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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 79010 ***
+
+
+
+
+ LITTLE BLUE BOOK NO. 1465
+ Edited by E. Haldeman-Julius
+
+ A Book of European
+ Statistics
+
+ Leo Markun
+
+ HALDEMAN-JULIUS PUBLICATIONS
+ GIRARD, KANSAS
+
+
+
+
+ Copyright, 1929,
+ Haldeman-Julius Company
+
+
+ PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+                                   Page
+
+ Introduction                        5
+
+ The Continent                       6
+
+ High Mountains of Europe            7
+
+ Great Rivers of Europe              7
+
+ European Lakes                      8
+
+ European Canals                     8
+
+ Area and Population by Countries    9
+
+ American Citizens in Europe        14
+
+ Automobiles                        15
+
+ Some Agricultural Statistics       16
+
+ Railroads                          21
+
+ Mineral Production                 22
+
+ Wine Production                    24
+
+ International Commerce             25
+
+ Trade with the United States       26
+
+ Ships                              28
+
+ Foreign Exchange                   29
+
+ Armies                             29
+
+ Telephones                         31
+
+ Schools                            31
+
+ Budgets                            32
+
+
+
+
+A BOOK OF EUROPEAN STATISTICS
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+In the introduction to Little Blue Book No. 1460, _A Book of American
+Statistics_, I have called attention to a few of the ways in which
+numerical expressions of facts may be misleading, especially if the
+person consulting a statistical table forgets that a census or a
+measurement must be taken at a definite time. In general, though, the
+population and the industries of Europe are somewhat more inclined
+to stability than are those of the United States and other American
+countries. It may be said, too, that most European countries are in a
+position to learn with considerable accuracy the number of people they
+contain and other information of a definite sort. There are a few vague
+or disputed boundaries, and, especially in the southeast, there are
+groups of people who flee from the schoolmaster and the census taker;
+but these are exceptional cases.
+
+The statistical matter published by the governmental agencies of the
+United Kingdom, France, or Germany is fully as trustworthy as that
+which comes from the official printing office at Washington. Indeed,
+the European countries have fuller information than the United States
+about some important phenomena of society.
+
+Fuller statistics may be found in various yearbooks and almanacs
+devoted to special interests or countries, as well as in those of a
+general nature. An inexpensive source of information is the _Almanac
+and Book of Facts_ published by the New York World. _A Political
+Handbook of the World_, published by the Yale and Harvard University
+Presses, is devoted largely to party politics and governmental facts.
+_The Statesman’s Year Book_ and the _Europa Year Book_ contain
+statistical matter of all sorts.
+
+Current information about Europe appears with fullness in few American
+newspapers. Perhaps the New York _Times_ should be especially mentioned
+in this connection. However, several English newspapers that are to be
+found in large public libraries are naturally more useful for European
+statistics.
+
+
+
+
+THE CONTINENT
+
+
+Europe has an area of about 3,789,000 square miles. The population is
+estimated at 480,000,000. The highest point in Europe is Mt. Elbrus,
+in the Caucasus Mountains, with a height of 18,465 feet, and the
+lowest is the Caspian Sea, in Russia, 86 feet below sea level. The mean
+approximate height of Europe is 980 feet, as compared with 1300 feet in
+each of the two Americas and 1600 feet in Africa and in Asia.
+
+
+
+
+HIGH MOUNTAINS OF EUROPE
+
+
+                                      Height
+                  Country             in feet
+  Elbrus          Russia              18,465
+  Kasbek          Russia              16,346
+  Mont Blanc      France              15,781
+  Monte Rosa      Italy               15,217
+  Olympus         Greece              9,745
+  Ben Nevis       Scotland            4,368
+  Matterhorn, or
+   Mont Cervin    Switzerland-Italy   14,661
+  Finsteraarhorn  Switzerland         14,022
+
+
+
+
+GREAT RIVERS OF EUROPE
+
+
+           Flows              Length
+           into the           miles
+  Volga    Caspian Sea        2,300
+  Danube   Black Sea          1,725
+  Ural     Caspian Sea        1,400
+  Dnieper  Black Sea          1,400
+  Don      Gulf of Taganrog   1,200
+  Rhine    North Sea          700
+  Elbe     North Sea          700
+  Loire    Bay of Biscay      650
+  Tagus    Atlantic Ocean     550
+  Oder     Baltic Sea         550
+  Guadana  Mediterranean Sea  515
+  Rhone    Gulf of Lyons      500
+  Seine    English Channel    475
+  Po       Adriatic Sea       420
+  Ebro     Mediterranean Sea  400
+  Garonne  Bay of Biscay      385
+  Thames   North Sea          215
+  Drave    Danube             450
+  Marne    Seine              310
+
+
+
+
+EUROPEAN LAKES
+
+
+             Square
+             miles
+  Ladoga     7200
+  Wener      2400
+  Wetter     936
+  Balaton    420
+  Geneva     224
+  Constance  208
+  Garda      136
+  Neuchatel  90
+  Maggiore   78
+  Como       56
+  Lucerne    40
+  Zurich     37
+
+
+
+
+EUROPEAN CANALS
+
+
+                                               Miles
+                                               long
+  Berlin-Stettin (also known as Hohenzollern)  136
+  Kiel (or Kaiser Wilhelm)                     61
+  Marseilles-Rhone                             60
+  Elbe-Trave                                   41
+  Manchester-Liverpool                         35
+
+
+
+
+AREA AND POPULATION BY COUNTRIES
+
+
+Albania is a Balkan kingdom with an estimated area of 17,374 square
+miles and population of 840,000.
+
+Andorra is a semi-independent republic in the Pyrenees with an area of
+191 square miles and a population of between 5000 and 6000.
+
+Austria is a republic with an area of 32,369 square miles and a
+population (1923) of 6,526,000. The Austro-Hungarian Empire before the
+World War had an area of 261,259 square miles.
+
+Belgium is a kingdom with an area of 11,752 square miles and a
+population of about 7,875,000.
+
+Bulgaria is a kingdom in the Balkans with an area of 39,814 square
+miles and a population of 5,483,000.
+
+The republic of Czecho-Slovakia, in central Europe, has an area of
+51,207 square miles and a population officially estimated at about
+14,356,000.
+
+The free city of Danzig, under the protection of the League of Nations,
+has an area of 754 square miles and a population (1924) of 386,000,
+mostly German.
+
+The kingdom of Denmark has an area of 15,568 square miles and a
+population of 3,343,000 (1925). The Faroe Islands, which belong to
+Denmark, have an area of 540 square miles and a population of 21,000.
+
+The republic of Estonia has an area of about 18,000 square miles and a
+population of about 1,115,000.
+
+The republic of Finland has an area of 149,641 square miles and a
+population estimated at 3,526,000.
+
+The republic of France has an area of 212,659 square miles and a
+population (1926) of 40,743,851. (The island of Corsica included.)
+The grand total of land under the direct control of France, including
+colonies in America, Asia, Africa and Oceania is 5,870,460 square
+miles, with a population of over a hundred million.
+
+The republic of Germany has a land area of 181,714 square miles. This
+includes the Saar district, not at the moment under German control. The
+population in 1925 was 63,118,000.
+
+The republic of Greece, in the Balkans, has an area of 49,022 square
+miles with a population which was 5,447,000 in 1920 and estimated in
+1928 (_A Political Handbook of the World_) at about seven millions.
+
+The kingdom or regency of Hungary has an area which is not entirely
+definite, for some of the boundaries are yet to be determined, but it
+may be stated as 35,875 square miles. The population is close to nine
+millions (8,160,000 in 1924). Before the World War Hungary had an area
+of 109,216 square miles; or, with Croatia and Slavonia, of 125,641
+square miles.
+
+The kingdom of Italy has an area of 119,714 square miles, with a
+population of 40,548,000. The total area of the Italian Empire is
+990,658 square miles, with a population of some 43 millions. (Some of
+the colonial boundaries are rather vague.)
+
+The kingdom of Jugoslavia or Yugoslavia, also known more formally
+as the kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, has an area of
+96,134 square miles, with a population of 12,017,000 in 1921. The
+country contains about half a million each of Germans, Albanians, and
+Hungarians.
+
+The republic of Latvia, which is south of Estonia, has an area of about
+25,000 square miles and a population of 1,870,000.
+
+The principality of Liechtenstein, formerly dependent on Austria and
+now in the Swiss customs union, has an area of 65 square miles and a
+population of about 12,000.
+
+The republic of Lithuania, which is one of the Baltic States, still has
+aspirations for the recovery of the city and district of Vilna, seized
+from it by Poland. Without this, it has an area of about 21,800 square
+miles and a population of about 2,228,000.
+
+The grand duchy of Luxemburg, which is in a customs union with Belgium,
+has an area of 999 square miles and a population of 269,000.
+
+The principality of Monaco, on the Mediterranean, is all but surrounded
+by French territory. It has an area of 8 square miles, and its
+population in 1923 was 22,000.
+
+The kingdom of the Netherlands, popularly referred to as Holland, has
+an area of 12,593 square miles. The official estimate of population
+at the beginning of 1926 was 7,416,418. The Dutch Empire, including a
+large district in the East Indies, has an area of 801,000 square miles
+and a population of about 57 millions.
+
+The kingdom of Norway, which occupies the western part of the
+Scandinavian Peninsula, has an area of 124,964 square miles and a
+population which was 2,649,000 in 1920, and is about 2,900,000 in 1929.
+
+The republic of Poland has an area of some 149,140 square miles, but
+part of the boundaries, especially with Lithuania, are at present
+indefinite. The population is about 30,000,000.
+
+The republic of Portugal has an area, including the Azores and Madeira,
+of 35,490 square miles and a population of 6,033,000 (1920). The
+colonies bring up the area to nearly a million square miles.
+
+The temporal sovereignty of the see of Rome has recently been extended
+somewhat, but the population of persons other than church officials,
+not available at this writing, is quite small. The popes were worldly
+rulers over some 3,000,000 people living in a district of 16,000 square
+miles until most of their dominions were absorbed by the kingdom of
+Italy in the nineteenth century.
+
+The kingdom of Roumania, or Rumania, which is sometimes classed with
+the Balkan countries, has an area of 122,282, of which more than half
+was gained by the peace treaties ending the World War. The population
+is about 17,500,000.
+
+The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, generally known as Russia,
+is a Eurasian country with a total area of 8,187,253 square miles and
+a total population of 146,304,000. The Russian Empire had an area of
+8,764,586 square miles and a population (1915) of 182,183,000, of which
+131,797,000 was European.
+
+The republic of San Marino, surrounded by Italian territory, has an
+area of 38 square miles and a population of about 13,000.
+
+The kingdom of Spain, which occupies the Iberian Peninsula with
+Portugal, has an area of 190,050 square miles. Including the Balearic
+and Canary Islands, the area is 194,783 square miles. The estimated
+population at the beginning of 1926, these islands included, was
+22,128,000.
+
+The Scandinavian kingdom of Sweden has a land area of 173,105 square
+miles and a population of over six millions (6,053,562 in 1923).
+
+The republican confederation of Switzerland has an area of 15,940
+square miles and is inhabited by about four million people (3,886,000
+in 1920).
+
+The Eurasian republic of Turkey has an area of about 280,000 square
+miles, but some of the boundaries are in dispute. The European
+area consists of 8,819 square miles, but it includes the city of
+Constantinople, with a population of about 700,000. The total
+population of the republic is about 13,650,000. The Turkish Empire
+before the World War had an area of over 710,000 square miles.
+
+The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland has an area of 84,284
+square miles, of which England has 50,874, Wales has 7,466, Scotland
+has 30,405, Northern Ireland or Ulster has 5,237, the Isle of Man
+has 227, and the Channel Islands have 75. The 1921 census showed a
+population of 36,678,000 in England, 2,207,000 in Wales, 4,882,000 in
+Scotland, 60,238 in the Isle of Man, and 89,614 in the Channel Islands.
+Northern Ireland had a population of 1,256,000 according to a census
+taken in 1926. The Irish Free State then had 2,973,000 inhabitants.
+Its area is 26,592 square miles. Gibraltar, with a area of 2 square
+miles, has a population of about 18,000. Malta, containing 122 square
+miles, is occupied by about 225,000 people; and Cyprus has some 325,000
+inhabitants in an area of 3,584 square miles.
+
+The British Empire as a whole, including mandates but not
+semi-dependencies and spheres of influence, has an area of about
+13,379,000 square miles and a population of some 450,000,000 people,
+in all parts of the world. It makes up, in area and population, about
+a quarter of the world: the land surface of the globe, not all of it
+habitable, is 57,510,000 square miles.
+
+
+
+
+AMERICAN CITIZENS IN EUROPE
+
+
+According to an investigation conducted by the United States Department
+of State, 1927-1929, the number of American citizens living permanently
+or semi-permanently in Europe amounts to 77,063. Of these, Austria
+contains 979; there are 857 in Belgium; the number living in Great
+Britain and Northern Ireland is 11,717; there are 62 in Bulgaria;
+Czecho-Slovakia contains 2,600; the free city of Danzig has 18; there
+are 406 in Denmark; 18 live in Estonia; 236 are in Finland: France
+has the largest number or 25,860. There are 3,027 in Germany; 11 in
+Gibraltar; 3,146 in Greece; twelve hundred in Hungary; 1,193 in the
+Irish Free State; ten thousand in Italy. Latvia was listed as having
+86; Lithuania, 750; Malta, 26; the Netherlands, 241; Norway, six
+hundred; Poland, six thousand; Portugal, including Madeira and the
+Azores, 479; Roumania, two thousand; Russia, 150--this is probably
+somewhat less than the real number; Jugoslavia, 2,500; Spain, including
+the Canary Islands, 805; Sweden, 658; and Switzerland, 1,438.
+
+
+
+
+AUTOMOBILES
+
+
+The following figures are from a motor census made by the Overseas
+Edition of _The American Automobile_. The total number of passenger
+cars, motor trucks, and motor busses operated in the leading countries
+of Europe at the beginning of 1929 was:
+
+  Great Britain     1,373,109
+  France            1,108,900
+  Germany           545,100
+  Italy             172,000
+  Spain             156,501
+  Sweden            126,898
+  Belgium           108,225
+  Denmark           88,898
+  Netherlands       85,500
+  Switzerland       61,000
+  Czecho-Slovakia   49,151
+  Irish Free State  40,198
+  Norway            36,027
+  Finland           32,438
+  Roumania          29,200
+  Austria           28,230
+  Poland            27,000
+  Portugal          25,261
+
+Aside from automobiles assembled in Europe of American parts, the
+production of passenger cars and trucks by European makers amounted in
+1928 to about 589,900, as compared with 574,000 units in the preceding
+year. Of the 1928 production, 215,000 cars were made in Great Britain;
+about 200,000 in France; 90,000 in Germany; 50,000 in Italy; 12,000 in
+Czecho-Slovakia; 9,000 in Austria; and 7,000 in Belgium.
+
+
+
+
+SOME AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS
+
+
+The production of wheat in England and Wales, 1927, was estimated at
+53,116,000 bushels. In France, it was about 284,000,000; in Italy,
+196,000,000; in Hungary, 76,000,000; in Roumania, 97,000,000; in
+Germany, 121,000,000. Yield per acre was 32.5 bushels in England and
+Wales, 37.1 in Belgium, 11.7 in Greece, and 23.7 in Finland.
+
+The production of rye in Russia (all parts of the Socialist Soviet
+Republics reporting) was 968,000,000 bushels in 1927. It was
+269,000,000 in Germany; 37,000,000 in France; 224,000,000 in Poland;
+23,000,000 in Hungary; 49,000,000 in Czecho-Slovakia; 19,000,000 in
+Sweden; 20,000,000 in Belgium; 27,000,000 in Spain; 18,000,000 in
+Austria. The yield per acre was 35 bushels in Belgium, 9.8 in Greece,
+and about 13 in European Russia.
+
+The production of corn (maize) in Italy, 1927, was estimated at
+100,388,000 bushels. Rumania produced 145,000,000 bushels; Russia
+157,000,000 bushels; and Jugoslavia, 77,000,000 bushels. The yield per
+acre ranged from 12.4 in Bulgaria to 51.3 bushels in Switzerland. It
+was 25.4 in Italy.
+
+The 1927 production of oats in Russia was about 896,000,000 bushels;
+in Germany, it was 437,000,000 bushels; in France, it amounted to
+373,000,000 bushels; in Poland, to 236,000,000 bushels; in England and
+Wales, to 94,059,000 bushels. The yield per acre was 67 bushels in
+Belgium, about 10 bushels in Portugal.
+
+The production of barley in 1927 was estimated at 216,000,000 bushels
+in Russia; 12,000,000 in Germany; 89,000,000 in Spain; and 57,000,000
+bushels in Roumania.
+
+Poland produced in 1927 about 3,031,000 bushels of flaxseed and
+147,700,000 pounds of fibre. Lithuania produced 1,561,000 bushels of
+seed and 85,407,000 pounds of fibre. The production in Latvia was about
+1,000,000 bushels of seed and 42,636,000 pounds of fibre. Belgium
+produced 415,000 bushels of seed and 65,036,000 pounds of fibre.
+
+Italy produced in 1927 about 953,000,000 pounds of cleaned rice. The
+Spanish production was 330,000,000 pounds.
+
+Olive oil exported from Italy in 1926 amounted to 51,938,000 pounds.
+Spain exported 165,960,000 pounds. In both cases, edible and inedible
+varieties are included.
+
+The production of potatoes, 1927, was 114,000,000 bushels in England
+and Wales; 111,000,000 in Belgium; 630,000,000 bushels in France;
+130,000,000 in Spain; 1,379,000,000 in Germany; 283,000,000 in
+Czecho-Slovakia; 1,166,000,000 in Poland. The yield per acre was 266.7
+bushels in Belgium, 78.8 in Bulgaria. It was 63 (1926) in Jugoslavia.
+
+The amount of hops produced, 1927, in England and Wales was estimated
+at 28,616,000 pounds. In France, it was 11,000,000 pounds; in Germany,
+16,000,000; in Czecho-Slovakia, 21,600,000 pounds. The yield per acre
+was 1,339 pounds in Belgium; 401 (159 in 1926) in Germany.
+
+The production of sugar beets in 1927 was 11,964,000 tons in Germany;
+10,913,000 in Russia; 8,306,000 in Czecho-Slovakia; 6,143,000 in France.
+
+Austria had (in 1923) 2,162,000 cattle; 1,473,000 swine; and 597,000
+sheep. In 1928, Belgium had 1,739,000 cattle; 1,124,000 swine; and
+126,000 sheep. In 1925, Bulgaria contained 1,560,000 cattle and
+buffaloes; 574,000 swine; and 8,682,000 sheep. Czecho-Slovakia (1926)
+had 4,690,000 cattle; 2,539,000 swine; and 860,000 sheep. Denmark
+(1927) had 2,912,000 cattle; 3,731,000 swine; and 230,000 sheep.
+England and Wales (1928) had 6,026,000 cattle; 2,967,000 swine; and
+16,386,000 sheep. Estonia had (1927) 630,000 cattle; 350,000 swine;
+and 667,000 sheep. In 1927, Finland had 1,870,000 cattle; 420,000
+swine; and 1,370,000 sheep. France in 1928 contained 14,940,000 cattle;
+6,020,000 swine; and 10,690,000 sheep. Germany reported in 1928 that it
+contained 18,010,000 cattle; 22,900,000 swine; and 3,820,000 sheep.
+
+Greece in 1926 had, including buffaloes, 890,000 cattle; 452,000
+swine; and 6,630,000 sheep. In 1928, Hungary reported 1,810,000
+cattle; 2,660,000 swine; and 1,560,000 sheep. Ireland (the whole
+island) had in 1928 cattle numbering 4,880,000; swine to the number
+of 1,400,000; and 3,950,000 sheep. In 1924, the kingdom of Italy had
+7,000,000 cattle, including buffaloes; 2,750,000 swine; and 12,500,000
+sheep. Jugoslavia had (1926) 3,800,000 cattle, buffaloes included;
+2,800,000 swine; and 8,000,000 sheep. In 1927, Latvia had 967,000
+cattle; 535,000 swine; and 1,130,000 sheep. The Netherlands in 1922
+had 2,060,000 cattle; 1,260,000 swine; and 890,000 sheep. Norway in
+1927 reported 1,210,000 cattle; 300,000 swine; and 1,610,000 sheep.
+The 1927 report of Poland shows 8,600,000 cattle; 6,300,000 swine; and
+2,000,000 sheep. The Portuguese report for 1925 shows 770,000 cattle;
+1,120,000 swine; and 4,450,000 sheep. Roumania in 1928 had cattle and
+buffaloes numbering 4,550,000; 3,080,000 swine; and 12,950,000 sheep.
+European Russia in 1927 reported 43,880,000 cattle; 15,840,000 swine;
+and 76,270,000 sheep. Scotland in 1928 had 1,210,000 cattle; 195,000
+swine; and 7,500,000 sheep. Spain in 1927 reported 3,670,000 cattle;
+5,030,000 swine; and 20,530,000 sheep. Sweden was estimated to have in
+1925 cattle numbering 2,000,000; 1,000,000 swine; and 1,200,000 sheep.
+Switzerland in 1926 reported 1,587,000 cattle; 635,000 swine; and
+170,000 sheep.
+
+The production of wool, 1927, was estimated to be (in grease)
+118,537,000 pounds for the United Kingdom; 47,000,000 for France;
+while, by way of comparison, it was over 328 million pounds in the
+United States and about 322,000,000 pounds in Argentina.
+
+Denmark exported 292,000,000 pounds of butter in 1926; the Netherlands
+sent out 100,000,000; Russia, 60,000,000; and the Irish Free State,
+56,000,000.
+
+Exports of cheese in 1926 were as follows: Czecho-Slovakia, 7,732,000
+pounds; Denmark, 15,345,000 pounds; Finland, 6,364,000 pounds; France,
+31,481,000 pounds; Germany, 2,320,000 pounds; Hungary, 1,834,000
+pounds; Italy, 72,888,000 pounds; the Netherlands, 185,706,000 pounds;
+Switzerland, 61,972,000 pounds; Jugoslavia, 4,180,000 pounds. The
+United Kingdom imported 330,000,000 pounds and exported about three
+million.
+
+Exports of eggs in the shell, 1926, were as follows: the Irish Free
+State, 43,662,000 dozen; Denmark, 69,351,000 dozen; Belgium, 33,796,000
+dozen; France, 21,821,000 dozen; Italy, 31,535 dozen; the Netherlands,
+86,414,000 dozen; Hungary, 24,749,000 dozen. Germany imported
+196,000,000 dozen and the United Kingdom 220,000,000 dozen eggs.
+
+
+
+
+RAILROADS
+
+
+The state-owned railroads of Austria are about 3,600 miles in length,
+and carried 127,000,000 passengers in 1925. The state-owned lines
+in Belgium have a mileage of about 3,000, and carried 222,000,000
+passengers in 1925. The state-owned railroads of Bulgaria were of
+1,400 miles in that year, and carried 9,000,000 passengers. In 1927
+the state-owned railways of Denmark were 1,570 miles long, and the
+passengers carried numbered 29,000,000. The French railroads, (1926)
+with an approximate mileage of 26,000, carried 783,000,000 passengers.
+The German railroads in the same year carried 1,819,000,000 passengers
+and had a mileage of 33,000. The railways of Great Britain had in 1926
+a total mileage of 20,396, and the number of passengers carried was
+over 1,500,000,000. The Dutch railroads were in 1926 of a total length
+of 2,260 and carried 48,000,000 people. The Italian railroads, 1926,
+had a total mileage of 9,800, and the number of passengers carried
+that year was 113,500,000. The Norwegian railroads, of a total length
+of 2,240 miles, carried 23,000,000 passengers in 1926. The Polish
+railroads, in the same year, had a total mileage of 12,000, and they
+carried 148,000,000 people. The railways of Sweden in 1925 were of
+a total length of 9,600 miles; they carried 66,000,000 passengers.
+The railroads of Switzerland, 3,400 miles in 1925, that year carried
+148,000,000 people
+
+The freight carried, in millions of tons, for the year reported, was
+326 on the French railroads, 420 on the German ones, 240 on those of
+Great Britain, 78 on the state-owned lines of Belgium.
+
+
+
+
+MINERAL PRODUCTION
+
+
+The United Kingdom produced in 1927 iron amounting to 7,290,000 long
+tons and 9,086,000 long tons of steel. Germany produced in the same
+year 13,102,000 metric tons of iron and 6,305,000 metric tons of
+steel. The French production in metric tons was 9,293,000 of iron
+and 8,275,000 of steel. Germany has lost important mining districts
+temporarily or permanently as a result of the Great War. (The long ton
+is 2,240 pounds, the metric ton about 2,204).
+
+The production of petroleum, 1927, amounted in all Russia to 72,400,000
+barrels; in Roumania to 26,000,000, and in Poland to 5,800,000.
+
+The production of coal in the United Kingdom, 1927, amounted to
+255,000,000 long tons. In 1926, on account of a serious strike, it was
+only 127,000,000. It was 278,000,000 long tons in 1923. The production
+of coal in Germany, 1927, was 153,600,000 metric tons. France mined
+52,487,000 metric tons of coal in 1927.
+
+Austria produced in 1927 3,253,000 metric tons of coal, mostly lignite.
+The product of pig iron was 330,000 metric tons; of steel ingots,
+474,000 tons; and of rolling mill products, 352,000 tons; all in 1926.
+
+Belgium mined in 1927 coal amounting to 27,600,000 metric tons.
+Production of pig iron was 3,750,000 metric tons and of steel 3,700,000.
+
+Bulgaria produced in 1927 a total of 1,237,650 tons of coal; 24,000
+tons of copper; and 4,000 tons of lead.
+
+Czecho-Slovakia mined in 1927 anthracite coal weighing 14,600,000
+metric tons and bituminous and lignite weighing 20,028,000. It produced
+1,174,000 metric tons of iron ore.
+
+Greece produced in 1926 iron amounting to 126,000 metric tons;
+chromite, 20,000; iron pyrites, 80,000; magnesite, 123,000; zinc,
+35,000; crude zinc, 10,000; salt, 90,000; and lignite coal, 153,000.
+
+Italy (1927) produced 467,000 metric tons of pig iron; 1,530,000 of
+steel; 338,000 of sulphur ore; 179,000 of zinc; 52,000 of lead; 2,000
+of mercury or quicksilver; and 90,000 of bauxite.
+
+In 1927, Luxemburg produced 7,244,000 metric tons of iron and 2,470,000
+metric tons of steel.
+
+Over 9,000,000 metric tons of coal were mined in the Netherlands in
+1927.
+
+In 1926, Poland produced 327,000 tons of iron ore; 27,000 tons of
+purified lead; 124,000 tons of zinc; 788,000 tons of steel; 208,000
+tons of potash; 35,747,000 tons of coal.
+
+In 1926, Roumania produced over 3,000,000 metric tons of coal, mostly
+lignite; 63,000 tons of pig iron; and 344,000 tons of salt.
+
+The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1927 produced 30,950,000
+metric tons of coal; 2,963,000 of pig iron; 3,586,000 of steel, and
+100,000 troy ounces of platinum. There are many great undeveloped
+mineral resources in Russia.
+
+Spain in 1926 produced 6,641,000 metric tons of coal; 1,100,000 of iron
+and steel; 201,000 of zinc; 149,000 of lead; 48,000 of copper; and
+30,000 of mercury ore.
+
+Sweden in 1927 produced 10,726,000 metric tons of iron ore; about
+450,000 tons of coal; and 65,000 tons of sulphur pyrites.
+
+
+
+
+WINE PRODUCTION
+
+
+The following figures are for 1926, and were compiled by the _Beverage
+News_:
+
+  Country                    Gallons
+  France (incl. Corsica)     899,300,000
+  Italy                      792,000,000
+  Spain                      346,500,000
+  Portugal                   45,320,000
+  Azores, Canaries, Madeira  1,650,000
+  Austria                    8,800,000
+  Hungary                    26,400,000
+  Jugoslavia                 44,000,000
+  Germany                    21,780,000
+  Czecho-Slovakia            4,400,000
+  Russia                     44,000,000
+  Switzerland                11,000,000
+  Turkey, Cyprus             8,800,000
+  Greece                     48,400,000
+  Bulgaria                   29,700,000
+  Roumania                   110,000,000
+
+The official figures for France are 1,473,042 gallons in 1926 and
+892,410,000 in 1927. There were 3,350,000 acres of vinelands in 1927.
+270,000,000 gallons of cider were produced in 1927.
+
+
+
+
+INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE
+
+
+Austria in 1927 exported goods worth $286,700,000; and its imports
+amounted to $432,000,000.
+
+The imports of Belgium were $807,400,000; the exports were $728,400,000.
+
+Czecho-Slovakia exported $599,000,000; imported a lower amount,
+$531,700,000.
+
+Denmark imported goods worth $443,000,000, and exported to the value of
+$413,100,000.
+
+Finland’s exports amounted to $159,300,000; its imports in the same
+year, 1927, were $160,400,000.
+
+The exports of France amounted to $2,158,400,000, and its imports to
+$2,065,000,000. In the preceding year, the exports were slightly below
+the imports.
+
+Germany in 1927 exported commodities worth $2,425,500,000, and imported
+$3,362,000,000. The respective figures for 1926 were $2,343,800,000 and
+$2,376,300,000.
+
+Italy in 1927 exported $803,100,000 and imported $1,033,500,000.
+
+The Netherlands imported $1,022,700,000 and exported commodities worth
+$762,000,000.
+
+Norway imported $257,100,000 and exported $178,200,000.
+
+Poland imported $313,800,000 and exported $281,200,000.
+
+Sweden imported $422,500,000 and exported $432,300,000.
+
+Switzerland imported $482,800,000 and exported $386,000,000.
+
+The United Kingdom imported $5,931,500,000 and exported goods worth
+$4,044,800,000. In the preceding year (1926), imports amounted to
+$6,040,500,000, and exports to $3,777,200,000.
+
+As Professor Seligman points out, “imports must in the long run pay
+for exports, and vice versa.” But “it must be remembered that goods
+are exchanged not only for goods, but for services.” In the case of
+the United Kingdom, important service items are investment returns,
+freight, insurance, and foreign exchange charges paid by foreigners.
+Most leading European countries have an “unfavorable” balance of trade;
+that is, their imports are more valuable than their exports, measured
+in tangibles alone. This condition existed before the World War, and is
+not to be taken as an indication of impoverishment.
+
+
+
+
+TRADE WITH THE UNITED STATES
+
+
+The following figures are for the year 1927, and are stated in
+thousands of dollars: three noughts understood in each case.
+
+                       Bought      Sold
+  Country              from U. S.  to U. S.
+  Austria              4,364       10,611
+  Belgium              116,201     72,240
+  Czecho-Slovakia      7,442       31,739
+  Denmark              58,673      4,139
+  France               228,746     167,778
+  Germany              481,581     200,554
+  Hungary              1,753       949
+  Irish Free State     10,882      1,642
+  Netherlands          148,268     87,180
+  Norway               23,361      22,235
+  Switzerland          10,122      45,864
+  United Kingdom       840,066     357,930
+  Estonia              918         432
+  Finland              16,487      8,670
+  Jugoslavia, Albania  996         985
+  Latvia               1,029       4,469
+  Lithuania            218         520
+  Poland, Danzig       9,261       4,825
+  European Russia      64,087      12,004
+  Bulgaria             468         891
+  Greece               15,028      29,625
+  Malta, Gozo, Cyprus  1,112       225
+  Roumania             4,925       649
+  European Turkey      3,380       12,393
+  Italy                131,649     108,907
+  Portugal             10,672      4,565
+  Azores, Madeira      1,945       1,820
+  Spain                73,772      34,351
+  Gibraltar            1,537       53
+
+Europe, including Iceland, bought from the United States in 1927
+tangible commodities to the stated value of $2,313,762,813, and sold
+to the United States in that year goods said to be worth $1,276,246,978.
+
+
+
+
+SHIPS
+
+
+The naval expenditures of Great Britain, from April, 1926, to March,
+1927, are said to have been 58,000,000 pounds sterling. Those of France
+in 1926 are said to have been 1,842,800,000 francs. Those of Italy,
+from July, 1926, to June, 1927, are said to have been 1,209,600,000
+lire. By way of comparison, the United States spent for naval purposes,
+from July, 1926, to June, 1927, $320,553,000. The French figures are
+incomplete, not showing how much was spent for the construction of new
+ships. (Par of exchange for pounds, francs, lire, may be found under
+the next heading).
+
+The United States has 18 battleships, with a tonnage of 325,850. Great
+Britain has 20, with a tonnage of 580,450. France has 9, with a tonnage
+of 194,544. Italy has 7, with a tonnage of 133,670. The United States
+has 10 war cruisers, with a tonnage of 75,000. Great Britain has 54,
+with a tonnage of 304,000. France has 12, with a tonnage of 104,883;
+and Italy has 12, with a tonnage of 67,330. The United States has
+three airplane carriers, with a tonnage of 78,700; Great Britain has
+six, with a tonnage of 107,550; France has one of 21,653 tons. Of the
+first line destroyer type of war vessel, the United States has 276
+destroyers; Great Britain has 17 leaders and 156 destroyers; France has
+7 leaders and 34 destroyers; Italy has 8 leaders and 45 destroyers.
+Only about 100 of the American destroyers are kept in commission.
+
+The gross tonnage of merchant vessels, 1928, was 19,875,000 for Great
+Britain; 3,777,000 for Germany; 3,334,000 for France; 2,968,000 for
+Norway; 2,817,000 for the Netherlands; 3,429,000 for Italy; and 493,000
+for Belgium.
+
+The tonnage of ships built in 1927 was 1,226,000 in the United Kingdom;
+72,000 in Denmark; 44,000 in France; 289,000 in Germany; 120,000 in the
+Netherlands; 101,000 in Italy, and 67,000 in Sweden.
+
+
+
+
+FOREIGN EXCHANGE
+
+
+The monetary unit of Great Britain is the pound sterling, with a par
+value of $4.8665. The average cable quotation in New York, 1927, was
+$4,861. The French franc has a par of exchange of $.0392. The average
+cable quotation was .0477 in 1925; .0324 in 1926; .0392 in 1927. It was
+quoted at .039040 on September 1, 1928. The Belgian belga (5 francs)
+has a par of $.1391. The average cable quotation in New York, 1927, was
+$.1392. The Italian lira has a par of $.0526. The German reichsmark has
+a par of $.2382. The Spanish peseta, with a par of $.1930, was quoted
+at $.161245 on November 1, 1928. The average quotation for 1925 was
+$.1434.
+
+
+
+
+ARMIES
+
+
+In September, 1928, the number of men in active service and enrolled in
+organized reserves was as follows:
+
+                                 Organized
+  Country           Active Army  Reserves
+  Albania           13,200
+  Austria           43,000
+  Belgium           71,500       500,000
+  Bulgaria          33,000
+  Czecho-Slovakia   150,000      1,489,000
+  Denmark           9,200        150,000
+  Estonia           17,000       27,000
+  Finland           25,500       235,000
+  France            667,000      5,010,000
+  Germany           100,500
+  Great Britain     212,000      318,600
+  Greece            79,700       415,000
+  Hungary           71,200
+  Irish Free State  13,000       3,500
+  Italy             347,000      2,995,200
+  Jugoslavia        142,000      1,200,000
+  Latvia            19,000       200,000
+  Lithuania         21,200       170,000
+  Netherlands       32,100       341,500
+  Norway            30,000       315,000
+  Poland            242,400      500,000
+  Portugal          35,000       372,900
+  Roumania          266,500      750,000
+  Russia            658,000      5,425,000
+  Spain             260,700      1,853,500
+  Sweden            10,200       720,300
+  Switzerland       500          309,600
+
+Military service is compulsory in all these countries except Austria,
+Bulgaria, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, the Irish Free State,
+and Sweden. The United States has a standing army of 134,000 and an
+organized reserve force of 291,000 (September, 1928).
+
+The most recent figures for Russia show an annual item of $346,000,000
+for “defense.” France spent 6,210,752,000 francs on her army in 1928.
+
+
+
+
+TELEPHONES
+
+
+The number of telephones in use in 1927 was about as follows: Austria,
+158,000; Belgium, 176,000; Bulgaria, 10,000; Czecho-Slovakia, 129,000;
+Denmark, 321,000; Finland, 99,000; France, 819,000; Germany, 2,688,000;
+Greece, 6,000; Hungary, 115,000; Irish Free State, 24,000; Italy,
+272,000; Jugoslavia, 28,000; Latvia, 24,000; the Netherlands, 225,000;
+Norway, 175,000; Poland, 131,000; Portugal, 22,000; Roumania, 53,000;
+Russia, 225,000; Spain, 131,000; Sweden, 451,000; Switzerland, 210,000;
+and the United Kingdom, 1,512,000. The total for Europe, including
+countries and territories not separately listed, was 8,081,000. The
+United States had 17,746,000 telephones.
+
+
+
+
+SCHOOLS
+
+
+Public elementary schools in England and Wales, 1923, numbered 21,000,
+with 7,150,000 pupils and 166,000 teachers. Scotland had 676,000 pupils
+in 2,900 public elementary schools. The Irish Free State in 1925 had
+5,600 elementary schools with 489,000 pupils and 13,500 teachers.
+
+Albania in the school year 1927-1928 had 530 public schools, with
+950 teachers and 30,000 pupils. The Danish schools at the beginning
+of 1927 had 464,000 pupils. There are over 3,000,000 pupils in the
+elementary schools of France. Germany had in 1922 in 52,000 elementary
+schools 8,894,000 pupils. Jugoslavia in 1923 had 961,470 pupils in its
+elementary schools. In 1928, Lithuania had 2,400 public elementary
+schools with 124,000 pupils. Soviet Russia at the end of 1926 had
+9,900,000 children attending 108,000 public elementary schools. Sweden
+in 1926 had 660,000 pupils in elementary schools.
+
+
+
+
+BUDGETS
+
+
+The revenues of Great Britain for 1928 were estimated at £842,824,000
+and the expenditures at £838,535,000. For the fiscal year 1927-1928,
+Northern Ireland had expenditures of 11,203,000 pounds and income of
+the same amount (advance estimate). For the fiscal year ending March
+31, 1929, the Irish Free State had estimated revenues of £23,164,000
+and expenditures of £22,433,000.
+
+The French provisional budget for 1929 shows revenues of 45,281,000,000
+francs and expenditures of 45,225,000,000 francs. The German budget
+for 1928-1929 was balanced at 9,528,571,000 marks. The Belgian budget
+for 1928 showed estimated revenues of 10,563,562,000 francs and
+expenditures of 10,482,731,000. The Russian budget for 1928-1929 was
+tentatively balanced at 6,970,000,000 rubles, or $3,590,000,000. At
+the other extreme, San Marino balanced income and expenditures for
+1926-1927 at 4,145,000 lire. Liechtenstein in 1926 had an income of
+788,000 Swiss francs and expenditures of 774,000 francs.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber’s Note:
+
+- Text that was in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_).
+
+- Minor punctuation errors have been changed without notice.
+
+- In the original text, there was a section on p. 16 incorrectly titled
+“American Citizens in Europe.” According to the Table of Contents, this
+should have been titled “Some Agricultural Statistics.” The text has
+been corrected to reflect this.
+
+- The table “Great Rivers of Europe” was originally split across pp.
+7-8. The table “Automobiles” was originally split across pp. 15-16.
+
+- Spelling was retained as in the original except for the following
+changes:
+
+  Page 3: “Area and Population by Counties” to “Area and Population by
+  Countries”
+  Page 5: “more inclined to stablity” to “more inclined to stability”
+  Page 14: “United Kingdom of Great Britan” to “United Kingdom of
+  Great Britain”
+  Page 14: “AMERICAN CITIES IN EUROPE” to “AMERICAN CITIZENS IN
+  EUROPE”
+  Page 23: “The Union of Socialist Soviet” to “The Union of Soviet
+  Socialist”
+  Page 24: “6,641,000 metric tons or” to “6,641,000 metric tons of”
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 79010 ***