without carrying
+his scheme into effect, his minister took it up, and employed Peter
+Minuets, the first Governor of New Netherlands, to carry it into
+effect. In 1638, a small Swedish colony arrived under the direction
+of Minuets, and settled on Christian Creek, near the present town of
+Wilmington. Notwithstanding the remonstrances of the Dutch Government
+of New Netherlands, who claimed the territory, the Swedes continued to
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</span>
+extend their settlements from this time until they preëmpted all the
+territory from Cape Henlopen to the falls of the Delaware. At this
+time the colony was called New Sweden. In 1651, Governor Stuyvesant,
+to check the aggressive movements of the Swedes, built a fort near the
+present site of New Castle, of which the Swedes afterward obtained
+possession by stratagem. Enraged at this movement, the Government of
+Holland ordered Stuyvesant to reduce the Swedes to submission, which
+he speedily accomplished with six hundred men, in 1655. The province
+was soon after annexed to New Netherlands. Delaware was, after it fell
+into the hands of the English, included in the grant made to William
+Penn, in 1692. It remained attached to Pennsylvania till 1691, when it
+was allowed a separate government. It was reunited to Pennsylvania
+in 1692. In 1703, it was again separated, having its own legislature,
+though the same Governor presided over both colonies. The ancient forms
+of the government were preserved through the revolutionary struggle. It
+ratified the Constitution December 7, 1787.</p>
+
+<p>Its position, at the commencement of the rebellion of 1861, was
+somewhat dubious. It being a northerly slave State, was somewhat
+divided as to where its interests lay. It, however, finally came out
+somewhat decidedly for the Union, although its entire strength has not
+been exerted against the rebellion. Its population is 112,216.</p>
+
+<h3>THE CAROLINAS.</h3>
+
+<p>In the year 1563, the coast of Carolina was explored, and named after
+Charles IX, of France. The first attempt to settle it was made by the
+celebrated and accomplished Sir Walter Raleigh, in 1585, twenty-two
+years before the settlement of Jamestown, and thirty-five years before
+the Puritans landed at Plymouth. This effort failed, on account of the
+incapacity of the Governor appointed by Raleigh, and the ill-behavior
+of the colonists toward the natives.</p>
+
+<p>The first successful attempt was made sometime between 1640 and 1650,
+under the direction of Governor Berkley. The settlement was made in
+Albemarle County, by a few Virginia planters. In 1663, a large tract of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</span>
+land, lying between the 30th and 36th degrees of north latitude, having
+the Atlantic Ocean for its eastern boundary, was conveyed by Charles
+II, to Lord Clarendon and associates, under whose auspices a settlement
+was made near the mouth of Cape Fear River, in the year 1665, by
+emigrants from Barbadoes. Sir James Yeomans was appointed Governor.
+A settlement was made at Port Royal, South Carolina, in 1670; and in
+1671, a few persons located at what was then called Old Charleston,
+which place was abandoned in 1680, and the foundation of the present
+city of Charleston laid, several miles nearer the sea.</p>
+
+<p>All the various settlements here mentioned went under the general name
+of Carolina, until 1571, when a division was made, and the northern
+and southern portions were called by their distinctive names, North
+and South Carolina. These States were the scenes of many revolutionary
+tragedies. South Carolina, in particular, although the home of Sumter,
+and Marion, and Rutledge, was replete with tories, (royalists) who
+spared no efforts to annoy the infant Republic, and play into the hands
+of the British Government. South Carolina ratified the Constitution
+May 23, 1788, but threatened to break the compact in 1832, and was
+only prevented by the stern will of President Jackson. After this the
+State did nothing worthy of note until December 20, 1860, when it
+seceded from the Union, taking the lead in the great Rebellion. Present
+population 703,708.</p>
+
+<p>North Carolina ratified the Constitution November 21, 1789, and seceded
+from the Union May 21, 1861. Population 992,622.</p>
+
+<h3>PENNSYLVANIA.</h3>
+
+<p>The Old Keystone State, and one of the most wealthy and prosperous
+in the Union, was settled by the Quakers, under the direction of Wm.
+Penn, at Philadelphia, in the year 1682. The founder of this colony
+showed himself a philosopher, a philanthropist, a thorough political
+economist, at the very commencement of his labors. He put the province
+under the government of a Council of Three and a House of Delegates,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</span>
+chosen by the freemen, who, according to his arrangement, were all
+those who acknowledged the existence of one God. He pursued such a
+course with the natives as won their confidence and esteem. No Quaker
+was ever murdered by an Indian; and to this day the “sons of Wm. Penn”
+are everywhere respected by the savage. The treaty Penn made with
+the Indians was never violated. In framing the colonial government,
+he provided for the largest religious liberty, allowing every one
+to worship according to the dictates of his own conscience. Up to
+1684, Delaware, as before mentioned, was included in Penn’s grant.
+But about this time he procured a new charter, more strictly defining
+the rights and limits of Pennsylvania, and Delaware was detached.
+For seventy years prosperity smiled upon this colony, during much
+of which time Penn was, according to the historian, its governor,
+magistrate, preacher and teacher. It was troubled with no Indian wars
+till 1754, when Penn’s example and teachings began to be forgotten. The
+population, owing to a considerable influx from Sweden, Germany, and
+some other countries, began, at a later date, to assume a more varied
+aspect; and when the colonies rebelled against the mother country,
+Pennsylvania contained sufficient “fighting” material to lend valuable
+assistance to the cause of liberty.</p>
+
+<p>She adopted the Constitution December 12th, 1787, since which time her
+increase in wealth, and advancement in general improvement has been
+almost without a parallel. Her vast coal fields and rich iron mines
+constitute a source of eternal wealth. Upon the breaking out of the
+rebellion of 1861, her position in favor of the Union was well defined.</p>
+
+<p>Her population is 2,906,115.</p>
+
+<h3>GEORGIA.</h3>
+
+<p>General James Oglethorpe, and a company of twenty-one others, received,
+in the year 1732, from George II, of England, a grant for all the land
+between the Savannah and the Altamaha Rivers. In January, 1733, a
+company of one hundred and fourteen men, women, and children, arrived
+at Charleston, S. C., destined for Georgia. They were kindly treated by
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</span>
+the Charlestonians, and were greatly assisted by them in their labor
+of forming a colony. The first laws made for the province by the
+twenty-two grantees, prohibited the importation of rum, trade with
+the Indians, and the use of negroes. They also provided that lands
+should go back to the original owners in case the purchaser had no
+male heirs. Although the first, second, and third of these provisions
+were undoubtedly wholesome, the fourth was highly objectionable, and
+tended very much to retard the progress of the colony. In the year
+1740, General Oglethorpe, as commander-in-chief of the forces in
+Georgia, at the head of two thousand men, invaded Florida with the
+intention of forcibly annexing it to Georgia; but he was soon repelled
+from the territory, and returned home bootless. The Spanish, in turn,
+with two sail of vessels and three thousand men, invaded Georgia in
+1742, and were likewise forced to return home thwarted. The progress
+of this colony was for many years very slow; the people manifesting
+that indolence and indifference which is still too prominent a
+characteristic of Georgians. It was mainly on the side of freedom
+during the revolution.</p>
+
+<p>It ratified the Constitution January 9th, 1788. Since the Revolution,
+the State has manifested but little life as compared with its sisters,
+and its secession from the Union, May 19th, 1861, was followed by
+speedy ruin.</p>
+
+<h3>VERMONT.</h3>
+
+<p>The territory of which this State is composed began to be settled in
+the year 1731, but was for some years considered as a part of New
+Hampshire. It was also claimed at one time by New York, and a contest
+arose between that State and New Hampshire, which was adjusted by the
+King of England in a manner by no means satisfactory to the settlers.
+The result was a quarrel between Vermont and the Crown, in which the
+Green Mountain Boys, led by Col. Ethan Allen, resisted the officers
+of justice, as well as the New York militia, who were called out to
+sustain them.</p>
+
+<p>The province appears not to have had even a territorial government
+until 1777, at which time a convention of delegates met at Westminster,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</span>
+and declared themselves an independent State, under the name of New
+Connecticut. Previous to this time, however, they had rendered material
+aid to the Revolution. In May, 1755, Col. Allen, at the head of two
+hundred and seventy men, reduced Fort Ticonderoga and Crown Point,
+and thus became complete masters of Lake Champlain. During the whole
+period of the Revolution the State did good service in the cause of
+liberty, although it remained independent. Some time subsequent to its
+declaration of independence its name was changed to Vermont. As it was
+not one of the original States, it did not ratify the Constitution,
+but, upon application, was admitted to the Union during the second
+session of Congress, in the year 1791. It has been a highly prosperous
+State, and added much to the luster of the Union in its palmy days
+of peace. It fully sustained its Revolutionary reputation at the
+commencement of the Rebellion of 1861. Its population is 315,098.</p>
+
+<h3>KENTUCKY</h3>
+
+<p>Was settled, in the year 1775, by Daniel Boone and a number of
+associates from North Carolina. The trials and adventures of these
+hardy pioneers, and especially those of Boone, constitute one of
+the most romantic leaves in the history of the West. For over two
+years, previous to 1775, Boone was busily employed in surveying
+Kentucky, building roads and forts. One of the latter he erected at
+Boonesborough; to which place he removed his family, in 1775. Boone
+said that his wife and daughter were the first white women who ever
+stood on the banks of the Kentucky River. For a number of years after
+Boone’s settlement, he and his associates experienced many difficulties
+with the natives—Boone’s daughter being at one time captured by
+the Indians, though shortly afterward rescued by her father. But,
+notwithstanding the difficulties with the savages, the young territory
+grew rapidly in population and wealth, and on June 1st, 1792, was
+admitted to the Union. Having a fertile soil, and affording excellent
+pasturage, she has far outstripped most of her slaveholding sisters in
+general improvement.</p>
+
+<p>Her position for some time after the commencement of the Rebellion was
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</span>
+by no means promotive of her prosperity. Owing to her attempt to
+observe strict neutrality, she became the scene of many guerrilla
+outrages, and has suffered, perhaps, more than any other State during
+the struggle.</p>
+
+<p>Her population is 1,115,684.</p>
+
+<h3>TENNESSEE.</h3>
+
+<p>Was, for some time, a part of North Carolina. It was made a territorial
+government in the year 1790, and was admitted into the Union in 1796.
+The first permanent white inhabitants of Tennessee went there, in
+the year 1775, and built Fort Louden, now in Blount County. They
+were, in 1760, attacked by the savages, and two hundred persons were
+massacred. But, in 1767, the natives were reduced to submission by
+Colonel Grant, and a treaty was made with them, which encouraged
+emigration. Settlements were formed on Holston River in 1765, which,
+although frequently attacked by the Indians, made very fair progress.
+Colonel John Sevier, with the Tennessee militia and a few Virginia
+soldiers, gained a decisive victory over the savages, and, from this
+time forward, though more or less harassed by the Indians, the progress
+of the State, in population and improvement, was rapid. North Carolina
+gave up the Territory in 1789, and, in 1790, Congress recognized it
+as a separate province. It has great extent of territory, and, up to
+1861, was considered as among the greatest of the agricultural States.
+At this time, however, it was seduced by the voice of the siren,
+Secession, and on the 24th of June, 1861, formally seceded from the
+Union. It should be stated, however, in justice to the State, that the
+eastern portion of it was generally loyal, and was only dragged out of
+the Union by force. It has, since the Rebellion, been readmitted into
+the Union.</p>
+
+<h3>OHIO.</h3>
+
+<p>Ohio was admitted to the Union on the 29th of November, 1802, the
+State containing, at the time, 72,000 inhabitants—2,000 more than was
+required in order to its admission. It was settled in the spring of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</span>
+1788, one year after it, with a vast additional extent of North-western
+territory, had been ceded, by Virginia, to the United States.</p>
+
+<p>The year 1788 was a famous year for emigration. It witnessed the
+passage of no less than 20,000 persons down the Ohio River. The company
+which settled Ohio consisted of forty persons, under General Rufus
+Putnam. They built a stockade fort at Marietta, of sufficient strength
+to resist the attacks of the natives, cleared several acres of ground,
+and planted a crop. They were joined by twenty additional families in
+the autumn. Both these companies were New England people.</p>
+
+<p>For a number of years they were not troubled by the savages, nor
+did any of their number trouble the Indians, except in one or two
+instances. The earliest settlers of Cincinnati arrived there, about
+twenty in number in 1790. Until the year 1795, the attempts made to
+settle most parts of Ohio were attended with great difficulties,
+on account of Indian wars. Marietta, however, formed an exception
+to this rule. After the great victory which General Wayne achieved
+over the savages during Washington’s administration, the population
+increased rapidly. Unembarrassed by any centralizing or aristocratic
+institutions, possessed of the finest natural resources, and vitalized
+by an enterprising population, Ohio, after its admission into the
+Union, made an advancement of which any State might well be proud. In
+population it is the third State in the Union, numbering 2,390,502.</p>
+
+<p>At the breaking out of the Rebellion, Ohio took its position staunchly
+for the Union, and has done much during the war for the restoration of
+the authority of the Government over the seceded States.</p>
+
+<h3>LOUISIANA.</h3>
+
+<p>Was ceded by Spain to France in the year 1802, and was bought by the
+United States of the latter power, in 1803, at a cost of $15,000,000.
+Governor Clayborne took possession of it the same year. It was settled
+by the French, at Iberville, in 1699, and was admitted into the Union
+April 8th, 1812. It is an important State, in that it holds the keys of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</span>
+entrance to the mouth of the Mississippi. In the year 1860, nearly
+one-half of its population was slave. It seceded from the Union on the
+26th of January, 1861. Its population in 1860 was 708,002. It has been
+a very forward State in the great Rebellion.</p>
+
+<h3>INDIANA.</h3>
+
+<p>About the year 1690, a French settlement, the first in Indiana, was
+made at Vincennes, that place being within the territory claimed, at
+that time, by the French, upon priority of discovery by La Salle.
+Indiana was long the residence of various Indian tribes, and the
+theater of Indian wars. By the terms of the treaty of the peace of
+1763, it, with the rest of the North-western Territory, was ceded to
+Great Britain. It was still claimed by the Indians, but, by various
+treaties, extensive tracts were obtained for settlement. The Indians,
+however, retained possession of many parts of the State up to the year
+1812, and to that portion known as the Indian Reserve, even later. It
+was erected into a Territory in 1809, and on the 11th of December,
+1816, was admitted into the Union. Its population—1,350,428, in
+the year 1860—is an indication of its progress. In the matter of
+education, Indiana is somewhat behind some of her Western sisters, but
+her efforts in behalf of the Government during the great Rebellion
+shall halo her future with glory.</p>
+
+<h3>MISSISSIPPI.</h3>
+
+<p>The territory comprising the present States of Mississippi and Alabama
+having been divided, that portion lying next the river was, in 1817,
+admitted into the Union as a State, under the name Mississippi, while
+the eastern portion was organized as a Territory, and named Alabama.
+The whole of this territory was explored, first by Ferdinand De Soto,
+and afterward by La Salle. It suffered greatly during the wars of the
+Natchez Indians. The Choctaws, for a long time, retained possession
+of the northern portion of it, and were, to some extent, civilized.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</span>
+Mississippi was settled by the French, in 1716, at Natchez. Its
+population—791,305—shows fair progress. On the 9th of January, 1861,
+it went the way of the seceding States, since which time, its course,
+like theirs, has been downward.</p>
+
+<h3>ILLINOIS.</h3>
+
+<p>This most thriving and prosperous State came into the Union on the 3d
+of December, 1818. Until 1809 it was a part of Indiana, at which time
+it became a separate territory, and so remained till received into
+the Union. This State has been little disturbed by civil divisions or
+by Indian wars. Its most serious troubles arose from the appearance,
+within its borders, of the Mormons, in 1838, and from attempts made to
+curb their irregularities. This singular people, believing themselves
+to be ill-treated, assembled to the number of 700, under their leaders,
+in a remote part of the State, and proposed fighting for their rights.
+But a body of three hundred troops marched against and captured them.
+The whole sect was ultimately reduced to submission, and banished
+the State. It was explored by La Salle, and settled by the French at
+Kaskaskia,&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_4_4" href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>
+in 1720. Its growth has been immense. Its population, in 1860, was
+1,711,951. Its history has been one of the most glorious of the loyal
+States during the great Rebellion.</p>
+
+<h3>ALABAMA</h3>
+
+<p>Was admitted to the Union on the 14th of December, 1819. It has a deep,
+rich soil, and in many places a healthful climate. It remained till
+the Revolution a mere hunting-ground of the savages. From the peace of
+1783 to 1802 it was claimed by Georgia, and lands were sold to settlers
+and speculators accordingly. In the year 1802, Georgia ceded all her
+western territory to the United States for $1,250,000. In 1800, the
+present State of Alabama became a part of Mississippi Territory, from
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</span>
+which it was separated when Mississippi became a State. It was settled,
+in 1711, at Mobile, by the French, being a part of the territory
+explored by La Salle in his Mississippi tour. It formally seceded from
+the Union, January 11, 1861.</p>
+
+<h3>MAINE.</h3>
+
+<p>In the year 1638, the same year in which New Haven was settled,
+Ferdinand Gorges procured a charter of the King of England for all
+the lands from the borders of New Hampshire, on the south-west, to
+Sagadahoc, on the Kennebeck River, on the north-east, under the name
+of the Province of Maine. It remained a separate province till 1652,
+when it became a part of Massachusetts. Various attempts were made,
+between 1785 and 1802 to form it into an independent State; but these
+efforts failed. In 1819 a large majority of the people were in favor of
+separating from Massachusetts. A convention was called, a Constitution
+prepared and adopted, and, in 1820, Maine was received into the Union.
+It is, by no means, an agricultural State, but its extensive fisheries
+and great lumber trade have greatly enriched it, and its progress in
+morality has, perhaps, been superior to that of any other State. It is
+the only State in the Union that has an efficient prohibitory liquor
+law. It proved itself true to the Government in 1861, and there is no
+danger of its ever ceasing to be so.</p>
+
+<p>It was settled in 1625, at Bristol, by the English. Its population is
+628,279.</p>
+
+<h3>MISSOURI.</h3>
+
+<p>This great, though crippled, State was admitted into the Union on the
+10th of August, 1821. It, with all the territory then belonging to the
+United States, west of the Mississippi, was included in the purchase of
+Louisiana, made in 1803. Louisiana afterward was divided into Orleans
+Territory, Louisiana proper, and Missouri Territory. In 1819, Missouri
+Territory was divided into Arkansas, on the south, and Missouri on the
+north; and it was about this time that the latter took the requisite
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</span>
+steps toward framing a State Constitution. It will be remembered that
+this is the State, the discussion of the propriety of the admission of
+which raised such a storm in Congress in 1820.</p>
+
+<p>Being a border slave State, it was nearly equally divided on the
+question of secession in 1861, and thus, like Kentucky, has been
+overrun by both Southern and Northern troops during the Rebellion, and
+has been the scene of much bloodshed and ruin. It was settled in 1764,
+at St. Louis, by the French. Its population is 1,182,012.</p>
+
+<h3>FLORIDA.</h3>
+
+<p>The Peninsular States, discovered and explored by Ponce de Leon, a
+voyager with Columbus, and whose name was suggested to the discoverer
+by the abundance and beauty of its wild flora, was, from 1512 to 1819,
+with the exception of the interval between 1763 and 1783, a province
+of Spain. The first attempt to settle it was made in the year 1565,
+at St. Augustine, which is said to be the oldest town in America, by
+the Spaniards. This effort was attended with many difficulties, the
+colonists contending, for the first few years, alternately with the
+horrors of savage warfare and famine, at times being forced to subsist
+on roots and acorns. In 1819 it was transferred to the United States
+by treaty, which treaty was, after much delay, ratified by Spain, and
+with still more delay by the United States. Possession of the colony
+was granted the Government in July, 1821. The territory contained, in
+1840, a population of 54,477, and on the 3d of March, 1845, became a
+State, and was received into the Union. Florida was the theater of the
+Seminole war, which cost the United States so much blood and treasure.
+It went the way of the seceding States, January 7th, 1861. Florida,
+like the Indian’s gun, has “cost more than she has come to.” Her
+population in 1860, was 140,425.</p>
+
+<h3>ARKANSAS.</h3>
+
+<p>This State lies South of Missouri, and was once attached to it. It has
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</span>
+a fine climate and prolific soil. The first settlement of whites within
+its limits was made at Arkansas Post, in the year 1685. The earlier
+inhabitants were French. Its progress, for many years, was very slow.
+It was not till about the year 1829 that the tide of emigration began
+to flow from the Atlantic States in that direction. Little Rock, the
+early seat of government and the present capital, was laid out in the
+year 1820, during which year the first steamboat ascended the Arkansas
+River. The boat was eight days in going from New Orleans to the village
+of Arkansas—a distance of scarcely one hundred miles above the mouth
+of the Arkansas River. The State once contained the remnants of several
+powerful tribes of Indians. By a treaty made between the Cherokees and
+the United States, the former agreed to give up all their lands east of
+the Mississippi River, and to retire to a region guaranteed to them in
+the present State of Arkansas.</p>
+
+<p>The State was admitted into the Union on the 15th of June, 1836. It
+seceded May 6th, 1861, and has since been the retreat of guerrillas,
+and the scene of some sanguinary battles.</p>
+
+<h3>MICHIGAN.</h3>
+
+<p>Was admitted into the Union January 26th, 1837. It had the requisite
+population (60,000) before this, but there were some difficulties
+in the way of its admission. In 1837 it contained 200,000; in 1840,
+212,267, and in 1850, 851,470. The territory, when first discovered by
+the whites, contained a tribe of Indians called Hurons by the French,
+and Iroquois by the Indians themselves. Many of them were converted to
+Christianity, by the untiring labors of Catholic missionaries, as early
+as 1648. It was not, however, till 1670 that the French took possession
+of the territory. It was a portion of the extensive tract explored by
+the assiduous, daring La Salle. Its progress, while it belonged to the
+French, was very slow. It was not until 1763, when, by treaty, it was
+ceded to Great Britain, that much was done in the way of civilizing and
+improving it. Comparatively little, in fact, was done until 1783, when
+the territory was ceded by England to the United States. Until 1800 it
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</span>
+was, for purposes of Government, considered a part of the Great
+North-western Territory. After Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois had
+been severally detached, the remainder, in 1805, became a distinct
+territory, the first Governor of which was General Hull, by appointment
+of President Jefferson. Michigan suffered much from the war of 1812.
+For about two years nearly the whole territory was the theater of
+sanguinary conflicts. It was exposed to the barbarity of the enemy and
+their Indian allies. Since then, however, its enterprising inhabitants
+have brought it up to a degree of improvement which few States of its
+age can boast. Its strength was offered the Government in 1861, and it
+continues as well as it began. Its population, in 1860, was 749,113.</p>
+
+<h3>IOWA.</h3>
+
+<p>This State derives its name from the Indians. It was included in the
+Louisiana purchase. It was first settled at Dubuque, by the French,
+in the year 1686. This settlement, however, does not seem to have
+been permanent, nor productive of any real good to the territory. In
+1833 Burlington was settled by emigrants from the eastern States. It
+formed a part of Missouri from 1804 to 1821, when it was included in
+Michigan Territory. It subsequently belonged to Wisconsin Territory. It
+was admitted into the Union March 3d, 1845. It is a highly prosperous
+State, having a vast extent of rich soil and excellent pasturage.
+It is faithful to the Union; placed itself in the front rank at the
+commencement of the Rebellion.</p>
+
+<h3>TEXAS.</h3>
+
+<p>The territory of Texas was explored by Ponce de Leon and La Salle.
+After Mexico became independent of Spain, a grant which had been
+made to Moses Austin, a native of Connecticut, comprising a large
+tract of this province, was confirmed by the new Republic; and, being
+transferred by Moses Austin, at his death, to his son, Stephen, was
+subsequently enlarged by a further grant. Emigration from the United
+States was encouraged, and in 1830 nearly ten thousand Americans were
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</span>
+settled in Texas. The prosperity of these inhabitants excited the
+jealousy of Mexico, and under the administration of Santa Anna, an
+unjust, oppressive policy was adopted toward Texas. Remonstrance
+proving useless, the people of the territory declared themselves
+independent. The revolution began in 1835, by a battle at Gonzales, in
+which five hundred Texans defeated over one thousand Mexicans. Other
+engagements followed, the result of which was the dispersion of the
+Mexican army. Santa Anna now redoubled his efforts, and appearing in
+March, 1835, with a force of eight thousand men, several bloody battles
+followed. On the 21st of April, having under his immediate command one
+thousand and five hundred men, he was met by General Sam. Houston,
+with eight hundred men, and totally defeated, on the banks of the San
+Jacinto. Santa Anna himself was captured the next day in the woods,
+when he acknowledged the independence of Texas, though the Mexican
+Congress refused to ratify the act. Active hostilities, however, were
+now abandoned, and the independence of Texas was acknowledged by the
+United States, Great Britain, and other European countries. It was in
+this condition of things that Texas was annexed to the United States.
+On the 24th of December, 1845, it was admitted into the Union, which
+act was ratified by the Texan Legislature, July 4th, 1846. But Mexico,
+still regarding Texas as a revolted province, refused to acknowledge
+the validity of this measure. The result was a war between Mexico and
+the United States, which terminated on the 2d of February, 1848, in a
+treaty by which the latter power, in consideration of the payment of a
+debt of $3,500,000, due from Mexico to the citizens of Texas, acquired
+New Mexico, Texas, and California. The progress of Texas from this time
+till the eve of the great Rebellion, was almost unprecedented, no less
+than twenty-five thousand Germans having emigrated to that State in
+five years’ time. These, however, owing to the jealousy aroused against
+them by their having demonstrated the superiority of free labor,
+even in a slave State, were obliged to migrate to Mexico in the year
+1860. By this and other oppressive acts on the part of the advocates
+of slavery, Texas, purchased by the blood and treasure of the United
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</span>
+States, was driven into the whirlpool of secession, March 4th, 1861.
+Its population, in 1860, was 604,215. The first settlement within its
+borders was made by the Spaniards, at St. Antonia de Bexar, in 1690.</p>
+
+<h3>WISCONSIN.</h3>
+
+<p>Was admitted into the Union May 29th, 1848. It was a part of the
+extensive territory ceded by France to Great Britain in the treaty of
+1763. At the close of the Revolution it was given up by Great Britain
+to the United States. It was erected into a territory in 1836, the
+portion now forming the State of Iowa being detached in 1838. Its
+natural resources are extraordinary, the climate being very healthful,
+and the soil unsurpassed in fertility. It was settled in the year 1669,
+at Green Bay, by the French. It is thoroughly loyal to the Union. In
+1860, it had a population of 775,881.</p>
+
+<h3>MINNESOTA.</h3>
+
+<p>Lies north of Iowa, and extends to the Canadian boundary. On the
+north-east it touches Lake Superior, and, to the west, is bounded by
+Dakotah Territory. It comprises the head waters of the Mississippi,
+and abounds in rivers and lakes, teeming with fish. Its soil is highly
+prolific, and its forests are among the finest in the world. Its name
+is derived from Minnisotah, the Indian name of St. Peter’s River.
+Primarily discovered by La Salle, it, for some years, belonged to the
+French, and at a very early period was traversed by their traders and
+soldiers. It was ceded to Great Britain by the treaty of 1763, and
+to the United States at the peace of 1783. It received a territorial
+government in 1849, and was admitted into the Union in May, 1858. It
+has still, within its borders, several bands of the Chippewas, with
+whom considerable trouble has been experienced since the breaking out
+of the rebellion. It is, however, a thrifty, growing State, and is
+thoroughly loyal. It was settled in 1846, at St. Paul, by emigrants
+from the eastern States.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</span></p>
+
+<h3>OREGON.</h3>
+
+<p>Was admitted into the Union in the year 1859. It, primarily, included
+Washington Territory, and, with the latter, comprised the extensive
+tract lying between the British Possessions, on the north, and
+California, on the south; the Rocky Mountains, on the east, and the
+Pacific Ocean, on the west. The coasts of this region were discovered
+by the Spaniards in the 16th century. In 1792, Capt. Grey, of Boston,
+discovered and entered the Columbia River, and thus the United States
+acquired the right of sovereignty over the territory. The exploration
+of the country from the Missouri to the Columbia, by Lewis and Clark,
+government appointees, in 1804-5-6, strengthened this claim. The
+British, however, laid claim to the northern part of the territory,
+which gave rise to a threatening dispute between Great Britain and
+the United States. But the difficulty was adjusted by a treaty in
+1846, establishing the boundary of 49°, north latitude. The State
+still contains the Flathead, Pend Oreille, Spokane, Shoshane, and
+other tribes of Indians, who are, for the most part, in the savage
+state, though the Christian missionaries have done much in the way of
+civilizing a portion of them. The furs of this region, those of the
+badger, beaver, bear, fisher-fox, lynx, martin, mink, muskrat, etc.,
+have long been a great source of revenue.</p>
+
+<p>The American fur companies established trading posts in Oregon at an
+early period, that of Astoria being founded in 1810, under the auspices
+of the late John Jacob Astor, of New York. It was settled, at Astoria,
+by emigrants from the Eastern States, in the year 1811. Its population
+amounted to 52,465 in 1860.</p>
+
+<h3>KANSAS.</h3>
+
+<p>About the development of this young State cluster some of the most
+important events of American history. Its territorial organization,
+by the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, in 1854, reopened the
+agitation of the slavery question, which seeming to have acquired fresh
+vigor and virulence from the sleep it had enjoyed under the Missouri
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</span>
+Compromise, thoroughly aroused the old animosities between the pro and
+antislavery elements of our national politics. From 1854 to 1857 it
+was the theater of political tragedies, the bare mention of which may
+well put the blush of shame upon even the most fool-hardy partisan;
+and the historian has well said that these dire afflictions might have
+been expected when the bill organizing Kansas Territory was passed.
+No sooner was it decided that this territory was open alike to the
+abolitionist and the slave-holder, than the Emigrant Aid Societies
+of New England and the pro-slavery organizations of the South began
+pouring streams of settlers into it of opposite political views,
+entertaining the most hostile feelings, each party toward the other;
+and, as the legitimate result, came a civil war, which lasted about
+two years, and which, in some of its incidents would have shamed even
+savages.</p>
+
+<p>The Territory made application to Congress, in 1857, for a place in
+the Union, but the Constitution under which it asked admission (the
+one framed at Lecompton) was known to be a fraudulent affair, and
+hence Kansas was rejected. The discussion of this Constitution caused
+a permanent division of the Democratic party. The Constitution was
+rejected by the people of Kansas by a majority of 10,000. Kansas
+was, however received into the Union, in 1861, under a free State
+Constitution, formed at Topeka.</p>
+
+<h3>CALIFORNIA.</h3>
+
+<p>Was admitted into the Union on the 7th of September, 1850. The alarming
+discussion which occurred upon the question of admission was what
+gave rise to the compromise measures of 1850, popularly styled the
+<i>Omnibus Bill</i>. The measures are presented in detail in another
+part of this work.</p>
+
+<p>General Fremont, with a small but dauntless band of rangers, conquered
+California in 1846, having defeated, on frequent occasions, vastly
+superior forces of Mexicans. Its resources as a farming country early
+attracted attention. But when, in February, 1848, it was published that
+gold in quantities had been found on a branch of the Sacramento, the
+swarm of emigrants which rushed in, comprising representatives from
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</span>
+every State in the Union, and from nearly all the nations of Europe,
+was almost incalculable. From a small village, San Francisco was
+rapidly inflated to a large city. In many places towns sprang up like
+mushrooms. Owing to the fact that its population had been thrown
+hastily together, from so many places, and in consequence of the want
+of a government, California was, for some time, the scene of many dark
+crimes and hideous outrages. Never was the want of wholesome legal
+restraint more keenly felt than here. The Constitution of California
+was framed by a convention of delegates in 1849. It took a firm stand
+for the Union in 1861. The first settlement, within its limits, was
+made at San Diego, by the Spanish, in 1764. It furnishes annually to
+the Government, seventy to eighty millions of dollars in gold.</p>
+
+<h3>WEST VIRGINIA.</h3>
+
+<p>On Virginia’s passing the ordinance of secession, mass meetings were
+immediately held in West Virginia, to take into consideration the best
+means of preserving their allegiance to the United States. A convention
+of nearly five hundred delegates assembled there early in May, 1861,
+which declared the ordinance of secession to be null and void, and
+elected delegates to a general convention, to meet at Wheeling, to
+devise such measures as the welfare of the people might demand. On the
+20th of August, 1861, the convention passed an ordinance to provide
+for the formation of a new State out of a portion of the territory of
+Virginia. In compliance with its provisions, delegates were elected
+to a constitutional convention, which assembled at Wheeling, November
+26, 1861, which proceeded to draft a Constitution, which was submitted
+to the people on the first Thursday of April, 1862. The vote in favor
+was 18,862; that against 514. On the 31st of December, 1862, Congress
+passed an act admitting West Virginia into the Union on an equal
+footing with the original States, in all respects whatever, allowing
+them three members in the House of Representatives of the United
+States. On the 1st of November, 1862, the State had furnished to the
+Federal Army nearly 20,000 men.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</span></p>
+
+<h3>NEVADA.</h3>
+
+<p>This Territory having formed a State Constitution, under an enabling
+act previously passed by Congress, was admitted as a member of the
+Federal Union, on an equal footing with the original States. The
+State convention was held at so late a period of the year, that it
+was necessary to telegraph the Constitution to Washington, in order
+that it might be received there in time to secure the admission of
+the State previous to the Presidential election. Immediately upon its
+reception, President Lincoln issued a proclamation, dated October
+31st, A. D. 1864, in which he “declared and proclaimed that the said
+State of Nevada is admitted into the Union, on an equal footing with
+the original States,” etc. The vote of the State at the Presidential
+election, in 1864, was 16,420—of which Mr. Lincoln received 9,826,
+and General McClellan 6,594. Majority for Mr. Lincoln, 3,232. This
+new State is probably the richest in the Union in respect to mineral
+resources. No region in the world is richer in argentiferous leads.
+Her silver mines are her great source of wealth. The Washoe region
+maintains the preëminence in these mineral resources.</p>
+
+<h3>NEBRASKA.</h3>
+
+<p>Nebraska was organized into a Territory in 1850. The first settlers
+were Americans. In the last few years it has increased in wealth
+and population more rapidly than any of the adjoining States or
+Territories. Probably the chief cause of this has been occasioned by
+the Pacific Railroad passing directly through the State from east to
+west. It is impossible, at the present time, to estimate the advantage
+it will be to the State in developing its resources. The value of its
+minerals in the western portion of the State is incalculable. It has
+fair prospects of becoming one of the richest mineral and agricultural
+States in the Union. Omaha, the capital, is a city of considerable
+commercial importance, being located at the junction of the Missouri
+River and the Pacific Railroad. In 1866, the Territory applied for
+admission into the Union, but, on account of the word “white” being
+used in its Constitution, it was rejected. The word was then stricken
+out, after which it was admitted, February, 1867—the bill for
+admission having been passed over the President’s veto.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <img src="images/van_buren.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="495" >
+ <p class="f120"><b>MARTIN VAN BUREN.</b></p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">GEORGE WASHINGTON,</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">THE FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.</p>
+
+<p>The most exemplary character, perhaps, that ever adorned any era in
+history, and who received in his life-time the noble appellations of
+“the Founder of a Republic,” and “the Father of his Country,” was
+born in the county of Westmoreland, Virginia, on the 22d of February,
+1732. His early instruction was domestic and scanty, but full of good
+discipline and sound principles; and as his father died when he was
+only ten years old, he had no subsequent opportunities for acquiring
+a thorough literary or scientific education. However, as his mind
+was naturally mathematical and philosophical, he prepared himself
+to be useful to his fellow-citizens as a civil engineer; and as the
+country was wild, and much of it then unsurveyed, he occasionally
+found agreeable and profitable employment in surveying different parts
+of his native State. He also directed much of his attention to the
+science of arms, in the use of which every young man was instructed,
+in order to repel the incursions of the Indians, who were often led on
+by skillful Frenchmen. At the age of nineteen, he was appointed one of
+the adjutant-generals of Virginia, which gave him the rank of major,
+and soon after he was advanced to a colonelcy, and sent by Governor
+Dinwiddie to the Ohio with dispatches to the French commander, who was
+erecting fortifications from Canada to New Orleans, in violation of
+existing treaties. The Governor was so much pleased with the faithful
+discharge of this duty, that he ordered his journal, which extended
+to only eighty days, to be printed; but, small as it was, it afforded
+evidence of great sagacity, fortitude, and a sound judgment, and firmly
+laid the foundation of his future fame.</p>
+
+<p>In the spring of 1755, Washington was persuaded to accompany General
+Braddock as an aid, with the rank of Colonel, in his disastrous
+expedition against Fort Du Quesne; and had his advice been followed on
+that occasion, the result would have been different.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</span></p>
+
+<p>
+ <span style="margin-left: 13.0em;">ELECTORAL VOTES FOR</span><br>
+ <span style="margin-left: 5.5em;">PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p><i>Election for the First Term, commencing March 4, 1789, and
+terminating March 3, 1793.</i></p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+ <thead><tr class="bt2 bb fs_120">
+ <th class="tdc"><b>A</b> &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">STATES.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl"><b>&nbsp; B &nbsp;</b></th>
+ <th class="tdc bl"><b>&nbsp; C &nbsp;</b></th>
+ <th class="tdc bl"><b>&nbsp; D &nbsp;</b></th>
+ <th class="tdc bl"><b>&nbsp; E &nbsp;</b></th>
+ <th class="tdc bl"><b>&nbsp; F &nbsp;</b></th>
+ <th class="tdc bl"><b>&nbsp; G &nbsp;</b></th>
+ <th class="tdc bl"><b>&nbsp; H &nbsp;</b></th>
+ <th class="tdc bl"><b>&nbsp; J &nbsp;</b></th>
+ <th class="tdc bl"><b>&nbsp; K &nbsp;</b></th>
+ <th class="tdc bl"><b>&nbsp; L &nbsp;</b></th>
+ <th class="tdc bl"><b>&nbsp; M &nbsp;</b></th>
+ <th class="tdc bl"><b>&nbsp; N &nbsp;</b></th>
+ </tr></thead>
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Hampshire</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">5</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">5</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Massachusetts</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">10</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">10</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Connecticut</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">7</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">5</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Jersey</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">6</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">5</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Pennsylvania</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">10</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">8</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Delaware</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maryland</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">6</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">6</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Virginia</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">10</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">5</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">South Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">7</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">6</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Georgia</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">5</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">69</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Whole No. Electors&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">69</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">34</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">9</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">6</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">6</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb2">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Majority<span class="ws3">&nbsp;</span>35</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li class="isub1"><b>COLUMN HEADINGS:</b></li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = No. of Electors from each State.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = George Washington, of Virginia.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(C)</b> = John Adams, of Massachusetts.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(D)</b> = Samuel Huntington, of Connecticut.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(E)</b> = John Jay, of New York.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(F)</b> = John Hancock, of Massachusetts.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(G)</b> = F R. H. Harrison, Maryland.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(H)</b> = George Clinton, of New York.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(J)</b> = John Rutledge, of South Carolina.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(K)</b> = John Milton, of Georgia.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(L)</b> = James Armstrong, of Georgia.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(M)</b> = Edward Telfair, of Georgia.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(N)</b> = Benjamin Lincoln, of Massachusetts.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>The first Congress under the Constitution was convened at the
+“Federal Hall,” situated at the head of Broad, fronting on Wall street,
+(where the Custom House now stands,) in the city of New York, on the
+first Wednesday, being March 4, 1789—Senators and Representatives
+having been elected from the eleven States which had ratified the
+Constitution; but, owing to the absence of a quorum, the House was not
+organized till the 1st of April, and, for a like reason, the Senate
+was not organized till the 6th; when the latter body “proceeded by
+ballot to the choice of a President, for the sole purpose of opening
+and counting the [electoral] votes for President of the United States.”
+John Langdon, of New Hampshire, was chosen President <i>pro tem.</i> of
+the Senate, and Samuel Alyne Otis, of Massachusetts, Secretary; after
+which, proper measures were taken to notify the successful individuals
+of their election.</p>
+
+<p>George Washington took the oath of office, as President, and entered
+upon his duties April 30, 1789.</p>
+
+<p>(For his Inaugural Address, <a href="#Page_41">see p. 41</a>.)</p>
+
+<p>John Adams, Vice-President, entered upon his duties in the Senate
+April 21, 1789, and took the oath of office June 3, 1789.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Election for the Second Term, commencing March 4, 1793,<br>
+and terminating March 3, 1797.</i></p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+ <thead><tr class="bt2 bb fs_120">
+ <th class="tdc"><b>A</b> &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">STATES.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl"><b>&nbsp;&nbsp; B &nbsp;</b></th>
+ <th class="tdc bl"><b>&nbsp; C &nbsp;</b></th>
+ <th class="tdc bl"><b>&nbsp; D &nbsp;</b></th>
+ <th class="tdc bl"><b>&nbsp; E &nbsp;</b></th>
+ <th class="tdc bl"><b>&nbsp; F &nbsp;</b></th>
+ </tr></thead>
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Hampshire</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">6</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">6</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">16</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Massachusetts</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">16</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">16</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rhode Island</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Connecticut</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">9</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">9</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Vermont</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New York</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">12</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">12</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Jersey</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">7</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">7</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Pennsylvania</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">15</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">14</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Delaware</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maryland</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">8</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">8</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">21</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Virginia</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">21</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">21</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Kentucky</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">North Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">12</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">12</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">South Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">8</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">7</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Georgia</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">132</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Whole No. Electors&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">132</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">77</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">50</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb2">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Majority<span class="ws3">&nbsp;</span>67</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li class="isub1"><b>COLUMN HEADINGS:</b></li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = No. of Electors from each State.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = George Washington, of Virginia.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(C)</b> = John Adams, of Massachusetts.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(D)</b> = George Clinton, of New York.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(E)</b> = Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(F)</b> = Aaron Burr, of New York.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>George Washington, re-elected President, took the oath of office for a
+second term, and entered upon his duties March 4, 1793.</p>
+
+<p>John Adams, re-elected Vice-President, took the oath of office, and
+entered upon his duties in the Senate December 2, 1793.</p>
+
+<p>After the expiration of his second Presidential term, Washington
+retired to the tranquil shades of Mount Vernon, fondly indulging the
+hope that the remainder of his days would be peacefully enjoyed in his
+much cherished home; but these pleasing anticipations were not allowed
+to remain long undisturbed. In 1798 the conduct of the French Directory
+and its emissaries led to frequent difficulties with this country,
+which were calculated to provoke a war; and the opinion was universally
+entertained that he who had formerly so well acquitted himself, must
+be again called to the command of our armies. Accordingly, early in
+July, the rank and title of “Lieutenant-General and Commander-in-Chief
+of all the armies raised, or to be raised, in the United States,” was
+conferred upon him; and the Secretary of War, Mr. McHenry, immediately
+waited upon him to tender the commission. In a letter to President
+Adams, accepting this “new proof of public confidence”, he makes a
+reservation that he shall not be called into the field until the army
+is in a situation to require his presence, and adds: “I take the
+liberty also to mention, that I must decline having my acceptance
+considered as drawing after it any immediate charge upon the public,
+and that I cannot receive any emoluments annexed to the appointment,
+before entering into a situation to incur expense.”
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</span></p>
+
+<p>Three years afterward (1758) Washington commanded the Virginians in
+another expedition against the fort, which terminated successfully. At
+the close of this campaign he left the army, and was soon after married
+to Mrs. Martha Custis (the widow of Colonel Daniel Parke Custis), whose
+maiden name was Dandridge, and whose intelligent and patriotic conduct,
+as wife and widow, will ever be gratefully remembered in American annals.</p>
+
+<p>In 1759, he was elected to the House of Burgesses, and continued to
+be returned to that body, with the exception of occasional intervals,
+until 1774, when he was sent to represent Virginia in the Continental
+Congress. His well-tempered zeal and military skill, which enabled him
+to suggest the most proper means for national defense, if the country
+were urged to extremities, soon fixed all eyes upon him, as one well
+qualified to direct in the hour of peril; and accordingly, after the
+first scene of the revolutionary drama was opened at Lexington and
+Concord, and an army had concentrated at Cambridge, he was, on the 15th
+of June, 1775, unanimously appointed Commander-in-Chief of the American
+forces. The self-sacrificing spirit which governed his future course is
+too well known to require any elucidation.</p>
+
+<p>After bringing the war to a successful termination, he hastened to
+Annapolis, where Congress was then in session, and on the 23d of
+December, 1783, formally resigned his commission.</p>
+
+<p>In May, 1787, he was elected to the Convention which met at
+Philadelphia for the purpose of forming a Constitution, and was at once
+called upon to preside over its deliberations. After that admirable
+instrument was adopted by the people, he was unanimously elected the
+first President of the United States for four years; at the expiration
+of which he was unanimously reëlected for a second term.</p>
+
+<p>On the 12th of December, 1799, he was seized with an inflammation in
+the throat, which grew worse the next day, and terminated his life on
+the 14th, in the 68th year of his age.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">JOHN ADAMS,</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">THE SECOND PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,</p>
+
+<p>And whose fame as a patriot and statesman is imperishable, was born
+at Braintree, Massachusetts, October 19, 1735. He early displayed
+superior capacity for learning, and graduated at Cambridge College with
+great credit. After qualifying himself for the legal profession, he
+was admitted to practice in 1761, and soon attained that distinction
+to which his talents were entitled. From the commencement of the
+troubles with Great Britain, in 1769, he was among the most active
+in securing the freedom of his country. Being elected to the first
+Continental Congress, he took a prominent part in all the war measures
+that were then originated, and, subsequently, suggested the appointment
+of Washington as commander-in-chief of the army. He was one of the
+committee which reported the Declaration of Independence, in 1776, and
+the next year visited France, as commissioner, to form a treaty of
+alliance and commerce with that country. Although the object had been
+accomplished before his arrival, his visit had, otherwise, a favorable
+effect on the existing position of affairs; and he was afterward
+appointed to negotiate a treaty of peace with Great Britain, which,
+after many laborious and fruitless efforts, was finally accomplished
+in 1783. In 1785, he was sent to England as the first minister from
+this country, and, on his return, was elected first Vice-President, in
+which office he served two terms, and was then, in 1797, elected to
+succeed Washington as President. Many occurrences tended to embarrass
+his administration and to render it unpopular; but it is now generally
+admitted to have been characterized by patriotism and vigor equal
+to the emergencies which then existed. His political opponents,
+however, managed to defeat his reëlection, and he was succeeded in
+the Presidency by Mr. Jefferson, in 1801; after which he retired to
+his farm at Quincy, where his declining years were passed in the
+gratification of his unabated love for reading and contemplation,
+and where he was constantly cheered by an interesting circle of
+friendship and affection. The semi-centennial anniversary of American
+Independence (July 4, 1826) was remarkable, not merely for the event
+which it commemorated, but for the decease of two of the most active
+participants in the measures by which independence was achieved. On
+that day, Adams and Jefferson were both gathered to their fathers,
+within about four hours of each other, “cheered by the benediction of
+their country, to whom they left the inheritance of their fame and the
+memory of their bright example.”
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</span></p>
+
+<p><i>Election for the Third Term, commencing March 4, 1797, and
+terminating March 3, 1801.</i></p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+ <thead><tr class="bt2 bb fs_120">
+ <th class="tdc"><b>A</b> &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">STATES.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl"><b>&nbsp; B &nbsp;</b></th>
+ <th class="tdc bl"><b>&nbsp; C &nbsp;</b></th>
+ <th class="tdc bl"><b>&nbsp; D &nbsp;</b></th>
+ <th class="tdc bl"><b>&nbsp; E &nbsp;</b></th>
+ <th class="tdc bl"><b>&nbsp; F &nbsp;</b></th>
+ <th class="tdc bl"><b>&nbsp; G &nbsp;</b></th>
+ <th class="tdc bl"><b>&nbsp; H &nbsp;</b></th>
+ <th class="tdc bl"><b>&nbsp; J &nbsp;</b></th>
+ <th class="tdc bl"><b>&nbsp; K &nbsp;</b></th>
+ <th class="tdc bl"><b>&nbsp; L &nbsp;</b></th>
+ <th class="tdc bl"><b>&nbsp; M &nbsp;</b></th>
+ <th class="tdc bl"><b>&nbsp; N &nbsp;</b></th>
+ <th class="tdc bl"><b>&nbsp; O &nbsp;</b></th>
+ </tr></thead>
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Hampshire</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">6</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">6</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">16</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Massachusetts</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">16</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">13</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rhode Island</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Connecticut</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">9</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">5</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Vermont</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New York</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">12</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">12</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Jersey</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">7</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">7</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Pennsylvania</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">14</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">13</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Delaware</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maryland</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">7</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">21</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Virginia</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">20</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">15</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Kentucky</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">North Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">6</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">South Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">8</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">8</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Georgia</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tennessee</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">139</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">No. of Electors&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">71</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">68</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">59</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">30</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">15</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">5</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">7</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb2">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Majority<span class="ws3">&nbsp;</span>70</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li class="isub1"><b>COLUMN HEADINGS:</b></li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = No. of Electors from each State.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = John Adams, of Massachusetts.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(C)</b> = Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(D)</b> = Thos. Pinckney, of South Carolina.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(E)</b> = Aaron Burr, of New York.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(F)</b> = Samuel Adams, of Massachusetts.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(G)</b> = Oliver Ellsworth, of Connecticut.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(H)</b> = John Jay, of New York.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(J)</b> = George Clinton, of New York.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(K)</b> = S. Johnston, of North Carolina.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(L)</b> = James Iredell, of North Carolina.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(M)</b> = Geo. Washington, of Virginia.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(N)</b> = C. C. Pinckney, of South Carolina.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(O)</b> = John Henry, of Maryland.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>John Adams, elected President, took the oath of office, and entered
+upon his duties, March 4, 1797.</p>
+
+<p>Thomas Jefferson, elected Vice-President, took the oath of office, and
+entered upon his duties in the Senate, March 4, 1797.</p>
+
+<p>The administration of Mr. Adams encountered the most virulent
+opposition, both domestic and foreign. France, still in the confusion
+following her revolution, made improper demands on our country, which
+not being complied with, she commenced seizing American property on
+the high seas. Our people, taking different sides, were about equally
+divided—some approving and others deprecating the course pursued by
+France. Letters of marque and reprisal were issued by our government,
+and a navy was raised with surprising promptitude. This had the desired
+effect, peace being thereby secured; and the aggressor was taught that
+the Americans were friends in peace, but were not fearful of war when
+it could not be honorably averted.</p>
+
+<p>The Indians on our western frontiers also caused much trouble; but at
+length, being severely chastised by General Wayne, they sued for peace,
+which was granted in 1795.</p>
+
+<p>In 1800 the seat of government was removed from Philadelphia to
+Washington City, which had been designated by Washington, under a law
+of Congress, as the most central situation.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</span></p>
+
+<p>As has been noticed elsewhere, Mr. Adams deemed it prudent, in the
+early part of his administration, when impending difficulties with
+France seemed to render war inevitable, to offer Washington the
+commission of Lieutenant-General and Commander-in-Chief of the army,
+which he accepted as a matter of duty, and held until his death, but
+fortunately never found it necessary to take the field.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">THOMAS JEFFERSON,</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">THE THIRD PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,</p>
+
+<p>Was born at Shadwell, Albemarle County, Virginia (near Monticello,
+the seat where he died), April 13, 1743. He was educated at William and
+Mary’s College, and graduated with distinction when quite young. He
+was a great lover of learning, and particularly of natural philosophy.
+With the celebrated George Wythe, he commenced the study of the law,
+and became a favorite pupil. Mr. Jefferson was never distinguished as
+an advocate, but was considered a good lawyer. Soon after he came to
+the bar he was elected a member of the House of Burgesses, and, in that
+body, was duly appreciated for his learning and aptitude for business.
+He at once took fire at British oppression, and, in 1774, he employed
+his pen in discussing the whole course of the British ministry. The
+work was admired, and made a text book by his countrymen. In June,
+1775, he took his seat in the Continental Congress, from Virginia.
+In that body he soon became conspicuous, and was considered a firm
+friend of American liberty. In 1776, he was chosen chairman of the
+committee that drafted the Declaration of Independence. This instrument
+is nearly all his own, and was sanctioned by his coadjutors, with
+few alterations. In 1778, Mr. Jefferson was appointed embassador to
+France, to form a treaty with that government, but ill-health prevented
+his accepting this office. He succeeded Patrick Henry, in 1779, as
+Governor of Virginia, and continued in that station two years. In 1781
+he composed his notes on Virginia. In 1783 he was sent to France to
+join the ministers of our country, Mr. Adams and Dr. Franklin. In 1785
+he succeeded Dr. Franklin as embassador, and continued performing the
+duties of that office for two years, when he retired, and returned
+home. In 1789 he was made Secretary of State, under Washington, in
+which situation he was highly distinguished for his talents. This
+station he resigned in 1793, and retired to private life. In 1797 he
+was elected Vice-President of the United States, and took his seat as
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</span>
+President of the Senate, on the following 4th of March. In 1801, he
+was President of the United States, which office he held for eight
+years. After completing his second term, he retired to private life,
+in which he spent his days in philosophical pursuits, until the 4th
+of July, 1826, when he expired, just fifty years after penning the
+Declaration of Independence. His course was one of his own. Never lived
+there a politician who did more than Thomas Jefferson to bring his
+fellow-citizens to his own opinions.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Election for the Fourth Term, commencing March 4, 1801,<br>
+and terminating March 3, 1805.</i></p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+ <thead><tr class="bt2 bb fs_120">
+ <th class="tdc"><b>A</b> &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">STATES.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl"><b>&nbsp;&nbsp; B &nbsp;</b></th>
+ <th class="tdc bl"><b>&nbsp; C &nbsp;</b></th>
+ <th class="tdc bl"><b>&nbsp; D &nbsp;</b></th>
+ <th class="tdc bl"><b>&nbsp; E &nbsp;</b></th>
+ <th class="tdc bl"><b>&nbsp; F &nbsp;</b></th>
+ </tr></thead>
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Hampshire</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">6</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">6</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">16</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Massachusetts</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">16</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">16</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rhode Island</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Connecticut</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">9</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">9</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Vermont</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New York</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">12</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">12</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Jersey</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">7</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">7</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Pennsylvania</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">8</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">8</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">7</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">7</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Delaware</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maryland</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">5</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">5</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">5</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">5</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">21</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Virginia</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">21</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">21</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Kentucky</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">North Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">8</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">8</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tennessee</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">South Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">8</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">8</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Georgia</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">138</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">No. of Electors&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">73</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">73</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">65</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">64</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb2">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Majority<span class="ws3">&nbsp;</span>70 &nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li class="isub1"><b>COLUMN HEADINGS:</b></li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = No. of Electors from each State.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(C)</b> = Aaron Burr, of New York.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(D)</b> = John Adams, of Massachusetts.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(E)</b> = C. C. Pinckney, of South Carolina.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(F)</b> = John Jay, of New York.</li>
+</uL>
+
+<p>The electoral vote for Thos. Jefferson and Aaron Burr being equal, no
+choice was made by the people, and on the 11th of February, 1801, the
+House of Representatives proceeded to the choice of President in the
+manner prescribed by the Constitution. On the first ballot eight States
+voted for Thos. Jefferson, six for Aaron Burr, and the votes of two
+States were divided. The balloting continued till the 17th of February,
+when the thirty-fifth ballot, as had all previously, resulted the same
+as the first. After the thirty-sixth ballot, the Speaker declared that
+the votes of ten States had been given for Thos. Jefferson, the votes
+of four States for Aaron Burr, and the votes of two States in blank;
+and that, consequently, Thomas Jefferson had been elected for the term
+of four years.</p>
+
+<p>Thomas Jefferson, thus elected President, took the oath of office, and
+entered upon his duties, March 4, 1801.</p>
+
+<p>In his inaugural address, Mr. Jefferson used the following memorable
+expression: “We have called by different names brethren of the same
+principle. We are all republicans: we are all federalists. If there
+be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union, or to change
+its republican form, let them stand, undisturbed, as monuments of
+the safety with which <span class="allsmcap">ERROR OF OPINION MAY BE
+TOLERATED, WHERE REASON IS LEFT FREE TO COMBAT IT</span>.”
+Aaron Burr, elected Vice-President, took the oath of office, and
+entered upon his duties in the Senate, March 4, 1801.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Election for the Fifth Term, commencing March 4, 1805,<br>
+and terminating March 3, 1809.</i></p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+ <thead><tr class="bt2 fs_120">
+ <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2">A &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" rowspan="2">STATES.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="2">&nbsp; PRESID’T. &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="2">&nbsp; V. PRES’T. &nbsp;</th>
+ </tr><tr class="fs_120 bb">
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; B &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; C &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; D &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; E &nbsp;</th>
+ </tr></thead>
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Hampshire</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">19</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Massachusetts</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">19</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">19</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rhode Island</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Connecticut</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Vermont</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">19</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New York</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">19</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">19</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Jersey</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">20</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Pennsylvania</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">20</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">20</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Delaware</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maryland</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;2</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;2</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">24</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Virginia</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">24</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">24</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">14</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">North Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">14</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">14</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">South Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">10</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">10</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Georgia</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tennessee</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Kentucky</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Ohio</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">176</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Whole No. of Electors &nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">162&#8199;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">14</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">162&#8199;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">14</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb2">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Majority<span class="ws2">89</span></td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li class="isub1"><b>COLUMN HEADINGS:</b></li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = No. of Electors from each State.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(C)</b> = Charles C. Pinckney, of South Carolina.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(D)</b> = George Clinton, of New York.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(E)</b> = Rufus King, of New York.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Thomas Jefferson, elected President, took the oath of office for a
+second term, and entered upon his duties March 4, 1805.</p>
+
+<p>George Clinton, elected Vice-President, took the oath of office, and
+entered upon his duties in the Senate, March 4, 1805.</p>
+
+<p>Among the most important acts of Mr. Jefferson’s administration was
+the purchase of Louisiana from France for $15,000,000, which territory
+was surrendered to our Government in December, 1803.</p>
+
+<p>In November, 1808, the celebrated “<span class="smcap">Orders in
+Council</span>” were issued by the British Government, which prohibited
+all trade with France and her allies; and, as a retaliatory measure,
+in December following Bonaparte issued his “<span class="smcap">Milan
+Decree</span>,” interdicting all trade with England and her
+colonies—thus subjecting almost every American vessel on the ocean
+to capture. In requital for these tyrannous proceedings, and that
+England and France might both feel their injustice, Congress decreed
+an embargo; but as this failed to obtain from either power an
+acknowledgment of our rights, and was also ruinous to our commerce with
+other nations, it was repealed in March, 1809.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">JAMES MADISON,</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">THE FOURTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,</p>
+
+<p>Was born in Orange County, Virginia, March 16, 1751. His studies,
+preparatory to entering Princeton College, were pursued under the most
+favorable circumstances, he being provided with the most accomplished
+instructors, and he graduated with high honor in 1771. On returning
+to Virginia, he zealously commenced the study of the law, which he
+subsequently abandoned for political life.</p>
+
+<p>In 1776, he was elected to the General Assembly of Virginia, and from
+this period, for more than forty years, he was continually in office,
+serving his State and his country in various capacities, from that of a
+State Legislator to that of President.</p>
+
+<p>In 1778, he was elected by the Legislature to the executive council
+of the State, where he rendered important aid to Henry and Jefferson,
+Governors of Virginia, during the time he held a seat in the council;
+and by his probity of character, faithfulness in the discharge of duty,
+and amiableness of deportment, he won the approbation of these great
+men. In the winter of 1779-80, he took his seat in the Continental
+Congress, and became immediately an active and leading member, as the
+journal of that body abundantly testifies.</p>
+
+<p>In 1784-5-6, he was a member of the Legislature of Virginia. In
+1787, he became a member of the Convention held in Philadelphia, for
+the purpose of preparing a Constitution for the Government of the
+United States. Perhaps no member of that body had more to do with the
+formation of that noble instrument, the Constitution of the United
+States of America, than Mr. Madison.</p>
+
+<p>It was during the recess between the proposition of the Constitution
+by the Convention of 1787, and its adoption by the States, that that
+celebrated work, “The Federalist,” made its appearance. This is known
+to be the joint production of Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James
+Madison. The same year he was elected to Congress, and held his seat
+until the Continental Congress passed away among the things that were.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</span>
+He was a member of the State Convention of Virginia which met to adopt
+the Constitution, and on the establishment of the new Congress under
+the Constitution, he was chosen a member, retaining his seat until the
+close of Washington’s administration.</p>
+
+<p>In 1801, as one of the presidential electors, he had the gratification
+of voting for his illustrious friend Jefferson, who immediately
+offered him a place in his cabinet, which was accepted. Accordingly,
+he entered on the discharge of his duties as Secretary of State, which
+duties he continued to perform during the whole of Mr. Jefferson’s
+administration, and on the retirement of that great statesman, in 1809,
+he succeeded to the Presidency, in which office he served two terms.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Madison then retired to his peaceful home in Virginia, where he
+passed the remainder of his days in favorite pastimes, loved by the
+many and respected by all, until the 28th of June, 1826, when the
+last survivor of the framers of our Constitution was gathered to his
+fathers, full of years and glory.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Election for the Sixth Term, commencing March 4, 1809,<br>
+and terminating March 3, 1813.</i></p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+ <thead><tr class="bt2 fs_120">
+ <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2">A &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" rowspan="2">STATES.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="3">&nbsp; PRESIDENT. &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="5">&nbsp; VICE-PRESIDENT.</th>
+ </tr><tr class="fs_120 bb">
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; B &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; C &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; D &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp;&nbsp; E &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; F &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; G &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; H &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; J &nbsp;</th>
+ </tr></thead>
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Hampshire</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">19</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Massachusetts</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">19</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">19</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rhode Island</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Connecticut</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Vermont</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">19</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New York</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">13</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">13</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Jersey</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">20</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Pennsylvania</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">20</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">20</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Delaware</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maryland</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;2</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;2</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">24</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Virginia</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">24</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">24</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">14</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">North Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">South Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">10</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">10</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Georgia</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Kentucky</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tennessee</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Ohio</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">175</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Whole No. of Electors &nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">122&#8199;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">47</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">113&#8199;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">47</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb2">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Majority<span class="ws2">88</span></td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li class="isub1"><b>COLUMN HEADINGS:</b></li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = No. of Electors from each State.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = James Madison, of Virginia.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(C)</b> = George Clinton, of New York.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(D)</b> = C. C. Pinckney, of South Carolina.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(E)</b> = George Clinton, of New York.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(F)</b> = James Madison, of Virginia.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(G)</b> = James Monroe, of Virginia.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(H)</b> = John Langdon, of New Hampshire.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(J)</b> = Rufus King, of New York.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>James Madison took the oath of office, as President, and entered upon
+his duties March 4, 1809.</p>
+
+<p>George Clinton, elected Vice-President, took the oath of office, and
+attended in the Senate, March 4, 1809.</p>
+
+<p>Our national position, especially in regard to England and France,
+was certainly a very perplexing one when Mr. Madison came to the
+Presidency. We were not only threatened by enemies abroad, but were
+harassed by a savage foe on our western frontier, probably urged on by
+British influence, and led by the famous chief Tecumseh and his brother
+the Prophet. These last were finally subdued in 1811; but our European
+foes were more troublesome. After all peaceful means had failed to
+check the aggressions of England, and when at length “patience had
+ceased to be a virtue,” war was declared against that country, June 19,
+1812. The events of that war it is not within our province to record;
+and it is sufficient to say, that they greatly elevated the American
+character in the estimation of both friends and enemies.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Election for the Seventh Term, commencing March 4, 1813,<br>
+and terminating March 3, 1817.</i></p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+ <thead><tr class="bt2 fs_120">
+ <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2">A &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" rowspan="2">STATES.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="2">&nbsp; PRESID’T. &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="2">&nbsp; V. PRES’T. &nbsp;</th>
+ </tr><tr class="fs_120 bb">
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; B &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; C &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; D &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; E &nbsp;</th>
+ </tr></thead>
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Hampshire</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;1</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">22</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Massachusetts</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">22</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;2</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">20</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rhode Island</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Connecticut</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Vermont</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">29</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New York</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">29</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">29</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Jersey</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">25</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Pennsylvania</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">25</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">25</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Delaware</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maryland</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">25</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Virginia</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">25</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">25</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">North Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">15</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">15</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">South Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Georgia</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Kentucky</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">12</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">12</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tennessee</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Ohio</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Louisiana</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">217</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Whole No. of Electors &nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">128&#8199;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">89</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">131&#8199;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">86</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb2">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Majority<span class="ws2">109</span></td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li class="isub1"><b>COLUMN HEADINGS:</b></li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = No. of Electors from each State.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = James Madison, of Virginia.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(C)</b> = De Witt Clinton, of New York.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(D)</b> = Elbridge Gerry, of Massachusetts.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(E)</b> = Jared Ingersoll, of Pennsylvania.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>James Madison, elected President for a second term. [There is no notice
+on the Journals of Congress of his having taken the oath.]</p>
+
+<p>Elbridge Gerry, elected Vice-President, attended in the Senate on the
+24th of May, 1813, and exhibited a certificate of his having taken the
+oath of office prescribed by law, which was read.</p>
+
+<p>The war into which the country had been forced was brought to a close
+by the treaty of Ghent, which was signed December 24, 1814; but this
+treaty had scarcely been ratified, when it became necessary to commence
+another war for the protection of American commerce and seamen against
+Algerine piracies. In May, 1815, a squadron under Commodore Decatur
+sailed for the Mediterranean, where the naval force of Algiers was
+cruising for American vessels. After capturing two of the enemy’s
+best frigates in that sea, Decatur proceeded to the Bay of Algiers,
+and there dictated a treaty which secured the United States from any
+further molestation from that quarter. Similar treaties were also
+concluded with the other Barbary powers.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">JAMES MONROE,</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">THE FIFTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,</p>
+
+<p>One of the few exalted characters that served his country in both a
+civil and military capacity, was born in Westmoreland county, Virginia,
+April 26, 1758, and was educated at William and Mary’s College, whence
+he graduated in 1776, and commenced the study of the law. Anxious to
+aid in the struggle for independence, which had then just began, he
+abandoned his studies, and entered the army as a cadet—joining a
+corps under the gallant General Mercer. He soon distinguished himself
+in several well-fought battles, and rapid promotion followed, until
+he reached the rank of captain. He was at Harlem Heights, and White
+Plains, and shared the perils and fatigues of the distressing retreat
+of Washington through New Jersey, as well as the glory of the victory
+over the Hessians at Trenton, where he received a musket-ball in the
+shoulder; notwithstanding which, he valiantly “fought out the fight.”
+He subsequently accepted the post of an aid to Lord Stirling, with
+the rank of Major, in which position he saw much hard service—being
+engaged in almost every conflict for the two succeeding campaigns,
+and displaying great courage and coolness at the bloody battles of
+Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth.</p>
+
+<p>Aspiring to a separate command, he obtained permission to raise a
+regiment in his native State; for which purpose he left the army, and
+returned to Virginia, where he encountered so many unexpected and
+discouraging obstacles, that he finally relinquished the enterprise,
+and resumed his law studies in the office of Mr. Jefferson.</p>
+
+<p>In 1780, he was elected to the Virginia Legislature, and in the
+following year was made one of Governor Jefferson’s council, in which
+he continued until 1783, when, at the age of twenty-four years, he
+became a member of the Continental Congress. After serving three years
+in that body, he was again returned to the State Legislature.</p>
+
+<p>In 1788, while a member of the Convention to decide upon the adoption
+of the new Constitution, he voted in the minority against that
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</span>
+instrument; but this vote did not at all affect his popularity. Two
+years afterward he was elected United States Senator, and in 1794 he
+was sent envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the Court
+of Versailles. After settling the cession of Louisiana to the United
+States, he went to England to succeed Mr. King as minister at the court
+of St. James. The affair of the frigate Chesapeake placing him in an
+uncomfortable situation, he returned to the United States, and, in
+1810, was once more elected to the Virginia Legislature. He was soon
+after chosen Governor of that State, in which office he remained until
+Mr. Madison called him to assume the duties of Secretary of State in
+his cabinet. In 1817, he was elected President of the United States,
+and in 1821 was unanimously reëlected, with the exception of a single
+vote in New Hampshire. His administration was a prosperous and quiet
+one.</p>
+
+<p>He united with Jefferson and Madison in founding the University of
+Virginia; and when the convention was formed for the revision of the
+Constitution of his State, he was called to preside over its action.
+Not long after this, he went to reside with a beloved daughter (the
+wife of Samuel L. Gouverneur, Esq.) in New York City, where he lived
+until the anniversary of Independence, in 1831, when, “amidst the
+pealing joy and congratulations of that proud day, he passed quietly
+and in glory away.”
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Election for the Eighth Term, commencing March 4, 1817,<br>
+and terminating March 3, 1821.</i></p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+ <thead><tr class="bt2 fs_120">
+ <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2">A &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" rowspan="2">STATES.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="2">&nbsp; PRESID’T. &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="5">&nbsp; VICE-PRESIDENT.</th>
+ </tr><tr class="fs_120 bb">
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; B &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; C &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; D &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; E &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; F &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; G &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; H &nbsp;</th>
+ </tr></thead>
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Hampshire</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">22</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Massachusetts</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">22</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">22</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rhode Island</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Connecticut</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Vermont</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">29</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New York</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">29</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">29</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Jersey</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">25</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Pennsylvania</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">25</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">25</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Delaware</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maryland</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">25</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Virginia</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">25</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">25</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">North Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">15</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">15</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">South Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Georgia</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Kentucky</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">12</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">12</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tennessee</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Ohio</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Louisiana</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Indiana</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">217</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Whole No. of Electors &nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">183&#8199;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">34</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">83</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">22</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb2">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Majority<span class="ws2">109</span></td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li class="isub1"><b>COLUMN HEADINGS:</b></li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = No. of Electors from each State.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = James Monroe, of Virginia.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(C)</b> = Rufus King, of New York.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(D)</b> = D. D. Tompkins, of New York.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(E)</b> = John E. Howard, of Maryland.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(F)</b> = James Ross, of Pennsylvania.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(G)</b> = John Marshall, of Virginia.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(H)</b> = Rob’t G. Harper, of Maryland.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>James Monroe took the oath of office, as President, and entered upon
+his duties March 4, 1817.</p>
+
+<p>Daniel D. Tompkins, elected Vice-President, took the oath of office,
+and attended in the Senate, March 4, 1817.</p>
+
+<p>The Seminole and a few of the Creek Indians commenced depredations on
+the frontiers of Georgia and Alabama towards the close of 1817, for
+which they were severely chastised by a force under General Jackson,
+and gladly sued for peace.</p>
+
+<p>In February, 1819, a treaty was negotiated at Washington, by which
+Spain ceded to the United States East and West Florida and the adjacent
+Islands. In the same year the southern portion of Missouri Territory
+was set off under the name of Arkansas, for which a territorial
+government was formed; and Alabama was constituted a State, and
+admitted into the Union.</p>
+
+<p>Early in 1820 the province of Maine, which had been connected with
+Massachusetts since 1652, was separated from it and was admitted into
+the Union as an independent State.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Election for the Ninth Term, commencing March 4, 1821,<br>
+and terminating March 3, 1825.</i></p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+ <thead><tr class="bt2 fs_120">
+ <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2">A &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" rowspan="2">STATES.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="2">&nbsp; PRESID’T. &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="5">&nbsp; VICE-PRESIDENT.</th>
+ </tr><tr class="fs_120 bb">
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; B &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; C &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; D &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; E &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; F &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; G &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; H &nbsp;</th>
+ </tr></thead>
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Hampshire</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;1</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;1</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Massachusetts</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">15</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rhode Island</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Connecticut</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Vermont</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">29</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New York</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">29</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">29</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Jersey</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">25</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Pennsylvania</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">24</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">24</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Delaware</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maryland</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">10</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;1</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">25</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Virginia</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">25</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">25</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">North Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">15</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">15</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">South Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Georgia</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Kentucky</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">12</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">12</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tennessee</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Ohio</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Louisiana</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Indiana</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">2</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mississippi</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;2</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;2</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Illinois</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Alabama</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maine</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Missouri</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">236</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">No. of Electors &nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">231&#8199;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;1</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">218</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;1</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;1</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb2">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Majority<span class="ws2">118</span></td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li class="isub1"><b>COLUMN HEADINGS:</b></li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = No. of Electors from each State.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = James Monroe, of Virginia.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(C)</b> = John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(D)</b> = Daniel D. Tompkins, of New York.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(E)</b> = Richard Stockton, of New Jersey.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(F)</b> = Robert C. Harper, of Maryland.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(G)</b> = Richard Rush, of Pennsylvania.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(H)</b> = Daniel Rodney, of Delaware.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>James Monroe was re-elected President, but there is no notice on the
+Journals of Congress that he again took the oath of office.</p>
+
+<p>Daniel D. Tompkins was re-elected Vice-President, but there is no
+record of his having taken the oath of office.</p>
+
+<p>Public attention was much occupied in 1824-5 by a visit from the
+venerable General Lafayette, who, after the lapse of nearly half a
+century from the period of his military career, was again welcomed with
+every token of respect that could be devised for honoring the “Nation’s
+Guest.” He landed in New York in August, 1824, and after remaining
+there a short time, set out on a tour through all the States. Upwards
+of a year was taken up in accomplishing this gratifying object; and in
+September, 1825, he sailed from Washington in the frigate Brandywine
+for his native home.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">JOHN QUINCY ADAMS,</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">THE SIXTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,</p>
+
+<p>Was born at Quincy, Massachusetts, July 11, 1767, and received the
+advantages of a pretty thorough education before entering Harvard
+College, which was not until the year 1786. After graduating with
+marked credit, he commenced the study of law at Newburyport, in the
+office of the Hon. Theophilus Parsons, for many years Chief Justice
+of Massachusetts. While pursuing his studies he found leisure to
+write several newspaper essays, which attracted much attention, and
+displayed a maturity of taste and judgment seldom attained so early in
+life. In 1794, Washington appointed him minister to the Netherlands,
+and subsequently transferred him to Portugal. He was afterward, at
+different periods, minister to Prussia, Russia, and England; and was
+one of the commissioners who negotiated the treaty of peace with Great
+Britain, at Ghent, in 1815. In 1817, he was appointed Secretary of
+State, in which office he continued during Mr. Monroe’s administration,
+eight years; when he was elected by the House of Representatives
+President of the United States—the people having failed in making a
+choice. Like his father, he encountered strong opposition, and only
+served one term in this office, being defeated in a reëlection by
+General Jackson. He then retired to his farm at Quincy, but did not
+remain long in private life; for, two years afterward, he was chosen
+Representative in Congress, and continued to be reëlected until his
+death, which occurred in the Capitol, at Washington, February 23,
+1848. Two days previous to this sad event, while engaged in his duties
+in the House of Representatives, he received a paralytic stroke,
+which apparently deprived him of all consciousness. He was borne to
+the Speaker’s room, where he received every attention that could be
+bestowed by anxious and devoted friends, but all in vain—his hour was
+come. The last words he was heard to utter were, “This is the last of
+earth.”</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Adams was a man of rare gifts and rich acquisitions. A diligent
+student, and economical of his time, he found opportunity, amid all his
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</span>
+public cares, to cultivate his tastes for literature and the sciences.
+He was one of the finest classical and belles-lettres scholars of his
+time, and filled the chair of Professor of Rhetoric and Belles-lettres
+in Harvard College for several years. Even in his old age, he often
+astonished his hearers with the elegant classical allusions and rhetorical
+tropes with which he enriched and embellished his own productions.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Election for the Tenth Term, commencing March 4, 1825,<br>
+and terminating March 3, 1829.</i></p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+ <thead><tr class="bt2 fs_120">
+ <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2">A &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" rowspan="2">STATES.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="4">&nbsp; PRESIDENT. &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="6">&nbsp; VICE-PRESIDENT.</th>
+ </tr><tr class="fs_120 bb">
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; B &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; C &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; D &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; E &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; F &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; G &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; H &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; J &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; K &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; L &nbsp;</th>
+ </tr></thead>
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Hampshire</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;1</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Massachusetts</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">15</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">15</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rhode Island</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Connecticut</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Vermont</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">36</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New York</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;1</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">26</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">29</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Jersey</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">28</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Pennsylvania</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">28</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">28</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Delaware</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;1</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;2</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;1</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;2</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maryland</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;1</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">10</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;1</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">24</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Virginia</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">24</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">24</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">North Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">15</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">15</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">South Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Georgia</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">14</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Kentucky</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">14</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tennessee</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">16</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Ohio</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">16</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">16</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Louisiana</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;2</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Indiana</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mississippi</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Illinois</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;2</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;1</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Alabama</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maine</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Missouri</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">261</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Whole No. of Electors &nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">99</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">84</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">41</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">37</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">183</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">30</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">24</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">13</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;2</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb2">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Majority<span class="ws2">131</span></td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li class="isub1"><b>COLUMN HEADINGS:</b></li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = No. of Electors from each State.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(C)</b> = John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(D)</b> = Wm. H. Crawford, of Georgia.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(E)</b> = Henry Clay, of Kentucky.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(F)</b> = John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(G)</b> = Nathan Sanford, of New York.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(H)</b> = Nathaniel Macon, of North Carolina.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(J)</b> = Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(K)</b> = Henry Clay, of Kentucky.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(L)</b> = Martin Van Buren, of New York.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Neither candidate for the Presidency having received a majority of
+the electoral votes, it devolved upon the House of Representatives to
+choose a President from the three highest on the list of those voted
+for, which three were Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and William
+H. Crawford. Twenty-four tellers (one member from each State) were
+appointed, who, after examining the ballots, announced that the votes
+of thirteen States had been given for John Quincy Adams; the votes
+of seven States for Andrew Jackson; and the votes of four States for
+William H. Crawford. The Speaker then declared that John Quincy Adams,
+having received a majority of the votes of all the States, was duly
+elected President of the United States for four years, commencing on
+the 4th of March, 1825; on which day Mr. Adams took the oath of office,
+and entered upon his duties.</p>
+
+<p>John C. Calhoun, having been elected Vice-President, took the oath of
+office, and attended in the Senate, March 4, 1825.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">ANDREW JACKSON,</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">THE SEVENTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,</p>
+
+<p>A statesman of rare integrity, and a general of invincible skill
+and courage, was born at Waxhaw, Lancaster County, South Carolina,
+in 1767, and while yet a mere lad, did something toward achieving
+the independence of his country. It is said that he commenced his
+military career at the age of fourteen years, and was soon after taken
+prisoner, together with an elder brother. During his captivity, he was
+ordered by a British officer to perform some menial service, which he
+promptly refused, and for this refusal was “severely wounded with the
+sword which the Englishman disgraced.” He was educated for the bar,
+and commenced practice at Nashville, Tennessee, but relinquished his
+legal pursuits to “gain a name in arms.” In the early part of the war
+of 1812, Congress, having voted to accept fifty thousand volunteers,
+General Jackson appealed to the militia of Tennessee, when twenty-five
+hundred enrolled their names, and presented themselves to Congress,
+with General Jackson at their head. They were accepted, and ordered to
+Natchez, to watch the operations of the British in lower Mississippi.
+Not long after, he received orders from headquarters to disband his men
+and send them to their homes. To obey, he foresaw, would be an act of
+great injustice to his command, and reflect disgrace on the country,
+and he resolved to disobey. He accordingly broke up his camp, and
+returned to Nashville, bringing all his sick with him, whose wants on
+the way he relieved with his private means, and there disbanded his
+troops in the midst of their homes.</p>
+
+<p>He was soon called to the field once more, and his commission marked
+out his course of duty on the field of Indian warfare. Here for years
+he labored, and fought, and diplomatized, with the most consummate
+wisdom and undaunted courage. It was about this time that the treaty of
+the “Hickory Ground” occurred, which gave him the familiar sobriquet of
+“Old Hickory.”</p>
+
+<p>The crowning glory of his whole military career was the battle of New
+Orleans; which will ever occupy one of the brightest pages in American history.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</span></p>
+
+<p>At the close of the war he returned to his home in Nashville; but in
+1818 was again called on by his country to render his military services
+in the expulsion of the Seminoles. His conduct during this campaign has
+been both bitterly condemned and highly applauded. An attempt in the
+House of Representatives to inflict a censure on the old hero for the
+irregularities of this campaign, after a long and bitter debate, was
+defeated by a large majority.</p>
+
+<p>In 1828, and again in 1832, General Jackson was elected to fill the
+Presidential chair; thus occupying that elevated position for eight
+successive years. He then retired to his hospitable mansion (“the
+Hermitage”), near Nashville, “loaded with wealth and honors bravely
+won,” where he continued to realize all the enjoyments that are
+inseparable from a well-spent life, until death translated him to those
+higher rewards, which “earth can neither give nor take away.” He died
+June 8, 1845, and his last hours were soothed by a trustful reliance on
+the Savior of the world for salvation.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <img src="images/harrison.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="606" >
+ <p class="f120"><b>WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON.</b></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</span>
+<i>Election for the Eleventh Term, commencing March 4, 1829,<br>
+and terminating March 3, 1833.</i></p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+ <thead><tr class="bt2 fs_120">
+ <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2">A &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" rowspan="2">STATES.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="2">&nbsp; PRESID’T. &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="3">&nbsp; VICE PRESID’T.</th>
+ </tr><tr class="fs_120 bb">
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; B &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; C &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; D &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; E &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; F &nbsp;</th>
+ </tr></thead>
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maine</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;1</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;1</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Hampshire</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Massachusetts</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">15</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">15</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rhode Island</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Connecticut</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Vermont</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">36</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New York</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">20</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">16</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">20</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">16</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Jersey</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">28</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Pennsylvania</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">28</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">28</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Delaware</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maryland</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">24</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Virginia</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">24</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">24</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">North Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">15</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">15</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">South Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Georgia</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;2</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">7</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">14</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Kentucky</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">14</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">14</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tennessee</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">16</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Ohio</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">16</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">16</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Louisiana</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mississippi</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Indiana</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Illinois</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Alabama</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Missouri</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">261</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Whole No. of Electors &nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">178&#8199;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">83</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">171&#8199;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">83</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">7</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb2">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Majority<span class="ws2">131</span></td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li class="isub1"><b>COLUMN HEADINGS:</b></li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = No. of Electors from each State.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(C)</b> = John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(D)</b> = John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(E)</b> = Richard Rush, of Pennsylvania.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(F)</b> = William Smith, of South Carolina.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Andrew Jackson took the oath of office, as President, and entered upon
+his duties March 4, 1829.</p>
+
+<p>John C. Calhoun took the oath of office, as Vice-President, and
+presided in the Senate March 4, 1829.</p>
+
+<p>A series of unfortunate political and social occurrences soon led to a
+rupture of that cordiality which had formerly existed between these two
+distinguished individuals, the consequences of which were peculiarly
+disastrous to the political aspirations of Mr. Calhoun, who was never
+afterwards regarded with much favor beyond the immediate limits of his
+own State.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Note.</span>—It was during this administration
+that the doctrine of State’s rights was so strongly urged by Calhoun,
+and to this period may be dated the origin of the great rebellion of 1861.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Election for the Twelfth Term, commencing March 4, 1833,<br>
+and terminating March 3, 1837.</i></p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+ <thead><tr class="bt2 fs_120">
+ <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2">A &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" rowspan="2">STATES.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="4">&nbsp; PRESIDENT. &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="5">&nbsp; VICE-PRESIDENT.</th>
+ </tr><tr class="fs_120 bb">
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; B &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; C &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; D &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; E &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; F &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; G &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; H &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; J &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; K &nbsp;</th>
+ </tr></thead>
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maine</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">10</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">10</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Hampshire</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">14</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Massachusetts</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">14</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">14</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rhode Island</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Connecticut</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Vermont</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">7</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">42</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New York</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">42</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">42</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Jersey</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">30</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Pennsylvania</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">30</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">30</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Delaware</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maryland</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">23</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Virginia</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">23</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">23</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">North Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">15</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">15</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">South Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Georgia</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Kentucky</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">15</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">15</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tennessee</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">15</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">15</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">21</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Ohio</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">21</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">21</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Louisiana</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mississippi</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Indiana</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Illinois</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Alabama</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Missouri</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">288</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Whole No. of Electors &nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;221&#8199;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">49</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">191</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">49</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">30</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">7</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb2">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Majority<span class="ws2">145</span></td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li class="isub1"><b>COLUMN HEADINGS:</b></li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = No. of Electors from each State.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(C)</b> = Henry Clay, of Kentucky.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(D)</b> = John Floyd, of Virginia.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(E)</b> = William Wirt, of Maryland.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(F)</b> = Martin Van Buren, of New York.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(G)</b> = John Sergeant, of Pennsylvania.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(H)</b> = William Wilkins, of Pennsylvania.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(J)</b> = Henry Lee, of Massachusetts.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(K)</b> = Amos Ellmaker, of Pennsylvania.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Andrew Jackson, re-elected President, took the oath of office, and
+continued his duties, March 4, 1833.</p>
+
+<p>Martin Van Buren, having been elected Vice-President, took the oath of
+office, and attended in the Senate, March 4, 1833.</p>
+
+<p>Early in June, 1833, the President left Washington on a tour through
+the Northern States, and was everywhere received with an enthusiasm
+that evinced the cordial approval of his administration by the people.
+One of his first measures, on returning to the seat of government, was
+the removal of the public moneys from the United States Bank, for which
+act he encountered the most virulent hostility of a small majority
+of the Senate, who passed resolutions censuring his course. But this
+injustice has not been perpetuated; for on the 16th of January, 1837,
+these partisan resolutions were expunged from the records by order of a
+handsome majority.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">MARTIN VAN BUREN,</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">THE EIGHTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,</p>
+
+<p>Was born in the flourishing town of Kinderhook, New York, September
+5, 1782, and early received the best education that could then be
+obtained in the schools in his immediate vicinity. Having sufficiently
+prepared himself for the study of law, he entered the office of Francis
+Sylvester, in his native town, where he remained about six years. But
+law did not engross his whole time: he found leisure occasionally to
+peer into the mysteries of political economy, and finally arrived at
+the conclusion that his chances for fame and fortune were at least
+equal in the arena of politics to any thing he might accomplish by a
+strict adherence to legal pursuits. Fully impressed with this idea, he
+early set about cultivating what little popularity could be gained in
+his limited sphere, and so won upon the confidence of his neighbors and
+friends as to be appointed, while yet in his <i>teens</i>, a delegate
+to a convention in his native county, in which important political
+measures were to be acted upon.</p>
+
+<p>In 1808, he was appointed Surrogate of Columbia County, the first
+public office he ever held; and in 1812 and 1816 he was elected to the
+State Senate, in which body he became a distinguished leader of the
+Madison party, and one of its most eloquent supporters.</p>
+
+<p>In 1821, he was elected to the United States Senate, in which he held
+his seat for nearly eight years, and became remarkable not only for his
+close attention to business, but also for his devotion to the great
+principles of the Democratic party.</p>
+
+<p>In 1828, he was elected Governor of his native State, and entered upon
+the duties of that office, on the first of January, 1829; but he filled
+the gubernatorial chair for only a few weeks. In March following,
+when General Jackson was elevated to the Presidency, he tendered Mr.
+Van Buren the post of Secretary of State, which was accepted. At the
+expiration of two years he resigned his seat in the Cabinet, and was
+immediately appointed minister to England; but when his nomination was
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</span>
+submitted to the Senate (June 25, 1831) it was rejected by the
+casting vote of the Vice-President (Mr. Calhoun), and, of course, he
+was recalled. As his friends attributed his rejection to personal
+and political rancor, it only served to raise Mr. Van Buren in the
+estimation of his political adherents, and the result was that,
+in May following, he was nominated, with great unanimity, for the
+Vice-Presidency, by the Democratic Convention, at Baltimore. His
+triumphant election was regarded not merely as a high compliment to
+himself, but as a wholesome rebuke to his opponents.</p>
+
+<p>In 1836, he was put in nomination for the chief magistracy, to which
+he was elected, by a large majority, over General Harrison; but, at
+the next Presidential election, the tables were turned, and he only
+received sixty votes out of two hundred and ninety-four.</p>
+
+<p>After his defeat, he returned to Kinderhook, where he remained some
+time, and then visited Europe, with one of his sons, whose restoration
+to health was the principal object of his journey. Not long after his
+return he consented to become once more a candidate for the Presidency,
+and, in 1848, received the nomination of the Free-soil party, but did
+not secure a single electoral vote.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Election for the Thirteenth Term, commencing March 4, 1837,<br>
+and terminating March 3, 1841.</i></p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+ <thead><tr class="bt2 fs_120">
+ <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2">A &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" rowspan="2">STATES.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="5">&nbsp; PRESIDENT. &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="4">&nbsp; VICE-PRESIDENT.</th>
+ </tr><tr class="fs_120 bb">
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; B &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; C &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; D &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; E &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; F &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; G &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; H &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; J &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; K &nbsp;</th>
+ </tr></thead>
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maine</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">10</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">10</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Hampshire</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">14</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Massachusetts</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">14</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">14</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rhode Island</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Connecticut</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Vermont</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">42</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New York</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">42</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">42</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Jersey</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">30</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Pennsylvania</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">30</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">30</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Delaware</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maryland</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">10</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">10</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">23</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Virginia</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">23</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">23</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">North Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">15</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">15</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">South Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Georgia</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Kentucky</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">15</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">15</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tennessee</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">15</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">15</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">21</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Ohio</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">21</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">21</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Louisiana</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mississippi</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Indiana</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Illinois</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Alabama</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Missouri</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Arkansas</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Michigan</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">294</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Whole No. of Electors &nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;170&#8199;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">73</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">26</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">14</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;147&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_5_5" href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">77</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">47</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">23</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb2">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Majority<span class="ws2">148</span></td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li class="isub1"><b>COLUMN HEADINGS:</b></li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = No. of Electors from each State.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = Martin Van Buren, of New York.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(C)</b> = Wm. H. Harrison, of Ohio.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(D)</b> = Hugh L. White, of Tennessee.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(E)</b> = Daniel Webster, of Massachusetts.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(F)</b> = Willie P. Mangum, of North Carolina.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(G)</b> = Rich’d M. Johnson, of Kentucky.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(H)</b> = Francis Granger, of New York.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(J)</b> = John Tyler, of Virginia.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(K)</b> = William Smith, of Alabama.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Martin Van Buren, elected President, took the oath of office, and
+entered upon his duties, March 4, 1837.</p>
+
+<p>Richard M. Johnson, elected Vice-President, took the oath of office,
+and attended in the Senate, March 4, 1837.</p>
+
+<p>Urged by the unprecedented financial embarrassments which were
+experienced in every branch of industry, and especially by the
+mercantile class, Mr. Van Buren’s first measure was to convene a
+special meeting of Congress early in September, ’37, which continued
+in session forty days, but accomplished very little. A bill
+authorizing the issue of $10,000,000 in treasury notes was passed;
+but the Independent Treasury bill (the great financial measure of
+the administration) was then rejected, although afterwards (in 1840)
+adopted.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON,</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">THE NINTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,</p>
+
+<p>Was born in Charles City County, Virginia, February 9, 1773, and was
+educated for the medical profession at Hampden Sydney College. He
+graduated at a time when our north-western frontier was suffering
+much from the neighboring Indians, and, believing that he could be of
+greater service in repelling the savage invaders than in pursuing his
+studies, he accepted an ensign’s commission from President Washington,
+and joined the army. He was promoted to a lieutenancy in 1792, and his
+skill and bravery were highly commended by General Wayne, under whose
+command he was engaged in several actions. After the bloody battle of
+Miami Rapids, he was rewarded with the rank of captain, and immediately
+placed in command of Fort Washington. In 1797, he resigned his commission
+for the purpose of accepting the office of Secretary of the North-west
+Territory, from which he was elected a delegate to Congress in 1799.</p>
+
+<p>When a territorial government was formed for Indiana, he was
+appointed the first Governor, and continued in that office till 1813.
+To his civil and military duties he added those of Commissioner
+and Superintendent of Indian Affairs; and, in the course of his
+administration, he concluded thirteen important treaties with the
+different tribes. On the 7th of November, 1811, he gained the
+celebrated battle of Tippecanoe, the news of which was received
+throughout the country with a burst of enthusiasm. During the war of
+1812, he was made commander of the North-western army of the United
+States, and he bore a conspicuous part in the leading events in the
+campaign of 1812-13—the defense of Fort Meigs, and the victory of the
+Thames. In 1814, he was appointed, in conjunction with his companions
+in arms, Governor Shelby and General Cass, to treat with the Indians
+in the North-west, at Greenville; and, in the following year, he
+was placed at the head of a commission to treat with various other
+important tribes.</p>
+
+<p>In 1816, he was elected a member of Congress from Ohio, and, in 1828,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</span>
+he was sent minister plenipotentiary to the republic of Colombia.
+On his return, he took up his residence at North Bend, on the Ohio,
+where he lived upon his farm, in comparative retirement, till 1836,
+when he became a candidate for the Presidency; and, although defeated
+on the first trial, four years afterward he was elected by a large
+majority, and inaugurated in 1841. But he did not long survive this
+crowning honor, as he died on the 4th of April, just one month after
+entering upon his duties. His funeral obsequies were performed on the
+7th, and an immense concourse assembled to pay their testimony of
+respect. Funeral services and processions also took place in most of
+the principal cities throughout the country. As General Harrison was
+the first President who died while in office, his successor, Mr. Tyler,
+recommended that the 14th of May be observed as a day of fasting and
+prayer, and accordingly it was so observed.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Election for the Fourteenth Term, commencing March 4, 1841,<br>
+and terminating March 3, 1845.</i></p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+ <thead><tr class="bt2 fs_120">
+ <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2">A &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" rowspan="2">STATES.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="2">&nbsp; PRESID’T. &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="4">&nbsp; VICE-PRESID’T.</th>
+ </tr><tr class="fs_120 bb">
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; B &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; C &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; D &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; E &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; F &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; G &nbsp;</th>
+ </tr></thead>
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maine</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">10</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">10</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Hampshire</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">14</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Massachusetts</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">14</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">14</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rhode Island</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Connecticut</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Vermont</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">42</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New York</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">42</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">42</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Jersey</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">30</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Pennsylvania</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">30</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">30</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Delaware</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maryland</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">10</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">10</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">23</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Virginia</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">23</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">22</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">North Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">15</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">15</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">South Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Georgia</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Kentucky</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">15</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">15</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tennessee</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">15</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">15</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">21</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Ohio</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">21</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">21</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Louisiana</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mississippi</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Indiana</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Illinois</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Alabama</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Missouri</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Arkansas</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Michigan</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">294</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">No. of Electors &nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;234&#8199;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">60</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;234&#8199;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">48</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb2">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Majority<span class="ws2">148</span></td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li class="isub1"><b>COLUMN HEADINGS:</b></li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = No. of Electors from each State.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = Wm. H. Harrison, of Ohio.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(C)</b> = Martin Van Buren, of New York.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(D)</b> = John Tyler, of Virginia.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(E)</b> = Rich’d M. Johnson, of Kentucky.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(F)</b> = L. W. Tazewell, of Virginia.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(G)</b> = James K. Polk, of Tennessee.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>William H. Harrison, elected President, took the oath of office, and
+entered upon his duties, March 4, 1841.</p>
+
+<p>John Tyler, elected Vice-President, took the oath of office, and
+attended in the Senate, March 4, 1841.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after his inauguration, President Harrison issued a proclamation,
+convening Congress for an extra session on the 31st of May, to consider
+“sundry weighty and important matters, chiefly growing out of the state
+of the revenue and finances of the country.” But he did not live to
+submit his remedial plans—dying, after a very brief illness, on the
+4th of April, exactly one month after coming into office. He was the
+first President who had died during his official term, and a messenger
+was immediately dispatched with a letter, signed by all the members of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</span>
+the Cabinet, conveying the melancholy intelligence to the Vice
+President, then at Williamsburg, Va. By extraordinary means he reached
+Washington at five o’clock on the morning of the 6th, and at twelve
+o’clock the Heads of Departments waited upon him, to pay their official
+and personal respects. After signifying his deep feeling of the public
+calamity sustained by the death of President Harrison, and expressing
+his profound sensibility of the heavy responsibilities so suddenly
+devolved upon himself, he made known his wishes that the several Heads
+of Departments would continue to till the places which they then
+respectively occupied, and his confidence that they would afford all
+the aid in their power to enable him to carry on the administration of
+the government successfully. Mr. Tyler afterwards took and subscribed
+the following oath of office:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="fs_90">“I do solemnly swear, that I will faithfully execute
+the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best
+of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the
+United States.</p>
+
+<p class="author">JOHN TYLER.</p>
+<p>“<span class="smcap">April</span> 6, 1841.”</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Pursuant to the proclamation of President Harrison, Congress met on the
+31st of May, and continued in session until the 13th of September. On
+the 27th of July a bill for the establishment of “The Fiscal Bank of
+the United States,” passed the Senate by a vote of 26 to 23, and was
+concurred in by the House of Representatives on the 6th of August—128
+to 91. President Tyler, however, returned the bill on the 16th, with
+his objections, and it was lost for lack of a constitutional majority.
+But the friends of a national bank were not to be deterred from their
+purpose by a single repulse: another bill (about the same in substance)
+was immediately hurried through both Houses, under the title of “The
+Fiscal Corporation of the United States,” but this shared the fate of
+its predecessor.</p>
+
+<p>A Senate bill for the establishment of a uniform system of bankruptcy
+throughout the United States, was concurred in by the House on the
+18th of August, and became a law; but, meeting with very general
+condemnation, it was soon after repealed.</p>
+
+<p>A bill was also passed at this extra session for the distribution of
+the proceeds of the sales of the public lands among the several States,
+in proportion to population.</p>
+
+<p>In 1842 an important treaty, adjusting the north-eastern boundary of
+the United States, was negotiated at Washington between Mr. Webster,
+on the part of this country, and Lord Ashburton, on the part of Great
+Britain.</p>
+
+<p>During the last year of Mr. Tyler’s administration much excitement
+prevailed on the proposed annexation of Texas to the Union, which
+was strongly resisted at the North, on the ground that the South
+and southern institutions would thereby gain increased power in the
+national councils. A treaty of annexation, signed by the President,
+was rejected by the Senate, but measures were taken by which Texas was
+admitted the year following.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">JOHN TYLER,</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">THE SUCCESSOR OF GENERAL HARRISON AS PRESIDENT,</p>
+
+<p>Was born at Williamsburg, Virginia, March 29, 1790, and at the age of
+twelve years entered William and Mary’s College, where he graduated
+with distinguished merit five years afterward. Few have commenced life
+at so early a period as Mr. Tyler—he having been admitted to the bar
+when only nineteen, and elected to the Virginia Legislature before
+attaining his twenty-second year. In 1816, he was sent to Congress; in
+1825, elected Governor of Virginia; and in 1827, became United States
+Senator; in which capacity he firmly supported the administration of
+General Jackson—voting against the tariff bill of 1828, and against
+rechartering the United States Bank. Notwithstanding this last vote,
+the friends of the bank, presuming upon his well-known conservatism, at
+the special session of Congress called by his predecessor, introduced a
+bill for the establishment of the “Fiscal Bank of the United States,”
+which passed both Houses by small majorities, and which Mr. Tyler
+felt bound to veto. But this did not dishearten the friends of the
+measure, who modified and rechristened their financial plan, which,
+under the name of “Fiscal Corporation of the United States,” again
+passed both houses of Congress, and was again vetoed by the President.
+Of course, a large portion of the party that elected him were greatly
+dissatisfied with his course, and their denunciation of his alleged
+faithlessness were “loud and deep.” To add to the embarrassments which
+were accumulating around him, all the members of his Cabinet, with the
+exception of Mr. Webster, resigned their places; but even this implied
+rebuke did not shake his integrity of purpose. An equally efficient
+phalanx of talent was called to his aid, and he had the satisfaction
+of seeing that his views were indorsed by a large number of leading
+statesmen. It has often been asserted that Mr. T. had pledged himself
+to sustain the financial schemes of the bank and its friends; but
+this has always been denied, and circumstances certainly warrant the
+conclusion that the assertion is unfounded. So gross and bitter were
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</span>
+the assaults made upon him, that he felt called upon to defend
+himself from their violence; and, after declaring his determination
+to do his duty, regardless of party ties, he said, “I appeal from
+the vituperation of the present day to the pen of impartial history,
+in confidence that neither my motives nor my acts will bear the
+interpretation which, for sinister motives, has been placed upon them.”
+On the expiration of his official term, he retired to his estate at
+Williamsburg.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">JAMES KNOX POLK,</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">THE TENTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,</p>
+
+<p>Was born at Mecklenberg, North Carolina, November 2, 1795, and there
+received the rudiments of his early education. In 1806, his father
+removed to Nashville, Tennessee, taking his family with him, and
+here it was that Mr. Polk pursued those preliminary studies which
+were requisite to qualify him for the legal profession. After due
+preparation, he entered the office of Hon. Felix Grundy, under whose
+able instruction he made such rapid progress, that he was admitted
+to practice in 1820. His duties at the bar did not prevent him from
+taking part in the political affairs of the day; and in this sphere
+his comprehensive views and zealous devotion to Democracy soon secured
+him a widely-extended popularity, which resulted in his election to
+the Legislature of Tennessee, in 1823. In 1825, while yet in his
+thirtieth year, he was chosen a member of Congress, in which body
+he remained fourteen years—being honored with the Speakership for
+several sessions. So well satisfied were his constituents with his
+congressional course, that he was elected Governor by a large majority,
+but some questions of local policy subsequently defeated his reëlection.</p>
+
+<p>In 1844, he was unexpectedly nominated for the office of President
+of the United States by the Democratic Convention at Baltimore;
+and, having received sixty-five electoral votes more than his rival
+candidate, Mr. Clay, he was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1845.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after Mr. Polk assumed the reins of government, the country
+became involved in a war with Mexico, which was little more than a
+series of victories wherever the American banner was displayed, and
+which resulted in important territorial acquisitions. The ostensible
+ground for this war, on the part of Mexico, was the admission of
+Texas into the Union, which was one of the first acts of Mr. Polk’s
+administration. The Mexicans, however, paid dearly for asserting their
+frivolous claim to Texas as a revolted province, and the prompt and
+energetic course pursued by Mr.Polk was sanctioned and sustained by a
+large majority of the people.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <img src="images/john_tyler.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="422" >
+ <p class="f120"><b>JOHN TYLER.</b></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</span>
+But notwithstanding the advantageous issue of the war, the acquisition
+of Texas, and the satisfactory settlement of several vexed questions of
+long standing, Mr. Polk was not nominated for a second term—various
+extraneous matters leading to the selection of another candidate.
+Perhaps it was fortunate for the country and for himself that he was
+permitted to retire to the more congenial enjoyment of private life;
+for his health had become very much impaired, and he did not long
+survive after reaching his home in Nashville. He died June 15, 1849.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Election for the Fifteenth Term, commencing March 4, 1845,<br>
+and terminating March 3, 1849.</i></p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+ <thead><tr class="bt2 fs_120">
+ <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2">A &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" rowspan="2">STATES.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="2">&nbsp; PRES’T. &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="2">&nbsp; V. PRES’T.</th>
+ </tr><tr class="fs_120 bb">
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; B &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; C &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; D &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; E &nbsp;</th>
+ </tr></thead>
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maine</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Hampshire</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Massachusetts</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">12</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">12</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rhode Island</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Connecticut</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Vermont</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">36</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New York</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">36</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">36</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Jersey</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">26</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Pennsylvania</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">26</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">26</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Delaware</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maryland</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">17</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Virginia</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">17</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">17</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">North Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">South Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Georgia</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">10</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">10</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Kentucky</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">12</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">12</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">13</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tennessee</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">13</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">13</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">23</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Ohio</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">23</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">23</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Louisiana</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mississippi</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Indiana</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;12</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;12</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Illinois</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Alabama</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Missouri</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Arkansas</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Michigan</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">275</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Whole No. of Electors &nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;170&#8199;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;105&#8199;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;170&#8199;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;105&#8199;</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb2">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Majority<span class="ws2">138</span></td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li class="isub1"><b>COLUMN HEADINGS:</b></li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = No. of Electors from each State.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = James K. Polk, of Tennessee.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(C)</b> = Henry Clay, of Kentucky.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(D)</b> = George M. Dallas, of Pennsylvania.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(E)</b> = T. Frelinghuysen, of New Jersey.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>James K. Polk took the oath of office, as President, and entered upon
+his duties March 4, 1845.</p>
+
+<p>George M. Dallas took the oath of office, as Vice-President, and
+attended in the Senate, March 4, 1845.</p>
+
+<p>The most important incidents of Mr. Polk’s administration were the
+admission of Texas and the consequent war with Mexico, the latter of
+which resulted in extending our territorial boundaries to the Pacific
+Ocean, embracing regions of incalculable value.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">ZACHARY TAYLOR,</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">THE ELEVENTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,</p>
+
+<p>Was born in Orange County, Virginia, November 24, 1790, and, after
+receiving an indifferent education, passed a considerable portion of
+his boyhood amid the stirring scenes which were being enacted at that
+time on our western border. In 1808, he was appointed a lieutenant
+in the United States infantry, and subsequently was promoted to a
+captaincy for his efficient services against the Indians. Soon after
+the declaration of war, in 1812, he was placed in command of Fort
+Harrison, which he so gallantly defended with a handful of men against
+the attack of a large body of savages, as to win the brevet rank of
+major. So familiar did he become with the Indian character, and with
+the mode of warfare of that wily foe, that his services at the West
+and South were deemed indispensable in the subjugation and removal
+of several hostile tribes. While effecting these desirable objects,
+he was occasionally rewarded for his toils and sacrifices by gradual
+promotion, and in 1840 attained the rank of brigadier-general. At the
+commencement of the troubles with Mexico, in 1845, he was ordered to
+occupy a position on the American side of the Rio Grande, but not to
+cross that river unless attacked by the Mexicans. He was not, however,
+allowed to remain long in repose: the enemy, by attacking Fort Brown,
+which he had built on the Rio Grande, opposite Matamoras, soon afforded
+him an opportunity to display his skill and valor, and gloriously
+did he improve it. The brilliant battles of Palo Alto and Resaca
+de la Palma, where he contended successfully against fearful odds,
+were precursors to a series of victories which have few parallels in
+military annals. The attack on Matamoras, the storming of Monterey,
+the sanguinary contest at Buena Vista, and the numerous skirmishes in
+which he was engaged, excited universal admiration; and on his return
+home, after so signally aiding to “conquer a peace” with Mexico, he was
+everywhere received with the most gratifying demonstrations of respect
+and affection. In 1848, General Taylor received the nomination of the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</span>
+Whig party for the office of President of the United States, and,
+being elected, was inaugurated the year following. But the cares and
+responsibilities of this position were greater than his constitution
+could endure, hardened as it had been both in Indian and civilized
+warfare. After the lapse of little more than a year from the time he
+entered upon his new career, he sunk under its complicated trials, and
+his noble spirit sought refuge in a more congenial sphere, July 9, 1850.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Election for the Sixteenth Term, commencing March 4, 1849,<br>
+and terminating March 3, 1851.</i></p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+ <thead><tr class="bt2 fs_120">
+ <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2">A &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" rowspan="2">STATES.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="2">&nbsp; PRES’T. &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="2">&nbsp; V. PRES’T.</th>
+ </tr><tr class="fs_120 bb">
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; B &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; C &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; D &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; E &nbsp;</th>
+ </tr></thead>
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maine</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Hampshire</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Massachusetts</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">12</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">12</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rhode Island</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Connecticut</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Vermont</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">36</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New York</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">36</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">36</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Jersey</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">26</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Pennsylvania</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">26</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">26</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Delaware</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maryland</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">17</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Virginia</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">17</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">17</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">North Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">South Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Georgia</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">10</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">10</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Kentucky</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">12</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">12</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">13</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tennessee</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">13</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">13</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">23</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Ohio</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">23</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">23</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Louisiana</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mississippi</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Indiana</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">12</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">12</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Illinois</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Alabama</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Missouri</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Arkansas</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Michigan</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Florida</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Texas</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Iowa</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Wisconsin</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">290</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Whole No. of Electors &nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;163&#8199;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;127&#8199;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;163&#8199;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;127&#8199;</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb2">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Majority<span class="ws2">146</span></td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li class="isub1"><b>COLUMN HEADINGS:</b></li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = No. of Electors from each State.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = Zachary Taylor, of Louisiana.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(C)</b> = Lewis Cass, of Michigan.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(D)</b> = Millard Fillmore, of New York.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(E)</b> = William O. Butler, of Kentucky.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Zachary Taylor took the oath of office, as President, and entered
+upon his duties March 4, 1849. He did not, however, long enjoy his
+honors—death suddenly closing his earthly career, July 9, 1850.</p>
+
+<p>Millard Fillmore took the oath of office, as Vice-President, and
+entered upon his duties March 4, 1849. Congress being in session at
+the time President Taylor died, the Vice-President sent a message to
+both houses on the 10th of July, in which he feelingly announced the
+melancholy event. On the same day he took the requisite oath, and
+entered on the execution of the office of President.</p>
+
+<p>Willie P. Mangum, of N. C., President <i>pro tem</i> of the Senate,
+acted as Vice-President, <i>ex officio</i>, the remainder of the term.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">MILLARD FILLMORE,</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">THE SUCCESSOR OF GENERAL TAYLOR AS PRESIDENT,</p>
+
+<p>Was born at Summer Hill, Cayuga County, New York, January 7, 1800,
+and did not enjoy the advantages of any other education than what he
+derived from the then inefficient common schools of the county. At an
+early age he was sent into the wilds of Livingston County to learn a
+trade, and here he soon attracted the attention of a friend, who placed
+him in a lawyer’s office—thus opening a new, and what was destined to
+be a most honorable and distinguished career. In 1827, he was admitted
+as an attorney, and two years afterward as counselor in the Supreme
+Court. Soon attracting attention, he established himself at Buffalo,
+where his talents and business habits secured him an extended practice.</p>
+
+<p>His first entrance into public life was in January, 1829, when he took
+his seat as a member of the Assembly from Erie County. At this time
+he distinguished himself for his untiring opposition to imprisonment
+for debt, and to this are the people indebted in a great degree for
+the expunging of this relic of barbarism from the statute book. Having
+gained a high reputation for legislative capacity, in 1833, he was
+elected a member of the National House of Representatives; and on the
+assembling of the Twenty-seventh Congress, to which he was reëlected by
+a larger majority than was ever given to any person in his district, he
+was placed in the arduous position of Chairman of the Committee of Ways
+and Means. The measures which he brought forward and sustained with
+matchless ability, speedily relieved the government from its existing
+pecuniary embarrassments. In 1847, he was elected Comptroller of the
+State of New York by a larger majority than had ever been given to any
+State officer for many years. In 1848, he was selected as a candidate
+for Vice-President, General Taylor heading the ticket. On his election
+to that high office, he resigned his position as Comptroller, and
+entered upon his duties as President of the United States Senate. The
+courtesy, ability, and dignity exhibited by him, while presiding over
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</span>
+the deliberations of that body, received general commendation. Upon the
+sudden death of Gen. Taylor, he became President, and promptly selected
+a cabinet, distinguished for its ability, patriotism, and devotion to
+the Union, and possessing, in an eminent degree, the confidence of the
+country.</p>
+
+<p>After serving out the constitutional term, Mr. Fillmore returned to
+Buffalo, and again resumed those pursuits which had prepared the way to
+the elevated position from which he had just retired. He was welcomed
+home by troops of friends, with whom he still continues to enjoy an
+unabated popularity.</p>
+
+<p>It should be borne in mind by every aspiring young man, that Mr.
+Fillmore is entirely indebted to his own exertions for his success
+in life. From a very humble origin, he attained the highest office
+in the world, climbing the rugged steep of fame step by step, with
+indefatigable industry and untiring perseverance, until he at length
+gained the summit, where he is long likely to enjoy his well-earned
+position.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">FRANKLIN PIERCE,</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">THE TWELFTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,</p>
+
+<p>Was born at Hillsborough, N. H., November 23, 1804, and early received
+the advantage of a liberal education. After going through a regular
+collegiate course at Bowdoin College, which he entered at the age of
+sixteen, he became a law student in the office of Judge Woodbury, at
+Portsmouth, whence he was transferred to the law school at Northampton,
+where he remained two years, and then finished his studies with Judge
+Parker, at Amherst. Although his rise at the bar was not rapid, by
+degrees he attained the highest rank as a lawyer and advocate.</p>
+
+<p>In 1829, he was elected to represent his native town in the State
+Legislature, where he served four years, during the two last of which
+he held the speakership, and discharged the duties of the office with
+universal satisfaction.</p>
+
+<p>From 1833 to 1837, he represented his State in Congress, and was
+then elected to the United States Senate, having barely reached the
+requisite age to qualify him for a seat in that body.</p>
+
+<p>In 1834, he married Miss Jane Means, daughter of the Rev. Dr. Appleton,
+formerly President of Bowdoin College, soon after which he removed to
+Concord, where he still holds a residence. He was reëlected at the
+expiration of his senatorial term, but resigned his seat the year
+following, for the purpose of devoting himself exclusively to his legal
+business, which had become so extensive as to require all his attention.</p>
+
+<p>In 1846, he declined the office of Attorney-General, tendered him by
+President Polk; but when the war with Mexico broke out, he was active
+in raising the New England regiments of volunteers; and afterward
+accepted the commission of Brigadier-General, with which he at once
+repaired to the field of operations, where he distinguished himself
+in several hard-fought battles. At Cerro Gordo and Chapultepec he
+displayed an ardor in his country’s cause which extorted praise from
+his most inveterate political opponents; and on his return home he was
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</span>
+everywhere received with gratifying evidences that his services were
+held in grateful remembrance by the people.</p>
+
+<p>At the Democratic Convention, held in Baltimore in 1852, after trying
+in vain to concentrate their votes on a more prominent candidate, that
+body unexpectedly nominated General Pierce for the office of President
+of the United States, to which he was elected by an unprecedented
+majority over his rival, General Scott—receiving 254 votes out of
+296. He was duly inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1853, and his
+administration was more remarkable for its futile attempts to reconcile
+conflicting interests, than for the achievement of any particular
+measure of great public utility. However, it will better become his
+future than his present biographer to “speak of him as he is; nor aught
+extenuate, nor aught set down in malice.”
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Election for the Seventeenth Term, commencing March 4, 1853,<br>
+and terminating March 3, 1857.</i></p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+ <thead><tr class="bt2 fs_120">
+ <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2">A &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" rowspan="2">STATES.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="2">&nbsp; PRES’T. &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="2">&nbsp; V. PRES’T.</th>
+ </tr><tr class="fs_120 bb">
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; B &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; C &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; D &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; E &nbsp;</th>
+ </tr></thead>
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maine</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Hampshire</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">13</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Massachusetts</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">13</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">13</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rhode Island</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Connecticut</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Vermont</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">35</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New York</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">35</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">35</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Jersey</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">27</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Pennsylvania</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">27</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">27</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Delaware</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maryland</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Virginia</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">15</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">15</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">North Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">10</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">10</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">South Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Georgia</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">10</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">10</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Kentucky</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">12</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">12</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tennessee</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">12</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">12</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">23</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Ohio</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">23</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">23</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Louisiana</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mississippi</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">13</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Indiana</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">13</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">13</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Illinois</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Alabama</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Missouri</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Arkansas</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Michigan</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Florida</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Texas</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Iowa</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Wisconsin</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">California</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">296</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Whole No. of Electors &nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;254&#8199;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">42</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;254&#8199;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">42</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb2">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Majority<span class="ws2">149</span></td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li class="isub1"><b>COLUMN HEADINGS:</b></li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = No. of Electors from each State.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(C)</b> = Winfield Scott, of New Jersey.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(D)</b> = William R. King, of Alabama.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(E)</b> = Wm. A. Graham, of North Carolina.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Franklin Pierce took the oath of office, as President, and entered upon
+his duties March 4, 1853.</p>
+
+<p>The oath of office was administered to William R. King by a commission
+while he was on a visit to Cuba for the benefit of his health; but he
+died soon after his return home, and Jesse D. Bright, of Indiana, then
+President of the Senate, acted as Vice-President, <i>ex officio</i>,
+during the remainder of the term.</p>
+
+<p>John P. Hale, of N. H., and George W. Julian, of Ind., were nominated
+by the “Free Democracy” for President and Vice-President, but they did
+not receive a single electoral vote.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">JAMES BUCHANAN,</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">THIRTEENTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.</p>
+
+<p>For the high position he so long maintained in the political affairs
+of this country, Mr. Buchanan is not alone indebted to his early and
+thorough education, but his entire devotion to whatever he undertook,
+and his perseverance in surmounting obstacles which would have
+intimidated less determined minds, had a large share in promoting his
+advancement. He is of Irish parentage, and was born at Stony Batter,
+Franklin County, Pennsylvania, April 23, 1791. At the age of seven
+years, he removed with his father’s family to Mercersburg, and there
+received an education that fitted him for entering Dickinson College,
+in 1805, where he graduated two years afterward with the highest
+honors. He then studied law with James Hopkins, of Lancaster, and in
+1812 was admitted to the bar, at which he attained a high rank and
+commanded an extensive practice.</p>
+
+<p>In 1814, he commenced political life as a member of the Pennsylvania
+State Legislature, and in 1820 was sent as a Representative to
+Congress, where he remained for ten years—at the expiration of which
+he declined a re-nomination.</p>
+
+<p>In 1831, he was appointed minister to Russia by President Jackson,
+of whom he was always the consistent friend and supporter, and he
+negotiated a commercial treaty which proved of great advantage to
+American commerce.</p>
+
+<p>In December, 1834, having been elected to the United States Senate, he
+took his seat in that body, and continued one of its most efficient
+members until 1845, when he accepted the office of Secretary of State,
+under Mr. Polk. He held this responsible place until the expiration of
+Mr. Polk’s term of service, when he returned home to repose awhile. But
+he did not, by any means, become an idle spectator in passing events;
+his letters and speeches show that he was no less vigilant as a private
+citizen, than as a counselor in the Cabinet, or a Representative and
+Senator in Congress.</p>
+
+<p>On the accession of Mr. Pierce to the Presidency, in 1853, Mr. Buchanan
+was appointed minister to England, with which country questions were
+then pending that required great prudence and discrimination for their
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</span>
+satisfactory adjustment. In his intercourse with the British
+diplomatists he was not only discreet, but displayed sound sense,
+courtly forbearance, a just assertion of our rights, and the true
+dignity of the American character. So entirely unexceptionable was his
+whole course while abroad, that, on his return to this country, in
+April, 1856—he landed in New York on the sixty-fifth anniversary of
+his birthday—he was received with an enthusiasm seldom accorded to
+political men.</p>
+
+<p>In June, 1856, Mr. Buchanan was nominated by the Democratic Convention
+at Cincinnati, as a candidate for the Presidency; and although there
+were powerful political elements arrayed against him in the succeeding
+campaign, he was triumphantly elected to that responsible and honorable
+office.</p>
+
+<p>His administration was attended with unusual difficulties—difficulties
+which it would seem he was not fully able to meet. The troubles in
+Kansas, arising from the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, and the
+opposition made to his views touching the admission of Kansas with
+the Lecompton Constitution, by the Douglas wing of the Democratic
+party, were matters of sore vexation to him, and tended greatly to
+unpopularize the latter part of his public life. But these were
+considerations of small moment as compared to the embarrassment which
+the Government suffered in consequence of the treacherous intrigues of
+some of the members of his Cabinet. His Secretary of War and Secretary
+of the Treasury, afterward so conspicuous in the great Rebellion, were
+particularly instrumental in crippling the pecuniary and military
+resources of the country, and turning them to the benefit of the South.
+When treason began to assume a threatening attitude, Buchanan declared
+against the right of secession, but at the same time denied the right
+of coercion by the Government. This, perhaps, is the most inconsistent,
+inexplicable position ever taken by any of the nation’s chief rulers.
+On the 4th of March, 1861, Mr. Buchanan retired from the Presidency,
+leaving to his successor the highly perplexing task of setting to right
+the machinery of a government crippled and weakened in all its parts,
+and fully ripe for the most gigantic civil war known to history.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <img src="images/polk.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="432" >
+ <p class="f120"><b>JAMES KNOX POLK.</b></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</span>
+It was, at one time, presumed by many that Mr. Buchanan was not only
+encouraging the rebellion by his weak, indecisive policy toward armed
+traitors, and by winking at the thieving proceedings of some of his
+Cabinet officers, but that he was himself leagued with the leaders of
+the secession movement, and secretly acted in unison with them.</p>
+
+<p>While it is true that the unhindered appropriation of millions of
+treasure to the furtherance of rebellious schemes, and the large
+deposit of choice arms made in Southern arsenals, would indicate an
+affiliation of the President with the chief rebels of the South, yet
+there has never been adduced any direct proof of such affiliation; and
+nothing said or done by Mr. Buchanan since his retirement shows active
+sympathy with the Rebellion. There is, however, evidence on every hand
+of weakness—an element of character he never manifested prior to
+his executive career—of that negative disposition which will, under
+circumstances such as surrounded him during the latter part of his
+administration, wholly unfit a man for the performance of his duties.</p>
+
+<p>The subject of the present sketch would, doubtless, have been a
+very good executive at a period when the country was undisturbed
+by sectional agitation; at a time when there were no conflicting
+local interests to stir up and embitter South against North. But the
+exigencies of the period during which he sat at the helm of state
+demanded a man who could take hold with a strong hand; a man of
+Jacksonian character, who, with the loftiest political integrity and
+most devoted loyalty, combined a Napoleonic will; a man who, foreseeing
+the certain results of the pursuits of a conciliatory course with
+rebellion, would have given it a decisive blow in its very infancy.</p>
+
+<p>But it seems that Mr. Buchanan proposed to deal with secessionists as
+an over-fond, weak-minded mother deals with a spoiled child—scolding
+and coaxing alternately, satisfied to exhibit her authority by the
+former, and confident that she can reform her fondling by the latter.
+Perhaps he may be partially excused by some in consideration of the
+debt of gratitude he felt he owed to the Southern States, for the
+valuable services they had rendered him in his election. But a truly
+great executive never allows his feelings to interfere with the
+performance of duty. The life of the nation was in jeopardy; that grand
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</span>
+superstructure, the American Government, whose foundation stones had
+been cemented by the sacred blood of the Revolutionary sires, whose
+columns had been reared by the wisest, purest statesmen the world ever
+saw, and about whose lofty dome the brightest seraphs of Heaven chanted
+their sweetest lays—that great temple around which clustered the hopes
+of the liberty-loving world, was threatened with destruction, and there
+can hardly be any excuse for him who, having the power to save, refused
+to adopt such decisive measures as were essential to salvation.</p>
+
+<p>It is true that the Southern people had acted a very important part
+in the election of Mr. Buchanan, but it is very far from being true
+that a majority of these people were in favor of secession. The great
+Democratic party was not a party of traitors, either North or South.
+The masses of the people of the Southern States were by no means
+desirous of severing their connection with the Government of the United
+States, as was amply testified in the overwhelming Union majorities
+given in North Carolina, Tennessee, and other Southern States, even
+after South Carolina had sloughed off, and all the preliminary steps
+had been taken by the leading secessionists toward the formation of
+a Southern Confederacy. And there is no doubt that had Mr. Buchanan
+taken hold of the rebellion, while it was in the larva, with that
+determination to crush it which the great Jackson exhibited when South
+Carolina proposed her scheme of nullification, it had never seen its
+winged existence.</p>
+
+<p>Buchanan’s administration, in one respect, may possibly yet be
+productive of good, in that it may serve to impress the people with the
+importance of selecting a man for the chief magistracy who loves the
+right and dares to do it.</p>
+
+<p>He only survived the close of the war about three years, as he died on
+the 1st of June, 1868, in the 77th year of his age.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Election for the Eighteenth Term, commencing March 4, 1857,<br>
+and terminating March 3, 1861.</i></p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+ <thead><tr class="bt2 fs_120">
+ <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2">A &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" rowspan="2">STATES.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="3">&nbsp; PRESIDENT. &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="3">&nbsp; VICE_PRES’T.</th>
+ </tr><tr class="fs_120 bb">
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; B &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; C &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; D &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; E &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; F &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; G &nbsp;</th>
+ </tr></thead>
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maine</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Hampshire</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">13</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Massachusetts</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">13</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">13</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rhode Island</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Connecticut</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Vermont</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">35</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New York</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">35</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">35</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Jersey</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">27</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Pennsylvania</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">27</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">27</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Delaware</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maryland</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Virginia</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">15</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">15</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">North Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">10</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">10</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">South Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Georgia</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">10</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">10</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Kentucky</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">12</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">12</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tennessee</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">12</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">12</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">23</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Ohio</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">23</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">23</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Louisiana</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mississippi</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">13</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Indiana</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">13</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">13</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Illinois</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Alabama</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Missouri</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Arkansas</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Michigan</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Florida</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Texas</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Iowa</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Wisconsin&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_6_6" href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">California</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">296</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">No. of Electors &nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;174&#8199;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">114</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;174&#8199;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">114</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">8</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb2">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Majority<span class="ws2">149</span></td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li class="isub1"><b>COLUMN HEADINGS:</b></li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = No. of Electors from each State.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(C)</b> = John C. Fremont, of New York.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(D)</b> = Millard Fillmore, of New York.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(E)</b> = John C. Breckenridge, of Kentucky.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(F)</b> = William L. Dayton, of New Jersey.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(G)</b> = Andrew J. Donelson, of Tennessee.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>James Buchanan took the oath of office, as President, and entered upon
+his duties, March 4, 1857.</p>
+
+<p>John C. Breckenridge took the oath of office, as Vice-President, and
+entered upon his duties, March 4, 1857.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">ABRAHAM LINCOLN,</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">THE FOURTEENTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,</p>
+
+<p>Was born in Hardin County, Kentucky, February 12th, 1809. The record of
+his boyhood and youth, so far as we have been able to trace it, is not
+distinguished by any thing more remarkable than the usual experience
+of children of pioneers in a new country. In 1816, he removed with
+his parents to what is now Spencer County, Indiana. Here he enjoyed
+the advantages of a little schooling—less than a year, however, in
+all. Whatever else he afterward learned from books was without the aid
+of the school-master—the result of his own energy and indomitable
+perseverance.</p>
+
+<p>In 1832, he served in the Black Hawk war, and, on his return from that
+service, was nominated for the Illinois Legislature from the county of
+Macon. In 1834, he was elected to the Legislature, and reëlected in
+1836, 1838, and 1840. While in the Legislature, he placed himself on
+record against slavery; and it is but just to say that the principles
+which actuated him then are the moving principles of the great party he
+to-day represents as the executive of the nation.</p>
+
+<p>For many years Mr. Lincoln was a prominent leader of the Whig party
+in Illinois, and was on the electoral ticket in several Presidential
+campaigns. In 1844, he canvassed the entire State for Henry Clay, of
+whom he was a sincere and enthusiastic friend, and exerted himself
+powerfully for the favorite of his party. In 1846, he was elected to
+Congress, and took his seat on the first Monday in December, 1847, the
+only Whig Representative from his State.</p>
+
+<p>In November, 1860, he was elected President of the United States by the
+party known as Republicans.</p>
+
+<p>On the 11th of February, 1861, he left his home in Springfield,
+Illinois, and proceeded to Washington, passing <i>en route</i> the
+cities of Toledo, Indianapolis, Cincinnati, Columbus, Steubenville,
+Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Buffalo, Albany, Poughkeepsie, New York,
+Trenton, Philadelphia, Harrisburg, and Baltimore—at all of which
+places, except the last, he was received with great cordiality, and
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</span>
+addressed the people. At Baltimore a plot had been formed to
+assassinate him; and, in this affair, it seems that some of the most
+prominent citizens of that place were implicated. But Mr. Lincoln,
+by prompt, shrewd management, reached Washington uninjured, and on
+the 4th of March, 1861, was duly inaugurated, and proceeded upon the
+duties of his office, notwithstanding the threats of Baltimoreans
+that he never should be installed. In his inaugural address, in view
+of the threatening attitude assumed by some of the Southern States,
+in consequence of the accession of a Republican administration, after
+declaring that there never had been any just cause for the apprehension
+that such an administration would encroach upon the constitutional
+rights of any State, he said that he had “no purpose, directly or
+indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States
+where it existed; that he, as well as every Member of Congress, was
+sworn to support the whole Constitution, one of the provisions of which
+is, that ‘no person held to service or labor in one State, under the
+laws thereof, escaping into another State, shall, in consequence of any
+law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor,
+but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or
+labor may be due;’ that he took his oath to support the Constitution,
+without any mental reservation; that while he did not then choose to
+specify particular acts of Congress as proper to be enforced, he did
+suggest that it would be much safer for all, both in official and
+private stations, to conform to and abide by all those acts which stand
+unrepealed than to violate any of them, trusting to find impunity in
+having them held to be unconstitutional; that he held that, in the
+contemplation of universal law and of the Constitution, the union
+of the States is perpetual; that no State could, upon its own mere
+motion, get out of the Union; that acts of violence within any State or
+States against the authority of the United States are insurrectionary
+or revolutionary, and that he should, as the Constitution expressly
+enjoined upon him, take care that the laws of the Union should be
+executed in all the States; that while he should perform this duty
+perfectly, so far as practicable, unless restrained by his rightful
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</span>
+masters, the American people, he trusted the declaration so to do would
+not be regarded as a menace, but only as the express purpose of the
+Union to maintain itself.”</p>
+
+<p>The inaugural address, while considered as clear and explicit by
+many, was regarded as very obscure and unsatisfactory by others
+(the people of the South), and, on the 13th of April, 1861, Messrs.
+Preston, Stuart, and Randolph, appointed by the Virginia Convention,
+were formally received by the President, and presented resolutions
+requesting that, inasmuch as “great uncertainty prevailed in the public
+mind as to the policy” to be pursued by the Federal Executive, he
+should communicate to the Convention the course he intended to take in
+regard to the “Confederate States.”</p>
+
+<p>To this request the President replied that, while he was sorry that
+dangerous uncertainty should exist respecting his mode of procedure
+with the seceded States, he could give no clearer exposition of his
+policy than was given in his inaugural address, a careful consideration
+of which he recommended to the Virginia Convention.</p>
+
+<p>Two days after this, Fort Sumter having been reduced by the Confederate
+Government, and other demonstrations of a revolutionary character
+having been made, the President issued a proclamation calling for
+75,000 volunteers, for three months, to suppress the rebellion, and
+summoned Congress to assemble in extraordinary session. The call was
+heartily responded to, and, in a few days, a vastly greater number
+than had been requested offered themselves to their country. Meantime
+Washington was placed in a state of defense. Shortly after the
+commencement of hostilities, a blockade of all the Southern ports was
+declared. This was directly followed by a blockade of Virginia and
+North Carolina. On the 3d of May, 1861, the President issued a call
+for 42,034 additional volunteers for the term of three years. Congress
+having assembled, he addressed a message to that body, asking that at
+least 400,000 men and $400,000,000 be placed at his control, that the
+work of crushing the rebellion might be expedited. Congress readily
+complied, granting more men and money than had been asked.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</span></p>
+
+<p>On the 16th of August, 1861, the President issued a proclamation
+prohibiting all commercial intercourse between the loyal and seceded
+States. In the latter part of August, he modified a proclamation
+issued by General Fremont, which declared martial law in the State
+of Missouri, ordering the confiscation of the property of disloyal
+persons, and declaring their slaves free. The two latter of these
+measures Mr. Lincoln declared void. For this act he was blamed by many
+of his own party at the time.</p>
+
+<p>Passing some other acts of less importance, we next notice the message
+addressed to Congress on the 6th of March, 1862, by the President,
+recommending that the Government coöperate with any State desiring a
+gradual emancipation of the slaves, by affording it such pecuniary aid
+as would enable it to “compensate for the inconveniences, public and
+private, produced by such change of system.” This message was hailed
+by the radical antislavery party of the country as the initiatory
+step toward a final and total abolition of slavery; by conservative
+Union men, with indifference; and by the secessionists as a hostile
+encroachment upon State rights.</p>
+
+<p>On the 11th of March, 1862, Mr. Lincoln assumed command of the Army and
+Navy of the United States, ordering a general movement of both, and
+confining General McClellan to the command of the Department of the
+Potomac.</p>
+
+<p>April 16th, 1862, he approved and signed an act of Congress, abolishing
+the institution of slavery in the District of Columbia, which act
+“recognized and practically applied” the principles of compensation and
+colonization.</p>
+
+<p>During the month of May, the President issued two proclamations, the
+one declaring the ports of Port Royal, Beaufort, and New Orleans
+open for trade, the other repudiating an order issued by General
+Hunter, emancipating all the slaves in Georgia, Florida, and South
+Carolina. This act also produced some dissatisfaction. During the
+years 1862-1863, Mr. Lincoln was actively employed in calling out and
+furnishing troops, and making important changes in the organization of
+the army. It was also during this period that he issued his general
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</span>
+emancipation proclamations—the first on the 22d day of September,
+1862, declaring that all slaves held in any State, or part of a State
+found in actual rebellion against the authority of the United States
+on the 1st day of January, 1863, should then and forever thereafter
+be free; the second, on the 1st of January, 1863, declaring that, in
+accordance with the first proclamation, slavery is abolished in all the
+States and counties then in armed rebellion against the Government.</p>
+
+<p>These measures, while they greatly unpopularized the President with
+certain parties in the Northern and Southern border States, were
+regarded as the exponents of the true policy by the radicals. His
+suspension of the writ of <i>habeas corpus</i>, in certain cases,
+September 15th, 1863, also produced considerable stir in political
+circles.</p>
+
+<p>At the Republican Convention which met at Baltimore, in January,
+1864, Mr. Lincoln was re-nominated for the Presidency of the United
+States—was elected November 8th, and duly inaugurated March 4th, 1865.</p>
+
+<p>The following note of his inaugural address is from an English journal.
+It speaks for itself:</p>
+
+<p>“On the 4th instant, the day of inaugurating his second term, President
+Lincoln read a short State paper, which for political weight, moral
+dignity, and unaffected solemnity has had no equal in our time. His
+presidency began, he says, with the efforts of both parties to avoid
+war. ‘To strengthen, perpetuate, and extend the slave interest was the
+object for which the insurgents would rend the Union by war, while
+the Government claimed the right to do no more than restrict the
+territorial enlargement of it.’ Both parties ‘read the same Bible and
+pray to the same God.’</p>
+
+<p>“The prayer of both can not be answered, that of neither has been
+answered fully, for the Almighty has his own purposes. Mr. Lincoln
+goes on to confess for the North its partnership in the original guilt
+of slavery: ‘Woe unto the world because of its offenses, for it must
+needs be that offenses come; but woe unto that man by whom the offenses
+cometh! If we shall suppose American slavery one of the offenses which
+in the providence of God must needs come, but which, having continued
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</span>
+through His appointed time, He now wills to remove, and that He gives
+to both North and South this terrible war, as was due to those by whom
+the offense came, we will not discern that there is any departure
+from those divine attributes which believers in the living God always
+ascribe to Him. Fondly do we hope, fervently do we pray, that this
+mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Yet, if it be God’s will
+that it continue till the wealth piled by bondsmen by two hundred and
+fifty years’ unrequited toil shall be sunk, and till every drop of
+blood drawn with the lash shall be repaid by another drawn with the
+sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said
+that the judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether. With
+malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right,
+as God gives us to see the light, let us strive on to finish the work
+we are in, to bind up the nation’s wounds, to care for those who have
+borne the battle, and for their widows and orphans. And with all this
+let us strive after a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with
+all nations.’ No statesman ever uttered words stamped at once with
+the seal of so deep a wisdom and so true a simplicity. The ‘village
+attorney,’ of whom Sir G. C. Lewis and many other wise men wrote with
+so much scorn, in 1861, seems destined to be one of those ‘foolish
+things of the world’ which are destined to confound the wise, one of
+those weak things which shall ‘confound the things that are mighty.’”</p>
+
+<p>The rebel General Lee had surrendered. The war was apparently at an
+end. Abraham Lincoln, the honored and the great, looked forward to
+a speedy restoration of the Union. But while the storm lulled, the
+assassin did his work. J. Wilkes Booth shot Abraham Lincoln on the
+night of the 13th, and he died April 14th, 1865, honored and lamented
+by every true American. The world never before beheld such universal
+sorrow. A nation not merely mourned but was clad in the deepest mourning.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Election for the Nineteenth Term, commencing March 4, 1861,<br>
+and terminating March 3, 1865.</i></p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+ <thead><tr class="bt2 fs_120">
+ <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2">A &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" rowspan="2">STATES.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="4">&nbsp; PRESIDENT. &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="4">&nbsp; VICE-PRESIDENT.</th>
+ </tr><tr class="fs_120 bb">
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; B &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; C &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; D &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; E &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; F &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; G &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; H &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; J &nbsp;</th>
+ </tr></thead>
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maine</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Hampshire</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">13</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Massachusetts</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">13</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">13</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rhode Island</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Connecticut</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Vermont</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">35</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New York</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">35</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">35</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Jersey</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">27</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Pennsylvania</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">27</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">27</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Delaware</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maryland</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Virginia</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">15</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">15</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">North Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">10</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">10</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">South Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Georgia</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">10</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">10</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Kentucky</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">12</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">12</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tennessee</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">12</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">12</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">23</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Ohio</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">23</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">23</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Louisiana</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mississippi</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">13</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Indiana</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">13</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">13</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Illinois</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Alabama</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Missouri</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Arkansas</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Michigan</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Florida</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Texas</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Iowa</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Wisconsin</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">California</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Minnesota</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Oregon</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">315</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Whole No. of Electors &nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;180&#8199;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">72</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">39</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">12</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;180&#8199;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">72</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">39</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">12</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb2">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Majority<span class="ws2">157</span></td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li class="isub1"><b>COLUMN HEADINGS:</b></li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = No. of Electors from each State.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(C)</b> = John C. Breckenridge, of Kentucky.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(D)</b> = John Bell, of Tennessee.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(E)</b> = Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(F)</b> = Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(G)</b> = Joseph Lane, of Texas.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(H)</b> = Edward Everett, of Massachusetts.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(J)</b> = Herschel V. Johnson, of Georgia.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Abraham Lincoln took the oath of office as President, and entered upon
+his duties, March 4th, 1861. Hannibal Hamlin took the oath of office as
+Vice-President, and attended in the Senate as its President, on the 4th
+of March, 1861. The accession of Mr. Lincoln to the Presidency was made
+the pretext for the great rebellion of 1861.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Election for the Twentieth Term, commencing March 4, 1865,<br>
+and terminating March 3, 1869.</i></p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+ <thead><tr class="bt2 fs_120">
+ <th class="tdc bb" rowspan="2">A &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" rowspan="2">STATES.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="2">&nbsp; PRESIDENT. &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl bb" colspan="2">&nbsp; V. PRESIDENT.</th>
+ </tr><tr class="fs_120 bb">
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; B &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; C &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; D &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp; E &nbsp;</th>
+ </tr></thead>
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maine</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Hampshire</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Massachusetts</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">12</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">12</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Rhode Island</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Connecticut</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;6</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Vermont</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">33</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New York</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">33</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">33</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">New Jersey</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">26</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Pennsylvania</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">26</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">26</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Delaware</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Maryland</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;7</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr class="greyish">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Virginia</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Western Virginia</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr class="greyish">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">South Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr class="greyish">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">North Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr class="greyish">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Georgia</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Kentucky</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ </tr><tr class="greyish">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tennessee</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">21</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Ohio</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">21</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">21</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr class="greyish">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Louisiana</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr class="greyish">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mississippi</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">13</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Indiana</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">13</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">13</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Illinois</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">15</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">15</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr class="greyish">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">9</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Alabama</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Missouri</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr class="greyish">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Arkansas</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Michigan</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr class="greyish">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Florida</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr class="greyish">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Texas</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Iowa</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Wisconsin</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;8</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">California</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;5</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Minnesota</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;4</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Oregon</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Nevada</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Kansas</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;3</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb2">
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">331</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;212&#8199;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">21</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;212&#8199;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">21</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li class="isub1"><b>COLUMN HEADINGS:</b></li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = No. of Electors from each State.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(C)</b> = Geo. B. McClellan, of Ohio.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(D)</b> = Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(E)</b> = Geo. H. Pendleton, of Ohio.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Virginia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee,
+Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida and Texas, being in
+rebellion, did not vote for President and Vice-President.</p>
+
+<p>Whole number of Electoral votes cast were 233—for Lincoln and Johnson,
+212; for McClellan and Pendleton, 21. Lincoln and Johnson’s majority
+191, the greatest majority attained since the organization of the
+Government.</p>
+
+<p>Abraham Lincoln took the oath of office as President and entered upon
+his duties March 4, 1865.</p>
+
+<p>Andrew Johnson took the oath of office as Vice-President, and attended
+in the Senate as its President March 4, 1865.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">ANDREW JOHNSON</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>Was born at Raleigh, North Carolina, December 29th, 1808, and is now in
+his sixtieth year. He lost his father when only four years old. At the
+age of ten he was apprenticed to a tailor in Raleigh, and served with
+him an apprenticeship of seven years. His mother was poor, and had been
+unable to give him any educational advantages; but young Andy, whose
+unconquerable spirit was not to be restrained by any disadvantages,
+became stimulated with a desire for knowledge. He acquired the alphabet
+with no other instructions than those obtained from the journeymen with
+whom he worked. He learned to read from an old volume of speeches,
+loaned him by a friend, and thenceforward, after ten hours’ work with
+his goose, needle, and scissors, applied himself with vigor to study
+for three or four hours each evening. In 1824, having completed his
+apprenticeship, he went to Laurens Court house, South Carolina, where
+he worked as journeyman for two years. In 1826, he set out for the
+West, taking his mother, whom already, at his early age, and with
+his scanty wages, he was supporting. He made his home at Greenville,
+Tennessee, where he remained, and commenced business, and where he
+became a thriving and popular man. With the indefatigable thirst for
+knowledge which had characterized his early career, he still pursued
+his studies, and, in the evenings which followed a day of labor, with
+his wife as instructress, pushed on in the road to knowledge.</p>
+
+<p>He entered early into political life, being elected to the first office
+he ever held—that of Alderman of the village of Greenville—in 1828.
+He was reëlected to the same office in 1829. In 1830, he was elected
+Mayor, and retained that position for three years. In 1835, he was sent
+to the Legislature, where he chiefly distinguished himself by taking
+strong grounds against a scheme of internal improvements, which, he
+argued, was extravagant and useless. The measure was popular, however,
+and he was defeated in 1837. In 1838, he was a candidate again, and was
+this time successful. In 1840, he served as Presidential elector for
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</span>
+the State at large on the Democratic ticket, and during the campaign
+rendered efficient service to the party as a stump speaker. In 1841,
+he was elected to the State Senate, and, in 1843, at the age of
+thirty-five, he was elected to Congress, where he held his seat,
+being four times reëlected, until 1853. During this time he was
+thoroughly identified with the old Democratic party, and supported all
+the party measures. In 1853, he was elected Governor, after a very
+exciting contest, over Gustavus A. Henry. He was reëlected in 1855,
+over Meredith P. Gentry, the Whig candidate. At the expiration of his
+Gubernatorial term, in 1857, he was chosen United States Senator by a
+Democratic majority in the Legislature of Tennessee. In that body he
+commanded the respect of all his compeers, as an able, eloquent, and
+patriotic statesman. At the breaking out of the rebellion, Senator
+Andrew Johnson still proclaimed his allegiance to the United States,
+and continued to hold his seat in the Senate, though his course
+subjected him to much unpopularity, and even danger.</p>
+
+<p>When, in the spring of 1862, our army had penetrated Tennessee to
+Nashville, and the northern and central portions of the State were
+wrested from rebel control, the President desired the services of a
+wise and sagacious man, of unquestionable loyalty, to act as Military
+Governor of that State; and he did not have long to look—Andrew
+Johnson was at once recognized as the man for the place, and, being
+commissioned a Brigadier-General, he repaired to Nashville, where he
+for two years discharged the delicate and responsible duty of his
+charge with a degree of wisdom and efficiency which challenged general
+admiration. Under his administration, the rebellion had steadily been
+losing its hold in Tennessee, and loyalty was as constantly cultivated
+and developed.</p>
+
+<p>He was nominated for the Vice-Presidency by the Union Convention at
+Baltimore, June 8th, 1864, and was elected November 8, 1864, and was
+sworn into office March 4th, 1865.</p>
+
+<p>President Lincoln died April 15. Andrew Johnson was sworn into office
+as President of the United States, on the same day, by Chief Justice Chase.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</span></p>
+
+<p>Soon after entering upon the duties of his office, he vetoed the Civil
+Rights Bill, the Constitutional Amendment, the Military Government
+Bill, and all the important bills passed by Congress; also suspended
+Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War, from office, during the recess of
+Congress; on the assembling of which, he sent them his reasons for
+so doing. Upon considering which, they reinstated Secretary Stanton.
+Whereupon the President issued an order removing him, and ordering
+Major-General Thomas, Adjutant-General of the army, to act as Secretary
+<i>ad interim</i>—the same being done without the consent or advice
+of the Senate—for which and many other acts committed by him, and
+by Congress deemed unconstitutional, the House did, on the 25th of
+February, 1868, impeach Andrew Johnson of high crimes and misdemeanors;
+and he was accordingly tried for the same by the Senate—the result of
+which trial will be found in the <a href="#Page_348">Impeachment Act</a>, on another page.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD<br> OF THE REBELLION.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">NOVEMBER, 1860—<span class="smcap">Presidential Election.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 6.</span>—Each of the four political
+parties presented its candidate for the Presidency, and the same
+number for the Vice-Presidency. The Republican party supported Abraham
+Lincoln, of Illinois, and Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine. One wing of the
+Democratic party supported S. A. Douglas, of Illinois, and H. V.
+Johnson, of Georgia; the other wing sustained John C. Breckenridge,
+of Kentucky, and Joseph Lane, of Oregon. The Old Line Whigs and Know
+Nothings supported John Bell, of Tennessee, and Edward Everett, of
+Massachusetts. The result of the popular vote was as follows:</p>
+
+<p>Lincoln and Hamlin received 1,857,610; Douglas and Johnson, 1,365,976;
+Breckenridge and Lane, 847,553; Bell and Everett, 590,631.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 7.</span>—The news of Mr. Lincoln’s
+election received at Charleston, South Carolina, with cheers for a
+Southern Confederacy. The “Palmetto Flag” hoisted on the vessels in the
+harbor.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 9.</span>—An attempt to seize the arms in
+Fort Moultrie.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 10.</span>—A bill was introduced into
+the South Carolina Legislature to raise and equip 10,000 men. The
+Legislature also ordered the election of a convention, to consider the
+question of secession. Jas. Chester, United States Senator from South
+Carolina, resigned.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 11.</span>—Senator Hammond, of South
+Carolina, resigned.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 15.</span>—Governor Letcher, of Virginia,
+called an extra session of the Legislature.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 18.</span>—Georgia Legislature appropriated
+$1,000,000 to arm the State. Major Anderson sent to Fort Moultrie to
+relieve Colonel Gardner.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 19.</span>—Governor Moore called an extra
+session of the Louisiana Legislature.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</span></p>
+
+<h3>DECEMBER, 1860.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 1.</span>—Florida Legislature ordered the
+election of a convention. Great secession meeting in Memphis.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 3.</span>—Congress met. The President
+denied the right of a State to secede, and asserted the right of the
+General Government to coerce a seceding State.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 5.</span>—Election of delegates to South
+Carolina Convention took place. The successful candidates were
+secessionists.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 10.</span>—Howell Cobb, Secretary of the
+Treasury, resigned. Senator Clay, of Alabama, resigned. The Louisiana
+Legislature ordered the election of a convention, and appropriated
+$500,000 to arm the State.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 13.</span>—An extra session of the Cabinet
+was held to consider the question of reinforcing Fort Moultrie; the
+President opposed it, and reinforcements were not sent.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 14.</span>—General Cass, Secretary of
+State, resigned.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 17.</span>—South Carolina Convention
+assembled.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 18.</span>—The Crittenden Compromise
+introduced in the United States Senate.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 19.</span>—Governor Hicks, of Maryland,
+refused to receive the Mississippi Commissioner.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 20.</span>—South Carolina Convention
+adopted a secession ordinance; the vote unanimous.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 22.</span>—The Crittenden Compromise voted
+down in the Senate committee of Thirteen.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 24.</span>—The people of Pittsburg
+stop the shipment of ordnance from the arsenal at that place to
+Southern forts. Governor Moore called an extra session of the Alabama
+Legislature.—Election of members of the Alabama Convention took place;
+the majority for secession was over 50,000.—South Carolina members of
+Congress resigned.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 26.</span>—Major Anderson left Fort
+Moultrie and took possession of Fort Sumter. He had with him only 111
+men. South Carolina Commissioners arrived in Washington. The President
+refused to receive them.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 27.</span>—Revenue cutter, William Aiken,
+surrendered to the South Carolina authorities.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 28.</span>—South Carolina seized the
+Government property in Charleston, took possession of Castle Pinckney
+and Fort Moultrie.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 29.</span>—John B. Floyd, Secretary of War,
+resigned.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 31.</span>—South Carolina sent
+Commissioners to the slave States to make arrangements for a Southern
+Confederacy.</p>
+
+<h3>JANUARY, 1861.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 2.</span>—Governor Ellis, of North
+Carolina, took possession of Fort Macon. Georgia troops seized Forts
+Pulaski and Jackson, and the United States arsenal at Savannah.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 4.</span>—Governor Moore, of Alabama,
+seized Fort Morgan, and the United States arsenal at Mobile. Fast-day,
+by proclamation of the President.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 7.</span>—State Conventions of Alabama and
+Mississippi, Legislatures of Virginia and Tennessee, assembled.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 8.</span>—Jacob Thompson, Secretary of the
+Interior, resigned. Fort Johnson at Wilmington, and Caswell at Oak
+Island, seized by North Carolina.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 9.</span>—The steamer Star of the West
+fired on by rebel batteries in Charleston harbor, and driven back.
+Mississippi Convention passed secession ordinance by vote of 84 to
+15.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 10.</span>—Florida Convention adopted
+an ordinance of secession by a vote of 62 to 7. Florida seized Fort
+McRae.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 11.</span>—Alabama seceded; vote in
+Convention, ayes, 61; noes, 39. P. B. Thomas, Secretary of the
+Treasury, resigned, and was succeeded by John A. Dix, of New York.
+The Governor of Louisiana seized Forts Phillip and Jackson, on the
+Mississippi below New Orleans, the United States arsenal at Baton
+Rouge, and Forts Pike and Macomb, on Lake Ponchartrain.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 13.</span>—Florida troops took possession
+of the Pensacola Navy Yard and Fort Barancas. Lieutenant Slemmer, in
+command of Fort Pickens, refused to obey Commodore Armstrong’s order to
+surrender the fort to the Florida troops, and thus saved that important
+place to the Union.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 16.</span>—The Legislature of Arkansas
+called a convention. Colonel Hayne, of South Carolina, demanded of the
+President the surrender of Fort Sumter, which was refused. The Missouri
+Legislature voted to hold a convention.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 18.</span>—The Legislature of Virginia
+appropriated $1,000,000 for the defense of the State.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 19.</span>—Georgia adopted a secession
+ordinance by vote of 208 to 89.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 21.</span>—Members of Congress from Alabama
+resigned. Jefferson Davis resigned his place in the Senate.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 23.</span>—Georgia members of Congress resigned.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 24.</span>—The rebels seized the U. S.
+arsenal at Augusta Georgia.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 26.</span>—Louisiana Legislature passed
+secession ordinance by vote of 113 to 17.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 30.</span>—North Carolina Legislature
+submitted the convention question to the people. This was the first
+instance of the will of the people being consulted in regard to the
+question of secession. The revenue cutters Cass, at Mobile, and
+McLelland, at New Orleans, surrendered to the rebel authorities.</p>
+
+<h3>FEBRUARY, 1861.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 1.</span>—Texas Convention passed an
+ordinance of secession by vote of 166 to 7, to be submitted to the
+people. The Louisiana authorities seized the Mint and Custom House at
+New Orleans.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 4.</span>—Delegates from the seceded States
+met at Montgomery, Alabama, to organize a Confederate Government. Peace
+Congress met at Washington; Ex-President Tyler was chosen President.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 8.</span>—The U. S. arsenal at Little Rock
+surrendered to Arkansas.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 9.</span>—Jefferson Davis and A. H.
+Stephens elected Provisional President and Vice-President of the
+Southern Confederacy.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 13.</span>—The electoral vote counted.
+Abraham Lincoln received 180 votes, Stephen A. Douglas 12, John C.
+Breckenridge 72, and John Bell 39.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 19.</span>—Fort Kearney, Kansas, seized by
+the rebels.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 23.</span>—General Twiggs surrendered
+government property in Texas, valued at $1,200,000, to the rebels.</p>
+
+<h3>MARCH, 1861.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">March 1.</span>—General Twiggs expelled from the
+army. Peace Congress adjourned.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">March 2.</span>—Revenue cutter Dodge surrendered
+to the rebels at Galveston, Texas.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">March 4.</span>—The ordinance of secession
+passed by the Texas Convention and submitted to the people, having been
+adopted by a majority of about 40,000, the Convention declared the
+State out of the Union.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">March 5.</span>—General Beauregard took command
+of the troops at Charleston.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">March 6.</span>—Fort Brown, on the Rio Grande,
+was surrendered by special agreement. The Federal troops evacuated the
+fort and sailed for Key West and Tortugas.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">March 28.</span>—Vote of Louisiana on secession
+made public. For secession, 20,448; against it, 17,926.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">March 30.</span>—Mississippi Convention ratified
+the Confederate Constitution by a vote of 78 to 70.</p>
+
+<h3>APRIL, 1861.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 3.</span>—South Carolina Convention
+ratified the Confederate Constitution by a vote of 114 to 16.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 4.</span>—Virginia Convention, by a
+vote of 89 to 45, refused to submit an ordinance of secession to the
+people.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 7.</span>—All intercourse between Fort
+Sumter and Charleston stopped by order of Beauregard. The steamer
+Atlantic sailed from New York with troops and supplies.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 8.</span>—The Federal Government notified
+the South Carolina authorities that provisions would be sent to Major
+Anderson by force, if necessary. The State Department refused to
+recognize the Confederate States Commissioners.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 11.</span>—Troops are stationed in
+Washington, and the oath of fidelity administered to the men. The
+rebel Commissioners left Washington. General Beauregard demanded the
+surrender of Fort Sumter. Major Anderson refused.</p>
+
+<h4>BOMBARDMENT OF FORT SUMTER.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 12.</span>—The rebels had constructed
+batteries on Morris Island, Sullivan Island and Cumming’s Point,
+besides occupying Fort Moultrie; they had also built a powerful
+floating battery, all of which were employed in the attack on Sumter.
+Fort Moultrie opened fire at four o’clock in the morning. Fort Sumter
+did not reply until seven o’clock. The fire was kept up with vigor by
+both sides. Major Anderson had under his command 111 men, including
+officers, musicians and laborers. The Legislature appropriated $500,000
+to arm the State. Fort Pickens reinforced.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 13.</span>—The bombardment of Fort Sumter
+continued; early in the day the officers’ quarters were fired by a
+shell; by noon most of the wood work was on fire; Sumter’s fire was
+almost silenced when General Wigfall came with a flag of truce, and
+arrangements were made for evacuating the fort. The terms were that the
+garrison should take all its individual and company property, that they
+should march out with their side arms in their own way, at their own
+time, and that they should salute their flag and take it with them.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 14.</span>—Major Anderson and his men
+sailed for New York. Governor Yates, of Illinois, called an extra
+session of the Legislature, to meet April 22.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 15.</span>—The President issued a
+proclamation commanding all persons in arms against the Government
+to disperse within twenty days; also calling for 75,000 volunteers.
+The New York Legislature authorized the raising of $3,000,000 for
+their equipment and support. The President called an extra session of
+Congress, to meet July 4th.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 16.</span>—The Governors of Kentucky,
+Virginia, Tennessee and Missouri, refused to furnish troops Under the
+President’s proclamation.—The Confederate Government called for 32,000
+men.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 17.</span>—Virginia Convention adopted
+secession ordinance in secret session by a vote of 60 to 53, to be
+submitted to the people on the fourth Thursday of May. Forces were sent
+to seize the U. S. Arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, and the Gosport Navy
+Yard. All the military power of the State was placed under the control
+of the President of the Southern Confederacy. Jefferson Davis issued a
+proclamation, offering letters of marque and reprisal to all who wished
+to engage in privateering.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 18.</span>—U. S. Arsenal at Harper’s Ferry
+destroyed by Lieutenant Jones, to prevent it falling into the hands
+of the enemy. Colonel Cake, with 400 men of the 25th Pennsylvania
+regiment, arrived in Washington. These were the first troops to enter
+the city for its defense.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 19.</span>—Steamer Star of the West seized
+by the rebels at Indianola, Texas. The 6th Massachusetts regiment,
+while passing through Baltimore, was attacked by a mob; two soldiers
+were wounded. The troops fired upon the mob, killing eleven and
+wounding many. President Lincoln issued a proclamation declaring the
+ports of South Carolina, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, Louisiana and
+Texas, in a state of blockade. Maryland, Delaware and Pennsylvania,
+added to the military department of Washington, and placed under the
+command of General Patterson. City Council of Philadelphia appropriated
+$1,000,000 to equip the volunteers and support their families.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 20.</span>—The Governor of North Carolina
+seized the Branch Mint at Charlotte. Several bridges on the Northern
+Pennsylvania Railroad destroyed by Maryland rebels, to prevent the
+passage of troops to Washington. The U. S. Arsenal at Liberty, Mo.,
+seized by the secessionists and the arms distributed among the
+surrounding counties. The Gosport Navy Yard destroyed by General
+McCauley, to keep it from the rebels; the war vessels Delaware,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</span>
+Pennsylvania, Columbia, Germantown, Merrimac, Raritan, Dolphin and
+United States, were scuttled and set on fire; the Cumberland was towed
+out. The 4th Massachusetts regiment arrived at Fortress Monroe. A
+special meeting of the Pennsylvania Legislature called for the 30th, by
+proclamation of Governor Curtin.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 21.</span>—Federal Government took
+possession of the Philadelphia and Baltimore Railroad. Senator Andrew
+Johnson, of Tennessee, mobbed at Lynchburg, Va.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 22.</span>—U. S. Arsenal at Fayetteville,
+N. C., seized by the rebels. Arkansas seized the Arsenal at
+Napoleon.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 24.</span>—Fort Smith, Arkansas, seized
+by the rebels under Senator Boland. Cairo, Illinois, occupied by Union
+troops.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 25.</span>—Major Sibly surrendered 450
+U. S. troops to the rebel Colonel Van Dorn, at Saluria, Texas. A
+company of Illinois volunteers, acting under the authority of the
+Government, removed 22,000 stand of arms from the Arsenal at St. Louis
+to Springfield, Illinois. Governor Letcher proclaims Virginia a member
+of the Southern Confederacy.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 27.</span>—The steamer Aelmick, loaded
+with powder and munitions of war for the South, seized at Cairo. The
+blockade extended to the ports of North Carolina and Virginia. All
+officers of the army were required to take the oath of allegiance.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 29.</span>—The Indiana Legislature
+appropriated $500,000 to arm the State. The Maryland House of Delegates
+voted against secession, 63 to 13. Governor Harris, of Tennessee,
+seized bonds and money in the Collector’s hands at Nashville, belonging
+to the Federal Government. Three steamships seized at New Orleans by
+order of Governor Moore, of Louisiana.</p>
+
+<h3>MAY, 1861.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 1.</span>—North Carolina Legislature passed
+a bill calling a State Convention, to meet on the 20th of May. The
+Legislature of Tennessee passed an act, in secret session, authorizing
+the Governor to form a league with the Southern Confederacy.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 3.</span>—Governor Letcher called out the
+militia to defend Virginia. President Lincoln called for 42,000 three
+years’ volunteers; 22,000 troops for the regular army, and 18,000
+seamen. Fourteen companies of Kentucky volunteers offered their
+services to the Secretary of War, notwithstanding the Governor’s
+refusal. Connecticut Legislature appropriated $2,000,000 for military
+purposes.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 4.</span>—General McClellan placed in
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</span>
+command of the Department of Ohio, comprising the States of Ohio,
+Indiana and Illinois. Union meetings were held in Preston county, Va.,
+and at Wheeling, Va.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 5.</span>—General Butler took possession of
+the Relay House, Maryland.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 6.</span>—Arkansas Convention passed an
+ordinance of secession, by vote of 69 to 1. Tennessee Legislature
+adopted secession ordinance in secret session, to be submitted to a
+vote of the people on the 8th of June.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 10.</span>—A mob attacked the Home Guard
+at St. Louis; the Guard fired on the rioters, killing seven. A rebel
+force of 800 men, under Gen. Frost, surrendered to Captain (afterwards
+General) Lyon, at St. Louis.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 11.</span>—The mob made another attack on
+the Home Guard in St. Louis. Blockade of Charleston, S. C., established
+by the steamer Niagara.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 13.</span>—A Convention composed of
+delegates from 35 counties, met at Wheeling, Virginia, to consider the
+policy of forming a new State.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 14.</span>—A schooner loaded with arms for
+the rebels, also a large number of guns in Baltimore, seized by the
+forces under General Butler. The ship Argo, with a cargo of tobacco
+valued at $150,000, captured by the U. S. gunboat Quaker City.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 16.</span>—A bridge on the Baltimore and
+Ohio Railroad destroyed. General Scott ordered the fortification of
+Arlington Heights.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 17.</span>—Secession spies arrested in
+Washington by order of General Scott. Adams Express Company prohibited
+from carrying packages or letters south of Washington. Rebels commence
+fortifying Harper’s Ferry.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 18.</span>—Military Department of Virginia
+created, comprising Eastern Virginia, North and South Carolina;
+headquarters at Fortress Monroe, commander General Butler.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 19.</span>—Rebel batteries at Sewell’s Point
+attacked by U. S. steamers. Two schooners with rebel troops on board
+captured by the U. S. steamer Freeborn.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 20.</span>—Telegraphic dispatches throughout
+the North seized by order of the Government. North Carolina secession
+ordinance adopted. Governor Magoffin proclaimed the neutrality of
+Kentucky.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 22.</span>—Fortifications of Ship Island
+destroyed to keep them from the enemy.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 24.</span>—Thirteen thousand troops crossed
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</span>
+the Potomac into Virginia. Alexandria occupied by Federal troops.
+Colonel Ellsworth shot by Jackson; the murderer was instantly killed.
+Arlington Heights occupied by Union troops.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 25.</span>—Union troops destroyed seven
+bridges and five miles of railroad from Alexandria to Leesburg.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 26.</span>—Western Virginia gave a large
+majority in favor of the Union. The port of New Orleans was blockaded
+by the sloop of war Brooklyn. All postal service in the seceded States
+suspended.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 31.</span>—The steamers Freeborn and
+Anacosta engage the rebel batteries at Acquia Creek.</p>
+
+<h3>JUNE, 1861.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 1.</span>—Lieutenant Tompkins, with 47
+men, attacked the rebels at Fairfax Court House, killing Captain Marr
+and several others. Union loss two killed. The steamers Freeborn and
+Anacosta engage the batteries at Acquia Creek the second time. Skirmish
+at Williamsport, Maryland, between the rebels and a company of Home
+Guards.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 3.</span>—Colonel Kelly defeated the rebels
+at Phillippi, Va., killing 15; Colonel Kelly was severely wounded.
+Hon. S. A. Douglas died at Chicago. General Beauregard arrived and
+assumed command of the Confederate forces at Manassas Junction, Va.
+The voluntary contributions in the Northern States to carry on the war
+amounted to over $32,000,000.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 6.</span>—Harriet Lane attacked the
+batteries at Pig Point, near Fortress Monroe. A company of rebel
+cavalry, captured at Alexandria, Va., take the oath of allegiance.</p>
+
+<h4>BATTLE OF BIG BETHEL.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 10.</span>—Three regiments of Union troops,
+under the command of General Pierce, were defeated with a loss of 16
+killed, among them Major Winthrop, and 41 wounded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 11.</span>—Skirmish at Romney, Va. Wheeling
+Convention met.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 14.</span>—Rebels evacuated Harper’s Ferry,
+after destroying all available property; the armory machinery was taken
+to Richmond.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 15.</span>—Brig Perry arrived at New York
+with the privateer Savannah, captured June 4th.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 17.</span>—Wheeling Convention unanimously
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</span>
+declared Western Virginia independent of the rebel portion of the
+State. A train of cars with 275 Ohio volunteers, under the command of
+Colonel Schenck, was fired into from a masked battery near Vienna,
+Va,; 8 were killed and 12 wounded. General Lyon defeated the rebels at
+Boonville, Mo., with a loss of about 30 killed and 50 wounded; Union
+loss 2 killed and 9 wounded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 10.</span>—A skirmish took place at Cole
+Camp, Mo., between a body of secessionists and a company of Home
+Guards; the latter were defeated with a loss of 10 killed, 20 wounded
+and 30 prisoners. A detachment of U. S. Regulars captured a number of
+rebels with their arms and ammunition, at Liberty, Mo.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 20.</span>—Union Convention elected Frank
+D. Pierpont Governor of Virginia. General McClellan assumed command in
+person of the army in Western Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 23.</span>—Forty-eight locomotives
+belonging to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, valued at $400,000, were
+destroyed by the rebels.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 24.</span>—The U. S. gunboat Pawnee
+attacked the rebel battery at Mathias Point. A spy arrested at
+Washington with a full detail of the number of the troops and
+batteries, and the best plan of attack on the city.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 26.</span>—The President acknowledged the
+Wheeling government of Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 27.</span>—George P. Kane, Marshal of
+Baltimore police, arrested by General Banks and sent to Fort McHenry.
+The steamers Pawnee, Resolute and Freeborn, made a second attack on the
+rebel battery at Mathias Point; Captain Ward, commanding the Federal
+force, was killed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 29.</span>—The rebel privateer Sumter
+escaped from New Orleans. The rebels made a dash at Harper’s Ferry,
+destroying several boats and a railroad bridge.</p>
+
+<h3>JULY, 1861.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 2.</span>—General Patterson defeated
+the Confederates at Falling Water, Va.; Union loss 3 killed and 10
+wounded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 3.</span>—A rebel company of 94 men
+captured at Neosho, Missouri.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 4.</span>—Rebels seized the Louisville and
+Nashville Railroad. Congress met in extra session</p>
+
+<h4>BATTLE OF CARTHAGE, MO.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 5.</span>—Confederates were commanded by
+Governor Jackson, the Federal troops, numbering 1,600, by Colonel
+Sigel. Colonel Sigel retreated to Springfield; Union loss 13 killed and
+31 wounded.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <img src="images/z_taylor.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="600" >
+ <p class="f120"><b>ZACHARY TAYLOR.</b></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 6.</span>—General Fremont appointed to the
+command of the Western Department, consisting of the State of Illinois,
+and the States and territories west of the Mississippi, and east of the
+Rocky Mountains. Headquarters at St. Louis. 45 men belonging to the
+3d Ohio regiment, cut their way through an ambuscade near Buchanan,
+Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 10.</span>—Skirmish at Laurel Hill,
+Virginia, rebels defeated. Union loss, 2 killed and 2 wounded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 11.</span>—The following Senators were
+expelled from the U. S. Senate: J. M. Mason, R. M. Hunter, of Virginia;
+T. L. Clingham and Thomas Bragg, of North Carolina; L. T. Wigfall
+and J. U. Hemphill, of Texas; C. B. Mitchell and W. K. Sebastian, of
+Arkansas; and A. O. F. Nicholson, of Tennessee.</p>
+
+<h4>BATTLE OF RICH MOUNTAIN.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 12.</span>—The Federal troops, under
+command of Colonel Rosecrans, defeated the enemy under Colonel Pegram.
+The rebels lost their wagons, guns, camp equipage, and about 800
+prisoners, besides 150 killed and wounded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 13.</span>—-The Confederates under General
+Garnett were defeated at Carrick’s Ford, Virginia. The rebel General
+Garnett was killed. Union loss was 2 killed and 10 wounded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Battle of Screytown, Va.</span>—The Federals
+under Colonel Lowe, were defeated with a loss of 9 killed and 40
+wounded and missing.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 15.</span>—Skirmish at Bunker Hill,
+Virginia. The rebel cavalry under Colonel Stuart, made the attack, but
+were defeated.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 16.</span>—Skirmish at Millville, Missouri,
+and at Barboursville, Virginia. Tilgham, a negro, killed three of a
+rebel prize crew on the S. J. Warring, and brought the vessel into New
+York. President Lincoln authorized to call the militia and accept the
+services of 500,000 men.</p>
+
+<h4>FIGHT AT BLACKBURN FORD.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 18.</span>—The Federal troops under command
+of General Tyler made the attack, but after three hours’ fighting were
+ordered back to Centerville; their loss was 19 killed and 64 wounded
+and missing. The Department of Maryland created, and General John A.
+Dix placed in command. Headquarters at Baltimore.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 19.</span>—General Banks superceded General
+Patterson. Headquarters in the field.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 20.</span>—The Confederate Congress met at
+Richmond.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</span></p>
+
+<h4>BATTLE OF BULL RUN.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 21.</span>—The Army of the Potomac, 45,000
+strong, under the command of Brigadier-General McDowell, left its
+camp near Washington, July 17. The army was formed in five divisions.
+General Tyler commanded the 1st division, Colonel Hunter the 2d,
+Colonel Heintzelman the 3d, Colonel Runyon the 4th, and Colonel Miles
+the 5th. Colonel Runyon’s division remained in the rear, between
+Centerville and Fairfax, and took no part in the battle. The enemy,
+in numbers about equal to the attacking force, occupied a position
+at Manassas naturally strong, and made doubly so by art. The battle
+was commenced on Sunday morning by the Union troops and was fought
+skilfully and bravely; the enemy were driven from a portion of their
+works, and the chances were decidedly in favor of the Federals; but
+the arrival of the rebel General Johnson with large reinforcements,
+turned the scale; at the same time a panic seized upon the troops, and
+they commenced a shameful and disorderly retreat towards Washington.
+The Federal loss was 481 killed, 104 wounded, and 1,216 missing. The
+rebel loss, according to General Beauregard, was 269 killed, and 1,483
+wounded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 22.</span>—General McClellan took command
+of the Army of the Potomac. Three Months Volunteers began to return
+home.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 24.</span>—Fort Fillmore, New Mexico,
+treacherously surrendered to the enemy by Major Lynde, U. S. A. All
+the arms and supplies were delivered up, and the soldiers released on
+parole.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 25.</span>—General Rosecrans assumed
+command of the army in Western Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 31.</span>—City Council of Cincinnati
+appropriated $23,000 to aid in relieving the families of volunteers
+from Hamilton county, Ohio.</p>
+
+<h3>AUGUST, 1861.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 1.</span>—The rebels retreated from
+Harper’s Ferry to Leesburg.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 2.</span>—General Lyon defeated the
+Confederates at Dug Spring, Missouri. Union loss was 8 killed at 30
+wounded. The vessels engaged in a contraband trade with the rebels of
+Virginia and North Carolina were destroyed in Pocomoke Sound</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 3.</span>—Congress passed a bill for
+raising $20,000,000 by direct taxation and the Confiscation bill.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 5.</span>—Commodore Alden bombarded
+Galveston, Texas.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 6.</span>—The extra session of Congress closed.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 7.</span>—The village of Hampton, Virginia,
+destroyed by the rebels. The privateer York burned by the U. S. Gunboat
+Union, crew taken prisoners.</p>
+
+<h4>BATTLE OF WILSON CREEK, MO.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 10.</span>—General Lyon, with 5,000
+Missouri, Iowa and Kansas troops, attacked a Confederate force double
+that of his own at Wilson Creek, near Springfield, Missouri. After a
+hard fight of six hours, General Lyon being killed, the Union troops,
+under the command of Colonel Sigel and Major Sturgis, retired to
+Springfield. The enemy did not pursue. Union loss was 223 killed, and
+1,012 wounded and missing. General McCulloch, commanding the rebels,
+reported 265 killed, and 800 wounded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 12.</span>—President Lincoln appointed the
+30th of September as a fast day.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 14.</span>—General Fremont declared martial
+law in St. Louis.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 15.</span>—Jefferson Davis ordered all
+Northern men to leave the South in forty days.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 16.</span>—General Wool took command at
+Fortress Monroe.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 21.</span>—Colonel Doherty with 300
+Illinois troops, dispersed a rebel force at Charleston, Missouri. Union
+loss 1 killed and 6 wounded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 26.</span>—The 7th Ohio regiment, 900
+strong, were surprised at Summerville, Virginia, while at breakfast, by
+the rebels, under General Floyd, but fought their way out, with a loss
+of 6 officers. The Hatteras expedition sailed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 28.</span>—Fort Clark, on the coast of
+North Carolina, captured.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 29.</span>—Fort Hatteras surrendered to the
+Union forces. Rebel loss was 48 killed, 51 wounded, and 691 prisoners.
+The Federals lost none.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 30.</span>—Fort Morgan, at Ocracoke Inlet,
+abandoned by the Confederates.</p>
+
+<h3>SEPTEMBER, 1861.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 1.</span>—Kentucky Legislature met. Union
+majority in the Senate, 16; in the House, 52. Fight at Boonville,
+Virginia; the rebels were defeated and the town destroyed. Union loss 6
+wounded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 4.</span>—Confederates under General Polk,
+took possession of Columbus, Kentucky. The rebels attempted to cross
+the Potomac at Great Falls, but were repulsed.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 6.</span>—General Grant took possession of
+Paducah, Ky.</p>
+
+<h4>BATTLE OF CARNIFEX FERRY.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 10.</span>—General Rosecrans with 4,500
+troops, attacked the rebels under Floyd, in their intrenched camp at
+Gauley river, near Carnifex Ferry. After several hours’ fighting,
+darkness put an end to the contest. During the night Floyd retreated,
+burning the bridge over Gauley river. The Federal loss was 15 killed
+and 70 wounded. A naval engagement took place on the Mississippi
+between the U. S. gunboats Conestoga and Lexington, and two Confederate
+boats, assisted by a battery at Lucas Bend. The battery was silenced,
+and the boats driven to Columbus.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 11.</span>—President Lincoln modified
+General Fremont’s emancipation proclamation.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 12.</span>—Fight at Cheat Mountain.
+Colonel J. A. Washington, proprietor of Mount Vernon, was killed. Union
+loss, 9 killed and 12 wounded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 17.</span>—Accident on the Ohio and
+Mississippi railroad, near Huron, Indiana. About 100 of the 19th
+Illinois regiment were killed or wounded. Skirmish between the 3d
+Iowa regiment and a band of Confederates at Blue Mills, Missouri.
+The Federal troops were compelled to fall back, but receiving
+reinforcements, rallied, when the rebels retreated. Union loss, 12
+killed and 85 wounded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 18.</span>—Colonel Frank Blair arrested
+by order of General Fremont. Maryland Legislature closed by Provost
+Marshal. Secession members sent to Fort McHenry.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 19.</span>—Governor Morehead, Rueben
+Merrit, and M. A. Barr, arrested in Louisville, Kentucky, for
+treason.</p>
+
+<h4>BATTLE OF LEXINGTON, MO.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 20.</span>—Colonel Mulligan, with 2,460
+men, occupying the town of Lexington, Missouri, was attacked by a
+greatly superior force of the enemy, and after four days was compelled
+to surrender. During the siege the whole Union loss was 39 killed and
+120 wounded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 21.</span>—John C. Breckinridge fled from
+Frankfort, Kentucky, and joined the rebels. General Lane defeated a
+rebel force at Papinsville, Missouri. Federal loss 17 killed.</p>
+
+<h3>OCTOBER, 1861.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 1.</span>—The propeller Fanny captured by
+the rebels at Chicamacomico.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 2.</span>—Fight at Chapmanville, Virginia,
+between Colonel Enyartz, Kentucky volunteers, and a party of
+Confederates. The latter were defeated and 47 of them taken prisoners.
+Union loss 4 killed and 8 wounded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 3.</span>—General Reynolds made an armed
+reconnaissance of the enemy’s position at Greenbriar. After driving
+in the rebel pickets and capturing three cannon, General Reynolds
+returned to Cheat Mountain, having lost 8 killed and 32 wounded. The
+Confederates evacuated Lexington, Missouri.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 4.</span>—A large force of rebels under
+Colonel Barlow attacked the 20th Indiana regiment in their camp at
+Chicamacomico. The Federals retreated, leaving the wounded in the hands
+of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 5.</span>—The steamer Monticello shelled
+the rebels under Bartow, and drove them to their boats.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 6.</span>—Fight at Flemington, Kentucky,
+between the Home Guard and a band of rebels. The latter were
+defeated.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 7.</span>—The rebel iron-clad steamer,
+Merrimac, made its first appearance within sight of Fortress Monroe.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 9.</span>—Confederates made an attack on
+Santa Rosa Island, but were defeated. Union loss was 13 killed and
+21 wounded. Colonel Geary, with 400 Pennsylvania troops, crossed the
+Potomac at Harper’s Ferry, and captured 21,000 bushels of wheat.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 11.</span>—Rebel steamer Theodore escaped
+from Charleston, South Carolina, with Mason and Slidell on board.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 15.</span>—Jeff. Thompson, with a force of
+600 men, captured a guard of 50, stationed at Big River Bridge, near
+Potosi, Missouri, and destroyed the bridge.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 16.</span>—A small Union force under Major
+White recaptured Lexington, Missouri.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 21.</span>—Fight at Fredericktown,
+Missouri. The Confederates defeated. Union loss 6 killed and about 60
+wounded.</p>
+
+<h4>BATTLE OF BALL’S BLUFF.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 21.</span>—Union forces engaged numbered
+1,900, commanded by Colonel Baker. General Stone failed to cross the
+Potomac to support Colonel Baker. After a severe fight, in which
+Colonel Baker was killed, the Federals retreated. Union loss was 223
+killed, 266 wounded, and 455 prisoners, including 100 wounded.</p>
+
+<h4>BATTLE OF WILD CAT, KY.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 21.</span>—General Zollicoffer, with
+6,000 Confederates, <span class="pagenum" id="Page_234">[Pg
+234]</span>attacked the Unionists at Camp Wild Cat, Laurel county,
+Kentucky, and was repulsed by the forces under General Schoep. Union
+loss 4 killed and 21 wounded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 22.</span>—Skirmish at Buffalo Mills,
+Missouri. Rebels lost 17 killed and 90 prisoners.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 25.</span>—General Kelley defeated the
+enemy, at Romney, Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 26.</span>—Gallant charge of Major Zagoni,
+with 150 of Fremont’s body guard on a large force of rebels near
+Springfield, Missouri. The enemy was routed with a loss of 106 killed
+and 27 prisoners. Union loss 52 killed and wounded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 26.</span>—General Lane captured a rebel
+transportation train near Butler, Missouri.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 29.</span>—The second naval expedition,
+consisting of 80 vessels, and 15,000 men, sailed from Fortress Monroe.
+The naval force was commanded by Commodore Dupont; the land forces were
+commanded by General Sherman.</p>
+
+<h3>NOVEMBER, 1861.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 1.</span>—General Scott resigned as
+commander-in-chief of the armies of the United States. General
+McClellan was appointed in his place. General Benham defeated the
+rebels at Gauley Bridge, Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 2.</span>—General Hunter superceded John
+C. Fremont in the command of the Western Department. The Confederate
+schooner Bermuda ran the blockade at Savannah.</p>
+
+<h4>PORT ROYAL.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 7.</span>—The naval and military forces
+under the command of Commodore Dupont and General Sherman, captured
+Forts Walker and Beauregard, at Port Royal entrance. They also took
+possession of the town of Beaufort and Hilton Island. The Union loss
+was 8 killed and 25 wounded.</p>
+
+<h4>BATTLE OF BELMONT.</h4>
+
+<p>General Grant, with a force of 2,800, attacked a rebel camp at
+Belmont, Missouri, driving the enemy out and destroying the camp, and
+taking a quantity of arms; but reinforcements arriving at Columbus,
+the Federals were compelled to retreat; their loss was 84 killed, 288
+wounded, and 235 missing.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 8.</span>—Five rebel boats made an attack
+on Fort Hatteras, but were repulsed.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 10.</span>—The rebels attack the town
+Guyandotte, Virginia, killing some of the Union men, but were driven
+off.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 11.</span>—Guyandotte burned by the
+Unionists. General Halleck takes command of the Western Department.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 15.</span>—The United States Frigate San
+Jacinto arrived at Fortress Monroe with Mason and Slidell, the rebel
+commissioners to Europe.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 18.</span>—Confederate Congress met.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 21.</span>—The United States vessel Santee
+captured the privateer Royal Yacht, off Galveston, Texas.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 23.</span>—Fort Pickens and the U. S. war
+vessels Niagara and Colorado, bombarded the rebel fortifications at
+Pensacola. Port of Warrenton burnt.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 26.</span>—Sharp skirmish at Hunter’s Hill,
+Virginia. Union loss 28 killed and wounded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 27.</span>—General McClellan directed the
+observance of the Sabbath in all the camps of the U. S. Army.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 29.</span>—Skirmish at Warsaw, Missouri; a
+portion of the town destroyed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 30.</span>—Fight at Salem, Missouri. Rebels
+defeated with a loss of 39 killed and wounded.</p>
+
+<h3>DECEMBER, 1861.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 3.</span>—Congress met.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 4.</span>—John C. Breckinridge expelled from the United States
+Senate.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 5.</span>—Engagement between the rebel
+gunboats and the Federal vessels, at Cape Hatteras. According to the
+reports of the Secretaries of War and Navy, the Union forces numbered
+640,537 volunteers, 20,334 regular soldiers, and 22,000 seamen.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 9.</span>—The Confederate Congress passed a
+bill admitting Kentucky into the Southern Confederacy. Freestone Point,
+Virginia, shelled by the National gunboats; the rebel batteries were
+silenced, and the buildings containing stores were destroyed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 13.</span>—Engagement at Camp Alleghany,
+Virginia, in which General Milroy defeated the rebels under Colonel
+Johnson. Union loss, 21 killed and 107 wounded.</p>
+
+<h4>FIGHT AT MUNFORDSVILLE, KY.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 17.</span>—The Union force engaged was a
+portion of the 32d Indiana (German) regiment; the Confederates were
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</span>
+commanded by General Hindman; battle drawn. Union loss 10 killed and
+17 wounded.General Pope captured 360 secessionists at Osceola,
+Missouri.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 18.</span>—General Pope captured 1,300
+rebels, a number of horses and wagons, and 1,000 stand of arms, at
+Millford, Missouri. Union loss 2 killed and 17 wounded. Stone fleet
+sunk in Charleston harbor.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 20.</span>—Battle of Drainsville, Virginia,
+in which the rebels were defeated by the Union troops under General
+McCall. Union loss 7 killed and 61 wounded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 27.</span>—Mason and Slidell surrendered to
+the British Minister.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 28.</span>—A fight took place at Mount
+Zion, Boone county, Missouri. The Confederates were dispersed with
+considerable loss in killed, wounded and prisoners. Union loss 3 killed
+and 11 wounded.</p>
+
+<h3>JANUARY, 1862.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 1.</span>—Mason and Slidell left Fort
+Warren, for England, in the British steamer Rinaldo. Cannon fight at
+Fort Pickens. General Stevens advances from Beaufort to the mainland,
+and with the assistance of the gunboats, captured the Coosaw batteries.
+Union loss 2 killed and 8 wounded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 4.</span>—General Milroy defeated the
+rebels at Huntersville, Virginia, and captured $80,000 worth of
+stores.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 7.</span>—Rebels defeated at Romney. A
+force of 300 Union troops sent by General Milroy, captured a large
+quantity of stores in Tucker county, Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 8.</span>—General Palmer defeated
+the rebels at Silver Creek, Missouri. Union loss 4 killed and 18
+wounded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 10.</span>—Colonel Garfield defeated the
+rebels under Humphrey Marshall, at Prestonburg, Ky.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 11.</span>—The Burnside expedition sailed
+from Fortress Monroe. Naval engagement on the Mississippi between the
+Union steamers Essex and St. Louis, and four rebel boats; the latter
+were compelled to seek protection under the batteries at Columbus.
+Simon Cameron resigned his position as Secretary of War, and E. M.
+Stanton appointed in his place.</p>
+
+<h4>MILL SPRING, KY.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 19.</span>—This battle was fought between
+3,000 Union troops under General Schoep, and rebels under General
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</span>
+Zollicoffer. The enemy were defeated and General Zollicoffer killed.
+Union loss, 39 killed and 127 wounded.</p>
+
+<h3>FEBRUARY, 1862.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 3.</span>—The Federal Government decided
+that the crews of the captured privateers were to be considered as
+prisoners of war.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 5.</span>—Jesse D. Bright expelled from the
+United States Senate.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 6.</span>—Commodore Foote, with 7 gunboats,
+attacked Fort Henry, on the Tennessee river. After fighting an hour and
+a half, the rebel commander, General Tilghman, made an unconditional
+surrender.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 7.</span>—The expedition under General
+Burnside and Commodore Goldsborough reached Roanoke Island, and
+commenced the attack on the rebel fortifications.</p>
+
+<h4>ROANOKE ISLAND.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 8.</span>—General Burnside captured the six
+forts on Roanoke Island, taking about 3,000 small arms and destroying
+all the Confederate fleet, except two vessels. Union loss was 50 killed
+and 212 wounded. 2,500 prisoners and a large quantity of ammunition
+were captured.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 9.</span>—General C. P. Stone arrested and
+sent to Fort Lafayette.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 10.</span>—Elizabeth City, N. C.,
+surrendered to General Burnside. The Federal gunboats ascended the
+Tennessee river as far as Florence, Alabama, capturing three and
+destroying six rebel boats.</p>
+
+<h4>FORT DONELSON.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 13.</span>—General Curtis took possession
+of Springfield, Mo. Fort Donelson invested, and the bombardment
+commenced.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 14.</span>—Commodore Foote attacked Fort
+Donelson with the gunboats, but was compelled to withdraw.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 15.</span>—The attack on Fort Donelson
+renewed by the land forces under General Grant, numbering 40,000.
+Bowling Green evacuated by the rebels.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 16.</span>—General Buckner made an
+unconditional surrender of Fort Donelson and the troops under his
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</span>
+command. Between 12,000 and 15,000 prisoners, 40 cannon, and a large
+amount of stores were captured. Union loss was 321 killed, 1,046
+wounded and 150 missing. Skirmish at Independence, Mo.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 18.</span>—General Curtis drove the rebels
+across the Arkansas line, capturing a number of prisoners and army
+stores.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 21.</span>—The Union troops occupied
+Clarksville, Tennessee. Desperate fight at Fort Craig, New Mexico,
+between the Union troops under Colonel Canby, and the Texans. The
+Federals were defeated with a loss of 62 killed and 162 wounded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 22.</span>—Jefferson Davis inaugurated
+President, and A. H. Stephens Vice-President of the Southern
+Confederacy.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 24.</span>—Nashville, Tennessee, occupied
+by the Union troops.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 27.</span>—Columbus evacuated by the
+Confederates.</p>
+
+<h3>MARCH, 1862.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">March 1.</span>—Fight at Pittsburgh Landing
+between two Union gunboats and a rebel battery.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">March 4.</span>—Brunswick, Ga., Fort Clinch,
+Fernandina and St. Mary’s, Fla., were captured by Commodore Dupont.
+Andrew Johnson appointed Military Governor of Tennessee.</p>
+
+<h4>BATTLE OF PEA RIDGE.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">March 6.</span>—The Confederates under Van Dorn,
+Price, and McCulloch, attacked General Curtis at Pea Ridge, Arkansas.
+The Union army numbered about 12,000.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">March 7.</span>—The battle of Pea Ridge renewed,
+lasting all day.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">March 8.</span>—The battle of Pea Ridge ended
+in the total defeat of the enemy. Union loss was 212 killed and 926
+wounded. The rebel steamers Merrimac, Jamestown and Yorktown, attacked
+the Federal fleet at Hampton Roads, destroying the Cumberland and the
+Congress, and damaging several other vessels. The Federal loss, in
+addition to the vessels, was 201 killed and 108 wounded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">March 9.</span>—Duel of the Ironsides in Hampton
+Roads. After three hours’ fighting the Merrimac was towed under the
+protection of the battery at Sewall’s Point, and never renewed the
+contest. The Monitor was uninjured.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">March 11.</span>—General McClellan took command
+of the Army of the Potomac; General Fremont of the Mountain Department,
+and General Halleck of the Department of the Mississippi. Manassas
+occupied by Union troops.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">March 12.</span>—Commodore Dupont took
+possession of Jacksonville, Florida. The rebels driven from their works
+at Paris, Tennessee.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">March 13.</span>—The Confederates evacuated
+their works at New Madrid, Mo., in such haste as to leave 25 pieces
+of artillery, and a large quantity of military stores, valued at
+$1,000,000.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">March 14.</span>—General Burnside attacked the
+rebels in their fortifications at Newbern, N. C. After a fight of four
+hours, the enemy retreated, leaving a large quantity of ammunition,
+provisions and stores in the hands of the victors. The Union loss was
+91 killed and 466 wounded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">March 16.</span>—Commodore Foote commenced the
+attack on Island No. 10. Rebels defeated at Cumberland Mountain, Ky.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">March 18.</span>—Rebel fortifications at Acquia
+Creek evacuated. Confederates defeated at Salem, Ark.</p>
+
+<h4>BATTLE OF WINCHESTER, VA.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">March 23.</span>—The Union force engaged was a
+part of General Shield’s army, and numbered about 8,000, commanded by
+Colonel Kimball. The fight commenced at ten o’clock in the morning, and
+lasted until three o’clock in the afternoon. The rebels were finally
+defeated, and retreated to Strasburgh, leaving their dead and wounded
+upon the field. The Union loss was 103 killed and 440 wounded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">March 28.</span>—Fight at Pigeon Ranch, New
+Mexico, between 3,000 Union troops under Colonel Hough, and 1,100
+Texans. The battle was a drawn one.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">March 31.</span>—Colonel Buford dispersed the
+rebels at Union City, Tennessee.</p>
+
+<h3>APRIL, 1862.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 6.</span>—The rebels under Generals
+Johnson and Beauregard, attacked General Grant’s army at Pittsburgh
+Landing. The Union forces were driven back to the river and a number of
+prisoners captured.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 7.</span>—The battle of Shiloh renewed.
+General Buell arrived during the night with reinforcements. The battle
+lasted throughout the day with varied success, but the rebels were
+finally defeated and driven to their fortifications at Corinth. The
+Federal loss was 1,614 killed, 7,721 wounded and 3,956 missing. The
+rebel General Johnson was killed.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 8.</span>—Island No. 10 captured, 5,000
+prisoners, 100 siege guns, 24 pieces of field artillery, 5,000 stands
+of small arms, 2,000 hogsheads of sugar and a large quantity of
+clothing, tents and ammunition.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 11.</span>—Fort Pulaski, commanding the
+entrance to Savannah, surrendered after a bombardment of thirty hours.
+General Mitchell occupied Huntsville, Ala., taking 200 prisoners, 15
+locomotives and a large number of cars. The rebel iron-clad Merrimac
+makes her second appearance in Hampton Roads, destroying three small
+vessels. Congress passed the bill abolishing slavery in the District of
+Columbia.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 12.</span>—The enemy attacked General
+Milroy at Monterey, Virginia, but were repulsed. General Mitchell
+captured 2,000 prisoners at Chattanooga.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 18.</span>—The rebels attacked General
+Smith’s division at Yorktown, but were repulsed. Bombardment of
+Forts Jackson and Phillip, on the Mississippi below New Orleans,
+commenced.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 19.</span>—Fight between General
+Burnside’s troops and the enemy, near Elizabeth City, N. C. The latter
+were defeated. Union loss 11 killed. General Reno, with 2,000 Union
+troops, defeated the enemy at Camden, N. C. Union loss 14 killed and 99
+wounded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 24.</span>—The Union fleet having removed
+the obstructions in the Mississippi, passed Forts Jackson and St.
+Phillip on its way to New Orleans.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 25.</span>—Commodore Farragut arrived
+at New Orleans and took possession of the city. Fort Macon, Georgia,
+surrendered after a bombardment of eleven hours. General C. F. Smith
+died at Savannah, Tenn.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 28.</span>—Forts Jackson and St. Phillip
+surrendered. In the capture of New Orleans the rebels lost, in addition
+to the forts, 13 gunboats, among them the ram Manassas and the
+iron-clad Louisiana.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 29.</span>—General Mitchell defeated the
+rebels at Bridgeport, Alabama.</p>
+
+<h3>MAY, 1862.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 3.</span>—The rebels evacuated Yorktown,
+Jamestown, and Mulberry and Gloucester Islands, leaving ammunition,
+camp equipage and 100 guns behind.</p>
+
+<h4>BATTLE OF WILLIAMSBURGH, VA.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 5.</span>—The troops were commanded by
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</span>
+Generals Hancock and Hooker. The rebels were defeated, and retreated
+in the night toward Richmond. Union loss 200 killed and 700 wounded.
+General Dumont attacked Morgan’s cavalry at Lebanon, Tenn., killed
+66 and took 183 prisoners. Union loss 10 killed, and 26 wounded and
+missing.</p>
+
+<h4>WEST POINT, VA.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 7.</span>—Generals Franklin and Sedgewick,
+with a force of 20,000 men, were attacked by General Lee. The rebels
+were defeated. Union loss about 300 killed and wounded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 8.</span>—General Milroy attacked the enemy
+at McDowell’s, Va. After a fight of five hours General Milroy was
+forced to withdraw. Federal loss 29 killed and about 200 wounded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 9.</span>—The rebels evacuated Pensacola,
+and destroyed the Navy Yard.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 10.</span>—The Federal forces took
+possession of Norfolk, Va. The result of this movement was the
+destruction of the iron-clad Merrimac and the capture of a number of
+guns and a large amount of ammunition. Gosport Navy Yard destroyed by
+the rebels. Gunboat fight on the Mississippi, near Fort Wright; the
+rebels were repulsed, losing two vessels.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 12.</span>—Natchez, Mississippi, surrendered
+to Commodore Farragut.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 16.</span>—The Union gunboats repulsed at
+Fort Darling.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 17.</span>—Rebels driven across the
+Chickahominy, at Bottom Bridge.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 23.</span>—The rebel Colonel Heath attacked
+the Federal troops at Lewisburgh, Va. After an hour’s fighting the
+rebels were defeated. Union loss 14 killed and wounded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 24.</span>—Colonel Kenley, commanding the
+Federal troops at Front Royal, Va., was attacked by a large force of
+the enemy and defeated with a heavy loss.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 25.</span>—General Banks defeated at
+Winchester, Va., and driven across the Potomac.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 27.</span>—Confederates defeated at Hanover,
+Va. Union loss 35 killed and 220 wounded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 29.</span>—Rebels evacuated Corinth,
+Miss.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 30.</span>—Union troops took possession of
+Corinth.</p>
+
+<h4>BATTLE OF FAIR OAKS.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 31.</span>—The rebels, under General Johnson,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</span>
+attacked the left wing of the Army of the Potomac, commanded by General
+Casey, at Fair Oaks. Union forces were driven back.</p>
+
+<h3>JUNE, 1862.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 1.</span>—Battle of Fair Oaks was renewed, resulting in the
+repulse of the rebels. Union loss 890 killed and 4,844 wounded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 4.</span>—Confederates abandoned their
+works at Fort Wright, on the Mississippi.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 6.</span>—Gunboat engagement on the
+Mississippi, near Memphis. Seven rebel boats were destroyed or
+captured. After the naval battle Memphis surrendered to the Union
+troops. Skirmish near Harrisonburg, Virginia; the rebel General Ashby
+killed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 8.</span>—Battle of Cross Keys, Va.,
+between General Fremont’s army and the Confederate army, commanded by
+General Jackson. The latter were defeated.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 16.</span>—Fight on James Island, near
+Charleston, S. C. Federals defeated with a loss of 85 killed, 172
+wounded and 128 missing.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 17.</span>—Colonel Fitch destroyed a rebel
+battery at St. Charles, Ark. 125 were killed by an explosion on one of
+the Federal gunboats.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 18.</span>—Union troops occupied Cumberland
+Gap.</p>
+
+<h4>RICHMOND, VA.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 26.</span>—General Pope assigned to
+the command of the Army of Virginia. Commencement of the six days’
+fight before Richmond. The rebels attacked McClellan’s right wing at
+Mechanicsville. The day closed, battle undecided.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 27.</span>—Bombardment of Vicksburg
+commenced. General Fremont relieved of his command. Battle before
+Richmond renewed; the Federals were driven back; loss heavy on both
+sides. White House evacuated by the Union troops.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 28.</span>—Incessant fighting all day
+between the right wing of the Union army on the Chickahominy, and the
+left wing of the rebels; the enemy were repulsed. In the evening the
+Unionists were ordered to fall back.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 29.</span>—Battle before Richmond renewed
+by an attack on the Union forces at Peach Orchard; the rebels were
+driven back, but late in the evening made another attack at Savage’s
+Station. The fight continued until nine at night. The Union wounded
+fell into the hands of the enemy.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 30.</span>—Battle of White Oak Swamp; heavy
+loss on both sides. General McClellan continues his retreat towards
+James river. In the afternoon the gunboats opened fire on the enemy,
+who were also subsequently charged by General Heintzelman’s corps and
+routed, leaving 2,000 prisoners in the hands of the Unionists.</p>
+
+<h3>JULY, 1862.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 1.</span>—Battle of Malvern Hill, and last
+of the Richmond battles. The rebels were repulsed at every point. The
+Union loss during the six days’ fighting before Richmond was 1,561
+killed, 7,701 wounded and 5,958 missing. President Lincoln calls for
+300,000 additional volunteers.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 7.</span>—Skirmish at Bayou Cache, Ark.,
+between a portion of General Curtis’s army and the rebels under General
+Pike; the latter were defeated. Skirmish at Jasper, Ala.; Federals
+defeated.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 9.</span>—Hamilton, North Carolina,
+captured by the Federal troops.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 11.</span>—The rebel General Morgan
+entered Glasgow, Kentucky, and issued a proclamation calling upon the
+Kentuckians to rise. General Halleck appointed commander of all the
+land forces of the United States.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 13.</span>—Fight at Murfreesboro, Tenn.;
+Union troops surrendered; $30,000 worth of commissary stores captured,
+and a number of prisoners taken. General Morgan captured Lebanon, Ky.,
+burned part of the town and robbed the Bank.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 17.</span>—The rebels under Morgan captured
+Cynthiana, Ky., and burned several railroad bridges.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 18.</span>—A band of rebels entered the
+town of Newburgh, Ind., and destroyed some hospital stores, took 250
+stand of arms and retreated across the Ohio. The traitor, General
+Twiggs, died.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 19.</span>—Severe skirmish at Memphis,
+Tenn.; Union loss 6 killed and 32 wounded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 21.</span>—John S. Phelps appointed
+Military Governor of Arkansas.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 22.</span>—The siege of Vicksburg
+abandoned. The rebels destroyed a quantity of commissary stores at
+Florence, Ala., and burned all the cotton in the place.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 28.</span>—Rebels defeated at Moore’s Hill,
+Mo.; Union loss 10 killed and 30 wounded.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</span></p>
+
+<h3>AUGUST, 1862.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 3.</span>—The rebel General Jeff. Thompson
+defeated near Memphis, Tenn. General Halleck ordered General McClellan
+to evacuate the Peninsula of Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 4.</span>—The Secretary of War ordered a
+draft of 300,000 men. The rebel ram Arkansas destroyed by her crew.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 5.</span>—General Robert McCook murdered by
+the rebels, while wounded and riding in an ambulance. The Confederate
+General J. C. Breckinridge made an unsuccessful attack on Baton Rouge,
+La. Union loss was 56 killed and 175 wounded and missing.</p>
+
+<h4>BATTLE OF CEDAR MOUNTAIN.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 10.</span>—Confederates under General
+Jackson crossed the Rapidan river, and attacked General Banks at Cedar
+Mountain. The contest was short but severe. General Banks held his
+position, while the enemy fell back two miles, and did not renew the
+fight. The Union army numbered 7,000; their loss was 450 killed, 660
+wounded, and 290 prisoners.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 16.</span>—General McClellan evacuated
+Harrison’s Landing.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 19.</span>—General Wright placed in command
+of the Department of the Ohio. Colonel Rodney Mason surrendered
+Clarksville, Tenn., to an inferior force, without firing a gun.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 25.</span>—Confederates made an
+unsuccessful attack on Fort Donelson.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 26.</span>—The rebel General Ewell drove
+the Union troops from Manassas.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 27.</span>—General Pope finding his
+right turned by General Ewell, fell back towards Warrenton, when he
+was joined by General Hooker; overtaking the rebels under Ewell at
+Haymarket a severe fight ensued, terminating in the defeat of the
+enemy. The Federal gunboats destroy the rebel works at City Point, Va.</p>
+
+<h4>BATTLE OF GAINSVILLE, OR GROVETON, VA.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 29.</span>—The battle was opened by General
+Sigel early in the morning. At 10 <span class="allsmcap">A. M.</span>
+both wings of the Union army were hard pressed and the situation
+became very critical, when Generals Reno and Kearney arrived with
+reinforcements. The fight continued until 6 <span class="allsmcap">P.
+M.</span>, when the enemy retired.</p>
+
+<h4>BATTLE OF RICHMOND, KY.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 30.</span>—The Confederates made the attack
+at 6 <span class="allsmcap">A. M.</span> The Union troops under General
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</span>
+Manson were defeated with a loss of about 200 killed, 700 wounded, and
+2,000 prisoners. Rebels defeated at Bolivar, Tenn.</p>
+
+<h4>SECOND BATTLE OF BULL RUN.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 30.</span>—The Federal forces under General
+Pope defeated.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Aug. 31.</span>—Bayou Sara, La., destroyed by
+the U. S. gunboat Essex.</p>
+
+<h3>SEPTEMBER, 1862.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 1.</span>—Fight at Britton’s Lane, Tenn.;
+rebels retired leaving their dead on the field. Union loss 5 killed, 78
+wounded, and 92 missing.</p>
+
+<h4>FIGHT AT CHANTILLY, VA.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 1.</span>—The Union troops were commanded
+by Generals Hooker, Reno and Kearney. The rebels retired leaving their
+dead and wounded on the field. This was the last fight in which General
+Pope’s army was engaged. In the five battles fought since August 26,
+the Army of Virginia had lost about 1,000 killed, 6,000 wounded, and
+2,000 prisoners. The Union troops evacuated Lexington, Ky.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 2.</span>—General McClellan appointed to
+the command of the troops for the defense of Washington.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 5.</span>—Confederates began crossing the
+Potomac into Maryland.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 6.</span>—The rebels made an attack on the
+Union garrison at Washington, N. C.; were repulsed. Union loss 8 killed
+and 36 wounded. Colonel Lowe recaptured Clarksville, Tenn.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 7.</span>—General Banks assigned to
+the command of the fortifications in and around Washington. General
+McClellan took the field at the head of the Army of the Potomac.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 12.</span>—Fight at Middletown, Md. Union
+loss, 80 killed and wounded.</p>
+
+<h4>BATTLE OF SOUTH MOUNTAIN, MD.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 14.</span>—General McClellan overtook the
+enemy at South Mountain, Md. A general engagement took place. The fight
+was severe and the loss heavy on both sides, the Unionists losing 443
+killed and 1,806 wounded. General Reno was among the killed. The rebels
+retreated towards the Potomac.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 15.</span>—Harper’s Ferry surrendered,
+after two days’ fighting, to the enemy, with all the garrison,
+consisting of 8,000 men. The rebels attempted to destroy the Green
+river bridge, on the Louisville and Nashville R. R., but were
+defeated.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 16.</span>—Munfordsville, Ky., captured by
+the rebels; about 4,000 taken prisoners.</p>
+
+<h4>BATTLE OF ANTIETAM, MD.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 17.</span>—The battle was fought on
+Antietam Creek, near Sharpsburg, Md., and began early in the morning
+and continued until evening. Armies each numbering nearly 100,000 men.
+The battle was fought with great determination. During the night the
+Confederates retreated, leaving 3,500 prisoners, 39 stand of colors,
+and 13 guns in the hands of the victors. The Union loss was 2,010
+killed, 9,416 wounded, and 1,043 missing. Cumberland Gap evacuated by
+the Federals.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 18.</span>—Confederates recrossed the
+Potomac into Virginia, having been in Maryland two weeks. The rebels
+evacuated Harper’s Ferry.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 19.</span>—General Rosecrans commenced an
+attack on the rebel forces at Iuka, Miss.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 20.</span>—Confederates evacuated
+the place during the night. The Union loss was 135 killed and 527
+wounded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 21.</span>—General McCook recaptured
+Munfordsville, Ky.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 22.</span>—President Lincoln’s
+Emancipation Proclamation issued.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 27.</span>—Fight at Augusta, Ky. The Union
+garrison, 120 strong, surrendered after a gallant defense. Their loss
+was 9 killed, 15 wounded and the rest prisoners.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 29.</span>—General Nelson was shot by
+General Jeff. C. Davis at Louisville, Ky.</p>
+
+<h3>OCTOBER, 1862.</h3>
+
+<h4>BATTLE OF CORINTH, MISS.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 3.</span>—The rebels under Price and Van
+Dorn attacked the Union troops and drove them into the town.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 4.</span>—Battle of Corinth renewed. The
+Confederates were defeated with heavy loss. The Union loss was 315
+killed and 1,802 wounded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 6.</span>—The Confederates attacked General
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</span>
+Palmer’s brigade at Lavergne, Tenn., but were defeated. Union loss, 5
+killed and 13 wounded and missing.</p>
+
+<h4>BATTLE OF PERRYVILLE, KY.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 8.</span>—The advance of Buell’s army was
+attacked at Perryville, Ky., by a superior force of the enemy under
+Generals Jackson and Perrell. The Confederates retreated during the
+night. Union loss was over 3,000 killed and wounded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 10.</span>—The rebel cavalry under General
+Stuart entered Chambersburg, Penn., and captured a quantity of small
+arms and clothing.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 18.</span>—The rebel General Morgan
+occupied Lexington, Kentucky.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 19.</span>—The Confederate General Forrest
+defeated near Gallatin, Tenn.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 22.</span>—Rebel salt works in Florida
+destroyed. General Blunt defeated the rebels at Maysville, Ark.,
+capturing all their artillery. Fight at Pocotaligo, S. C. The Federals
+attempted to gain possession of the Charleston and Savannah railroad,
+but were repulsed with a loss of 30 killed and 180 wounded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 27.</span>—Fight at Labadieville, La.;
+rebels defeated; Union loss, 17 killed and 74 wounded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 28.</span>—General Herron defeated the
+rebels near Fayetteville, Arkansas.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 30.</span>—General Rosecrans assumed
+command of the Army of the Cumberland. General Mitchell died at Port
+Royal, South Carolina.</p>
+
+<h3>NOVEMBER, 1862.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 5.</span>—General McClellan relieved of the
+command of the Army of the Potomac, and General Burnside put in his
+place.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 11.</span>—General Ransom defeated the
+rebels under Woodward, near Garrettsburg, Kentucky. Under the cartel
+the following officers were exchanged: U. S. officers—Brigadier
+Generals, 3, Colonels, 18, Lieutenant Colonels, 19, Captains, 431,
+Lieutenants, 545; Confederate officers—Colonels, 27, Lieutenant
+Colonels, 17, Captains, 467, Lieutenants, 1,085. About 24,000 privates
+were also exchanged, leaving a balance due the United States of 6,000
+privates.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 16.</span>—President Lincoln enjoined on
+the United States forces the orderly observance of the Sabbath.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 17.</span>—A cavalry fight took place near
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</span>
+Kingston, North Carolina. The enemy was driven from his position and
+his barracks destroyed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 22.</span>—All political State prisoners
+released.</p>
+
+<h4>BATTLE OF CANE HILL, ARK.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 28.</span>—The Union army, numbering 1,000
+men, was commanded by General Blunt. The rebels were defeated, with a
+heavy loss, and retreated to Van Buren.</p>
+
+<h3>DECEMBER, 1862.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 1.</span>—An expedition sent from Suffolk,
+Va., recaptured the Pittsburg Battery, which had been taken from the
+Union army on the Peninsula.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 2.</span>—Skirmish near Charleston, Va.
+Rebels defeated, losing 70 killed and wounded and 145 prisoners.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 6.</span>—General Banks’ expedition sailed
+for New Orleans.</p>
+
+<h4>BATTLE OF PRAIRIE GROVE, ARK.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 7.</span>—The Union army was commanded by
+Generals Blunt and Herron. The rebels were defeated with heavy loss,
+and retreated during the night. The Union loss was 495 killed and
+500 wounded. The rebel General Morgan captured the 104th Illinois,
+the 106th and 108th Ohio, and a number of the 2d Indiana cavalry, at
+Hartsville, Tenn. Unionists lost, besides prisoners, 55 killed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 11.</span>—The city of Fredericksburg
+bombarded by the Union troops, under cover of which they crossed the
+Rappahannock.</p>
+
+<h4>BATTLE OF FREDERICKSBURG, VA.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 13.</span>—Confederate works were attacked
+by the Union troops in three divisions, under Sumner, Hooker and
+Franklin, but were repulsed. Federals lost 1,512 killed, 6,000 wounded,
+and 100 prisoners. General Foster left Newbern, N. C., for the purpose
+of destroying the railroad at Goldsboro’. He came up with the enemy at
+Southwest creek; after a short engagement, they retired to Kingston,
+where they were again attacked and driven from their position with
+a loss of 11 pieces of artillery and 400 prisoners. Severe skirmish
+at Zuric, Va.; rebels defeated and part of their force captured. An
+expedition under Commodore Parker destroyed the rebel salt works, also
+five schooners and two sloops in Mob Jack Bay.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 16.</span>—General Burnside’s army removed
+to the north side of the Rappahannock. General Foster defeated the
+rebels at White Hall, N. C.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 17.</span>—The Union troops occupied Baton
+Rouge, La. General Foster defeated the rebels at Goldsboro’, N. C.
+destroying the railroad bridge.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 19.</span>—The rebels recaptured Holly
+Springs, Miss., taking the garrison prisoners, and destroying a large
+quantity of ammunition, commissary stores and cotton.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 21.</span>—General Carter left Kentucky
+for the purpose of destroying two important railroad bridges in East
+Tennessee. The expedition was successful.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 23.</span>—The Confederates attacked
+General Sigel at Dumfries, Va., but were repulsed.</p>
+
+<h4>SECOND ATTACK ON VICKSBURG.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 27.</span>—General Sherman attacked the
+advanced works of the enemy about 6 miles from Vicksburg, at the same
+time the gunboats attacked the rebel batteries on Haines’ Bluff.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 28.</span>—The Federals drive the rebels
+from the first and second lines of defense and advanced to within two
+and a half miles of Vicksburg. General Blunt entered Van Buren, Ark.,
+capturing four steamboats laden with provisions.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 29.</span>—The Confederates attacked
+General Sherman with their whole force, and drove him back to the first
+lines of defense.</p>
+
+<h4>BATTLE OF MURFREESBORO’, OR STONE RIVER.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 31.</span>—Skirmishing had been going on
+for two days, but to-day the engagement became general. The Union
+army numbered 45,000 men, under General Rosecrans. The main attack of
+the rebels was made on General Rosecrans’ right, commanded by General
+McCook. The division was driven back four miles, and lost 26 guns;
+but reinforcements being sent from the left and center, the enemy was
+in turn repulsed and the lost ground regained. The iron-clad steamer,
+Monitor, foundered on the coast of South Carolina. West Virginia
+admitted into the Union as a State.</p>
+
+<h3>JANUARY, 1863.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 1.</span>—General Sullivan defeated the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</span>
+rebels under Van Dorn, at Hunt’s Cross Roads, near Lexington, Tenn.
+Early in the morning of January 1st a rebel force of 3,000 men under
+the command of General Magruder, made an attack on the Union troops
+numbering 300, at Galveston, Texas. At the same time the rebel
+batteries and two rebel steamers attacked the blockading fleet. The
+fight lasted several hours, resulting in the capture of the troops
+on land and the steamer Harriet Lane. The U. S. vessel Westfield got
+aground, and was destroyed to prevent its falling into the hands of the
+enemy. The explosion took place prematurely, before Commodore Renshaw
+had left, and he perished with his vessel.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 3.</span>—Since the hard battle of
+December 31st, fighting had been going on between the two armies at
+Murfreesboro’. The Confederates made an attack on the Federal lines
+Jan. 1st, and another Jan. 2d, but were repulsed in both cases. On the
+night of Jan. 3d, they commenced their retreat. The following is the
+official statement of the Union loss at the battle of Stone River:
+killed 1,697, wounded 6,425, and 3,550 missing. The Federal army
+withdrew from before Vicksburg. The Union loss in the second attack on
+Vicksburg was about 600 killed, 1,500 wounded and 1,000 missing.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 7.</span>—The Confederates made an attack
+on Springfield, Mo., where a large quantity of army stores had been
+deposited. The place was bravely defended by General Brown and the
+rebels defeated. Union loss 17 killed.</p>
+
+<h4>ARKANSAS POST.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 10.</span>—The attack was commenced
+Saturday night by the Mississippi Squadron, under Admiral Porter. On
+the following day the land forces under General McClernand, joined in
+the fight, and before night all the fortifications were taken. About
+7,000 prisoners, and a large quantity of ammunition were captured.
+The Union loss was about 200 killed and wounded. Two rebel iron-clad
+vessels made an attack on the blockading fleet at Charleston, South
+Carolina. The Mercedita and Keystone were severely injured, and the
+inner line of blockaders driven off for a time, but the outer line of
+vessels were not disturbed and the blockade was not interrupted.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 12.</span>—Three Federal transports on the
+Cumberland river were captured by the enemy. The gunboat Slidel, which
+was in company surrendered without firing a gun.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 14.</span>—Fight at Bayou Teche, La.,
+a number of rebels were captured, and the rebel gunboat Cotton,
+destroyed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 20.</span>—The Morning Light and Velocity,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</span>
+blockading Sabine City, Texas, were both captured by the rebels. A few
+days after, the Morning Light was destroyed to prevent its recapture by
+the Federals.</p>
+
+<h4>THIRD ATTACK ON VICKSBURG.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 22.</span>—After the capture of Arkansas
+Post, General McClernand returned to Vicksburg and resumed the siege
+of that place. Work was also resumed on the canal across the point
+opposite Vicksburg.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 27.</span>—The iron-clad Montauk, and three
+wooden gunboats, made an attack on Fort McAllister, at the mouth of the
+Ogeechee river near Savannah, Ga., but failed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 28.</span>—General Burnside relieved of the
+command of the army of the Potomac, and General Hooker appointed in his
+place. General Sumner and General Franklin were relieved from duty in
+the army of the Potomac.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 31.</span>—The Confederate General Pryor
+made an attack on the Union troops under General Peck, at Blackwater,
+Va. The rebels were repulsed. The fighting resulted in a Union loss
+of 24 killed and 80 wounded. Skirmish at Rover, Tenn., rebels were
+defeated with a loss of
+12 killed and 300 wounded.</p>
+
+<h3>FEBRUARY, 1863.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 1.</span>—The gunboats made another attack
+on Fort McAllister, but were unsuccessful.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 2.</span>—The Federal ram Queen of the
+West, ran the blockade at Vicksburg, but was captured a few days after
+by the rebels. Stokes’ Tennessee cavalry and one Kentucky regiment
+attacked a rebel camp near Middletown, Tenn., dispersing the enemy and
+captured the camp.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 13.</span>—The iron-clad Indianola ran the
+blockade at Vicksburg, and was captured by the rebels.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 18.</span>—The gunboats commenced the
+bombardment of Vicksburg, but without accomplishing anything.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 26.</span>—A train of 28 cars on the
+L. &amp; N. R. R., captured by the rebels at Woodburn, Ky., and
+destroyed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 27.</span>—The rebel steamer Nashville,
+while attempting to run the blockade, got aground near Fort McAllister,
+and was destroyed by the blockading fleet.</p>
+
+<h3>MARCH, 1863.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">March 5.</span>—Five regiments of infantry, two
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</span>
+of cavalry, and one battery, under the command of Colonel Coburn,
+were attacked by a superior force of rebels under Van Dorn, at
+Thompson’s Station, near Franklin, Tenn. The unequal contest resulted
+unfortunately to the Union cause. The Federal loss was 120 killed, and
+1,206 taken prisoners.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">March 7.</span>—General Minty attacked a rebel
+cavalry force at Unionville, Tenn., capturing their wagons, horses and
+tents, and about 60 prisoners.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">March 9.</span>—A band of rebel cavalry passed
+through the Union lines, entered Fairfax, Va., and captured General
+Stoughton and a few privates.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">March 13.</span>—The Confederates made an
+unsuccessful attempt to recapture Newbern, N. C. Commodore Farragut’s
+fleet attempted to pass the rebel batteries at Port Hudson, but only
+a part of the vessels succeeded. The Mississippi got aground and was
+destroyed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">March 17.</span>—Two hundred cavalry under
+command of General Averill, crossed the Rappahannock, near Kelly’s
+Ford, where but a single horseman could cross at once, and in the face
+of a most terrible fire from rifle pits and sharpshooters, charged
+the rebels in their intrenchments, killing or capturing nearly the
+whole force. They then encountered Stuart’s cavalry, and after a
+desperate hand-to-hand encounter, of five hours, routed them with great
+slaughter, capturing 80 prisoners.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">March 20.</span>—John Morgan with 4,000 men
+was totally defeated near Milton, Tenn., by Colonel Hall, with
+1,400 mounted men. The negro brigade took Jacksonville, Florida.
+Major-General Burnside appointed to command the Department of the
+Ohio.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">March 22.</span>—Rebels under Clarke, captured
+Mt. Sterling, Ky.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">March 28.</span>—The rebel steamer Iris,
+captured by the U. S. steamer Stellin 30 miles north of Charleston, S. C.</p>
+
+<h3>APRIL, 1863.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 1.</span>—Two hundred and fifty of
+Jenkins’ rebel cavalry attacked Point Pleasant. An expedition from
+Murfreesboro’ under General Hazen, attacked a rebel camp near Woodbury,
+killing and wounding 20, capturing 30 prisoners, 50 horses and a lot of
+mules and wagons; the rebels were 600 strong, and under the command of
+Colonel Smith.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 6.</span>—General Mitchell with 300
+cavalry dashed into a rebel camp near Nashville, on a sabre charge,
+capturing 5, killing 15, and capturing all their tents, arms, horses
+and equipments.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <img src="images/fillmore.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="528" >
+ <p class="f120"><b>MILLARD FILLMORE.</b></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</span></p>
+
+<h4>ATTACK ON CHARLESTON.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 7.</span>—The Federal fleet was composed
+of nine iron-clad vessels, under the command of Commodore Dupont. The
+fight began in the afternoon of April 7th, and lasted about two hours.
+Keokuk was so badly damaged that she sunk in a few hours. Several other
+vessels were temporarily disabled. The fleet was then withdrawn.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 10.</span>—General Van Dorn’s forces
+attacked General Granger at Franklin, Tenn., and were driven back with
+loss.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 17.</span>—General Banks’ command left
+Baton Rouge, fought three battles, two on land and one on Grand Lake,
+capturing 2,000 prisoners. Our loss was 700. Six vessels of Porter’s
+fleet ran by the rebel batteries at Vicksburg.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 18.</span>—Fayetteville, Ark., attacked
+by 3,000 rebels, with four pieces of artillery; Union forces numbered
+but 2,000. The rebels were repulsed. Our loss was 5 killed and 17
+wounded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 22.</span>—The ram Queen of the West,
+was captured in Grand Lake, with Captain Fuller and all her officers
+and crew, numbering 90. General McClellan’s staff disbanded. A small
+mounted force under Colonel Wilder, attacked McMinnville, Tenn., at
+1 o’clock, <span class="allsmcap">A. M.</span>, surprised the rebel
+force under Grigsby, destroyed the railroad depot and bridges, and an
+immense quantity of cotton and army supplies, capturing 300 prisoners.
+Banks occupied Opelousas and Washington, Miss. The Baltimore and Ohio
+R. R. destroyed between Cumberland and Grafton. The advance guard of
+Marmaduke’s army, under command of Colonel Newton, was surprised—the
+entire regiment being either killed or captured by the Union forces
+under Vandever.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 30.</span>—Colonel Mulligan repulsed by
+the rebels at Fairmont, Western Virginia, and the B. &amp; O. R. R.
+bridges blown up at Fairmont and Cheat river.</p>
+
+<h3>MAY, 1863.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 1.</span>—General Carter with 5,000 men
+crossed the Cumberland, below Somerset, Ky., and attacked the rebel
+forces at Monticello, under Pegram, driving them from the field. Rebels
+lost 66 men. Marmaduke’s forces driven out of Missouri by Vandever.</p>
+
+<h4>BATTLE OF PORT GIBSON.</h4>
+
+<p>Grant defeated General Bowen with a loss of 1,550 men and 5 pieces
+of artillery.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</span></p>
+
+<h4>GRIERSON’S RAID.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 2.</span>—On the morning of the 17th of
+April, 1863, the 6th and 7th Illinois cavalry, 900 strong, under
+command of Colonel Grierson, of the 6th Illinois, (together with 6
+pieces of artillery,) set out from Lagrange, Tennessee, and pursuing in
+the main a Southerly course, marched through the center of Mississippi,
+destroying as they went, railroads, bridges, cars, locomotives, and
+stores of all kinds, belonging to the rebels, in immense quantities.
+Traveling on an average 40 miles a day, they reached Baton Rouge,
+Louisiana, on the evening of the 2d of May. They had traveled nearly
+800 miles in 16 days, and traversed 17 counties. At several points the
+enemy made great attempts to capture them but failed. They brought into
+Baton Rouge over 1,000 horses and a large number of cattle; 500 negroes
+followed them.</p>
+
+<h4>FREDERICKSBURG.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 3.</span>—The second attempt to capture
+the rebel fortifications at Fredericksburg, Va., was made by the
+Army of the Potomac, under General Hooker, and failed. The army
+commenced marching April 27th, the main body crossing the Rappahannock
+at Kelley’s Ford, about 20 miles north-west of Fredericksburg,
+then marching south, crossed the Rapidan, and took their position
+at Chancellorville, about 10 miles west of Fredericksburg. Severe
+skirmishing took place on Friday and Saturday, May 1st and 2d; but the
+main battle was fought on Sunday, May 3d, resulting in the defeat of
+the Federal troops. In the meantime General Sedgwick had crossed the
+Rappahannock and occupied Fredericksburg. He, too, was defeated, and
+compelled to retire to the northern bank of the river. Hooker’s army
+recrossed the river on the night of May 5th. The loss on each side was
+about 15,000 killed, wounded and prisoners.</p>
+
+<h4>STONEMAN’S RAID.</h4>
+
+<p>While the fight was going on near Fredericksburg, General Stoneman,
+with a large cavalry force, crossed the Rapidan east of Orange
+Court House, and made a bold and partially successful raid into the
+enemy’s country. A portion of the railroad between Gordonsville
+and Charlottsville was destroyed, and considerable damage done to
+the Virginia Central, and Richmond and Fredericksburg R. R. Large
+quantities of provisions were destroyed at different points.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 5.</span>—Vallandigham arrested by order of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</span>
+General Burnside, at his residence in Dayton, Ohio. Office of the
+Dayton Journal destroyed by the mob. Suffolk, Va., abandoned by the
+rebel troops, and fortifications destroyed. Alexandria, La., captured
+by Admiral Porter. 100 prominent secessionists of St. Louis sent
+South.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 8.</span>—Colonel Streight’s command of
+1,700 men captured by Forrest’s cavalry, two miles from Cedar Bluff,
+Ga., after severe fighting. The rebel General Van Dorn killed by Dr.
+Peters, in Manny county, Tennessee.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 9.</span>—Colonel Jacobs, with Kentucky
+cavalry, attacked and routed a guerrilla force near Horse Shoe Bend, on
+the Cumberland river; killed a number, took 8 prisoners and destroyed
+their camp.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 10.</span>—The rebel General Stonewall
+Jackson died at Richmond, Va., of wounds and pneumonia.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 11.</span>—The Buell Court of Inquiry
+adjourned, after a session of 165 days.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 12.</span>—General McPherson, of Grant’s
+command, attacked Raymond, Miss., and took the town after a hard
+fight of two hours. The enemy lost 76 killed, 639 wounded, and 186
+prisoners.</p>
+
+<h4>BATTLE OF JACKSON, MISS.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 13.</span>—Grant defeated Joseph S. Johnson
+and captured Jackson, Miss., with 7 cannon, and large quantities of
+military stores, besides 400 prisoners. The State Capitol was destroyed
+by fire. Colonel W. K. Breckenridge, with only 55 men of the 1st Union
+Tennessee cavalry, attacked twice their number of rebels at Linden,
+Tennessee, and captured 43 officers and privates, 50 horses, and a
+quantity of other property.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 15.</span>—A severe fight near Suffolk, Va.,
+in which the rebel detachment was defeated. Faulkner’s rebel cavalry
+defeated near Holly Springs, Miss.</p>
+
+<h4>BATTLE OF BAKER’S CREEK, MISS.</h4>
+
+<p>Between the rebel army under Lieut. General Pemberton, and the Union
+forces under General Grant, occurred at Baker’s Creek, Miss., on the
+15th of May. About 25,000 men were engaged upon each side. The rebels
+met with a disastrous defeat, losing 2,600 in killed and wounded, 2,000
+men prisoners, and 29 pieces of artillery.</p>
+
+<h4>BATTLE OF BIG BLACK RIVER.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</span>
+<span class="smcap">May 17.</span>—Grant again attacked Pemberton at
+Big Black River bridge, and defeated him with a total loss of 2,600 men
+and 17 cannon.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 24.</span>—Austin, Mississippi, burned by
+Colonel Ellet’s Marine brigade.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 25.</span>—Vallandigham delivered to the
+rebels at Murfreesboro’, Tenn. Rebel Navy Yard destroyed at Yazoo
+City.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 28.</span>—The gunboat Cincinnati sunk by
+the rebel batteries near Vicksburg. She went down with her flag flying.
+25 men were killed and wounded, and 15 drowned.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 29.</span>—An immense train consisting
+of 600 wagons, 3,000 horses and mules, 1,500 head of cattle, and
+6,000 negroes, arrived from the Teche country, within General Banks’
+lines.</p>
+
+<h3>JUNE, 1863.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 1.</span>—General Hunter removed from
+the command of the Department of the South. General Gilmore succeeds
+him.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 3.</span>—Colonel Montgomery, of the 2d
+South Carolina (colored) regiment, made a most brilliant raid at the
+head of 200 men. He passed up the Coosaw river, landing in full view
+of two rebel regiments, who fled from the spot. He then penetrated 25
+miles into the interior, and on his return brought away 725 negroes, a
+fine lot of blooded horses and other property, valued at $600,000.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 11.</span>—Forrest with 5,000 cavalry and
+two batteries of artillery, attacked the Union cavalry at Triune,
+Tenn., under command of Colonel R. B. Mitchell. The rebels were
+defeated, losing 21 killed and 70 wounded and prisoners. Six of
+Mitchell’s men were killed. The notorious blockade runner, Herald,
+was sunk at midnight by a broadside from our blockading fleet off
+Charleston.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 14.</span>—General Ewell defeated General
+Milroy at Winchester, Virginia, with a loss of 2,000 men, and drove him
+to Harper’s Ferry.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 17.</span>—The rebel ram, Atlanta, was
+decoyed into Wilmington Waters, off the coast of South Carolina, and
+captured after a brief fight, by the Weehawken, commanded by Captain
+John Rodgers. A division of our cavalry under Colonel Kilpatrick,
+encountered General Fitzhugh Lee’s cavalry brigade, consisting of
+five regiments, with artillery, near Aldie, Va., and a desperate
+hand-to-hand encounter followed, ending in a hasty retreat on the part
+of the rebel forces. 100 prisoners were captured.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 21.</span>—General McClernand removed by
+Grant, and General Ord put in his place.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 23.</span>—Rebels under Johnston attacked
+Osterhaus’ division on Big Black River, Mississippi, and were defeated
+with great slaughter.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 24.</span>—Rosecrans advanced from
+Murfreesboro’. Liberty Gap taken by Willich’s brigade, with a loss of
+75 killed and wounded. Hoover’s Gap taken by Colonel Wilder’s mounted
+brigade, with a loss of 53 killed and wounded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 25.</span>—Another fight at Liberty Gap,
+between a rebel division under Claiborne, and Willich, Wilder and
+Carter’s brigades. Our loss, 40 killed and 100 wounded, that of the
+rebels much greater. The rebels fled in disorder.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 26.</span>—Rear Admiral Foote died in New
+York City. Colonel Wilder’s brigade destroyed the Deckert bridge, in
+the rear of Bragg, between Tullahoma and Chattanooga.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 28.</span>—General Hooker was relieved of
+his command of the Army of the Potomac, at his own request, and General
+Meade succeeds him.</p>
+
+<p>JULY, 1863. BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG, PENN.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 1.</span>—In the latter part of June the
+rebel army, under General Lee, invaded Pennsylvania. On the 1st of
+July they were attacked by General Meade near Gettysburg, and after a
+three days’ battle, driven from the field, leaving 5,000 killed and
+wounded in our hands. Meade took 20,000 prisoners. Missouri passed the
+Ordinance of Emancipation. Rosecrans drove Bragg from Tullahoma.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 4.</span>—General Prentice, with 3,500 men,
+defeated 18,000 rebels under Holmes at Helena, Ark. Union loss less
+than 100; that of the rebels 2,400, including 1,600 prisoners.</p>
+
+<h4>VICKSBURG.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 4.</span>—The siege of Vicksburg by the
+Union army under Grant, commenced May 18, and was pressed forward with
+almost unprecedented vigor until July 4, when Pemberton surrendered
+to General Grant 27,000 prisoners, 132 cannon, and 50,000 stand of
+arms.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 5.</span>—John Morgan captured Lebanon,
+Kentucky, with 100 prisoners.</p>
+
+<h4>PORT HUDSON.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 8.</span>—In the month of May General Banks
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</span>
+invested Port Hudson. Two grand attacks were made by land and water
+on the 27th of May and 14th of June, in which portions of the enemy’s
+works were taken. At last, on the 8th of July, the commander,
+Major-General Gardner, surrendered with 7,000 prisoners, 60 cannon,
+and 10,000 stand of arms.</p>
+
+<h4>MORGAN’S RAID.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 8.</span>— Morgan, with 5,000 cavalry and
+4 pieces of artillery, crossed the Ohio river into Harrison county,
+Indiana, and marched rapidly through the southern part of the State
+into Ohio, committing numerous depredations. On the 18th he was
+overtaken by the troops under Colonels Hobson and Judah, near Pomeroy,
+who captured all his artillery and 1,300 prisoners. With a mere
+fragment of his command he retreated to Columbiana county, where, on
+the 20th, he surrendered to General Shackleford.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 17.</span>—General Sherman attacked
+Jackson, Miss., routed Johnson and occupied the city. Large stores
+were captured, and also 40 locomotives, and all the rolling stock of
+the 3 railroads. General Ransom occupied Natchez. A large quantity of
+ammunition, 13 cannon, 2,000 head of cattle, and 4,000 hogsheads of
+sugar fell into his hands. A severe fight occurred on Elk creek, Ark.,
+between General Blunt with 2,400 Union troops, and General Tooper, with
+5,000 rebels, in which the former were victorious. Union loss 40, that
+of the rebels 184.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 20.</span>—A cavalry expedition sent out
+by General Foster, struck the Wilmington and Weldon railroad at Rocky
+Mount, N. C., burnt the long bridge over Tar river, tore up two miles
+of track, destroyed the depot, a large cotton factory, a valuable
+supply train, and 5,000 bales of rebel cotton. A cavalry force under
+Colonel Tolland, of the 34th Ohio mounted infantry, burned Wytheville,
+Va., after a severe fight, taking 3 cannon, 700 stand of arms, and 120
+prisoners. Our loss was 65, including the brave Colonel Tolland; that
+of the rebels 75 killed and many wounded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 22.</span>—Colonel Wilder, of Rosecrans’
+advance, shelled Chattanooga. Brashear City, La., recaptured by the
+Union gunboat Sachem.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 23.</span>—A gallant fight occurred near
+Manassas Gap, in which 800 men of General Spinola’s brigade, utterly
+routed twice their number of Georgia and North Carolina troops, with
+17 cannon.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 23.</span>—Kentucky again invaded. A small
+detachment of Union troops at Richmond, under Colonel Sanders, badly
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</span>
+cut up by 2,000 rebels under Colonel Pegram, and compelled to retreat
+to Lexington. Kit Carson, with a part of the 1st New Mexico regiment,
+defeated the Navajoe Indians in a severe fight beyond Fort Canby.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 31.</span>—The Union forces in Kentucky,
+under Colonel Saunders, thoroughly routed the rebel troops under Scott
+and Pegram.</p>
+
+<h3>AUGUST, 1863.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">August 2.</span>—A severe though indecisive
+cavalry fight occurred at Culpeper, Va., between Buford and Stuart, in
+which 100 prisoners were captured by the Union troops.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">August 17.</span>—The rebels having collected
+an immense quantity of stores at Grenada, Mississippi, General Hurlbut
+sent out an expedition under the command of Lieut. Col. Phillips, of
+the 9th Illinois Mounted Infantry, to destroy them. Leaving Lagrange,
+Tenn., on the 13th, Col. Phillips attacked the rebel forces at Grenada,
+consisting of 2,000 men, under command of General Slimmer, and drove
+them in confusion from the place. He then destroyed all the ordnance
+and commissary stores, burnt the depot and machine shop, tore up the
+railroad track and destroyed 57 locomotives, and more than 400 cars.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">August 20.</span>—The town of Lawrence, Kansas,
+was surprised in the middle of the night by 300 guerillas, who had
+collected in Cass county, Mo., under the leadership of Quantrill.
+The town was set on fire and 182 buildings burned to the ground, and
+$2,000,000 worth of property destroyed. 191 persons were killed, many
+of whom were helpless women and children; 581 were wounded, many of
+them mortally. After the departure of the guerillas, the citizens
+organized under General James H. Lane and pursued them to their
+headquarters at Grand River, Mo., where they scattered in various
+directions. About 80 of the murderers were killed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">August 22.</span>—Colonel Woodson’s cavalry
+made a successful onslaught upon numerous guerilla bands in Arkansas,
+capturing Jeff. Thompson with his entire staff. General Blunt, with
+4,500 men, attacked General Cooper, with 11,000 rebel troops, in the
+Indian Territory, and compelled him to retreat to Red River.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">August 29.</span>—The rebel army in Arkansas,
+under General Price, severely pushed by the Union forces under General
+Steele. Steele’s advance, under General Davidson, drove 3,000 rebels,
+under Marmaduke, out of Brownsville, and across the Arkansas river.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</span></p>
+
+<h3>SEPTEMBER, 1863.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 1.</span>—General Blunt defeated the rebel
+forces in Arkansas under Cooper and Cobell, and captured Fort Smith.
+The rebels evacuated Little Rock.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 4.</span>—Burnside occupied Knoxville,
+Tenn., and was hailed with delight by the inhabitants.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 8.</span>—A land and naval force under the
+command of General Franklin, made an attack on the rebel fortifications
+at Sabine City, Texas, but were repulsed with a loss of two small
+boats.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 9.</span>—General Crittenden’s Division of
+Rosecrans’ army, entered Chattanooga.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 10.</span>—General Burnside captured
+Cumberland Gap, with 2,000 prisoners and 14 pieces of artillery, under
+the command of Major-General Frazer. General Steele took possession of
+Little Rock, Ark.</p>
+
+<h4>CHICKAMAUGA.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 19.</span>—The battle was commenced by
+General Bragg in the morning and continued all day.—At night both
+armies occupied nearly the same position that they did in the morning.
+On the next day the battle was renewed by the rebels and lasted until
+dark. The Union army was defeated and driven back to Chattanooga.
+The Federal loss was about 1,800 killed and 9,500 wounded, and 2,500
+prisoners.</p>
+
+<h3>OCTOBER, 1863.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 9.</span>—Wheeler’s rebel cavalry, which
+had come north of the Tennessee river, for the purpose of cutting
+Rosecrans’ communications, was defeated with considerable loss, at
+Farmington, Tenn., and again near Shelbyville.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 20.</span>—The Departments of the
+Cumberland and Mississippi were consolidated and placed under the
+command of General Grant. General Rosecrans removed and General Thomas
+appointed in his place.</p>
+
+<h3>NOVEMBER, 1863—CHATTANOOGA.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 25.</span>—The rebel army under Bragg was badly whipped near
+Chattanooga, losing about 6,000 prisoners, and 52 guns. The Union loss
+was between 3,000 and 4,000 in killed and wounded.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</span></p>
+
+<h3>DECEMBER, 1863.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 4.</span>—General Longstreet commenced
+the siege of Knoxville, November 17th. On the 29th there was a severe
+fight, in which the Confederates were defeated. This, with the defeat
+of Bragg, at Chattanooga, compelled Longstreet to raise the siege. He
+retreated toward Virginia, pursued by Burnside’s forces; while another
+army under General Foster, started from Cumberland Gap to cut off their
+retreat.</p>
+
+<h3>FEBRUARY, 1864.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 1.</span>—The Union outposts near Newburn
+were attacked by a strong force and fell back in good order, with but
+little loss.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 9.</span>—A large number of prisoners,
+including Colonel Streight, escaped from Libby Prison, Richmond.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 15.</span>—General W. T. Sherman, with his
+command, arrived at Meridian, Miss., on his great raid into the heart
+of the enemy’s country. After accomplishing his object in destroying
+railroads and stores, he returned to Vicksburg with immense booty.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 20.</span>—The advance into Florida of the
+Union forces, about 5,000 strong, under General Seymour, was repulsed
+near Olustee, with a loss of 1,200. Rebel loss about the same.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 22.</span>—A heavy reconnoitering force
+sent out from Chattanooga by General Grant, met and defeated the enemy
+at Tunnel Hill.</p>
+
+<h3>MARCH, 1864.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">March 8.</span>—General Grant was formally
+presented, by the President, with his commission as Lieutenant-General,
+and on the 12th was assigned to the command of the armies of the United
+States.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">March 15.</span>—The Union forces under General
+A. J. Smith, captured Fort De Russey, La., on Red river, with 325
+prisoners, 12 pieces of artillery, 2,000 barrels of powder, with an
+immense amount of ammunition and stores.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">March 25.</span>—About 5,000 rebels under
+Forrester, captured Paducah, Ky., and fired the place. Union loss, 12
+killed and 40 wounded; rebel loss, 150 killed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">March 28.</span>—The 54th Illinois regiment
+attacked by Coles county copperheads, at Charleston, Ill.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</span></p>
+
+<h3>APRIL, 1864.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 8.</span>—The advance of General Banks’
+expedition up Red river, under the direction of General Stone, was
+repulsed near Shreveport, La.; but on the following day our men
+defeated the enemy. Our loss was about 2,000 and the enemy’s the
+same.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 12.</span>—General Forrest overpowered
+the Union forces at Fort Pillow, compelled them to surrender, and
+immediately after commenced an indiscriminate massacre of our wounded
+soldiers, both colored and white—not excepting women and children who
+had taken refuge in the fort.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 17</span> and 18.—At Plymouth, N. C., the
+rebel ram and a battery sunk three Union gunboats.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 23.</span>—The Governors of Ohio,
+Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin and Indiana offer to raise for the General
+Government 85,000 men for one hundred days.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 26.</span>—Government accept service of
+one hundred day men, and appropriated $20,000,000 for their payment.</p>
+
+<h3>MAY, 1864.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 5.</span>—Draft ordered in Massachusetts,
+New Jersey, Ohio, Minnesota, Kentucky and Maryland.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 6.</span>—General Grant crossed the Rapidan,
+and Lee fell back toward Richmond.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 7.</span>—Grant still advances driving Lee’s
+forces before him.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 8.</span>—Sherman occupied Dalton.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 9.</span>—After 3 days’ hard fighting Lee’s
+forces retreated, leaving 3,000 killed and 10,000 wounded on the field,
+in possession of the Union army.</p>
+
+<h4>BATTLE AT SPOTTSYLVANIA COURT HOUSE.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 12.</span>—Union troops victorious. They
+capture 4,000 prisoners and 25 pieces of artillery.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 13.</span>—General Sheridan, with cavalry,
+reached the rear of the enemy, near Hanover Junction, breaking two
+railroads, capturing several locomotives, and destroying Lee’s depot
+for supplies at Beaver Dam, containing over 1,000,000 rations.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 15.</span>—Sherman forced Johnson to
+evacuate Resaca, after two days’ fighting.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 23.</span>—Army of the Potomac flanked the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</span>
+rebels, under Lee, and forced them to evacuate their fortifications
+near Spottsylvania Court House. John Morgan enters Kentucky with 4,000
+men.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 27.</span>—Grant crossed the Pamunkey, and
+occupied Hanovertown.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 30.</span>—Grant reached Mechanicsville.</p>
+
+<h4>JUNE, 1864.—BATTLE OF COAL HARBOR.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 3.</span>—In which the rebels are routed
+with heavy loss.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 5.</span>—Sherman flanked Johnson and
+captured Ackworth Station.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 7.</span>—General Hunter defeats the rebel
+General Jones, near Staunton, Va.</p>
+
+<h4>UNION CONVENTION AT BALTIMORE.</h4>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 8.</span>—Abraham Lincoln and Governor
+Andrew Johnson were nominated for President and Vice-President. Morgan
+defeated by General Burbridge, near Lexington, Ky.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 11.</span>—Morgan demanded of Governor
+Bramlette the surrender of Frankfort, which the Governor refused.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 12.</span>—General Hancock drove the rebels
+from Bottom Bridge at the point of the bayonet.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 15.</span>—General Smith attacked with a
+force of 15,000 men.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 20.</span>—Rebels strongly reinforced by
+Lee.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 23.</span>—Rebels attack Wright and
+Hancock, capturing 3 full regiments, after which they are repulsed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 27.</span>—Sherman made an unsuccessful
+attack on the enemy’s position, losing from 2,000 to 3,000 men.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 28.</span>—Left wing of Grant’s army take
+possession of the Weldon railroad.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">June 30.</span>—Secretary Chase resigned, and
+Hon. Wm. P. Fessenden was appointed to fill the vacancy.</p>
+
+<h3>JULY, 1864.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 10.</span>—Rebels invade Maryland. The
+Union forces under General Wallace, defeated at the Monacacy river.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 13</span> and 15.—The rebels under General
+Forrest, defeated in 5 different battles near Pontotoc, Mo.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 17.</span>—The rebel army was driven within
+the fortifications at Atlanta.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 20.</span>—The enemy assaulted General
+Sherman’s lines 3 times, but were repulsed each time with severe loss.
+General Averill defeated the enemy near Winchester, Va.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 22.</span>—A great battle was fought before
+Atlanta, resulting in the complete defeat of the Confederates.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 25.</span>—General Crook overtook the
+rebels retreating from the Maryland raid, and recaptured a large amount
+of stores. After severe fighting on the 23d and 24th July, General
+Averill is compelled to fall back to Harper’s Ferry.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">July 30.</span>—A mine containing 6 tons of
+powder, under a rebel fort at Petersburg, was exploded, destroying the
+fort and garrison.</p>
+
+<h3>AUGUST, 1864.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">August 5.</span>—Commodore Farragut’s fleet
+passed Forts Morgan and Gaines. The rebel ram Tennessee was captured,
+and several other vessels destroyed. Shortly after Fort Gaines
+surrendered and Fort Powell was evacuated.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">August 7.</span>—General Averill defeated the
+enemy at Morefield, Virginia.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">August 15.</span>—The rebel General Wheeler
+repulsed at Dalton, Georgia.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">August 18.</span>—The Weldon railroad seized by
+General Grant.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">August 23.</span>—Fort Morgan surrendered.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">August 25.</span>—General Hancock, who held the
+Weldon railroad south of Reams’ station, was attacked several times,
+but repulsed the enemy each time.</p>
+
+<h3>SEPTEMBER, 1864.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 1.</span>—General Sherman defeated the
+enemy at Jonesboro, Georgia.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 2.</span>—The Federal troops took
+possession of Atlanta.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 5.</span>—The rebel General John Morgan
+was killed near Greenville, Tenn.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 7.</span>—A force of 2,000 rebels defeated
+at Readyville, Tennessee.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 19.</span>—General Sheridan gained a
+complete victory over the enemy in the Shenandoah valley.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 22.</span>—The battle at Fisher’s Hill was
+fought, resulting in the defeat of the rebel army.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sept. 28.</span>—General Grant advanced his
+lines on the north side of the James river to within 7 miles of
+Richmond. The rebels under General Price invade Missouri.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</span></p>
+
+<h3>OCTOBER, 1864.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 5.</span>—The rebels attack Allatoona, Ga.,
+but were repulsed with severe loss.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 7.</span>—The pirate vessel Florida
+captured by the U. S. steamer Wachusett.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 8.</span>—The rebels in the Shenandoah
+valley are again defeated by Sheridan.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 19.</span>—General Sheridan gained his
+fourth victory over the rebels under Early, at Cedar creek, Va.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 23.</span>—The rebel General Price defeated
+at Blue river, Missouri.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 28.</span>—General Blunt defeated the
+rebels under Price, at Neosho, Mo.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Oct. 30.</span>—General Hood made three attacks
+on Decatur, Ala., but was repulsed each time.</p>
+
+<h3>NOVEMBER, 1864.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 3.</span>—The rebel ram Albemarle destroyed
+by Lieutenant Cushing. The Confederate army under Hood, attempted to
+cross the Tennessee, but were repulsed by the Federal army, under
+General Sherman.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 8.</span>—The Presidential election took
+place. Lincoln and Johnson received 212, McClellan and Pendleton 21
+electoral votes.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 16.</span>—General Sherman left Atlanta,
+and began his march through Georgia, to Savannah.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Nov. 30.</span>—The rebel army under General
+Hood, attacked the Union troops under General Schofield, at Franklin,
+Tenn., but were repulsed with great loss.</p>
+
+<h3>DECEMBER, 1864.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 13.</span>—Fort McAllister captured by Gen.
+Sherman’s army.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 16.</span>—General Thomas defeated the
+enemy at Nashville, Tenn., with heavy loss, capturing a large number of
+guns and prisoners.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 20.</span>—The rebels under General
+Breckinridge defeated in South-Western Virginia, and the salt works
+destroyed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 21.</span>—General Sherman entered the city
+of Savannah, capturing 150 cannon, 30,000 bales of cotton, and a large
+amount of munitions of war.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dec. 29.</span>—Hood’s army crossed the
+Tennessee river, thus ending the Tennessee campaign.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</span></p>
+
+<h3>JANUARY, 1865.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 3.</span>—Massachusetts ratified
+Constitutional Amendment.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 8.</span>—General Butler removed from the
+command of the army of the James, and is succeeded by General Ord.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 11.</span>—The garrison at Beverly, Va.,
+was attacked by a rebel force under General Rosser. The town and a
+large portion of the force defending it, were captured.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 16.</span>—Fort Fisher, near Wilmington, N.
+C., captured with all its equipments.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 20.</span>—Rebels evacuate Corinth.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 21.</span>—Peace rumors.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Jan. 27.</span>—Rebel incendiaries set fire to
+the city of Savannah.</p>
+
+<h3>FEBRUARY, 1865.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 1.</span>—Illinois ratified the
+Constitutional Amendment.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 2.</span>—Maryland, Michigan, New York and
+Rhode Island, ratified the Constitutional Amendment.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 4.</span>—Illinois Black Laws repealed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 7.</span>—Maine ratified the Constitutional
+Amendment.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 12.</span>—General Sherman occupied
+Branchville, S. C.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 13.</span>—Indiana ratified the
+Constitutional Amendment.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 17.</span>—Louisiana ratified the
+Constitutional Amendment. General Sherman’s victorious columns entered
+Columbia, S. C., and burned the city.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 18.</span>—Charleston, S. C., evacuated
+and taken possession of by General Gilmore. Great amount of valuable
+property destroyed, six thousand bales of cotton. Ammunition stored in
+the railroad depot exploded, and many lives were lost. General Gilmore
+hoisted the old flag over Fort Sumter.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 19.</span>—Fort Anderson, N. C. taken.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 21.</span>—Wisconsin ratified the
+Constitutional Amendment. Fort Armstrong, N. C., taken.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Feb. 22.</span>—Wilmington captured.</p>
+
+<h3>MARCH, 1865.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">March 2.</span>—General Sheridan fought and
+captured the rebel General Early, with 1,800 men, between Staunton
+and Charlottesville. <span class="pagenum" id="Page_267">[Pg
+267]</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">March 10.</span>—General Bragg attacked General
+Cox near Kingston, N. C., but was defeated. General Sherman occupied
+Fayetteville, N. C.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">March 12.</span>—Mobile attacked.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">March 13.</span>—General Schofield occupied
+Kingston.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">March 16.</span>—Rebel General Hardee defeated
+at Averysboro’, North Carolina.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">March 17.</span>—Rebel Congress adjourned,
+<i>sine die</i>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">March 19.</span>—Rebel General Johnson defeated
+at Bentonville, North Carolina.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">March 25.</span>—Rebels attack General Grant and
+got soundly whipped.</p>
+
+<h3>APRIL, 1865.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 3.</span>—Richmond taken.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 9.</span>—General Lee surrendered. Mobile
+captured.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 12.</span>—Salisbury, N. C., captured.
+Mobile captured by General Canby, 1,000 prisoners, 150 cannon, 3,000
+bales of cotton. Columbus, Ga., captured.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 13.</span>—Raleigh, N. C., captured.
+Governor Vance taken prisoner.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 14.</span>—President Lincoln assassinated.
+Secretary Seward stabbed. Arkansas ratified the Constitutional
+Amendment.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 15.</span>—President Lincoln died about 7
+o’clock, <span class="allsmcap">A. M.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 16.</span>—Andrew Johnson took the oath
+and was declared President of the United States.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 26.</span>—General Johnson surrendered.
+The war is over.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">April 27.</span>—Booth, the murderer of
+President Lincoln shot and captured. Dead.</p>
+
+<h3>MAY, 1865.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 8.</span>—Subscriptions to 7-30 loan
+$6,183,000.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 9.</span>—Subscriptions to 7-30 loan
+$15,165,300.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 10.</span>—Jefferson Davis captured at
+Irwinville, 75 miles south-west of Macon, Ga., by the 4th Michigan
+cavalry, under Colonel Pritchard, of General Wilson’s command. Also,
+his wife, mother, Postmaster-general Regan, Colonel Harrison, Private
+Secretary, Colonel Johnson and other military characters. Subscription
+to 7-30 loan $17,410,100.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 11.</span>—Subscription to 7-30 loan
+$15,411,800.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 12.</span>—Subscription to 7-30 loan
+$13,762,100.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 13.</span>—Subscriptions to 7-30 loan
+$30,451,950. Total for one week $98,000,000.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 19.</span>—Rebel Governor Watts, of Alabama,
+arrested.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 21.</span>—Rebel Governor Letcher, of
+Virginia, arrested.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 24.</span>—Grand review of General Sherman’s
+army at Washington. Jefferson Davis indicted for treason.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 26.</span>—Kirby Smith surrendered. The last
+armed rebel organization has succumbed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">May 31.</span>—Rebel General Hood and staff surrendered.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">Pay of Officers of the U. S.,<br> Civil and Military.</h2>
+<hr class="r10">
+</div>
+
+<table class="spb1 spa1">
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">President</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$25,000</td>
+ <td class="tdl">per</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">annum</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1">Private Secretary</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">2,500</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1">Private Secretary to sign Patents</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">1,500</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Vice-President</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8,000</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>HEADS OF DEPARTMENTS.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Secretary of State</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$8,000</td>
+ <td class="tdl">per</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">annum</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Secretary of the Treasury</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8,000</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Secretary of War</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8,000</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Secretary of the Navy</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8,000</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Secretary of the Interior</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8,000</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Postmaster-General</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8,000</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Attorney-General</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8,000</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl" colspan="4">Speaker of House of Representatives,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">(mileage, 20 cents per mile.)</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$8,000</td>
+ <td class="tdl">per</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">annum</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">U. S. Senators, Members of Congress,</td>
+ <td class="tdc" colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">and Delegates from Territories</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5,000</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>JUDICIARY,<br> (SUPREME COURT OF U. S.)</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Chief Justice</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$6,500</td>
+ <td class="tdl">per</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">annum</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Associate Justices, [8 in number]</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">6,000</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">(Court meets first Monday in December)</td>
+ <td class="tdc" colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>MINISTERS AND DIPLOMATIC AGENTS<br> OF THE UNITED STATES<br>
+ IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES—<br>ENVOYS EXTRAORDINARY AND<br>MINISTERS PLENIPOTENTIARY.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Minister to Great Britain</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$17,500</td>
+ <td class="tdl">per</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">annum</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Minister to Russia</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">12,000</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Minister to France</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">17,500</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Minister to Spain</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">12,000</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Minister to Prussia</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">12,000</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Minister to Austria</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">12,000</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Minister to Italy</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">12,000</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Minister to China</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">12,000</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Minister to Mexico</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">12,000</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Minister to Brazil</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">12,000</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Minister to Chili</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">10,000</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Minister to Peru</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">10,000</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Minister to Nicaragua
+ <span class="pagenum" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</span></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7,000</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>MINISTERS RESIDENT.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Minister in Portugal</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$7,500</td>
+ <td class="tdl">per</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">annum</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Minister in Belgium</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7,500</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Minister in Netherlands</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7,500</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Minister in Denmark</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7,500</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Minister in Sweden and Norway</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7,500</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Minister in Switzerland</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7,500</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Minister in Pontif States</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7,500</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Minister in Turkey</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7,500</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Minister in Japan</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7,500</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Minister in Costa Rica</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7,500</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Minister in Guatemala</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7,500</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Minister in Honduras</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7,500</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Minister in Salvador</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7,500</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Minister in New Granada</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7,500</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Minister in Venezuela</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7,500</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Minister in Ecuador</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7,500</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Minister in Argentine Confederation</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7,500</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Minister in Hawaiian Islands</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">7,500</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<table class="spb1 spa2">
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">WAR DEPARTMENT.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Secretary of War</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$8,000</td>
+ <td class="tdl">per</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">annum</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Assistant Secretary of War</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3,000</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Second Assistant Secretary of War</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3,000</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Commander-in-Chief</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5,340</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Adjutant-General</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3,594</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Assistant Adjutant-General</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">2,532</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Second Assistant Adjutant-General</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">1,956</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Third Assistant Adjutant-General</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">1,956</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Fourth Assistant Adjutant-General</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">1,956</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Chief Clerk Adjutant-General’s Bureau</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">1,800</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Inspector General</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">2,532</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Judge Advocate General</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">2,532</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Deputy Judge Advocate</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">1,956</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Quartermaster General</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3,594</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Deputy Quartermaster General</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">2,244</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Assistant Quartermaster</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">2,532</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Chief Clerk Quartermaster’s Bureau</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">1,800</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Chief Engineer</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3,594</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Assistant Engineer</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">1,596</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Chief Clerk of Engineer Bureau</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">1,800</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Provost Marshal General</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">——</td>
+ <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Surgeon General</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3,594</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Assistant Surgeon General</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">2,532</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Chief Clerk Surgeon General’s Bureau</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">1,800</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Chief of Ordnance
+ <span class="pagenum" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</span></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3,594</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Assistant Chief of Ordnance</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">1,554</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Chief Clerk of Ordnance Bureau</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">1,800</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Paymaster General</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">2,740</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Deputy Paymaster General</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">2,144</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Additional Paymaster</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">1,950</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Chief Clerk Paymaster General’s Bureau</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">1,800</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Commissary General of Subsistence</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">2,532</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Assistant Commissary General</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">1,956</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Second Assistant Commissary General</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">1,956</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Chief Clerk Commissary General’s Bureau&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">1,800</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<table class="spb1 spa2">
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">GENERAL OFFICERS.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Lieutenant-General</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$720 00</td>
+ <td class="tdl">per</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">month</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Aids-de-camp and military secretary to</td>
+ <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">Lieutenant-General, each</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">170 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Major-General</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">445 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Senior Aid-de-camp to General-in-Chief&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">163 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Aid-de-camp, in addition to pay, etc., of</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">Lieutenant or Captain</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">24 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Brigadier-General</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">299 50</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Aid-de-camp, in addition to pay, etc., as</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp"></td>
+ <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">Lieutenant</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">11 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>ADJUTANT-GENERAL’S DEPARTMENT.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Adjutant-General—Brigadier-General</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$407 50</td>
+ <td class="tdl">per</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">month</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Assistant Adjutant-General—Colonel</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">211 00</td>
+ <td class="tdl">”</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Assistant Adjutant-General—Lt. Colonel</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">187 00</td>
+ <td class="tdl">”</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Assistant Adjutant-General—Major</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">163 00</td>
+ <td class="tdl">”</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Judge Advocate General—Colonel</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">211 00</td>
+ <td class="tdl">”</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Judge Advocate—Major</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">163 00</td>
+ <td class="tdl">”</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Division Major</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">163 00</td>
+ <td class="tdl">”</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>INSPECTOR GENERAL’S DEPARTMENT.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Inspector General—Colonel</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$211 00</td>
+ <td class="tdl">per</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">month</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Assistant Inspector General—Major</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">163 00</td>
+ <td class="tdl">”</td>
+ <td class="tdl">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>SIGNAL DEPARTMENT.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Signal Officer—Colonel</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$211 00</td>
+ <td class="tdl">per</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">month</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>PAY DEPARTMENT.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Paymaster General</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$288 33</td>
+ <td class="tdl">per</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">month</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Deputy Paymaster General</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">187 00</td>
+ <td class="tdl">”</td>
+ <td class="tdl">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Paymaster
+ <span class="pagenum" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</span></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">163 00</td>
+ <td class="tdl">”</td>
+ <td class="tdl">”</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<table class="spb1 spa2">
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">OFFICERS OF THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS,<br>
+TOPOGRAPHICAL ENGINEERS, AND<br> ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Chief of Ordinance—Brigadier-General</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$407 50</td>
+ <td class="tdl">per</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">month</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Colonel</td>
+ <td class="tdc">211 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Lieutenant Colonel</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">187 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Major</td>
+ <td class="tdc">163 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Captain</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">129 50</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">First Lieutenant</td>
+ <td class="tdc">112 83</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Second Lieutenant</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">112 83</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Brevet Second Lieutenant</td>
+ <td class="tdc">112 83</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>OFFICERS OF MOUNTED DRAGOONS,<br>
+CAVALRY, RIFLEMEN, AND<br> LIGHT ARTILLERY.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Colonel</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$211 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">per</td>
+ <td class="tdc">month</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Lieutenant Colonel</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">187 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Major</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">163 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Captain</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">129 50</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">First Lieutenant</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">112 83</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Second Lieutenant</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">112 83</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Brevet Second Lieutenant</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">112 83</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>QUARTERMASTER’S DEPARTMENT.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Quartermaster General—Brigadier General</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$407 50</td>
+ <td class="tdc">per</td>
+ <td class="tdc">month</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Assistant Quartermaster General—Colonel</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">211 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Deputy Quartermaster General—Lt. Colonel</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">187 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Quartermaster—Major</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">163 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Assistant Quartermaster—Captain</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">129 50</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>SUBSISTENCE DEPARTMENT.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Commissary General of Subsistence—</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp"></td>
+ <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">Brigadier General</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$299 50</td>
+ <td class="tdc">per</td>
+ <td class="tdc">month</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Assistant Commissary General—Lt. Colonel</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">187 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Commissary of Subsistence—Major</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">163 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Commissary of Subsistence—Captain</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">129 50</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Assistant Commissary of Subsistence, in addition</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">to pay, etc., as Lieutenant</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">11 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>MEDICAL DEPARTMENT.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Surgeon General—Brigadier General</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$299 50</td>
+ <td class="tdc">per </td>
+ <td class="tdc">month</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Assistant Surgeon General</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">211 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Medical Inspector General</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">211 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Medical Inspector</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">187 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Surgeons of ten years’ service</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">199 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Surgeons of less than ten years’ service
+ <span class="pagenum" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</span></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">163 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Assistant Surgeons of ten years’ service</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">165 50</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Assistant Surgeons of five years’ service</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">129 50</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Assistant Surgeons of less than five years’ service &nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">112 83</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc" colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Adjutant, Regimental Quartermaster, and</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">Regimental Commissary, in addition</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">to pay of Lieutenant, each</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">10 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<table class="spb1 spa2">
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">OFFICERS OF ARTILLERY<br> AND INFANTRY.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Colonel</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$194 00</td>
+ <td class="tdl">per</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">month</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Lieutenant Colonel</td>
+ <td class="tdc">170 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Major</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">151 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Captain</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">118 50</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">First Lieutenant</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">108 50</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Second Lieutenant</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">103 50</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Brevet Second Lieutenant</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">103 50</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Adjutant, in addition to pay, etc., of Lieut</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">10 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Regimental Quartermaster, in addition to</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">pay, etc., of Lieutenant</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">10 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>PAY OF NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS,
+ <br>PRIVATES, ETC.—CAVALRY.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Sergeant-Major</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$21 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">per</td>
+ <td class="tdc">month</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Quartermaster Sergeant</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">21 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Chief Bugler</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">21 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">First Sergeant</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">20 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Sergeant</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">17 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Saddler Sergeant</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">21 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Commissary Sergeant</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">21 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Hospital Steward </td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">30 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Corporal</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">14 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Bugler, or Trumpeter</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">13 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Farrier and Blacksmith</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">15 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Private</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">13 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Veterinary Surgeon</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">75 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">African under-cooks</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">10 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>ORDNANCE.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Sergeant</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$34 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">per</td>
+ <td class="tdc">month</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Corporal</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">20 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Wagoner</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">14 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Saddler</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">14 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Private—first class</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">17 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Private—second class
+ <span class="pagenum" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</span></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">16 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>ARTILLERY AND INFANTRY.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Sergeant-Major</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$21 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">per</td>
+ <td class="tdc">month</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Quartermaster Sergeant</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">21 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Commissary Sergeant</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">21 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">First Sergeant</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">20 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Sergeant</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">17 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Hospital Steward</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">30 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Corporal</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">14 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Artificer, Artillery</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">15 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Private</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">13 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Principal Musician</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">21 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Musician</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">12 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">African under-cooks</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">10 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>SAPPERS AND MINERS, AND<br> PONTOONIERS.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Sergeant</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$34 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">per</td>
+ <td class="tdc">month</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Corporal</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">20 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Private—first class</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">17 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Private—second class</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">16 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Musician</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">12 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">African under-cooks</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">10 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>BRIGADE BANDS.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Leader</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$45 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">per</td>
+ <td class="tdc">month</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Four of the Band</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">34 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Eight of the Band</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">17 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Four of the Band</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">20 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>MISCELLANEOUS.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Medical Cadets</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$30 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Hospital Steward—first class</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">22 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Matron</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">6 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl" colspan="4">Female nurses 40 cents per day.</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+ <h2 class="nobreak">PAY OF THE NAVY OF<br> THE UNITED STATES.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<table class="spb1 spa2">
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">REAR ADMIRALS—ACTIVE LIST.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">When at sea</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$5,000</td>
+ <td class="tdl">per</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">annum</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">When on shore duty</td>
+ <td class="tdc">4,000</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">On leave, or waiting orders</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3,000</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">On Retired List
+ <span class="pagenum" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</span></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">2,000</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>COMMODORES—ACTIVE LIST.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">When at sea</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$4,000</td>
+ <td class="tdc">per</td>
+ <td class="tdc">annum</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">When on shore duty</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">2,800</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">On leave, or waiting orders</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">2,100</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">On Retired List</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">1,600</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>COMMANDERS—ACTIVE LIST.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">When at sea</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$2,800</td>
+ <td class="tdc">per</td>
+ <td class="tdc">annum</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">When on shore duty</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">2,240</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">On leave, or waiting orders</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">1,680</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">On Retired List</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">1,400</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>LIEUTENANT COMMANDERS—ACTIVE LIST.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">When at sea</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$2,343</td>
+ <td class="tdc">per</td>
+ <td class="tdc">annum</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">When on shore duty</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">1,875</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">On leave, or waiting orders</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">1,500</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">On Retired List</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">1,300</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>LIEUTENANTS—ACTIVE LIST.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">When at sea</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$1,875</td>
+ <td class="tdc">per</td>
+ <td class="tdc">annum</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">When on shore duty</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">1,500</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">On leave, or waiting orders</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">1,200</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">On Retired List</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">1,000</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>MASTERS—ACTIVE LIST.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">When at sea</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$1,500</td>
+ <td class="tdc">per</td>
+ <td class="tdc">annum</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">When on shore duty</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">1,200</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">On leave, or waiting orders</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">960</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">On Retired List</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">800</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>ENSIGNS—ACTIVE LIST.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">When at sea</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$1,200</td>
+ <td class="tdc">per</td>
+ <td class="tdc">annum</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">When on shore duty</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">960</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">On leave, or waiting orders</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">768</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">On Retired List</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">500</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc" colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Midshipmen </td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">500</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Fleet Surgeons</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3,300</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”
+ <span class="pagenum" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</span></td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<table class="spb1 spa2">
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">SURGEONS.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">For second five years after date of</td>
+ <td class="tdc" colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">commission</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$2,400</td>
+ <td class="tdl">per</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">annum</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>RETIRED SURGEONS.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Surgeons ranking with commanders</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$1,100</td>
+ <td class="tdc">per</td>
+ <td class="tdc">annum</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Surgeons ranking with lieutenants</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">1,000</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>RETIRED PASSED AND ASSISTANT<br> SURGEONS.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Passed</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$850</td>
+ <td class="tdc">per</td>
+ <td class="tdc">annum</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Assistant</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">650</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>PASSED ASSISTANT SURGEONS.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">On duty at sea</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$1,500</td>
+ <td class="tdc">per</td>
+ <td class="tdc">annum</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">On other duty</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">1,400</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">On leave, or waiting orders</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">1,100</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>ASSISTANT SURGEONS.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">On duty at sea</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$1,250</td>
+ <td class="tdc">per</td>
+ <td class="tdc">annum</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">On other duty</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">1,050</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">On leave, or waiting orders</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">800</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>PAYMASTERS.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">On duty at sea—for fourth five years after</td>
+ <td class="tdc" colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">date of commission</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$2,900</td>
+ <td class="tdc">per</td>
+ <td class="tdc">annum</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>PAYMASTERS RETIRED.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Ranking with Captains</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$1,300</td>
+ <td class="tdc">per</td>
+ <td class="tdc">annum</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Ranking with Commanders</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">1,100</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Ranking with Lieutenants</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">1,000</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>ASSISTANT PAYMASTERS.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">On duty at sea—after five years from date</td>
+ <td class="tdc" colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">of commission</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$1,500</td>
+ <td class="tdc">per</td>
+ <td class="tdc">annum</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">On leave, or waiting orders</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">800</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>CHAPLAINS,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc" colspan="4">To be paid as Lieutenants.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>PROFESSORS OF MATHEMATICS.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">On duty</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$1,800</td>
+ <td class="tdc">per</td>
+ <td class="tdc">annum</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">On leave, or waiting orders</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">960</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>BOATSWAINS, GUNNERS, CARPENTERS,<br> AND SAILMAKERS.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">On duty at sea—for first three years’ sea</td>
+ <td class="tdc" colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">service from date of appointment.</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$1,000</td>
+ <td class="tdc">per</td>
+ <td class="tdc">annum</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">For twelve years’ service and upwards</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">1,450</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">On leave, or waiting orders—for twelve years’</td>
+ <td class="tdc" colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">sea service and upwards</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">1,000</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <img src="images/pierce.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="591" >
+ <p class="f120"><b>FRANKLIN PIERCE.</b></p>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</span></p>
+
+<table class="spb1 spa2">
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">CHIEF ENGINEERS.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">On duty—for first five years after date</td>
+ <td class="tdc" colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">of commission</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$1,800</td>
+ <td class="tdl">per</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">annum</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">After fifteen years from date of commission</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">2,600</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">On leave, or waiting orders, after fifteen years</td>
+ <td class="tdc" colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">from date of commission</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">1,500</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>FIRST ASSISTANT ENGINEERS.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">On duty</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$1,500</td>
+ <td class="tdc">per</td>
+ <td class="tdc">annum</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">On leave, or waiting orders</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">900</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>SECOND ASSISTANT ENGINEERS.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">On duty</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$1,000</td>
+ <td class="tdc">per</td>
+ <td class="tdc">annum</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">On leave, or waiting orders</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">750</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>NAVY AGENT.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Commission not to exceed</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$3,000</td>
+ <td class="tdc">per</td>
+ <td class="tdc">annum</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Navy Agent at San Francisco</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">4,000</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Temporary Navy Agents</td>
+ <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Naval Storekeepers</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp"></td>
+ <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc" colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Officers of the Navy on Foreign Stations</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$1,500</td>
+ <td class="tdc">per</td>
+ <td class="tdc">annum</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Engineer-in-Chief</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3,000</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Naval Constructors</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">2,600</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&emsp;”<span class="ws3">”</span><span class="ws3">when not on duty</span></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">1,800</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Secretaries to commanders of squadrons</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">1,500</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Clerks to commanders of squadrons and</td>
+ <td class="tdc" colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">commanders of vessels</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">500</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">At Navy Yards—Boston and New York</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">1,200</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">At Navy Yard—Washington</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">1,200</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">At Navy Yards—Portsmouth, N. H., and Philadelphia</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">1,200</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">At Navy Yard—Mare Island</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">1,500</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>YEOMEN.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">In ships-of-the-line</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$45 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">per</td>
+ <td class="tdc">month</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">In frigates</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">40 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">In sloops</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">30 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">In smaller vessels</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">24 00
+ <span class="pagenum" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</span></td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>ARMORERS.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">In ships-of-the-line</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$30 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">per</td>
+ <td class="tdc">month</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">In frigates</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">25 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">In sloops</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">20 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>MATES.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Master’s (Acting)</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$40 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">per</td>
+ <td class="tdc">month</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Boatswains</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">25 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Gunners</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">25 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Carpenters</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">25 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Sailmakers</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">20 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Armorers</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">20 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc" colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Masters-at-Arms</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">25 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Ship’s Corporals</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">20 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Coxswains</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">24 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Quartermasters</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">24 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Quarter Gunners</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">20 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>CAPTAINS.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Of forecastle</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$24 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">per</td>
+ <td class="tdc">month</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Of tops</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">20 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Of afterguard</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">20 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Of hold</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">20 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc" colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Coopers</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">20 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Painters</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">20 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>STEWARDS.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Ship’s</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$30 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">per</td>
+ <td class="tdc">month</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Officers’</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">20 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Surgeons’, where ship’s complement is 400 and over</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">40 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Surgeons’, where ship’s complement is 200</td>
+ <td class="tdc" colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">and under 400</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">33 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Surgeons’, where ship’s complement is under 200</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">25 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Paymaster’s, where ship’s complement is 240 </td>
+ <td class="tdc" colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">and over</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">33 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Assistant Paymaster’s, where complement is</td>
+ <td class="tdc" colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">100 and over</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">33 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Assistant Paymaster’s, where complement is</td>
+ <td class="tdc" colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">under 100</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">30 00
+ <span class="pagenum" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</span></td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>NURSES.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Where complement is less than 200, one nurse</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$14 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">per</td>
+ <td class="tdc">month</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Where complement is over 200, two nurses, each</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">14 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>COOKS.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Ship’s</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$24 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">per</td>
+ <td class="tdc">month</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Officer’s</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">20 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>MUSICIANS.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Masters of the Band</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$20 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">per</td>
+ <td class="tdc">month</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">First class</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">15 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Second class</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">12 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc" colspan="4">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Seamen</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$18 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">per</td>
+ <td class="tdc">month</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Ordinary Seamen</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">14 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Landsmen</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">12 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Boys</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">8-9 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">&nbsp;<br>FIREMEN.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">First class</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$30 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">per</td>
+ <td class="tdc">month</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Second class</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">25 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Coal Heavers</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">18 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<table class="spb1 spa2">
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110" colspan="4">MARINE CORPS.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Colonel Commandant</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$3,186 00</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">per</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp">annum</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Paymaster, with rank of Major</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">2,154 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Adjutant and Inspector, with rank of Major</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">2,154 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Quartermaster, with rank of Major</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">2,154 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Assistant Quartermaster, with rank of Captain &nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">1,752 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Colonel</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">2,529 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Lieutenant Colonel</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">2,239 50</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Major</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">2,010 00</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p class="blockquot fs_90"><span class="smcap">Note.</span>—By a late
+act of Congress, the monthly pay of private soldiers has been increased
+three dollars, that of non-commissioned officers being proportionately
+advanced. And a tax of five per cent. was imposed on the salaries of
+commissioned officers, thus, indirectly reducing their pay.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">SCHEDULE OF STAMP DUTIES.</h2>
+<hr class="r10">
+</div>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdl" colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr fs_80">Stamp Duties.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Acknowledgment</i> of deeds</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">exempt.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl"><i>Affidavit</i></td>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”&nbsp;&emsp;in suits or legal proceedings</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">exempt.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Agreement</i> or Appraisement, (for each sheet, or piece of</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">paper on which the same is written)</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Assignment</i> or transfer of mortgage, lease, or policy of</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">&nbsp;&emsp;insurance, the same duty as the original instrument.</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”&nbsp;&emsp;of patent right</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Bank Checks</i>, drafts or orders, &amp;c., at sight or on demand</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">2 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Bills of Exchange</i>, (Foreign,) drawn in, but payable out</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">of, the United States, each bill of three</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">or more, must be stamped.</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1">For every bill of each set, where the sum made</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">payable does not exceed one hundred</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">dollars, or the equivalent thereof in</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">any foreign currency in which such bills</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">may be expressed, according to the standard</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">of value fixed by the United States</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">2 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1">For every additional hundred dollars, or</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">fractional part thereof in excess of one</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">hundred dollars</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">2 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1">(Foreign,) drawn in, but made payable out</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">of, the United States, (if drawn singly or</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">in duplicate,) pay the same duty as Inland</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">Bills of Exchange.</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1">[The acceptor or acceptors of any Bill of</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">Exchange, or order for the payment of</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">any sum of money drawn, or purporting</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">to be drawn, in any foreign country, but</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">payable in the United States, must, before</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">paying or accepting the same, place</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">thereon a stamp indicating the duty.]</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Bills of Exchange</i>, (Inland,) draft or order, payable</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">otherwise than at sight or on demand, and</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">any promissory note, whether payable on</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">demand or at a time designated, (except
+ <span class="pagenum" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</span></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">bank notes issued for circulation, and</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">checks made and intended to be, and</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">which shall be, forthwith presented for</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">payment,) for a sum not exceeding one</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">hundred dollars</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1">For every additional $100, or fractional</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">part thereof</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1">[The warrant of attorney to confess judgment</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">on a note or bond is exempt from stamp duty,</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">if the note or bond is properly stamped.]</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Bills of Lading</i>, of vessels for ports of the United States</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">or British North America</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">exempt.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws3">&nbsp;</span>or receipt for goods, to any foreign port</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">10 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Bill of Sale</i> of any vessel, or part thereof, when the</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">consideration does not exceed five</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">hundred dollars</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">50 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws3">&nbsp;</span>exceeding $500, and not exceeding $1,000</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$1 00</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws3">&nbsp;</span>exceeding $1,000, for each $500, or fractional</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">part thereof</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">50 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws3">&nbsp;</span>of personal property, (other than ship or vessel)</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Bond</i>, personal, for the payment of money. (See <i>Mortgage</i>.)</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws3">&nbsp;</span>official</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$1 00</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws3">&nbsp;</span>for indemnifying any person for the payment</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">of any sum of money, where the money</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">ultimately recoverable thereupon is $1,000 or less</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">50 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws3">&nbsp;</span>Where the money recoverable exceeds</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">$1,000, for every additional $1,000, or</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">fractional part thereof</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">50 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Bonds</i>—County, city, and town bonds, railroad and</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">other corporation bonds, and scrip, are</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">subject to stamp duty. (See <i>Mortgage</i>.)</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>of any description, other than such as are</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">required in legal proceedings, and such</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">as are not otherwise charged in this Schedule</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">25 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Certificates</i> of deposit in bank, sum not exceeding one</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">hundred dollars</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">2 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>of deposit in bank, sum exceeding one</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">hundred dollars</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>of stock in an incorporated company</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">25 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>general</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>of record upon the instrument recorded</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">exempt.
+ <span class="pagenum" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</span></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>of record upon the book</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">exempt.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>of weight or measurement of animals, coal,</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1">&nbsp;wood, or other articles, except weighers’</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1">&nbsp;and measurers’ returns</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">exempt.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>of a qualification of a Justice of the Peace,</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1">&nbsp;Commissioner of Deeds, or Notary Public</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>of search of records</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>that certain papers are on file</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>that certain papers can not be found</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>of redemption of land sold for taxes</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>of birth, marriage and death</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>of qualification of school teachers</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>of profits of an incorporated company for a</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">sum not less than $10 and not exceeding $50</span></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">10 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>exceeding $50, and not exceeding $1,000</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">25 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>exceeding $1,000, for every additional</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">$1,000, or fractional part thereof</span></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">25 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>of damage, or otherwise, and all other certificates</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">or documents issued by any port</span></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">warden, marine surveyor, or other person</span></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">acting as such</span></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">25 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Certified Transcripts</i> of judgments, satisfaction of judgments,</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">and all papers recorded or on file.</span></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1">[N. B.—As a general rule, every certificate</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">which has, or may have, a legal value in</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">any court of law or equity, will require</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">a stamp duty of 5 cts.]</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Charter party</i>, or letter, memorandum, or other writing</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">between the captain, owner, or agent of</span></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">any ship, vessel, or steamer, and any other</span></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">person, relating to the charter of the</span></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">same, if the registered tonnage of said</span></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">ship, vessel, or steamer does not exceed</span></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">one hundred and fifty tons</span></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$1 00</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>exceeding one hundred and fifty tons, and</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">not exceeding three hundred tons</span></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3 00</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>exceeding three hundred tons, and</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3"> not exceeding six hundred tons</span></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5 00</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>exceeding six hundred tons</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">10 00</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Check</i>, draft, or order for the payment of any sum of</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">money exceeding $10, drawn upon any</span></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">person other than a bank, banker, or</span></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">trust company, at sight or on demand</span></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">2 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Contract.</i> (See <i>Agreement</i>.)
+ <span class="pagenum" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</span></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>Broker’s</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">16 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Conveyance</i>, deed, instrument, or writing, whereby lands,</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">tenements, or other realty sold, shall be</span></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">conveyed, <i>the actual value</i> of which does</span></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">not exceed $500</span></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">50 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>exceeding $500, and not exceeding $1,000</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$1 00&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>for every additional $500, or fractional part</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">thereof in excess of $1,000</span></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">50 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Endorsement</i> of any negotiable instrument</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">exempt.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Entry</i> of any goods, wares, or merchandise at any custom</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">house, either for consumption or</span></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">warehousing, not exceeding one hundred</span></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">dollars in value</span></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">25 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>exceeding one hundred dollars, and not exceeding</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">five hundred dollars in value</span></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">50 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>exceeding five hundred dollars in value</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$1 00</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>for the withdrawal of any goods or merchandise</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">from bonded warehouse</span></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">50 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Gaugers’</i> returns, if for quantity not exceeding 500 gallons, gross</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">exempt.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>exceeding 500 gallons</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Insurance</i>, (Marine, Inland, and Fire,) where the consideration</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>paid for the insurance, in</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>cash, premium notes, or both, does not</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>exceed $10</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">10 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>(Marine, Inland, and Fire,) exceeding $10,</td>
+ <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>and not exceeding $50</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">25 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>(Marine, Inland, and Fire,) exceeding $50,</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">50 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Insurance</i>, (Life,) when the amount insured does not exceed</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">&nbsp;</span>$1,000</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">25 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>(Life,) exceeding $1,000, and not exceeding $5,000</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">50 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>(Life,) exceeding $5,000</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$1 00&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>(Life,) limited to injury to persons while traveling</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">exempt.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Lease</i> of lands or tenements, where rent does not exceed</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">&nbsp;</span>$300 per annum</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">50 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>exceeding $300, for each additional $200, or</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">&nbsp;</span>fractional part thereof in excess of $300</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">50 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>perpetual, subject to a stamp duty as a “conveyance,”</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">&nbsp;</span>the stamp duty to be measured by resolving the</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">&nbsp;</span>annual rental into a capital sum.</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>clause of guaranty of payment of rent, incorporated</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">&nbsp;</span>or indorsed, five cents additional.
+ <span class="pagenum" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</span></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Manifest</i> for custom house entry or clearance of the cargo of any</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">&nbsp;</span>ship, vessel, or steamer for a foreign port, if the</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">&nbsp;</span>registered tonnage of such ship, vessel, or</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">&nbsp;</span>steamer does not exceed 300 tons</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$1 00</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>exceeding 300 tons, and not exceeding 600 tons</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">3 00</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>exceeding 600 tons</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5 00</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Measurer’s Returns</i>, if for quantity not exceeding one</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">&nbsp;</span>thousand bushels</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">exempt.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>exceeding one thousand bushels</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Mortgage</i>, trust deed, bill of sale, or personal bond for</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">&nbsp;</span>the payment of money exceeding $100, and</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">&nbsp;</span>not exceeding $500</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">50 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>exceeding $500, for every additional $500, or</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">&nbsp;</span>fractional part thereof in excess of $500</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">50 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Pawners’ Checks.</i></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Pension Papers.</i>—Powers of attorney, and all other papers</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">&nbsp;</span>relating to applications for bounties, arrearages</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">&nbsp;</span>of pay, or pensions, or to receipt thereof</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">exempt.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Passage Ticket</i> from the United States to a foreign port,</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">&nbsp;</span>costing not more than $35</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">50 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>from the United States to a foreign port, costing</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">&nbsp; <span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>more than $35, and not exceeding $50</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$1 00&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>for every additional $50, or fractional part</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">&nbsp; <span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>thereof in excess of $50</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$1 00&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Power of Attorney</i> to sell or transfer stock, or collect</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">&nbsp; <span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>dividends thereon</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">25 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>to vote at election of incorporated company</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">10 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>to receive or collect rents</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">25 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>to sell, or convey, or rent, or lease real estate</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$1 00&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>for any purpose</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">50 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Probate of Will</i>, or letters of administration, where the value</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">&nbsp; <span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>of both real and personal estate does not</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">&nbsp; <span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>exceed $2,000</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$1 00&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>for every additional $1,000, or fractional part</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">&nbsp; <span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>thereof in excess of $2,000</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">50 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>bonds of executors, administrators, guardians,</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">&nbsp; <span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>and trustees, are each subject to a stamp duty of</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">$1 00&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>certificate of appointment</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">5 cts.
+ <span class="pagenum" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</span></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Protest</i> upon bill, note, check, or draft</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">25 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Promissory Note.</i>—(See <i>Bills of Exchange</i>, Inland.)</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>deposit note to mutual insurance companies,</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">&nbsp; <span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>when policy is subject to duty</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">exempt.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>renewal of, subject to same duty as an original note.</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Quit Claim Deed</i>, to be stamped as a conveyance, except</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">&nbsp;</span>when given as a release of a mortgage by the</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">&nbsp;</span>mortgagee to the mortgagor, in which case</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">&nbsp;</span>it is exempt.</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Receipt</i> for the payment of any sum of money or debt due</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">&nbsp;</span>exceeding $20, or for the delivery of any property</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">2 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>for satisfaction of any mortgage or judgment or</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">&nbsp;</span>decree of any court</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">exempt.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Sheriff’s</i> return on writ or other process</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">exempt.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Trust Deed</i>, made to secure a debt, to be stamped as a</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">&nbsp;</span>mortgage.</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”&emsp;&nbsp; conveying estate to uses, to be stamped as conveyance.</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Warehouse Receipt</i> for any goods, wares, or merchandise not</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">&nbsp;</span>otherwise provided for, deposited or stored in</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">&nbsp;</span>any public or private warehouse, not exceeding</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">&nbsp;</span>$500 in value</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">exempt.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>exceeding $500, and not exceeding $1,000</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>exceeding $1,000, for every additional $1,000,</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">&nbsp;</span>or fractional part thereof in excess of $1.000</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>for any goods, &amp;c. not otherwise provided for,</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">&nbsp;</span>stored or deposited in any public or private</td>
+ <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2"><span class="ws3">&nbsp;</span>warehouse or yard</td>
+ <td class="tdc">”</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl" colspan="2"><i>Writs and Legal Documents</i>:</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1">Writ, or other original process by which suit is</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">commenced in any court of record, either of</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">law or equity</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">50 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1">Writ, or other original process issued by a court</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">not of record, where the amount claimed</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">is $100 or over</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">50 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1">Upon every confession of judgment or cognovit</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">for $100, or over, except in cases where the</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">tax for a writ has been paid</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">50 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1">Writs, or other process on appeals from justices’</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">courts, or other courts of inferior jurisdiction,</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">to a court of record</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">50 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1">Warrant of distress, when the amount of rent</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">claimed does not exceed $100</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">25 cts.
+ <span class="pagenum" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</span></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1">Warrant of distress when amount exceeds $100</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">50 cts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1">Writs, summons, and other process issued by a</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">justice of the peace, police or municipal court,</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">of no greater jurisdiction than a justice of the</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">peace in the same State</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">exempt.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1">Writs, and other process in any criminal or</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">other suits commenced by the United States</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">in any State</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">exempt.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1">Official documents, instruments, and papers</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">issued or used by officers of the United</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2">States Government</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp">exempt.</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<h3>GENERAL REMARKS.</h3>
+
+<p>Revenue stamps may be used indiscriminately upon any of the matters or
+things enumerated in Schedule B, except proprietary and playing card
+stamps, for which a special use has been provided.</p>
+
+<p>Postage stamps can not be used in payment of the duty chargeable on
+instruments.</p>
+
+<p>It is the duty of the maker of an instrument to affix the stamp
+thereto and to cancel the same in the manner required by law. Proper
+cancellation is essential.</p>
+
+<p>Under the provisions of section 158, an instrument subject to stamp
+duty, but issued without a stamp or with an insufficient one, may
+be so stamped by the Collector as to be as valid to all intents and
+purposes (<i>except as against rights acquired in good faith before
+such stamping and the recording of the instrument, if a record be
+required</i>) as if properly stamped when made or issued. Such an
+instrument, issued at a time when and in a place where no collection
+district was established, may be stamped by the party who issued it or
+by any party having an interest therein at any time prior to January
+1, 1867, and the legal effect of the stamp thus affixed will be the
+same as though affixed by the Collector. When originals are lost the
+necessary stamps may be affixed to copies.</p>
+
+<p>Suits are commenced in many States by other process than writ, viz.:
+summons, warrant, publication, petition, etc., in which cases, these,
+as the original processes, severally require stamps.</p>
+
+<p>The jurat of an affidavit, taken before a Justice of the Peace, Notary
+Public, or other officer duly authorized to take affidavits, is held
+to be a certificate, and subject to a stamp duty of five cents, except
+when taken in suits or legal proceedings.</p>
+
+<p><i>Certificates of Loan</i>, in which there shall appear any written or
+printed evidence of an amount of money to be paid on demand, or at a
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</span>
+time designated, are subject to stamp duty as “Promissory Notes.”</p>
+
+<p>When two or more persons join in the execution of an instrument, the
+stamp to which the instrument is liable under the law may be affixed
+and cancelled by either of them; and “when more than one signature is
+affixed to the same paper, one or more stamps may be affixed thereto
+representing the whole amount of the stamp required for such signature.”</p>
+
+<p>No stamp is required on any warrant of attorney accompanying a bond
+or note when such bond or note has affixed thereto the stamp or
+stamps denoting the duty required; and whenever any bond or note is
+secured by mortgage, but one stamp duty is required on such papers,
+such stamp duty being the highest rate required for such instruments,
+or either of them. In such case a note or memorandum of the value or
+denomination of the stamp affixed should be made upon the margin or in
+the acknowledgment of the instrument which is not stamped.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">THE CIVIL RIGHTS BILL.</h2>
+<hr class="r10">
+</div>
+
+<p class="blockquot">An Act to protect all persons in the United States
+in their civil rights, and furnish the means of their vindication.</p>
+
+<p><i>Be it enacted, &amp;c.</i>, That all persons born in the United States
+and not subject to any foreign power, excluding Indians, not taxed, are
+hereby declared to be citizens of the United States; and such citizens
+of every race and color, without regard to any previous condition of
+slavery or involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime
+whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall have the same
+right in every State and Territory in the United States to make and
+enforce contracts; to sue, be parties, and give evidence; to inherit,
+purchase, lease, sell, hold, and convey real and personal property; and
+to full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security
+of person and property as is enjoyed by white citizens, and shall be
+subject to like punishment, pains, and penalties, and to none other,
+any law, statute ordinance, regulation, or custom, to the contrary
+notwithstanding.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> That any person who, under color
+of any law, statute, ordinance, regulation, or custom, shall subject,
+or cause to be subjected, any inhabitant of any State or Territory to
+the deprivation of any right secured or protected by this act, or to
+different punishment, pains, or penalties on account of such person
+having at any time been held in a condition of slavery or involuntary
+servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall
+have been duly convicted, or by reason of his color or race, than is
+prescribed for the punishment of white persons, shall be deemed guilty
+of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction, shall be punished by fine not
+exceeding one thousand dollars, or imprisonment not exceeding one year,
+or both, in the discretion of the court.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> That the district courts of
+the United States, within their respective districts, shall have,
+exclusively of the courts of the several States, cognizance of all
+crimes and offences committed against the provisions of this act, and
+also, concurrently with the circuit courts of the United States, of all
+causes, civil and criminal, affecting persons who are denied or cannot
+enforce in the courts or judicial tribunals of the State or locality
+where they may be any of the rights secured to them by the first
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</span>
+section of this act; and if any suit or prosecution, civil or criminal,
+has been or shall be commenced in any State court against any such
+person, for any cause whatsoever, or against any officer, civil or
+military, or other person, for any arrest or imprisonment, trespasses,
+or wrongs done or committed by virtue or under color of authority
+derived from this act or the act establishing a bureau for the relief
+of freedmen and refugees, and all acts amendatory thereof, or for
+refusing to do any act upon the ground that it would be inconsistent
+with this act, such defendant shall have the right to remove such
+cause for trial to the proper district or circuit court in the manner
+prescribed by the “Act relating to <i>habeas corpus</i> and regulating
+judicial proceedings in certain cases,” approved March three, eighteen
+hundred and sixty-three, and all acts amendatory thereof. The
+jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters hereby conferred on the
+district and circuit courts of the United States shall be exercised
+and enforced in conformity with the laws of the United States, so far
+as such laws are suitable to carry the same into effect; but in all
+cases where such laws are not adapted to the object, or are deficient
+in the provisions necessary to furnish suitable remedies and punish
+offences against law, the common law, as modified and changed by
+the constitution and statutes of the State wherein the court having
+jurisdiction of the cause, civil or criminal, is held, so far as the
+same is not inconsistent with the Constitution and laws of the United
+States, shall be extended to and govern said courts in the trial
+and disposition of such cause, and, if of a criminal nature, in the
+infliction of punishment on the party found guilty.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> That the district attorneys,
+marshals, and deputy marshals of the United States, the commissioners
+appointed by the circuit court and territorial courts of the United
+States, with power of arresting, imprisoning, or bailing offenders
+against the laws of the United States, the officers and agents of
+the Freedmen’s Bureau, and every other officer who may be specially
+empowered by the President of the United States, shall be, and they
+are hereby, specially authorized and required, at the expense of the
+United States, to institute proceedings against all and every person
+who shall violate the provisions of this act, and cause him or them to
+be arrested and imprisoned, or bailed, as the case may be, for trial
+before such court of the United States or territorial court as by
+this act has cognizance of the offence. And with a view to affording
+reasonable protection to all persons in their constitutional rights
+of equality before the law, without distinction of race or color, or
+previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude, except as a
+punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted,
+and to the prompt discharge of the duties of this act, it shall be the
+duty of the circuit courts of the United States and the superior courts
+of the Territories of the United States, from time to time, to increase
+the number of commissioners, so as to afford a speedy and convenient
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</span>
+means for the arrest and examination of persons charged with a
+violation of this act. And such commissioners are hereby authorized and
+required to exercise and discharge all the powers and duties conferred
+on them by this act, and the same duties with regard to offences
+created by this act, as they are authorized by law to exercise with
+regard to other offences against the laws of the United States.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 5.</span> That it shall be the duty of
+all marshals and deputy marshals to obey and execute all warrants
+and precepts issued under the provisions of this act, when to them
+directed; and should any marshal or deputy marshal refuse to receive
+such warrant or other process when tendered, or to use all proper means
+diligently to execute the same, he shall, on conviction thereof, be
+fined in the sum of one thousand dollars, to the use of the person
+upon whom the accused is alleged to have committed the offence. And
+the better to enable the said commissioners to execute their duties
+faithfully and efficiently, in conformity with the Constitution of
+the United States and the requirements of this act, they are hereby
+authorized and empowered, within their counties respectively, to
+appoint, in writing, under their hands, any one or more suitable
+persons, from time to time, to execute all such warrants and other
+process that may be issued by them in the lawful performance of their
+respective duties; and the persons so appointed to execute any warrant
+or process as aforesaid shall have authority to summon and call to
+their aid the bystanders or the <i>posse comitatus</i> of the proper
+county, or such portion of the land and naval forces of the United
+States, or of the militia, as may be necessary to the performance
+of the duty with which they are charged, and to insure a faithful
+observance of the clause of the Constitution which prohibits slavery,
+in conformity with the provisions of this act; and said warrants shall
+run and be executed by said officers anywhere in the State or Territory
+within which they are issued.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 6.</span> That any person who shall
+knowingly and wilfully obstruct, hinder or prevent any officer, or
+other person charged with the execution of any warrant or process
+issued under the provisions of this act, or any person or persons
+lawfully assisting him or them, from arresting any person for whose
+apprehension such warrant or process may have been issued, or shall
+rescue or attempt to rescue such person from the custody of the
+officer, other person or persons, or those lawfully assisting as
+aforesaid, when so arrested pursuant to the authority herein given
+and declared, or shall aid, abet, or assist any person so arrested
+as aforesaid, directly or indirectly, to escape from the custody of
+the officer or other person legally authorized as aforesaid, or shall
+harbor or conceal any person for whose arrest a warrant or process
+shall have been issued as aforesaid, so as to prevent his discovery and
+arrest after notice or knowledge of the fact that a warrant has been
+issued for the apprehension of such person, shall, for either of said
+offences, be subject to a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars, and
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</span>
+imprisonment not exceeding six months, by indictment and conviction
+before the district court of the United States for the district in
+which said offence may have been committed, or before the proper court
+of criminal jurisdiction, if committed within any one of the organized
+Territories of the United States.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 7.</span> That the district attorneys,
+the marshals, their deputies, and the clerks of the said district and
+territorial courts shall be paid for their services the like fees as
+may be allowed to them for similar services in other cases; and in all
+cases where the proceedings are before a commissioner, he shall be
+entitled to a fee of ten dollars in full for his services in each case,
+inclusive of all services incident to such arrest and examination. The
+person or persons authorized to execute the process to be issued by
+such commissioners for the arrest of offenders against the provisions
+of this act shall be entitled to a fee of five dollars for each
+person he or they may arrest and take before any such commissioner as
+aforesaid, with such other fees as may be deemed reasonable by such
+commissioner for such other additional services as may be necessarily
+performed by him or them, such as attending at the examination, keeping
+the prisoner in custody, and providing him with food and lodging during
+his detention, and until the final determination of such commissioner,
+and in general for performing such other duties as may be required
+in the premises; such fees to be made up in conformity with the fees
+usually charged by the officers of the courts of justice within the
+proper district or county, as near as may be practicable, and paid out
+of the treasury of the United States on the certificate of the judge
+of the district within which the arrest is made, and to be recoverable
+from the defendant as part of the judgment in case of conviction.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 8.</span> That whenever the President of
+the United States shall have reason to believe that offences have been,
+or are likely to be committed against the provisions of this act within
+any judicial district, it shall be lawful for him, in his discretion,
+to direct the judge, marshal, and district attorney of such district
+to attend at such place within the district, and for such time as he
+may designate, for the purpose of the more speedy arrest and trial
+of persons charged with a violation of this act; and it shall be the
+duty of every judge or other officer, when any such requisition shall
+be received by him, to attend at the place and for the time therein
+designated.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 9.</span> That it shall be lawful for the
+President of the United States, or such person as he may empower for
+that purpose, to employ such part of the land or naval forces of the
+United States, or of the militia, as shall be necessary to prevent the
+violation and enforce the due execution of this act.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 10.</span> That upon all questions of law
+arising in any cause under the provisions of this act, a final appeal
+may be taken to the Supreme Court of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>The Bill passed in the Senate over the President’s veto by the vote
+of 33 yeas to 15 nays, and in the House by 122 yeas to 41 nays.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT.</h2>
+<hr class="r10">
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">The Amendment proposed to the Constitution, June 8, 1866.</p>
+
+<h3>ARTICLE XIV.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Section 1.</span> All persons born or
+naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction
+thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein
+they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge
+the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor
+shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property,
+without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its
+jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> Representatives shall be
+apportioned among the several States according to their respective
+numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding
+Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the
+choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United
+States, representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial
+officers of a State, or the members of the legislature thereof, is
+denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one
+years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way
+abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the
+basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion
+which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number
+of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> No person shall be a senator or
+representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President,
+or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or
+under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of
+Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any
+State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State,
+to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in
+insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to
+the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each
+house, remove such disability.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> The validity of the public debt
+of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</span>
+payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing
+insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the
+United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation
+incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States,
+or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such
+debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 5.</span> The Congress shall have power to
+enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.</p>
+
+<p>The Amendment passed the Senate by a vote of 33 yeas to 11 nays; and
+the House by a vote of 138 yeas to 36 nays.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT BILL.</h2>
+<hr class="r10">
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><i>AN ACT for the More Efficient Government of the Rebel States.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="neg-indent"><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, No legal
+State government, or adequate protection for life, or property, now
+exists in the rebel States of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina,
+Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana, Florida, Texas, and Arkansas; and,</p>
+
+<p class="neg-indent"><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, It is
+necessary that peace and good order should be enforced in said States
+until loyal and republican State governments can be established;
+therefore,</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Be it enacted, etc.</i>, That said rebel States shall be divided
+into military districts, and made subject to the military authority
+of the United States, as hereinafter prescribed; and for that purpose
+Virginia shall constitute the first district; North Carolina and South
+Carolina the second district; Georgia, Alabama, and Florida the third
+district; Mississippi and Arkansas the fourth district; Louisiana and
+Texas the fifth district.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> That it shall be the duty of
+the President to assign to the command of each of said districts an
+officer of the army, not below the rank of brigadier-general, and to
+detail a sufficient military force to enable such officer to perform
+his duties and enforce his authority within the district to which he is
+assigned.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> That it shall be the duty of
+each officer assigned, as aforesaid, to protect all persons in their
+rights of person and property; to suppress insurrection, disorder, and
+violence, and to punish, and cause to be punished, all disturbers of
+the public peace, and criminals; and to this end he may allow loyal
+civil tribunals to take jurisdiction of and try offenders; or, when
+in his judgment it may be necessary, for the trial of offenders, he
+shall have power to organize military commissions or tribunals for
+that purpose; and all interference under color of State authority with
+the exercise of military authority under this act shall be null and
+void.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> That all persons put under
+military arrest by virtue of this act shall be tried without
+unnecessary delay, and no cruel or unusual punishment shall be
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</span>
+inflicted, and no sentence of any military commission or tribunal,
+hereby authorized, affecting the life or liberty of any person, shall
+be executed until it is approved by the officer in command of the
+district; and the laws and regulations for the government of the
+army shall not be affected by this act, except in so far as they may
+conflict with its provisions.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 5.</span> That when the people of any one
+of said rebel States shall have formed a constitutional government, in
+conformity with the Constitution of the United States in all respects,
+framed by a convention of delegates elected by the persons who may vote
+upon the ratification or rejection thereof, as hereinafter provided;
+and when said constitution, so framed, shall have been ratified by a
+majority of the male citizens of said State, twenty-one years old and
+upward, of whatever race, color, or previous condition of servitude,
+who may have been resident in said State for one year previous to the
+day of voting on the question of ratifying such constitution, except
+such as may be disfranchised for participating in the rebellion, or for
+felony at common law; and when such constitution shall provide that
+the elective franchise shall be enjoyed by all such persons that have
+the qualifications herein stated, and shall have been submitted to
+Congress for examination, and Congress shall have approved the same;
+and when said State, by a vote of its legislature elected under said
+constitution, shall have adopted the amendment to the Constitution
+of the United States, proposed by the Thirty-ninth Congress, and
+known as article fourteen, and when said article shall become a
+part of the Constitution of the United States, such State shall be
+declared entitled to representation in Congress, and senators and
+representatives shall be admitted thereupon, on their taking the oath
+prescribed by the law; and then and thereafter the preceding sections
+of this bill shall be inoperative in said State.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 6</span>, (proposed by Mr. Doolittle,)
+provides that the penalty of death shall not be inflicted by the
+military power without the approval of the President.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 7.</span> (Shellabarger’s amendment.)
+That until the people of said rebel States shall, by law, be admitted
+to representation in the Congress of the United States, the civil
+governments that may exist therein shall be deemed provisional only,
+and shall be in all respects subject to the paramount authority of
+the United States, which may at any time abolish, modify, control,
+and supersede the same, and in all elections to any office under such
+provisional governments all persons shall be entitled to vote, and
+none others, who are entitled to vote under the provisions of the
+fifth section of this act, and no person shall be eligible to any
+office under such provisional governments who would be disqualified
+from holding office under the provisions of the third article of said
+Constitutional Amendment.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">SUPPLEMENT TO<br> THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT BILL.</h2>
+<hr class="r10">
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Passed at the First Session of the Fortieth Congress.</i></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="neg-indent"><span class="smcap">An Act</span> supplementary
+to an act entitled, “An act to provide for the more efficient
+government of the rebel States,” passed March second, eighteen hundred
+and sixty-seven, and to facilitate restoration.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
+United States of America in Congress assembled</i>, That before
+the first day of September, eighteen hundred and sixty-seven, the
+commanding general in each district defined by an act entitled,
+“An act to provide for the more efficient government of the rebel
+States,” passed March second, eighteen hundred and sixty-seven, shall
+cause a registration to be made of the male citizens of the United
+States, twenty-one years of age and upward, resident in each county
+or parish in the State or States included in his district, which
+registration shall include only those persons who are qualified to
+vote for delegates by the act aforesaid, and who shall have taken
+and subscribed the following oath or affirmation: “I, ————, do
+solemnly swear, (or affirm,) in the presence of Almighty God, that I
+am a citizen of the State of ————; that I have resided in said
+State for ———— months next preceding this day, and now reside in
+the county of ————, or the parish of ————, in said State, (as
+the case may be;) that I am twenty-one years old; that I have not been
+disfranchised for participation in any rebellion or civil war against
+the United States, nor for felony committed against the laws of any
+State or of the United States; that I have never been a member of any
+State legislature, nor held any executive or judicial office in any
+State, and afterward engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the
+United States, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof; that I
+have never taken an oath as a member of Congress of the United States,
+or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State
+legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to
+support the Constitution of the United States, and afterward engaged
+in insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or given aid
+or comfort to the enemies thereof; that I will faithfully support the
+Constitution and obey the laws of the United States, and will, to the
+best of my ability, encourage others so to do, so help me God;” which
+oath or affirmation may be administered by any registering officer.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>,
+That after the completion of the registration hereby provided for in
+any State, at such time and places therein as the commanding general
+shall appoint and direct, of which at least thirty days’ public notice
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</span>
+shall be given, an election shall be held of delegates to a convention
+for the purpose of establishing a constitution and civil government for
+such State loyal to the Union, said convention in each State, except
+Virginia, to consist of the same number of members as the most numerous
+branch of the State legislature of such State in the year eighteen
+hundred and sixty, to be apportioned among the several districts,
+counties, or parishes of such State by the commanding general, giving
+to each representation in the ratio of voters registered as aforesaid
+as nearly as may be. The convention in Virginia shall consist of the
+same number of members as represented the territory now constituting
+Virginia in the most numerous branch of the legislature of said
+State in the year eighteen hundred and sixty, to be apportioned as
+aforesaid.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>,
+That at said election the registered voters of each State shall vote
+for or against a convention to form a constitution therefor under
+this act. Those voting in favor of such a convention shall have
+written or printed on the ballots by which they vote for delegates,
+as aforesaid, the words, “For a convention;” and those voting against
+such a convention shall have written or printed on such ballots the
+words, “Against a convention.” The persons appointed to superintend
+said election, and to make return of the votes given thereat, as herein
+provided, shall count and make return of the votes given for and
+against a convention; and the commanding general to whom the same shall
+have been returned shall ascertain and declare the total vote in each
+State for and against a convention. If a majority of the votes given on
+that question shall be for a convention, then such convention shall be
+held as hereinafter provided; but if a majority of said votes shall be
+against a convention, then no such convention shall be held under this
+act: <i>Provided</i>, That such convention shall not be held unless a
+majority of all such registered voters shall have voted on the question
+of holding such convention.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>,
+That the commanding general of each district shall appoint as many
+boards of registration as may be necessary, consisting of three loyal
+officers or persons, to make and complete the registration, superintend
+the election, and make return to him of the votes, list of voters,
+and of the persons elected as delegates, by a plurality of the votes
+cast at said election; and upon receiving said returns, he shall open
+the same, ascertain the persons elected as delegates, according to
+the returns of the officers who conducted said election, and make
+proclamation thereof; and if a majority of the votes given on that
+question shall be for a convention, the commanding general, within
+sixty days from the date of election, shall notify the delegates to
+assemble in convention, at a time and place to be mentioned in the
+notification; and said convention, when organized, shall proceed to
+frame a constitution and civil government according to the provisions
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</span>
+of this act, and the act to which it is supplementary; and when the
+same shall have been so framed, said constitution shall be submitted
+by the convention for ratification to the persons registered under the
+provisions of this act, at an election to be conducted by the officers
+or persons appointed or to be appointed by the commanding general, as
+hereinbefore provided, and to be held after the expiration of thirty
+days from the date of notice thereof, to be given by said convention;
+and the returns thereof shall be made to the commanding general of the
+district.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 5.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>,
+That if, according to said returns, the constitution shall be ratified
+by a majority of the votes of the registered electors qualified as
+herein specified, cast at said election, at least one-half of all the
+registered voters voting upon the question of such ratification, the
+president of the convention shall transmit a copy of the same, duly
+certified, to the President of the United States, who shall forthwith
+transmit the same to Congress, if then in session, and if not in
+session, then immediately upon its next assembling; and if it shall
+moreover appear to Congress that the election was one at which all the
+registered and qualified electors in the State had an opportunity to
+vote freely and without restraint, fear, or the influence of fraud,
+and if the Congress shall be satisfied that such constitution meets
+the approval of a majority of all the qualified electors in the
+State, and if the said constitution shall be declared by Congress
+to be in conformity with the provisions of the act to which this
+is supplementary, and the other provisions of said act shall have
+been complied with, and the said constitution shall be approved by
+Congress, the State shall be declared entitled to representation, and
+senators and representatives shall be admitted therefrom, as therein
+provided.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 6.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>,
+That all elections in the States mentioned in the said “Act to provide
+for the more efficient government of the rebel States,” shall, during
+the operation of said act, be by ballot; and all officers making the
+said registration of voters and conducting said elections shall, before
+entering upon the discharge of their duties, take and subscribe the
+oath prescribed by the act approved July second, eighteen hundred
+and sixty-two, entitled, “An act to prescribe an oath of office:”
+<i>Provided</i>, That if any person shall knowingly and falsely
+take and subscribe any oath in this act prescribed, such person so
+offending, and being thereof duly convicted, shall be subject to the
+pains, penalties, and disabilities which by law are provided for the
+punishment of the crime of willful and corrupt perjury.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 7.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>,
+That all expenses incurred by the several commanding generals, or by
+virtue of any orders issued, or appointments made, by them, under or by
+virtue of this act, shall be paid out of any moneys in the treasury not
+otherwise appropriated.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 8.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>,
+That the convention for each State shall prescribe the fees, salary,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</span>
+and compensation to be paid to all delegates and other officers and
+agents herein authorized or necessary to carry into effect the purposes
+of this act not herein otherwise provided for, and shall provide for
+the levy and collection of such taxes on the property in such State as
+may be necessary to pay the same.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 9.</span> <i>And be it further enacted</i>,
+That the word “article,” in the sixth section of the act to which this
+is supplementary, shall be construed to mean “section.”</p>
+
+<p class="author">SCHUYLER COLFAX,&emsp;&nbsp;<br>
+Speaker of the House of Representatives.<br>
+B. F. WADE,<span class="ws3">&nbsp;</span><br>
+President of the Senate <i>pro tempore</i>.</p>
+
+<p>After the election which was held early in February, 1868, upon the
+ratification of a new Constitution for the State of Alabama, the law
+was so amended by Congress that a majority of the votes cast (instead
+of a majority of the registered voters) should be required to ratify or
+reject State constitutions in the seceded States.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <img src="images/buchanan.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="535" >
+ <p class="f120"><b>JAMES BUCHANAN.</b></p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">HISTORY OF<br> THE NATIONAL BANKS.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><b>DIGEST OF THE LAW, ETC.</b></p>
+<hr class="r10">
+
+<p><i>Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
+United States of America in Congress assembled</i>, That there shall
+be established in the Treasury Department a separate Bureau, the chief
+officer of which shall be denominated the Comptroller of the Currency,
+who shall be under the general direction of the Secretary of the
+Treasury.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 5.</span> That associations for carrying
+on the business of banking may be formed by any number of persons,
+not less in any case than five, who shall enter into articles of
+association, which shall specify in general terms the object for which
+the association is formed, and may contain any other provisions, not
+inconsistent with the provisions of this act, which the association may
+see fit to adopt for the regulation of the business of the association
+and the conduct of its affairs, which said articles shall be signed
+by the persons uniting to form the association, and a copy of them
+forwarded to the Comptroller of the Currency, to be filed and preserved
+in his office.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 6.</span> That the persons uniting to form
+such an association shall, under their hands, make an organization
+certificate, which shall specify—</p>
+
+<p>First. The name assumed by such association, which name shall be
+subject to the approval of the Comptroller.</p>
+
+<p>Second. The place where its operations of discount and deposit are
+to be carried on, designating the State, Territory, or District, and
+also the particular county and city, town or village.</p>
+
+<p>Third. The amount of its capital stock, and the number of shares
+into which the same shall be divided.</p>
+
+<p>Fourth. The names and places of residence of the shareholders, and
+the number of shares held by each of them.</p>
+
+<p>Fifth. A declaration that said certificate is made to enable such
+persons to avail themselves of the advantages of this act.</p>
+
+<p>The said certificate shall be acknowledged before a judge of some
+court of record or a notary public, and such certificate, with the
+acknowledgment thereof authenticated by the seal of such court or
+notary, shall be transmitted to the Comptroller of the Currency, who
+shall record and carefully preserve the same in his office. Copies of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</span>
+such certificate, duly certified by the Comptroller, and authenticated
+by his seal of office, shall be legal and sufficient evidence in all
+courts and places within the United States, or the jurisdiction of the
+Government thereof, of the existence of such association, and of every
+other matter or thing which could be proved by the production of the
+original certificate.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 7.</span> That no association shall be
+organized under this act, with a less capital than one hundred thousand
+dollars, nor in a city whose population exceeds fifty thousand persons,
+with a less capital than two hundred thousand dollars: <i>Provided</i>,
+That banks with a capital of not less than fifty thousand dollars
+may, with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, be organized
+in any place, the population of which does not exceed six thousand
+inhabitants.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 8.</span> That every association formed,
+pursuant to the provisions of this act, shall, from the date of the
+execution of its organization certificate, be a body-corporate, but
+shall transact no business except such as may be incidental to its
+organization and necessarily preliminary, until authorized by the
+Comptroller of the Currency to commence the business of banking. Such
+association shall have power to adopt a corporate seal, and shall have
+succession by the name designated in its organization certificate,
+for the period of twenty years from its organization, unless sooner
+dissolved according to the provisions of its articles of association,
+or by the act of its shareholders owning two-thirds of its stock, or
+unless the franchise shall be forfeited by a violation of this act; by
+such name it may make contracts, sue and be sued, complain and defend,
+in any court of law and equity as fully as natural persons; it may
+elect or appoint directors, and by its board of directors appoint a
+president, vice-president, cashier, and other officers, define their
+duties, require bonds of them, and fix the penalty thereof, dismiss
+said officers or any of them at pleasure, and appoint others to fill
+their places, and exercise under this act all such incidental powers as
+shall be necessary to carry on the business of banking by discounting
+and negotiating promissory notes, drafts, bills of exchange, and
+other evidences of debt; by receiving deposits; by buying and selling
+exchange, coin, and bullion; by loaning money on personal security; by
+obtaining, issuing, and circulating notes according to the provisions
+of this act; and its board of directors shall also have power to define
+and regulate by by-laws, not inconsistent with the provisions of this
+act, the manner in which its stock shall be transferred, its directors
+elected or appointed, its officers appointed, its property transferred,
+its general business conducted, and all the privileges granted by
+this act to associations organized under it shall be exercised and
+enjoyed; and its usual business shall be transacted at an office or
+banking-house located in the place specified in its organization
+certificate.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 9.</span> That the affairs of every
+association shall be managed by not less than five directors, one of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</span>
+whom shall be the president. Every director shall, during his whole
+term of service, be a citizen of the United States; and at least
+three-fourths of the directors shall have resided in the State,
+Territory, or District in which such association is located one year
+next preceding their election as directors, and be residents of the
+same during their continuance in office. Each director shall own,
+in his own right, at least ten shares of the capital stock of the
+association of which he is a director.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 11.</span> That in all elections of
+directors, and in deciding all questions at meetings of shareholders,
+each shareholder shall be entitled to one vote on each share of
+stock held by him. Shareholders may vote by proxies duly authorized
+in writing; but no officer, clerk, teller, or book-keeper of such
+association shall act as proxy; and no shareholders, whose liability is
+past due and unpaid, shall be allowed to vote.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 12.</span> That the capital stock of
+any association formed under this act shall be divided into shares
+of one hundred dollars each, and be deemed personal property and
+transferable on the books of the association; and every person becoming
+a shareholder by such transfer shall, in proportion to his shares,
+succeed to all the rights and liabilities of the prior holder of such
+shares, and no change shall be made in the articles of association by
+which the rights, remedies, or security of the existing creditors of
+the association shall be impaired. The shareholders of each association
+formed under the provisions of this act, and of each existing bank or
+banking association that may accept the provisions of this act, shall
+be held individually responsible, equally and ratably, and not one for
+another, for all contracts, debts, and engagements of such association
+to the extent of amount of their stock therein at the par value
+thereof, in addition to the amount invested in such shares; except that
+shareholders of any banking association now existing under State laws,
+having not less than five millions of dollars of capital actually paid
+in, and a surplus of twenty per centum on hand, both to be determined
+by the Comptroller of the Currency, shall be liable only to the amount
+invested in their shares; and such surplus of twenty per centum shall
+be kept undiminished, and be in addition to the surplus provided for
+in this act; and if at any time there shall be a deficiency in said
+surplus of twenty per centum, the said banking association shall not
+pay any dividends to its shareholders until such deficiency shall be
+made good; and in case of such deficiency, the Comptroller of the
+Currency may compel said banking association to close up its business
+and wind up its affairs under the provisions of this act. And the
+Comptroller shall have authority to withhold from an association his
+certificate authorizing the commencement of business, whenever he shall
+have reason to suppose that the shareholders thereof have formed the
+same for any other than the legitimate objects contemplated by this act.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 13.</span> That it shall be lawful for
+any association formed under this act, by its articles of association
+to provide for an increase of its capital from time to time, as
+may be deemed expedient, subject to the limitations of this act:
+<i>Provided</i>, That the maximum of such increase in the articles of
+association shall be determined by the Comptroller of the Currency;
+and no increase of capital shall be valid until the whole amount of
+such increase shall be paid in, and notice thereof shall have been
+transmitted to the Comptroller of the Currency, and his certificate
+obtained specifying the amount of such increase of capital stock, with
+his approval thereof, and that it has been duly paid in as part of the
+capital of such association. And every association shall have power,
+by the vote of shareholders owning two-thirds of its capital stock, to
+reduce the capital of such association to any sum not below the amount
+required by this act in the formation of associations: <i>Provided</i>,
+That by no such reduction shall its capital be brought below the amount
+required by this act for its outstanding circulation, nor shall any
+such reduction be made until the amount of the proposed reduction has
+been reported to the Comptroller of the Currency and his approval
+thereof obtained.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 14.</span> That at least fifty per centum
+of the capital stock of every association shall be paid in before it
+shall be authorized to commence business; and the remainder of the
+capital stock of such association shall be paid in installments of
+at least ten per centum each on the whole amount of the capital as
+frequently as one installment at the end of each succeeding month
+from the time it shall be authorized by the Comptroller to commence
+business; and the payment of each installment shall be certified
+to the Comptroller, under oath, by the president or cashier of the
+association.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 16.</span> That every association, after
+having complied with the provisions of this act, preliminary to the
+commencement of banking business under its provisions, and before it
+shall be authorized to commence business, shall transfer and deliver to
+the Treasurer of the United States, any United States registered bonds
+bearing interest to an amount not less than thirty thousand dollars nor
+less than one-third of the capital stock paid in, which bonds shall be
+deposited with the Treasurer of the United States, and by him safely
+kept in his office until the same shall be otherwise disposed of, in
+pursuance of the provisions of this act; and the Secretary of the
+Treasury is hereby authorized to receive and cancel any United States
+coupon bonds, and to issue in lieu thereof registered bonds of like
+amount, bearing a like rate of interest, and having the same time to
+run; and the deposit of bonds shall be, by every association, increased
+as its capital may be paid up or increased, so that every association
+shall at all times have on deposit with the Treasurer registered United
+States bonds to the amount of at least one-third of its capital stock
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</span>
+actually paid in: <i>Provided</i>, That nothing in this section shall
+prevent an association that may desire to reduce its capital or to
+close up its business and dissolve its organization from taking up its
+bonds upon returning to the Comptroller its circulating notes in the
+proportion hereinafter named in this act, nor from taking up any excess
+of bonds beyond one-third of its capital stock, and upon which no
+circulating notes have been delivered.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 17.</span> That whenever a certificate
+shall have been transmitted to the Comptroller of the Currency, as
+provided in this act, and the association transmitting the same shall
+notify the Comptroller that at least fifty per centum of its capital
+stock has been paid in as aforesaid, and that such association has
+complied with all the provisions of this act as required to be complied
+with before such association shall be authorized to commence the
+business of banking, the Comptroller shall examine into the condition
+of such association, ascertain especially the amount of money paid in
+on account of its capital, the name and place of residence of each
+of the directors of such association, and the amount of the capital
+stock of which each is the bona fide owner, and generally whether such
+association has complied with all the requirements of this act to
+entitle it to engage in the business of banking; and shall cause to be
+made and attested by the oaths of a majority of the directors and by
+the president or cashier of such association, a statement of all the
+facts necessary to enable the Comptroller to determine whether such
+association is lawfully entitled to commence the business of banking
+under this act.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 19.</span> That all transfers of United
+States bonds which shall be made by any association under the
+provisions of this act shall be made to the Treasurer of the United
+States in trust for the association, with a memorandum written or
+printed on each bond, and signed by the cashier or some other officer
+of the association making the deposit, a receipt therefor to be given
+to said association, or by the Comptroller of the Currency, or by a
+clerk appointed by him for that purpose, stating that it is held in
+trust for the association on whose behalf such transfer is made, and as
+a security for the redemption and payment of any circulating notes that
+may have been or may be delivered to such association. No assignment or
+transfer of any such bonds by the Treasurer shall be deemed valid or
+of binding force and effect unless countersigned by the Comptroller of
+the Currency. It shall be the duty of the Comptroller of the Currency
+to keep in his office a book in which shall be entered the name of
+every association from whose accounts such transfer of bonds is made
+by the Treasurer, and the name of the party to whom such transfer is
+made; and the par value of the bonds so transferred shall be entered
+therein; and it shall be the duty of the Comptroller, immediately upon
+countersigning and entering the same, to advise by mail the association
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</span>
+from whose account such transfer was made of the kind and numerical
+designation of the bonds and the amount thereof so transferred.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 21.</span> That upon the transfer and
+delivery of bonds to the Treasurer, as provided in the foregoing
+section, the association making the same shall be entitled to receive
+from the Comptroller of the Currency circulating notes of different
+denominations, in blank, registered and countersigned, as hereinafter
+provided, equal in amount to ninety per centum of the current market
+value of the United States bonds so transferred and delivered, but
+not exceeding ninety per centum of the amount of said bonds at the
+par value thereof, it bearing interest at a rate not less than five
+per centum per annum; and the amount of such circulating notes to be
+furnished to each association shall be in proportion to its paid-up
+capital, as follows, and no more: To each association whose capital
+shall not exceed five hundred thousand dollars, ninety per centum of
+such capital; to each association whose capital exceeds five hundred
+thousand dollars, but does not exceed one million dollars, eighty per
+centum of such capital; to each association whose capital exceeds
+one million dollars, but does not exceed three millions of dollars,
+seventy-five per centum of such capital; to each association whose
+capital exceeds three millions of dollars, sixty per centum of such
+capital. And that one hundred and fifty millions of dollars of the
+entire amount of circulating notes authorized to be issued shall be
+apportioned to associations in the States, in the District of Columbia,
+and in the Territories, according to representative population, and
+the remainder shall be apportioned by the Secretary of the Treasury
+among associations formed in the several States, in the District of
+Columbia, and in the Territories, having due regard to the existing
+banking capital, resources, and business of such State, District, and
+Territory. (Act as amended and approved, March 3, 1865.)</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 22.</span> That the entire amount of notes
+for circulation to be issued under this act shall not exceed three
+hundred millions of dollars. In order to furnish suitable notes for
+circulation, the Comptroller of the Currency is hereby authorized and
+required, under the direction of the Secretary of the Treasury, to
+cause plates and dies to be engraved, in the best manner, to guard
+against counterfeiting and fraudulent alterations, and to have printed
+therefrom, and numbered, such quantity of circulating notes, in blank,
+of the denominations of one dollar, two dollars, three dollars, five
+dollars, ten dollars, twenty dollars, fifty dollars, one hundred
+dollars, five hundred dollars, and one thousand dollars, as may be
+required to supply, under this act, the associations entitled to
+receive the same; which notes shall express upon their face that they
+are secured by United States bonds, deposited with the Treasurer of the
+United States by the written or engraved signatures of the Treasurer
+and Register, and by the imprint of the seal of the Treasury; and
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</span>
+shall also express upon their face the promise of the association
+receiving the same to pay on demand, attested by the signatures of
+the president or vice-president and cashier. And the said notes shall
+bear such devices and such other statements, and shall be in such
+form as the Secretary of the Treasury shall, by regulation, direct:
+<i>Provided</i>, That not more than one-sixth part of the notes
+furnished to an association shall be of a less denomination than five
+dollars, and that after specie payments shall be resumed no association
+shall be furnished with notes of a less denomination than five
+dollars.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 23.</span> That after any such association
+shall have caused its promise to pay such notes on demand to be signed
+by the president or vice-president, and cashier thereof, in such manner
+as to make them obligatory promissory notes, payable on demand, at its
+place of business, such association is hereby authorized to issue and
+circulate the same as money; and the same shall be received at par in
+all parts of the United States in payment of taxes, excises, public
+lands, and all other dues to the United States, except for duties on
+imports; and also for all salaries and other debts and demands owing
+by the United States to individuals, corporations, and associations
+within the United States, except interest on the public debt, and in
+redemption of the national currency. And no such association shall
+issue post notes or any other notes to circulate as money than such as
+are authorized by the foregoing provisions of this act.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 24.</span> That it shall be the duty of
+the Comptroller of the Currency to receive worn-out or mutilated
+circulating notes issued by any such banking association, and also,
+on due proof of the destruction of any such circulating notes, to
+deliver in place thereof to such association other blank circulating
+notes to an equal amount. And such worn-out or mutilated notes, after a
+memorandum shall have been entered in the proper books, in accordance
+with such regulations as may be established by the Comptroller, as well
+as all circulating notes which shall have been paid or surrendered to
+be canceled, shall be burned to ashes in the presence of four persons,
+one to be appointed by the Secretary of the Treasury, one by the
+Comptroller of the Currency, one by the Treasurer of the United States,
+and one by the association, under such regulations as the Secretary
+of the Treasury may prescribe. And a certificate of such burning,
+signed by the parties so appointed, shall be made in the books of the
+Comptroller, and a duplicate thereof forwarded to the association whose
+notes are thus cancelled.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 26.</span> That the bonds transferred to
+and deposited with the Treasurer of the United States, as hereinbefore
+provided, by any banking association for the security of its
+circulating notes, shall be held exclusively for that purpose, until
+such notes shall be redeemed, except as provided in this act; but the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</span>
+Comptroller of the Currency shall give to any such banking association
+powers of attorney to receive and appropriate to its own use the
+interest on the bonds which it shall have so transferred to the
+Treasurer; but such powers shall become inoperative whenever such
+banking association shall fail to redeem its circulating notes as
+aforesaid. Whenever the market or cash value of any bonds deposited
+with the Treasurer of the United States, as aforesaid, shall be
+reduced below the amount of the circulation issued for the same, the
+Comptroller of the Currency is hereby authorized to demand and receive
+the amount of such depreciation in other United States bonds at cash
+value, or in money, from the association receiving said bills, to be
+deposited with the Treasurer of the United States as long as such
+depreciation continues. And said Comptroller, upon the terms prescribed
+by the Secretary of the Treasury, may permit an exchange to be made of
+any of the bonds deposited with the Treasurer by an association for
+other bonds of the United States authorized by this act to be received
+as security for circulating notes: <i>Provided</i>, that the remaining
+bonds which shall have been transferred by the banking association
+offering to surrender circulating notes shall be equal to the amount
+required for the circulating notes not surrendered by such banking
+association, and that the amount of bonds in the hands of the Treasurer
+shall not be diminished below the amount required to be kept on deposit
+with him by this act: <i>And provided</i>, That there shall have been
+no failure by such association to redeem its circulating notes, and no
+other violation by such association of the provisions of this act, and
+that the market or cash value of the remaining bonds shall not be below
+the amount required for the circulation issued for the same.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 27.</span> That it shall be unlawful for
+any officer acting under the provisions of this act to countersign or
+deliver to any association, or to any other company or person, any
+circulating notes contemplated by this act, except as hereinbefore
+provided, and in accordance with the true intent and meaning of this
+act.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 28.</span> That it shall be lawful for
+any such association to purchase, hold, and convey real estate as
+follows:</p>
+
+<p>First. Such as shall be necessary for its immediate accommodation in
+the transaction of its business.</p>
+
+<p>Second. Such as shall be mortgaged to it in good faith by way of
+security for debts previously contracted.</p>
+
+<p>Third. Such as shall be conveyed to it in satisfaction of debts
+previously contracted in the course of its dealings.</p>
+
+<p>Fourth. Such as it shall purchase at sales under judgments, decrees,
+or mortgages held by such association, or shall purchase to secure
+debts due to said association.</p>
+
+<p>Such association shall not purchase or hold real estate in any other
+case or for any other purpose than as specified in this section. Nor
+shall it hold the possession of any real estate under mortgage, or hold
+the title and possession of any real estate purchased to secure any
+debts due to it for a longer period than five years.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 29.</span> That the total liabilities to
+any association, of any person, or of any company, corporation, or firm
+for money borrowed, including in the liabilities of a company or firm
+the liabilities of the several members thereof, shall at no time exceed
+one-tenth part of the amount of the capital stock of such association
+actually paid in: <i>Provided</i>, That the discount of bona fide bills
+of exchange drawn against actually existing values, and the discount of
+commercial or business paper actually owned by the person or persons,
+corporation, or firm negotiating the same shall not be considered as
+money borrowed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec 30.</span> That every association may take,
+receive, reserve, and charge on any loan or discount made, or upon
+any note, bill of exchange, or other evidences of debt, interest at
+the rate allowed by the laws of the State or Territory where the bank
+is located, and no more, except that where by the laws of any State
+a different rate is limited for banks of issue organized under State
+laws, the rate so limited shall be allowed for associations organized
+in any such State under this act. And when no rate is fixed by the
+laws of the State or Territory, the bank may take, receive, reserve,
+or charge a rate not exceeding seven per centum, and such interest may
+be taken in advance, reckoning the days for which the note, bill, or
+other evidence of debt has to run. And the knowingly taking, receiving,
+reserving, or charging a rate of interest greater than aforesaid
+shall be held and adjudged a forfeiture of the entire interest which
+the note, bill, or other evidence of debt carries with it, or which
+has been agreed to be paid thereon. And in case a greater rate of
+interest has been paid, the person or persons paying the same, or their
+legal representatives, may recover back, in any action of debt twice
+the amount of the interest thus paid from the association taking or
+receiving the same: <i>Provided</i>, That such action is commenced
+within two years from the time the usurious transaction occurred.
+But the purchase, discount, or sale of a bona fide bill of exchange,
+payable at another place than the place of such purchase, discount, or
+sale, at not more than the current rate of exchange for sight drafts,
+in addition to the interest, shall not be considered as taking or
+receiving a greater rate of interest.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 31.</span> That every association in the
+cities hereinafter named shall, at all times, have on hand, in lawful
+money of the United States, an amount equal to at least twenty-five
+per centum of the aggregate amount of its notes in circulation and its
+deposits; and every other association shall, at all times, have on
+hand, in lawful money of the United States, an amount equal to at least
+fifteen per centum of the aggregate amount of its notes in circulation
+and of its deposits. And whenever the lawful money of any association
+in any of the cities hereinafter named shall be below the amount of
+twenty-five per centum of its circulation and deposits, and whenever
+the lawful money of any other association shall be below fifteen per
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</span>
+centum of its circulation and deposits, such association shall not
+increase its liabilities by making any new loans or discounts,
+otherwise than by discounting or purchasing bills of exchange payable
+at sight, nor make any dividend of its profits until the required
+proportion between the aggregate amount of its outstanding notes of
+circulation and deposits and its lawful money of the United States
+shall be restored: <i>Provided</i>, That three-fifths of said fifteen
+per centum may consist of balances due to an association available for
+the redemption of its circulating notes from associations approved
+by the Comptroller of the Currency, organized under this act, in the
+cities of Saint Louis, Louisville, Chicago, Detroit, Milwaukee, New
+Orleans, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Pittsburg, Baltimore, Philadelphia,
+Boston, New York, Albany, Leavenworth, San Francisco, and Washington
+City: <i>Provided, also</i>, That clearing-house certificates,
+representing specie or lawful money specially deposited for the purpose
+of any clearing-house association, shall be deemed to be lawful money
+in the possession of any association belonging to such clearing-house
+holding and owning such certificate, and shall be considered to be a
+part of the lawful money which such association is required to have
+under the foregoing provisions of this section: <i>Provided</i>, That
+the cities of Charleston and Richmond may be added to the list of
+cities in the national associations, of which other associations may
+keep three-fifths of their lawful money, whenever, in the opinion of
+the Comptroller of the Currency, the condition of the Southern States
+will warrant it. And it shall be competent for the Comptroller of the
+Currency to notify any association, whose lawful money reserve as
+aforesaid shall be below the amount to be kept on hand as aforesaid, to
+make good such reserve; and if such association shall fail for thirty
+days thereafter, so as to make good its reserve of lawful money of
+the United States, the Comptroller may, with the concurrence of the
+Secretary of the Treasury, appoint a receiver to wind up the business
+of such association, as provided in this act.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 32.</span> That each association organized
+in any of the cities named in the foregoing section shall select,
+subject to the approval of the Comptroller of the Currency, an
+association in the city of New York, at which it will redeem its
+circulating notes at par. And each of such associations may keep
+one-half of its lawful money reserve in cash deposits in the city of
+New York. And each association, not organized within the cities named
+in the preceding section, shall select, subject to the approval of the
+Comptroller of the Currency, an association in either of the cities
+named in the preceding section, at which it will redeem its circulating
+notes at par. And every association formed or existing under the
+provisions of this act shall take and receive at par, for any debt or
+liability to said association, any and all notes or bills issued by any
+association existing under and by virtue of this act.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 35.</span> That no association shall make
+any loan or discount on the security of the shares of its own capital
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</span>
+stock, nor be the purchaser or holder of any such shares, unless
+such security or purchase shall be necessary to prevent loss upon a
+debt previously contracted in good faith; and stock so purchased or
+acquired, shall, within six months from the time of its purchase, be
+sold or disposed of at public or private sale, in default of which a
+receiver may be appointed to close up the business of the association,
+according to the provisions of this act.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 36.</span> That no association shall, at
+any time, be indebted, or in any way liable, to an amount exceeding its
+capital stock at such time actually paid in and remaining undiminished
+by losses or otherwise, except on the following accounts; that is to
+say:</p>
+
+<p>First. On account of its notes of circulation.</p>
+
+<p>Second. On account of moneys deposited with, or collected by, such
+association.</p>
+
+<p>Third. On account of bills of exchange or drafts drawn against
+money actually on deposit to the credit of such association, or due
+thereto.</p>
+
+<p>Fourth. On account of liabilities to its stockholders for dividends
+and reserved profits.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 37.</span> That no association shall,
+either directly or indirectly, pledge or hypothecate any of its notes
+of circulation, for the purpose of procuring money to be paid in
+on its capital stock, or to be used in its banking operations, or
+otherwise; nor shall any association use its circulating notes, or any
+part thereof, in any manner or form, to create or increase its capital
+stock.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 38.</span> That no association or any
+member thereof, shall, during the time it shall continue its banking
+operations, withdraw, or permit to be withdrawn, either in forms of
+dividends or otherwise, any portion of its capital. And if losses
+shall at any time have been sustained by any such association equal to
+or exceeding its dividend profits then on hand, no dividend shall be
+made; and no dividend shall ever be made by any association while it
+shall continue its banking operations, to an amount greater than its
+net profits then on hand, deducting therefrom its losses and bad debts.
+And all debts due to any association on which interest is past due
+and unpaid for a period of six months, unless the same shall be well
+secured, and shall be in process of collection, shall be considered bad
+debt, within the meaning of this act: <i>Provided</i>, That nothing in
+this section shall prevent the reduction of the capital stock of the
+association under the thirteenth section of this act.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 39.</span> That no association shall at any
+time pay out on loans or discounts, or in purchasing drafts or bills of
+exchange, or in payment of deposits, or in any other mode pay or put in
+circulation the notes of any bank or banking association which shall
+not, at any such time, be receivable, at par on deposit and in payment
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</span>
+of debts by the association so paying out or circulating such notes,
+nor shall it knowingly pay out or put in circulation any notes issued
+by any bank or banking association, which, at the time of such paying
+out or putting in circulation, is not redeeming its circulating notes
+in lawful money of the United States.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 41.</span> And in lieu of all existing
+taxes, every association shall pay to the Treasurer of the United
+States, in the months of January and July, a duty of one-half of one
+per centum each half year from and after the first day of January,
+eighteen hundred and sixty-four, upon the average amount of its notes
+in circulation, and a duty of one quarter of one per centum each half
+year upon the average amount of its deposits, and a duty of one quarter
+of one per centum each half year, as aforesaid, on the average amount
+of its capital stock beyond the amount invested in United States bonds.
+And it shall be the duty of each association, within ten days from the
+first days of January and July of each year, to make a return under
+the oath of its president or cashier, to the Treasurer of the United
+States, in such form as he may prescribe, of the average amount of its
+notes in circulation, and of the average amount of its deposits, and of
+the average amount of its capital stock beyond the amount invested in
+United States bonds, for the six months next preceding said first days
+of January and July as aforesaid: <i>Provided</i>, That nothing in this
+act shall be construed to prevent all the shares in any of the said
+associations, held by any person or body-corporate from being included
+in the valuation of the personal property of such person or corporation
+in the assessment of taxes imposed by or under State authority at the
+place where such bank is located, and not elsewhere, but not at a
+greater rate than is assessed upon other moneyed capital in the hands
+of individual citizens of such State: <i>Provided further</i>, That
+the tax so imposed under the laws of any State upon the shares of any
+of the associations authorized by this act shall not exceed the rate
+imposed upon the shares in any of the banks organized under authority
+of the State where such association is located: <i>Provided, also</i>,
+That nothing in this act shall exempt the real estate of associations
+from either State, county, or municipal taxes to the same extent,
+according to its value, as other real estate is taxed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 42.</span> That any association may go
+into liquidation and be closed by the vote of its shareholders owning
+two-thirds of its stock. And whenever such vote shall be taken it shall
+be the duty of the board of directors to cause notice of this fact to
+be certified, under the seal of the association, by its president or
+cashier, to the Comptroller of the Currency, and publication thereof
+to be made for a period of two months in a newspaper, published in the
+city of New York, and also in a newspaper published in a city or town
+in which the association is located; and one year after that time the
+outstanding notes of said association shall be redeemed at the Treasury
+of the United States, and the said association and the shareholders
+thereof shall be discharged from all liabilities therefor.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 44.</span> That any bank incorporated by
+special law, or any banking institution organized under a general
+law of any State, may, by authority of this act, become a national
+association under its provisions, by the name prescribed in its
+organization certificate; and in such case the articles of association
+and the organization certificate required by this act may be executed
+by a majority of the directors of the bank or banking institution;
+and said certificate shall declare that the owners of two-thirds
+of the capital stock shall have authorized the directors to make
+such certificate and to change and convert the said bank or banking
+institution into a national association under this act. And a majority
+of the directors, after executing said articles of association and
+organization certificate, shall have power to execute all other papers,
+and to do whatever may be required to make its organization perfect
+and complete as a national association. The shares of any such bank
+may continue to be for the same amount each as they were before said
+conversion, and the directors aforesaid may be the directors of the
+association until others are elected or appointed in accordance with
+the provisions of this act; and any State bank which is a stockholder
+in any other bank, by authority of State laws, may continue to hold
+its stock, although either bank, or both, may be organized under and
+have accepted the provisions of this act. When the Comptroller shall
+give to such association a certificate, under his hand and official
+seal, that the provisions of this act have been complied with, and that
+it is authorized to commence the business of banking under it, the
+association shall have the same powers and privileges, and shall be
+subject to the same duties, responsibilities and rules, in all respects
+as are prescribed in this act for other associations organized under
+it, and shall be held and regarded as an association under this act:
+<i>Provided, however</i>, That no such association shall have a less
+capital than the amount prescribed for banking associations under this
+act.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 45.</span> That all associations under
+this act, when designated for that purpose by the Secretary of the
+Treasury, shall be depositaries of public money, except receipts from
+customs, under such regulations as may be prescribed by the Secretary;
+and they may also be employed as financial agents of the Government;
+and they shall perform all such reasonable duties, as depositaries
+of public moneys and financial agents of the Government, as may be
+required of them. And the Secretary of the Treasury shall require of
+the associations thus designated satisfactory security, by the deposit
+of United States bonds and otherwise, for the safe keeping and prompt
+payment of the public money deposited with them, and for the faithful
+performance of their duties as financial agents of the Government:
+<i>Provided</i>, That every association which shall be selected and
+designated as receiver or depositary of the public money, shall take
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</span>
+and receive at par all of the national currency bills, by whatever
+association issued, which have been paid in to the Government for
+internal revenue, or for loans or stocks.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 46.</span> That if any such association
+shall at any time fail to redeem, in the lawful money of the United
+States, any of its circulating notes, when payment thereof shall be
+lawfully demanded during the usual hours of business, at the office of
+such association, or at its place of redemption aforesaid, the holder
+may cause the same to be protested, in one package, by a notary public,
+unless the president or cashier of the association, whose notes are
+presented for payment, or the president or cashier of the association
+at the place at which they are redeemable, shall offer to waive demand
+and notice of the protest, and shall, in pursuance of such offer,
+make, sign, and deliver to the party making such demand, an admission
+in writing, stating the time of the demand, the amount demanded, and
+the fact of the non-payment thereof; and such notary public, on making
+such protest, or upon receiving such admission, shall forthwith forward
+such admission or notice of protest to the Comptroller of the Currency,
+retaining a copy thereof. And after such default, on examination of
+the facts by the Comptroller, and notice by him to the association, it
+shall not be lawful for the association suffering the same to pay out
+any of its notes, discount any notes or bills, or otherwise prosecute
+the business of banking, except to receive and safely keep money
+belonging to it, and to deliver special deposits. <i>Provided</i>,
+That if satisfactory proof be produced to such notary public, that
+the payment of any such notes is restrained by order of any court of
+competent jurisdiction, such notary public shall not protest the same;
+and when the holder of such notes shall cause more than one note or
+package to be protested on the same day, he shall not receive pay for
+more than one protest.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 56.</span> That all suits and proceedings
+arising out of the provisions of this act, in which the United States
+or its officers or agents shall be parties, shall be conducted by the
+district attorneys of the several districts, under the direction and
+supervision of the Solicitor of the Treasury.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 57.</span> That suits, actions, and
+proceedings against any association under this act, may be had in any
+circuit, district, or territorial court of the United States held
+within the district in which such association may be established; or
+in any State, county, or municipal court in the county or city in
+which said association is located, having jurisdiction in similar
+cases: <i>Provided, however</i>, That all proceedings to enjoin the
+Comptroller under this act shall be had in a circuit, district, or
+territorial court of the United States, held in the district in which
+the association is located.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 58.</span> That every person who shall
+mutilate, cut, deface, disfigure, or perforate with holes, or shall
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</span>
+unite or cement together, or do any other thing to any bank bill,
+draft, note, or other evidence of debt, issued by any such association,
+or shall cause or procure the same to be done, with intent to render
+such bank bill, draft, note, or other evidence of debt unfit to be
+reissued by said association, shall, upon conviction, forfeit fifty
+dollars to the association who shall be injured thereby, to be
+recovered by action in any court having jurisdiction.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 61.</span> That it shall be the duty of
+the Comptroller of the Currency to report annually to Congress at the
+commencement of its session—</p>
+
+<p>First. A summary of the state and condition of every association
+from whom reports have been received the preceding year, at the several
+dates to which such reports refer, with an abstract of the whole amount
+of banking capital returned by them, of the whole amount of their debts
+and liabilities, the amount of circulating notes outstanding, and the
+total amount of means and resources, specifying the amount of lawful
+money held by them at the times of their several returns, and such,
+other information in relation to said associations as, in his judgment
+may be useful.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 110.</span> That there shall be levied,
+collected, and paid a duty of one twenty-fourth of one per centum each
+month upon the average amount of the deposits of money, subject to
+payment by check or draft, or represented by certificates of deposit
+or otherwise, whether payable on demand or at some future day, with
+any person, bank, association, company or corporation engaged in the
+business of banking; and a duty of one twenty-fourth of one per centum
+each month, as aforesaid, upon the average amount of the capital of any
+bank, association, company or corporation, or person engaged in the
+business of banking, beyond the amount invested in United States bonds;
+and a duty of one-twelfth of one per centum each month upon the average
+amount of circulation issued by any bank, association, corporation,
+company or person, including as circulation all certified checks and
+all notes and other obligations circulated or intended to circulate,
+or to be used as money, but not including that in the vault of the
+bank, or redeemed and on deposit for said bank, and an additional duty
+of one-sixth of one per centum each month upon the average amount of
+such circulation, issued as aforesaid, beyond the amount of ninety
+per centum of the capital of any such bank, association, corporation,
+company or person, and upon any amount of such circulation beyond the
+average amount of the circulation that had been issued as aforesaid
+by any such bank, association, corporation, company or person, for
+the six months preceding the first day of July, eighteen hundred and
+sixty-four. And on the first Monday of August next, and of each month
+thereafter, a true and accurate return of the amount of circulation, of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</span>
+deposit and of capital, as aforesaid, for the previous month, shall be
+made and rendered in duplicate by each of such banks, associations,
+corporations, companies or persons, to the assessor of the district
+in which any such bank, association, corporation or company may be
+located, or in which such person may reside, with a declaration annexed
+thereto, and the oath or affirmation of such person, or the president
+or cashier of such bank, association, corporation or company, in such
+form and manner as may be prescribed by the Commissioner of Internal
+Revenue, that the same contains a true and faithful statement of the
+amount of circulation, deposits, and capital, as aforesaid, subject
+to duty as aforesaid, and shall transmit the duplicate of said return
+to the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, and within twenty days
+thereafter shall pay to the said Commissioner of Internal Revenue the
+duties hereinbefore prescribed upon the said amount of circulation, of
+deposits and of capital, as aforesaid.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</span></p>
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak fs_110">History of Finances, Loans, Bonds, Legal Tender<br>
+Notes of the U. S., etc., from 1841 to the Present Time.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<table class="spb1 bt2">
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110 bb" colspan="2"><b>Acts Authorizing Loans, and Synopsis of same.</b></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="12">&nbsp;<br>Acts of<br> July 21, 1841,<br>and<br>April 15, 1842.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized a loan of $12,000,000, bearing interest at a</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">rate not exceeding 6 per cent. per annum, and</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">reimbursable at the will of the Secretary, after six</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">months’ notice, or atany time after three years from</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">Jan. 1, 1842. The act of April 15, 1842, authorized</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">the loan of an additional sum of $5,000,000, and made</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">the amount obtained on the loan, after the passage of</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">this act, reimbursable after six months’ notice, or at</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">any time not exceeding twenty years from Jan, 1, 1843.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">This loan was made for the purpose of redeeming</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">outstanding Treasury notes, and to defray any of the</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">public expenses.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="13">&nbsp;<br>Act of<br>Jan. 28, 1847.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized the issue of $23,000,000 in Treasury notes,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">bearing interest at a rate not exceeding 6 per cent.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">per annum, with authority to borrow any portion of the</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">amount, and issue bonds therefor, bearing interest at</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">a rate not exceeding 6 per cent. and redeemable after</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">Dec. 31, 1867. The 13th section authorized the funding</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">of these notes into bonds of the same description. The</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">act limited the amount to be borrowed or issued in</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">Treasury notes, and funded as aforesaid, to $23,000,000,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">but authorized the funding of Treasury notes issued</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">under former acts beyond that amount. The excess of</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">the $23,000,000 is made up of Treasury notes funded</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">under the 14th section.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="5">&nbsp;<br>Act of<br>March 31, 1848.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized a loan of $16,000,000, bearing interest at a</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">rate not exceeding 6 per cent. per annum, and</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">reimbursable at any time after twenty years from July 1,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">1848. Authority was given to the Secretary to purchase</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">the stock at any time.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="8">&nbsp;<br>Act of<br>Sept. 9, 1850.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized the issue of $10,000,000 in bonds, bearing</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">5 per cent. interest, and redeemable at the end of</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">fourteen years, to indemnify the State of Texas for</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">her relinquishment of all claims upon the United States</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">for liability of the debts of Texas, and for compensation</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">for the surrender to the United States of her ships, forts,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">arsenals, custom-houses, &amp;c., which became the property</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">of the United States at the time of annexation.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc">Old funded</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Consisting of unclaimed dividends upon stocks issued</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc">and</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">before the year 1800, and those issued during the war</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc bb">unfunded debts.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">of 1812.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc">Acts prior</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Different issues of Treasury notes.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc bb">to 1857.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="5">&nbsp;<br>Act of<br>Dec. 23, 1857.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized an issue of $20,000,000 in Treasury notes,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">bearing interest at a rate not exceeding 6 per cent.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">per annum, and receivable in payment of all public</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">dues, and to be redeemed after the expiration of one</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">year from the date of said notes.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="5">&nbsp;<br>Act of<br>June 14, 1858.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized a loan of $20,000,000, bearing interest at a</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">rate not exceeding 5 per cent. per annum, and</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">reimbursable, at the option of the Government, at any</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">time after the expiration of fifteen years from</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">Jan. 1, 1859.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="5">&nbsp;<br>Act of<br>June 22, 1860.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized a loan of $21,000,000, bearing interest at</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">a rate not exceeding 6 per cent. per annum, and</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">reimbursable within a period not beyond twenty years,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">and not less than ten years, for the redemption of</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">outstanding Treasury notes, and for no other purpose.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="7">&nbsp;<br>Act of<br>Dec. 17, 1860.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized an issue of $10,000,000 in Treasury notes to</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">be redeemed after the expiration of one year from the</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">date of issue, and bearing such a rate of interest as</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">may be offered by the lowest bidders. Authority was</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">given to issue these notes in payment of warrants in</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">favor of public creditors at their par value, bearing</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">six per cent. per annum.
+ <span class="pagenum" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</span></td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = Rate of interest.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = Price of emission.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<table class="spb1 fs_90">
+ <thead><tr class="bt2 bb">
+ <th class="tdc">&nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">Title.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">Length<br>of Loan.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">When<br>redeemable.</th>
+ <th class="tdc fs_120 bl">(A)</th>
+ <th class="tdc fs_120 bl">&nbsp; (B) &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">Amount<br>authorized.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">Amount<br>issued.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">Amount<br>outstanding.</th>
+ </tr></thead>
+ <tbody><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdc">Acts of<br>July 21, 1841,<br>and<br>April 15, 1842.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Loan of<br>1842</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">20<br>years</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;After Dec. 31,&nbsp;<br>1862.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">6 % per<br>annum.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;$17,000,000</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">$8,000,000</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">$64,768 68</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdc">Act of<br>Jan. 28, 1847.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Loan of<br>1847</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">20<br>years</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">After Dec. 31,<br>1867.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">6 % per<br>annum.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">23,000,000</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">28,207,000</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">7,160,200 00</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdc">Act of<br>March 31,</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Loan of<br>1848</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">20<br>years</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">After July 1,<br>1868.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">6 % per<br>annum.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">16,000,000</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">16,000,000</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">8,020,941 80</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdc">Act of<br>Sept. 9, 1859.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Texas<br>&nbsp;indemnity&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">15<br>years</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">After Dec. 31,<br>1864</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">5 % per<br>annum.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">10,000,000</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">5,000,000</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">263,000 00</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdc">Old funded<br>and<br>unfunded<br>debts.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Old<br>funded<br>debt</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;Demand&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">On demand</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">5 &amp; 6%.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">113,915 48</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdc">Acts prior<br>to 1857.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Treas.<br>notes</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">On demand</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1 m. to<br>6 %</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">104,511 64</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdc">Act of<br>Dec. 23, 1857.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Treas.<br>notes</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1 year</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1 year<br>after<br>date.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">5 to<br> 5½%</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">20,000,000</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2,600 00</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdc">Act of<br>June 14, 1858.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Loan of<br>1858</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">15<br>years</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Dec. 31,<br>’73</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">5 % per<br>annum.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;20,000,000&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;20,000,000&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;20,000,000 00&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdc">Act of<br>June 14, 1860.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Loan of<br>1860</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">18<br>years</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">After Dec. 31,<br>1870.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">5 % per<br>annum.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">21,000,000</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">7,022,000</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">7,022,000 00</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdc">Act of<br>Dec. 17, 1860.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Treas.<br>notes</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1 year</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1 year<br>afteer<br>date.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">6 and 12<br>% per<br>annum.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">10,000,000</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">10,000,000</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">600 00</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p class="spb2"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</span></p>
+
+<table class="spb1 bt2">
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110 bb" colspan="2"><b>Acts Authorizing Loans, and Synopsis of same.</b></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="6">&nbsp;<br>Acts of<br>Feb. 8, 1861.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized a loan of $25,000,000, bearing interest at</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">a rate not exceeding 6 per cent. per annum, and</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">reimbursable within a period not beyond twenty years,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">nor less than ten years. This loan was made for the</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">payment of the current expenses, and was to be</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">awarded to the most favorable bidders.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="14">&nbsp;<br>Act of<br>March 2, 1861.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized a loan of $10,000,000, bearing interest at</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">a rate not exceeding 6 per cent. per annum, and</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">reimbursable after the expiration of ten years from</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">July 1, 1861. In case proposals for the loan were</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">not acceptable, authority was given to issue the</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">whole amount in Treasury notes, bearing interest at</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">a rate not exceeding 6 per cent. per annum.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">Authority was also given to substitute Treasury</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">notes for the whole or any part of the loans for which</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">the Secretary was by law authorized to contract and</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">issue bonds at the time of the passage of this act,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">and such Treasury notes were to be made receivable</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">in payment of all public dues, and redeemable at</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">any time within two years from March 2, 1861.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="7">&nbsp;<br>Act of<br>March 2, 1861.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized an issue, should the Secretary of the</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">Treasury deem it expedient, of $2,800,000, in coupon</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">bonds, bearing interest at the rate of 6 per cent.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">per annum, and redeemable in twenty years, for the</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">payment of expenses incurred by the Territories of</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">Washington and Oregon in the suppression of Indian</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">hostilities during the years 1855 and 1856.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="20">&nbsp;<br>Acts of<br>July 17, 1861,<br>and<br>August 5, 1861.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized a loan of $250,000,000, for which could be</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">issued bonds bearing interest at a rate not</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">exceeding 7 per cent. per annum, irredeemable for</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">twenty years, and after that redeemable at the</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">pleasure of the United States; Treasury notes</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">bearing interest at the rate of 7.30 per cent. per</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">annum, payable three years after date, and U. S.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">notes,without interest, payable on demand, to the</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">extent of $50,000,000 (increased by act of Feb. 12,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">1862, to $60,000,000), to bonds and Treasury notes,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">to be issued in such proportions of each as the</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">Secretary may deem advisable. The supplementary act</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">of Aug. 5, 1861, authorized an issue of bonds,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">bearing 6 per cent. interest per annum, and payable</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">at the pleasure of the United States after twenty</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">years from date, which may be issued in exchange</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">for 7.30 Treasury notes, but no such bonds to be</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">issued for a less sum than $500; and the whole</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">amount of such bonds not to exceed the whole amount</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">of 7.30 Treasury notes issued.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top" rowspan="4">&nbsp;<br>Act of<br>Feb. 25, 1862.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized the issue of $500,000,000, in 6 per cent.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">bonds, redeemable after five years, and payable</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">twenty years from date, which may be exchanged for</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">United States notes. Also on</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top" rowspan="3">March 3, 1864.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized the issue of not over $11,000,000</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">additional of similar bonds, to meet subscriptions</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">already made and paid for.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top">June 30, 1864.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl bb" rowspan="2">On hand, unsold in the United States or Europe.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top bb">January 28, 1865.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top" rowspan="3">Act of<br>Feb. 25, 1862.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized the issue of $150,000,000, in legal-tender</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">U. S. notes; $50,000,000 of which to be in lieu of</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">demand notes, issued under act of July 17, 1861.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top" rowspan="5">&nbsp;<br>Act of<br>July 11, 1862.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized an additional issue of $150,000,000, in</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">legal-tender notes; $35,000,000 of which might be</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">in denominations less than five dollars: $50,000,000</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">of this issue to be reserved to pay temporary loans</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">promptly in case of emergency.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="7">&nbsp;<br>Resolution<br>of Congress,<br>January 17,<br>1863.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized the issue of $100,000,000, in United States</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">notes, for the immediate payment of the army and</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">navy, such notes to be a part of the amount</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">provided for in any bill that may hereafter be</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">passed by this Congress. (The amount in this</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">resolution is included in the act of March 3, 1863.)</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws2 bl bb">(<i>Continued on p. 322.</i>)</td>
+
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</span> <br>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = Rate of interest.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = Price of emission.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<table class="spb1 fs_90">
+ <thead><tr class="bt2 bb">
+ <th class="tdc">&nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">Title.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">Length<br>of Loan.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">When<br>redeemable.</th>
+ <th class="tdc fs_120 bl">(A)</th>
+ <th class="tdc fs_120 bl">&nbsp; (B) &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">Amount<br>authorized.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">Amount<br>issued.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">Amount<br>outstanding.</th>
+ </tr></thead>
+ <tbody><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdc">Act of<br>Feb. 8, 1861.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Loan of<br>Feb. 8,<br> 1861.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">20<br>years</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;After June 1,<br>1881.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">6 % per<br>annum.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;$25,000,000</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;$18,415,000</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;$18,415,000 00</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="4">&nbsp;<br>Act of<br>March 2, 1861.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl bb" rowspan="4">Treas’y<br>notes.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">2 years</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">2 yrs. after</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl bb" rowspan="4">6 % p.<br>an’m</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl bb" rowspan="4">Par.</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl bb" rowspan="4">3,600 00</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">date.</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">22,468,100</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">22,468,100</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc bl">60 days.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl bb">60 days</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc bl bb">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl bb">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl bb">12,896,350</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl bb">12,896,350</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdc">Act of<br>March 2, 1861.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Oregon<br> war</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">20 years</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">After July 1,<br>1881.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">6 % per<br>annum.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2,800,000</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1,090,850</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1,016,000 00</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc bb" rowspan="5">Acts of<br>July 17, 1861,<br>and<br>August 5, 1861.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl bb">20-year<br>sixes.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl bb">20 years</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">After June 30, 1881.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl bb">6 % per<br>annum.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl" rowspan="2">—</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">50,000,000</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">50,000,000 00</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc bl" rowspan="2">7-30 notes.<br>&nbsp;(two issues)&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl" rowspan="2">3 years</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl bt">After Aug. 18, 1864.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl" rowspan="2">&nbsp;7-30% per&nbsp;<br>annum.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl" rowspan="2">——</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">139,999,750</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">139,315,350 00</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdc bl">After Sept. 30, 1864.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+
+ <td class="tdc bl">Demand<br>notes.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Pay’ble<br>&nbsp;on demand.&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl"> Demand</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">None.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">—</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">60,000,000</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">208,432 00</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdc bl">20-year<br>sixes.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">20 years.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">After June 30,<br>1881.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">6 % per<br>annum.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Exch’ngeble<br>for 7-30<br>Tr’y notes.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">59,700 00</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc">Act of<br>Feb. 25, 1862.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc">March 3, 1864</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Five-<br>twenties.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">5 or 20<br>years.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">After Ap’l 30,<br>1867.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">6 % per<br>annum</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">515,000,000</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">514,780,500</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">514,780,500 00</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdc">June 30, 1864.<br>January 28, 1865.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc">Act of<br>Feb. 25, 1862.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc">Act of<br>July 11, 1862.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">U. States<br>notes,<br>new issue.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">None.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">450,000,000</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">371,783,597 00</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdc">Resolution<br>of Congress,<br>January 17, 1863.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</span></p>
+
+<table class="spb1 bt2">
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110 bb" colspan="2"><b>Acts Authorizing Loans, and Synopsis of same.</b></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top" rowspan="8">&nbsp;<br>Act of<br>March 3, 1863.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">A further issue of $150,000,000, in United States notes,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">for the purpose of converting the Treasury notes which</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">may be issued under this act, and for no other purpose.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">And a further issue, if necessary, for the payment of</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">the army and navy, and other creditors of the Government,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">of $150,000,000, in United States notes, which amount</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">includes the $100,000,000 authorized by the joint</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">resolution of Congress, Jan. 17, 1863.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="7">&nbsp;<br>Act of<br>April 12, 1866.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Provided, That of United States notes not more than ten</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">millions of dollars may be retired and canceled within</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">six months from the passage of this act, and thereafter</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">not more than four millions of dollars in any one month:</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">And provided further, That the act to which this is an</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">amendment shall continue in full force in all its</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">provisions, except as modified by this act.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top" rowspan="5">&nbsp;<br>Act of<br>Feb. 25, 1862.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized a temporary loan of $25,000,000, in United</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">States notes, for not less than thirty days, payable</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">after ten days’ notice, at 5 per cent. interest per</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">annum. (This was increased to $100,000,000 by the</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">following acts.)</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top" rowspan="3">Act of<br>March 17, 1862.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized an increase of temporary loans of $25,000,000,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">bearing interest at a rate not exceeding 5 per cent. per</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">annum.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top" rowspan="3">Act of<br>July 11, 1862.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized a further increase of temporary loans of</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">$50,000,000 making the whole amount authorized</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">$100,000,000.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="3">Act of<br>June 30, 1864.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized the increase of temporary loans to not</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">exceeding $150,000,000, at a rate not exceeding 6 per</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">cent. per annum.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top" rowspan="8">Act of<br>March 3, 1863.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized a loan of $300,000,000 for this and $600,000,000</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">for the next fiscal year, for which could be issued</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">bonds running not less than ten, nor more than forty</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">years, principal and interest payable in coin, bearing</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">interest at a rate not exceeding 6 per cent. per annum,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">payable in bonds not exceeding $100 annually, and on</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">all others semi-annually, the whole amount of bonds,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">Treasury notes, and United States notes issued under</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="6">Act of<br>June 30, 1864.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">this act not to exceed the sum of 900,000,000. And so</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">much of this act as limits the to the current fiscal</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">year is repealed by act of June 30, 1864, which also</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">repeals the authority to borrow money conferred by</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">section 1, except so far as it may affect$75,000,000 of</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">bonds already advertised.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="8">&nbsp;<br>Act of<br>March 3, 1863.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">And Treasury notes to the amount of $400,000,000, not</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">exceeding three years to run, with interest at not over</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">6 per cent. per annum, principal and interest payable</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">in lawful money, which may be made a legal-tender for</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">their face value, excluding interest, or convertible into</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">United States notes. Secretary may receive gold on</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">deposit, and issue certificates therefor, in sums not less</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">than twenty dollars.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="8">&nbsp;<br>Act of<br>March 3, 1864.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorizes the issue of bonds not exceeding $200,000,000,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">bearing date March 1, 1864, or any subsequent period,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">redeemable at the pleasure of the Government after any</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">period not less than five years, and payable at any</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">period not more than forty years from date, in coin,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">bearing interest not exceeding 6 per cent. yearly,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">payable on bonds not over $100 annually, and on all</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">other bonds semi-annually, in coin.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="6">&nbsp;<br>Act of<br>March 1, 1862.<br>
+ &nbsp;<br>Act of<br>March 3, 1863.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized an issue of certificates of indebtedness,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">payable one year from date, in settlement of audited</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">claims against the Government. Interest 6 per cent. per</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">annum, payable in gold; and by</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Payable in lawful currency on those issued after that date.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">Amount of issue not specified.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="5">&nbsp;<br>Act of<br>July 17, 1862.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized an issue of notes of the fractional parts of</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">one dollar, receivable in payment of all dues, except</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">customs, less than five dollars, and exchangeable for</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">United States notes in sums not less than five dollars.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">Amount of issue not specified.</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</span></p>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = Rate of interest.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = Price of emission.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<table class="spb1 fs_90">
+ <thead><tr class="bt2 bb">
+ <th class="tdc">&nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">Title.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">Length<br>of Loan.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">When<br>redeemable.</th>
+ <th class="tdc fs_120 bl">(A)</th>
+ <th class="tdc fs_120 bl">&nbsp; (B) &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">Amount<br>authorized.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">Amount<br>issued.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">Amount<br>outstanding.</th>
+ </tr></thead>
+ <tbody><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdc">Act of<br>March 3,<br> 1863.<br>&nbsp;<br>
+ Act of<br>April 12,<br>1866.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl bb">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdc_top">&nbsp;<br>Act of<br>Feb. 25, 1862.<br>&nbsp;<br>
+ March 17,<br>1862.<br>&nbsp;<br>July 11,<br>1862.&nbsp;<br><br>Act of<br>
+ June 30,<br>1864.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Tempor’y<br>Loan.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Not<br>less<br>than<br>30 days.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">After ten<br>days’<br>notice.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">4, 5, &amp;<br>6 % per<br>annum.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;$150,000,000</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">$20,225,070 00</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdc_top">&nbsp;<br>Act of<br>March 3, 1863.<br>&nbsp;<br>
+ Act of<br>June 30<br>1864.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Loan of<br>1863.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Af’r<br>June 30,<br>1881.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">6 % per<br>annum.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Prem’m<br>&nbsp;<br>4.13<br>per<br>cent.</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">75,000,000</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">$75,000,000</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">75,000,000 00</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top" rowspan="2">&nbsp;<br>Act of<br>March 3,<br> 1863.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl" rowspan="2">Treasury<br>notes.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl bb">2 years</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl bb">2 years<br>after<br>date.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl bb">5 % per<br>annum.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl bb">Par.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl" rowspan="2">211,000,000</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl" rowspan="2">1,123,830 00</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdc bl">1 year.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1 year<br>after<br>date.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">5 % per<br>annum.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">400,000,000</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdc_top">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Gold<br>certificates</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">On dem’d.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Not specified.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">19,207,520 00</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="2">&nbsp;<br>Act of<br>March 3, 1864.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl bb">Ten-<br>forties.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl bb">10 or 40<br>years.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl bb">Af’r Feb.<br>28, 1874.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl bb">5 % per<br>annum.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl bb">Par.</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">200,000,000</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;172,770,100</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;171,409,350 00</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdc bl">Five-<br>twenties.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">5 or 20<br>lyears.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Aft’r Oct.<br>31, 1869.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">6 % per<br>annum.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3,882,500 00</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdc">Act of<br>March 3,<br>1863.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Certifica’s<br>of<br>&nbsp;indebtedness.&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1 year.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1 year<br>after<br>date.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;6 % per&nbsp;<br>annum.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Not<br>specified.</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">36,000 00</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdc">Act of<br>July 17,<br> 1862.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl bb">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Postal<br>currency.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Not<br>specified.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl bb">5,497,534 93</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</span></p>
+
+<table class="spb1 bt2">
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110 bb" colspan="2"><b>Acts Authorizing Loans, and Synopsis of same.</b></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top" rowspan="10">&nbsp;<br>Act of<br>March 3, 1863.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized an issue not exceeding $50,000,000, in</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">fractional currency (in lieu of postage or other stamps),</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">exchangeable for United States notes in sums not less</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">than three dollars, and receivable for any dues to the</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">United States less than five dollars, except duties on</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">imports. The whole amount issued, including postage</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">and other stamps issued as currency, not to exceed</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">$50,000,000. Authority was given to prepare it in the</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">Treasury Department, under the supervision of the</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">Secretary.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="4">Act of<br>June 30, 1864.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized an issue in lieu of the issue under acts of</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">July 17, 1862, and March 3, 1863, the whole amount</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">outstanding under all these acts not to exceed</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">$50,000,000.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="13">&nbsp;<br>Act of<br>June 30, 1864.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized an issue of $400,000,000 of bonds, redeemable</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">at the pleasure of the Government, after any period not</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">less than five nor more than thirty years, or, if deemed</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">expedient, made payable at any period nor more than</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">forty years from date. And said bonds shall bear an</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">annual interest not exceeding 6 per centum, payable</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">semi-annually in coin. And the Secretary of the Treasury</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">may dispose of such bonds, or any part thereof, and of</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">any bonds commonly known as five-twenties, remaining</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">unsold, on such terms as he may deem most advisable, for</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">lawful money of the United States, or, at his discretion,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">for Treasury notes, certificates of indebtedness, or</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">certificates of deposit, issued under any act of Congress.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top" rowspan="33">&nbsp;<br>Act of<br>March 3, 1863.<br>&nbsp;<br>Act of<br>June 30, 1864.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorizes an issue of Treasury notes, not exceeding three</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">years to run, interest at not over 6 per cent. per annum,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">principal and interest payable in lawful money. Also,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">authorizes the issue of, and in lieu of, an equal amount</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">of bonds authorized by the first section, and as a part</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">of said loan, not exceeding $200,000,000, in Treasury</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">notes of any denomination not less than ten dollars,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">payable at any time not exceeding three years from date,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">or, if thought more expedient, redeemable at any time</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">after three years from date, and bearing interest not</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">exceeding the rate of 7 3-10 per centum, payable in</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">lawful money at maturity, or at the discretion of the</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">Secretary, semi-annually; and such of them as shall be</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">made payable, principal and interest, at maturity, shall</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">be a legal-tender to the same extent as United States</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">notes, for their face value excluding interest, and may</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">be paid to any creditor of the United States, at their</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">face value, excluding interest, or to any creditor</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">willing to receive them at par, including interest; and</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">any Treasury notes issued under the authority of this</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">act, may be made convertible, at the discretion of the</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">Secretary of the Treasury, into any bonds issued under</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">the authority of this act, and the Secretary may redeem,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">and cause to be canceled and destroyed any Treasury</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">notes or United States notes heretofore issued under</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">authority of previous acts of Congress, and substitute</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">in lieu thereof an equal amount of Treasury notes, such</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">as are authorized by this act, or of other United States</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">notes; nor shall any Treasury note bearing interest,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">issued under this act, be a legal-tender, in payment or</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">redemption of any notes issued by any bank, banking</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">association, or banker, calculatedor intended to</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">circulate as money.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="2">Act of Jan. 28,<br> 1865.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Whole amount may be issued in bonds or Treasury notes, at</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">the discretion of the Secretary.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="8">&nbsp;<br>Act of<br>March 3, 1865.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorized an issue of $600,000,000 in bonds or Treasury</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">notes; bonds may be made payable at any period not</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">more than forty years from the date of issue, or may be</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">made redeemable at the pleasure of the Government, at</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">or after any period not less than five years nor more</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">than forty years from date, or may be made redeemable</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">and payable as aforesaid, as may be expressed upon their</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">face, and so much thereof as may be issued in Treasury</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</span></p>
+<ul class="index">
+<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = Rate of interest.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = Price of emission.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<table class="spb1 fs_90">
+ <thead><tr class="bt2 bb">
+ <th class="tdc">&nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">Title.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">Length<br>of Loan.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">When<br>redeemable.</th>
+ <th class="tdc fs_120 bl">(A)</th>
+ <th class="tdc fs_120 bl">&nbsp; (B) &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">Amount<br>authorized.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">Amount<br>issued.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">Amount<br>outstanding.</th>
+ </tr></thead>
+ <tbody><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdc">Act of<br>March 3,<br> 1863.<br>&nbsp;<br>
+ June 30,<br>1864.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;Fractional&nbsp;<br>currency.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">$50,000,000</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">$22,809,988 59</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdc_top">&nbsp;<br>Act of<br>June 30,<br> 1864.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Five-<br>twenties.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">5 or 20<br>years.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">After Oct.<br>31, 1869.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">6 % per<br>annum.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">—</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">125,561,300 00</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top" rowspan="5">&nbsp;<br>Act of<br>March 3,<br> 1863.<br>&nbsp;<br>
+ Act of<br>June 30,<br> 1864.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Treasury<br>notes.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">3 years.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">3 years<br> after<br> date.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">6 %<br>comp’d<br>int’est.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;$17,250,000</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Treasury<br>notes.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">3 years.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">3 years<br> after<br> date.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">6 %<br>comp’d<br>int’est.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">—</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Substit’te<br> redeemed<br> 5 % notes</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">177,045,770</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;122,394,480 00</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Treasury<br>notes.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">3 years.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">3 years<br> after<br> date.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">6 %<br>comp’d<br>int’est.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">—</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">22,728,390</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">—</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;400,000,000</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc bl">7.30<br>Treas.<br>notes.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">3 years.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">3 years<br> after<br>August.<br>15, 1864.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">7.30 % p.<br>annum.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">234,400,000</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdc_top">&nbsp;<br>Act of<br>Jan. 28,<br> 1865.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdc_top">&nbsp;<br>Act of<br>March 3,<br> 1865.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl"><a href="#Page_327"><i>See</i><br>p. 327</a></td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</span></p>
+
+<table class="spb1 bt2">
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdc fs_110 bb" colspan="2"><b>Acts Authorizing Loans, and Synopsis of same.</b></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="12">&nbsp;<br>Act of<br>March 3,<br> 1863.<br>(<i>Cont’d.</i>)</td>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">notes may be made convertible into any bonds authorized</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">by this act, and be of such denominations, not less than</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">fifty dollars, and bear such dates, and be made</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">redeemable or payable at such periods as the Secretary</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">of the Treasury may deem expedient. The interest on the</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">bonds payable semi-annually; on Treasury notes</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">semi-annually, or annually, or at maturity thereof; and</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">the principal or interest, or both, be made payable in</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">coin or other lawful money; if in coin, not to exceed 6</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">per cent. per annum; when not payable in coin, not to</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">exceed 7 3-10 per cent. per annum. Rate and character</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">to be expressed on bonds or Treasury notes.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="18">&nbsp;<br>Acts of<br>April 12,<br> 1866.<br>
+ &nbsp;<br>amendment&nbsp;<br>to act<br>March 3,<br>1865.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Authorizes the Secretary of the Treasury, at his</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">discretion, to receive any Treasury notes or other</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">obligations issued under any act of Congress, whether</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">bearing interest or not, in exchange for any description</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">of bonds authorized by the act to which this is an</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">amendment; and also to dispose of any description of</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">bonds authorized by said act, either in the United</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">States or elsewhere, to such an amount, in such manner,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">States or elsewhere, to such an amount, in such manner,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">and at such rates as he may think advisable, for lawful</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">money of the United States, or for any Treasury notes,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">certificates of indebtedness, or certificates of deposit,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">or other representatives of value, which have been or</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">which maybe issued under any act of Congress, the</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">proceeds thereof to be used only for retiring Treasury</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">notes or other obligations issued under any act of</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">Congress: but nothing herein contained shall be</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">construed to authorize any increase of the public debt.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top bb">&nbsp;<br>Acts of<br>July 1,<br> 1862,<br>
+ and<br>July 2,<br>1864.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_top bl bb">&nbsp;<br>&nbsp; Bonds issued to the Union Pacific Railroad Company,<br>
+ &nbsp;&emsp;in accordance with these acts.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc_top bb" rowspan="24">&nbsp;<br>Act of<br>March 2,<br> 1867.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">For the purpose of redeeming and retiring any compound</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">interest notes outstanding, the Secretary of the</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">Treasury is authorized to issue temporary loan</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">certificates in the manner prescribed by section four</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">of the act entitled “An act to authorize the issue of</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">United States notes and for the redemption or funding</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">thereof, and for funding the floating debt of the United</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">States,” approved February twenty-fifth, eighteen</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">hundred and sixty-two, bearing interest at a rate not</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">exceeding three per centum per annum, principal and</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">interest payable in lawful money on demand; and said</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">certificates of temporary loan may constitute and be</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">held by any national bank holding or owning the same,</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">as a part of the reserve provided for in sections</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">thirty-one and thirty-two of the act entitled “An act</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">to provide a national currency secured by a pledge of</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">United States bonds, and to provide for the circulation</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">and redemption thereof,” approved June three, eighteen</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">hundred and sixty-four: <i>Provided</i>, That not less</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">than two-fifths of the entire reserve of such bank shall</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">consist of lawful money of the United States: <i>And</i></td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl"><i>provided further</i>, That the amount of such temporary</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl">certificates at any time outstanding shall not exceed</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl_ws1 bl bb">fifty millions of dollars.</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</span></p>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li class="isub3"><b>(A)</b> = Rate of interest.</li>
+<li class="isub3"><b>(B)</b> = Price of emission.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<table class="spb1 fs_90">
+ <thead><tr class="bt2 bb">
+ <th class="tdc">&nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">Title.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">Length<br>of Loan.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">When<br>redeemable.</th>
+ <th class="tdc fs_120 bl">(A)</th>
+ <th class="tdc fs_120 bl">&nbsp; (B) &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">Amount<br>authorized.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">Amount<br>issued.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">Amount<br>outstanding.</th>
+ </tr></thead>
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdc bb" rowspan="5">Act of<br>March 3,<br> 1865.<br>(<i>Cont’d</i>)</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Af’r Aug.<br>14, 1867.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">$488,647,425 00</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc bl">7.30 Treas.<br>notes,<br>3 issues.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl bt bb">3<br>years.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Af’r June<br>14, 1868.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl bt bb">7.3-10<br>per<br>cent.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl bt">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl bb">Af’r July<br>14, 1868.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl bt">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;$600,000,000</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdc bl">Five-<br>twenties.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">5 or 20<br>years.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Aft’r Oct.<br>31, 1870.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">6 % per<br>annum.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">181,427,250 00</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdc">Acts of<br>April 12,<br> 1866.<br>
+ amendment&nbsp;<br>to act<br>March 3,<br>1865.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">—— </td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">—— </td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Af’r June<br>30, 1870.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">6 % per<br>annum.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">301,880,250 00</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdc">Acts of<br>July 1,<br> 1862.<br>
+ and<br>to act<br>July 2,<br>1864.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;Un. Pacific&nbsp;<br>R. R. Co.<br>bonds.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">30 y’rs.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Aft’r Jan.<br>15, 1895.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">6 % per<br>&nbsp;annum.&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">Par.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">14,762,000 00</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdc">&nbsp;<br>Act of<br>March 2,<br> 1867.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp over bl">&nbsp;$2,692,199,215 12</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">STATISTICAL VIEW OF THE STATES, ETC.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="neg-indent"><i>Showing dates of acts creating Territories,
+and admitting States—Time of holding general elections—Number
+of Representatives in Congress—Date of general elections in the
+several States, with number of Representatives and Senators—Terms of
+office—Times of meeting—Location of capitals, etc.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+ <thead><tr class=" bb">
+ <th class="tdl_ws2" colspan="6">(A) = No. Members of Congress.</th>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <th class="tdc" rowspan="2">States and<br>Territories.</th>
+ <th class="tdc fs_120 bl" rowspan="2">&nbsp; A &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl" colspan="2">Settled.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl" colspan="2">Date of Act creating</th>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <th class="tdc bl">By whom.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">&nbsp;Date.&nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">Territory.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl">State.</th>
+ </tr></thead>
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Alabama</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">17</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">French</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1713</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mar. 3, 1817</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mar. 2, 1819</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Arkansas</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">French</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1670</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mar. 2, 1819</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">June 15, 1836</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">California</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Span’d</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1769</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Sept. 9, 1850</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Connecticut&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_7_7" href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Engl.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1633</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Delaware&#x2060;<a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Swedes</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1627</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Florida</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Span’d</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1564</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mar. 3, 1823</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mar. 3, 1845</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Georgia&#x2060;<a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Engl.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1733</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Illinois</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">13</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">French</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1749</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Feb. 3, 1809</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Dec. 3, 1818</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Indiana</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">11</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">French</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1730</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">May 7, 1800</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Apr. 19, 1816</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Iowa</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">6</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Amer.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1835</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">June 12, 1838</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mar. 3, 1845</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Kansas</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Amer.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1850</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">May 30, 1854</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Jan. 29, 1861</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Kentucky</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">9</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Vir’ns</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1775</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">June 1, 1792</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Louisiana</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">French</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1699</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mar. 26, 1801</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Feb. 20, 1811</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Maine</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">5</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Engl.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1630</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mar. 15, 1820</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Maryland&#x2060;<a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">5</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Engl.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1634</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Massachusetts&#x2060;<a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">10</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Engl.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1620</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Michigan</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">6</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">French</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1670</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Jan. 11, 1805</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Jan. 26, 1837</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Minnesota</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Amer.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1817</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mar. 3, 1849</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">May 14, 1858</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Mississippi</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">5</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">French</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1716</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Apr. 7, 1798</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Dec. 10, 1817</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Missouri</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">9</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">French</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1763</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mar. 3, 1805</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mar. 6, 1820</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">N. Hampshire&#x2060;<a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Engl.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1623</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">New Jersey&#x2060;<a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">5</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Swedes</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1627</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">New York&#x2060;<a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">31</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Dutch</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1613</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">N. Carolina&#x2060;<a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">8</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Engl.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1650</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Nevada</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Amer.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1860</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mar. 2, 1861</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Oct. 31, 1864</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Nebraska</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Amer.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1850</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">May 30, 1854</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mar. 4, 1867</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Ohio</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">19</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Va &amp; N. Eng &nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1788</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">July 13, 1787</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Apr. 30, 1802</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Oregon</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Engl.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1796</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Aug. 14, 1848</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Feb. 12, 1859</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Pennsylvania&#x2060;<a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">24</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Engl.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1682</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Rhode Island&#x2060;<a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Engl.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1631</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">S. Carolina&#x2060;<a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">6</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Engl.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1689</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Tennessee</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">10</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">NC &amp; Va</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1765</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">May 26, 1790</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">June 1, 1796</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Texas</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Span’d</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1690</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Dec. 29, 1845</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Vermont</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Engl.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1763</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mar. 4, 1791</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Virginia&#x2060;<a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">13</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Engl.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1607</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">West Virginia</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Amer.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Dec. 31, 1862</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Wisconsin</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">6</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Amer.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1831</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Apr. 30, 1836 &nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Aug. 6, 1846</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Colorado Ter.&#x2060;<a id="FNanchor_8_8" href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Amer.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1860</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mar. 2, 1861</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Dakota Ter.&#x2060;<a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Amer.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1860</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mar. 2, 1861</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">New Mexico T.&#x2060;<a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> &nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Span’d</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1598</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Sept. 9, 1850</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Utah Ter.&#x2060;<a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Amer.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1847</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Sept. 9, 1850</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Washington T.&#x2060;<a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Amer.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1848</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Mar. 2, 1853</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdl">Columbia, D. of</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Md &amp; Va</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">——</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">July 10, 1790</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+ <thead><tr>
+ <th class="tdl_ws2" colspan="4">(B) = Number.</th>
+ </tr><tr class=" bb">
+ <th class="tdl_ws2" colspan="4">(C) = Term. Years.</th>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <th class="tdc" rowspan="2">States and<br>Territories.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl" rowspan="2">Time of holding<br>general elections.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl" colspan="2">&nbsp;Representatives.</th>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <th class="tdc fs_120 bl">B</th>
+ <th class="tdc fs_120 bl">C</th>
+ </tr></thead>
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Alabama</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Mon. Aug.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">100</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Arkansas</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Mon. Aug.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;75</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">California</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tues. after 1st Mon. Sept</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;36</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Connecticut</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Mon. April.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">232</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Delaware</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">2d Tues. Nov.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;21</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Delaware</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">2d Tues. Nov.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;21</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Florida</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Mon. Oct.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;40</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Georgia</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Mon. Oct. bienn.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">150</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Illinois</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tues. af. 1st Mon. Nov. bienn.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;75</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Indiana</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">2d Tues. Oct.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">100</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Iowa</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">2d Tues. Oct.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;56</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Kansas</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">2d Tues. Nov.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;40</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Kentucky</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Mon. Aug.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">100</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Louisiana</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Mon. Nov.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;88</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Maine</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">2d Mon. Sept.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">151</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Maryland</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Wed. Nov.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;81</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Massachusetts</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tues. af. 1st Mon. Nov.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">240</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Michigan</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tues. af. 1st Mon. Nov.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;74</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Minnesota</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">2d Tues. Oct.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;42</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Mississippi</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Mon. Oct.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;92</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Missouri</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Mon. Aug.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">130</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">N. Hampshire</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">2d Tues. March.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">338</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">New Jersey</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tues. aft. 1st Mon. Nov.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;60</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">New York</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tues. aft. 1st Mon. Nov.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">128</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">N. Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Thurs. Aug.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">120</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Nevada</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Tu. af. 1st Mon. Nov.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;26</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Nebraska</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;26</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Ohio</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">2d Tues. Oct.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">100</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Oregon</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Mon. June.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;34</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Pennsylvania</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">2d Tues. Oct.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">100</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Rhode Island</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Wed. April.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;72</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">S. Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">2d Mon. Oct.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">124</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Tennessee</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Thurs. Aug.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;75</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Texas</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Mon. Aug.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;66</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Vermont</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Tues. Sept.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">230</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Virginia</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">4th Thurs. May.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">152</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">2</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">West Virginia</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">4th Thurs. Oct.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Wisconsin</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tues. aft. 1st Mon. Nov.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;97</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Colorado Ter.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;26</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Dakota Ter.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;26</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">New Mexico T.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;26</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Utah Ter.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;26</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Washington T.</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;18</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdl">Columbia, D. of &nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdr_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+ <thead><tr>
+ <th class="tdl_ws2" colspan="6">(D) = Number.</th>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <th class="tdl_ws2" colspan="6">(E) = Term. Years.</th>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <th class="tdl_ws2" colspan="6">(F) = Governor’s term of office. Years.</th>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <th class="tdc" rowspan="2">States and<br>Territories.</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl" colspan="2">&nbsp;Senators.&nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl" rowspan="2">Time of Meeting of<br>Legislatures.</th>
+ <th class="tdc fs_120 bl" rowspan="2">&nbsp; F &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc bl" rowspan="2">&nbsp;State Capitals.</th>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <th class="tdc fs_120 bl" >&nbsp; D &nbsp;</th>
+ <th class="tdc fs_120 bl" >&nbsp; E &nbsp;</th>
+ </tr></thead>
+ <tbody><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Alabama</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">33</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">2d Mon. Nov. bienn.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Montgomery.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Arkansas</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">25</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Mon. Nov. bienn.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Little Rock.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">California</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">16</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Mon. Jan.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Sacramento.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Connecticut</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">21</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Wed. May.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Hartford.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Delaware</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Tues. Jan. bienn. </td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Dover.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Florida</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">19</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">4th Mon. Nov.&emsp;”</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Tallahassee.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Georgia</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">52</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Mon. Nov.&emsp;”</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Milledgeville.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Illinois</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">25</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">2d Mon. Jan.&emsp;&nbsp; ”</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Springfield.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Indiana</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">50</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Th. af. 1st M. Jan. ”</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Indianapolis.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Iowa</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">30</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">2d Mon. Jan. bienn.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Des Moines.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Kansas</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">25</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Wed. Jan.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Lecompton.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Kentucky</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">38</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Mon. Dec. bienn.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Frankfort.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Louisiana</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">32</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">3d Mon. Jan.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Baton Rouge.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Maine</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">31</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Wed. Jan.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Augusta.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Maryland</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">22</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Wed. Jan. bienn.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Annapolis.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Massachusetts</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">40</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Wed. Jan.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Boston.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Michigan</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">32</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Wed. Jan. bienn.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Lansing.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Minnesota</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">21</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Tu. af. 1st M. Jan. &nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">St. Paul.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Mississippi</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">32</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Mon. Nov. bienn.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Jackson.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Missouri</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">33</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Last. Mon. Dec. &nbsp;”</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Jefferson City.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">N. Hampshire</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">12</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Wed. June.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Concord.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">New Jersey</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">21</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">2d Tues. Jan.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Trenton.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">New York</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">32</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Tues. Jan.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Albany.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">N. Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">50</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">3d Mon. Nov. bienn.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Raleigh.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Nevada</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">13</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">12th Dec.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Carson.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Nebraska</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">13</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Omaha.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Ohio</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">35</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Mon. Jan. bienn.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Columbus.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Oregon</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">16</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">2d Mon. Sept.&emsp;”</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Salem.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Pennsylvania</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">33</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Tues. Jan.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">3</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Harrisburg.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Rhode Island</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">32</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Last Tues. May.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Providence.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">S. Carolina</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">46</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">4th Mon. Nov.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Columbia.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Tennessee</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">25</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Mon. Oct. bienn.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Nashville.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Texas</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">21</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Mon. Dec.&emsp;”</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Austin.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Vermont</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">30</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">2d Tues. Oct.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">1</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Montpelier.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Virginia</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">50</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">1st Mon. Dec. bienn.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Richmond.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">West Virginia</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">20th June.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Wheeling.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Wisconsin</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">30</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">2d Wed. Jan.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Madison.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Colorado Ter.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">13</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Denver.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Dakota Ter.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">13</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Yankton.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">New Mexico T.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">13</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Santa Fe.</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Utah Ter.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">13</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Gt. Salt L. City</td>
+ </tr><tr>
+ <td class="tdl">Washington T.</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&#8199;9</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">2</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">4</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Olympia.</td>
+ </tr><tr class="bb">
+ <td class="tdl">Columbia, D. of&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp;</td>
+ <td class="tdl_wsp bl">Washington.</td>
+ </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</span></p>
+<p>[U. S. Senators serve 6 years, and each State is entitled to two.]</p>
+<p>(Position of Southern States represented as they stood before seceding.)</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</span></p>
+ <h2 class="nobreak">PLATFORMS OF 1860-1864.</h2>
+<hr class="r10">
+</div>
+
+<h3>PLATFORM OF THE<br> BRECKINRIDGE PARTY OF 1860.</h3>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the platform adopted by the Democratic party at
+Cincinnati be affirmed, with the following explanatory resolutions:</p>
+
+<p>1. That the government of a territory organized by an act of Congress
+is provisional and temporary, and during its existence all citizens of
+the United States have an equal right to settle with their property
+in the territory, without their rights, either in person or property,
+being destroyed by congressional or territorial legislation.</p>
+
+<p>2. That it is the duty of the Federal Government, in all its
+departments, to protect the rights of persons and property in the
+territories, and wherever else its constitutional authority extends.</p>
+
+<p>3. That when the settlers in a territory, having an adequate
+population, form a State Constitution, the right of sovereignty
+commences, and being consummated by their admission into the Union,
+they stand on an equality with the people of other States, and a State
+thus organized ought to be admitted into the Federal Union, whether its
+constitution prohibits or recognizes the institution of slavery.</p>
+
+<p>4. That the Democratic party are in favor of the acquisition of Cuba,
+on such terms as shall be honorable to ourselves and just to Spain, at
+the earliest practicable moment.</p>
+
+<p>5. That the enactments of State Legislatures to defeat the faithful
+execution of the Fugitive Slave Law are hostile in character,
+subversive of the Constitution, and revolutionary in their effect.</p>
+
+<p>6. That the Democracy of the United States recognize it as an
+imperative duty of the government to protect the naturalized citizen in
+all his rights, whether at home or in foreign lands, to the same extent
+as its native born citizens.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Whereas</span>, One of the greatest necessities
+of the age, in a political, commercial, postal, and military point
+of view, is a speedy communication between the Pacific and Atlantic
+coasts; therefore, be it resolved,</p>
+
+<p>7. That the National Democratic party do hereby pledge themselves to
+use every means in their power to secure the passage of some bill,
+to the extent of the Constitutional authority by Congress, for the
+construction of a railroad to the Pacific Ocean, at the earliest
+practicable moment.</p>
+
+<h3>PLATFORM OF<br> THE DOUGLAS PARTY OF 1860.</h3>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That we, the Democracy of the Union in Convention
+assembled, hereby declare our affirmation of the resolutions
+unanimously adopted and declared as a platform of principles by the
+Democratic Convention at Cincinnati, in the year 1856, believing that
+Democratic principles are unchangeable in their nature when applied
+to the same subject matter, and we recommend as our only further
+resolutions the following:</p>
+
+<p>That inasmuch as differences of opinion exist in the Democratic party
+as to the nature and extent of the powers of a Territorial Legislature,
+and as to the powers and duties of Congress, under the Constitution of
+the United States, over the institution of slavery in the territories;</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the Democratic party will abide by the decision
+of the Supreme Court of the United States over the institution of
+slavery in the territories.</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That it is the duty of the United States to afford
+ample and complete protection to all its citizens, at home or abroad,
+and whether native or foreign born.</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That one of the necessities of the age, in a military,
+commercial, and postal point of view, is a speedy communication between
+the Atlantic and Pacific States, and the Democratic party pledge such
+constitutional enactment as will insure the construction of a railroad
+to the Pacific coast at the earliest practical period.</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the Democratic party are in favor of the
+acquisition of the Island of Cuba, on such terms as shall be honorable
+to ourselves and just to Spain.</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the enactments of State Legislatures to defeat
+the faithful execution of the Fugitive Slave Law are hostile in
+character, subversive to the Constitution, and revolutionary in their
+effect.</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That it is in accordance with the Cincinnati Platform,
+that during the existence of Territorial Governments, the measure of
+restriction, whatever it may be, imposed by the Federal Constitution
+on the power of the Territorial Legislature over the subject of the
+domestic relations, as the same has been or shall hereafter be decided
+by the Supreme Court of the United States, should be respected by all
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</span>
+good citizens, and enforced with promptness and fidelity by every
+branch of the General Government.</p>
+
+<h3>THE REPUBLICAN PLATFORM<br> OF 1860.</h3>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That we, the delegated representatives of the
+Republican electors of the United States, in Convention assembled, in
+the discharge of the duty we owe to our constituents and our country,
+unite in the following resolutions:</p>
+
+<p>1. That the history of the nation during the last four years has
+fully established the propriety and necessity of the organization and
+perpetuation of the Republican party, and that the causes which called
+it into existence are permanent in their nature, and now, more than
+ever, demand its peaceful and constitutional triumph.</p>
+
+<p>2. That the maintenance of the principles promulgated in the
+Declaration of Independence, and embodied in the Federal Constitution,
+that “all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator
+with certain inalienable rights, among which are those of life, liberty
+and the pursuit of happiness, and that Governments are instituted among
+men to secure the enjoyment of these rights, deriving their just power
+from the consent of the governed”—are essential to the preservation
+of our republican institutions, and that the Federal Constitution, the
+rights of the States, and the union of the States, must and shall be
+preserved.</p>
+
+<p>3. That to the union of the States this nation owes its unprecedented
+increase in population, its surprising developments of material
+resources; its rapid augmentation of wealth; its happiness at home and
+its honor abroad; and we hold in abhorrence all schemes for disunion,
+come from whatever source they may; and we congratulate the country
+that no Republican member of Congress has uttered or countenanced
+the threats of disunion as often made by the Democratic members of
+Congress, without rebuke and with applause from their political
+associates; and we denounce those threats of disunion in case of a
+popular overthrow of their ascendancy, as denying the vital principles
+of a free Government, and as an avowal of contemplated treason which
+it is the imperative duty of an indignant people sternly to rebuke and
+forever silence.</p>
+
+<p>4. That the maintenance inviolate, of the rights of the States, and
+especially of each State, to order and control its own domestic
+institutions according to its own judgment exclusively, is essential
+to that balance of power on which the perfection and endurance of our
+political fabric depends; and we denounce the lawless invasion by armed
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</span>
+force of the soil of any State or Territory, no matter under what
+pretext, as one of the gravest of crimes.</p>
+
+<p>5. That the present Democratic Administration has far exceeded our
+worst apprehensions in the measureless subserviency to the exactions of
+a sectional interest, as especially evinced in its desperate exertions
+to force the infamous Lecompton Constitution upon the protesting
+people of Kansas, construing the relation between master and servant
+to involve an unqualified property in persons; in its attempted
+enforcement everywhere, on land and sea, through the intervention of
+Congress and of the Federal Courts, of the extreme pretensions of a
+purely local interest; and in its general and unvarying abuse of the
+power entrusted to it by a confiding people.</p>
+
+<p>6. That the people justly view with alarm the reckless extravagance
+which pervades every department of the Federal Government. That a
+return to right economy and accountability is indispensable to arrest
+the plunder of the public treasury by favored partisans, while the
+recent startling developments of frauds and corruption at the Federal
+metropolis show that an entire change of administration is imperatively
+demanded.</p>
+
+<p>7. That the new dogma that the Constitution of its own force carries
+slavery into any or all the Territories of the United States, in a
+dangerous political heresy, at variance with the explicit provisions
+of that instrument itself, with contemporaneous exposition, and with
+legislative and judicial precedents, that it is revolutionary in its
+tendency and subversive of the peace and harmony of the country.</p>
+
+<p>8. That the nominal condition of all the territory of the United
+States is that of freedom; that as our Republican fathers, when they
+had abolished slavery in all our national territory, ordained that
+no person should be deprived of life, liberty or property without
+due process of law, it becomes our duty by legislation, whenever
+such legislation is necessary, to maintain this provision of the
+Constitution against all attempts to violate it; and we deny the
+authority of Congress, or a Territorial Legislature, or of any
+individual, to give legal existence to slavery in any Territory of the
+United States.</p>
+
+<p>9. That we brand the recent re-opening of the African Slave Trade,
+under the cover of our national flag, aided by perversions of judicial
+power, as a crime against humanity, and a burning shame to our country
+and age; and we call upon Congress to take prompt and efficient
+measures for the total and final suppression of that execrable traffic.</p>
+
+<p>10. That in the recent vetoes by their Federal Governors of the acts of
+the Legislatures of Kansas and Nebraska, prohibiting slavery in these
+Territories, we find a practical illustration of the boasted Democratic
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</span>
+principles of non-intervention and Popular Sovereignty, embodied in the
+Kansas-Nebraska bill, and a demonstration of the deception and fraud
+involved therein.</p>
+
+<p>11. That Kansas should, of right, be immediately admitted as a State
+under the Constitution recently formed and adopted by her people, and
+accepted by the House of Representatives.</p>
+
+<p>12. That while providing revenue for the support of the General
+Government, by duties upon imports, sound policy requires such an
+adjustment of these imports as to encourage the development of the
+industrial interests of the whole country, and we commend that policy
+of National Exchange which secures to the working men liberal wages,
+agriculture remunerative prices, to merchants and manufacturers an
+adequate reward for their skill, labor and enterprise, and to the
+nation commercial prosperity and independence.</p>
+
+<p>13. That we protest against any sale or alienation to others of the
+public lands held by actual settlers, and against any view of the free
+homestead policy, which regards the settlers as paupers or suppliants
+for public bounty, and we demand the passage by Congress of the
+complete and satisfactory homestead measure which has already passed
+the House.</p>
+
+<p>14. That the National Republican party is opposed to any change in our
+naturalization laws, or any State Legislation, by which the rights of
+citizenship hitherto accorded to immigrants from foreign lands shall
+be abridged or impaired, and in favor of giving a full and efficient
+protection to the rights of all classes of citizens, whether native or
+naturalized, both at home and abroad.</p>
+
+<p>15. That appropriations by Congress for river and harbor improvements
+of a national character, is required for the accommodation and security
+of an existing commerce, or authorized by the Constitution and
+justified by the obligation of the Government to protect the lives and
+property of its citizens.</p>
+
+<p>16. That a railroad to the Pacific ocean is imperatively demanded by
+the interests of the whole country; and that the Federal Government
+ought to render immediate and efficient aid in its construction, and
+that preliminary thereto, a daily overland mail should be promptly
+established.</p>
+
+<p>17. Finally, having thus set forth our distinctive principles and
+views, we invite the co-operation of all citizens, however differing in
+other questions, who substantially agree with us, in their affirmance
+and support.</p>
+
+<h3>PLATFORM OF THE<br> NATIONAL CONSTITUTIONAL PARTY<br> OF 1860.</h3>
+
+<p class="center">The Union, the Constitution and the Laws.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</span></p>
+
+<h3>UNION PLATFORM,<br> ADOPTED AT BALTIMORE<br> JUNE 8, 1864.</h3>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That it is the highest duty of every American citizen
+to maintain against all its enemies, the integrity of the Union, and
+the paramount authority of the Constitution and laws of the United
+States, and that, laying all political opinions aside, we pledge
+ourselves, as Union men, animated by a common sentiment, and aiming at
+a common object, to do everything in our power to aid the Government
+in quelling, by force of arms, the rebellion now raging against its
+authority, and bringing to the punishment due to their crimes, the
+rebels and traitors arrayed against it.</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That we approve the determination of the Government of
+the United States not to compromise with rebels, or to offer any terms
+of peace, except such as may be based upon an unconditional surrender
+of their hostility, &amp;c., and a return to their just allegiance to the
+Constitution and laws of the United States, and that we call upon the
+Government to maintain this position, and to prosecute the war with the
+utmost possible vigor to the complete suppression of the rebellion,
+in full reliance upon the self-sacrifices, the patriotism, the heroic
+valor, and the undying devotion of the American people to their country
+and its free institutions.</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That slavery was the cause and now constitutes the
+strength of the rebellion, and that as it must be always and everywhere
+hostile to the principles of Republican Governments, justice and the
+national safety demand its utter and complete extirpation from the
+soil of the Republic, and that we uphold and maintain the acts and
+proclamations, by which the Government, in its own defence, has aimed
+a death blow at this gigantic evil. We are in favor, furthermore, of
+such an amendment to the Constitution, to be made by the people in
+conformity with its provisions, as shall terminate and forever prohibit
+the existence of slavery within the limits of the jurisdiction of the
+United States.</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the thanks of the American people are due to the
+soldiers and sailors of the army and navy, who have periled their lives
+in defence of their country, and in vindication of the honor of the
+flag; that the nation owes them some permanent recognition of their
+patriotism and their valor, and ample and permanent provision for those
+of their survivors who have received disabling and honorable wounds
+in the service of their country, and that the memories of those who
+have fallen in its defense shall be held in grateful and everlasting
+remembrance.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <img src="images/lincoln.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="539" >
+ <p class="f120"><b>ABRAHAM LINCOLN.</b></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</span>
+<i>Resolved</i>, That we approve and applaud the political wisdom,
+the unselfish patriotism and unswerving fidelity to the Constitution
+and the principles of American liberty with which Abraham Lincoln
+has discharged, under circumstances of unparalleled difficulty, the
+great duties and responsibilities of the Presidential office; that we
+approve and endorse, as demanded by the emergency and essential to
+the preservation of the nation, and as within the Constitution, the
+measures and acts which he has adopted to defend the nation against its
+open and secret foes; especially the Proclamation of Emancipation, and
+the employment, as Union soldiers, of men heretofore held in slavery,
+and that we have full confidence in his determination to carry these
+and all other Constitutional measures, essential to the salvation of
+the country, into full and complete effect.</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That we deem it essential to the general welfare,
+that harmony should prevail in the national councils, and we regard as
+worthy of public confidence and official trust those only who cordially
+endorse the principle proclaimed in these resolutions, and which should
+characterize the administration of the Government.</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the Government owes to all men employed in its
+armies, without distinction of color, the full protection of the laws
+of war, and any violation of these laws and of the usages of civilized
+nations in the time of war, by the rebels now in arms, should be made
+the subject of full and prompt redress.</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the foreign immigration, which in the past has
+added so much to the wealth and development of resources and increase
+of power to this nation, the asylum of the oppressed of all nations,
+should be fostered and encouraged by a liberal and just policy.</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That we are in favor of the speedy construction of the
+railroad to the Pacific.</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the national faith is pledged for the redemption
+of the public debt and must be kept inviolate; and that for this
+purpose we recommend economy and rigid responsibilities in the public
+expenditures, and a vigorous and just system of taxation; that it
+is the duty of every loyal State to sustain the use of the national
+currency.</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That we approve the position taken by the Government,
+that the people of the United States can never regard with indifference
+the attempt of European power to overthrow by force, or to supplant by
+fraud, the institutions of any Republican government on the Western
+Continent, and that they will view with extreme jealousy, as menacing
+to the peace and independence of this our country, the efforts of
+any such power to obtain new footholds for monarchical governments sustained
+by a foreign military force in near proximity to the United States.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</span></p>
+
+<h3>FREMONT PLATFORM,<br> ADOPTED AT CLEVELAND,<br> MAY 31, 1864.</h3>
+
+<p>1. That the Federal Union must be preserved.</p>
+
+<p>2. That the Constitution and laws of the United States must be observed
+and obeyed.</p>
+
+<p>3. That the rebellion must be suppressed by the force of arms, and
+without compromise.</p>
+
+<p>4. That the rights of Free Speech, Free Press, and the Habeas Corpus
+must be held inviolate, save in districts where martial law has been
+proclaimed.</p>
+
+<p>5. That the rebellion has destroyed slavery, and the Federal
+Constitution should be amended to prohibit its re-establishment.</p>
+
+<p>6. That the right for asylum, except for crime, and subject to law,
+is a recognized principle—a principle of American liberty; that any
+violation of it must not be overlooked, and must not go unrebuked.</p>
+
+<p>7. That the National policy known as the Monroe doctrine has become a
+recognized principle, and that the establishment of an anti-republican
+government on this continent by a foreign power can not be tolerated.</p>
+
+<p>8. That the gratitude and support of the nation is due to the faithful
+soldiers, and the earnest leaders of the Union army and navy, for their
+heroic achievements and valor in defense of our imperiled country and
+of civil liberty.</p>
+
+<p>9. That the one term policy for the Presidency adopted by the people
+is strengthened by the existing crisis, and shall be maintained by
+constitutional amendments.</p>
+
+<p>10. That the constitution shall be so amended that the President and
+Vice-President shall be elected by a direct vote of the people.</p>
+
+<p>11. That the reconstruction of the rebellious States belongs to the
+people through their representatives in Congress, and not to the
+Executive.</p>
+
+<p>12. That the confiscation of the lands of the rebels and their
+distribution among the soldiers and actual settlers is a measure of
+justice; that integrity and economy are demanded at all times in the
+measures of the government, and that now the want of this is criminal.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC PLATFORM<br> OF 1864.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That in the future, as in the past, we will adhere
+with unswerving fidelity to the Union under the Constitution as the
+only solid foundation of our strength, security and happiness as a
+people, and as a framework of government equally conducive to the
+welfare and prosperity of all the States, both Northern and Southern.</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That this Convention does explicitly declare, as
+the sense of the American people, that after four years of failure
+to restore the Union by the experiment of war, during which, under
+the pretense of military necessity or war power higher than the
+Constitution, the Constitution itself has been disregarded in every
+part, and public liberty and private right alike trodden down, and
+the material prosperity of the country essentially impaired, justice,
+humanity, liberty and the public welfare demand that immediate efforts
+be made for a cessation of hostilities with a view to an ultimate
+convention of the States, or other peaceable means, to the end that at
+the earliest practical moment peace may be restored on the basis of the
+Federal Union of the States.</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the direct interference of the military
+authorities of the United States in the recent elections held in
+Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri and Delaware was a shameful violation of
+the Constitution, and a repetition of such acts in the approaching
+election will be held as revolutionary, and resisted with all the means
+and power under our control.</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the aim and object of the Democratic party is to
+preserve the Federal Union and the rights of the States unimpaired,
+and they hereby declare that they consider that the administrative
+usurpation of extraordinary and dangerous powers not granted by the
+Constitution, the subversion of the civil by military law in States not
+in insurrection, the arbitrary military arrest, imprisonment, trial and
+sentence of American citizens in States where the civil law exists in
+full force, the suppression of freedom of speech and of the press, the
+denial of the right of asylum, the open and avowed disregard of State
+rights, the employment of unusual test oaths, and the interference with,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</span>
+and denial of the right of the people to bear arms in their defense, is
+calculated to prevent a restoration of the Union and the perpetuation
+of the Government deriving its just powers from the consent of the
+governed.</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the shameful disregard of the Administration to
+its duty in respect to our fellow-citizens who now are, and long have
+been, prisoners of war in a suffering condition, deserves the severest
+reprobation on the score alike of public policy and common humanity.</p>
+
+<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the sympathy of the Democratic party is heartily
+and earnestly extended to the soldiery of our army and sailors of our
+navy who are and have been in the field and on the sea, under the flag
+of their country, and in the event of its attaining power, they will
+receive all the care, protection and regard that the brave soldiers and
+sailors of the Republic have so nobly earned.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">LIEUTENANT-GENERAL<br> ULYSSES S. GRANT,</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>Was born at Mount Pleasant, Clermont county, Ohio. It seems that the
+only marked traits of character he exhibited in early boyhood were
+energy, industry, will. His educational advantages, at this period,
+were those of the common, country school—no more.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1839, at the age of seventeen, he entered the United States
+Military Academy at West Point, from which he graduated on the 30th day
+of January, 1843. During his stay at this Institution he manifested
+that untiring industry, close application and unconquerable will which
+distinguished his boyhood, and which have constituted so conspicuous
+an element of his military character. It appears, however, that he
+was never regarded as a genius; and the grade he sustained on the day
+of graduation—that of 21 in a class of about 42—would not indicate
+extraordinary advancement in the studies assigned him. But it was
+remarked by those who conducted him through his Academic course, as
+it has been by those who have observed his military career, that he
+never lost an inch of the ground gained at each successive step in
+his progress. At his graduation it is said he possessed a “practical
+knowledge of the use of the rifled musket, the field piece, mortar,
+siege, and sea-coast guns, small sword and bayonet, as well as the
+construction of field works, and the fabrication of all munitions and
+<i>materiel</i> of war.”</p>
+
+<p>At the close of his Academic course, he entered the United States
+regular army as a Brevet Second Lieutenant of infantry. At this time,
+the United States being at peace with all nations, Grant was attached
+as a Supernumerary Lieutenant to the fourth infantry, then stationed on
+the frontier in Missouri and Missouri Territory, and engaged in keeping
+down the Indian tribes that at that time were very troublesome to the
+early settlers of that region. Here Grant had not been many months when
+he was ordered, with his regiment, to join the army of General Taylor,
+in Texas. Soon after this, Corpus Christi, an important port on the
+Texan shore, was taken possession of by the American army as a base of
+operations against the Mexicans, between whom and the United States
+disputes respecting certain imaginary boundary lines were fast ripening
+into a war; and it was here that Grant received his commission as full
+Second Lieutenant of Infantry. This commission dated from the 30th day
+of September, 1845. On the 8th day of May, 1846, he participated in the
+battle of Palo Alto, and although not noticed in the official reports,
+was spoken of by his comrades as having displayed great gallantry. He
+was likewise engaged in the subsequent brilliant operations of General
+Taylor along the banks of the Rio Grande. On the 23d of September, 1846,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</span>
+he took part, with great credit to himself, in the splendid affair at
+Monterey. It is a noteworthy fact that, although Grant’s conduct in
+every one of these engagements was highly meritorious, he remained in
+the back ground, claiming no honors or promotions, but quietly biding
+his time.</p>
+
+<p>After the formal declaration of war by the United States, against
+Mexico, he was transferred to the command of General Scott, and
+subsequently (March 29, 1847,) participated in the siege of Vera Cruz.
+Immediately after this affair, he was appointed the Quartermaster of
+his regiment, which office he retained throughout the Mexican campaign.
+He was, however, honored with the appointment, on the field, of First
+Lieutenant, to date from the 8th of September, 1847, for gallant and
+distinguished voluntary services rendered on that day in the famous
+battle of Molino del Ray. Congress afterwards wished to confirm the
+appointment as a mere brevet, but Grant refused to accept it under such
+circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>On the 13th of September, 1847, he was made Brevet Captain of the
+regular army for gallant conduct in the battle of Chepultepec, which
+battle occurred on the preceding day. On the 16th of November, 1847, he
+was commissioned a First Lieutenant in the fourth regiment of regular
+infantry, still retaining his brevet rank of Captain.</p>
+
+<p>At the close of the Mexican war, Grant, upon the distribution of his
+regiment in companies and sections among the various Northern frontier
+defences, along the borders of the States of Michigan and New York,
+took command of his company in one of these defences. His regiment
+having been afterwards consolidated and ordered to the Department of
+the Pacific, Grant, with his own and some other companies, was sent
+into Oregon to Fort Dallas. He received his full promotion to Captain
+of infantry, in August, 1853, and was, shortly afterwards, attached to
+the Department of the West; but, not regarding military so favorable
+to progress as civil life, he resigned his connection with the United
+States army on the 31st day of July, 1854, after which he resided near
+the city of St. Louis, Missouri, until the year 1859. Here he resided
+on a small farm, occupying himself in winter by hauling wood to the
+Carondelet market, and during the summer in the collection of debts,
+for which latter business, it is said, he had little capacity.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1859, he embarked in the leather trade with his father,
+the firm opening business in the city of Galena, Illinois. Grant
+continued in the leather business, driving a prosperous trade, up to
+the breaking out of the Rebellion in 1861, when he offered his services
+to his country, upon the first call for volunteers, and was appointed
+by Governor Yates as Commander-in-Chief of the Illinois forces and
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</span>
+mustering officer of Illinois volunteers. Desiring active service
+in the field, he resigned his appointment as mustering officer, and
+accepted the Colonelcy of the 21st regiment of Illinois volunteers,
+with a commission dating from June 15, 1861. In August, 1861, Colonel
+Grant was promoted to the rank of Brigadier General of volunteers, his
+commission dating from May 17, 1861.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after this he was appointed commandant of the post at
+Cairo—which post included the Missouri shore of the Mississippi river,
+from Cape Girardeau to New Madrid, and the opposite shore, to the point
+of land on which Cairo stands. This position Grant filled with great
+ability, checkmating, by his adroit maneuvering, the efforts of the
+rebels to occupy, permanently, southern Kentucky, and conducting those
+successful expeditions against Forts Henry and Donelson, which opened
+the way to the occupation of Western Tennessee.</p>
+
+<p>On the 16th of February, 1862, the day after the surrender of Fort
+Donelson, he was appointed Major-General of volunteers, and was placed
+in command of an expedition up the Tennessee river against the rebels
+in and about Corinth, under command of Johnston and Beauregard. This
+expedition terminated in the great battle of Shiloh or Pittsburg
+Landing—which battle, occupying two days, (April 6th and 7th, 1862,)
+was one of the bloodiest of the war, and resulted in the defeat of the
+rebels and their retreat upon Corinth.</p>
+
+<p>For the immense slaughter which attended this battle, General Grant was
+very severely censured by the people, generally, throughout the Western
+States.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after this, General Halleck having assumed command of the army
+before Corinth, and that place having fallen into the hands of the
+United States forces by evacuation, an important change took place in
+the army, which resulted in the assignment of General Grant to the
+District of West Tennessee, and the promotion of General Halleck to the
+office of General-in-Chief. The former soon after formed the plan of
+opening the Mississippi river to its mouth. Memphis having been given
+up to our troops, the chief obstacle in the way of the prosecution of
+the design were Vicksburg and Port Hudson.</p>
+
+<p>After a series of expeditions and battles, land and naval, in which
+the courage and fortitude of the Union troops were no less prominently
+exhibited than the superior engineering powers and unyielding
+stubbornness of General Grant, Vicksburg was reduced by siege, and was
+occupied by Grant on the 4th of July, 1863; and directly after this
+(July 8, 1863) followed the surrender of Port Hudson to General N. P.
+Banks.</p>
+
+<p>On the 16th of October, 1863, the Departments of the Ohio, of the
+Cumberland, and of the Tennessee were formed into the Military Division
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</span>
+of the Mississippi, under the command of General Grant. The
+General, however, was not long in this position until, the grade
+of Lieutenant-General having been revived, he was promoted to that
+office—which office gave him control of the entire forces of the
+United States. This appointment was made in February, 1864, and was
+immediately followed by the most active, thorough preparations for a
+movement upon Richmond by the Army of the Potomac under the personal
+command of General Grant, and an expedition against Atlanta under
+command of General Sherman. After the battles of the Wilderness,
+Spottsylvania Court House and the siege of Petersburg, Lee’s retreat
+was cut off by the rapid movements which Grant instituted, and on the
+9th of April, just one week after the last great battle, the army of
+Northern Virginia capitulated. Soon after the rebel General Johnston
+surrendered to General Sherman, on the same terms granted by Grant to
+Lee, and the great civil war was ended. Grant was appointed Secretary
+of War <i>ad interim</i>, August 12th, 1867, and filled the office with
+distinction until January 14, 1868, at which time Secretary Stanton was
+reinstated by Congress. On the 21st of May, 1868, he was unanimously
+nominated for the Presidential chair by the Republican Convention,
+which met at Chicago.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</span></p>
+ <h2 class="nobreak">THE TENURE-OF-OFFICE BILL.</h2>
+<hr class="r10">
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">(PASSED MARCH 2, 1867.)</p>
+
+<p><i>Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
+United States of America in Congress assembled</i>, That every person
+holding any civil office to which he has been appointed by and with
+the advice and consent of the Senate, and every person who shall
+hereafter be appointed to any such office, and shall become duly
+qualified to act therein, is, and shall be entitled to hold such office
+until a successor shall, in like manner, have been appointed and duly
+qualified, except as herein otherwise provided: <i>Provided</i>, That
+the Secretaries of State, of the Treasury, of War, of the Navy, and
+of the Interior, the Postmaster-General, and the Attorney-General
+shall hold their offices respectively for and during the term of the
+President by whom they may have been appointed, and for one month
+thereafter, subject to removal by and with the advice and consent of
+the Senate.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 2.</span> That when any officer, appointed
+as aforesaid, excepting Judges of the United States Courts, shall,
+during a recess of the Senate, be shown, by evidence satisfactory to
+the President to be guilty of misconduct in office, or crime, or for
+any reason shall become incapable or legally disqualified to perform
+its duties, in such case, and in no other, the President may suspend
+such officer and designate some suitable person to perform temporarily
+the duties of such office until the next meeting of the Senate, and
+until the case shall be acted upon by the Senate, and such person so
+designated, shall take the oaths and give the bonds required by law to
+be taken and given by the person duly appointed to fill such office,
+and in such case it shall be the duty of the President, within twenty
+days after the first day of such next meeting of the Senate, to report
+to the Senate such suspension with the evidence and reasons for his
+actions in the case, and the name of the person so designated to
+perform the duties of such office. And if the Senate shall concur in
+such suspension, and advise and consent to the removal of such officer,
+they shall so certify to the President, who may thereupon remove such
+officer, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, appoint
+another person to such office. But if the Senate shall refuse to concur
+in such suspension, such officer so suspended shall forthwith resume
+the functions of his office, and the powers of the person so performing
+its duties in his stead shall cease, and the official salary and
+emoluments of such officer shall, during such suspension, belong to the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_346">[Pg 346]</span>
+person so performing the duties thereof, and not to the officer so
+suspended: <i>Provided, however</i>, That the President in case he
+shall become satisfied that such suspension was made on insufficient
+grounds shall be authorized at any time before reporting such
+suspension to the Senate, as above provided, to revoke such suspension
+and reinstate such officer in the performance of the duties of his
+office.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 3.</span> That the President shall have
+power to fill all vacancies which may happen during the recess of the
+Senate by reason of death or resignation, by granting commissions which
+shall expire at the end of their next session thereafter. And if no
+appointment by and with the advice and consent of the Senate shall
+be made to such office so vacant or temporarily filled as aforesaid,
+during such next session of the Senate, such office shall remain in
+abeyance without any salary, fees, or emoluments attached thereto
+until the same shall be filled by appointment thereto by and with the
+advice and consent of the Senate, and during such time all the powers
+and duties belonging to such office shall be exercised by such other
+officer as may by law exercise such powers and duties in case of a
+vacancy in such office.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 4.</span> That nothing in this act
+contained shall be construed to extend the term of any office, the
+duration of which is limited by law.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 5.</span> That if any person shall,
+contrary to the provisions of this act, accept any appointment to, or
+employment in, any office, or shall hold or exercise, or attempt to
+hold or exercise any such office or employment, he shall be deemed, and
+is hereby declared to be guilty of a high misdemeanor, and upon trial
+and conviction thereof, he shall be punished therefor by a fine not
+exceeding ten thousand dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding five
+years, or both said punishments, in the discretion of the court.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 6.</span> That every removal, appointment,
+or employment made, had, or exercised contrary to the provisions of
+this act, and the making, signing, sealing, countersigning, or issuing
+of any commission or letter of authority for or in respect to any such
+appointment or employment, shall be deemed and are hereby declared to
+be high misdemeanors, and upon trial and conviction thereof, every
+person guilty thereof shall be punished by a fine not exceeding ten
+thousand dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding five years, or both
+said punishments in the discretion of the court: <i>Provided</i>,
+That the President shall have power to make out and deliver after
+the adjournment of the Senate, commissions for all officers whose
+appointments shall have been advised and consented to by the Senate.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 7.</span> That it shall be the duty
+of the Secretary of the Senate, at the close of each session
+thereof, to deliver to the Secretary of the Treasury, and to each
+of his assistants, and to each of the auditors, and to each of the
+comptrollers in the treasury, and to the treasurer and to the register
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</span>
+of the treasury, a full and complete list, duly certified, of all the
+persons who shall have been nominated to and rejected by the Senate
+during such session, and a like list of all the offices to which
+nominations shall have been made and not confirmed and filled at such
+session.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 8.</span> That whenever the President
+shall, without the advice and consent of the Senate, designate,
+authorize, or employ any person to perform the duties of any office,
+he shall forthwith notify the Secretary of the Treasury thereof, and
+it shall be the duty of the Secretary of the Treasury thereupon to
+communicate such notice to all the proper accounting and disbursing
+officers of his department.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sec. 9.</span> That no money shall be paid or
+received from the Treasury, or paid or received from or retained out
+of any public moneys or funds of the United States, whether in the
+Treasury or not to or by or for the benefit of any person appointed
+to or authorized to act in or holding or exercising the duties or
+functions of any office contrary to the provisions of this act, nor
+shall any claim, account, voucher, order, certificate, warrant, or
+other instrument providing for or relating to such payment, receipt,
+or retention, be presented, passed, allowed, approved, certified, or
+paid by any officer of the United States or by any person exercising
+the functions or performing the duties of any office or place of
+trust under the United States for or in respect to such office or the
+exercising or performing the functions or duties thereof; and every
+person who shall violate any of the provisions of this section, shall
+be guilty of a high misdemeanor, and upon trial and conviction thereof,
+shall be punished therefor by a fine not exceeding ten thousand
+dollars, or by imprisonment not exceeding ten years, or both said
+punishments in the discretion of the court.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_348">[Pg 348]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">IMPEACHMENT OF<br> PRESIDENT JOHNSON.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>The events which led to the impeachment of President Johnson, may be
+briefly stated as follows: On the 21st of February, 1868, the President
+issued an order to Mr. Stanton, removing him from office as Secretary
+of War, and another to General Lorenzo Thomas, Adjutant-General of the
+Army, appointing him Secretary of War <i>ad interim</i>, directing the
+one to surrender and the other to receive, all the books, papers, and
+public property belonging to the War Department. As these orders fill
+an important place in the history of the impeachment, we give them
+here. The order to Mr. Stanton reads:</p>
+
+<p>“By virtue of the power and authority vested in me as President by the
+Constitution and laws of the United States, you are hereby removed from
+office as Secretary for the Department of War, and your functions as
+such will terminate upon the receipt of this communication. You will
+transfer to Brevet Major-General Lorenzo Thomas, Adjutant-General of
+the Army, who has this day been authorized and empowered to act as
+Secretary of War <i>ad interim</i>, all records, books, papers, and
+other public property now in your custody and charge.”</p>
+
+<p>The order to General Thomas reads:</p>
+
+<p>“The Hon. Edwin M. Stanton having been this day removed from office
+as Secretary for the Department of War, you are hereby authorized
+and empowered to act as Secretary of War <i>ad interim</i>, and will
+immediately enter upon the discharge of the duties pertaining to
+that office. Mr. Stanton has been instructed to transfer to you all
+the records, books, and other public property now in his custody and
+charge.”</p>
+
+<p>These orders having been officially communicated to the Senate, that
+body, after an earnest debate, passed the following resolution:</p>
+
+<p>“<i>Resolved by the Senate of the United States</i>, That under the
+Constitution and laws of the United States the President has no power
+to remove the Secretary of War and designate any other officer to
+perform the duties of that office.”</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <img src="images/a_johnson.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="484" >
+ <p class="f120"><b>ANDREW JOHNSON.</b></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_349">[Pg 349]</span>
+The President, upon the 24th, sent a message to the Senate, arguing
+at length that not only under the Constitution, but also under the
+laws as now existing, he had the right of removing Mr. Stanton and
+appointing another to fill his place. The point of his argument is:
+That by a special proviso in the Tenure-of-Office Bill the various
+Secretaries of Departments “shall hold their offices respectively
+for and during the term of the President by whom they may have been
+appointed, and for one month thereafter, subject to removal by and with
+the advice of the Senate.” The President affirms that Mr. Stanton was
+appointed not by him, but by his predecessor, Mr. Lincoln, and held
+office only by the sufferance, not the appointment, of the present
+Executive; and that therefore his tenure is, by the express reading of
+the law excepted from the general provision, that every person duly
+appointed to office “by and with the advice and consent of the Senate,”
+etc., shall be “entitled to hold office until a successor shall have
+been in like manner appointed and duly qualified, except as herein
+otherwise provided.” The essential point of the President’s argument,
+therefore, is that, as Mr. Stanton was not appointed by him, he had,
+under the Tenure-of-Office Bill, the right at any time to remove him;
+the same right which his own successor would have, no matter whether
+the incumbent had, by sufferance, not by appointment of the existing
+Executive, held the office for weeks or even years. “If,” says the
+President, “my successor would have the power to remove Mr. Stanton,
+after permitting him to remain a period of two weeks, because he was
+not appointed by him, I who have tolerated Mr. Stanton for more than
+two years, certainly have the same right to remove him, and upon
+the same ground, namely, that he was not appointed by me but by my
+predecessor.”</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime General Thomas presented himself at the War Department
+and demanded to be placed in the position to which he had been assigned
+by the President. Mr. Stanton refused to surrender his post, and
+ordered General Thomas to proceed to the apartment which belonged to
+him as Adjutant-General. This order was not obeyed, and so the two
+claimants to the Secretaryship of War held their ground. A sort of
+legal by-play then ensued. Mr. Stanton entered a formal complaint
+before Judge Carter, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the District
+of Columbia, charging that General Thomas had illegally exercised
+and attempted to exercise the duties of Secretary of War; and had
+threatened to “forcibly remove the complainant from the buildings and
+apartments of the Secretary of War in the War Department, and forcibly
+take possession and control thereof under his pretended appointment
+by the President of the United States as Secretary of War <i>ad
+interim</i>;” and praying that he might be arrested and held to answer
+this charge. General Thomas was accordingly arrested, and held to bail
+in the sum of $15,000 to appear before the court on the 24th. Appearing
+on that day he was discharged from custody and bail; whereupon he
+entered an action against Mr. Stanton for false imprisonment, laying
+his damages at $150,000.</p>
+
+<p>On the 22d of February the House Committee on Reconstruction, through
+its Chairman, Mr. Stevens, presented a brief report, merely stating
+the fact of the attempted removal by the President of Mr. Stanton, and
+closing as follows:
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</span></p>
+
+<p>“Upon the evidence collected by the Committee, which is hereafter
+presented, and in virtue of the powers with which they have been
+invested by the House, they are of the opinion that Andrew Johnson,
+President of the United States, should be impeached of high crimes and
+misdemeanors. They, therefore, recommend to the House the adoption of
+the following resolution:</p>
+
+<p>“<i>Resolved</i>, That Andrew Johnson, President of the United States
+be impeached of high crimes and misdemeanors.”</p>
+
+<p>After earnest debate, the question on the resolution was adopted, on
+the 24th, by a vote of 126 to 47. A committee of two members—Stevens
+and Bingham—were to notify the Senate of the action of the House; and
+another committee of seven—Boutwell, Stevens, Bingham, Wilson, Logan,
+Julian, and Ward—to prepare the articles of impeachment. On the 25th
+(February) Mr. Stevens thus announced to the Senate the action which
+had been taken by the House:</p>
+
+<p>“In obedience to the order of the House of Representatives we have
+appeared before you, and in the name of the House of Representatives
+and of all the people of the United States, we do impeach Andrew
+Johnson, President of the United States, of high crimes and
+misdemeanors in office. And we further inform the Senate that the House
+of Representatives will in due time exhibit particular articles of
+impeachment against him, to make good the same; and in their name we
+demand that the Senate take due order for the appearance of the said
+Andrew Johnson to answer to the said impeachment.”</p>
+
+<p>The Senate thereupon, by a unanimous vote, resolved that this message
+from the House should be referred to a select Committee of Seven, to be
+appointed by the chair, to consider the same and report thereon. This
+Committee subsequently made a report laying down the rules of procedure
+to be observed on the trial.</p>
+
+<p>On the 29th of February the Committee of the House appointed for that
+purpose presented the articles of impeachment which they had drawn up.
+These, with slight modification, were accepted on the 2d of March. They
+comprise nine articles, eight of which are based upon the action of the
+President in ordering the removal of Mr. Stanton, and the appointment
+of General Thomas as Secretary of War. The general title to the
+impeachment is:</p>
+
+<p>“Articles exhibited by the House of Representatives of the United
+States, in the name of themselves and all the people of the United
+States, against Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, as
+maintenance and support of their impeachment against him for high
+crimes and misdemeanors in office.”</p>
+
+<p>Each of the articles commences with a preamble to the effect that the
+President, “unmindful of the high duties of his office, of his oath
+of office, and of the requirements of the Constitution that he should
+take care that the laws be faithfully executed, did unlawfully and in
+violation of the laws and Constitution of the United States, perform
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</span>
+the several acts specified in the articles respectively;” closing
+with the declaration: “Whereby the said Andrew Johnson, President of
+the United States, did then and there commit and was guilty of a high
+misdemeanor in office.” The phraseology is somewhat varied. In some
+cases the offense charged is designated as a “misdemeanor,” in others
+as a “crime.” The whole closes thus:</p>
+
+<p>“And the House of Representatives, by protestation, saving to
+themselves the liberty of exhibiting at any time hereafter any further
+articles or other accusation or impeachment against the said Andrew
+Johnson, President of the United States, and also of replying to his
+answers which he shall make to the articles herein preferred against
+him, and of offering proof to the same and every part thereof, and to
+all and every other article, accusation, or impeachment which shall be
+exhibited by them as the case shall require, do demand that the said
+Andrew Johnson may be put to answer the high crimes and misdemeanors
+in office herein charged against him, and that such proceedings,
+examinations, trials, and judgments may be thereupon had and given as
+may be agreeable to law and justice.”</p>
+
+<p>The following is a summary in brief of the points in the articles of
+impeachment, legal and technical phraseology being omitted:</p>
+
+<p><i>Article 1.</i> Unlawfully ordering the removal of Mr. Stanton
+as Secretary of War, in violation of the provisions of the
+Tenure-of-Office Act.—<i>Article 2.</i> Unlawfully appointing General
+Lorenzo Thomas as Secretary of War <i>ad interim</i>.—<i>Article
+3</i> is substantially the same as Article 2, with the addition
+that there was at the time of the appointment of General Thomas no
+vacancy in the office of Secretary of War.—<i>Article 4</i> charges
+the President with “conspiring with one Lorenzo Thomas and other
+persons, to the House of Representatives unknown,” to prevent, by
+intimidation and threats, Mr. Stanton, the legally-appointed Secretary
+of War, from holding that office.—<i>Article 5</i> charges the
+President with conspiring with General Thomas and others to hinder
+the execution of the Tenure-of-Office Act; and, in pursuance of this
+conspiracy, attempting to prevent Mr. Stanton from acting as Secretary
+of War.—<i>Article 6</i> charges that the President conspired with
+General Thomas and others to take forcible possession of the property
+in the War Department.—<i>Article 7</i> repeats the charge, in other
+terms, that the President conspired with General Thomas and others to
+hinder the execution of the Tenure-of-Office Act, and to prevent Mr.
+Stanton from executing the office of Secretary of War.—<i>Article
+8</i> again charges the President with conspiring with General
+Thomas and others to take possession of the property in the War
+Department.—<i>Article 9</i> charges that the President called before
+him General Emory, who was in command of the forces in the Department
+of Washington, and declared to him that a law, passed on the 30th of
+June, 1867, directing that “all orders and instructions relating to
+military operations, issued by the President or Secretary of War, shall
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</span>
+be issued through the General of the Army, and, in case of his
+inability, through the next in rank,” was unconstitutional, and not
+binding upon General Emory; the intent being to induce General Emory to
+violate the law, and to obey orders issued directly from the President.</p>
+
+<p>The foregoing articles of impeachment were adopted on the 2d of March,
+the votes upon each slightly varying, the average being 125 ayes to
+40 nays. The question then came up of appointment of managers on the
+part of the House to conduct the impeachment before the Senate. Upon
+this question the Democratic members did not vote; 118 votes were cast,
+60 being necessary to a choice. The following was the result, the
+number of votes cast for each elected manager being given: Stevens, of
+Penn., 105; Butler, of Mass., 108; Bingham, of Ohio, 114; Boutwell,
+of Mass., 113; Wilson, of Iowa, 112; Williams, of Penn., 107; Logan,
+of Ill., 106. The foregoing seven Representatives were, therefore,
+duly chosen as Managers of the Bill of Impeachment. The great body of
+the Democratic members of the House entered a formal protest against
+the whole course of proceedings involved in the impeachment of the
+President. They claimed to represent “directly or in principle more
+than one-half of the people of the United States.” This protest was
+signed by forty-five Representatives.</p>
+
+<p>On the 3d the Board of Managers presented two additional articles of
+impeachment, which were adopted by the House. The first charges, in
+substance, that</p>
+
+<p>“The President, unmindful of the high duties of his office and of
+the harmony and courtesies which ought to be maintained between the
+executive and legislative branches of the Government of the United
+States, designing to set aside the rightful authority and powers of
+Congress, did attempt to bring into disgrace the Congress of the United
+States and the several branches thereof, to impair and destroy the
+regard and respect of all the good people of the United States for the
+Congress and legislative power thereof, and to excite the odium and
+resentment of all the good people of the United States against Congress
+and the laws by it enacted; and in pursuance of his said design openly
+and publicly, and before divers assemblages convened in divers parts
+thereof to meet and receive said Andrew Johnson as the Chief Magistrate
+of the United States, did on the 18th day of August, in the year of
+our Lord 1866, and on divers other days and times, as well before as
+afterward, make and deliver with a loud voice certain intemperate,
+inflammatory, and scandalous harangues, and did therein utter loud
+threats and bitter menaces as well against Congress as the laws of the
+United States duly enacted thereby.”</p>
+
+<p>To this article are appended copious extracts from speeches of Mr.
+Johnson. The second article is substantially as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <img src="images/grant.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="559" >
+ <p class="f120"><b>GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT.</b></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_353">[Pg 353]</span>
+“The President did, on the 18th day of August, 1866, at the City of
+Washington, by public speech, declare and affirm in substance that the
+Thirty-ninth Congress of the United States was not a Congress of the
+United States, authorized by the Constitution to exercise legislative
+power under the same, but, on the contrary, was a Congress of only
+a part of the States, thereby denying and intending to deny that
+the legislation of said Congress was valid or obligatory upon him,
+except in so far as he saw fit to approve the same, and did devise
+and contrive means by which he might prevent Edwin M. Stanton from
+forthwith resuming the functions of the office of Secretary for the
+Department of War; and, also, by further unlawfully devising and
+contriving means to prevent the execution of an act entitled ’An act
+making appropriations for the support of the army for the fiscal year
+ending June 30, 1868, and for other purposes,’ approved March 2, 1867;
+and also to prevent the execution of an act entitled ‘An act to provide
+for the more efficient government of the rebel States,’ passed March 2,
+1867, did commit and was guilty of a high misdemeanor in office.”</p>
+
+<p>On the 4th of March the Senate notified the House that they were ready
+to receive the Managers of the Impeachment. They appeared, and the
+articles were formally read. The Senate had meanwhile adopted the rules
+of procedure. Chief Justice Chase sent a communication to the Senate
+to the effect that this body, when acting upon an impeachment, was
+a Court presided over by the Chief Justice, and that all orders and
+rules should be framed by the Court. On the 5th the Court was formally
+organized. An exception was taken to the eligibility of Mr. Wade as
+a member of the Court, on the ground that he was a party interested,
+since, in the event of the impeachment being sustained, he, as
+President of the Senate, would become Acting President of the United
+States. This objection was withdrawn, and Mr. Wade was sworn as a
+member of the Court. On the 7th the summons for the President to appear
+was formally served upon him. On the 13th the Court was again formally
+reopened. The President appeared by his counsel, Hon. Henry Stanbery,
+of Ohio; Hon. Wm. M. Evarts, of New York; Hon. Wm. S. Groesbeck, of
+Ohio; Hon. Benjamin R. Curtis, of Massachusetts; Hon. Thomas A. R.
+Nelson, of Tennessee, who asked for forty days to prepare an answer
+to the indictment. This was refused, and ten days granted; it being
+ordered that the proceedings should reopen on the 23d. Upon that day
+the President appeared by his counsel, and presented his answer to the
+articles of impeachment. This reply was in substance as follows:</p>
+
+<p>The first eight articles in the Bill of Impeachment, as briefly summed
+up in our last record, are based upon the action of the President in
+ordering the removal of Mr. Stanton, and the temporary appointment
+of General Thomas as Secretary of War. The gist of them is contained
+in the first article, charging the unlawful removal of Mr. Stanton;
+for, this failing, the others would fail also. To this article a
+considerable part of the President’s answer is devoted. It is mainly an
+amplification of the points put forth in the Message of February 24th,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</span>
+in which he gave his reasons for his orders. The President cites the
+laws by which this department of the administration was created,
+and the rules laid down for the duties pertaining to it; prominent
+among which are: that the Secretary shall “conduct the business of
+the department in such manner as the President of the United States
+shall from time to time order and instruct;” and that he should
+“hold the office during the pleasure of the President;” and that
+Congress had no legal right to deprive the President of the power to
+remove the Secretary. He was, however, aware that the design of the
+Tenure-of-Office Bill was to vest this power of removal, in certain
+cases, jointly in the Executive and the Senate; and that, while
+believing this act to be unconstitutional, yet it having been passed
+over his veto by the requisite majority of two-thirds, he considered
+it to be his duty to ascertain in how far the case of Mr. Stanton
+came within the provisions of this law; after consideration, he came
+to the conclusion that the case did not come within the prohibitions
+of the law, and that, by that law he still had the right of removing
+Mr. Stanton; but that, wishing to have the case decided by the
+Supreme Court, he, on the 12th of August, issued the order merely
+suspending, not removing, Mr. Stanton, a power expressly granted by
+the Tenure-of-Office Act, and appointed General Grant Secretary of War
+<i>ad interim</i>. The President then recites the subsequent action
+in the case of Mr. Stanton; and, as he avers, still believing that he
+had the constitutional power to remove him from office, issued the
+order of February 21st, for such removal, designing to thus bring the
+matter before the Supreme Court. He then proceeds formally to deny that
+at this time Mr. Stanton was in lawful possession of the office of
+Secretary of War; and that, consequently, the order for his removal was
+in violation of the Tenure-of-Office Act; and that it was in violation
+of the Constitution or of any law; or that it constituted any official
+crime or misdemeanor.</p>
+
+<p>In regard to the seven succeeding articles of impeachment the
+President, while admitting the facts of the order appointing General
+Thomas as Secretary of War <i>ad interim</i>, denies all and every
+of the criminal charges therein set forth. So of the ninth article,
+charging an effort to induce General Emory to violate the law, the
+President denies all such intent, and calls attention to the fact
+that while, for urgent reasons, he signed the bill prescribing that
+orders to the army should be issued only through the General, he at the
+same time declared it to be, in his judgment, unconstitutional; and
+affirms that in his interview with General Emory he said no more than
+he had before officially said to Congress—that is, that the law was
+unconstitutional.</p>
+
+<p>As to the tenth article, the first of the supplementary ones, the
+President, while admitting that he made certain public speeches at the
+times and places specified, does not admit that the passages cited are
+fair reports of his remarks; denies that he has ever been unmindful of
+the courtesies which ought to be maintained between
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</span>the executive and
+legislative departments; but he claims the perfect right at all times
+to express his views as to all public matters.</p>
+
+<p>The reply to the eleventh article, the second supplementary one, is
+to the same general purport, denying that he ever affirmed that the
+Thirty-ninth Congress was not a valid Congress of the United States,
+and its acts obligatory only as they were approved by him; and denying
+that he had, as charged in the article, contrived unlawful means for
+preventing Mr. Stanton from resuming the functions of Secretary of
+War, or for preventing the execution of the act making appropriations
+for the support of the army, or that to provide for the more efficient
+government of the rebel States. In his answer to this article the
+President refers to his reply to the first article, in which he sets
+forth at length all the steps, and the reasons therefor, relating to
+the removal of Mr. Stanton. In brief, the answer of the President to
+the articles of impeachment is a general denial of each and every
+criminal act charged in the articles of impeachment.</p>
+
+<p>The counsel for the President then asked for a delay of thirty days
+after the replication of the managers of the impeachment should
+have been rendered, before the trial should formally proceed. This
+was refused, and the managers of the impeachment stated that their
+replication would be presented the next day: it was that,</p>
+
+<p>“The Senate will commence the trial of the President upon the articles
+of impeachment exhibited against him on Monday, the 30th day of March,
+and proceed therein with all dispatch under the rules of the Senate,
+sitting upon the trial of an impeachment.”</p>
+
+<p>The replication of the House of Representatives was a simple denial of
+each and every averment in the answer of the President, closing thus:</p>
+
+<p>“The House of Representatives ... do say that the said Andrew Johnson,
+President of the United States, is guilty of the high crimes and
+misdemeanors mentioned in the said articles, and that the said House of
+Representatives are ready to prove the same.”</p>
+
+<p>The trial began, as appointed, on March 30. There being twenty-seven
+States represented, there were fifty-four Senators, who constituted
+the Court, presided over by Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase, of
+Ohio. <span class="smcap">Senators</span>: <i>California</i>, Cole, Conness;
+<i>Connecticut</i>, Dixon, Ferry; <i>Delaware</i>, Bayard, Saulsbury;
+<i>Indiana</i>, Hendricks, Morton; <i>Illinois</i>, Trumbull,
+Yates; <i>Iowa</i>, Grimes, Harlan; <i>Kansas</i>, Pomeroy, Ross;
+<i>Kentucky</i>, Davis, McCreery; <i>Maine</i>, Fessenden, Morrill (Lot
+M.); <i>Maryland</i>, Johnson, Vickers; <i>Massachusetts</i>, Sumner,
+Wilson; <i>Michigan</i>, Chandler, Howard; <i>Minnesota</i>, Norton,
+Ramsay; <i>Missouri</i>, Drake, Henderson; <i>Nebraska</i>, Thayer,
+Tipton; <i>Nevada</i>, Nye, Stewart; <i>New Hampshire</i>, Cragin,
+Patterson (J. W.); <i>New Jersey</i>, Cattell, Frelinghuysen; <i>New
+York</i>, Conklin, Morgan; <i>Ohio</i>, Sherman, Wade; <i>Oregon</i>,
+Corbett, Williams; <i>Pennsylvania</i>, Buckalew, Cameron; <i>Rhode
+Island</i>, Anthony, Sprague; <i>Tennessee</i>, Fowler, Patterson
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</span>
+(David); <i>Vermont</i>, Edmunds, Morrill (J. S.); <i>West
+Virginia</i>, Van Winkle, Willey; <i>Wisconsin</i>, Doolittle, Howe.</p>
+
+<p><i>Managers for the Prosecution</i>: Messrs. Bingham, Boutwell, Butler,
+Logan, Stevens, Williams, Wilson.</p>
+
+<p><i>Counsel for the President</i>: Messrs. Curtis, Evarts, Groesbeck,
+Nelson, Stanbery.</p>
+
+<p>The following was the order of procedure: The Senate convened at 11 or
+12 o’clock, and was called to order by the president of that body, who,
+after prayer, would leave the chair, which was immediately assumed by
+the Chief Justice, who wore his official robes. The prosecution was
+mainly conducted by Mr. Butler, who examined the witnesses, and, in
+conjunction with the others, argued the points of law which came up.
+The defense, during the early part of the trial, was mainly conducted
+by Mr. Stanbery, who had resigned the office of Attorney-General for
+this purpose, but, being taken suddenly ill, Mr. Evarts took his place.
+According to the rule at first adopted, the trial was to be opened by
+one counsel on each side, and summed up by two on each side; but this
+rule was subsequently modified so as to allow as many of the managers and
+counsel as chose to sum up, either orally or by filing written arguments.</p>
+
+<h3>THE PROSECUTION.</h3>
+
+<p>The whole of the first day (March 30) was occupied by the opening
+speech of Mr. Butler. After touching upon the importance of the case,
+and the wisdom of the framers of the Constitution in providing for its
+possible occurrence, he laid down the following proposition, supporting
+it by a copious array of authorities and precedents:</p>
+
+<p>“We define, therefore, an impeachable high crime or misdemeanor to be
+one, in its nature or consequences, subversive of some fundamental or
+essential principle of government, or highly prejudicial to the public
+interest, and this may consist of a violation of the Constitution, of
+law, of an official oath, or of duty, by an act committed or omitted,
+or, without violating a positive law, by the abuse of discretionary
+powers from improper motives, or for any improper purpose.”</p>
+
+<p>He then proceeded to discuss the nature and functions of the tribunal
+before which the trial is held. He asked: “Is this proceeding a trial,
+as that term is understood, so far as relates to the rights and duties
+of a court and jury upon an indictment for crime? Is it not rather
+more in the nature of an inquest?” The Constitution, he urged, “seems
+to have determined it to be the latter, because, under its provisions,
+the right to retain and hold office is the only subject to be finally
+adjudicated; all preliminary inquiry being carried on solely to
+determine that question, and that alone.” He then proceeded to argue
+that this body now sitting to determine the accusation, is the Senate
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</span>
+of the United States, and not a court. This question is of consequence,
+he argued, because, in the latter case, it would be bound by the rules
+and precedents of common law statutes; the members of the court would
+be liable to challenge on many grounds; and the accused might claim
+that he could only be convicted when the evidence makes the fact clear
+beyond reasonable doubt, instead of by a preponderance of the evidence.
+The fact that in this case the Chief Justice presides, it was argued,
+does not constitute the Senate thus acting a court; for in all cases of
+impeachment, save that of the President, its regular presiding officer
+presides. Moreover, the procedures have no analogy to those of an
+ordinary court of justice. The accused merely receives a notice of the
+case pending against him. He is not required to appear personally, and
+the case will go on without his presence. Mr. Butler thus summed up his
+position in this regard:</p>
+
+<p>“A constitutional tribunal solely, you are bound by no law, either
+statute or common, which may limit your constitutional prerogative. You
+consult no precedents save those of the law and custom of parliamentary
+bodies. You are a law unto yourselves, bound only by the natural principles
+of equity and justice, and that <i>salus populi suprema est lex</i>.”</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Butler then proceeded to consider the articles of impeachment. The
+first eight, he says, “set out, in several distinct forms, the acts of
+the President in removing Mr. Stanton and appointing General Thomas,
+differing, in legal effect, in the purposes for which, and the intent
+with which, either or both of the acts were done, and the legal duties
+and rights infringed, and the Acts of Congress violated in so doing.”
+In respect to all of these articles, Mr. Butler says, referring to his
+former definition of what constituted an impeachable high crime:</p>
+
+<p>“All the articles allege these acts to be in contravention of his oath
+of office, and in disregard of the duties thereof. If they are so,
+however, the President might have the power to do them under the law.
+Still, being so done, they are acts of official misconduct, and, as we
+have seen, impeachable. The President has the legal power to do many
+acts which, if done in disregard of his duty, or for improper purposes,
+then the exercise of that power is an official misdemeanor. For
+example, he has the power of pardon; if exercised, in a given case, for
+a corrupt motive, as for the payment of money, or wantonly pardoning
+all criminals, it would be a misdemeanor.”</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Butler affirmed that every fact charged in the first article,
+and substantially in the seven following, is admitted in the reply
+of the President; and also that the general intent to set aside the
+Tenure-of-Office Act is therein admitted and justified. He then
+proceeded to discuss the whole question of the power of the President
+for removals from office, and especially his claim that this power was
+imposed upon the President by the Constitution, and that it could not
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</span>
+be taken from him, or be vested jointly in him and the Senate, partly
+or in whole. This, Mr. Butler affirmed, was the real question at issue
+before the Senate and the American people. He said:</p>
+
+<p>“Has the President, under the Constitution, the more than royal
+prerogative at will to remove from office, or to suspend from office,
+all executive officers of the United States, either civil, military
+or naval, and to fill the vacancies, without any restraint whatever,
+or possibility of restraint, by the Senate or by Congress, through
+laws duly enacted? The House of Representatives, in behalf of the
+people, join issue by affirming that the exercise of such powers
+is a high misdemeanor in office. If the affirmative is maintained
+by the respondent, then, so far as the first eight articles are
+concerned—unless such corrupt purposes are shown as will of themselves
+make the exercise of a legal power a crime—the respondent must go, and
+ought to go, quit and free.”</p>
+
+<p>This point as to the legal right of the President to make removals
+from office, which constitutes the real burden of the articles of
+impeachment, was argued at length. Mr. Butler assumed that the Senate,
+by whom, in conjunction with the House, the Tenure-of-Office Act had
+been passed over the veto of the President, would maintain the law to
+be constitutional. The turning point was whether the special case of
+the removal of Mr. Stanton came within the provisions of this law. This
+rested upon the proviso of that law, that—</p>
+
+<p>“The Secretaries shall hold their office during the term of the
+President by whom they may have been appointed, and for one month
+thereafter, subject to removal by and with the advice and consent of
+the Senate.”</p>
+
+<p>The extended argument upon this point, made by Mr. Butler, was to the
+effect that Mr. Stanton having been appointed by Mr. Lincoln, whose
+term of office reached to the 4th of March, 1869, that of Mr. Stanton
+existed until a month later, unless he was previously removed by
+the concurrent action of the President and Senate. The point of the
+argument is, that Mr. Johnson is merely serving out the balance of
+the term of Mr. Lincoln, cut short by his assassination, so that the
+Cabinet officers appointed by Mr. Lincoln held their places, by this
+very proviso, during that term and for a month thereafter; for, he
+argued, if Mr. Johnson was not merely serving out the balance of Mr.
+Lincoln’s term, then he is entitled to the office of President for four
+full years, that being the period for which a President is elected. If,
+continues the argument, Mr. Stanton’s commission was vacated by the
+Tenure-of-Office Act, it ceased on the 4th of April, 1865; or, if the
+act had no retroactive effect, still, if Mr. Stanton held office merely
+under his commission from Mr. Lincoln, then his functions would have
+ceased upon the passage of the bill, March 2, 1867; and, consequently,
+Mr. Johnson, in “employing” him after that date as Secretary of War,
+was guilty of a high misdemeanor, which would give ground for a new
+article of impeachment.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_359">[Pg 359]</span></p>
+
+<p>After justifying the course of Mr. Stanton in holding on to the
+secretaryship in opposition to the wish of the President, on the
+ground that “to desert it now would be to imitate the treachery of
+his accidental chief,” Mr. Butler proceeded to discuss the reasons
+assigned by the President in his answer to the articles of impeachment
+for the attempt to remove Mr. Stanton. These, in substance, were, that
+the President believed the Tenure-of-Office Act was unconstitutional,
+and, therefore, void and of no effect, and that he had the right to
+remove him and appoint another person in his place. Mr. Butler urged
+that, in all of these proceedings, the President professed to act
+upon the assumption that the act was valid, and that his action was
+in accordance with its provisions. He then went on to charge that the
+appointment of General Thomas as Secretary of War <i>ad interim</i>,
+was a separate violation of law. By the act of February 20, 1863, which
+repealed all previous laws inconsistent with it, the President was
+authorized, in case of the “death, resignation, absence from the seat
+of Government, or sickness of the head of an executive department,”
+or in any other case where these officers could not perform their
+respective duties, to appoint the head of any other executive
+department to fulfill the duties of the office “until a successor be
+appointed, or until such absence or disability shall cease.” Now,
+urged Mr. Butler, at the time of the appointment of General Thomas as
+Secretary of War <i>ad interim</i>, Mr. Stanton “had neither died nor
+resigned, was not sick nor absent,” and, consequently, General Thomas,
+not being the head of a department, but only of a bureau of one of
+them, was not eligible to this appointment, and that, therefore, his
+appointment was illegal and void.</p>
+
+<p>The ninth article of impeachment, wherein the President is charged
+with endeavoring to induce General Emory to take orders directly from
+himself, is dealt with in a rather slight manner. Mr. Butler says, “If
+the transaction set forth in this article stood alone, we might well
+admit that doubts might arise as to the sufficiency of the proof;” but,
+he adds, the surroundings are so pointed and significant as to leave no
+doubt in the mind of an impartial man as to the intents and purposes of
+the President—these intents being, according to Mr. Butler, “to induce
+General Emory to take orders directly from himself, and thus to hinder
+the execution of the Civil Tenure Act, and to prevent Mr. Stanton from
+holding his office of Secretary of War.”</p>
+
+<p>As to the tenth article of impeachment, based upon various speeches of
+the President, Mr. Butler undertook to show that the reports of these
+speeches, as given in the article, were substantially correct; and
+accepted the issue made thereupon as to whether they are “decent and
+becoming the President of the United States, and do not tend to bring
+the office into ridicule and disgrace.”</p>
+
+<p>After having commented upon the eleventh and closing article, which
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</span>
+charges the President with having denied the authority of the
+Thirty-ninth Congress, except so far as its acts were approved by him,
+Mr. Butler summed up the purport of the articles of impeachment in
+these words:</p>
+
+<p>“The acts set out in the first eight articles are but the culmination
+of a series of wrongs, malfeasances, and usurpations committed by the
+respondent, and, therefore, need to be examined in the light of his
+precedent and concomitant acts to grasp their scope and design. The
+last three articles presented show the perversity and malignity with
+which he acted, so that the man as he is known may be clearly spread
+upon record, to be seen and known of all men hereafter.... We have
+presented the facts in the constitutional manner; we have brought the
+criminal to your bar, and demand judgment for his so great crimes.”</p>
+
+<p>The remainder of Monday, and a portion of the following day, were
+devoted to the presentation of documentary evidence as to the
+proceedings involved in the order for the removal of Mr. Stanton and
+the appointment of General Thomas. The prosecution then introduced
+witnesses to testify to the interviews between Mr. Stanton and General
+Thomas. They then brought forward a witness to show that General Thomas
+had avowed his determination to take forcible possession of the War
+Office. To this Mr. Stanbery, for the defense, objected. The Chief
+Justice decided the testimony to be admissible. Thereupon Senator
+Drake took exception to the ruling, on the ground that this question
+should be decided by the Senate—not by the presiding officer. The
+Chief Justice averred that, in his judgment, it was his duty to decide,
+in the first instance, upon any question of evidence, and then, if
+any Senator desired, to submit the decision to the Senate. Upon this
+objection and appeal arose the first conflict in the Senate as to
+the powers of its presiding officer. Mr. Butler argued at length in
+favor of the exception. Although, in this case, the decision was in
+favor of the prosecution, he objected to the power of the presiding
+officer to make it. This point was argued at length by the managers
+for the impeachment, who denied the right of the Chief Justice to make
+such decision. It was then moved that the Senate retire for private
+consultation on this point. There was a tie vote—25 ayes and 25 nays.
+The Chief Justice gave his casting vote in favor of the motion for
+consultation. The Senate, by a vote of 31 to 19, sustained the Chief
+Justice, deciding that “the presiding officer may rule on all questions
+of evidence and on incidental questions, which decision will stand as
+the judgment of the Senate for decision, or he may, at his option in
+the first instance, submit any such question to a vote of the members
+of the Senate.” In the further progress of the trial the Chief Justice,
+in most important cases, submitted the question directly to the Senate,
+without himself giving any decision. Next morning (April 1) Mr. Sumner
+offered a resolution to the effect that the Chief Justice, in giving
+a casting vote, “acted without authority of the Constitution of the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_361">[Pg 361]</span>
+United States.” This was negatived by a vote of 27 to 21, thus deciding
+that the presiding officer had the right to give a casting vote. The
+witness (Mr. Burleigh, delegate from Dakotah), who had been called to
+prove declarations of General Thomas, was then asked whether, at an
+interview between them, General Thomas had said any thing as “to the
+means by which he intended to obtain, or was directed by the President
+to obtain, possession of the War Department.” To this question Mr.
+Stanbery objected, on the ground that any statements made by General
+Thomas could not be used as evidence against the President. Messrs.
+Butler and Bingham argued that the testimony was admissible, on the
+ground that there was, as charged, a conspiracy between the President
+and General Thomas, and that the acts of one conspirator were binding
+upon the other; and, also, that in these acts General Thomas was the
+agent of the President. The Senate, by 39 to 11, decided that the
+question was admissible. Mr. Burleigh thereupon testified substantially
+that General Thomas informed him that he had been directed by the
+President to take possession of the War Department; that he was bound
+to obey his superior officer; that, if Mr. Stanton objected, he should
+use force, and if he bolted the doors they would be broken down. The
+witness was then asked whether he had heard General Thomas make any
+statement to the clerks of the War Office, to the effect that, when he
+came into control, he would relax or rescind the rules of Mr. Stanton.
+To this question objection was made by the counsel of the President on
+the ground of irrelevancy. The Chief Justice was of opinion that the
+question was not admissible, but, if any Senator demanded, he would
+submit to the Senate whether it should be asked. The demand having
+been made, the Senate, by a vote of 28 to 22, allowed the question
+to be put, whereupon Mr. Burleigh testified that General Thomas, in
+his presence, called before him the heads of the divisions, and told
+them that the rules laid down by Mr. Stanton were arbitrary, and that
+he should relax them—that he should not hold them strictly to their
+letters of instruction, but should consider them as gentlemen who would
+do their duty—that they could come in or go out when they chose. Mr.
+Burleigh further testified that, subsequently, General Thomas had said
+to him that the only thing which prevented him from taking possession
+of the War Department was his arrest by the United States marshal.
+Other witnesses were called to prove the declarations of General
+Thomas. Mr. Wilkeson testified that General Thomas said to him that
+he should demand possession of the War Department, and, in case Mr.
+Stanton should refuse to give it up, he should call upon General Grant
+for a sufficient force to enable him to do so, and he did not see how
+this could be refused. Mr. Karsener, of Delaware, testified that he saw
+General Thomas at the President’s house, told him that Delaware, of
+which State General Thomas is a citizen, expected him to stand firm; to
+which General Thomas replied that he was standing firm, that he would
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</span>
+not disappoint his friends, but that, in a few days, he would “kick
+that fellow out,” meaning, as the witness supposed, Mr. Stanton.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <img src="images/colfax.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="547" >
+ <p class="f120"><b>SCHUYLER COLFAX.</b></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><i>Thursday, April 2d.</i>—Various witnesses were introduced to
+testify to the occurrences when General Thomas demanded possession of
+the War Department. After this General Emory was called to testify
+to the transactions which form the ground of the ninth article of
+impeachment. His testimony was to the effect that the President, on
+the 22d of February, requested him to call; that, upon so doing, the
+President asked respecting any changes that had been made in the
+disposition of the troops around Washington; that he informed the
+President that no important changes had been made, and that none could
+be made without an order from General Grant, as provided for in an
+order founded upon a law sanctioned by the President. The President
+said that this law was unconstitutional. Emory replied that the
+President had approved of it, and that it was not the prerogative of
+the officers of the army to decide upon the constitutionality of a law,
+and in that opinion he was justified by the opinion of eminent counsel,
+and thereupon the conversation ended.</p>
+
+<p>The prosecution then endeavored to introduce testimony as to the
+appointment of Mr. Edmund Cooper, the Private Secretary of the
+President, as Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, in support of the
+eighth and eleventh articles of impeachment, which charge the President
+with an unlawful attempt to control the disposition of certain public
+funds. This testimony, by a vote of 27 to 22, was ruled out.</p>
+
+<p>The prosecution now, in support of the tenth and eleventh articles of
+impeachment, charging the President with endeavoring to “set aside
+the rightful authority of Congress,” offered a telegraphic dispatch
+from the President to Mr. Parsons, at that time (January 17, 1867)
+Provisional Governor of Alabama, of which the following is the
+essential part:</p>
+
+<p>“I do not believe the people of the whole country will sustain any set
+of individuals in the attempt to change the whole character of our
+Government by enabling acts in this way, I believe, on the contrary,
+that they will eventually uphold all who have patriotism and courage
+to stand by the Constitution, and who place their confidence in the
+people. There should be no faltering on the part of those who are
+honest in their determination to sustain the several coördinate
+departments of the Government in accordance with its original design.”</p>
+
+<p>The introduction of this was objected to by the counsel for the
+President, but admitted by the Senate, the vote being 27 to 17.</p>
+
+<p>The whole of Friday, and a great part of Saturday, (April 3d and 4th,)
+were occupied in the examination of the persons who reported the
+various speeches of the President which form the basis of the tenth
+article, the result being that the reports were shown to be either
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</span>
+substantially or verbally accurate. Then, after some testimony relating
+to the forms in which commissions to office were made out, the managers
+announced that the case for the prosecution was substantially closed.
+The counsel for the President thereupon asked that three working days
+should be granted them to prepare for the defense. This, after some
+discussion, was granted by the Senate by a vote of 37 to 9, and the
+trial was adjourned to Thursday, April 9th.</p>
+
+<h3>THE DEFENSE.</h3>
+
+<p>The opening speech for the defense, occupying the whole of Thursday,
+and a part of Friday, was made by Mr. Curtis. Reserving, for a time, a
+rejoinder to Mr. Butler’s argument as to the functions of the Senate
+when sitting as a Court of Impeachment, Mr. Curtis proceeded to a
+consideration of the articles of impeachment, in their order, his
+purpose being “to ascertain, in the first place, what the substantial
+allegations in each of them are, what is the legal proof and effect of
+these allegations, and what proof is necessary to be adduced in order
+to sustain them.” The speech is substantially an elaboration of and
+argument for the points embraced in the answer of the President. The
+main stress of the argument related to the first article, which, as
+stated by Mr. Curtis, when stripped of all technical language, amounts
+exactly to these things:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>“<i>First.</i> That the order set out in the article for
+the removal of Mr. Stanton, if executed, would have been a
+violation of the Tenure-of-Office Act.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>Second.</i> That it was a violation of the Tenure-of-Office Act.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>Third.</i> That it was an intentional violation of the
+Tenure-of-Office Act.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>Fourth.</i> That it was in violation of the Constitution
+of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>Fifth.</i> That it was intended by the President to be so.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>“Or, to draw all these into one sentence, which I hope may be
+intelligible and clear enough, I suppose the substance of this first
+article is that the order for the removal of Mr. Stanton was, and was
+intended to be, a violation of the Constitution of the United States.
+These are the allegations which it is necessary for the honorable
+managers to make out in order to support that article.”</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Curtis proceeded to argue that the case of Mr. Stanton did not come
+within the provisions of the Tenure-of-Office Act, being expressly
+excepted by the proviso that Cabinet officers should hold their places
+during the term of the President by whom they were appointed, and for
+one month thereafter, unless removed by the consent of the Senate. Mr.
+Stanton was appointed by Mr. Lincoln, whose term of office came to an
+end by his death. He argued at length against the proposition that Mr.
+Johnson was merely serving out the remainder of Mr. Lincoln’s term. The
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_364">[Pg 364]</span>
+object of this exception, he said, was evident. The Cabinet officers
+were to be “the immediate confidential assistants of the President,
+for whose acts he was to be responsible, and in whom he was expected
+to repose the gravest honor, trust, and confidence; therefore it was
+that this act has connected the tenure-of-office of these officers
+with that of the President by whom they were appointed.” Mr. Curtis
+gave a new interpretation to that clause in the Constitution which
+prescribes that the President “may require the opinion, in writing, of
+the principal officer in each of the executive departments upon any
+subject relating to the duties of their several offices.” He understood
+that the word “their” included the President, so that he might call
+upon Cabinet officers for advice “relating to the duties of the
+office of these principal officers, or relating to the duties of the
+President himself.” This, at least, he affirmed, had been the practical
+interpretation put upon this clause from the beginning. To confirm his
+position as to the intent of the Tenure-of-Office Act in this respect,
+Mr. Curtis quoted from speeches made in both houses at the time when
+the act was passed. Thus, Senator Sherman said that the act, as passed—</p>
+
+<p>“Would not prevent the present President from removing the Secretary
+of War, the Secretary of the Navy, or the Secretary of State; and, if
+I supposed that either of these gentlemen was so wanting in manhood,
+in honor, as to hold his place after the politest intimation from the
+President of the United States that his services were no longer needed,
+I certainly, as a Senator, would consent to his removal at any time,
+and so would we all.”</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Curtis proceeded to argue that there was really no removal of Mr.
+Stanton; he still held his place, and so there was “no case of removal
+within the statute, and, therefore, no case of violation by removal.”
+But, if the Senate should hold that the order for removal was, in
+effect, a removal, then, unless the Tenure-of-Office Act gave Mr.
+Stanton a tenure-of-office, this removal would not have been contrary
+to the provisions of this act. He proceeded to argue that there was
+room for grave doubt whether Mr. Stanton’s case came within the
+provisions of the Tenure-of-Office Act, and that the President, upon
+due consideration, and having taken the best advice within his power,
+considering that it did not, and acting accordingly, did not, even if
+he was mistaken, commit an act “so willful and wrong that it can be
+justly and properly, and for the purposes of this prosecution, termed a
+high misdemeanor.” He argued at length that the view of the President
+was the correct one, and that “the Senate had nothing whatever to do
+with the removal of Mr. Stanton, whether the Senate was in session or not.”</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Curtis then went on to urge that the President, being sworn to take
+care that the laws be faithfully executed, must carry out any law,
+even though passed over his veto, except in cases where a law which he
+believed to be unconstitutional has cut off a power confided to him,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_365">[Pg 365]</span>
+and in regard to which he alone could make an issue which would bring
+the matter before a court, so as to cause “a judicial decision to come
+between the two branches of the Government, to see which of them is
+right.” This, said he, is what the President has done. This argument,
+in effect, was an answer to the first eight articles of impeachment.</p>
+
+<p>The ninth article, charging the President with endeavoring to induce
+General Emory to violate the law by receiving orders directly from him,
+was very briefly touched upon, it being maintained that, as shown by
+the evidence, “the reason why the President sent for General Emory was
+not that he might endeavor to seduce that distinguished officer from
+his allegiance to the laws and Constitution of his country, but because
+he wished to obtain information about military movements which might
+require his personal attention.”</p>
+
+<p>As to the tenth article, based upon the President’s speeches, it was
+averred that they were in no way in violation of the Constitution, or
+of any law existing at the time when they were made, and were not,
+therefore, impeachable offenses.</p>
+
+<p>The reply to the eleventh article was very brief. The managers had
+“compounded it of the materials which they had previously worked up
+into others,” and it “contained nothing new that needed notice.” Mr.
+Curtis concluded his speech by saying that—</p>
+
+<p>“This trial is and will be the most conspicuous instance that has ever
+been, or even can be expected to be found, of American justice or of
+American injustice; of that justice which is the great policy of all
+civilized States; of that injustice which is certain to be condemned,
+which makes even the wisest man mad, and which, in the fixed and
+unalterable order of God’s providence, is sure to return and plague the
+inventor.”</p>
+
+<p>At the close of this opening speech for the defense, General Lorenzo
+Thomas was brought forward as a witness. His testimony, elicited upon
+examination and cross-examination, was to the effect that, having
+received the order appointing him Secretary of War <i>ad interim</i>,
+he presented it to Mr. Stanton, who asked, “Do you wish me to vacate
+the office at once, or will you give me time to get my private property
+together?” to which Thomas replied, “Act your pleasure.” Afterward
+Stanton said, “I don’t know whether I will obey your instructions.”
+Subsequently Thomas said that he should issue orders as Secretary of
+War. Stanton said he should not do so, and afterward gave him a written
+direction, not to issue any order except as Adjutant-General. During
+the examination of General Thomas a question came up which, in many
+ways, recurred upon the trial. He was asked to tell what occurred at
+an interview between himself and the President. Objection was made by
+Mr. Butler, and the point was argued. The question was submitted to the
+Senate, which decided, by a vote of 42 to 10, that it was admissible.
+The testimony of General Thomas, from this point, took a wide range,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_366">[Pg 366]</span>
+and, being mainly given in response to questions of counsel, was,
+apparently, somewhat contradictory. The substance was that he was
+recognized by the President as Secretary of War; that, since the
+impeachment, he had acted as such only in attending Cabinet meetings,
+but had given no orders; that, when he reported to the President that
+Mr. Stanton would not vacate the War Department, the President directed
+him to “take possession of the office;” that, without orders from the
+President, he had intended to do this by force, if necessary; that,
+finding that this course might involve bloodshed, he had abandoned this
+purpose, but that, after this, he had, in several cases, affirmed his
+purpose to do so, but that these declarations were “merely boast and
+brag.” On the following day General Thomas was recalled as a witness,
+to enable him to correct certain points in his testimony. The first
+was the date of an unimportant transaction; he had given it as taking
+place on the 21st of February, whereas it should have been the 22d. The
+second was that the words of the President were that he should “take
+charge,” not “take possession” of the War Department. In explanation of
+the fact that he had repeatedly sworn to the words “take possession,”
+he said that these were “put into his mouth.” Finally, General Thomas,
+in reply to a direct question from Mr. Butler, said that his testimony
+on these points was “all wrong.”</p>
+
+<p>Lieutenant-General Sherman was then called as a witness. After some
+unimportant questions, he was asked in reference to an interview
+between himself and the President which took place on the 14th of
+January: “At that interview what conversation took place between
+the President and you in reference to the removal of Mr. Stanton?”
+To this question objection was made by Mr. Butler, and the point
+was elaborately argued. The Chief Justice decided that the question
+was admissible within the vote of the Senate of the previous day;
+the question then was as to the admissibility of evidence as to a
+conversation between the President and General Thomas; the present
+question was as to a conversation between the President and General
+Sherman. “Both questions,” said the Chief Justice, “are asked for the
+purpose of procuring the intent of the President in the attempt to
+remove Mr. Stanton.” The question being submitted to the Senate, it
+was decided, by a vote of 28 to 23, that it should not be admitted.
+The examination of General Sherman was continued, the question of the
+conversation aforesaid being frequently brought forward, and as often
+ruled out by the Senate. The only important fact elicited was that
+the President had twice, on the 25th and 30th of January, tendered to
+General Sherman the office of Secretary of War <i>ad interim</i>.</p>
+
+<p>On Monday, April 13th, after transactions of minor importance,
+the general matter of the conversations between the President and
+General Sherman again came up, upon a question propounded by Senator
+Johnson—“When the President tendered to you the office of Secretary of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_367">[Pg 367]</span>
+War <i>ad interim</i>, did he, at the very time of making such tender,
+state to you what his purpose in so doing was?” This was admitted by
+the Senate, by a vote of 26 to 22. Senator Johnson then added to his
+question, “If he did, what did he state his purpose was?” This was
+admitted, by a vote of 25 to 26. The testimony of General Sherman,
+relating to several interviews, was to the effect that the President
+said that the relations between himself and Mr. Stanton were such
+that he could not execute the office of President without making
+provision to appoint a Secretary of War <i>ad interim</i>, and he
+offered that office to him (General Sherman), but did not state that
+his purpose was to bring the matter directly into the courts. Sherman
+said that, if Mr. Stanton would retire, he might, although against
+his own wishes, undertake to administer the office <i>ad interim</i>,
+but asked what would be done in case Mr. Stanton would not yield. To
+this the President replied, “He will make no opposition; you present
+the order, and he will retire. I know him better than you do; he is
+cowardly.” General Sherman asked time for reflection, and then gave a
+written answer, declining to accept the appointment, but stated that
+his reasons were mostly of a personal nature.</p>
+
+<p>On the 14th the Senate adjourned, on account of the sudden illness
+of Mr. Stanbery. It re-assembled on the 15th, but the proceedings
+touched wholly upon formal points of procedure and the introduction of
+unimportant documentary evidence. On the 16th Mr. Sumner moved that all
+evidence not trivial or obviously irrelevant shall be admitted, the
+Senate to judge of its value. This was negatived by a vote of 23 to 11.</p>
+
+<p>The 17th was mainly taken up by testimony as to the reliability of
+the reports of the President’s speeches. Mr. Welles, Secretary of the
+Navy, was then called to testify to certain proceedings in Cabinet
+Council at the time of the appointment of General Thomas. This was
+objected to. The Chief Justice decided that it was admissible, and
+his decision was sustained by a vote of 26 to 23. The defense then
+endeavored to introduce several members of the Cabinet, to show that,
+at meetings previous to the removal of Mr. Stanton, it was considered
+whether it was not desirable to obtain a judicial determination of the
+unconstitutionality of the Tenure-of-Office Act. This question was
+raised in several shapes, and its admission, after thorough argument
+on both sides, as often refused, in the last instance by a decisive
+vote of 30 to 19. The defense considered this testimony of the utmost
+importance, as going to show that the President had acted upon the
+counsel of his constitutional advisers, while the prosecution claimed
+that he could not plead in justification of a violation of the law
+that he had been advised by his cabinet, or any one else, that the law
+was unconstitutional. His duty was to execute the laws, and, if he
+failed to do this, or violated them, he did so at his own risk of the
+consequences. With the refusal of this testimony, the case, except the
+final summings up and the verdict of the Senate, was virtually closed.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_368">[Pg 368]</span></p>
+
+<p>The case had been so fully set forth in the opening speeches of Messrs.
+Butler and Curtis, and in the arguments which came up upon points of
+testimony, that there remained little for the other counsel except to
+restate what had before been said.</p>
+
+<p>After the evidence had been closed the case was summed up, on the part
+of the managers by Messrs. Boutwell, Williams, Stevens, and Bingham in
+oral arguments, and Mr. Logan, who filed a written argument, and on
+the part of the President by Messrs. Nelson, Groesbeck, Stanbery, and
+Evarts. Many of these speeches were distinguished by great brilliancy
+and power, but, as no new points were presented, we omit any summary.</p>
+
+<p>The Court decided to take a vote upon the articles on Tuesday, the 12th
+of May, at 12 o’clock, M. A secret session was held on Monday, during
+which several Senators made short speeches, giving the grounds upon
+which they expected to cast their votes. On Tuesday the Court agreed
+to postpone the vote until Saturday, the 16th. Upon that day, at 12
+o’clock, a vote was taken upon the eleventh article, it having been
+determined to vote on that article first. The vote resulted in 35 votes
+for conviction, and 19 for acquittal.</p>
+
+<p>The question being put to each Senator, “How say you, is the
+respondent, Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, guilty or
+not guilty of a high misdemeanor as charged in the article?”—those who
+responded guilty were Senators Anthony, Cameron, Cattell, Chandler,
+Cole, Conkling, Conness, Corbett, Cragin, Drake, Edmunds, Ferry,
+Frelinghuysen, Harlan, Howard, Howe, Morgan, Morrill, of Vermont,
+Morrill, of Maine, O. P. Morton, Nye, Patterson, N. H. Pomeroy, Ramsey,
+Sherman, Sprague, Stewart, Sumner, Thayer, Tipton, Wade, Willey,
+Williams, Wilson, and Yates.</p>
+
+<p>Those who responded not guilty were Senators Bayard, Buckalew, Davis,
+Dixon, Doolittle, Fessenden, Fowler, Grimes, Henderson, Hendricks,
+Johnson, M’Creery, Norton, Patterson, of Tennessee, Ross, Saulsbury,
+Trumbull, Van Winkle, and Vickers.</p>
+
+<p>The Constitution requiring a vote of two-thirds to convict, the
+President was acquitted on this article. After taking this vote the
+Court adjourned until Tuesday, May 26th, when votes were taken upon the
+second and third articles, with precisely the same result as on the
+eleventh, the vote in each case standing 35 for conviction and 19 for
+acquittal. A verdict of acquittal on the second, third, and eleventh
+articles was then ordered to be entered on the record, and, without
+voting on the other articles, the Court adjourned <i>sine die</i>. So
+the trial was ended, and the President acquitted.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_369">[Pg 369]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">THE CHICAGO PLATFORM, 1868.</h2>
+<hr class="r10">
+</div>
+
+<p>The following is the platform as adopted:</p>
+
+<p>“The National Republican Party of the United States, assembled in
+National Convention, in the city of Chicago, on the 20th day of May,
+1868, make the following declaration of principles:</p>
+
+<p>“1. We congratulate the country on the assured success of the
+reconstruction policy of Congress, as evinced by the adoption, in the
+majority of the States lately in rebellion, of constitutions securing
+equal civil and political rights to all; and it is the duty of the
+Government to sustain those constitutions and to prevent the people of
+such States from being remitted to a state of anarchy.</p>
+
+<p>“2. The guarantee by Congress of equal suffrage to all loyal men at
+the South was demanded by every consideration of public safety, of
+gratitude, and of justice, and must be maintained, while the question
+of suffrage in all the loyal States properly belongs to the people of
+those States.</p>
+
+<p>“3. We denounce all forms of repudiation as a national crime, and the
+national honor requires the payment of the public indebtedness in
+the utmost good faith to all creditors at home and abroad, not only
+according to the letter but the spirit of the laws under which it was
+contracted.</p>
+
+<p>“4. It is due to the labor of the nation that taxation should be
+equalized and reduced as rapidly as the national faith will permit.</p>
+
+<p>“5. The national debt, contracted, as it has been, for the preservation
+of the Union for all time to come, should be extended over a fair
+period for redemption; and it is the duty of Congress to reduce the
+rate of interest thereon whenever it can be honestly done.</p>
+
+<p>“6. That the best policy to diminish our burden of debt is to so
+improve our credit that capitalists will seek to loan us money at lower
+rates of interest than we now pay, and must continue to pay, so long
+as repudiation, partial or total, open or covert, is threatened or
+suspected.</p>
+
+<p>“7. The Government of the United States should be administered with the
+strictest economy, and the corruptions which have been so shamefully
+nursed and fostered by <span class="smcap">Andrew Johnson</span> call
+loudly for radical reform.</p>
+
+<p>“8. We professedly deplore the untimely and tragic death of
+<span class="smcap">Abraham Lincoln</span>, and regret the accession of
+<span class="smcap">Andrew Johnson</span> to the Presidency, who has
+acted treacherously to the people who elected him, and the cause he
+was pledged to support—who has usurped high legislative and judicial
+functions—who has refused to execute the laws—who has used his high
+office to induce other officers to ignore and violate the laws—who has
+employed his executive powers to render insecure the property, the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_370">[Pg 370]</span>
+peace, liberty, and life of the citizen—who has abused the
+pardoning power—who has denounced the National Legislature as
+unconstitutional—persistently and corruptly resisted, by every measure
+in his power, every proper attempt at the reconstruction of the States
+lately in rebellion—who has perverted the public patronage into an
+engine of wholesale corruption, and who has been justly impeached for
+high crimes and misdemeanors, and properly pronounced guilty thereof by
+the vote of thirty-five Senators.</p>
+
+<p>“9. The doctrine of Great Britain and other European Powers, that
+because a man is once a subject he is always so, must be resisted at
+every hazard by the United States as a relic of the feudal times, not
+authorized by the law of nations, and at war with our national honor
+and independence. Naturalized citizens are entitled to be protected in
+all their rights of citizenship as though they were native born; and
+no citizen of the United States, native or naturalized, must be liable
+to arrest and imprisonment by any foreign power for acts done or words
+spoken in this country; and if so arrested and imprisoned it is the
+duty of the Government to interfere in his behalf.</p>
+
+<p>“10. Of all who were faithful in the trials of the late war there were
+none entitled to more especial honor than the brave soldiers and seamen
+who endured the hardships of campaign and cruise, and imperiled their
+lives in the service of the country. The bounties and pensions provided
+by the laws for these brave defenders of the nation are obligations
+never to be forgotten. The widows and orphans of the gallant dead are
+the wards of the people, a sacred legacy bequeathed to the nation’s
+protecting care.</p>
+
+<p>“11. Foreign emigration, which in the past has added so much to the
+wealth, development, and resources, and increase of power to this
+nation, the asylum of the oppressed of all nations, should be fostered
+and encouraged by a liberal and just policy.</p>
+
+<p>“12. This Convention declares itself in sympathy with all the oppressed
+people which are struggling for their rights.”</p>
+
+<p>The following resolutions were also adopted unanimously, and are added
+to the declaration of principles:</p>
+
+<p>“<i>Resolved</i>, That we highly commend the spirit of magnanimity
+and forgiveness with which the men who have served in the rebellion,
+but now frankly and honestly coöperate with us in restoring the peace
+of the country and reconstructing the Southern State governments upon
+the basis of impartial justice and equal rights, are received back
+into the communion of the loyal people. And we favor the removal of
+the disqualifications and restrictions placed upon the late rebels in
+the same measure as the spirit of loyalty will direct, and as may be
+consistent with the safety of the loyal people.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>Resolved</i>, That we recognize the great principles laid down in
+the immortal Declaration of Independence as the true foundation of
+Democratic government: and we hail with gladness every effort toward
+making these principles a living reality on every inch of American soil.”</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_371">[Pg 371]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">THE HON. SCHUYLER COLFAX.</h2>
+<hr class="r10">
+</div>
+
+<p>Schuyler Colfax, the popular candidate of the National Union Republican
+party for the office of Vice-President, is a native of New York City.
+He was born in North Moore Street, March 23, 1823, his father having
+died but a short time previous. With but limited means, his widowed
+mother could afford to keep him at school but a short time, and, at
+the age of ten, he was placed in a mercantile establishment, where
+he remained for three years, contributing materially from his small
+salary to the support of both himself and mother. In 1836, he and his
+mother, in company with others, left their home in this city, and
+settled in St. Joseph County, Indiana. Shortly after his arrival in the
+West he was appointed Deputy County Auditor for St. Joseph County, and
+employed his leisure hours in the study of State law, in which he is
+said soon to have become an acknowledged expounder. He read law pretty
+thoroughly during these leisure hours, but not with a view to adopting
+it as a profession. He had but little idea of what great benefit the
+information he was then gaining would prove to him in after years. In
+1845, he started a weekly journal at South Bend, the county seat of
+St. Joseph County, called the St. Joseph Valley Register, becoming
+its sole proprietor and editor. Mr. Lanman, in his Dictionary of
+Congress, says “he was bred a printer.” He never was apprenticed to the
+printing business, and knew nothing of the practical part of the “art
+preservative of all arts” until after he had commenced the publication
+of the Register. With his ready tact and quick perception, however, and
+great anxiety to economize, for his means were yet very limited, he
+soon mastered the art sufficiently to “help out of the drag,” but he
+never attained to any great proficiency in the business, his editorial
+labors, the business of the office, and other duties soon claiming his
+entire attention. The Register prospered, and soon became a source
+of profit to its proprietor. It was ably edited, and was a model of
+courtesy and dignity. Every paragraph, however small, seemed to have
+passed under the supervision of and to reflect the mind and elevated
+thoughts of its editor. He continued his connection with this paper
+until three or four years ago, writing a regular weekly letter for its
+columns during his first two terms in Congress. It was during the early
+days of the Register that Mr. Colfax was laying the foundation for the
+reputation he has since attained as a debater. A debating club was
+formed, which held regular weekly meetings during the winter season,
+and it was a rare occurrence, indeed, to find Mr. Colfax absent from
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_372">[Pg 372]</span>
+one of these stated gatherings. Politics, the temperance reform, and
+other subjects were often as ably debated in this society as kindred
+questions are in many deliberate bodies of much greater pretensions
+of the present day. The Hon. John D. Defrees, now Superintendent of
+Government Printing, and for many years editor and proprietor of
+the Indianapolis Journal, to which Mr. Colfax was also attached as
+Senate reporter for some time after he commenced the publication of
+the Register, was also a participant in these debates. They were
+both Whigs, both ardent and sincere advocates of and believers in
+the temperance reform, and were, consequently, seldom pitted against
+each other in these debates. The attachment formed at this early day
+between those gentlemen still continues with unabated fervor. In 1848,
+Mr. Colfax was chosen as a delegate, and elected as secretary of the
+convention which nominated General Taylor for the Presidency. In
+1850, he represented St. Joseph County in the convention which framed
+the present Constitution of Indiana. In this convention he opposed,
+with all his ability, the adoption of the clause prohibiting free
+colored men from settling in the State. His opposition to this measure
+was the cause of his defeat the following year, when nominated for
+Congress in opposition to Dr. Fitch. But, with all the ability, tact,
+and shrewdness of this old political wireworker, he only distanced
+his young competitor two hundred votes in a district which had been
+strongly democratic for years. In 1852, he was again a delegate to
+the Whig National Convention. He took an active part in the campaign
+which followed, speaking often, and writing much. In 1854, he was
+re-nominated, and elected to Congress, and was, consequently, more
+active than ever before. His experience as a debater, and familiarity
+with State and National politics, rendered him an overmatch for his
+opponents, whom he was always anxious to meet in an open and fair
+discussion before the people, where he was always certain of a victory.
+In 1856, he was again nominated for Congress, and reëlected by a
+handsome majority. His entrance into Congress was in the midst of the
+great struggle over the Lecompton Constitution. A writer says of his
+maiden speech in the House: “His first speech in Congress went forth
+to repel the tide of terror which was sweeping over struggling Kansas,
+and clearly showed that even then he was one of the best debaters in
+the lower House.” Over 500,000 copies of this speech were printed and
+circulated—a compliment, perhaps, never before received by any member
+of Congress. He was first chosen Speaker of the Thirty-eighth Congress,
+by a vote of 101 to 81. He has been thrice elected to the same
+position, each time by an increased majority. He was appointed chairman
+of the Committee on Post-offices and Post-roads, on the organization
+of the Thirty-seventh Congress, and did much to extend mail facilities
+throughout the West. He was one of the first advocates, and is still
+one of the warmest friends of the Pacific Railroad. Indeed, he takes a
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_373">[Pg 373]</span>
+warm interest in any movement looking to the development of the
+boundless resources of the great West. It was, doubtless, the interest
+he feels in this section of the country which induced him to take his
+celebrated trip “Across the Continent.” His trip was a perilous one,
+but his welcome at “the other end of the line” was so spontaneous,
+truly genuine, and heart-felt that it more than repaid him for all the
+dangers and hardships he passed through. This trip prepared him for
+one of the most entertaining lectures ever delivered in this country.
+It has been listened to with rapt attention by the people of almost
+every city in the North. Pecuniarily, however, it has profited him
+but little, for, with that liberality which has ever been a marked
+trait in his character, the entire proceeds of a lecture have as often
+been donated to some charitable object as they have found their way
+into his own pocket. He has now served, in succession, fourteen years
+in the House. He was urged, but he declined to accept a seat in the
+United States Senate, preferring his presiding chair in the House. As a
+presiding officer, he is the most popular the House has had since Henry
+Clay. A writer in Putnam’s Magazine truly observes that Mr. Colfax “Has
+no eccentricities, but great tact. His talents are administrative and
+executive rather than deliberative. He would make good appointments,
+and adopt sure policies. He would make a better President or Speaker of
+the House than Senator. He knows men well, estimates them correctly,
+treats them all fairly and candidly. No man will get through his
+business with you in fewer minutes, and yet none is more free from the
+horrid <i>brusqueness</i> of busy men. There are heart and kindness in
+Mr. Colfax’s politeness. Men leave his presence with the impression
+that he is at once an able, honest, and kind man. Political opponents
+like him personally, as well as his political friends. We have never
+heard that he has any enemies. The breath of slander has been silent
+toward his fair, spotless fame. The wife of his youth, after being
+for a long time an invalid, sank to her final rest several years ago,
+leaving him childless. His mother and sister preside at his receptions,
+which for many years have been, not the most brilliant, but the most
+popular of any given at the Capital. Socially, Mr. Colfax is frank,
+lively, jolly. The everlasting I-hood and us-ness of great men are
+forgotten in his presence. His manners are not quite so familiar as
+those of Lincoln, but nearly so. They are gentle, natural, graceful,
+with a bird-like or business-like quickness of thought and motion. But
+they are very far from the high and mighty style of Sumner, or the
+judicial coldness of Fessenden, Sherman, and Trumbull. Though manly,
+they are genial and winning. American mothers believe in Schuyler
+Colfax. There are more babies named for him than for any public man
+since Clay.” The intimacy and confidential relations of Mr. Colfax with
+Mr. Lincoln are well known. They labored hand in hand as brothers in
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_374">[Pg 374]</span>
+the cause of the Union, holding frequent and protracted interviews
+on all subjects looking to the overthrow of the rebellion, for there
+were no divisions between the executive and legislative branches of
+the Government then as there are now. During the darkest hours of that
+bloody drama which shall ever remain a reproach upon the people of one
+section of the nation, they were ever cheerful and hopeful. Confident
+in the justness of the war waged for the preservation of the Union, and
+placing a Christian reliance in that Providence which guides and shapes
+the destiny of nations, great reverses, which caused others to fear and
+tremble, at times, almost to despair, seemed only to inspire them with
+greater zeal, and a firmer belief in the ultimate triumph of our cause.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Colfax is rather under the medium height, with a form firmly and
+compactly molded. His hair is brown, now slightly sprinkled with gray;
+eyes blue; forehead high and arching, indicating great perceptive
+faculties, and deep veneration. His face is open and frank, and as
+yet unmarked by age. He possesses great vitality, and can endure an
+extraordinary amount of labor with but little fatigue. This, coupled
+with his temperate habits, has caused him to wear his age so well that
+but few persons would place him even at forty. He is yet in the prime
+and vigor of manhood, with all his cares and responsibilities, as
+buoyant as most people at thirty.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_375">[Pg 375]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">DEMOCRATIC PLATFORM.</h2>
+<hr class="r10">
+</div>
+
+<p>The Democratic party, in National Convention assembled, reposing its
+trust in the intelligence, patriotism, and discriminating justice
+of the people, standing upon the Constitution as the foundation and
+limitation of the powers of the Government and the guarantee of the
+liberties of the citizen, and recognizing the questions of slavery and
+secession as having been settled for all time to come by the war or the
+voluntary action of the Southern States in Constitutional Conventions
+assembled, and never to be revived or re-agitated, do, with the return
+of peace, demand:</p>
+
+<p>1. The immediate restoration of all the States to their rights in the
+Union under the Constitution of the civil Government and the American people.</p>
+
+<p>2. Amnesty for all past political offenses; the regulation of the
+elective franchise in the States by their citizens.</p>
+
+<p>3. Payment of the public debt of the United States as rapidly as
+practicable, all money drawn from the people by taxation, except so
+much as is requisite for the necessities of the Government economically
+administered being honestly applied to such payment, and where the
+obligations of the Government do not expressly state upon their face or
+the law under which they were issued does not provide that they shall
+be paid in coin they ought, in right and in justice, to be paid in the
+lawful money of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>4. Equal taxation of every species of property according to the value;
+reducing Government bonds and other public securities.</p>
+
+<p>5. One currency for the Government and the people, the laborer and
+the office-holder, pensioner and the soldier, the producer and the
+bondholder.</p>
+
+<p>6. Economy in the administration of the Government; the reduction of
+the standing army and navy; the abolition of the Freedmen’s Bureau, and
+all political instrumentalities designed to secure negro supremacy;
+simplification of the system and discontinuance of inquisitorial
+modes of assessing and collecting internal revenue, that the burden
+of taxation may be equalized and lessened, and the credit of the
+Government and the currency made good; the repeal of all enactments for
+enrolling the State militia into a national force in time of peace;
+and a tariff for revenue upon foreign imports and such equal taxation
+under the internal revenue laws as will afford incidental protection to
+domestic manufactures as well, without impairing the revenue, impose
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_376">[Pg 376]</span>
+the least burden upon and best promote and encourage the great
+industrial interests of the country.</p>
+
+<p>7. Reform of abuses in the Administration; the expulsion of corrupt
+men from office; the abrogation of useless offices; the restoration
+of the rightful authority to and the independence of the Executive
+and Judicial Departments of the Government; the subordination of the
+military to the civil power, to the end that the usurpation of Congress
+and the despotism of the sword may cease.</p>
+
+<p>8. Equal rights and protection for naturalized and native born
+citizens at home and abroad; the assertion of American nationality,
+which will command the respect of foreign powers, furnish an example
+and encouragement to people struggling for national integrity,
+constitutional liberty, and individual rights; and the maintenance of
+the rights of naturalized citizens against the absolute doctrine of
+immutable allegiance and the claims of foreign powers to punish them
+for alleged crimes committed beyond their jurisdiction. In demanding
+these measures and reforms, we arraign the radical party for its
+disregard of right and the unparalleled oppression and tyranny which
+have marked its career, after the most solemn and unanimous pledge
+of both houses of Congress to prosecute the war exclusively for the
+maintenance of the Government and the preservation of the Union under
+the Constitution. It has repeatedly violated that most sacred pledge
+under which was rallied that noble volunteer army which carried our
+flag to victory. Instead of restoring the Union it has, so far as it is
+in its power, dissolved it, and subjected ten States in time of peace
+to military despotism and negro supremacy. It has nullified there the
+right of trial by jury; it has abolished the writ of habeas corpus,
+that most sacred writ of liberty; it has overthrown the freedom of
+speech and of the press; it has substituted arbitrary seizures and
+arrests, military trials, secret star chambers and inquisitions for
+constitutional tribunals; it has disregarded, in time of peace, the
+right of the people to be free from search and seizure; it has entered
+the post-office and telegraph office, and even the private rooms
+of individuals and seized there their private papers and letters,
+without any specification or notice of affidavit, as required by the
+organic law. It has converted the American Capitol into a bastile;
+it has established a system of spies and official espionage to which
+the constitutional monarchies of Europe never dare to resort. It has
+abolished the right of appeal on important constitutional questions to
+the supreme judicial tribunals, and threatens to curtail or destroy its
+original jurisdiction, which is irrevocably vested by the Constitution;
+while the learned Chief Justice has been subjected to the most
+atrocious calumnies merely because he would not prostitute his high
+office to the support of the false and partisan charges against the
+President. Its corruption and extravagance have exceeded any thing known
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_377">[Pg 377]</span>
+in history, and by its frauds and monopolies it has nearly doubled
+the burden of the debt created during the war. It has stripped the
+President of his Constitutional power of appointment even of his own
+Cabinet. Under its repeated assaults the pillars of the Government are
+rocking to their base; and should it succeed in November next, and
+inaugurate its President, we will meet as a subjected and conquered
+people amid the ruins of liberty and the scattered fragments of the
+Constitution; and we do declare and resolve that ever since the people
+of the United States threw off all subjection to the British crown,
+the privilege and trust of suffrage have belonged to the several
+States, and have been granted, regulated, and controlled exclusively
+by the political power of each State respectively, and any attempt by
+Congress, on any pretext whatever, to deprive any State of this right,
+or interfere with this exercise, is a flagrant usurpation of power
+which can find no warrant in the Constitution, and if sanctioned by
+the people will subvert our form of Government, and can only end in a
+single, centralized and consolidated Government, in which the separate
+existence of the States will be entirely absorbed, and an unqualified
+despotism then be established in place of a Federal Union of coequal
+States, and that we regard the reconstruction acts so-called of
+Congress such usurpations and unconstitutional, revolutionary and void:
+that our soldiers and sailors who carried the flag of our country
+to victory against a most gallant and determined foe must ever be
+gratefully remembered, and all the guarantees given in their favor must
+be faithfully carried into execution; that the public lands should be
+distributed widely among the people and should be disposed of either
+under the preëmption of the homestead lands and sold in reasonable
+quantities, and to none but actual occupants, at the price established
+by the Government. When the grants of the public lands may be allowed
+necessary for the encouragement of important public improvements, the
+proceeds of the sale of such lands, and not the lands themselves,
+should be so applied; that the President of the United States, Andrew
+Johnson, exercising the power of his high office in resisting the
+aggressions of Congress on the constitutional rights of the States and
+the people, is entitled to the gratitude of the whole American people,
+and on behalf of the Democratic party, we tender him our thanks for his
+patriotic efforts in that regard.</p>
+
+<p>Upon this platform the Democratic party appeal to every patriot,
+including all the conservative element, and all who desire to support
+the Constitution and restore the Union, forgetting all past differences
+of opinion, to unite with us in the present great struggle for the
+liberties of the people; and that to all such, to whatever party they
+may have heretofore belonged, we extend the right hand of fellowship,
+and hail all such coöperating with us as friends and brothers.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_378">[Pg 378]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">HON. HORATIO SEYMOUR,</h2>
+<hr class="r10">
+</div>
+
+<p>The nominee of the Democratic National Convention for the office of
+President of the United States, is a native of the State of New York,
+having been born in Onondaga County, some time during the year 1811.
+He is consequently fifty-seven years of age at the present writing.
+His father being a gentleman of wealth, Mr. Seymour received an
+excellent education, and after his graduation engaged in the study of
+the law. Upon being admitted to the bar, he commenced the practice of
+his profession in the town of Utica, Oneida County, and soon became a
+popular lawyer. He did not long pursue this occupation, however. The
+death of his father made him successor to a large and valuable estate,
+attention to the interests of which compelled him to abandon all
+professional and public labors. He never after resumed practice.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <img src="images/h_seymour.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="494" >
+ <p class="f120"><b>HORATIO SEYMOUR.</b></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Mr. Seymour’s political predilections were, it may be said, inherited
+from his ancestors, all or nearly all of whom were and had been
+Democrats from the first formation of the party. To this political
+organization the subject of this sketch gave in his adhesion, and has
+ever since adhered to and been a prominent member of it. He first
+appeared before the public as a candidate for the suffrages of his
+fellow-citizens as the Democratic nominee for the office of mayor of
+the city of Utica. Although that city had been one of the firmest Whig
+strongholds, he was elected by a fair majority, as much owing, though,
+to the feeling of dissatisfaction with the opposing candidate, as to
+his personal popularity. The election took place in 1842, before he
+had quite attained his thirty-first year. During the same year, he
+was elected to the lower house of the State Legislature, and served
+until 1845, when he declined a reëlection. His ability as a legislator
+brought him considerable reputation, and had the effect of extending
+his popularity, which had hitherto been confined to a rather limited
+extent of territory.</p>
+
+<p>From 1845 to 1850, Mr. Seymour does not appear to have held any
+political office, although he took an active part in politics, stumping
+the State for other candidates, and doing all that he could to further
+the interests and insure the success of the Democracy. During the
+latter year, however, he had attained to sufficient prominence to
+warrant his nomination for the office of Governor. His opponent was
+Washington Hunt, and after a very exciting contest, Mr. Hunt was
+elected by a majority of 262, in a total of 428,966 votes cast. The
+balance of the Democratic ticket was elected, and this fact had the
+effect of temporarily obscuring Mr. Seymour’s prospects. Still, he soon
+recovered from this reverse of fortune, and in 1852, was re-nominated
+for the same office. As before, his competitor was Mr. Hunt, whom
+he defeated, after an exciting canvass, by a majority of 24,385,
+in a total vote of 503,857. This victory added considerably to his
+popularity, as it was believed to presage a long lease of power to the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_379">[Pg 379]</span>
+Democratic party. His administration was distinguished by his veto
+of the Maine Liquor Law bill, which had passed both houses of the
+Legislature, and which action on the part of the Governor was regarded
+at the time as a bold stroke of policy. But it was not fated that
+the Democratic party should longer remain in power. In 1854, four
+candidates for gubernatorial honors appeared in the field—Horatio
+Seymour, regular Democrat; G. C. Bronson, hard shell Democrat; Myron
+H. Clark, Republican, and D. Ullman, Know-Nothing. The split in the
+Democratic party resulted in its defeat by a remarkably small majority.
+Nearly half a million votes were cast, of which Mr. Clark and Mr.
+Seymour received the highest, the former being elected by 309 majority.</p>
+
+<p>After this defeat, Mr. Seymour returned to private life, nor was his
+name mentioned again in connection with public offices until 1856, when
+he was spoken of as one of the possible candidates of the Democracy
+for the Presidency. The movement, however, came to nothing. He still
+took an active part in politics, so far as a vigorous support of all
+Democratic candidates was concerned. When the rebellion broke out, Mr.
+Seymour took an active part in furthering its suppression, and served
+as chairman of the War Committee in his county, aiding in forwarding
+troops to the seat of war. In 1862, he was once more nominated by the
+Democrats for the office of Governor, and was elected by a majority
+of over ten thousand. During his administration he had quite an angry
+controversy with the general government on the subject of the draft,
+he claiming that the quota of troops from the southern portion of
+the State, which gives immense Democratic majorities, was larger in
+proportion to the voting population, than that of the northern or
+republican sections. The matter was finally settled by a revision of
+the draft list. In 1863, the draft riots broke out in New York city,
+and Mr. Seymour immediately left Albany for that place. Arriving there,
+he addressed the rioters, urging them to disperse and go home quietly,
+and promising to do all that he could to stay the execution of the law.
+At the same time he organized a force of citizens, which he armed and
+kept on duty, until the arrival of troops from Pennsylvania restored
+order. In 1864, he was for the fifth time nominated for the office of
+Governor, and was defeated by Mr. Fenton by a majority of over eight
+thousand.</p>
+
+<p>Since the close of the war Mr. Seymour has taken an active part
+in politics, although he has never been a candidate. In personal
+appearance he is quite dignified, and is said to be a very sociable and
+hospitable gentleman. As a public speaker he is fluent, eloquent, and
+argumentative, and wherever he takes the stump he is always received by
+large crowds. Until a late day of the Convention he positively asserted
+that he would not accept the nomination of the Democracy for the
+Presidency, but it is natural to suppose that he will now reconsider
+this resolution after the unanimous vote by which he was nominated.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_380">[Pg 380]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">GENERAL FRANCIS PRESTON BLAIR, JR.</h2>
+<hr class="r10">
+</div>
+
+<p>This gentleman, the Democratic nominee for the Vice-Presidency, is a
+native of Lexington, Ky., where he was born, in 1821. He received an
+excellent education at Princeton College, N. J., and, after graduation,
+returned to his home at St. Louis, Mo., where he soon became actively
+engaged in politics. He was the political associate of Thomas Benton,
+and was the first man in Missouri to denounce the institution of
+slavery in his State. Being elected to the State Legislature, he soon
+became distinguished for his opposition to all measures tending to
+benefit slavery, and did much toward revolutionizing public sentiment
+in St. Louis, where he resided. In 1856, he was elected to Congress
+as a Republican, and was reëlected by increased majorities in 1858
+and 1860. Throughout these years he never ceased his efforts against
+slavery, and the Kansas Territory difficulty found him an earnest
+advocate of free-soil doctrines. At the commencement of the Rebellion
+of 1861, he was among the first to organize troops for the defense of
+St. Louis and Missouri; and, in conjunction with Captain, afterward
+General Lyon, raised the forces known as the Missouri Home Guards, one
+of the most important Union organizations at that eventful period of
+civil disturbances in that State. He was made commander of the First
+Regiment, and assisted in the capture of Camp Jackson, St. Louis, on
+May 10, 1861, which capture was among the first of the severe blows
+struck at the Rebellion after the fall of Fort Sumter, inasmuch as it
+was certainly the first important one. Colonel Blair also took part in
+the battle of Boonville, under General Lyon, on June 17, 1861, during
+which contest he commanded his regiment. It was at this point that the
+rebels, under General Price and Governor Jackson, met with their first
+decided defeat in Missouri. His regiment took a very active part in
+the battle of Wilson’s Creek, where General Lyon was slain, on August
+10, 1861, but, in consequence of his having to occupy his seat in the
+special session of Congress, Colonel Blair was not present during that
+action.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+ <img src="images/blair_jr.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="475" >
+ <p class="f120"><b>FRANCIS P. BLAIR, JR.</b></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>During the sessions of Congress in 1861-2, Colonel Blair was Chairman
+of the Committee on Military Affairs, and, as such, did good service
+to the country. Upon the close of the session he returned to Missouri,
+and commenced the organization of a regiment of artillery, and
+afterward, at the request of the Secretary of War, he raised a brigade
+of infantry, of which he was placed in command, and commissioned a
+brigadier-general in August, 1862. The brigade became attached to the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_381">[Pg 381]</span>
+Fourth Division of the Thirteenth Army Corps, but, subsequently, upon a
+reconstruction of General Grant’s forces, was assigned to the Fifteenth
+Corps, then commanded by General W. T. Sherman. While under the command
+of that brilliant officer, General Blair had charge of the First
+Brigade, of General Steele’s division, at the attack upon the defenses
+in the rear of Vicksburg, on the 29th of December, 1862. During the
+assaults upon the works, General Blair greatly distinguished himself
+for his bravery, being the last to leave the heights, although the main
+army had been severely repulsed. General Blair commanded his brigade in
+General Sherman’s wing of McClernand’s army during the assault upon and
+capture of Fort Hindman, on the Arkansas River, on the 10th and 11th of
+January, 1863. For the gallantry he displayed at these last mentioned
+contests he was promoted to be a major-general of volunteers, with a
+commission dating from November 29, 1862. During the month of April,
+1863, Major-General Blair was placed in command of a division of
+Sherman’s corps, formerly commanded by General David Stuart, who, in
+consequence of his appointment not having been confirmed by the Senate,
+had resigned the service. At the head of this division, he took part in
+all the operations in the vicinity of Vicksburg and in the siege, and
+further established his character for bravery.</p>
+
+<p>During the remainder of the war General Blair took an active and
+conspicuous part in nearly all the great battles of the West. His
+division gained distinction in the attack on and capture of Jackson,
+Miss., and, on the 2d of October, 1863, General Sherman appointed him
+to the command of the corps formerly commanded by himself. In his new
+capacity he again exhibited many high traits of generalship, and, from
+the advance of the army from the Mississippi to the terrible battles
+of Missionary Ridge, his corps participated with distinguished valor,
+and won for its commander considerable reputation. In the early part of
+1864, being desirous of taking his seat in Congress, to which he had
+been elected in 1862, General Blair presented his resignation to Mr.
+Lincoln, at the request of that gentleman, who urged him to be present
+and aid in the organization of the House. During the month of March
+following, he reëntered the service, and was placed in command of the
+Seventeenth Army Corps. Until the war ended he remained in the field,
+serving under General Sherman in the celebrated campaign to Atlanta and
+the sea, and winning fresh laurels as a military leader. On the 11th of
+July, 1865, he bade farewell to his corps at Louisville and retired to
+private life.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as the war was over and General Blair perceived that the
+people of the South were honestly disposed to abide the result of the
+conflict in good faith, he urged a liberal and generous treatment
+of the ex-rebels. At first he continued his connection with the
+republican party, and endeavored to change its course in his State to
+a policy of conservatism. The Legislature of Missouri had passed a law
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_382">[Pg 382]</span>
+disfranchising all who participated in or gave aid and comfort to the
+Rebellion, and another law requiring all the citizens of the State to
+take a test oath. Both of these measures were opposed by General Blair
+as proscriptive and unconstitutional. He urged that, the war being
+over, there was no need of any further rigor toward the men who had
+engaged in rebellion, and regarded it as dangerous to the peace and
+prosperity of the State to deprive them of the right to vote. With
+regard to the test oath, he absolutely refused to subscribe to it,
+and, upon presenting himself at the polls in St. Louis, his vote was
+refused for that reason. For this act he brought a suit before the
+courts for the purpose of testing the constitutionality of the law.
+The case is now before the Supreme Court of the United States, and is
+not yet decided. Gradually General Blair severed his connection with
+the Republican party, after having been a member of that organization
+from its incipiency. When the present reconstruction laws of Congress
+were passed, he denounced them as despotic, revolutionary, and
+unconstitutional, and declared that the people of the South would not
+be in the wrong if they resisted their execution. He opposed, with
+great earnestness, the policy of universal negro suffrage as a disgrace
+and an outrage upon the people, and, in a recent letter, declared that
+the first duty of a Democratic President, if elected, would be to
+overthrow the present radical governments in the South, and restore
+the States to the rule of the whites. This declaration of his has
+been severely commented upon by the radical organs, while, from its
+boldness, the Democratic papers have scarcely ventured to offer an
+opinion.</p>
+
+<p>General Blair’s military reputation has gained him considerable
+popularity in the West, and particularly among the late Union soldiers
+in that section of the country. His recent adhesion to the Democratic
+party and his bitter opposition to negro suffrage created for a time
+considerable surprise when his views were made known, they being
+regarded as singular when compared with his former denunciations of
+slavery and the Democracy. Indeed, nothing could more fully exemplify
+what revolutions sometimes occur in politics and men’s opinions than
+his unanimous and enthusiastic nomination.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<p class="f150"><b>Footnotes:</b></p>
+<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent">
+<a id="Footnote_1_1" href="#FNanchor_1_1" class="label">[1]</a>
+This clause has been repealed and annulled by the 12th amendment.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent">
+<a id="Footnote_2_2" href="#FNanchor_2_2" class="label">[2]</a>
+This ordinance was drawn up before the Constitution was formed.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent">
+<a id="Footnote_3_3" href="#FNanchor_3_3" class="label">[3]</a>
+This battle resulted in the destruction of the Pequod tribe.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent">
+<a id="Footnote_4_4" href="#FNanchor_4_4" class="label">[4]</a>
+Kaskaskia, the first capital of Illinois, is located on
+Kaskaskia River, and is the present site of Vandalia.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent">
+<a id="Footnote_5_5" href="#FNanchor_5_5" class="label">[5]</a>
+Elected by the Senate.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent">
+<a id="Footnote_6_6" href="#FNanchor_6_6" class="label">[6]</a>
+When the Electoral votes were being counted, in Joint Convention of the
+Senate and House of Representatives, objections were made to including
+the votes of Wisconsin, because the electors did not meet until the day
+after that prescribed by law. The President of the Convention stated
+that he merely announced that James Buchanan had been elected President
+of the United States, without any reference to the contested votes, and
+declined expressing an opinion on the subject.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent">
+<a id="Footnote_7_7" href="#FNanchor_7_7" class="label">[7]</a>
+One of the original thirteen States of the Union.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent">
+<a id="Footnote_8_8" href="#FNanchor_8_8" class="label">[8]</a>
+Delegates from Territories who may speak on Territorial
+questions, but have no vote.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<div class="transnote bbox spa2">
+<p class="f120 spa1">Transcriber’s Notes:</p>
+<hr class="r10">
+<p>Deprecated spellings or archaeic words were not corrected.</p>
+<p>The illustrations have been moved so that they do not break up
+ paragraphs and so that they are next to the text they illustrate.</p>
+<p>Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected.</p>
+</div></div>
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 79072 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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+This book, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
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+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
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+status under the laws that apply to them.
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+[Project Gutenberg](https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for eBook [#79072](https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/79072)
generated by cgit v1.2.3 (git 2.25.1) at 2026-08-10 06:48:51 +0000