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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 79010 ***
+
+
+
+
+ LITTLE BLUE BOOK NO. 1465
+ Edited by E. Haldeman-Julius
+
+ A Book of European
+ Statistics
+
+ Leo Markun
+
+ HALDEMAN-JULIUS PUBLICATIONS
+ GIRARD, KANSAS
+
+
+
+
+ Copyright, 1929,
+ Haldeman-Julius Company
+
+
+ PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+ Page
+
+ Introduction 5
+
+ The Continent 6
+
+ High Mountains of Europe 7
+
+ Great Rivers of Europe 7
+
+ European Lakes 8
+
+ European Canals 8
+
+ Area and Population by Countries 9
+
+ American Citizens in Europe 14
+
+ Automobiles 15
+
+ Some Agricultural Statistics 16
+
+ Railroads 21
+
+ Mineral Production 22
+
+ Wine Production 24
+
+ International Commerce 25
+
+ Trade with the United States 26
+
+ Ships 28
+
+ Foreign Exchange 29
+
+ Armies 29
+
+ Telephones 31
+
+ Schools 31
+
+ Budgets 32
+
+
+
+
+A BOOK OF EUROPEAN STATISTICS
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+In the introduction to Little Blue Book No. 1460, _A Book of American
+Statistics_, I have called attention to a few of the ways in which
+numerical expressions of facts may be misleading, especially if the
+person consulting a statistical table forgets that a census or a
+measurement must be taken at a definite time. In general, though, the
+population and the industries of Europe are somewhat more inclined
+to stability than are those of the United States and other American
+countries. It may be said, too, that most European countries are in a
+position to learn with considerable accuracy the number of people they
+contain and other information of a definite sort. There are a few vague
+or disputed boundaries, and, especially in the southeast, there are
+groups of people who flee from the schoolmaster and the census taker;
+but these are exceptional cases.
+
+The statistical matter published by the governmental agencies of the
+United Kingdom, France, or Germany is fully as trustworthy as that
+which comes from the official printing office at Washington. Indeed,
+the European countries have fuller information than the United States
+about some important phenomena of society.
+
+Fuller statistics may be found in various yearbooks and almanacs
+devoted to special interests or countries, as well as in those of a
+general nature. An inexpensive source of information is the _Almanac
+and Book of Facts_ published by the New York World. _A Political
+Handbook of the World_, published by the Yale and Harvard University
+Presses, is devoted largely to party politics and governmental facts.
+_The Statesman’s Year Book_ and the _Europa Year Book_ contain
+statistical matter of all sorts.
+
+Current information about Europe appears with fullness in few American
+newspapers. Perhaps the New York _Times_ should be especially mentioned
+in this connection. However, several English newspapers that are to be
+found in large public libraries are naturally more useful for European
+statistics.
+
+
+
+
+THE CONTINENT
+
+
+Europe has an area of about 3,789,000 square miles. The population is
+estimated at 480,000,000. The highest point in Europe is Mt. Elbrus,
+in the Caucasus Mountains, with a height of 18,465 feet, and the
+lowest is the Caspian Sea, in Russia, 86 feet below sea level. The mean
+approximate height of Europe is 980 feet, as compared with 1300 feet in
+each of the two Americas and 1600 feet in Africa and in Asia.
+
+
+
+
+HIGH MOUNTAINS OF EUROPE
+
+
+ Height
+ Country in feet
+ Elbrus Russia 18,465
+ Kasbek Russia 16,346
+ Mont Blanc France 15,781
+ Monte Rosa Italy 15,217
+ Olympus Greece 9,745
+ Ben Nevis Scotland 4,368
+ Matterhorn, or
+ Mont Cervin Switzerland-Italy 14,661
+ Finsteraarhorn Switzerland 14,022
+
+
+
+
+GREAT RIVERS OF EUROPE
+
+
+ Flows Length
+ into the miles
+ Volga Caspian Sea 2,300
+ Danube Black Sea 1,725
+ Ural Caspian Sea 1,400
+ Dnieper Black Sea 1,400
+ Don Gulf of Taganrog 1,200
+ Rhine North Sea 700
+ Elbe North Sea 700
+ Loire Bay of Biscay 650
+ Tagus Atlantic Ocean 550
+ Oder Baltic Sea 550
+ Guadana Mediterranean Sea 515
+ Rhone Gulf of Lyons 500
+ Seine English Channel 475
+ Po Adriatic Sea 420
+ Ebro Mediterranean Sea 400
+ Garonne Bay of Biscay 385
+ Thames North Sea 215
+ Drave Danube 450
+ Marne Seine 310
+
+
+
+
+EUROPEAN LAKES
+
+
+ Square
+ miles
+ Ladoga 7200
+ Wener 2400
+ Wetter 936
+ Balaton 420
+ Geneva 224
+ Constance 208
+ Garda 136
+ Neuchatel 90
+ Maggiore 78
+ Como 56
+ Lucerne 40
+ Zurich 37
+
+
+
+
+EUROPEAN CANALS
+
+
+ Miles
+ long
+ Berlin-Stettin (also known as Hohenzollern) 136
+ Kiel (or Kaiser Wilhelm) 61
+ Marseilles-Rhone 60
+ Elbe-Trave 41
+ Manchester-Liverpool 35
+
+
+
+
+AREA AND POPULATION BY COUNTRIES
+
+
+Albania is a Balkan kingdom with an estimated area of 17,374 square
+miles and population of 840,000.
+
+Andorra is a semi-independent republic in the Pyrenees with an area of
+191 square miles and a population of between 5000 and 6000.
+
+Austria is a republic with an area of 32,369 square miles and a
+population (1923) of 6,526,000. The Austro-Hungarian Empire before the
+World War had an area of 261,259 square miles.
+
+Belgium is a kingdom with an area of 11,752 square miles and a
+population of about 7,875,000.
+
+Bulgaria is a kingdom in the Balkans with an area of 39,814 square
+miles and a population of 5,483,000.
+
+The republic of Czecho-Slovakia, in central Europe, has an area of
+51,207 square miles and a population officially estimated at about
+14,356,000.
+
+The free city of Danzig, under the protection of the League of Nations,
+has an area of 754 square miles and a population (1924) of 386,000,
+mostly German.
+
+The kingdom of Denmark has an area of 15,568 square miles and a
+population of 3,343,000 (1925). The Faroe Islands, which belong to
+Denmark, have an area of 540 square miles and a population of 21,000.
+
+The republic of Estonia has an area of about 18,000 square miles and a
+population of about 1,115,000.
+
+The republic of Finland has an area of 149,641 square miles and a
+population estimated at 3,526,000.
+
+The republic of France has an area of 212,659 square miles and a
+population (1926) of 40,743,851. (The island of Corsica included.)
+The grand total of land under the direct control of France, including
+colonies in America, Asia, Africa and Oceania is 5,870,460 square
+miles, with a population of over a hundred million.
+
+The republic of Germany has a land area of 181,714 square miles. This
+includes the Saar district, not at the moment under German control. The
+population in 1925 was 63,118,000.
+
+The republic of Greece, in the Balkans, has an area of 49,022 square
+miles with a population which was 5,447,000 in 1920 and estimated in
+1928 (_A Political Handbook of the World_) at about seven millions.
+
+The kingdom or regency of Hungary has an area which is not entirely
+definite, for some of the boundaries are yet to be determined, but it
+may be stated as 35,875 square miles. The population is close to nine
+millions (8,160,000 in 1924). Before the World War Hungary had an area
+of 109,216 square miles; or, with Croatia and Slavonia, of 125,641
+square miles.
+
+The kingdom of Italy has an area of 119,714 square miles, with a
+population of 40,548,000. The total area of the Italian Empire is
+990,658 square miles, with a population of some 43 millions. (Some of
+the colonial boundaries are rather vague.)
+
+The kingdom of Jugoslavia or Yugoslavia, also known more formally
+as the kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, has an area of
+96,134 square miles, with a population of 12,017,000 in 1921. The
+country contains about half a million each of Germans, Albanians, and
+Hungarians.
+
+The republic of Latvia, which is south of Estonia, has an area of about
+25,000 square miles and a population of 1,870,000.
+
+The principality of Liechtenstein, formerly dependent on Austria and
+now in the Swiss customs union, has an area of 65 square miles and a
+population of about 12,000.
+
+The republic of Lithuania, which is one of the Baltic States, still has
+aspirations for the recovery of the city and district of Vilna, seized
+from it by Poland. Without this, it has an area of about 21,800 square
+miles and a population of about 2,228,000.
+
+The grand duchy of Luxemburg, which is in a customs union with Belgium,
+has an area of 999 square miles and a population of 269,000.
+
+The principality of Monaco, on the Mediterranean, is all but surrounded
+by French territory. It has an area of 8 square miles, and its
+population in 1923 was 22,000.
+
+The kingdom of the Netherlands, popularly referred to as Holland, has
+an area of 12,593 square miles. The official estimate of population
+at the beginning of 1926 was 7,416,418. The Dutch Empire, including a
+large district in the East Indies, has an area of 801,000 square miles
+and a population of about 57 millions.
+
+The kingdom of Norway, which occupies the western part of the
+Scandinavian Peninsula, has an area of 124,964 square miles and a
+population which was 2,649,000 in 1920, and is about 2,900,000 in 1929.
+
+The republic of Poland has an area of some 149,140 square miles, but
+part of the boundaries, especially with Lithuania, are at present
+indefinite. The population is about 30,000,000.
+
+The republic of Portugal has an area, including the Azores and Madeira,
+of 35,490 square miles and a population of 6,033,000 (1920). The
+colonies bring up the area to nearly a million square miles.
+
+The temporal sovereignty of the see of Rome has recently been extended
+somewhat, but the population of persons other than church officials,
+not available at this writing, is quite small. The popes were worldly
+rulers over some 3,000,000 people living in a district of 16,000 square
+miles until most of their dominions were absorbed by the kingdom of
+Italy in the nineteenth century.
+
+The kingdom of Roumania, or Rumania, which is sometimes classed with
+the Balkan countries, has an area of 122,282, of which more than half
+was gained by the peace treaties ending the World War. The population
+is about 17,500,000.
+
+The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, generally known as Russia,
+is a Eurasian country with a total area of 8,187,253 square miles and
+a total population of 146,304,000. The Russian Empire had an area of
+8,764,586 square miles and a population (1915) of 182,183,000, of which
+131,797,000 was European.
+
+The republic of San Marino, surrounded by Italian territory, has an
+area of 38 square miles and a population of about 13,000.
+
+The kingdom of Spain, which occupies the Iberian Peninsula with
+Portugal, has an area of 190,050 square miles. Including the Balearic
+and Canary Islands, the area is 194,783 square miles. The estimated
+population at the beginning of 1926, these islands included, was
+22,128,000.
+
+The Scandinavian kingdom of Sweden has a land area of 173,105 square
+miles and a population of over six millions (6,053,562 in 1923).
+
+The republican confederation of Switzerland has an area of 15,940
+square miles and is inhabited by about four million people (3,886,000
+in 1920).
+
+The Eurasian republic of Turkey has an area of about 280,000 square
+miles, but some of the boundaries are in dispute. The European
+area consists of 8,819 square miles, but it includes the city of
+Constantinople, with a population of about 700,000. The total
+population of the republic is about 13,650,000. The Turkish Empire
+before the World War had an area of over 710,000 square miles.
+
+The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland has an area of 84,284
+square miles, of which England has 50,874, Wales has 7,466, Scotland
+has 30,405, Northern Ireland or Ulster has 5,237, the Isle of Man
+has 227, and the Channel Islands have 75. The 1921 census showed a
+population of 36,678,000 in England, 2,207,000 in Wales, 4,882,000 in
+Scotland, 60,238 in the Isle of Man, and 89,614 in the Channel Islands.
+Northern Ireland had a population of 1,256,000 according to a census
+taken in 1926. The Irish Free State then had 2,973,000 inhabitants.
+Its area is 26,592 square miles. Gibraltar, with a area of 2 square
+miles, has a population of about 18,000. Malta, containing 122 square
+miles, is occupied by about 225,000 people; and Cyprus has some 325,000
+inhabitants in an area of 3,584 square miles.
+
+The British Empire as a whole, including mandates but not
+semi-dependencies and spheres of influence, has an area of about
+13,379,000 square miles and a population of some 450,000,000 people,
+in all parts of the world. It makes up, in area and population, about
+a quarter of the world: the land surface of the globe, not all of it
+habitable, is 57,510,000 square miles.
+
+
+
+
+AMERICAN CITIZENS IN EUROPE
+
+
+According to an investigation conducted by the United States Department
+of State, 1927-1929, the number of American citizens living permanently
+or semi-permanently in Europe amounts to 77,063. Of these, Austria
+contains 979; there are 857 in Belgium; the number living in Great
+Britain and Northern Ireland is 11,717; there are 62 in Bulgaria;
+Czecho-Slovakia contains 2,600; the free city of Danzig has 18; there
+are 406 in Denmark; 18 live in Estonia; 236 are in Finland: France
+has the largest number or 25,860. There are 3,027 in Germany; 11 in
+Gibraltar; 3,146 in Greece; twelve hundred in Hungary; 1,193 in the
+Irish Free State; ten thousand in Italy. Latvia was listed as having
+86; Lithuania, 750; Malta, 26; the Netherlands, 241; Norway, six
+hundred; Poland, six thousand; Portugal, including Madeira and the
+Azores, 479; Roumania, two thousand; Russia, 150--this is probably
+somewhat less than the real number; Jugoslavia, 2,500; Spain, including
+the Canary Islands, 805; Sweden, 658; and Switzerland, 1,438.
+
+
+
+
+AUTOMOBILES
+
+
+The following figures are from a motor census made by the Overseas
+Edition of _The American Automobile_. The total number of passenger
+cars, motor trucks, and motor busses operated in the leading countries
+of Europe at the beginning of 1929 was:
+
+ Great Britain 1,373,109
+ France 1,108,900
+ Germany 545,100
+ Italy 172,000
+ Spain 156,501
+ Sweden 126,898
+ Belgium 108,225
+ Denmark 88,898
+ Netherlands 85,500
+ Switzerland 61,000
+ Czecho-Slovakia 49,151
+ Irish Free State 40,198
+ Norway 36,027
+ Finland 32,438
+ Roumania 29,200
+ Austria 28,230
+ Poland 27,000
+ Portugal 25,261
+
+Aside from automobiles assembled in Europe of American parts, the
+production of passenger cars and trucks by European makers amounted in
+1928 to about 589,900, as compared with 574,000 units in the preceding
+year. Of the 1928 production, 215,000 cars were made in Great Britain;
+about 200,000 in France; 90,000 in Germany; 50,000 in Italy; 12,000 in
+Czecho-Slovakia; 9,000 in Austria; and 7,000 in Belgium.
+
+
+
+
+SOME AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS
+
+
+The production of wheat in England and Wales, 1927, was estimated at
+53,116,000 bushels. In France, it was about 284,000,000; in Italy,
+196,000,000; in Hungary, 76,000,000; in Roumania, 97,000,000; in
+Germany, 121,000,000. Yield per acre was 32.5 bushels in England and
+Wales, 37.1 in Belgium, 11.7 in Greece, and 23.7 in Finland.
+
+The production of rye in Russia (all parts of the Socialist Soviet
+Republics reporting) was 968,000,000 bushels in 1927. It was
+269,000,000 in Germany; 37,000,000 in France; 224,000,000 in Poland;
+23,000,000 in Hungary; 49,000,000 in Czecho-Slovakia; 19,000,000 in
+Sweden; 20,000,000 in Belgium; 27,000,000 in Spain; 18,000,000 in
+Austria. The yield per acre was 35 bushels in Belgium, 9.8 in Greece,
+and about 13 in European Russia.
+
+The production of corn (maize) in Italy, 1927, was estimated at
+100,388,000 bushels. Rumania produced 145,000,000 bushels; Russia
+157,000,000 bushels; and Jugoslavia, 77,000,000 bushels. The yield per
+acre ranged from 12.4 in Bulgaria to 51.3 bushels in Switzerland. It
+was 25.4 in Italy.
+
+The 1927 production of oats in Russia was about 896,000,000 bushels;
+in Germany, it was 437,000,000 bushels; in France, it amounted to
+373,000,000 bushels; in Poland, to 236,000,000 bushels; in England and
+Wales, to 94,059,000 bushels. The yield per acre was 67 bushels in
+Belgium, about 10 bushels in Portugal.
+
+The production of barley in 1927 was estimated at 216,000,000 bushels
+in Russia; 12,000,000 in Germany; 89,000,000 in Spain; and 57,000,000
+bushels in Roumania.
+
+Poland produced in 1927 about 3,031,000 bushels of flaxseed and
+147,700,000 pounds of fibre. Lithuania produced 1,561,000 bushels of
+seed and 85,407,000 pounds of fibre. The production in Latvia was about
+1,000,000 bushels of seed and 42,636,000 pounds of fibre. Belgium
+produced 415,000 bushels of seed and 65,036,000 pounds of fibre.
+
+Italy produced in 1927 about 953,000,000 pounds of cleaned rice. The
+Spanish production was 330,000,000 pounds.
+
+Olive oil exported from Italy in 1926 amounted to 51,938,000 pounds.
+Spain exported 165,960,000 pounds. In both cases, edible and inedible
+varieties are included.
+
+The production of potatoes, 1927, was 114,000,000 bushels in England
+and Wales; 111,000,000 in Belgium; 630,000,000 bushels in France;
+130,000,000 in Spain; 1,379,000,000 in Germany; 283,000,000 in
+Czecho-Slovakia; 1,166,000,000 in Poland. The yield per acre was 266.7
+bushels in Belgium, 78.8 in Bulgaria. It was 63 (1926) in Jugoslavia.
+
+The amount of hops produced, 1927, in England and Wales was estimated
+at 28,616,000 pounds. In France, it was 11,000,000 pounds; in Germany,
+16,000,000; in Czecho-Slovakia, 21,600,000 pounds. The yield per acre
+was 1,339 pounds in Belgium; 401 (159 in 1926) in Germany.
+
+The production of sugar beets in 1927 was 11,964,000 tons in Germany;
+10,913,000 in Russia; 8,306,000 in Czecho-Slovakia; 6,143,000 in France.
+
+Austria had (in 1923) 2,162,000 cattle; 1,473,000 swine; and 597,000
+sheep. In 1928, Belgium had 1,739,000 cattle; 1,124,000 swine; and
+126,000 sheep. In 1925, Bulgaria contained 1,560,000 cattle and
+buffaloes; 574,000 swine; and 8,682,000 sheep. Czecho-Slovakia (1926)
+had 4,690,000 cattle; 2,539,000 swine; and 860,000 sheep. Denmark
+(1927) had 2,912,000 cattle; 3,731,000 swine; and 230,000 sheep.
+England and Wales (1928) had 6,026,000 cattle; 2,967,000 swine; and
+16,386,000 sheep. Estonia had (1927) 630,000 cattle; 350,000 swine;
+and 667,000 sheep. In 1927, Finland had 1,870,000 cattle; 420,000
+swine; and 1,370,000 sheep. France in 1928 contained 14,940,000 cattle;
+6,020,000 swine; and 10,690,000 sheep. Germany reported in 1928 that it
+contained 18,010,000 cattle; 22,900,000 swine; and 3,820,000 sheep.
+
+Greece in 1926 had, including buffaloes, 890,000 cattle; 452,000
+swine; and 6,630,000 sheep. In 1928, Hungary reported 1,810,000
+cattle; 2,660,000 swine; and 1,560,000 sheep. Ireland (the whole
+island) had in 1928 cattle numbering 4,880,000; swine to the number
+of 1,400,000; and 3,950,000 sheep. In 1924, the kingdom of Italy had
+7,000,000 cattle, including buffaloes; 2,750,000 swine; and 12,500,000
+sheep. Jugoslavia had (1926) 3,800,000 cattle, buffaloes included;
+2,800,000 swine; and 8,000,000 sheep. In 1927, Latvia had 967,000
+cattle; 535,000 swine; and 1,130,000 sheep. The Netherlands in 1922
+had 2,060,000 cattle; 1,260,000 swine; and 890,000 sheep. Norway in
+1927 reported 1,210,000 cattle; 300,000 swine; and 1,610,000 sheep.
+The 1927 report of Poland shows 8,600,000 cattle; 6,300,000 swine; and
+2,000,000 sheep. The Portuguese report for 1925 shows 770,000 cattle;
+1,120,000 swine; and 4,450,000 sheep. Roumania in 1928 had cattle and
+buffaloes numbering 4,550,000; 3,080,000 swine; and 12,950,000 sheep.
+European Russia in 1927 reported 43,880,000 cattle; 15,840,000 swine;
+and 76,270,000 sheep. Scotland in 1928 had 1,210,000 cattle; 195,000
+swine; and 7,500,000 sheep. Spain in 1927 reported 3,670,000 cattle;
+5,030,000 swine; and 20,530,000 sheep. Sweden was estimated to have in
+1925 cattle numbering 2,000,000; 1,000,000 swine; and 1,200,000 sheep.
+Switzerland in 1926 reported 1,587,000 cattle; 635,000 swine; and
+170,000 sheep.
+
+The production of wool, 1927, was estimated to be (in grease)
+118,537,000 pounds for the United Kingdom; 47,000,000 for France;
+while, by way of comparison, it was over 328 million pounds in the
+United States and about 322,000,000 pounds in Argentina.
+
+Denmark exported 292,000,000 pounds of butter in 1926; the Netherlands
+sent out 100,000,000; Russia, 60,000,000; and the Irish Free State,
+56,000,000.
+
+Exports of cheese in 1926 were as follows: Czecho-Slovakia, 7,732,000
+pounds; Denmark, 15,345,000 pounds; Finland, 6,364,000 pounds; France,
+31,481,000 pounds; Germany, 2,320,000 pounds; Hungary, 1,834,000
+pounds; Italy, 72,888,000 pounds; the Netherlands, 185,706,000 pounds;
+Switzerland, 61,972,000 pounds; Jugoslavia, 4,180,000 pounds. The
+United Kingdom imported 330,000,000 pounds and exported about three
+million.
+
+Exports of eggs in the shell, 1926, were as follows: the Irish Free
+State, 43,662,000 dozen; Denmark, 69,351,000 dozen; Belgium, 33,796,000
+dozen; France, 21,821,000 dozen; Italy, 31,535 dozen; the Netherlands,
+86,414,000 dozen; Hungary, 24,749,000 dozen. Germany imported
+196,000,000 dozen and the United Kingdom 220,000,000 dozen eggs.
+
+
+
+
+RAILROADS
+
+
+The state-owned railroads of Austria are about 3,600 miles in length,
+and carried 127,000,000 passengers in 1925. The state-owned lines
+in Belgium have a mileage of about 3,000, and carried 222,000,000
+passengers in 1925. The state-owned railroads of Bulgaria were of
+1,400 miles in that year, and carried 9,000,000 passengers. In 1927
+the state-owned railways of Denmark were 1,570 miles long, and the
+passengers carried numbered 29,000,000. The French railroads, (1926)
+with an approximate mileage of 26,000, carried 783,000,000 passengers.
+The German railroads in the same year carried 1,819,000,000 passengers
+and had a mileage of 33,000. The railways of Great Britain had in 1926
+a total mileage of 20,396, and the number of passengers carried was
+over 1,500,000,000. The Dutch railroads were in 1926 of a total length
+of 2,260 and carried 48,000,000 people. The Italian railroads, 1926,
+had a total mileage of 9,800, and the number of passengers carried
+that year was 113,500,000. The Norwegian railroads, of a total length
+of 2,240 miles, carried 23,000,000 passengers in 1926. The Polish
+railroads, in the same year, had a total mileage of 12,000, and they
+carried 148,000,000 people. The railways of Sweden in 1925 were of
+a total length of 9,600 miles; they carried 66,000,000 passengers.
+The railroads of Switzerland, 3,400 miles in 1925, that year carried
+148,000,000 people
+
+The freight carried, in millions of tons, for the year reported, was
+326 on the French railroads, 420 on the German ones, 240 on those of
+Great Britain, 78 on the state-owned lines of Belgium.
+
+
+
+
+MINERAL PRODUCTION
+
+
+The United Kingdom produced in 1927 iron amounting to 7,290,000 long
+tons and 9,086,000 long tons of steel. Germany produced in the same
+year 13,102,000 metric tons of iron and 6,305,000 metric tons of
+steel. The French production in metric tons was 9,293,000 of iron
+and 8,275,000 of steel. Germany has lost important mining districts
+temporarily or permanently as a result of the Great War. (The long ton
+is 2,240 pounds, the metric ton about 2,204).
+
+The production of petroleum, 1927, amounted in all Russia to 72,400,000
+barrels; in Roumania to 26,000,000, and in Poland to 5,800,000.
+
+The production of coal in the United Kingdom, 1927, amounted to
+255,000,000 long tons. In 1926, on account of a serious strike, it was
+only 127,000,000. It was 278,000,000 long tons in 1923. The production
+of coal in Germany, 1927, was 153,600,000 metric tons. France mined
+52,487,000 metric tons of coal in 1927.
+
+Austria produced in 1927 3,253,000 metric tons of coal, mostly lignite.
+The product of pig iron was 330,000 metric tons; of steel ingots,
+474,000 tons; and of rolling mill products, 352,000 tons; all in 1926.
+
+Belgium mined in 1927 coal amounting to 27,600,000 metric tons.
+Production of pig iron was 3,750,000 metric tons and of steel 3,700,000.
+
+Bulgaria produced in 1927 a total of 1,237,650 tons of coal; 24,000
+tons of copper; and 4,000 tons of lead.
+
+Czecho-Slovakia mined in 1927 anthracite coal weighing 14,600,000
+metric tons and bituminous and lignite weighing 20,028,000. It produced
+1,174,000 metric tons of iron ore.
+
+Greece produced in 1926 iron amounting to 126,000 metric tons;
+chromite, 20,000; iron pyrites, 80,000; magnesite, 123,000; zinc,
+35,000; crude zinc, 10,000; salt, 90,000; and lignite coal, 153,000.
+
+Italy (1927) produced 467,000 metric tons of pig iron; 1,530,000 of
+steel; 338,000 of sulphur ore; 179,000 of zinc; 52,000 of lead; 2,000
+of mercury or quicksilver; and 90,000 of bauxite.
+
+In 1927, Luxemburg produced 7,244,000 metric tons of iron and 2,470,000
+metric tons of steel.
+
+Over 9,000,000 metric tons of coal were mined in the Netherlands in
+1927.
+
+In 1926, Poland produced 327,000 tons of iron ore; 27,000 tons of
+purified lead; 124,000 tons of zinc; 788,000 tons of steel; 208,000
+tons of potash; 35,747,000 tons of coal.
+
+In 1926, Roumania produced over 3,000,000 metric tons of coal, mostly
+lignite; 63,000 tons of pig iron; and 344,000 tons of salt.
+
+The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1927 produced 30,950,000
+metric tons of coal; 2,963,000 of pig iron; 3,586,000 of steel, and
+100,000 troy ounces of platinum. There are many great undeveloped
+mineral resources in Russia.
+
+Spain in 1926 produced 6,641,000 metric tons of coal; 1,100,000 of iron
+and steel; 201,000 of zinc; 149,000 of lead; 48,000 of copper; and
+30,000 of mercury ore.
+
+Sweden in 1927 produced 10,726,000 metric tons of iron ore; about
+450,000 tons of coal; and 65,000 tons of sulphur pyrites.
+
+
+
+
+WINE PRODUCTION
+
+
+The following figures are for 1926, and were compiled by the _Beverage
+News_:
+
+ Country Gallons
+ France (incl. Corsica) 899,300,000
+ Italy 792,000,000
+ Spain 346,500,000
+ Portugal 45,320,000
+ Azores, Canaries, Madeira 1,650,000
+ Austria 8,800,000
+ Hungary 26,400,000
+ Jugoslavia 44,000,000
+ Germany 21,780,000
+ Czecho-Slovakia 4,400,000
+ Russia 44,000,000
+ Switzerland 11,000,000
+ Turkey, Cyprus 8,800,000
+ Greece 48,400,000
+ Bulgaria 29,700,000
+ Roumania 110,000,000
+
+The official figures for France are 1,473,042 gallons in 1926 and
+892,410,000 in 1927. There were 3,350,000 acres of vinelands in 1927.
+270,000,000 gallons of cider were produced in 1927.
+
+
+
+
+INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE
+
+
+Austria in 1927 exported goods worth $286,700,000; and its imports
+amounted to $432,000,000.
+
+The imports of Belgium were $807,400,000; the exports were $728,400,000.
+
+Czecho-Slovakia exported $599,000,000; imported a lower amount,
+$531,700,000.
+
+Denmark imported goods worth $443,000,000, and exported to the value of
+$413,100,000.
+
+Finland’s exports amounted to $159,300,000; its imports in the same
+year, 1927, were $160,400,000.
+
+The exports of France amounted to $2,158,400,000, and its imports to
+$2,065,000,000. In the preceding year, the exports were slightly below
+the imports.
+
+Germany in 1927 exported commodities worth $2,425,500,000, and imported
+$3,362,000,000. The respective figures for 1926 were $2,343,800,000 and
+$2,376,300,000.
+
+Italy in 1927 exported $803,100,000 and imported $1,033,500,000.
+
+The Netherlands imported $1,022,700,000 and exported commodities worth
+$762,000,000.
+
+Norway imported $257,100,000 and exported $178,200,000.
+
+Poland imported $313,800,000 and exported $281,200,000.
+
+Sweden imported $422,500,000 and exported $432,300,000.
+
+Switzerland imported $482,800,000 and exported $386,000,000.
+
+The United Kingdom imported $5,931,500,000 and exported goods worth
+$4,044,800,000. In the preceding year (1926), imports amounted to
+$6,040,500,000, and exports to $3,777,200,000.
+
+As Professor Seligman points out, “imports must in the long run pay
+for exports, and vice versa.” But “it must be remembered that goods
+are exchanged not only for goods, but for services.” In the case of
+the United Kingdom, important service items are investment returns,
+freight, insurance, and foreign exchange charges paid by foreigners.
+Most leading European countries have an “unfavorable” balance of trade;
+that is, their imports are more valuable than their exports, measured
+in tangibles alone. This condition existed before the World War, and is
+not to be taken as an indication of impoverishment.
+
+
+
+
+TRADE WITH THE UNITED STATES
+
+
+The following figures are for the year 1927, and are stated in
+thousands of dollars: three noughts understood in each case.
+
+ Bought Sold
+ Country from U. S. to U. S.
+ Austria 4,364 10,611
+ Belgium 116,201 72,240
+ Czecho-Slovakia 7,442 31,739
+ Denmark 58,673 4,139
+ France 228,746 167,778
+ Germany 481,581 200,554
+ Hungary 1,753 949
+ Irish Free State 10,882 1,642
+ Netherlands 148,268 87,180
+ Norway 23,361 22,235
+ Switzerland 10,122 45,864
+ United Kingdom 840,066 357,930
+ Estonia 918 432
+ Finland 16,487 8,670
+ Jugoslavia, Albania 996 985
+ Latvia 1,029 4,469
+ Lithuania 218 520
+ Poland, Danzig 9,261 4,825
+ European Russia 64,087 12,004
+ Bulgaria 468 891
+ Greece 15,028 29,625
+ Malta, Gozo, Cyprus 1,112 225
+ Roumania 4,925 649
+ European Turkey 3,380 12,393
+ Italy 131,649 108,907
+ Portugal 10,672 4,565
+ Azores, Madeira 1,945 1,820
+ Spain 73,772 34,351
+ Gibraltar 1,537 53
+
+Europe, including Iceland, bought from the United States in 1927
+tangible commodities to the stated value of $2,313,762,813, and sold
+to the United States in that year goods said to be worth $1,276,246,978.
+
+
+
+
+SHIPS
+
+
+The naval expenditures of Great Britain, from April, 1926, to March,
+1927, are said to have been 58,000,000 pounds sterling. Those of France
+in 1926 are said to have been 1,842,800,000 francs. Those of Italy,
+from July, 1926, to June, 1927, are said to have been 1,209,600,000
+lire. By way of comparison, the United States spent for naval purposes,
+from July, 1926, to June, 1927, $320,553,000. The French figures are
+incomplete, not showing how much was spent for the construction of new
+ships. (Par of exchange for pounds, francs, lire, may be found under
+the next heading).
+
+The United States has 18 battleships, with a tonnage of 325,850. Great
+Britain has 20, with a tonnage of 580,450. France has 9, with a tonnage
+of 194,544. Italy has 7, with a tonnage of 133,670. The United States
+has 10 war cruisers, with a tonnage of 75,000. Great Britain has 54,
+with a tonnage of 304,000. France has 12, with a tonnage of 104,883;
+and Italy has 12, with a tonnage of 67,330. The United States has
+three airplane carriers, with a tonnage of 78,700; Great Britain has
+six, with a tonnage of 107,550; France has one of 21,653 tons. Of the
+first line destroyer type of war vessel, the United States has 276
+destroyers; Great Britain has 17 leaders and 156 destroyers; France has
+7 leaders and 34 destroyers; Italy has 8 leaders and 45 destroyers.
+Only about 100 of the American destroyers are kept in commission.
+
+The gross tonnage of merchant vessels, 1928, was 19,875,000 for Great
+Britain; 3,777,000 for Germany; 3,334,000 for France; 2,968,000 for
+Norway; 2,817,000 for the Netherlands; 3,429,000 for Italy; and 493,000
+for Belgium.
+
+The tonnage of ships built in 1927 was 1,226,000 in the United Kingdom;
+72,000 in Denmark; 44,000 in France; 289,000 in Germany; 120,000 in the
+Netherlands; 101,000 in Italy, and 67,000 in Sweden.
+
+
+
+
+FOREIGN EXCHANGE
+
+
+The monetary unit of Great Britain is the pound sterling, with a par
+value of $4.8665. The average cable quotation in New York, 1927, was
+$4,861. The French franc has a par of exchange of $.0392. The average
+cable quotation was .0477 in 1925; .0324 in 1926; .0392 in 1927. It was
+quoted at .039040 on September 1, 1928. The Belgian belga (5 francs)
+has a par of $.1391. The average cable quotation in New York, 1927, was
+$.1392. The Italian lira has a par of $.0526. The German reichsmark has
+a par of $.2382. The Spanish peseta, with a par of $.1930, was quoted
+at $.161245 on November 1, 1928. The average quotation for 1925 was
+$.1434.
+
+
+
+
+ARMIES
+
+
+In September, 1928, the number of men in active service and enrolled in
+organized reserves was as follows:
+
+ Organized
+ Country Active Army Reserves
+ Albania 13,200
+ Austria 43,000
+ Belgium 71,500 500,000
+ Bulgaria 33,000
+ Czecho-Slovakia 150,000 1,489,000
+ Denmark 9,200 150,000
+ Estonia 17,000 27,000
+ Finland 25,500 235,000
+ France 667,000 5,010,000
+ Germany 100,500
+ Great Britain 212,000 318,600
+ Greece 79,700 415,000
+ Hungary 71,200
+ Irish Free State 13,000 3,500
+ Italy 347,000 2,995,200
+ Jugoslavia 142,000 1,200,000
+ Latvia 19,000 200,000
+ Lithuania 21,200 170,000
+ Netherlands 32,100 341,500
+ Norway 30,000 315,000
+ Poland 242,400 500,000
+ Portugal 35,000 372,900
+ Roumania 266,500 750,000
+ Russia 658,000 5,425,000
+ Spain 260,700 1,853,500
+ Sweden 10,200 720,300
+ Switzerland 500 309,600
+
+Military service is compulsory in all these countries except Austria,
+Bulgaria, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, the Irish Free State,
+and Sweden. The United States has a standing army of 134,000 and an
+organized reserve force of 291,000 (September, 1928).
+
+The most recent figures for Russia show an annual item of $346,000,000
+for “defense.” France spent 6,210,752,000 francs on her army in 1928.
+
+
+
+
+TELEPHONES
+
+
+The number of telephones in use in 1927 was about as follows: Austria,
+158,000; Belgium, 176,000; Bulgaria, 10,000; Czecho-Slovakia, 129,000;
+Denmark, 321,000; Finland, 99,000; France, 819,000; Germany, 2,688,000;
+Greece, 6,000; Hungary, 115,000; Irish Free State, 24,000; Italy,
+272,000; Jugoslavia, 28,000; Latvia, 24,000; the Netherlands, 225,000;
+Norway, 175,000; Poland, 131,000; Portugal, 22,000; Roumania, 53,000;
+Russia, 225,000; Spain, 131,000; Sweden, 451,000; Switzerland, 210,000;
+and the United Kingdom, 1,512,000. The total for Europe, including
+countries and territories not separately listed, was 8,081,000. The
+United States had 17,746,000 telephones.
+
+
+
+
+SCHOOLS
+
+
+Public elementary schools in England and Wales, 1923, numbered 21,000,
+with 7,150,000 pupils and 166,000 teachers. Scotland had 676,000 pupils
+in 2,900 public elementary schools. The Irish Free State in 1925 had
+5,600 elementary schools with 489,000 pupils and 13,500 teachers.
+
+Albania in the school year 1927-1928 had 530 public schools, with
+950 teachers and 30,000 pupils. The Danish schools at the beginning
+of 1927 had 464,000 pupils. There are over 3,000,000 pupils in the
+elementary schools of France. Germany had in 1922 in 52,000 elementary
+schools 8,894,000 pupils. Jugoslavia in 1923 had 961,470 pupils in its
+elementary schools. In 1928, Lithuania had 2,400 public elementary
+schools with 124,000 pupils. Soviet Russia at the end of 1926 had
+9,900,000 children attending 108,000 public elementary schools. Sweden
+in 1926 had 660,000 pupils in elementary schools.
+
+
+
+
+BUDGETS
+
+
+The revenues of Great Britain for 1928 were estimated at £842,824,000
+and the expenditures at £838,535,000. For the fiscal year 1927-1928,
+Northern Ireland had expenditures of 11,203,000 pounds and income of
+the same amount (advance estimate). For the fiscal year ending March
+31, 1929, the Irish Free State had estimated revenues of £23,164,000
+and expenditures of £22,433,000.
+
+The French provisional budget for 1929 shows revenues of 45,281,000,000
+francs and expenditures of 45,225,000,000 francs. The German budget
+for 1928-1929 was balanced at 9,528,571,000 marks. The Belgian budget
+for 1928 showed estimated revenues of 10,563,562,000 francs and
+expenditures of 10,482,731,000. The Russian budget for 1928-1929 was
+tentatively balanced at 6,970,000,000 rubles, or $3,590,000,000. At
+the other extreme, San Marino balanced income and expenditures for
+1926-1927 at 4,145,000 lire. Liechtenstein in 1926 had an income of
+788,000 Swiss francs and expenditures of 774,000 francs.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber’s Note:
+
+- Text that was in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_).
+
+- Minor punctuation errors have been changed without notice.
+
+- In the original text, there was a section on p. 16 incorrectly titled
+“American Citizens in Europe.” According to the Table of Contents, this
+should have been titled “Some Agricultural Statistics.” The text has
+been corrected to reflect this.
+
+- The table “Great Rivers of Europe” was originally split across pp.
+7-8. The table “Automobiles” was originally split across pp. 15-16.
+
+- Spelling was retained as in the original except for the following
+changes:
+
+ Page 3: “Area and Population by Counties” to “Area and Population by
+ Countries”
+ Page 5: “more inclined to stablity” to “more inclined to stability”
+ Page 14: “United Kingdom of Great Britan” to “United Kingdom of
+ Great Britain”
+ Page 14: “AMERICAN CITIES IN EUROPE” to “AMERICAN CITIZENS IN
+ EUROPE”
+ Page 23: “The Union of Socialist Soviet” to “The Union of Soviet
+ Socialist”
+ Page 24: “6,641,000 metric tons or” to “6,641,000 metric tons of”
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 79010 ***
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+<html lang="en">
+<head>
+ <meta charset="UTF-8">
+ <title>
+ A Book of European Statistics | Project Gutenberg
+ </title>
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+
+<body>
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 79010 ***</div>
+
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp45" style="max-width: 100.0em;" id="cover">
+ <img alt="" class="w100" src="images/cover.jpg" id="img_images_cover.jpg">
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</span></p>
+
+<p class="ph2">LITTLE BLUE BOOK NO. 1465</p>
+<p class="ph3">Edited by E. Haldeman-Julius</p>
+
+ <h1>A Book of European<br>Statistics</h1>
+
+<p class="ph2">Leo Markun</p>
+
+<p class="ph3">HALDEMAN-JULIUS PUBLICATIONS</p>
+<p class="ph3">GIRARD, KANSAS</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</span></p>
+
+<p class="ph4">Copyright, 1929,</p>
+<p class="ph4">Haldeman-Julius Company</p>
+
+<p class="ph4">PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</span></p>
+
+ <h2 class="nobreak" id="CONTENTS">
+ CONTENTS
+ </h2>
+</div>
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdc">Page</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Introduction</td>
+<td class="tdc"><a href="#INTRODUCTION">5</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">The Continent</td>
+<td class="tdc"><a href="#THE_CONTINENT">6</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">High Mountains of Europe</td>
+<td class="tdc"><a href="#HIGH_MOUNTAINS_OF_EUROPE">7</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Great Rivers of Europe</td>
+<td class="tdc"><a href="#GREAT_RIVERS_OF_EUROPE">7</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">European Lakes</td>
+<td class="tdc"><a href="#EUROPEAN_LAKES">8</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">European Canals</td>
+<td class="tdc"><a href="#EUROPEAN_CANALS">8</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Area and Population by <ins title="Original has 'Counties'" id="Countries">Countries</ins></td>
+<td class="tdc"><a href="#AREA_AND_POPULATION_BY_COUNTRIES">9</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">American Citizens in Europe</td>
+<td class="tdc"><a href="#AMERICAN_CITIZENS_IN_EUROPE">14</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Automobiles</td>
+<td class="tdc"><a href="#AUTOMOBILES">15</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Some Agricultural Statistics</td>
+<td class="tdc"><a href="#SOME_AGRICULTURAL_STATISTICS">16</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Railroads</td>
+<td class="tdc"><a href="#RAILROADS">21</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Mineral Production</td>
+<td class="tdc"><a href="#MINERAL_PRODUCTION">22</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Wine Production</td>
+<td class="tdc"><a href="#WINE_PRODUCTION">24</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">International Commerce</td>
+<td class="tdc"><a href="#INTERNATIONAL_COMMERCE">25</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Trade with the United States</td>
+<td class="tdc"><a href="#TRADE_WITH_THE_UNITED_STATES">26</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Ships</td>
+<td class="tdc"><a href="#SHIPS">28</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Foreign Exchange</td>
+<td class="tdc"><a href="#FOREIGN_EXCHANGE">29</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Armies</td>
+<td class="tdc"><a href="#ARMIES">29</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Telephones</td>
+<td class="tdc"><a href="#TELEPHONES">31</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Schools</td>
+<td class="tdc"><a href="#SCHOOLS">31</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Budgets</td>
+<td class="tdc"><a href="#BUDGETS">32</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4"></a><a id="Page_5"></a>[Pg 5]</span></p>
+
+ <p class="halftitle">A BOOK OF EUROPEAN STATISTICS</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+ <h2 class="nobreak" id="INTRODUCTION">
+ INTRODUCTION
+ </h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the introduction to Little Blue Book No.
+1460, <i>A Book of American Statistics</i>, I have
+called attention to a few of the ways in which
+numerical expressions of facts may be misleading,
+especially if the person consulting a statistical
+table forgets that a census or a measurement
+must be taken at a definite time. In general,
+though, the population and the industries
+of Europe are somewhat more inclined to <ins title="Original has 'stablity'" id="stability">stability</ins>
+than are those of the United States and
+other American countries. It may be said, too,
+that most European countries are in a position
+to learn with considerable accuracy the number
+of people they contain and other information
+of a definite sort. There are a few vague or
+disputed boundaries, and, especially in the
+southeast, there are groups of people who flee
+from the schoolmaster and the census taker;
+but these are exceptional cases.</p>
+
+<p>The statistical matter published by the governmental
+agencies of the United Kingdom, France,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</span>or Germany is fully as trustworthy as that
+which comes from the official printing office
+at Washington. Indeed, the European countries
+have fuller information than the United States
+about some important phenomena of society.</p>
+
+<p>Fuller statistics may be found in various
+yearbooks and almanacs devoted to special interests
+or countries, as well as in those of a
+general nature. An inexpensive source of information
+is the <i>Almanac and Book of Facts</i>
+published by the New York World. <i>A Political
+Handbook of the World</i>, published by the
+Yale and Harvard University Presses, is devoted
+largely to party politics and governmental facts.
+<i>The Statesman’s Year Book</i> and the <i>Europa
+Year Book</i> contain statistical matter of all sorts.</p>
+
+<p>Current information about Europe appears
+with fullness in few American newspapers. Perhaps
+the New York <i>Times</i> should be especially
+mentioned in this connection. However, several
+English newspapers that are to be found in
+large public libraries are naturally more useful
+for European statistics.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+ <h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_CONTINENT">
+ THE CONTINENT
+ </h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>Europe has an area of about 3,789,000 square
+miles. The population is estimated at 480,000,000.
+The highest point in Europe is Mt. Elbrus,
+in the Caucasus Mountains, with a height
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</span>of 18,465 feet, and the lowest is the Caspian
+Sea, in Russia, 86 feet below sea level. The
+mean approximate height of Europe is 980 feet,
+as compared with 1300 feet in each of the two
+Americas and 1600 feet in Africa and in Asia.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+ <h2 class="nobreak" id="HIGH_MOUNTAINS_OF_EUROPE">
+ HIGH MOUNTAINS OF EUROPE
+ </h2>
+</div>
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdc">Country</td>
+<td class="tdr">Height<br>in feet</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Elbrus</td>
+<td class="tdc">Russia</td>
+<td class="tdr">18,465<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Kasbek</td>
+<td class="tdc">Russia</td>
+<td class="tdr">16,346<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Mont Blanc</td>
+<td class="tdc">France</td>
+<td class="tdr">15,781<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Monte Rosa</td>
+<td class="tdc">Italy</td>
+<td class="tdr">15,217<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Olympus</td>
+<td class="tdc">Greece</td>
+<td class="tdr">9,745<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Ben Nevis</td>
+<td class="tdc">Scotland</td>
+<td class="tdr">4,368<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Matterhorn, or<br><span style="margin-left: 1.0em;">Mont Cervin</span></td>
+<td class="tdc">Switzerland-Italy</td>
+<td class="tdr">14,661</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Finsteraarhorn</td>
+<td class="tdc">Switzerland</td>
+<td class="tdr">14,022</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</span>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+ <h2 class="nobreak" id="GREAT_RIVERS_OF_EUROPE">
+ GREAT RIVERS OF EUROPE
+ </h2>
+</div>
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdc">Flows<br>into the</td>
+<td class="tdc">Length<br>miles</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Volga</td>
+<td class="tdc">Caspian Sea</td>
+<td class="tdr">2,300</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Danube</td>
+<td class="tdc">Black Sea</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,725</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Ural</td>
+<td class="tdc">Caspian Sea</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,400</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Dnieper</td>
+<td class="tdc">Black Sea</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,400</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Don</td>
+<td class="tdc">Gulf of Taganrog</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,200</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Rhine</td>
+<td class="tdc">North Sea</td>
+<td class="tdr">700</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Elbe</td>
+<td class="tdc">North Sea</td>
+<td class="tdr">700</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Loire</td>
+<td class="tdc">Bay of Biscay</td>
+<td class="tdr">650</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Tagus</td>
+<td class="tdc">Atlantic Ocean</td>
+<td class="tdr">550</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Oder</td>
+<td class="tdc">Baltic Sea</td>
+<td class="tdr">550</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Guadana</td>
+<td class="tdc">Mediterranean Sea</td>
+<td class="tdr">515</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Rhone</td>
+<td class="tdc">Gulf of Lyons</td>
+<td class="tdr">500<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Seine</td>
+<td class="tdc">English Channel</td>
+<td class="tdr">475<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Po</td>
+<td class="tdc">Adriatic Sea</td>
+<td class="tdr">420<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Ebro</td>
+<td class="tdc">Mediterranean Sea</td>
+<td class="tdr">400<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Garonne</td>
+<td class="tdc">Bay of Biscay</td>
+<td class="tdr">385<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Thames</td>
+<td class="tdc">North Sea</td>
+<td class="tdr">215<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Drave</td>
+<td class="tdc">Danube</td>
+<td class="tdr">450<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Marne</td>
+<td class="tdc">Seine</td>
+<td class="tdr">310</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+ <h2 class="nobreak" id="EUROPEAN_LAKES">
+ EUROPEAN LAKES
+ </h2>
+</div>
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr">Square<br>miles</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Ladoga</td>
+<td class="tdr">7200</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Wener</td>
+<td class="tdr">2400</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Wetter</td>
+<td class="tdr">936<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Balaton</td>
+<td class="tdr">420<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Geneva</td>
+<td class="tdr">224<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Constance</td>
+<td class="tdr">208<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Garda</td>
+<td class="tdr">136<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Neuchatel</td>
+<td class="tdr">90<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Maggiore</td>
+<td class="tdr">78<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Como</td>
+<td class="tdr">56<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Lucerne</td>
+<td class="tdr">40<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Zurich</td>
+<td class="tdr">37</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+ <h2 class="nobreak" id="EUROPEAN_CANALS">
+ EUROPEAN CANALS
+ </h2>
+</div>
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr">Miles<br>long</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Berlin-Stettin (also known as<br><span style="margin-left: 1.0em;">Hohenzollern)</span></td>
+<td class="tdr">136<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Kiel (or Kaiser Wilhelm)</td>
+<td class="tdr">61<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Marseilles-Rhone</td>
+<td class="tdr">60<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Elbe-Trave</td>
+<td class="tdr">41<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Manchester-Liverpool</td>
+<td class="tdr">35</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</span></p>
+
+ <h2 class="nobreak" id="AREA_AND_POPULATION_BY_COUNTRIES">
+ AREA AND POPULATION BY COUNTRIES
+ </h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>Albania is a Balkan kingdom with an estimated
+area of 17,374 square miles and population
+of 840,000.</p>
+
+<p>Andorra is a semi-independent republic in the
+Pyrenees with an area of 191 square miles and
+a population of between 5000 and 6000.</p>
+
+<p>Austria is a republic with an area of 32,369
+square miles and a population (1923) of 6,526,000.
+The Austro-Hungarian Empire before
+the World War had an area of 261,259 square
+miles.</p>
+
+<p>Belgium is a kingdom with an area of 11,752
+square miles and a population of about 7,875,000.</p>
+
+<p>Bulgaria is a kingdom in the Balkans with
+an area of 39,814 square miles and a population
+of 5,483,000.</p>
+
+<p>The republic of Czecho-Slovakia, in central
+Europe, has an area of 51,207 square miles and
+a population officially estimated at about 14,356,000.</p>
+
+<p>The free city of Danzig, under the protection
+of the League of Nations, has an area of 754
+square miles and a population (1924) of 386,000,
+mostly German.</p>
+
+<p>The kingdom of Denmark has an area of
+15,568 square miles and a population of 3,343,000
+(1925). The Faroe Islands, which belong
+to Denmark, have an area of 540 square miles
+and a population of 21,000.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</span></p>
+
+<p>The republic of Estonia has an area of about
+18,000 square miles and a population of about
+1,115,000.</p>
+
+<p>The republic of Finland has an area of 149,641
+square miles and a population estimated at
+3,526,000.</p>
+
+<p>The republic of France has an area of 212,659
+square miles and a population (1926) of
+40,743,851. (The island of Corsica included.)
+The grand total of land under the direct control
+of France, including colonies in America, Asia,
+Africa and Oceania is 5,870,460 square miles,
+with a population of over a hundred million.</p>
+
+<p>The republic of Germany has a land area of
+181,714 square miles. This includes the Saar
+district, not at the moment under German control.
+The population in 1925 was 63,118,000.</p>
+
+<p>The republic of Greece, in the Balkans, has
+an area of 49,022 square miles with a population
+which was 5,447,000 in 1920 and estimated in
+1928 (<i>A Political Handbook of the World</i>) at
+about seven millions.</p>
+
+<p>The kingdom or regency of Hungary has an
+area which is not entirely definite, for some
+of the boundaries are yet to be determined, but
+it may be stated as 35,875 square miles. The
+population is close to nine millions (8,160,000
+in 1924). Before the World War Hungary had
+an area of 109,216 square miles; or, with Croatia
+and Slavonia, of 125,641 square miles.</p>
+
+<p>The kingdom of Italy has an area of 119,714
+square miles, with a population of 40,548,000.
+The total area of the Italian Empire is 990,658
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</span>square miles, with a population of some 43
+millions. (Some of the colonial boundaries are
+rather vague.)</p>
+
+<p>The kingdom of Jugoslavia or Yugoslavia,
+also known more formally as the kingdom of
+the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, has an area of
+96,134 square miles, with a population of 12,017,000
+in 1921. The country contains about
+half a million each of Germans, Albanians, and
+Hungarians.</p>
+
+<p>The republic of Latvia, which is south of Estonia,
+has an area of about 25,000 square miles
+and a population of 1,870,000.</p>
+
+<p>The principality of Liechtenstein, formerly
+dependent on Austria and now in the Swiss
+customs union, has an area of 65 square miles
+and a population of about 12,000.</p>
+
+<p>The republic of Lithuania, which is one of
+the Baltic States, still has aspirations for the
+recovery of the city and district of Vilna, seized
+from it by Poland. Without this, it has an area
+of about 21,800 square miles and a population
+of about 2,228,000.</p>
+
+<p>The grand duchy of Luxemburg, which is in
+a customs union with Belgium, has an area of
+999 square miles and a population of 269,000.</p>
+
+<p>The principality of Monaco, on the Mediterranean,
+is all but surrounded by French territory.
+It has an area of 8 square miles, and its
+population in 1923 was 22,000.</p>
+
+<p>The kingdom of the Netherlands, popularly
+referred to as Holland, has an area of 12,593
+square miles. The official estimate of population
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</span>at the beginning of 1926 was 7,416,418.
+The Dutch Empire, including a large district in
+the East Indies, has an area of 801,000 square
+miles and a population of about 57 millions.</p>
+
+<p>The kingdom of Norway, which occupies the
+western part of the Scandinavian Peninsula,
+has an area of 124,964 square miles and a population
+which was 2,649,000 in 1920, and is
+about 2,900,000 in 1929.</p>
+
+<p>The republic of Poland has an area of some
+149,140 square miles, but part of the boundaries,
+especially with Lithuania, are at present indefinite.
+The population is about 30,000,000.</p>
+
+<p>The republic of Portugal has an area, including
+the Azores and Madeira, of 35,490 square
+miles and a population of 6,033,000 (1920). The
+colonies bring up the area to nearly a million
+square miles.</p>
+
+<p>The temporal sovereignty of the see of Rome
+has recently been extended somewhat, but the
+population of persons other than church officials,
+not available at this writing, is quite
+small. The popes were worldly rulers over
+some 3,000,000 people living in a district of
+16,000 square miles until most of their dominions
+were absorbed by the kingdom of Italy in
+the nineteenth century.</p>
+
+<p>The kingdom of Roumania, or Rumania,
+which is sometimes classed with the Balkan
+countries, has an area of 122,282, of which more
+than half was gained by the peace treaties ending
+the World War. The population is about
+17,500,000.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</span></p>
+
+<p>The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, generally
+known as Russia, is a Eurasian country
+with a total area of 8,187,253 square miles and
+a total population of 146,304,000. The Russian
+Empire had an area of 8,764,586 square miles
+and a population (1915) of 182,183,000, of which
+131,797,000 was European.</p>
+
+<p>The republic of San Marino, surrounded by
+Italian territory, has an area of 38 square miles
+and a population of about 13,000.</p>
+
+<p>The kingdom of Spain, which occupies the
+Iberian Peninsula with Portugal, has an area
+of 190,050 square miles. Including the Balearic
+and Canary Islands, the area is 194,783
+square miles. The estimated population at the
+beginning of 1926, these islands included, was
+22,128,000.</p>
+
+<p>The Scandinavian kingdom of Sweden has a
+land area of 173,105 square miles and a population
+of over six millions (6,053,562 in 1923).</p>
+
+<p>The republican confederation of Switzerland
+has an area of 15,940 square miles and is inhabited
+by about four million people (3,886,000
+in 1920).</p>
+
+<p>The Eurasian republic of Turkey has an area
+of about 280,000 square miles, but some of the
+boundaries are in dispute. The European area
+consists of 8,819 square miles, but it includes
+the city of Constantinople, with a population of
+about 700,000. The total population of the republic
+is about 13,650,000. The Turkish Empire
+before the World War had an area of over
+710,000 square miles.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</span></p>
+
+<p>The United Kingdom of Great <ins title="Original has 'Britan'" id="Britain">Britain</ins> and Ireland
+has an area of 84,284 square miles, of
+which England has 50,874, Wales has 7,466,
+Scotland has 30,405, Northern Ireland or Ulster
+has 5,237, the Isle of Man has 227, and the
+Channel Islands have 75. The 1921 census
+showed a population of 36,678,000 in England,
+2,207,000 in Wales, 4,882,000 in Scotland, 60,238
+in the Isle of Man, and 89,614 in the Channel
+Islands. Northern Ireland had a population
+of 1,256,000 according to a census taken in
+1926. The Irish Free State then had 2,973,000
+inhabitants. Its area is 26,592 square miles.
+Gibraltar, with a area of 2 square miles, has
+a population of about 18,000. Malta, containing
+122 square miles, is occupied by about 225,000
+people; and Cyprus has some 325,000 inhabitants
+in an area of 3,584 square miles.</p>
+
+<p>The British Empire as a whole, including
+mandates but not semi-dependencies and
+spheres of influence, has an area of about 13,379,000
+square miles and a population of some
+450,000,000 people, in all parts of the world. It
+makes up, in area and population, about a
+quarter of the world: the land surface of the
+globe, not all of it habitable, is 57,510,000 square
+miles.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+ <h2 class="nobreak" id="AMERICAN_CITIZENS_IN_EUROPE">
+ AMERICAN <ins title="Original has 'CITIES'" id="CITIZENS">CITIZENS</ins> IN EUROPE
+ </h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>According to an investigation conducted by
+the United States Department of State, 1927-1929,
+the number of American citizens living
+permanently or semi-permanently in Europe
+amounts to 77,063. Of these, Austria contains
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</span>979; there are 857 in Belgium; the number living
+in Great Britain and Northern Ireland is
+11,717; there are 62 in Bulgaria; Czecho-Slovakia
+contains 2,600; the free city of Danzig
+has 18; there are 406 in Denmark; 18 live in
+Estonia; 236 are in Finland: France has the
+largest number or 25,860. There are 3,027 in
+Germany; 11 in Gibraltar; 3,146 in Greece;
+twelve hundred in Hungary; 1,193 in the Irish
+Free State; ten thousand in Italy. Latvia was
+listed as having 86; Lithuania, 750; Malta, 26;
+the Netherlands, 241; Norway, six hundred;
+Poland, six thousand; Portugal, including Madeira
+and the Azores, 479; Roumania, two thousand;
+Russia, 150—this is probably somewhat
+less than the real number; Jugoslavia, 2,500;
+Spain, including the Canary Islands, 805;
+Sweden, 658; and Switzerland, 1,438.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+ <h2 class="nobreak" id="AUTOMOBILES">
+ AUTOMOBILES
+ </h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>The following figures are from a motor census
+made by the Overseas Edition of <i>The American
+Automobile</i>. The total number of passenger
+cars, motor trucks, and motor busses operated
+in the leading countries of Europe at the
+beginning of 1929 was:</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</span>
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Great Britain</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,373,109<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">France</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,108,900<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Germany</td>
+<td class="tdr">545,100<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Italy</td>
+<td class="tdr">172,000<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Spain</td>
+<td class="tdr">156,501<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Sweden</td>
+<td class="tdr">126,898<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Belgium</td>
+<td class="tdr">108,225<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Denmark</td>
+<td class="tdr">88,898<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Netherlands</td>
+<td class="tdr">85,500<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Switzerland</td>
+<td class="tdr">61,000<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Czecho-Slovakia</td>
+<td class="tdr">49,151<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Irish Free State</td>
+<td class="tdr">40,198<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Norway</td>
+<td class="tdr">36,027<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Finland</td>
+<td class="tdr">32,438<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Roumania</td>
+<td class="tdr">29,200<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Austria</td>
+<td class="tdr">28,230<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Poland</td>
+<td class="tdr">27,000<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Portugal</td>
+<td class="tdr">25,261</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Aside from automobiles assembled in Europe
+of American parts, the production of passenger
+cars and trucks by European makers amounted
+in 1928 to about 589,900, as compared with 574,000
+units in the preceding year. Of the 1928
+production, 215,000 cars were made in Great
+Britain; about 200,000 in France; 90,000 in Germany;
+50,000 in Italy; 12,000 in Czecho-Slovakia;
+9,000 in Austria; and 7,000 in Belgium.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+ <h2 class="nobreak" id="SOME_AGRICULTURAL_STATISTICS">
+ SOME AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS
+ </h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>The production of wheat in England and
+Wales, 1927, was estimated at 53,116,000 bushels.
+In France, it was about 284,000,000; in
+Italy, 196,000,000; in Hungary, 76,000,000; in
+Roumania, 97,000,000; in Germany, 121,000,000.
+Yield per acre was 32.5 bushels in England and
+Wales, 37.1 in Belgium, 11.7 in Greece, and
+23.7 in Finland.</p>
+
+<p>The production of rye in Russia (all parts
+of the Socialist Soviet Republics reporting) was
+968,000,000 bushels in 1927. It was 269,000,000
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</span>in Germany; 37,000,000 in France; 224,000,000
+in Poland; 23,000,000 in Hungary; 49,000,000 in
+Czecho-Slovakia; 19,000,000 in Sweden; 20,000,000
+in Belgium; 27,000,000 in Spain; 18,000,000
+in Austria. The yield per acre was 35 bushels
+in Belgium, 9.8 in Greece, and about 13 in European
+Russia.</p>
+
+<p>The production of corn (maize) in Italy,
+1927, was estimated at 100,388,000 bushels. Rumania
+produced 145,000,000 bushels; Russia
+157,000,000 bushels; and Jugoslavia, 77,000,000
+bushels. The yield per acre ranged from 12.4
+in Bulgaria to 51.3 bushels in Switzerland. It
+was 25.4 in Italy.</p>
+
+<p>The 1927 production of oats in Russia was
+about 896,000,000 bushels; in Germany, it was
+437,000,000 bushels; in France, it amounted to
+373,000,000 bushels; in Poland, to 236,000,000
+bushels; in England and Wales, to 94,059,000
+bushels. The yield per acre was 67 bushels in
+Belgium, about 10 bushels in Portugal.</p>
+
+<p>The production of barley in 1927 was estimated
+at 216,000,000 bushels in Russia; 12,000,000
+in Germany; 89,000,000 in Spain; and 57,000,000
+bushels in Roumania.</p>
+
+<p>Poland produced in 1927 about 3,031,000 bushels
+of flaxseed and 147,700,000 pounds of fibre.
+Lithuania produced 1,561,000 bushels of seed
+and 85,407,000 pounds of fibre. The production
+in Latvia was about 1,000,000 bushels of seed
+and 42,636,000 pounds of fibre. Belgium produced
+415,000 bushels of seed and 65,036,000
+pounds of fibre.</p>
+
+<p>Italy produced in 1927 about 953,000,000
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</span>pounds of cleaned rice. The Spanish production
+was 330,000,000 pounds.</p>
+
+<p>Olive oil exported from Italy in 1926 amounted
+to 51,938,000 pounds. Spain exported 165,960,000
+pounds. In both cases, edible and inedible
+varieties are included.</p>
+
+<p>The production of potatoes, 1927, was 114,000,000
+bushels in England and Wales; 111,000,000
+in Belgium; 630,000,000 bushels in
+France; 130,000,000 in Spain; 1,379,000,000 in
+Germany; 283,000,000 in Czecho-Slovakia; 1,166,000,000
+in Poland. The yield per acre was
+266.7 bushels in Belgium, 78.8 in Bulgaria. It
+was 63 (1926) in Jugoslavia.</p>
+
+<p>The amount of hops produced, 1927, in England
+and Wales was estimated at 28,616,000
+pounds. In France, it was 11,000,000 pounds;
+in Germany, 16,000,000; in Czecho-Slovakia, 21,600,000
+pounds. The yield per acre was 1,339
+pounds in Belgium; 401 (159 in 1926) in Germany.</p>
+
+<p>The production of sugar beets in 1927 was
+11,964,000 tons in Germany; 10,913,000 in Russia;
+8,306,000 in Czecho-Slovakia; 6,143,000 in
+France.</p>
+
+<p>Austria had (in 1923) 2,162,000 cattle; 1,473,000
+swine; and 597,000 sheep. In 1928, Belgium
+had 1,739,000 cattle; 1,124,000 swine; and
+126,000 sheep. In 1925, Bulgaria contained
+1,560,000 cattle and buffaloes; 574,000 swine;
+and 8,682,000 sheep. Czecho-Slovakia (1926)
+had 4,690,000 cattle; 2,539,000 swine; and 860,000
+sheep. Denmark (1927) had 2,912,000 cattle;
+3,731,000 swine; and 230,000 sheep. England
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</span>and Wales (1928) had 6,026,000 cattle;
+2,967,000 swine; and 16,386,000 sheep. Estonia
+had (1927) 630,000 cattle; 350,000 swine; and
+667,000 sheep. In 1927, Finland had 1,870,000
+cattle; 420,000 swine; and 1,370,000 sheep.
+France in 1928 contained 14,940,000 cattle;
+6,020,000 swine; and 10,690,000 sheep. Germany
+reported in 1928 that it contained 18,010,000
+cattle; 22,900,000 swine; and 3,820,000 sheep.</p>
+
+<p>Greece in 1926 had, including buffaloes, 890,000
+cattle; 452,000 swine; and 6,630,000 sheep.
+In 1928, Hungary reported 1,810,000 cattle; 2,660,000
+swine; and 1,560,000 sheep. Ireland
+(the whole island) had in 1928 cattle numbering
+4,880,000; swine to the number of 1,400,000;
+and 3,950,000 sheep. In 1924, the kingdom of
+Italy had 7,000,000 cattle, including buffaloes;
+2,750,000 swine; and 12,500,000 sheep. Jugoslavia
+had (1926) 3,800,000 cattle, buffaloes included;
+2,800,000 swine; and 8,000,000 sheep.
+In 1927, Latvia had 967,000 cattle; 535,000
+swine; and 1,130,000 sheep. The Netherlands in
+1922 had 2,060,000 cattle; 1,260,000 swine; and
+890,000 sheep. Norway in 1927 reported 1,210,000
+cattle; 300,000 swine; and 1,610,000 sheep.
+The 1927 report of Poland shows 8,600,000 cattle;
+6,300,000 swine; and 2,000,000 sheep. The
+Portuguese report for 1925 shows 770,000 cattle;
+1,120,000 swine; and 4,450,000 sheep. Roumania
+in 1928 had cattle and buffaloes numbering
+4,550,000; 3,080,000 swine; and 12,950,000 sheep.
+European Russia in 1927 reported 43,880,000
+cattle; 15,840,000 swine; and 76,270,000 sheep.
+Scotland in 1928 had 1,210,000 cattle; 195,000
+swine; and 7,500,000 sheep. Spain in 1927 reported
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</span>3,670,000 cattle; 5,030,000 swine; and
+20,530,000 sheep. Sweden was estimated to
+have in 1925 cattle numbering 2,000,000; 1,000,000
+swine; and 1,200,000 sheep. Switzerland in
+1926 reported 1,587,000 cattle; 635,000 swine;
+and 170,000 sheep.</p>
+
+<p>The production of wool, 1927, was estimated
+to be (in grease) 118,537,000 pounds for the
+United Kingdom; 47,000,000 for France; while,
+by way of comparison, it was over 328 million
+pounds in the United States and about 322,000,000
+pounds in Argentina.</p>
+
+<p>Denmark exported 292,000,000 pounds of butter
+in 1926; the Netherlands sent out 100,000,000;
+Russia, 60,000,000; and the Irish Free
+State, 56,000,000.</p>
+
+<p>Exports of cheese in 1926 were as follows:
+Czecho-Slovakia, 7,732,000 pounds; Denmark,
+15,345,000 pounds; Finland, 6,364,000 pounds;
+France, 31,481,000 pounds; Germany, 2,320,000
+pounds; Hungary, 1,834,000 pounds; Italy, 72,888,000
+pounds; the Netherlands, 185,706,000
+pounds; Switzerland, 61,972,000 pounds; Jugoslavia,
+4,180,000 pounds. The United Kingdom
+imported 330,000,000 pounds and exported about
+three million.</p>
+
+<p>Exports of eggs in the shell, 1926, were as
+follows: the Irish Free State, 43,662,000 dozen;
+Denmark, 69,351,000 dozen; Belgium, 33,796,000
+dozen; France, 21,821,000 dozen; Italy, 31,535
+dozen; the Netherlands, 86,414,000 dozen; Hungary,
+24,749,000 dozen. Germany imported 196,000,000
+dozen and the United Kingdom 220,000,000
+dozen eggs.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</span></p>
+
+ <h2 class="nobreak" id="RAILROADS">
+ RAILROADS
+ </h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>The state-owned railroads of Austria are
+about 3,600 miles in length, and carried 127,000,000
+passengers in 1925. The state-owned
+lines in Belgium have a mileage of about 3,000,
+and carried 222,000,000 passengers in 1925. The
+state-owned railroads of Bulgaria were of
+1,400 miles in that year, and carried 9,000,000
+passengers. In 1927 the state-owned railways
+of Denmark were 1,570 miles long, and the
+passengers carried numbered 29,000,000. The
+French railroads, (1926) with an approximate
+mileage of 26,000, carried 783,000,000 passengers.
+The German railroads in the same
+year carried 1,819,000,000 passengers and had
+a mileage of 33,000. The railways of Great
+Britain had in 1926 a total mileage of 20,396,
+and the number of passengers carried was over
+1,500,000,000. The Dutch railroads were in
+1926 of a total length of 2,260 and carried
+48,000,000 people. The Italian railroads, 1926,
+had a total mileage of 9,800, and the number
+of passengers carried that year was 113,500,000.
+The Norwegian railroads, of a total length of
+2,240 miles, carried 23,000,000 passengers in
+1926. The Polish railroads, in the same year,
+had a total mileage of 12,000, and they carried
+148,000,000 people. The railways of Sweden
+in 1925 were of a total length of 9,600 miles;
+they carried 66,000,000 passengers. The railroads
+of Switzerland, 3,400 miles in 1925, that
+year carried 148,000,000 people</p>
+
+<p>The freight carried, in millions of tons, for
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</span>the year reported, was 326 on the French railroads,
+420 on the German ones, 240 on those
+of Great Britain, 78 on the state-owned lines
+of Belgium.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+ <h2 class="nobreak" id="MINERAL_PRODUCTION">
+ MINERAL PRODUCTION
+ </h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>The United Kingdom produced in 1927 iron
+amounting to 7,290,000 long tons and 9,086,000
+long tons of steel. Germany produced in the
+same year 13,102,000 metric tons of iron and
+6,305,000 metric tons of steel. The French production
+in metric tons was 9,293,000 of iron
+and 8,275,000 of steel. Germany has lost important
+mining districts temporarily or permanently
+as a result of the Great War. (The
+long ton is 2,240 pounds, the metric ton about
+2,204).</p>
+
+<p>The production of petroleum, 1927, amounted
+in all Russia to 72,400,000 barrels; in Roumania
+to 26,000,000, and in Poland to 5,800,000.</p>
+
+<p>The production of coal in the United Kingdom,
+1927, amounted to 255,000,000 long tons.
+In 1926, on account of a serious strike, it was
+only 127,000,000. It was 278,000,000 long tons
+in 1923. The production of coal in Germany,
+1927, was 153,600,000 metric tons. France
+mined 52,487,000 metric tons of coal in 1927.</p>
+
+<p>Austria produced in 1927 3,253,000 metric
+tons of coal, mostly lignite. The product of
+pig iron was 330,000 metric tons; of steel ingots,
+474,000 tons; and of rolling mill products,
+352,000 tons; all in 1926.</p>
+
+<p>Belgium mined in 1927 coal amounting to
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</span>27,600,000 metric tons. Production of pig iron
+was 3,750,000 metric tons and of steel 3,700,000.</p>
+
+<p>Bulgaria produced in 1927 a total of 1,237,650
+tons of coal; 24,000 tons of copper; and 4,000
+tons of lead.</p>
+
+<p>Czecho-Slovakia mined in 1927 anthracite
+coal weighing 14,600,000 metric tons and bituminous
+and lignite weighing 20,028,000. It
+produced 1,174,000 metric tons of iron ore.</p>
+
+<p>Greece produced in 1926 iron amounting to
+126,000 metric tons; chromite, 20,000; iron
+pyrites, 80,000; magnesite, 123,000; zinc, 35,000;
+crude zinc, 10,000; salt, 90,000; and lignite
+coal, 153,000.</p>
+
+<p>Italy (1927) produced 467,000 metric tons
+of pig iron; 1,530,000 of steel; 338,000 of sulphur
+ore; 179,000 of zinc; 52,000 of lead; 2,000
+of mercury or quicksilver; and 90,000 of
+bauxite.</p>
+
+<p>In 1927, Luxemburg produced 7,244,000
+metric tons of iron and 2,470,000 metric tons
+of steel.</p>
+
+<p>Over 9,000,000 metric tons of coal were mined
+in the Netherlands in 1927.</p>
+
+<p>In 1926, Poland produced 327,000 tons of iron
+ore; 27,000 tons of purified lead; 124,000 tons
+of zinc; 788,000 tons of steel; 208,000 tons of
+potash; 35,747,000 tons of coal.</p>
+
+<p>In 1926, Roumania produced over 3,000,000
+metric tons of coal, mostly lignite; 63,000 tons
+of pig iron; and 344,000 tons of salt.</p>
+
+<p>The Union of <ins title="Original has 'Socialist Soviet'" id="Socialist">Soviet Socialist</ins> Republics in
+1927 produced 30,950,000 metric tons of coal;
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</span>2,963,000 of pig iron; 3,586,000 of steel, and
+100,000 troy ounces of platinum. There are
+many great undeveloped mineral resources in
+Russia.</p>
+
+<p>Spain in 1926 produced 6,641,000 metric tons
+<ins title="Original has 'or'" id="of">of</ins> coal; 1,100,000 of iron and steel; 201,000 of
+zinc; 149,000 of lead; 48,000 of copper; and
+30,000 of mercury ore.</p>
+
+<p>Sweden in 1927 produced 10,726,000 metric
+tons of iron ore; about 450,000 tons of coal;
+and 65,000 tons of sulphur pyrites.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+ <h2 class="nobreak" id="WINE_PRODUCTION">
+ WINE PRODUCTION
+ </h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>The following figures are for 1926, and were
+compiled by the <i>Beverage News</i>:</p>
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"><span style="margin-left: 1.0em;">Country</span></td>
+<td class="tdc">Gallons</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">France (incl. Corsica)</td>
+<td class="tdr">899,300,000</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Italy</td>
+<td class="tdr">792,000,000</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Spain</td>
+<td class="tdr">346,500,000</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Portugal</td>
+<td class="tdr">45,320,000</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Azores, Canaries, Madeira</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,650,000</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Austria</td>
+<td class="tdr">8,800,000</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Hungary</td>
+<td class="tdr">26,400,000</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Jugoslavia</td>
+<td class="tdr">44,000,000</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Germany</td>
+<td class="tdr">21,780,000</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Czecho-Slovakia</td>
+<td class="tdr">4,400,000</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Russia</td>
+<td class="tdr">44,000,000</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Switzerland</td>
+<td class="tdr">11,000,000</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Turkey, Cyprus</td>
+<td class="tdr">8,800,000</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Greece</td>
+<td class="tdr">48,400,000</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Bulgaria</td>
+<td class="tdr">29,700,000</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Roumania</td>
+<td class="tdr">110,000,000</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</span></p>
+
+<p>The official figures for France are 1,473,042
+gallons in 1926 and 892,410,000 in 1927. There
+were 3,350,000 acres of vinelands in 1927. 270,000,000
+gallons of cider were produced in 1927.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+ <h2 class="nobreak" id="INTERNATIONAL_COMMERCE">
+ INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE
+ </h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>Austria in 1927 exported goods worth $286,700,000;
+and its imports amounted to $432,000,000.</p>
+
+<p>The imports of Belgium were $807,400,000;
+the exports were $728,400,000.</p>
+
+<p>Czecho-Slovakia exported $599,000,000; imported
+a lower amount, $531,700,000.</p>
+
+<p>Denmark imported goods worth $443,000,000,
+and exported to the value of $413,100,000.</p>
+
+<p>Finland’s exports amounted to $159,300,000;
+its imports in the same year, 1927, were $160,400,000.</p>
+
+<p>The exports of France amounted to $2,158,400,000,
+and its imports to $2,065,000,000. In
+the preceding year, the exports were slightly
+below the imports.</p>
+
+<p>Germany in 1927 exported commodities worth
+$2,425,500,000, and imported $3,362,000,000.
+The respective figures for 1926 were $2,343,800,000
+and $2,376,300,000.</p>
+
+<p>Italy in 1927 exported $803,100,000 and imported
+$1,033,500,000.</p>
+
+<p>The Netherlands imported $1,022,700,000 and
+exported commodities worth $762,000,000.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</span></p>
+
+<p>Norway imported $257,100,000 and exported
+$178,200,000.</p>
+
+<p>Poland imported $313,800,000 and exported
+$281,200,000.</p>
+
+<p>Sweden imported $422,500,000 and exported
+$432,300,000.</p>
+
+<p>Switzerland imported $482,800,000 and exported
+$386,000,000.</p>
+
+<p>The United Kingdom imported $5,931,500,000
+and exported goods worth $4,044,800,000. In
+the preceding year (1926), imports amounted
+to $6,040,500,000, and exports to $3,777,200,000.</p>
+
+<p>As Professor Seligman points out, “imports
+must in the long run pay for exports, and
+vice versa.” But “it must be remembered that
+goods are exchanged not only for goods, but
+for services.” In the case of the United Kingdom,
+important service items are investment
+returns, freight, insurance, and foreign exchange
+charges paid by foreigners. Most leading
+European countries have an “unfavorable”
+balance of trade; that is, their imports are
+more valuable than their exports, measured in
+tangibles alone. This condition existed before
+the World War, and is not to be taken as an
+indication of impoverishment.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+ <h2 class="nobreak" id="TRADE_WITH_THE_UNITED_STATES">
+ TRADE WITH THE UNITED STATES
+ </h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>The following figures are for the year 1927,
+and are stated in thousands of dollars: three
+noughts understood in each case.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</span></p>
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"><span style="margin-left: 1.0em;">Country</span></td>
+<td class="tdc">Bought<br>from U. S.</td>
+<td class="tdc">Sold<br>to U. S.</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Austria</td>
+<td class="tdc">4,364</td>
+<td class="tdc">10,611<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Belgium</td>
+<td class="tdc">116,201</td>
+<td class="tdc">72,240<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Czecho-Slovakia</td>
+<td class="tdc">7,442</td>
+<td class="tdc">31,739<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Denmark</td>
+<td class="tdc">58,673</td>
+<td class="tdc">4,139<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">France</td>
+<td class="tdc">228,746</td>
+<td class="tdc">167,778<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Germany</td>
+<td class="tdc">481,581</td>
+<td class="tdc">200,554<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Hungary</td>
+<td class="tdc">1,753</td>
+<td class="tdc">949<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Irish Free State</td>
+<td class="tdc">10,882</td>
+<td class="tdc">1,642<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Netherlands</td>
+<td class="tdc">148,268</td>
+<td class="tdc">87,180<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Norway</td>
+<td class="tdc">23,361</td>
+<td class="tdc">22,235<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Switzerland</td>
+<td class="tdc">10,122</td>
+<td class="tdc">45,864<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">United Kingdom</td>
+<td class="tdc">840,066</td>
+<td class="tdc">357,930<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Estonia</td>
+<td class="tdc">918</td>
+<td class="tdc">432<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Finland</td>
+<td class="tdc">16,487</td>
+<td class="tdc">8,670<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Jugoslavia, Albania</td>
+<td class="tdc">996</td>
+<td class="tdc">985<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Latvia</td>
+<td class="tdc">1,029</td>
+<td class="tdc">4,469<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Lithuania</td>
+<td class="tdc">218</td>
+<td class="tdc">520<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Poland, Danzig</td>
+<td class="tdc">9,261</td>
+<td class="tdc">4,825<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">European Russia</td>
+<td class="tdc">64,087</td>
+<td class="tdc">12,004<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Bulgaria</td>
+<td class="tdc">468</td>
+<td class="tdc">891<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Greece</td>
+<td class="tdc">15,028</td>
+<td class="tdc">29,625<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Malta, Gozo, Cyprus</td>
+<td class="tdc">1,112</td>
+<td class="tdc">225<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Roumania</td>
+<td class="tdc">4,925</td>
+<td class="tdc">649<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">European Turkey</td>
+<td class="tdc">3,380</td>
+<td class="tdc">12,393<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Italy</td>
+<td class="tdc">131,649</td>
+<td class="tdc">108,907<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Portugal</td>
+<td class="tdc">10,672</td>
+<td class="tdc">4,565<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Azores, Madeira</td>
+<td class="tdc">1,945</td>
+<td class="tdc">1,820<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Spain</td>
+<td class="tdc">73,772</td>
+<td class="tdc">34,351<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Gibraltar</td>
+<td class="tdc">1,537</td>
+<td class="tdc">53</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Europe, including Iceland, bought from the
+United States in 1927 tangible commodities to
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</span>the stated value of $2,313,762,813, and sold to
+the United States in that year goods said to
+be worth $1,276,246,978.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+ <h2 class="nobreak" id="SHIPS">
+ SHIPS
+ </h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>The naval expenditures of Great Britain,
+from April, 1926, to March, 1927, are said to
+have been 58,000,000 pounds sterling. Those
+of France in 1926 are said to have been 1,842,800,000
+francs. Those of Italy, from July, 1926,
+to June, 1927, are said to have been 1,209,600,000
+lire. By way of comparison, the United
+States spent for naval purposes, from July,
+1926, to June, 1927, $320,553,000. The French
+figures are incomplete, not showing how much
+was spent for the construction of new ships.
+(Par of exchange for pounds, francs, lire, may
+be found under the next heading).</p>
+
+<p>The United States has 18 battleships, with
+a tonnage of 325,850. Great Britain has 20,
+with a tonnage of 580,450. France has 9, with
+a tonnage of 194,544. Italy has 7, with a tonnage
+of 133,670. The United States has 10
+war cruisers, with a tonnage of 75,000. Great
+Britain has 54, with a tonnage of 304,000.
+France has 12, with a tonnage of 104,883; and
+Italy has 12, with a tonnage of 67,330. The
+United States has three airplane carriers, with
+a tonnage of 78,700; Great Britain has six, with
+a tonnage of 107,550; France has one of 21,653
+tons. Of the first line destroyer type of war
+vessel, the United States has 276 destroyers;
+Great Britain has 17 leaders and 156 destroyers;
+France has 7 leaders and 34 destroyers;
+Italy has 8 leaders and 45 destroyers. Only
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</span>about 100 of the American destroyers are kept
+in commission.</p>
+
+<p>The gross tonnage of merchant vessels, 1928,
+was 19,875,000 for Great Britain; 3,777,000 for
+Germany; 3,334,000 for France; 2,968,000 for
+Norway; 2,817,000 for the Netherlands; 3,429,000
+for Italy; and 493,000 for Belgium.</p>
+
+<p>The tonnage of ships built in 1927 was 1,226,000
+in the United Kingdom; 72,000 in Denmark;
+44,000 in France; 289,000 in Germany;
+120,000 in the Netherlands; 101,000 in Italy,
+and 67,000 in Sweden.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+ <h2 class="nobreak" id="FOREIGN_EXCHANGE">
+ FOREIGN EXCHANGE
+ </h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>The monetary unit of Great Britain is the
+pound sterling, with a par value of $4.8665.
+The average cable quotation in New York, 1927,
+was $4,861. The French franc has a par of
+exchange of $.0392. The average cable quotation
+was .0477 in 1925; .0324 in 1926; .0392 in
+1927. It was quoted at .039040 on September
+1, 1928. The Belgian belga (5 francs) has a
+par of $.1391. The average cable quotation in
+New York, 1927, was $.1392. The Italian lira
+has a par of $.0526. The German reichsmark
+has a par of $.2382. The Spanish peseta, with
+a par of $.1930, was quoted at $.161245 on
+November 1, 1928. The average quotation for
+1925 was $.1434.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+ <h2 class="nobreak" id="ARMIES">
+ ARMIES
+ </h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>In September, 1928, the number of men in
+active service and enrolled in organized reserves
+was as follows:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</span></p>
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"><span style="margin-left: 1.0em;">Country</span></td>
+<td class="tdc">Active Army</td>
+<td class="tdr">Organized<br>Reserves</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Albania</td>
+<td class="tdc">13,200</td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Austria</td>
+<td class="tdc">43,000<br></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Belgium</td>
+<td class="tdc">71,500</td>
+<td class="tdr">500,000<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Bulgaria</td>
+<td class="tdc">33,000<br></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Czecho-Slovakia</td>
+<td class="tdc">150,000</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,489,000<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Denmark</td>
+<td class="tdc">9,200</td>
+<td class="tdr">150,000<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Estonia</td>
+<td class="tdc">17,000</td>
+<td class="tdr">27,000<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Finland</td>
+<td class="tdc">25,500</td>
+<td class="tdr">235,000<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">France</td>
+<td class="tdc">667,000</td>
+<td class="tdr">5,010,000<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Germany</td>
+<td class="tdc">100,500<br></td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Great Britain</td>
+<td class="tdc">212,000</td>
+<td class="tdr">318,600<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Greece</td>
+<td class="tdc">79,700</td>
+<td class="tdr">415,000<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Hungary</td>
+<td class="tdc">71,200<br></td>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Irish Free State</td>
+<td class="tdc">13,000</td>
+<td class="tdr">3,500<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Italy</td>
+<td class="tdc">347,000</td>
+<td class="tdr">2,995,200<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Jugoslavia</td>
+<td class="tdc">142,000</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,200,000<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Latvia</td>
+<td class="tdc">19,000</td>
+<td class="tdr">200,000<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Lithuania</td>
+<td class="tdc">21,200</td>
+<td class="tdr">170,000<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Netherlands</td>
+<td class="tdc">32,100</td>
+<td class="tdr">341,500<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Norway</td>
+<td class="tdc">30,000</td>
+<td class="tdr">315,000<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Poland</td>
+<td class="tdc">242,400</td>
+<td class="tdr">500,000<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Portugal</td>
+<td class="tdc">35,000</td>
+<td class="tdr">372,900<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Roumania</td>
+<td class="tdc">266,500</td>
+<td class="tdr">750,000<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Russia</td>
+<td class="tdc">658,000</td>
+<td class="tdr">5,425,000<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Spain</td>
+<td class="tdc">260,700</td>
+<td class="tdr">1,853,500<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Sweden</td>
+<td class="tdc">10,200</td>
+<td class="tdr">720,300<br></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Switzerland</td>
+<td class="tdc">500</td>
+<td class="tdr">309,600</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Military service is compulsory in all these
+countries except Austria, Bulgaria, Germany,
+Great Britain, Hungary, the Irish Free State,
+and Sweden. The United States has a standing
+army of 134,000 and an organized reserve force
+of 291,000 (September, 1928).</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</span></p>
+
+<p>The most recent figures for Russia show an
+annual item of $346,000,000 for “defense.”
+France spent 6,210,752,000 francs on her army
+in 1928.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+ <h2 class="nobreak" id="TELEPHONES">
+ TELEPHONES
+ </h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>The number of telephones in use in 1927 was
+about as follows: Austria, 158,000; Belgium,
+176,000; Bulgaria, 10,000; Czecho-Slovakia, 129,000;
+Denmark, 321,000; Finland, 99,000;
+France, 819,000; Germany, 2,688,000; Greece,
+6,000; Hungary, 115,000; Irish Free State,
+24,000; Italy, 272,000; Jugoslavia, 28,000; Latvia,
+24,000; the Netherlands, 225,000; Norway,
+175,000; Poland, 131,000; Portugal, 22,000; Roumania,
+53,000; Russia, 225,000; Spain, 131,000;
+Sweden, 451,000; Switzerland, 210,000; and the
+United Kingdom, 1,512,000. The total for
+Europe, including countries and territories not
+separately listed, was 8,081,000. The United
+States had 17,746,000 telephones.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+ <h2 class="nobreak" id="SCHOOLS">
+ SCHOOLS
+ </h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>Public elementary schools in England and
+Wales, 1923, numbered 21,000, with 7,150,000
+pupils and 166,000 teachers. Scotland had 676,000
+pupils in 2,900 public elementary schools.
+The Irish Free State in 1925 had 5,600 elementary
+schools with 489,000 pupils and 13,500
+teachers.</p>
+
+<p>Albania in the school year 1927-1928 had 530
+public schools, with 950 teachers and 30,000
+pupils. The Danish schools at the beginning
+of 1927 had 464,000 pupils. There are over
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</span>3,000,000 pupils in the elementary schools of
+France. Germany had in 1922 in 52,000 elementary
+schools 8,894,000 pupils. Jugoslavia
+in 1923 had 961,470 pupils in its elementary
+schools. In 1928, Lithuania had 2,400 public
+elementary schools with 124,000 pupils. Soviet
+Russia at the end of 1926 had 9,900,000 children
+attending 108,000 public elementary schools.
+Sweden in 1926 had 660,000 pupils in elementary
+schools.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+ <h2 class="nobreak" id="BUDGETS">
+ BUDGETS
+ </h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>The revenues of Great Britain for 1928 were
+estimated at £842,824,000 and the expenditures
+at £838,535,000. For the fiscal year 1927-1928,
+Northern Ireland had expenditures of 11,203,000
+pounds and income of the same amount (advance
+estimate). For the fiscal year ending
+March 31, 1929, the Irish Free State had estimated
+revenues of £23,164,000 and expenditures
+of £22,433,000.</p>
+
+<p>The French provisional budget for 1929 shows
+revenues of 45,281,000,000 francs and expenditures
+of 45,225,000,000 francs. The German
+budget for 1928-1929 was balanced at 9,528,571,000
+marks. The Belgian budget for 1928 showed
+estimated revenues of 10,563,562,000 francs and
+expenditures of 10,482,731,000. The Russian
+budget for 1928-1929 was tentatively balanced
+at 6,970,000,000 rubles, or $3,590,000,000. At
+the other extreme, San Marino balanced income
+and expenditures for 1926-1927 at 4,145,000
+lire. Liechtenstein in 1926 had an income
+of 788,000 Swiss francs and expenditures of
+774,000 francs.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<div class="chapter">
+<div class="tnote">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="Transcribers_note">
+Transcriber’s Note:
+</h2>
+
+<p>Minor punctuation errors have been changed without notice.</p>
+
+<p>In the original text, there was a section on p. 16 incorrectly titled “American Citizens in Europe.” According to the Table of Contents, this should have been titled “<a href="#SOME_AGRICULTURAL_STATISTICS">Some Agricultural Statistics</a>.” The text has been corrected to reflect this.</p>
+
+<p>The table “Great Rivers of Europe” was originally split across pp. 7-8. The table “Automobiles” was originally split across pp. 15-16.</p>
+
+<p>Spelling was retained as in the original except for the following changes:</p>
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tbody>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Page <a href="#Countries">3</a>: “Area and Population by Counties”</td>
+<td class="tdl">to</td>
+<td class="tdl">“Area and Population by Countries”</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Page <a href="#stability">5</a>: “more inclined to stablity”</td>
+<td class="tdl">to</td>
+<td class="tdl">“more inclined to stability”</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Page <a href="#Britain">14</a>: “United Kingdom of Great Britan”</td>
+<td class="tdl">to</td>
+<td class="tdl">“United Kingdom of Great Britain”</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Page <a href="#CITIZENS">14</a>: “AMERICAN CITIES IN EUROPE”</td>
+<td class="tdl">to</td>
+<td class="tdl">“AMERICAN CITIZENS IN EUROPE”</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Page <a href="#Socialist">23</a>: “The Union of Socialist Soviet”</td>
+<td class="tdl">to</td>
+<td class="tdl">“The Union of Soviet Socialist”</td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Page <a href="#of">24</a>: “6,641,000 metric tons or”</td>
+<td class="tdl">to</td>
+<td class="tdl">“6,641,000 metric tons of”</td>
+</tr>
+
+</tbody></table>
+</div></div>
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 79010 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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+
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+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
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+status under the laws that apply to them.
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+[Project Gutenberg](https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for eBook [#79010](https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/79010)
generated by cgit v1.2.3 (git 2.25.1) at 2026-08-08 13:29:24 +0000